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LIBRARY

MASSACHUSETTS

AGRICULTURAL

COLLEGE

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June 30, 1917. T

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

^ VOccklv Ollustrateb Journal

HORTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.

(ESTABLISHED IN 184/.)

VOL. LXL— THIRD SERIES.
JANUARY TO JUNE, 1917.

LONDON:
41. WELLINQXON SXREKX. COVENT QARDEN, W.C.

1917.

<^

The Gardeners' Chronicle.]

[Junk 30, 1317.

INDEX OF CONTENTS

JANUARY TO JUNE, 1917.

(For Special He.\di.ngs see under Books; Certific.\tes ; Law Notes; Nursery Notes; Obituary; Plant Portraits;
Plants, New; Scientikic Committee; Societies; and Illustrations.)

Auuorr's Woou, Godalmiiig, shruba
damaged by frost at, 180

Abies Douglasii in chalky soils, 50

Acer Davidii, 46

Acetylene gas, forcing by means of,
126

AciphyUa Colensoi at Leonardslce,
235, 263

Acorns and Chestnuts from Verdun,
6

Agricultural education for dis-
abled men, 254

Agricultural organisation in France,
86

Alangium platanifolium, 17

Aldenham House, Elstree, the gar-
dens in winter at, 93; the efiect
of frost on shrubs at, 124

AUahabaxl, ilower shows at, 19, 260

Allotments, 194, 201; a manual on,
204 ; free watering of, in America,
214 ; in Belfast, 155 ; in Brussels,
145; in Edinburgh, 6; in France,
127; in Glasgow, 151; in Leeds,
110; in Scotland, 87, 126, 127;
in West Scotland, 141 ; method
.of cropping of, 154 ; operatio'na
in, displayed on the cinemato-
!,v;iph, 194: protection of. 261;
rights of holders of, 211 ; Sunday
labour on, 127

Almond, flowering of the, 175

Alpine garden, the, 211, 241

Alpines, the cultivation of, without
a rock-garden, 211

America, allotments in, 214; ex-
ports of Apples from, 41; free
gift of seeds in, 28 ; notes
the hardiness of, 211, 222, 242,
260

-Vmerican Apples, a trial of, 116

American blight, specific for, 27

American President's appeal for in-
creased crops, 162

Anemone Pulsatilla, 209, 226; A.
vitifolia, 88

Antirrhinum, rust disease of, 155

Aphis eggs, 22

.\|ihis, woollv, specific for, 27

.\piarv, the 167, 177, 253

Apiilc Allinglon Pippin, 159

.■\lipli> Chelmsford Wonder, 40

Apple blossom, the gl'jry of, 225

.\pple sucker, the, 251

Apjile trees, development of fruit

' buds in, 40; development of rot
fungus at different temperatures,
136; scab and canker diseases of
57; pruning newly-planted, 132;
top-grafting, 150

Apples, American exports of, 41 ;
mysterious spotting of, 40; top-
grafting, 150; trial of American,
116

Appointments, agricultural, 7

Artichokes, Globe, 2 ; .Terusalem,
60, 129

Artificial manures, 88

Ascott. food production under glass
at, 174 ■

Asparagus, a rust-resistant, 214

Aatelia Banksii, 22

.\iistralia, note from, 95

Australian vegetable resources, 224
Avicenuia officinalis, the Grey Aus-
tralian Mangrove, 38
Azolla caroliiuana and JIulgedium
Plumeri as garden escapes, 236,
247

Bac-ieria, nitrogen-fixing, 144

Bacterium campestre ; Black -Rot
disease of Cabbage. 115

Bailey, L. H. [The ,'il.andard Cyclo-
pedia of Horticulture), 74

Balfour, Mr. A., appointment of, 7

Balfour, Mr. Graham, honour for.
235

Baltet, Capt., awarded the Cross of
the Legion of Honour, 7

Bamboos grown in shade, 83, 134

Harley, the cultivation of, 112

Bastin, Harold {British Insects and
How to Know Them), 245

Bathurst, Capt. Charles, appoint-
ment of, 6

Batsford Park, Gloucestershire,
effect of frost on plants at, 245

Beans : Broad, 221. 222. 242; But-
ter, 107, 191, 201. 212, 221, 231;
Dutch Haricot, 202; Haricot,
107 ; Masterpiece, 142 ; Mont
d'Or, 142; Wax-pod (see Butter).

Beans : for cattle, 67; for drying,
201 ; planting of Runner, on
lawns, 166, 181 ; Runner, grown
without supports, 133 ; varieties
of, suitable for drying, 112.

B"es, the management of, 167, 177,
253

Beet, 59, 123; for preserves, 119:
the hai'diness of, 211, 222, 242,
260

Beets : Spinach, 59. 115 ; sugar, 80,
119. 123, 208; R.H.S. trial of,
242

Belfast, allotments in, 155

Belgian Committee, address of the.
62

Belgian gardening at Letchworth,
87

Belvoir, spring flowers at, 29

Benevolent Institution, Gardeners'
Royal, 6; annial meeting, 42:
Worcester Auxiliary of the, 344

Bequest to a gardenfl, 6. 62

Berberis subcaulialata, 53

Birds and fruit buds, 58; as allies,
251

Black Currant, abnormal flowers of.
180

Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Or-
chids at, 58

Books, Notice* of.— Algae
(O. S. West). 110: Allotments and
Small Gardens in War-Time
[Austin (fc McAslan), 39, 63;
Annuals and Biennials {(Icrtrnde
Jikyll), 8; Botanical Magazine,
154, 263; British-Grown Timber
and Timber Trees (.■1«;/».'i/;. MV^/
sler). 8; British Insects and How-
to Know Them [Harold BnKfiv).

245; Census of New South Wales
Plants {J. H. Maiden], 195, 225;
Conifers and Taxads of Japan
(E. H. Wilson), 179; Cropping ol
an Allotmeut or Small Kitchen
Garden [Ii'oyal Uorticullural
Hociety), 154 ; Cultivation and
Manuring of the Kitchen Garden
{Hoyal Uorticultural Society),
64 ; Culture of Profitable Vege-
tables in Small Gardens [Siittun
and Hons), 63; Early Poems {T.
Geofjrey Hcnslow), ZOo ; Enquiry
into plants and Minor Works on
Odours and Weather Signs (Thco-
jihraetus), 205 ; Field notes on
Sweet Peas {^Lester L. Morse and
[•'rank G. Cuthbertson), 100;
Food, Fruit and Flowers [Walter
I'. 11' rif/Aa, 195; Food Production
in Cottage and Allotment Gar-
dens (S. Uuskin), 112 ; Forest
Flora of New South Wales [J. H.
Maiden), 225 ; Genus Eucalyptus
(J. H. Maiden), 145; Herb Col
lecting for Boys and Girls (Mrs.
T. VhaniOcrlain and Miss A'. V.
Wheelwriyht), 127; Herbs Used
in Medicine (Mrs. John U. Ellis),
115, 250; Hints on Potato Grow-
ing (.1. J. AUsop), 100; John-
son's Gardeners' Dictionary and
Cultural Instructor (J. t'rascr
and A. Hemsley), 140; Jottings
of a Gentleman Gardener {E. T.
ijllis)j 225 ; List of the Most De-
sirable Varieties of Most Kinds
of Fruits [Royal Horticultural
Society), 166; Making and Man-
agement of an Allotment (.1. S.
Gait), 204 ; Notes on Meaicinal
Plants (A. Hoskmy), 100; Nuts;
a Profitable Crop for Waste Land
{G. liunyard and Co.), 64;
Orchid Review (11. A. Uolfe), 76;
Parish War Societies (W Miam
Richard Boelter), 28; Plantae
Wilsonianae (C. S. Sarijent), 127,
144 ; ; Pruning Manual (L. U.
Bailey), 195; Publications He-
ceiveil, 8, 18, 28, 39, 64, 76, 112,
127, 166, 195, 205, 225, 245, 261 ;
Rockeries : How to Make and
Plant Them [U. H. Thomas],
166; Rose Annual (//. R. Dar-
lington and Courtney Page), 244;
Science and the Nation (.-1. C.
Seward], 239; Select Varieties of
Roses and Instructions for Prun-
ing {National Rose Society), 121;
Sweet Pea Amiual (/. S. Brun-
ton), 40; The Worker's Garden
{Gerald W. Butcher and Cyril
Harding), 112; Tropical Agricul-
ture [Earley Vernon Wilcox], 18;
Vegeculture (Harry A. Day), 225;
Vegetable Culture for All (Eva),
195.
Borecole or Kale, 59
Boston, U.S.A., flower show at, 127
Bottles for fruit preserving, 232
Rra,cken : as a vegetable, 118, 126 ;

the use and eradication of, 244
Bradford, blizzard at, 156
Bra,s.sicas, nitrates for, 252

Brasso-Cattleya Cynthia, 190

Brasso-Laelia Jessica, 220

Braa&o - Laelio - Cattleya Admiral

Sims, 230; B.-L.-C. Diana, 121;

B.-L.-C. Rumania, 22
Breeding, " pure line," 224
Brisooe, Mr. T. W., 19
Broad Beans, 221, 222, 242
Broccoli, the hardiness of, 212 ; the

planting of, 221, 232
Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, Nephro-

lepis in, 64
Brown-rot disease of fruiit trees, 54,

133
Brugmansia arborea, 52
Brussels, allotments in, 145
Brik'^sels Sprouts, 59, 90, 161, 171,

181, 206, 211, 212, 222
Buckwheat, 177
Bulb garden, the, 115
Bulb-growing on Pacific Coast, 63
Bulbs, home-grown and foreign,

111; impoits of, from France,

185 ; cold storage of, 55
Business names, the registration of,

101
Butcher, Gerald W (The Worker's

Garden), 112
Bntter Beans, 107, 191, 201, 212,

221, 231

Cabbaob, black rot disease of, 115 ;
for feeding cattle, 157.

Cabbage-root fly and tarred felt
discs, 172

Cabbages, 59, 228, 260

Calanthcs, effect of fog on, 38

Calceolaria Burbidgei, 58; origin
of, 76

('alves, rearing of. 238

Oalyx splitting in Carnations, some
causes of, 7

Campanula Kphesia, 190; C. spe-
ciosa, 166; C. Stansfi«ldii, 39

Carnations, causes of calyx split-
ting in, 7 ; new varieties of Per-
petual-flowering, 51

Carrots, 59; as a farm crop, 120

Castlewellan, fire at, 17

Catalogues, old seed and plant, 9,
29, 41, 54, 65

Catalogues, regulations concerning
the issue of, 110

Caterpillars, a plague of, 229, 255

Cattle, Beans for, 67 : Cabbage for,
157 ; fattening of, 90

Cattleyas : Eileen, 190; Rainbow,
45

Cecil, Mr. Evelyn, honour for, 235

C;eleriac. 59, 191

Celery, 59, 191 ; as a green vege-
table. 171; R.H.S. trial of varie-
ties of, 47

(Jelery fly, the, and Parsnips, 261

Census of agricultural stock, 177

Centenarian gardener, a, 127

IV The (jlardeners' Chronicle.]

INDEX.

[JuME 30, 1917.

Certificated Plants : Androsace
ciliata, 176; Antirrhinum Prima
Donna, 235 : Brasso-Cattleva-
Bianca var Daphne. 102; B.-C.
Lady Jellicoe, 137 ; Brasso-Laelio-
Cattleya Joan var. Mrs. Gratrix,
102 ; Carnation JMaldwin Drum-
mond, 236; Cattleva Cowaniae
alba, 206; C. C. al'ba var Prin-
ress, 147; C. Enid var. Mrs.
Graitrix, 102 ; C. Enid var. Silver
Queen. 138; C. Enid alba va.r.
Fairv Queen, 147; C, Mabel. 102:
0. Mendelii Fairy Queen, 247;
C. Schroderae var. Maude, 206 ;
Corylus Avellana contorta, 30 ;
Cyclamen Cherry Ripe, 101 ;
Cyclamen Crimson St. George,
30 ; Cymbidium Alexander!, 128 ;
C. A. exquisitum, 102 ; C. A. var.
Celeste, 206; C. insigne album,
101; C. Mars, 206; C. Schlegelii
Conynghara var.. 55: C. Sch.
roseum, 55 ; C. Sybil Conyngham
var. , 128 ; Cvpripedium Actaeus
Cainiae Harefield Hall, 10; C.
Alethea, 10 ; C. Clarke var. com-
pactum, 128 ; C. Eurybiadee The
Baron, 137 ; C. Garland var.
Lord Northbourne, 65 ; C. Greyii
magnificum, 206 ; C. insigne
speculatum, 55; C. lona Carter
Place var, 128 ; C. Lathamianum
var. Cardinal Mercier, 30; C.
Marshal Haig, 55 ; C. Nigger, 10 ;
C. niveum The Grange varietv,
237; C. Persius, 147; C. Ranji,
167 : C. Traceyanum var. Percy,
55; C. Verdun. 55; Dendrobium
Atherton, 147; D. Cybele West
Point var.. 147; D. i'llustre var.
Florence Baiitels, 196 ; Deutzia
Vilnioriniana, 236 : Eulophiella
Rolfei. 101; Exochorda macran-
tha, 216 ; Freesia La France,
76;, Iris Ringdove, 236; I. sibi-
I'ica Perry's Blue, 236 ; Laelio-
Cattleya amabile var. Ash-
landiae, 10; L.-C. Beatrice var.
Ashwortbiae, 147; L.-C. Bri-
tannia var. Lady Bromley Wil-
son, 65; L.-C. General Maude,
120: L.-C. Linda, 128; L.-C.
Momus. 55: L.-C. Serbia Ash-
landiae. 55; L.-C. S. . var.
perfecta, 176: L.-C. S. var. The
President, 120; L.-C. Trident,
77 ; Magnolia Watsonii, 236 ;
Miltonia Bleuana var. Priam,
206; M. Princess Mary, 257;
M. Venus. 101 ; M. vexillaria
var. Sir Mervyn Buller, 236 ;
Myosotis alpestris Indigo

Queen, 238 ; Narcissus Bona
parte, 138; N. Helmet, 197;
N. Michael, 176; N. poeticus
ornatus plenus. 197 : N. Que<?n of
Dawn, 197; N. Vintage, 197;
Odontioda Adonis, 167 ; 0. aurea
var. Beauitv, 206 ; 0. Beechensi.s,
167 ; 0. Bradshawiae Arras. 247 ;
0. B. var. Columbia, 206; 0.
Cardinal, 196 ; 0. Coronation
Orchidhui-st var., 157; 0. Diana
magnificum. 102; 0. Dorothv,
128'; O. General Haig, 216; 6.
niadvs var. Superba, 167; 0.
Golden Queen, 167; O. Gratrixiae
Brvndir var.. 30; 0. Gratrixi-
an'um. 128; O. Henryi, 128; 0.
Irene var. Glorita, 6i5 ; 0. Joan
var. Ashlandense, 65 : 0. J.
Broadlands var., 102; 0. J. var.
Conyngham, 65; 0^ Keighlev-
ensis var. magnifica, 147; 0.
Madeline var. Evansiae, 128; 0.
M. var. Oporto, 206; 0. Magali
Sander alba Ash\vortli'.<i var., 147 ;
0. Prince Albert, 247; 0. Red
Cross var. Scarlet Pimpernel,
147; O. St. FiLscian, 247; 0. St.
Quentin, 138; 0. The Prince,
257; 0. Tigris. 206; 0. Zenobia
Beardwood var., 167; 0. Z. var.
Hamilton, 206 ; 0. Z. var Yellow

Surprise, 65 ; Odoiitoglossum
a.mabile Gilroyd var. , 102 ; 0.
ardenti-ssimum var. Caroline,
102; 0. a. var. Daphne, 167 ; 0. a.
Gladys, 167; 0. Black Watch,
55 ; 0. Ceres Sir Trevor Law-
rence's var., 102; 0. Cobbiae var.
Mars, 102 ; 0. Conqueror, 30 ; 0.
crispum Dreadnought, 176 ; 0. c.
Haide, 247: 0. c. var. Hindu,
65; 0. c. Kama, 247; 0. c. Mata-
dor, 247; 0. c. var. Mrs. E. W.
Thompson, 102; 0. c. var.
Madame Lievre, 10 ; 0. c.
Orestes. 55; 0. c. Ragged Robin,
167; 0. c. var. Rose, 167; 0.
eximium Majgaret, 247 ; 0. e.
var. Red Monarch, 10 ; 0. e. var.
Zenith. 65 ; O. fascinator aureum,
247; 0. Felicia, 30; 0. Grand
Duke Nicholas, 65; 0. Illust-
worth, 55 ; 0. Jasper var. Ash-
worthiae, 102: 0. J. Conyngham
var. , 167 : 0. Lambeauianum var.
Hazel. 206; 0. L. var. Ruby,
206; 0. laudatura var. Majesti-
cum. 10; 0. Leeanum, 247; 0.
loochristense Conyngham var.,
128 ; 0. Louisa var. splendent,
147; 0. Mary, 128; 0. mirum
Haddon House var., 206; 0.
Moonlight, 102; 0. Rex, 176; 0.
Thwaitesiae var. Gurka, 157 :
0. Wilps, 167 ; 0. Zoe, 206 : On-
cidium superbiens Bronze King,
247 ; Primula malacoides alba
plena, 76 ; Primula obconica
Eureka, 196 ; Primula sinopur-
purea, 196 ; Rheum Alexandrae,
236; Rdbinia Kelseyi, 236; Rosa
Hugonis, 196; Schizanthus Dr.
Badger's Hybrids, 196: Seleni-
pedium caudatum Sanderae, 196:
Sophro-Catftleya Marathon su-
perba, 167: S.-Laelio-C. Meuse,
157; S.-L.-C. M. var. General
Nivelle, 138; Stocks; Crimson
Brompton, 237 ; Mammoth Pale
Lilac, 237 ; Mammoth Pyramid
Flesh Colour, 237 : Mammoth
Rose, 237; Nice Giant Light
Blue, 237 : Sweet Pea Alexander
Malcolm, 257; S. P. Elegance,
257; S. P. Mrs. Tom Jones, 257;
Syringa Miss Ellen Willmot, 236 ;
troUius Xedebouri, 257; Tulip
Eclipse, 217

PRELrMINAHT COMMENDATION : Mil-
tonia Fairy Queen, 257 ; Odonti-
oda Madeline var. Opal, 102 ;
Odontoglossiun Alcibiades, 77 ;
0. crispum President Wilson,
120: 0. Fabia splendens, 215; 0.
Felicity, 257 ; 0. Peter, 30

Certificated Vegetables : Cele-
ries : Clayworth Prize Pink, 47 ;
Invincible White, 47 ; Savoys :
Green Curled, 128; Late Drum-
head, 128 ; New Year, 128 ; Orms-
kirk, 128; Ormskirk Hawlmark
Selected, 128; Oi-mskirk- Late
Green, 128

Charlock as a Corn weed, 129

Chester, a new horticultural college
at, 06 ; war-gardening at, 63

( 'hestnuts and Acorns from Verdun.
6

Chestnuts, Horse, the need for har-
vesting, 245

( 'hickens, shelter for, 157 ; the
hatching of, 66

('hicory, 59

( 'hina, new plants from. 46

f:hionodoxa Tmoli, 186, 206, 226

Cihi-ysanthemum cinerariaefolium.
the insect-powder plant, 38

Chysis bractescens, 230

Cinematograph film showing opera-
tions on allotments, 194

Clematis vedrariensis, 94

Clement. M. Gustave, 7

Clover for hay, 91

Clubbing in Brassicas, treatment of,
136

Coffee disease, 108

Confessions of a novice, 52, 124, 251

Conifers, notes on, 95 ; of Japan,

179
Cooper, Mr. J. A., appointment of,

185
Copped Hall, Essex, destroyed by

fire, 194
Corky scab disease of Potato, 2
Corn crops, the, 188 ; stimulating

the, 177, 187 ; world's shortage in,

28 ; condition of the, 188 ; late

spring sowing of, 208 : weeds in,

197, 248
Cotoneaster humifusa, 140
Cows, the management of dairy,

55 ; the treatment of, before calv-
ing, 147
Craigendowie Training School for

Women, 166
Cricket bats. Willow timber for, 12
Crops .and stock on the home farm,

43, 55, 66, 79, 90, 112, 120, 129.

147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 208,

218, 228, 238, 248. 258, 264
( 'rown gall disease, 118
Crusoe's Island, .luan Fernandez,

199, 209, 220, 230, 240
Cuckoo, arrival of the, 195
Cucumbers; in frames, 158; ridge,

123
(-'upressus glabra, 95
Currants, standard trees of, 55
Cyclamen, the cultivation of, 52
Cvmbidium Beatrice, 45 ; C. Sybil.

■45
Cypher, Messrs. J., and Sons,

Orchids at, 151
f'ypripedium General Petain, 220 ;

C. Helice, 190 ; C. quarrviense,

169
Cvpripediums from Walton Grange,

'45; hybrid, 87

Daffodil flies, 175
Daffodils in 1917, 234
Dairy cows and grass land, 248
Damping-off disease cured by sul-
phur, 115
Darlington, H. R. , and Courtnev

Page (The l?ose Annual), 244
Dendrobium Alpha var. Eleanor,

190
Dendrobiums at Cheltenham, 151
Dendrochilum latifolium, 121
Didymosperma distichum, 225
Digging, the incredible profit of,

155
Divers, Mr. W. H., 52
Donner, Sergeant F. V., the late, 7
Douglas Fir in Chalky soils, the, 50
Draining, the mole system of, 181
Druery, Mr. C. T., 51
Dutch flowers, imports of, 74

East Hampshire garden, notes from

an, 121
Edinburgh, allotments at, 6
Eeelworms in Oats, 258
Egy|5t. gardening in, 39
Electrical overhead discharge and

crop production, 224
Ellis, Mrs. J. D. {Herbs Used in

Medicine], 250
Elm, an historic, 195
Elstree, food production at, 110
E]wcris purpurascens flore plena.,

58

Epideiidrums at Cheltenham, 230
Erigeron B. Ladhams, 105

" F.urchild " Lecture, the, 214

Fanyau, the late M. Oscar, 84

Farm crops and stock, 43, 55, 55,
79, 90, 112, 120, 129, 147, 157,
167, 1'77, 187, 197, 208, 218, 228,
238, 248, 258, 264

Farm crops, condition of the, 27

Farm labourers, civilian prisoners
as, 208

Farmers, credit for, 191

Fannyard manure, amount of, used
annually, 7

Feeding stuffs, shortage of, 157

Fertilisers, cheap, 245

Filberts and Cobnuts, 12

Finger and Toe disease, to combat,
• 136

Flora of the new paper currency, 88

Flower garden, work in the, 4, 14,
37, 48, 60, 72, 85, 97, 116, 124,
135, 143, 152, 163, 172, 183. 192,
203, 213, 223, 233, 243, 252, 262

Flowers, double, 254; in season, 51,
244

Fly larvae in horse manure, the de-
struction of, 8

Fog, effect of, on Calanthes, 38

Food conservation, the need for,
202

Food production : by school chil-
dren, 16, 181; in Scotland, 5; in
Scottish nublic parks, 52 ; in
U.S.A., 245: local authorities
and, 15; hints on increasing the,
2, 18, 28, 34, 46, 58, 71, 83,
107, 114, 123, 133, 141, 152, 161,
171, 181, 191, 201, 211, 221, 231,
242, 251, 260; under glass, 118,
174 . B

Forcing : by means of acetylene
gas, 126; shrubs, 40; with" hot-
beds seventy years ago, 17

Foreign correspondence, 54, 122

Forestry, 140 ; and hygiene, lecture
on, 174

Forests in the war area, the re-
establishment of, 18

France, agricultural organisation in,
85 ; agricultural education for dis-
abled service men in, 254 ; allot-
ments in, 127; notes from, 84;
imports of bulbs from. 185 ; vege-
table growing in, 215

Eraser, .1., and A. Hemsley {John-
ston's Gardeners' Dictionary), 140

French horticulture after the war,
27, 185

Frosit ; and the garden, 127 ; and
rock plants, 94 ; effect of, on
Lilium bulbs, 159 ; effect of, on
shrubs, 124: grass protects
ground from, 65 ; in the Mid-
lands, 63

Fruit ; and Brassicas. 123; and the
food supply, 165; drying of, 251 ;
Government offer for, 247

Fruit crops in^the Netherlands, 254

Fruit plantations, the under-crop-
ping of, 123

Fruit-planiting, problems in, 145

Fruit-preserving : bottles for. 232 :
without sugar 231 ; honev for,
222

Fruit prospects and mulching. 175.
191 : register. 116

Fruit Trees, Brown Rot. disea.'ie of,
54 ; problems in nlanting, 105 ; the
pi-uning of, in frosty weather, 88,
101; winter wash for, 55

Fruits under glass, cultivation of,
4. 15, 24. '37. 48, 61, 72, 85,
96. 109. 117. 124, 135, 143, 153,
163, 173, 183. 193, 203, 213, 223,
233, 243. 253, 262

Fuchsia splendens, 245, 264

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid
gas, 184

Fungus which attacks canvas, a,
224

June 30, 1917.]

INDEX.

[The Gardeners' Chronicle. V

Galanthus Imperati Atkinsii, lOO
Galloway garden, notes from a, 13,

69, 105, 149, 169, 219, 259
Gait A. S. {T/ie Making and Man-
agement of an Allotment), 204
Gardener centenarian, 127
Gardener-soldier in India, a, 19
Gardeners : and national service,
62, 144; bequests to, 6, 62

G.^BDENEES AND THE WaR : —

Baltet, Capt. L. C, 235; Baxter,
Capt. Ian, awarded the Military
Cross, 39; Benbow, Lieut. E. L.,
awarded the Military Cross, 76 ;
Beney, M. Benoit. 235 ; Crame,
Lance-Corp., awarded, the D.C.M.
and Russian Medal of St. George,
18; Cutbush, Lieut. Douglas,
awarded the Military Cross, 76 ;
Digoy, M. Charles, 99; Nomblot,
M. Alfred, 99 ; Passv, M. Pierre,
99 ; Rivoire, Capt. PhUippe, 127 ;
Veitch, Capt. J. L., 225; Vil-
morin, M. Jean D. , 175 ; Vil-
morin, M. Pierre Leveque de,
awarded the War Cross, 175, 255.
Killed : Amphlett, Lieut E. F.,
175; Burdett, Harold B., 110;
Carriat, M., 235; Crawshay,
Lionel, 215 ; Cutbush, Capt.
Douglas, 175; Cuthbert, George
Charles Prall, 195; Divers, John
L., 18, 39 ; Doe, William Edward,
127; Donner, Sergt. F. V., 7;
Douglas, A., 195; Foster, Lieut.
H. L., 258; Haves, James, 235;
M'Lachlan, William, 195; Page,
Private T. S., 110; Parkes,
Private Allen, 110; Parton,
Sergt. John W., 215; Phillips,
Second-Lieut. Herbert, 110;
Warner, Lieut. Bertram, 215;
Woodward, James, 235; Wor-
cester, Sydney, 235 ; Young,
Thomas, 195

" Gardeners' Magazine " suspends
publication, 7

Gardening in Egypt, 39

Gardens, educational, in Yorkshire,
75

Oarlick, 55

Garrya elliptica, hardiness of, 4,
19, 41

Gatton Park, Reigate, Orchids at,
239; food production at, 251

Germany, lack of Potatos in, 27

Germination of grass .seed, the, 7

Glands on Peach leaves, 6

Glasgow, allotments in, 151

Glasshou.ses and food production,
118, 174

Globe Artichokes, 2

Gordonia anomala, 250

Grass for hay, 129

Grass orchards and insects, 119

Grass seed, the germination of, 7

Grevillea Bank.sii. 71

Grignan, M. G. T., 235

H

HAtLsroRM in Lancashire, 256
Halesia tetraptera. 244
Hall. Mr. A. D.. 86, 118
ll:i:ding, Cyril {The WorI:rr\f Gar

'hn). 112
Hardy flower border, 245
Hardy fniit garden, opiTations in

the, 5, 15, 25, 37, 49, 61, 73, 85,

97. 109, 117, 124, 135, 143, 153,

163, 173. 183, 192, 203, 213. 223.

232, 243, 253, 262
Harringtiln, Lord, the late, 62
Harro-w, war gardening ait, 99
Hay, grass for, 129; top-dressing.

258
Haymaking. 248
Hem.sley, Dr. W, Bottinu', 16
Henslow, T. Geoffrev W. (Karl,/

Poe,,,."]. 205
Hint«n Admiral, spring flowers at.

195

Holland, horticulture in, 136

Boney for fruit preserving, 222

Hong Kong, State assistance to
horticulture and forestry at, 87

Honours list, the, 235

Horse Chestnuts, the need for har-
vesting, 245

Horticultural College at Chester, S6

Horticulture : and the food crisis,
98; and the State, 98; in Hol-
land, 136

Hoskin, S. (Food Production in Cot-
tar/e and Allotment Gardens),
112

Hot-beds seventy years ago, 17

Hull public parks, 119

Humogen, experiments with, 137,
146, 165, 186, 224

Hybrid Cypripediums, 87

Hybrid Orchids, 45, 95, 106, 162,
190, 220

Hybridisation of Primulas, 70

Hydrocyanic acid gas, fumigation
by, 184

i

Ilex verticillata, 107

Inglis, Mr. David, 164

India, a flower show in, 19, 260

Insecticides, 139

Insect powder made from Chrysan-
themum cinerariaefolium, 38

Insects and birds, the effect of frost
on, 255

Intercropping, the value of, 9, 19,
28

Iodine for wounds, 39

Iris arizonica, 45

Irises : notes on, 249; Regelia, 249;
some June, 249 ; the planting of,
10, 54

Irrigation and food production 'n
U.S.A., 245

Italian nurseries, State aid for, 136

Italian I{ye grass, 208

Jam. sugar for, 212

Japan, letters from, 249: the Coni-
fers of, 179

Jekyll, Gertrude ( Annuals and lii-
enniah), 8

Jerusalem Artichokes. 129

.Jones, Mr. Henry. 137

Juan Fernandez; ('rusoe's Island.
199, 209, 220, 230, 240

Kale, 59

Keeblfc, Dr, F. W.. api)ointment
of, 98

" Kew Bulletin," suspension of the,
224

Kew Gardens, visitors to. 63 ; inter-
esting plants at, 194 ; Orchids at,
95 ; the weather at, 75

Kitchen garden, management of the,
4, 14, 25, 36, 49, 61, 73, 84, 97,
109, 116, 124, 135, 142, 152. 162,
172, 182, 192, 202, 212. 222, 232.
242, 252, 262

Kitchen garden soil, the culliyalion
of, 123

Kohl Rabi, 60

TiAEi,L,i Jessica, 70

LaelioCattleya Psyche, 220

La Morlola, 75

Land cultivation : at Lidget Green,

76 ; need for mechanical aid in,

87

Law Note:— Claim for delay in

transit, 44
Lawns, growing Runner Beans oji,

166, 181
Leaf-curl of Peach and Neatarine,

28
Lee Gardeners' contribution to St.

John's Hospital, 54
Leeds, allotments at, 110
Leeks, the value of, 59, 100. 107,

142
Legacies to gardeners, 6, 62
Leschenaultia biloba major, 190
Letchworth, Belgian gardening at.

87
Lidlington, food-production society

at 145
Lilies .in 1916, 81
Lilium bulbs, the efteat of frost on,

159
Lily-of-the-Vallev, the forcing of,

40
Lime, pot^ish-liberating effect of, 62
Lime-sulphui', strengths of, 56
Lime trees damaged by frost. 247
Liu-kiu Islands, vegetation of the,

249
Llewelyn, Sir John T. Dilwyn, 110
Lockwood, Col. Mark, honour for,

235
Loganberry, origin of the, 9, 19
London University, leotiu'es at the,

39
Lucerne in orchards, 133. 189
Lupins as poisonous plants, 51

M

Macmillan, Mr. Hugh F., 51
Maiden, J. H. {Forest Flora of

New South Wales), 225; {The

Genus Eucalyptus), 146
Maize as a farm crop, 208
Manchester Corporation and foo<l

production, 16
Manganese as a fertiliser, 6
Mangolds, 147, 188, 228
Mangrove, the Australian Grey, 38
Manure, green. 115
Manures: ailifieial. 88; experi-
ment* with. 206; for Potatos. 65;

" mystery," 113
Manuring orchards, 57
Market fruit garden, the, 22, 40.

57. 106. 133. 149, 159, 189. 229,

251
Market gardening, research in, 126
Marketing surplus produce, 263
Masdevallia O'Brieniana, 200
Maxwell, Sir Herbert : notes from a

Galloway garden, 13, 69, 105, 149.

169. 219, 259
Meconopsis simplicifolia Bailloy's

variety. 245
Medicinal herbs, cultural conditions

for, 98
Melons, early. 30 ; in pots, 88
Mentha piperita, the cultivation of,

for pepnennint oil. 98
Merodon fly. the, 175
Mesopotamia in .January, 131 ; :i

soldier gardener in, 185
Mint, a hybrid. 202
Moles : aiid frost, 76; damage bv,

88 ; desitructi<m of, 208
Mole draining, 181
Molyneux, Mr. Edwin, 175
Monro, Mr. A. W., appointment of,

7
Morisia hypogaea, 241
Morocco, development of, 7'
Mulching and damage by fr(wl, 191
Mulching Strawberries, the effect

of, 175
Mulgedium Plumeri as a gaixlen

escape, 235
^fushrooms, 59
Mvosotidium nobile, 245
" Mvsterv " man\ires, 113

N

Narcissus disease, caused by eel-
worm, 204; lecture on, 207, 216,
226

Nectarine, leaf-curl of, 28

Nephrolepis varieties in the Brook-
lyn Botanic Garden, 64

Nettles as a vegetable. 182

Newcastle, lecture on food produc-
tion at, 100

New Zealand, Pines and Oaks in,
116; the flora of, 99

Nitrates for Brassicas and Onions,
252

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in non-
leguminous plants, 144

Nonin, Lieut. Henri, 7

Norwich, a food production leainie
at, 88

Notes from a Galloway garden, 13.
69, 105, 149, 169, 219, 259

Notes from a garden in East Hamp-
shire, 121

Notes on Conifers, 95

Novelties of 1916, 24

Novice, confessions of a. 52, 124
251

Nm-series, some old. 9

N.\-niphaeas, the hybridising of. Ill
51. 79 ' .

Oak. Cluster, of Saveniake Forest,

34
Oak timber, brown and green, 170
Oaks in New Zealand, 116
Oat breeding on pure lines, 224
Oat crop, stimulating the, 228
Oats, 129: eelwornis in, 258; the

top-dressing of. 208
Obiti-auy :— Batters, Andrew, 11 ;
Howden, John H., 103; Burt,
George, 128 ; Burvenich, Frede-
rick, 247; Dievoet, H. Van, 147;
Dcnavan. Ilichard J,. 67: Dun-
can, David W., 157; Foster,
Lieut. H. L., 258; Gale, John.
91; Harris, J.. 264; Hartley,
J..evi, 44; Heath, Henry, 177;
Hemsley, Alfred, 67; Herdman,
John H., 11; Houliston, William,
32; Kerswell, George, 138; King.
Herbert T., 264; Kirkpatrick,
Robertson, 32; Letts, Edward
Harris, 167; Macdonald, Sir
W. C.. 264; Massee, George. 91;
Miller, Dr. N. H. J.. 57; Moly-
neux, Mrs. Edwin, 175; Moore,
Mrs. Margaret, 167; Oliver,
Joseph, 80; Robinson, Charles
Henry, 102; Ross, Charles, 67;
Rothschild, Leopold de, 227;
Salomon, Etienne, 103; Sander-
son, Capt, Harry, 197 ; Schneider,
(leorge, 11 ; Sinclair, George, 91 ;
Singleton, Robert, 187 ; Somer-
ford, Frank, 67; Stredwick,
.James, 157; Thompson, William,
20; Touret, E. T., 67; Treaeder,
Edward J., 80; Walpole, Ed-
ward, 91 ; Want, C. 177 ; Witte,
H., 67; Wood, James London,
187

Odontioda Belice, 106; 0. Bermelie,
46; O. Bix, 140; 0. Borham, 140;
O. Brascinator, 140

( klontoglossuni ardentisainiuni .John-
soniij 58; 0. Bronlei, 22; O.
Bronze Dr.agon, 58; O. Broteham.
106: O. Calvi)ao. 159; 0. J>ady
Roxburgh, 70; O. Minos, 259

Odontoglossum seedlings at the
Warren House, Stanmore, 200

Odontonia Betesham, 151

Oleaia Guiiiiiana and its allies, 3,
13, 23

Onion crop, increasing the, 46

Onions, 2, 59; nitrates for, 252

Opuntias in Queensland destroyed
by arsenic trichloride in a gaseous
form, 7

Oranges, 160

vi The Gardeners' Chroiiicl6.J

INDEX.

[June 30, 1917.

Orchards : effect of grass in, 186 ;
"rass and insect pests in, 119, 159 :
Lucerne in, 133, 189; the manur-
ing of, 57 ; under-cropping m,
59, 100 . ,

eirchid houses, the management ot,
25 37, 60, 72, 84, 97, 109, 117,
124 134, 142, 153, 163, 172, 183,
193, 203, 213, 223, 232, 242, 252,

Orchi.i notes and gleanings, 22 45,
58 70, 95. 106, 121, 140, 151, 162,
169, 190, 200, 220, 230, 239, 259
Orchid novelties of 1916, 1
Orchid seeds, number of, m cap-
sule, 170 „, J . ,
Orchids : at Blenheim, Woodstock,
58; at Gatton Park, Reigate.
9Vi- at Kew, 95; botanical, 95;
hvbnd 4195,106,162,190,220;
^ale of the Walton Grange col-
lection of, 118, 185
Orcsitrophe rupifraga, 155
Orphan Fund, Royal Gardeners,
51, 79

Palms, the potting of, 76, 88

Paper, retrictions on the use ot, ii«

Paris Spring Show, 87

Parrotia persica, 146

Parsley, the cultivation ot, /M

Parsnip seed, the germination ot,

212, 221, 264 , , , „„
Parsnips, 59, 141 ; tor stock, 90
Pasture, conversion of, to araoie

land, 110 .

Pasture land, croppmg m, 104
Pastures, renovating, 5b
Peach, leaf-curl of, 28
Peaches, leaf glands of, 6
Pearson, Mr. R. Hooper, 214
Peas and Beans for drying, 201
Peas: as food for stofk, 56; cull-

naiT, 35; to bottle, 195, 208
Pea weevil, the, 225, 247
Pelargoniums, winter-flowering, 4U
I'eppermint oil, the production of,

98 ■ , n

"Peter Barr " Memorial Lup,

award of the, 185
Pheasants, authorised destruction

I'hoenix canariensis at Sydney, 95

I'homa tuberosa attacking Potato,
2

Phosphate, acid, for Roses, 164

Fhytophthora, studies of the genus,
155

Pigs, cottagers', 112; the feeding
of, 155; the management of, 18,
27^ 56 .

Pineapple industry in South Atrica,
254

Pines and Oaks m New Zealand,
116 _.

Pine tree seeds for France, 164

Plant diseases in Queensland, 52

Plant notes, 52, 58, 84, 90, 134, 207

Plant stove, the, 40

Plants under glass, the cultivation
,,f 4 15, 25, 37, 48, 60, 73, 85, 97,
109, 117, 124, 135, 143, 153, 163,
173, 183, 193, 203, 213, 223, 233,
243, 253 . , J X f

Plants, damage by wind and trost
to, 186 ; coloured sitems in, 93

Plants, New or Noteworthy:—
Stapelia Dummeri, 132

Plant Portrait*:- Aesculus
turbinate, 263 ; Amoi-pliophallus
Kerrii, 154 ; Anguloa Chftonn,
154 ; Berberis Stapfiana, 154 ;
Campanula Ephesia, 253; Chirita
Trailliana, 263 ; Clematis Fargesii
var. Souliei, 154 ; Corylopsis Will-
mottiae, 263; Ootoneaster salici-
folia var. rugosa, 154; Cytisus
albus, 154 ; Disanthus cercidifolia,
263; Maurandia Purpusii, 154;
Mesembryanthemum Pillansii,
154 ; Myrsine africana, 253 ; Pilea
Forgetii, 154 ; Plagiospermiun
sinense, forms brachypoda, 263 ;
Pyrola uliginosa, 263; P. bracte-

ata, 263 ; Quercus densiflora, 154 ;
Rhododendron discolor, 154;
llubus illecebrosus, 263 ; Saxi-
fraga n.anshuriensis, 263 ; Senecio
Monroi, 154; S. Hectori, 2(3;
Stauropsis Imtluirnii, 263; Vanda
luzonica, 263
Pleospora infectoria, a fungus which

attacks canvas, 224
Plovers, value of, 162, 171
Pollen by post, method of sending,

7
■'Pomologia Batavia," 30, 122
Pompon or Pompone? 250
Populiis szechuanica, 45
Potash fertilisers, 136
Potash from sea- weed, 75
Potato, a mammoth, 165, 186
Potato culture in the eighteenth

and twentieth centuries, 21
Potato difficulties, 127
Potato disease on virgin land, 87
Potato patch, planning the, 133 ; in

1916, 113
Potato '" seed " : for London, 155 ;
from County Councils, 65 ; from
Scotch growers, 118 ; hints on pur-
chasing, 36 ; how to plant, 133 ;
once-grown, 54, 59, 71 ; scarcity
of, 18; pilfering in transit, 98
Potato trials in northern and

southern countries, 108
Potato tubers for planting, 71
Potato Wart Disease Order, 1917,

47
Potato wart disease at Edmburgh,

191
Potatos, 59, 161, 221, 258; and
green manuring, 115 ; and preju-
dice, 53, 88; change of seed of,
76; corky scab disease of, 76;
distances"for planting, 152; early,
83 ; earthing up, 261 : esti-
matod crop of, 98; in 1800,
87 ; in Germany, 27 ; in Ice-
land seventy years ago, 185 ;
lifting of immature, 242 ; main
crop, 114, 123, 141 ; manures for,
65; on freshly-turned land, 20;
on grass, 120, 129 ; planted at
Christmas, 35 ; prices for, 18, 25,
38, 86; planting of, 114, 123,
171, 181, 201, 211, 222, 231, 242;
planting of late, 133 ; prices of
"seed," 145; resistant to late
blight, 35 ; resistant to wart
disease, 65 : snap crops, 201 ;
spraying, 172, 186, 198, 201, 256 :
sulphate of ammonia for, 133.
146 ; early, under glass. 34, 107,
191 ; unorthodox method ot cul-
tivation of, 36 ; wasted in cook-
ing, 3
Pot Pourri, to make, 258
Potting Palms, 76, 88
Poultry, the management ot, on the
home farm, 66 ; shortage of grain
for feeding, 215
Prickly Pears in Queensland de-
stroyed by gas, 7
Primula sinensis type as a decora-
tive plant, 75
Primula spicata, 241
Primulas, the hybridisation of, 70
Produce, marketing surplus, 263
Prothero, Mr., and the Gardeners'

Company, 225, 234
Pruning : against Brown Rot, 133;
in cold weather, 57, 88, 101 ;
newly-planted Apple trees, 132 ;
. scabby Apple trees, 133
Prunus serrulata, 191
Pteris aqnilina, the use and eradi-
cation of, 244
Pumpkins, 59 ; and squashes, 161
Pyper, Mr. T., 127

Railway banks, gardens on, 86
Ramsbottom, Mr. J. K. : lecture o*
Narcissus disease by, 207, 216,
226
Rape for sheep, 167, 228
Reading University College, lec-
tures at, 38
Refuse heaps, crops for, 201
Remedv, an old, 225
Research in market gardening, 126
Rhododendron Mrs. Stirling, 50
Rhubarb leaves as Spinach, 195, 215
Ribes alpinum aureum, 230
Robinson Crusoe's Island, Juan
Fernandez, 199, 209, 220, 230, 240
Robinson, Mr. C. H., 155
Rock garden, the, 94, 211, 241
Rodway, Mr. Leonard, 74
Rooks," damage by, 161 ; and the

corn crops, 208
Root crops on the farm, 218
Root cuttings, sports from, 50
Rosary, the, 53, 155
Roses Augusitus Hartmann, 54 ;

Lady Plymouth, 54; Trier, 53
Roses, acid phosphate for, 164 ; de-
corative, 155; exhibition of seed-
ling, 174; select varieties of, 121,
146
Royal Horticultural Society and

the purchase of books, 127, 137
Royal Society, nomination oi bio-
logists for the, 98
Ruhleben camp. horticultural

society at, 29, 195
Runner Beans, on lawns, 166, 181 :

to obtain early, 83
Russia, trade with, 39

Q,UEENSL.\ND, plant diseases in, 52
Quercus pedunculata var. cristata,
34

Rabbit manure, effect of, on plants,
218

S-iLOMOX, the late M. Etienne, 111
Sargent, Prof. C. S. [Plantae, Wil-

sonianae), 127, 144
Sauerkraut in France, 261
Savoys, 59
Saxif raga apiculata alba, 180 ; S.

Gloria, 166
Saxifrages, mossy, 205
Schneider, the late tJeorge, 20, 255
Schoolboys for agriculture in

France, 98
School gardens and increased food

production, 16
Scientific Committee :-^grostis
alba, forms of, 187 ; Alnus gluti-
nosa, nodules on the roots of,
147 ; American Gooseberry mil-
dew, spraying against, 187 ;
Anthoxanthum Puelii, 119 ;
Apple-bark, the splitting of, 167 ;
Arundina bambusaefolia, 206 ;
Chlorosis in Fagus sylvatica,
157 ; Crataegus siniaca, stipules
of, 89 ; Crocus, various species of,
147 ; Exobasidium rhododendri,
226 ; Fagus sylvatica, chlorosis
in, 167 ; Fritillaria gracilis, 206 ;
Galanthus Elwesil var. Whit-
tallii, 65; Hawthorn, the sitipules
of, 89; Iris Wattii, 206; Ixora
coccinea, scale insects on, 119 ;
Leaves, cup-shaped, 247 ; Light,
the action of, in inducing yaria-
tion, 119 ; Massee, Cieorge, the
late, 119 ; Narcissus cyclamineus
hybrid, 65; N. dubius, 206; N.
niuticus, 206 ; Narcissus, tetra-
merous flowers of, 226; Orchids,
leaves of hybrid, 89 ; Paeonias,
rare, 247 ; Phoradendron, wood
flower, 65; Polygon.atum verti-
cillatum, 247; Primula steno-
calyx, 187; Prunus Pseudo-
cerasus, gall-like growths on,
147 ; P. spinosa, forms of, 205 ;
Rhododendron, a large, 89;
R. ferrugineum, gall on, 226;
Richardia, a double-spathed, 147 ;
Scale insects on Ixora, 119 ;
Snowdrop, a two-flowered, 147 ;

Tropaeolum, alteration in foliage
of, 226; Tulipa Kaufmanniana,
89 : Tulips, branched, 247 ; Wood
Flower, the (Phoradendron), 65
Scotland, allotments in. 87, 125;
food production in, 6. 52; vege-
table growing in, 27
Seakale, the cultivation of, 83
Seaweed, potash from, 75
Sedum rariflorum, 185
Seed and plant catalogues, old, 29,

41, 54
Seed growing in heavy soils, 171
Seed, old and new, 244, 255, 261
Seed-raising in the Empire, 154
Seed supplies during the war, 41
Seed trade, an appeal to the, 256
Seeds, expected shortage of, 136 ;
germination of, 224 ; hints on the
sowing of, 115 ; protection of,
from birds, 88
Seward, Prof. A. C. (Science and

the Nation), 239
Sheep, food for, 188
Sherwood, the late N. N., 6
Shriibs damaged by frost in a

Surrev ga.rden, 180
Shrubs": effect ot frost on, 124,
130: furring ot, 40; pri^pagatiug,
5 : w iili culoured b;irk, 93
Sllil|Hll :i-(.ll rust, 155
Snow, lunts on shovelling, 62
Snowdrops, late, 115
Societies:- AberamanHort., 129 :
British Wholesale Florists; 62,
103. 147 ; Debating, 129 ; General
Bulb Growers of Haarlem, 10 ;
Havwards Heath Hort.. 177;
Horticultural Club, 207, 217,^225;
(annual meeting), 111 ;Kew Guild.
247; Linnean, 10, 102, 157;
Manchester and North of Eng-
land Orchid, 10, 55, 65, 90, 102,
128, 147, 167, 205, 247 ; National
Auricula and Primula (Soullicin
Section), 177; National CUirysan-
themum,89 ; (annual meeting), 78 ;
National Dahlia, 31 ; National
Rose (annual meeting), 31; Na-
tional Tulip, 225 ; Norfolk and
Norwich Hort., 102; North of
England Hort., 102; Nursery and
Seed Trade, 147; Reading and
District Gardeners', 129 ; Royal
Caledonian Hort., 43; Royal
Hort, 30. 55, 89, 101, 120, 128,
137. 147, 157, 157, 175, 195, 215,
225, 235, 247, 257 ; (annual meet-
ing), 77 ; Roval Scottish Arbori-
cultural, 43, 50; Scottish Hort..
55, 89, 128, 157: Southampton
Roval Hort., 31; United Hort.
Benefit and Provident, 31, 103,
128, 157, 226 : Wargrave and Dis-
trict Gardeners'. 129
Soil ventilation, 16
Sophro-Laelia Stella, 220
Sparrow, a good word for the. 264
Sparrows, damage by, 204
Sphagnum-moss as an aseptic, 39
Spinach as a, farm crop, 228
Spinach Beet, 59, 115
Spongospora subterranea, a disease

of Potatos, 2
Sports from root cuttings, 50
Spraving demonstration at Wisluy.

202
Spraying fruit trees, the time for.
126; in winter, 159; with warn;
water, 51
Spraying Potatos, 198
Sprmo- bedding plants, the raising

of, 170
Spring flowers at Belvoir Castle.

29 ; at Hinton Admiral, 195
Spring in the woodland, 140
SquiiTel. the American grey, 100
Stockdale, Mr. F. A., 50
Sttocks, trial of flowering, 194
Strawberry beds, the treatment of,

9, 30, 47
Strawberry, the White Wood, 88,
101, 166

JiNE 50. 1917.]

INDEX.

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, vil

Strawben-ie.s. the effect of mulch-
ing, 175 ; substitutes for littering,
146 ; layering earlv runners of.
251 ; under glass, 19
t Streptocarpns urieratalis, 63
. Strutl. Hon. E. G., 86

Sugar Beet, 80, 123, 208 ; for fruit

presening. 111. 119, 156
Sugar for jam, 212
.Sulphate of . ammonia : for Potatos,
133. 146; for wheat, 147; prices
<if. 261
.Sulphate of copper, fixed prices for.
110
■ Sumach growing in Sicily, 245
Sundial, the construction of a

cheap, 150
Sunflower seeds for poultry, 208
Sun heat, the value of, in plant

liouse.-^. 185. 206. 215
Suede Turiiip.s. 58. 167; method of
pitting, 188

Iav.mouth Ciustle. vegetable culture

at, 6
Telopea speciosissinia, 119, 134
Tempany, Dr. H. A., 50
Thistles in Corn, 248
Thomas, H. H. (Gardening : a Com-

pirif Oiiiilr), 155; (Pocl-eries :

How In Mal-e and Plant Them),

166
Tillage, an old farmer on, 8
Timber trade, the home, in 1916,

33

Tomatos, 60; profitable method of

training, 251, 260
Tree, a historic. 195
Tree roots, to destroy, 92
Trees and shrubs. 3, '48, 60, 83. 124

134. 170, 180, 230, 245
Trenching, 28 ; methods of, 54
Trials at Wisley, 38, 47, 194, 237
Trifolium incarnatum, 208
Truffaut. M. Georges, 7
Turkeys, the breeding of. 187
Turner's Hill Experimental and

Research Station, 126
Turnips. 60; Swede. 58. 167, 188
Twickenham gardeners' contribu-
tion to St. John's Hospital, 64

V'.UANT land cultivation, 41, 75. 165

Vanda Miss Joaquim. 106

Vanilla, the, in hothouses, 22

Vegetable crops, the preparation of
land for, 65

Vegetable economy, 260

Vegetable imports, 148

Vegetable Marrow, the. 60; Rother-
side Orange. 260

Vegetable seeds, need for economy
in the use of, 136

Vegetables, 2, 28, 34, 46, 58, 71, 83,
107, 114, 123, 133. 141, 152. 171,
181. 201, 211, 242. 251. 260 ; alter-
n.itive, 146 : ornamental, 168, 171 ;
prices of. eighty years ago, 202 :
.select, 59. 71, 88," 115, 152: the
relative food values of, 86, 123,
161 ; under glass, 123

Verdun, Acorns and Chestnuts

from, 6
Veronica La Seduisante, 52. 60, 256
Veronicas, hardiness of shrubby,

226, 236, 255, 256
Vetches for horses, 208
Vines, the bleeding of. 111
Violets in frames, the management

of, 40
Violets, propagating, 206, 225, 215,

236

W

W.\LLiCHi.\ disticha, 236
Walton Grange, Cypripedium from,

45 ; sale of Orchids at, 62, 118
War gardening pamphlets, 63
War Horticultural Relief Fund. 50,

164, 225, 255
War Items, 7, 18, 39, 63, 76, 99,

110, 127, 175, 185, 195, 215, 225,

235, 255
Waratah, the, 119
Warren House, Stanmore. Odonto-

glossum seedlings at, 200
Wart disease of Potatos Order, 1917,

47
Wart disease of Potatos : at Edin-
burgh, 191 ; varieties resistant to,

65
Wasps, the destruction of, 232
Waste land, the cropping of, seventy

years ago, 26; the cultivation of.

41 : the cultivation of, after the

war. 165

Water-lilies (see Nymphaeas)
Waterproofing cotton and paper,

Watts, Dr. Francis, 74

Weather : at Godalming, 65 ; at
Kew, 75; at La Mortola, 75

Webster, Angus D. (British-tjruwn
Timber and Timber Trees), 8

Weeds in Corn, 197 ; in pastures,
258

Weevils, 178, 208, 242, 247. 260;
damage to Peas and Beans bv,
222, 255, 260

Wendy War Society, 88

West, G. S. {Alffae), 110

Wheat, area under, 238 ; for 1918,
197 ; prospects of the crop of,
157 ; sulphate of ammonia for,
147: spring sown. 67

Willow for cricket bats, 12

Wilson, Mr. E. H., 63; (T/ic Coni-
fers and Ta.Tads of Japan), 179

Winter wash for fruit trees, 56

Wireworms. 147, 221

Wisley, trials at, 38, 47. 194, 237

Women and the land, 185

Woodland, spring in the, 140

Woolly aphis, specific for, 27

Worcester Chrysanthemum Show,

Yorkshirf;, educatioiuil g;u(lo
75

vlil The Gardeners' Chronicle.]

INDEX.

[June 30, 1917.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

AiKR Duvidii, 46

Aciphylla Colensoi flowering at

Leonardslee, Sussex, 235
AlanKium platanifolium, 170
Allahabad Flower Show, 19, 260
Anemone Pulsatilla, 209; A. viti-

folia, 87
Apple Chelmsford Wonder, 41
Apple trees, the effect of pruning

newlv-planted, 132
Ascott" Leighton Buzzard, food

crops in the glasshouses at, 171,

175
Astelia Banksii, 22

Berberis Gagnepainii, 122 ; B. sub-
caulialata, 53

Black Currant, normal and ab-
normal blossoms of, 180

Brussels Sprout and Savoy, cross-
bred plant from, 182

CusmGE Pahn of Juan Fernandez.

tlie, 210 „„ ^,

Campanula Ephesia, 190; C. speci-

osa, 166; C. Stansfieldu, 39
Castlewellan, Co. Down, 17
Chrysanthemums at an Indian

flower show, 19
Clematis vedrariensis, 94
Cluster Oak, the, 35
Cockchafers, 148
Cook, Mr. W. A., portrait of, 5
Copped Hall, Essex (Supplemen-
tary Illustration, May 12)
Cotoneaster humifusa, 140
Crame, Sergeant, portrait of, 18
Cupressus glabra, 96
Cyclamen Cherry Ripe, 128
C'ymbidium insigne album. 90

P^UCHSIA splendeiis, 246

CioRDONiA anomala, flower and foU-
age of, 250

Grevillea Banksii, 71

Guise, Mr. W. J., portrait of, 5

Gunnera chilensis on Juan Fernan-
dez, 241

Hemsley, Alfred, portrait of the

late, 80
Hudson, Mr. James, portrait of, 4

Ilex verticillata, 107
India, a flower show at Allahabad.
19. 260

Jones, Mr. Henry, portrait of, 137
.Juan Fernandez, IJendroseris ini-
crantha on, 240 ; map of the island
of, 199; peak El Yunque, 231:
Tree Ferns on. 210 ; views of, 200.
241; .Juania australis on, 210;
vegetation of, 241

M

Meconopsis cambrica, double-
flowered variety of, 254; M.
quintuplinervis growing wild in
China, 216

Melolontha vulgaris, the cockchafer,
148

Monreith. Wigtonshire, Trillium
grandiflorum at, 219; Rhododen-
dron hybrid at, 220

M

Moths : Brindled Beauty, 229 ;
Ermine Apple, 229; Mottled
Umber, 229; Winter, 229

Nympiiae.vs : alba rosea. Ill ;
Ellisiaiui, 111: Mrs. Richmond.
108

Oak, the Clustei', of Savernake
Forest, 35; twig of, 34

Odontioda Gratri.xiae Bryndir
variety, 27

Odontoglossum crispum Dread-
nought, 175

Olearia Gunniana, 7; 0. lyrata,
14;-0. stellulata, reproduction of
Labillardiere's plate of, 2

Olearias, leaves of. 9

Onions grown from transplanted
seedlings, 58

Oresitrophe rupifraga, 155

Juercus pedunculata var. cristata,
the Cluster Oak, 35; twig of, 34

Rhododendron hybrid *t Monreith,

Wigtonshire, 221
Rhododendron Mrs. Stirling, 51
Robinia Kelseyi, 237
Ross, Charles, portrait of the late.

67
Rothschild, Leopold de, portrait of

the late, 227
Ruhleben Horticultural Society's

membership card and rules, 29

Sanderson, Captain Harrv, por-
trait of the late, 207
Saxifraga apiculata. alba, 181
Saxifraga manshuriensis. 264
Saxifrages, a group of mossy, 205
Schizanthus, plant of, 196
Sea-elephant or elephant-seal on

Juan Fernandez, 221
Sedum rariflorum, 185
Singleton. Robert, portrait of the

late, 187
Snowdrops in a Scottish woodland.

105
Streptocarpus orientalis, 63
Sundial, a simply-con.stnicted, 150,
151

Telopea speciosissima, 119

Tree ferns in the virgin forest of

Juan Fernandez, 210
Trill'um grandiflorum at Monreith,

219

Dendroseris micrantha growing on

Juan Fernandez, 240
Didymosperma (see Wallichia)
Divers, Mr. John, portrait of the

late. 40
Dunn, Mr. John, portrait of, 5

I'jSCHSI niiLZlA

145

Cambridge Crcaui,

Laelio-Cattleya Trident, 75
Leaves of Olearia stellulata, O.
lyrata, 0. rugosa, 0. quercifolia.
0. Gunniana var. salicifolia. 0.
subrepanda, 0. cancscens. 0.
Gunniana, 9
Leeks, a market bundle of, 59
Lilium, a new species of, 82
Lilium giganteum, seed capsule of,
83 : L. g. yunnanense. seed cap-
sule of, 83; L. Grayi, 160; L.
Henryi, with double-flowered
pedicels, 82; L. Pai-ryi, 165; L.
Thayerae, seed capsule of, 82: L.
Wilimottiae, seed capsule of, 82

Parrotia persica, a flowering
branch of, 138

Pi^ris japonica, flowtring shoot of,
70

Pinus pumila, 179

Plan of an allotment in West Scot-
land, 141 .

Plan of the kitchen garden crops at
Moreton Paddox. Warwick, 114

Populus szechuanica, 47

Prumis serrulata, 191

Pyper, Mr. T., portrait of, 127

Vanilla planifolia, fruits of, 23

W

Wallichia disticha ii
Gardens, Peradeniv

Waratah, the. 119

Weevils, black and
178

Weston, Mr. J. G., pi

1 the Botanic
a. Cevlon. 225

•lay-coloure<l,
rtrait of. 4

Established 1541

N9 3967

No. 1567. Vol. LXI.

\SERi:

SATUKDAY, JANUARY 6, 1917. (Registered as a Newspaper.! PR 'CE 3d.

I iPuST-KUKE, 3Jd.

SUBSCRIPTION— Inland, 1B:-i Fovign, 1716 [22/r. lOc] ($4 26c.] per annum. Entered at X»w Tork Post Office as second-class matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington 3treet, Covent Qardea, W.C, Telegraphic Address— "Gardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— (ferrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 1.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

'iwiiiij to the. earlier di^piitch of the monnnij
I ruins from Loniloii the hour oj 'joiii'j to press
hn^ again been atlvanrctl, and in future adver-
lifcnients received after 5 ;;.//( on Wednesday
ii-ill be held over till tlie following week.

I'EEDS' SE^DS.

|>EEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROrS.

-*■ Yon want exceptitinal results (roni your gurdeii

tliis ypor. Write tor our 1917 Seed List. We
can give you the ret'OixI crops you want.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-
men and Nurservmen,
WEST NORWOOD.

DOBBIE & CX)., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDI,VDUR(;il, will send a copy ol their 1917 C;iln
logue and Guide to Gariicninu, 160 p;ige», nearly 150
illuslr:ilionB, free, if this paper is nientionc<i.

TO THE TRADE.— COOPEH. TABER \
CO.. LTD.. 90 ;in<l 92, Southwark Strwt. Londun.
have posted Oieir Wliole^ilc OuUlogiic of Seeds to all
their customers. If tiot received another copy will be
sent on application.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK nf these Brilliant

^ *- Flowers in all shatJcp. now ready for deliverv.—
For lists, with full particulars, apply QUNN & SON'S
Olton, Warwicktuhire.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
M.\NUUE aud ..tlier high daw Fertilisers; als..
Dickson's Inipri'Vi'd Mushroom S|>awn. — Prioed circulars
tree on application to DICKSON'S, Royal SecJ Ware-
houses and Nurseries, Chester.

T AXTON'8 SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

-'-^ —New Catalogue of the above now issued gratis.
Grand Ni-w Early I'ea. lyaxlon's Superb, ic, I'ruit
Trees. .\ fine stock to offer— may still be siifcly pbni*xl.
Pajnphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamiied en-
velope.—LA.XTON BROTHKHS. Nurserymen. Bitlford.

"DARR'S CASH CLEARANCE SALE OF

•■-' Spring-flowcriiiK liulbs. — Daffodils. Tulips, Poly-
anthus, Narcissi, Irises, l^i-. Als., surplus Hardy Peren-
nials. Rock Plants, Climbers, Shrubs. &e. Be.st .pialllv,
at low prices. Clearance lists post free.— BARB & SONS,
King Street, Oovent Oarden, l/ondon.

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New Illtis
tratcl Cal.ili.giii. ol Choice Vegcta'ble ;uid Flower
Seeds, with full ciillu^il notes, <is now re«idv, ;uk1 will
be sent post fr.e on applir.i,lion, (Dept. A), R. U. BATH,
LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

f^OWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^-^ —The best and mnch tlic ch«i|)e»t.— Full parlinilais
on appliciitjon to .JOHN COWAN & CO., Oaleacro Nur-
aeries, Gateacrc, Liverpool. '

WATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

' ' Grand stocks ot the best varieties. Lists free.—
.lOHN WATKRKU, SONS i. CRISP, LTD., The Nu
Twyford, Berks.

Till-; EARLIEST CROPS WILL PROVE OF THE

GREATEST VALUE.

SOW NOW L'XDER GL.\Ss'.

SUTTON'S EVERGREEN . t).WAl{ K
BEAN, a continuous cropping variety. -pe^'uint Is. 91.

SUTTON'S PIONEER PEA. .
The ku gest p^nlded dwarf variety, i)er. pint 2s.

surross magnum bonum cauliflower.

Solid pure .White bcdds, per pkt. Is. 6<r.

SUTTON'S BEST OF ALL TOMATO.

Bg cropper aud free setter, per pkt. Is. 6d.

Post free.

OUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

*^ READING.

MACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited,
Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint,
ment to H.M. the King. London Office, 8, Camden
Road. N.W

w

ELLS' Catalogue of Chrysanthemums

nd I'erjietual Carnations now readv. post free
pplication.— W. WELLS i CO., MersUiam, Sumy.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., BuHder of Con-

" wrvatones, Urecnhou&es, &c., and Heating Engi-
neer, Dimvors Street, Chelsea, London, 8.W. Wire, 201.
Western, Loudon. Telephone : 201 Western.

RHALLIDAY & CO., Hothouse
• Builders and Heating Engineers. Royal Horti-
cultural Works, Middleton, Manchester.— Conservatories,
Ureenhou.sps, Vineries, &c., and Garden Frames. Cata-
logues and cstimatce free.

F IDLER'S NEW ILLU.STRATED CATA-
LOGUE OJ' CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS will be sent,
pjst free, to any address on receipt of iKistcard. Write
at once for a copv. It mav help you to save 50 per oeni,
on jour sc«l bili this 8c;isoiu— FIDLER & SONS, Royal
Herkshire Seed Storee. Reading.

G

ENUINE OLD YORK STONE

PAVING for Rose Walks, Terraces, Lily Ponds, &c. ;
tangular .or crazv ; delivered in large or small quanti
'. — H. UROOk, Quarry Owner, 40, Valley Road,
eatham. S.W.

BERBERIS DARWINII and HTENO-
PIIVLLA (new Daisy Hill hybrids).— A c<iinp:cte
collection of these, including many dwarf and conipai t
glowers, suitable for the Rock Ckirden, will be foun'l
in mv 'IVee and Slu-ub Catiilogiie, Free on application. —
T SMITH. Daisy Hill Nursery. Ncwry.

ORCHIS FOLIOSA, " The M,-uU'ira
Orchid."— Tho finest form of this beautiful Oivhi.I,
grows 18-20 inches high, with 6 8 inch solid s|.ikes •>! ros,>
liurpic flowers. Strong tooIas, 2s. 6d. each, 278. 6d. prr
iloa;ii.— T. SMITH, D.ii»y Hill Nui-sery, Ncwry.

Ij^RUIT TREES, true to name, my sjieii-

-^ iilit}'. -Triiliiied trees, in, well-gro^vn., e.\tm-tai/-cd
■liccinicns, with fibrous roots; Cr-.i[>c Vines, Orange Trees,
Fig Trees, in pots, for fruiting. Catalogues. — WILL
TAVLBR, Hampton, Middlesex.

Ofifk CAMELLIAS in variety, 2^ ta 3ft.,

'"^^'' l)ii..;liv and buddv, IDs. each; 250 largo
IJracuoiia iiidivis;i, 4ft., 5s. 'each. — .SMITH, Fernery,
Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

For Advertiseinent Charges see page vii.

CANDER AND SONS,

*^ OroUid Growers, St. Albans.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

T^ELWAY'S COLOUR BORDERS

^- of Hardy Plants arranged to give a succession of
bloom during the Spring. Summer, and Autumn.

NOW THAT LABOUR IS SCARCE these borders solve
the dillieuUy of having a Garden always in Bloom
without the trouble of replanting and lifting the planUs
every year.

IMaiiti a border this Autumn and you will be able
to enjoy its beauty for several years without any
additional expense.

Send the measurements of your beds or borders and
wo will recommend a selection of plants suitable for
your district, and quote our special reduced War prices.

Extract from a letter received fi-om

"28/11/16.

" Last year, this month I believe, I wr(»te you re
Colour Byrdera, when you submitted price lipt.. ' I also

bad a price and plan from , and finding ho was

muoh chpai)er, I gave him an order for over £8 wortli
of plants.

"The majority of the plants were bardly worth grow-
ing, and the colour soliome was so bad that 1 have
pulled up some and given thomi away."

WATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-

' ' DKNDRONS.— We cordially invite you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest collection in oultivalion.
Cat.ib.gue free— JOHN WATKRER, SONS & CRISP, LTD.,
The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticitie
^-^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years' reputjition ; highly

Commended R.H.S. Scientifically controlled Trials at

Wisley. 191115. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.

.Wholesale : PRICE'S _PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,

Batt«rBea, LondcSU, S.W. - -

1 (H k f^i\{\ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

.■-""♦""" 20s. 100; Palnis, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas. R<jscs, Ericas, Glo.xuiias. Lilies, H.vdrangeas,
&e. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Feni Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W,

ENGLISH YEWS,— The cleanest and
healthiest lot in England; every plant a perfect
spcciiiieu and splendidly rooted; 2ft. to 2Jft., 60s.
\x-r 100; 24(1- to 3ft., DO.s. per 100; 3ft. to 3ift.,
120.S. per 100; 3ift. to 4fl., 150s. per 100; 4ft. to 44ft.,
24s. per doz. ; 5ft., 30a. per doz.— HINTON BROS., LTD.,
The Warwick Nurseries, Warwick.

T ILIUM LONGIFLORUM FORMOSUM ;

'^ the Mid-Easter or Bermuda Lily, lon^igiiiiicnt
.just to hand, in fine cxindition ; spli-ndid llullis, 7s.,
bo. and 12.S. doz. ; please order early, stock limited.—
MORLE & CO., 150156, Finchley Road, N.W.

A MARYLLIS HYBRIDS OF VITTATA.

.^a- —MORLE & CO, offer magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's Gold Medal Prize Collection at half
usual prices ; also Flowering Bulbs crossed with named
sort!.- 150-156. Finchley Road, N.W.

JfEUNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, llaa-dv Garden Ferns; cataJogues free.— J. E.
S.MITIl. London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Januaky 6, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

M

WEDNESDAY NEXT.

ConsignmentB of thousands of Spring Flowering and
other Bulbs, Choice Hardy Herbaceous Plants, Rock
Plants, Rhododendrons, Border Camations, Fruit
Trees, &c., &c.

ESSBS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

will seU the above by aui-tion at their Central SiUc
Rooms. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G.,
On Wednesday, January 10th, at 12 o'eloek.
On view morning of sale and catalogues bad.

" roses!

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will seU by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68. Oheapside, London, E.C., on Thursday,
January 11th, and every succieding Thursday at 1 » f 'wk,
consignments of well-grown ROSES, especiaUy lotted
to suit all buyers.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET; commanding ix*si-
tion; five minutes from rail and trams; 330ft.
Glass; H acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheerness.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSERIES, MARKET GAR-
DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published by

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
every month. Copies may be obtained post free
on application.-Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.G.

PLANTS, SlO., wanted.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalngues free.— SMITH, Lon-
don Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London, S.w.

WANTED, large Kentia Fosteriana
P^LMS, from 5 to 25 feet in height, for cash or
exchange'.- ROBERT GREEN (1911), LTD., 28, Orawford
Street, London, W.

WANTED, 500 good TURFS, for Bowling
Green.— Reply, G. BENNETT, Hon. Secretary High
Wycombe Bowling 'Club. High Wycombe.

WANTED, Particulars, Prices, and Quan-
tities of Erica oarnea, Oalluna vulgaris, &c., Kal-
mia latifolia, 2ft. to 3fl.. pot grown Cotoneasters and
Oedar of Lebanon, to FREDERICK MARTIN, Bounie
Place Gaiidens, Hildenborough, Kent.

PLANTS, &o., FOR SALE.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25 6s. 6d. ; 50, IZs. 6d. ; 100, 25s. All different, named,
strong stock.— G. R. PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barn-
ham, Bognor.

MISCELLANEOUS.

EXPENSIVE ADVERTISING. In these
days, when every firm has to advertise or see
its business decline, it is necessary fo make sure that
the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
justify the expenditure. It is this consideration
that has led most keen business men to discontinue
the wasteful method of advertising by catalogue. If
enquiries be made of any printing firm it will be found
that catalogue printing has (alien away since the war
by about 80 per cent., nor is this to be wondered at.
The price of paper is nearly three times what it was
formerly, printing rates are higher, and the cost of post-
age is much increased, so that the wholesale distribution
ot large catalogues is now too expensive for business
purposes. The new.spapers, though they themselves
are produced at much greater expense all round, have
nevertheless refrained Irom increasing their prices for
advertisements, and it is by utilising these permanent
media that profitable advertising may still be practised.

FLORY 6 BLACK,

ORCHID NURSERY,

(Late Messrs. JAS. VEITCH'S Hybrid Establishment),

SLOUGH.

STOCK VARIED AND FINE.

Catalogue on application.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOHS ON GARDENING.

To be obtaiRed at the "GABDENERS" CHRONICLE" OFFICE from the Publisher

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.
By Chas. Darwin

By the late B. S.
Numerous Illustra-

Paper,
By the Rev. E.

Orchids, Fertilisation of.

Illustrated. 2s. lid.
Orchid Growers' Manual.

William.?. 800 pages,

tions. 16s. 8d.
Pansies and Violets. By D. B. Crane

Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 9d'.
Pears and Plums, The Book of

Bartrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d
Pinus, The Genus. By George Russell Shaw.

Price £2 13s. 6d.
PlantBreeding. Being Five Lectures upon the

Amelioration of Domestic Plant*. By Prof.

L. H. Bailey. Illustrated. 5s. 4d.
Plant Life. By'C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.
Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick

Keeble, F.R.S. Iliustrated. 3s. lOd.
Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. The

Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the

Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.
Plants and Trees, Diseases of Cultivated. By

George Massee. Well Illustrated. 7s. lid.
Plants, A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.

By Dr. Paul Sorauer. Translated by F. E.

Weiss, D.Sc. With 33 Illustrations. 9s. 6d.
Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. A

pioneer Text-book of Tree Surgery. Fully

Illustrated. 7s. lid.
PRESENTDAY GARDENING. Edited by R.

Hooper Pearson, Managing Editor ot the

Gaeden'ers' Chronicle. Each of the seven-
teen volumes following contains 8 full page

Coloured Plates. Is. lOd. each.

Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition,
1914.) By Horace J. Wright, late Secre-
tary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet
Peas for E.xhibition," by Thos. Steven-
son.

Pansies, Violas, and Violets. By William
Cuthbertson and R. Hooper Pearson.

Daffodils. By the Rev. J. Jacob. With
Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.

Orchids. By James O'Brien, V.M.H.
Secretary" of the Orchid Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late
Alexander Dean.

Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook,
Head Gardener at Sandringham ; James
Douglas, V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod,
Head Gardener to the late Mr. Pierpont
Morgan.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With Preface by Sir F. W. Moore, M.A.
(The first popular volume published on
this subject.)

Lilies. By A. Grove. With Preface by H. J.
Elwevs, F.R.S.

Apples and Pears. By George Bunyard,
V.M.H., Chairman of R.H.S. Fruit
Committee.

Irises. By W. R. Dykes, M.A. With Pre-
face by Prof. Bayley Balfoui', F.R.S.

Annuals. By Charles H. Curtis.

Rock Gardens. By Reginald Farter. With
Preface by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer,
F.R.S.

Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson.
With Chapters by Charles E. Shea and
C. Harman Payne.

Tulips. By Rev. Joseph Jacob, member of
R.H.S. Tulip and Daffodil Committee.

Dahlias. By George Gordon, President of
the National Dahlia Society.

Roses. By H. R. Dailington. A double
volume. 2s. lOd. and 3s. lOd.

Climbing Plants. By Wilham Watson.
A.L.S. With introduction by William
Robinson, author of "The English
Flower Garden." 2s. lOd. and 3.S. lOd.

Primula, Handbook of the Hardy. By H. M.

Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
Mode of Growth and Utility of Primulas.
Is. lid.

Pruning. A Compendium of Outdoor Work, with
special chapter for Small Holders. Reprinted
from the " Fruit Trades' Journal." Illus-
trated. Is. Id.

Pruning, The Handy Book of. With Chapters
on Grafting and Budding. By James Udale,
with introduction by the Right Hon. Viscount
Cobham. New Edition. Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rock and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley,
rockwork expert. A practical guide to the
making of Rock, Alpine, Wall and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
500,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Rose, The Book of the. By Rev. A. Foster-
Mellier, M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
5s. 5d.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Propaga-
tion, Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations.
5s. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other-
wise. 2s. 2d.

Roses, their History, Development and Cultiva-
tion. By Rev. J. H. Pemberton. Illus-
trated. iOs. lid.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper, Is. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W. Irving and
R. A. Malby. A practical work on the
Culture of Saxifrages. Well Illustrated in
Colour and Half-tones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc-
tion to the Scientific Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. 5s. 5d.

Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta-
tion. By Prof. Hugo De Vries. Second
Edition. 21s. 6d.

Sitrawberry Cultnrist, The Illustrated. A Book
worthy of the attention of Raisers of New
Varieties, as of the General Cultivator.
Is. 7d.

Strawberry, The Book of the. With Chapters
on the Raspberry, Blackberi'y, Loganberry,
Japanese Wineberrv, and Allied Fruits. By
Edwin Beckett. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition.) By
Horace J. Wright. Contains 8 Coloured full-
page Plates. With Chapter on Sweet Peas
for Exhibition by T. Stevenson. Is. lOd.

Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums. By William
Cuthbertson. Is. 3d.

Teratology, The Principles of Plant. By W. C.
Worsdell, F.L. S. Containing a large amount
of new and interesting information. Illus-
trated. Price 25s. 8d.

Tomato Culture for Amateurs. By B. C.
Ravenscroft. Illustrated. New Edition. In
paper. Is. 3d.

Tomato Culture for Market. By J. Stoddart.
Is. Id.

Topiary, The Book of. By C. H. Curtis and W.
Gibson, of Levens Hall. 2s. lOd.

Trapping of Vermin and Birds, Practical. By
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Trees: A Woodland Notebook. By the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., F.R.S., LL.D.
22s.

Complete New Catalog^ue sent Post Free on application to

THE PUBLISHER,

41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,

W.C.

January 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

R.H.S. Vetetable ExhibitioD. 1916.

- Ji obtained THE ONLY COLD MEDAL awarded at this Show.

Gardf-nertf' Magazine — " A ver>' fine display and greatly admired."

TAc Ga dm,— "A magnificent collection of exceptional quality."

GOLD MEDAL (Highest Award)

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GREAT VEGETABLE EXHIBITION,

Vincent Square, Westminster, September, 1916,

Won by Messrs. Webb for a Collection of Vegetables, 80 distinct varieties.

GOLD MEDAL (Highest Award)

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. MANCHESTER SHOW,

(Horticultu al Exhibition), June, 1916.

Won by Messrs. Webb for a Collection of Vegetables, 40 distinct varieties.

GOLD MEDAL (Highest Award)

BIRMINGHAM UNITED HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S PATRIOTIC SHOW,

Town Hall, Birmingham, November, 1916.
Won by Messrs. Webb for a Collection of Vegetables, 50 distinct varieties

100

GOLD MEDALS 6 SILVER CUPS

WON BY WEBBS' VEGETABLES and FLOWERS
AT LEADING EXHIBITIONS, IN 5 YEARS.
Also Hundreds of Champion Prizes in Open Competitions

The

Gardener's

Task

— to obtain the largest amount of
produce that the ground is capable
of yielding — is a difTcult one in
existing conditions, and can only
be achieve J by sowing THE
FINEST SEEDS and using
THE BEST FERTILISERS.

WEBBS

Garden Catalogue

— FOR 1917 —

IS NOW READY. Conlains

partxu'ars and il'ustrations of the

BEST AND MOST PRO-

DUCTIVE STRAINS of

VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SEED POTATOES.
GAROEN FERTILISERS,

FLOWER SEEDS.
LAWN SEEDS. ETC.

Jf not already on our books, send
for a copp—POST FREE.

SIcKion a.rcl. Chronicle.

E. WEBB ix SONS, Ltd.,

The King's Seedsman,

sTormJuiixJi:.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AID

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.
ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgreworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW. G.E.R.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [January 6, 1917.

BULLS SHRED

THE

Fumigant for 1917.

A PERFECT SHRED— AT LAST !

And certain death to all insect pests in greenhouses.

We have no hesitation in proclaiming this to be the most
efficacious and economical fumigating shred on the market.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE.

Place the shred in heaps on the ground, light
in three or four places and leave to smoulder.

Sufficient to fumigate 20,000 cubic feet
of J space, in sealed packets, 5/- per lb,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS—

BULL'S PLANT FOOD CO.,

536, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

J.u;tjjjit 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE

No. 1667,— SATURDAY, JANUARY 6, 1927.

CONTENTS.

Acorns and Chestnuts
from Verdun . .

Agricultural appoint-
ments

Cecjuest to a gardener ..

Books, notices of—
Annuals and Biennials
British-grown Timber
and Timber Trees . .

Carnations, calyx split-
ting in . .

Catalogues, old seed and
plant

Fly larvae, destruction of

Food, ministry of

Food production in Scot-
land

Gardeners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution

Grass seed, germination

of.

Intercropping, the value

of .

Irises, the planting of . .
Land tillage seventy

years ago
Loganberry, origin of the
Manganese as a fertiliser
Manure, farmyard
Morocco

Obituary —

Batters, Andrew

Herdman, John H. ..

Schneider, George
Olearia Guniiianaand its

allies

Opuutias in Queensland,

the destruction of
Orchid novelties of 1916
Our Almanac
Peaches, the leaf glands

of

Pollen by post . .
Sherwood, the late Mr.

N. N. .. ..
Societies —

General Bulb Growers'
of Haarlem . .

Linnean

Alanchester and North
of England Orchid . .
Strawberry beds, treat-
ment of . .
The Gardeners' Magazine
Trees and shrubs. .

War items

Week's work, the
Worcester Chrysanthe-
mum Show

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Olearia Ounnlana, 7 ; O. steUulatji, Labillardifere's plate
of

Olearias, leaves of

Portraits :— Cook, W. A., f) ; Dunn, J., 5; Guise, W. X.
rt ; Hudson, J., 4; Weston, J. G.

NOVELTIES OF 1916.

ORCHIDS.

AliKVlEW of the OrthicJs during the past
yt'iir discloses ithe fact that hybrids have
been pre-eminent in 1916, there having
been very few novelties amongst species
and varieties of specits. The only new-
species of importance was the New Guinea
Uer.drobium Wollastonii, which flowered in
the gardefls of the Hon. N. Clias. Rothschild
-at A.shton Wold, Oun<lle. It wiU be seen
from the lists of new hyhrid Orchids pub-
liiihcd in these pages from time to time thaA
340 novelties flowered for the first time last
year. The plants were almost equally divided
amongst amateurs and nurserymen, although
probably some of the amateur exhibits were
acquired by purchaee. As most of these hybrids
have not yet proved their worth for gardens, we
propose to deal only with novelties certificated
by the Royal Hoiitioultural Soraeity. The awards
of the R.H.S. Orchid Committee in 1916 included
fourteen Kirst-dass Certificates and sixty-seven
Awards of Merit, ol whiioh two were withdi"awn,
(la the exhjbitod's failed' to oomp'y witlli the
rule that flowers of certificated plants must be
placed at the Society's disposal for painting.
The Society's collection of illustrations of
certificated Orchids compiled since 1896 num-
bers 2,335, and is constantly referred to by the
Orchid Committee for comparison with plants
entered for awards. Cattleyas, Laelio-Cattleyas,
Odontioda.s, Odontoglossums, Miltonias, Cypri-
pediums and Sopbronitis crosses continue to be
favouritee.

Exhibits from amateurs began to decline in
numbers at the commencement of the war ;
Lieut. -Col. Sir Geo. L. Holford has entirely
ceased showing, whilst other well-known
growers have only shown occasionally. Thi"
death of Mr. J. Gurney Fowler was a great
lo.ss to the Ordiid world and to horticulture in
general.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park.
Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier), showed many good
hybrids raised at Gatton, the most interesting
being Vuylstekeara Colraanii, an elegant cross

between Jliltonia Warsce%viczii and Odontioda
Bradshawiae. This exhibitor received Awards
of Merit for Odantoglossum Lambardeaniuii var.
Gatton Prince, and Laelio-Ciattleya Isabel Sander
var. Gatttra Queen. The Buke of Marlborough.
Blenheim, Woodstock (gr. Mr. J. Smith), seciu'ed
I'lrst-cdass Certificates for Laeldio-Cattleya Brit-
annia Blenhieijn variety and L.-C. Isabel Sander
B'enheim vaa'iety, boith showy Orchids, and an
Award of IMerit for L.-C. Weedonaurea.

Tlhe late Mr. Gurney Frnvler shmved the
noteworthy Odontioda Joan Fowler's variety in
the month before he died. The remarkable
Odontoglossum ardentissimum Memoria J.
Gurney Fowler, which was exhibited by Miss
Fowler from the Brackenhurst collection, secured
a First-class Certificate, and is unique in its sec-
tion, the erratic ruby-red blotching of 0. crispum
Solum, whlcTi species, crossed with 0. Pescaitored ,
pi-oduces it, appearing in tlikt plant alone.

Dr. Miguel Lacroze, Bryndir, Roehampton
Lane, a comparatively new but enthusiastic
Orchidist, secured Awards of Merit for Laelio-
Cattleya Buenos Aires, a showy cross between
L.-C. "bletchleyensis and C. Enid; L.-C. Thyone
Bryndir variety, a rich yellow flower with dark
claret-coloured lip ; the bright red Odontioda
Joan Bryndir variety; and Brasso-Laelio-
Cattleya Queen of the Belgians.

R. Windsor Rickards, Esq., Usk Priory, Mon-
mouthshire, a great fancier of Cypripediums, ob-
tained a First-class Certificate for the large and
handsome Cypriptdium Mrs. Hilary Jenkinson.
and Awards of Jlerit for the yellow and white
Cypripedium John Cypher and C. Chardwar.

F. M. Ogilvie, Esq., The Shrubbery, Oxford
(gr. Mr. Balmforth), showed Odontoglossum
illustriisimum The Shrubbery variety, of rich
claret colour with white margin ; Miltonia vexil-
laria " Lyoth " Shrubbery voiriety. bright rose
with ola.i-et mark on the lip ; and M. Hyeaiia rar.
F M. Ogilvie, a charming, delicately-tinted
form, for each of which an Award of Merit was
given.

Ernest 0. Mocatta, Esq., Woburn Place,
Addlestone (gr. Mr. Stevenson), obtained a First-
class Certificate for his handsome Odontoglossum
Menier (gandavense x amabile) on October 24,
and Awards of Merit for 0. percultum var.
Niciitor and Laelia Flaviona. the latt.-r a re
markable cross between L. tlava and L. lona.
G. W. Bird, Esq.. The Manor House, Wickham,
obtained a First-class Certificate for Odontioda
Gladys and Award of Merit for Oda. Aurora ;
Mrs. N. C. Cookson, Oakwood, Wylam, ob-
tained an Award of Merit for Cypripedium
A. J. H. Smith, with pretty, wax-like white
flowers with violet-purple markings ; G. F.Moore,
Esq., Chardwar, Bourton-on-the-Water, an Award
of Merit for Cypripedium Madame Albert Fev-
rier Chardwar v.-iriety, similar awards being won
by Pantia Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Surrey, for
Cattleya Venus var. Victrix, a beautiful yellow
and ruby-red form; and Cyril Mann, Esq., for
Lycaste Skinneri Mrs. G. Hamilton Smith.

NuBSKuyjtEN's Exhibits.
Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tiuibridpe Wei's, who have added to their re-
sponsibilities by taking over tlhe extensive block
of Orchid hjcniees aA Brackenhurst, have
been veiy saiccessful in the rairing, floweitng
and exhibiting of new Orchids. Tihey we-re
awarded three First-class Certificates, thirteen
Awards of Merit, and had a monopoly of the
Awards of " Preliminary Commendation,"
securing nine for new Odontoglossums and three
for Odontiodas. the plants being shown with
first flowers of remarkable beauty. The First-
class Certificates were given for Sophro-
Cattlcyas Rex Orchidhurst variety aiid Sir
Mervyn BuUer, both of fine colour; and Brasso-
Laelio-Cattleya The Baroness Orchidhurst
variety, a flower of perfect shape and clear,
citron-vellow colour. The Awards of Merit were

gained for Cattleya Claesiana alba, C. Monastir,
C. Prince John Orchidhurst variety, C. Saturn
Orchidhurst variety, C. Venus Orchidhurst
variety, Cypripedium Wm. Lloyd var. Negro,
chiefly of a blackish-purple colour; I-iaelio-
Cattleya Golden Wren, L.-C. Lady Manningham
Buller, L.-C. Maqueda, L.-C. Erzerum, L.-C.
Sir Meir\-yji Boiler ; Midtoma vexillai-ia Dread-
nought, one of the largest rose-pink forms, and
Miltonia B^rank Reader, a very handsome variety
with rose-coloured flowers of fine shape and
a rich ruby mask to the lip.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Hay wards
Heath, sustained their reputation for fine novel-
ties, winning four First-class Certificates and
twelve Awards of Merit. The First-class Cer-
tificates were gained by Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya
Joan var. Verdun, a rich yellow flower ; Laelio-
Cattleya Antinous, L.-C. Momus, a showy dwarf
hybrid between L.-C. rubetns Lambeauianum
and C. Octave Doin ; and Odontoglossum The
Czar, which, as shown on March 7, was one of
the finest dark Odontoglossums and one of the
best specimens shown. Awards of Merit were re-
ceived by Cattleya Trianae Roebling's var., a
fine flower with bands of claret-red in the petals ;
C. Hesta, an attractive white-petalled flower;
C. Venus Golden Queen, Laelio-Cattleya General
Letchitsky and L.-C. Serbia, the last having
much of the large size and fine form of its
parent. L.-C. St. Gothai'd ; Miltonia Isabel
Sander Charlesworth's variety, Odontioda Alcan-
tara, 0. Brewii cupreum, 0. Florence, 0. Dora,
Sophro-Ijaelio-Cattleya Lutetia, and the interest-
ing Wilsonara insignis, with mauve flowers.

Messrs. Flory and Black. Orchid Nursery.
Slough, showed a variety of interesting hybrids
from their establishment at Slough, taken over
from Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons. They ob-
tained ten Awards of Merit for Brasso-Cattleya
Mars var. xantholeuca, a perfect, large cream-
white flower with cowslip-yellow centre ;
Cattleya Alexandra, and C. Rhoda Langley
variety, one of the darkest of the cross between
C. Iris and C. Hardyana; C. Naidia var. lurai-
nosa. Laelio-Cattleya Soulange, L.-C. Lorna,
L.-C. Verdun, Odontioda Irene var. Glorita, 0.
Gratrixiae Bryndir variety and 0. Prince
Albert.

Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, in
Cattleya Thebes (Adula x Dowiana), for which
they obtained a First-class Certificate on Octo-
ber 24, showed one of the handsomest yellow-
petalled Cattleyas of the year, its rich ruby-
red labellum contrasting effectively with the
other segments. Messrs. Sander also received
Awards of Merit for Brasso-Cattleya Oberon
var. Majestic, a large cream-white flower tinged
with rose ; Miltonia John Barker, an attractive
flower of unrecorded derivation ; and Cattleya
Fabia Memoria Lord Robert*, fine in form and
rich in colour. Messrs. J. and A. McBean,
Cooksbridge, obtained Awards of Merit for
Cattleya chocoensis alba, a pure white form,
Cymbidium Alexanderi aureum, and C. A. Ex-
celsior, two of the best which their numerous
Cymbidium crosses have produced ; Odonto-
glossum aniitbiJe McBean's van-iety. aaid O.
crispum Aldworthii, which was one of the attrac
tions at the Chelsea Show.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisbrook,
Sussex, obtainetl Awards of Merit for Brasso-
Cattleya Ilene Low's variety and Cattleya Per-
civaliana grandiflora, the latter one of the
largest for,m« of the species and of good shape
and colour.

The following new or rare Orchids were illus-
trated in these pages during 1916 :—

Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya The Baroness Orchid-
hurst variety, December 9, p- 285.

Cattleva illustris, September 30, p. 158.
Cirrhopetalum Rothschildianum, October 14,

Coelogyne corymbosa at Colesborne, March
18, p. 159.
Cymbidium Parish'.i Sanderae, June 10, p. 307.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Janu.uit 6, 1917.

Cypi'ipedium Fairrieanum from seed, Decem-
Im-t'q, p. 276.

Cypripedium Thalia Mrs. F. Wellesley,
Juii"e 10, p. 308.

Dendrobium glomeratum, August 26, p. 97.

Dendrobium Victoria Regina, May 20, p. 267.

Dendrobium WoUastonii, April 15, p. 206.

Dendrobium Sanderae, October 7, p. 168.

Disa Blackii Langley variety, August 5, p. 65.

Di.sa grandiflora and parts, December 2,
p. 270.

Disa longicornu, December 2, p. 266.

Disa racemosa, December 2, p. 271.

Disa sagittalis, December 9, p. 283.

Disa tripetaloides, December 9, p. 284.

Disa Veitchii, December 2. p. 269.

VEGETABLES.

ONIONS.
Onions succeed in the same beds for several
seasons in succession, and without the ground
being dug. After the crop has been harvested
rake up and burn all rubbish immediately
and sprinkle the ground with lime. During
the next three or four months feed the ground
lavishly with slops from the house, garden, cess-
pools, and pigsties. This should be done until
the end of February, then rake the rubbish
from the surface and apply another dressing
of lime. I prefer to sow the seed under glass in
Feliruary, and transplant the seedlings into

manures. The ground having been treated as
recommended will be rich in nitrogen, and
will absorb and retain the ammonia for
the use of the plants during their seafion. Sprink.
lings of a mixture of soot and wood ash between
the rows occasionally will be beneficial. Should
other manure be deemed necessary, give it in a
liquid state. Transplanting is a great help in
warding off attacks of the Onion maggot, but tlie
practical gardener of to-day cannot afford to
ignore the old faying, "prevention is better than
cure." Therefore use a preventive from the start,
and thus save time, labour, and expense. Quas-
sia extract, to which has been added a small
wineglass of paraffin to the gallon, is a good
specific for the maggot. I have also great faith
in clear soot water. M. S. A., B.E.F., France.

--;

ilL^. 1. — LABILLARDIEKE's plate of OLEARIA STELLULATA (aster STELL.ULATUS, O. LABILL.).

Tliis jilant has never been In cultivation, Imt several species have been grown under the name 0. stellulata.
Two-thirds natural size. (.See p. 3.)

Laelia Flaviona, January 15, p. 38.

Masdevallia deorsa, March 18, p. 154.

Miltonia Frank Reader, June 3, p. 295.

Orchis foliosa at Warley Place, November 4,
p. 221.

Odontioda .Joan Fowler's variety, March 11,
P 149.

Pleione yunnanensis, March 18, p. 161.

Odontoglossum ardentissimum Memoria J.
Gurney Fowler, May 27, p. 282.

Odontoglossum crispum Leonard Perfect, June
10, p. 311.

Odontoglossum The Czar, Marcb 11, p. 150.

Sophro-Cattleya Rex Orchidhurst variety.
April 1, p. 187.

Wilsonara insignis, June 10, p. 312.
(Tu le concluded.)

boxes, or place four around the edge of a 60-siz6d
pot and plunge the latter in a hotbed. The chief
dangers to avoid at this stage are cold
draughts and an excess of water. Grow
the seedlings close to the roof-glass to
prevent their being drawn, and let the
air circulate about them freely. Gradually
harden the plants, and stand them outside on an
ash bottom, under the shelter of a wall, for a few-
days before planting them in their permanent
quarters. Before this operation is commenced
give the ground a sprinkling of soot, and
lightly rake it beneath the surface. Plant
at a distance of 4 to 6 inches apart. As
the bulbs begin to swell, wat«r the roots
pretty freely in dry weather, but on no account
begin feeding them with strong nitrogenous

GLOBE ARTICHOKES.

I WAS surprised to read Mr. Janes' direc-
tions for growing Globe Artichokes (Gard.
Ohron., Vol. LX., p. 219). In Scotland,
in high inland districts, where the winters
are certainly not mild, these plants were always
grown without protection (I speak of gar-
dens 550 feet above sea level), but the pre-
pi?ration of the ground is very thorough. For
each plant a hole 3 feet by 3 feet deep is dug,
material for drainage placed at the bottom, and
the hole filled with good manure and leaf-mould
incorporated with the local staple, in which the
Artichokes are planted, and these last for
year® without renewal.

However, this is not a time to plant such
an extravagant vegetable, when the space re-
quired might be much more profitably planted
with quick-growing crops — by so doing two crops
could be taken from the same groomd in the year.
Western Wight.

DISEASE OF POTATOS.

A VERY valuable bulletin* on the disease of
the Potato known as Spongospora subterranea
records the results of experiments made in
America, and should be studied by all in this
country who are interested in Potato growing.

This disease {c«i'ky seajb), well kn(^'n in tihe
Britislii Isles, has, as is the case here, a fairly
definite geographical disitribution in Amerlica.

By transferring infected soil to districts in
which the disease is unknown the authors have
shown that the absence of the disease in certain
regions is due to climatic conditions which inter-
fei-e with and prevent infection. Their observa-
tions lead them to conclude that infection is
confined to those regions in which periods of
rainfall, followed by cool, damp, cloudy weather
occur during the growing season. They find,
moreover, that certain types of soil are more
readily productive of infection than others.
The disease is not confined to the tuber, but
occurs in the root system, and is manifest
therein by numerous galls.

In addition to the Potato no fewer than seven
other species of Solanum (including the Tomato)
are susceptible to the disease, and when infected
show root galls similar to those which occur on
infected Potatos.

Treatment of "seed " by formaldehyde or by
mercuric chloride reduces the amount of disease,
and the reduction is greatest when the seed is
steeped in hot solutions for a short time, e.g.,
formaldehyde. 2 parts to 30 of water, at a tem-
perature of 46°-50° C. for 5 minutes, or mercuric
chloride, 4 parts to 15 of water, at 44°-45° C.
for 5 minutes.

Variety tests indicate that some kinds are
less susceptible than others ; among the more
resistant is Eldorado, but it is not claimed that
any varieties are wholly immune. The fungus
whicli causes the disease is widespread in in-

* " Sponsospora subterranea and Phonia tuherosa on the
Irish Potato." By .Messrs. .Melhus, Rosenbaum and .Schnllz.
Journ. Agric. Research, VII., 5, Dept. uf Agric. , Washington.

Jantt-Vrt 6. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

{iH:ted soils, and may persist for five years. No
treatment has so far been discovered which rids
the soil of the disease-producing organism, but
sulphur, broadcasted at the rate of 600 lb. per
acre, reduces th--? amount of infection by
Spongospora.

WASTEFUL WAYS OF COOKING
POTATOS.

Useful advice, particularly applicable to the
present time, is contained in Special Leaflet
No. 67* on Economy in Using Potatos. Having
regard to the fact that less than 25 per cent,
of a Potato is food and more than 75 per cent,
water, it is specially important to make the most
of the food substances contained in the tuber.

If pared, put into cold water and boiled, a
large proportion of the flesh-forming constituents
of Potatos is lost. On the other hand, boil-
ing or steaming them in their jackets preserves
nearly all the nutriment of Pota.to«. Baking
also, if it be done slowly, results in the reten-
tion of the food substances.

OLEARIA GUNNIANA AND ITS ALLIES.

For a considerable time confusion has been
prevalent in gardens regarding the correct nomen-
clature of various species of Olearia, which have
been grown under the names Olearia Gunniana,
O. fitellulata, and 0. lyrata. It has never been
quite clear which particular forms should bear
these names respectively, so at Mr. Bean's in-
stigation the writer has undertaken an investiga-
tion of the taxonomy of this group of species, the
results of which are set out in the following
notes.

It may be remarked that the confusion at the
present day in regard to the names of many
garden plants, and Australian plants in par-
ticular, is often due to the excessive reduction
or "lumping," if we may use a popular term, of
species by cert.ain authors. This is a constant
source of trouble and delay to both horticul-
turists and taxonomists, for the unravelling of
the species can only be satisfactorily accomplished
by the examination of actual types and of all
specimens quoted, the latter, mostly prreserved in
various herbaria, not being always easy of access.
The species dealt with in the present paper are
included by Bentham in the Flora Au»-
Iraiiensis, Vol. III., p. 473, under the name
Olearia stellulata, which, as the writer has en-
deavoured to show in the follov.-ing lines, is a
rather obvious example of an aggregate species.
To be quite clear it will be as well to set out
Bentham's treatment of this species as it stands
in the Flora, which is as follows : —

"Olearia steUulata, DC, Prodr., v., 272, with
the following svnonymy : "Aster stellulatus,
Labill., PI. Nov. HolL, ii., 50, t. 196; Eurybia
fulvida, Cass, [in Diet. Sci. Nat. xvi., 47] ; Hook,
f., Fl. Tasm., i., 175; Diplostephium stellulatum,
Nees, Gen. ct Sp. Aster, 187 ; Aster phlogo-
pappus, Labill., PL Nov. Hall., ii., 49, t. 195 ; A.
phlogotrichus, Spreng., Sijst., iii., 525; Eurybia
quercifolia, Ca<^. [in Diet. Set. Nat., xvi., 47] ;
Diplostephium phlogotrichum , Nees, Gen. et Sp.
Aster, 186; Olearia phlog(^paj>pa, DC, Prodr.,\-.,
272; Eurybia Gunniana, DC., Prodr., v., 268;
Hook, f., Fl. Tasm., i., 175; E. subrepanda,
DC., I.e."

Following the geographical distribution of the
species, " Queensland, N.S. Wales, Victoria, and
Tasmania," there are descriptions of three varie-
ties with their synonymy as follows: — (1) " var.
canescens ; (2) var. lirata— Aster liratus, Sims,
Bot. Mag., t. 1509; Diplo.-^tephiuni lyratum,
Nees, Gen. et Sp. Aster, 188; Eurybia lirata,
DC, Prodr., v., 267; Hook, f., Fl. Tasm., i.,
175, t. 43; and (3) var. quercifolia^Aster querci-

" See Jnurn. of Board nf Agric, XXIII., 9.

folia, DC, Prodr. v., 272; Eurybia rugosa, F.
Muell, ex Archer in Journ. Linn. Soc., v., 22."
From the above somewhat formidable array of
synonymy it will be seen that the specific name
stelluialus was first used by Labillardiere, and is
the original of De Candolle's Olearia stellulata.
Labillardiere gives an ample description and an
excellent figure of his plant, a specimen of which
is preserved in the Natural History Museum,
South Kensington. A photograph of the illus-
tration is reproduced In fig. 1, with the per-
mission of the Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, and a drawing of a typical leaf
is shown in diagram (see fig. 3 (1). It is a v.-ry
different species from Olearia Gunniana. Hook
f., of which a photograph of a typical ^ecimen
(dried) is here given, and a drawing of
a typical leaf (see fig. 3 (8). There are
numerous specimens of 0. steUulata in the Kew
Herbarium, but no cultivated ones, and it seems
certain that this species is not, and never has
been, in cultivation in this country. The next
synonym quoted by Bentham is Eurybia fulvida,
Cass.," but as this was merely a new name pro-
posed' by Cassini, with no apparent reason, for
Aster stellulatus, Labill., it may be passed with-
out further comment. As may be noted, Cas-
sini's name was also used by Sir Joseph Hooker
in his Flora of Tasmania, where the species were
much more critically dealt with than in the
Flora Auslraliensis. Diplostephium stellulatuni,
Nees, is only LabiUardiere's plant under a
different generic name. Aster plilogopappus,
Labill., is again well-described and figured by
Labillardiere, and is, I consider, a form of Olearia
Gunniana, Hook. f. Sprengel preferred the name
A. phlogotrichus, which accounts for the next
synonym. Eurybia quercifolia, Cass., is a new
name for Aster phlogopappus, Labill., another
alteration of name for no apparent reason.
Diplostephium phlogotrichum, Nees, and Olearia
phlogop.ippa are merely other combinations for
the respective species mentioned above. Then
we have Eurybia Gunniana, DC, the description
of which was founded on plant* collected by Cunn
and forwarded by Lindley to De CandoUe. And
the last name quoted by Bentham is Eurybia
subrepanda, DC, another species described in
De Candolle's Prodromus.

In the above synonymy of 0. steUulata, as de-
fined by Bentham, the writer considers that
there are at least three distinct species of Ql^aria
represented, O. steUulata, DC, 0. Gunniana,
Hook f. {Hot. Mar/., t. 4638), and O. subrepanda,
Hutchinson (comb, nov.) ; whilst under the varie-
ties there are perhaps four others, 0. canescens,
Hutchinson (n. sp.), 0. lyrata, Hutchinson (n.
comb.), O. quercifolia, DC (non Cass.),
and O. rugosa, Hutchinson (comb. nov.).
O. canescens, O. quercifolia, and 0. rugosa
are very distinct species indeed ; the last
two have separate geographical distribution, 0.
quercifolia being confined to New South Wales
and 0. rugosa to Victoria.

In order to establish the identity of the typical
form of O. Ounniiina, it was necessary to consult
the Lindley Herbarium, and the writer is much
indebted to Prof. Seward for the loan to Kew of
the necessary type specimens from Cambridge.
In the Lindley Herbarium, as at Kew, there are
several different forme labeUed 0. Gunniana, but
it is comparatively easy to fix upon the one de-
scribe<I by De CandoUe. He described the leaves
as being toothed, about H inches long, and the
pedicels (peduncles) long and slender. A photo-
graph of what the writer takes to be typical 0.
Gunniana in the Kew Herbarium is here repro-
duced (se,-3 fig. 2), and it will be seen to correspond
very well with De Candolle's description. If it be
compared with the photograph of LabiUardiere's
figure of typic.il 0. steUulata, the mistake of
as.sociating tlie two species will be evident. In
the Flora of Tasmania Sir J. D. Hooker dealt
very critically with the Tasmanian forms of
Olearia (Eurybia) Gunniana, and he described
no less than eight varieties. As only two of

these, var. cana and var. lirata, appear to be in
cultivation, the remainder .are dealt with in the
systematic account given below. "Var. cana"
is identical with Eurybia subrepanda, DC, and
should for horticultural purposes bo regarded as
a distinct species. The leaves are much shorter
and more rounded or obovate than in 0. Gun-
niana, and they are nearly always densely canous-
pubescent on the upper as well as the lower
surface. 0. subrepanda w.ts grown in Veitch''!
nursery at Coombe Wood in 1884, and a dried
specimen of one of their plants collected by Mr.
G Nicholson (No. 2915) is preserved in the
Arboretum Herbarium at Kew. This may be the
species figured in the Gard. Chron., 1882, i., 732,
fig. 113. "Var. lirata" is again a very distinct
species, and should be known as 0. lyrata, Hut-
chinson. It is usuaUy extremely floriferous, with
long, tapering entire leaves, the flower-heads
being nearly always gathered into definite dense
bunches at the ends of the lateral branchlots. J.
Huiehinson, Kew.

[To be enntinued.)

TREES AND SHRUBS.

PROPAGATING SHRUBS.

OtTR district is situated in the west of Carnar-
vonshire, about three miles from the sea. The
climate, which is comparatively mild, cool
and humid, has undoubtedly a great influence
on the growth of the plants of which I am
writing. I have found that there it is possible to
propagate nearly all shrubs, with the exception
of some of the Ericaceae, on an open border under
a north wall. This border is 10 feet wide, and
is sheltered from the east and west winds to some
extent; very little .sun reaches the border except
in the morning and evening about the end of
.Tune.

In preparing the soil for the cuttings I placed
a drain 2 feet deep by the edge of the border near
the path, and then had the liordcr double dug,
taking care to make the subsoU more open by
adding burnt earth and mortar rubble to the
bottom of each trench. The surface soil was im-
proved after the double digging by dressing it
with large quantities of leaf-mould and weathered
coal ashes, and I think it is these ashes that have
caused the development of such an abundance
of roots as the rooted cuttings have. The
double digging is only done about every three'
years, but the dressings of leaf-mould and ashes
are given each year. The work commences as
soon as the previous year's rooted cuttings have
he-n lifted, generally the last week in October;
the border is dug over and allowed to settle before
planting the cuttings .about mid-November.

We generally prepare the cuttings during wet
weather and heel them in until the soU is dry
enough for planting. When preparing the cut-
tings wo select well ripened wood and use strong
sho'otB with two-year-old wood if procurable.
With m.any species a heel to the b.ase of the cut-
tings is made hy pulling them oft at a joint; this
heel is of great 'importance, especially with plants
having pith, such as Roses. Before planting,
another dressing of weathered coal ashes is given
to the surface of the horder, which is then
trodden down firmly. These ashes work in with
the cuttings and encourage rooting. The cuttings
are planted in short rows 1 foot apart, with the
cuttings 6 inches apart and 4 inches deep. A
bright, clean-working spade is better than a
dibber for this operation. As the work proceeds
the cuttings are made quite firm by treading
upon either side of the row, after which the sur-
face of the soil is made loose with a Dutch hoe.

It is necessary to examine the cuttings from
time to time, especially after frosty and stormy
weather, and to tre:id them in firmly again, the
final firming being done at the end of March.
No other .attention is necessary except the fre-
quent hoeing and staking of the climbing Roses

THE GARDENFRS' CHRONICLE.

[Janitary 6. 1917.

and such plants as Bnddleias, and by (lie end of
October the plant.s may be lifted for transterrinR
to nursery beds.

It is surprising how rapidly the young plant.s
develop while in the cutting bed, making, in the
case of Veronicas and other similar plant.'!, quite
well-formed bushes in the one season. The shrubs
rooted in pots and wintered in cold frames cannot
he compared with those rooted outside, and I find
that we can get a much larger percentage of
strikes of such plants as Choisya ternata and
Viburnum Tinus in the open, and that the plants
grow away freely and make shapely specimens.

By the way of further experiment I planted at
the beginning of April last year a duplicate set
of cuttings, the result being that there was a
very good percentage of rooted plants, but their
growth was not so strong.

It is necessary for me to warn readers as to the
ashes they use for opening the soil when prepar
ing the border. Stokehole ashes from coke are
of no use ; in fact, they may be harmful in bind-
ing the soil ; .and in the case of coal ashes they
should be well weathered and contain no fine
dust, which might cement together. If sand is
used it should be quite sharp and clean, free
from any binding substances such as iron or fine
clay.

Tlie following are some of the shrubs
I have successfully rooted in the open.
All the cuttings were taken from plants growing
in the open ; — Atriplex Halimus, Aucuba japonica
var., Azara microphylla, Berberis japonica and
other species, Buddleia species, Buxus, Cassinia
fulvida, Ceanothus, Choisya ternata, Cistus, Coro
nilla Emerus, C. glauca, Desfontainia .'^pinosa.
Euonymus, Fuchsia corallina, F, Riccartonii,
G'riselinia, Hydrangea hortensis, H. paniculata,
Tyaurus nobilis, Lavendula, Leycesteria, Muehlen-
beekia, Olearia Haastii, 0. stellulata, Ozotham-
nus rosmarinifolius, Rhodotypos, Rc^marinus,
Salvia fruticosa, Skimmia, Spiraea arguta, S.
media (confusa), Tamarix, Teucrium, Veronica
Andersonii, V. buxifoKa, V. nummuJariaefolia,
V. saliicifolia. and viars., V. Traversili, many
garden varietJes of Veiromicias, and Hambling,
Polyantlia, Wichuriana, and H.P. Rosies. A. D.
Turner.

GARRYA ELLIPTICA.
This handsome Californian evergreen shrub (see
Oard. Chron., Vol. LX., pp. 254, 272) is much
hardier than is generally supposed, and train-
ing it formally aigainsit a wa,U robs it of .3very
chance of showing its beauty. In (Sir
Harry Veiteh's garden at East Burnham
Park a fine group of Garrya — both male and
female forms, I believe — occupies a position on
(Jbe lawn near the house, where, judging by tilie
size of the plants, they must have stood for many
.years. Near my old home at Hampton Hill a
couple of trees in a lady's garden reaching 8 feet
or 9 feet high had a lateral spread of at lea,st
30 feet. On a slightly raised bank, and only
separated from the road by a low palisade wall,
they were in full view of all wlio passed by, amd
looke-d beautiful when laden with oatkibs" The
site faced north-east, and the only protection the
plants had was a thin screen of young Sycamores
in a garden on the opposite side of the road.
The only thing they suffered from during a score
of years was a jobbing gardener's pruning saw.
A heavy snowstorm one winter bore them down,
and the gardener, seizing the opportunity, sent in
word to his mistress that they were " broken
down and would never recover. Should he
prune them? " In this way sanction — reluctantly
given — was obtained. Within an hour or two
they were sawn off at about 2 feet from the
ground. Owing to the exceptional size of the
wood, I secured a piece and placed it before the
Floral Committee of the R.H.S. at the old Drill
Hall many years ago. The oircumstanoes of
its growth interested the late Mr. Nicholson,
and the piece of stem eventually found its w.ay
to Kew Gardens. E. H. Jenkins.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson, Gardener to Leopold de
Rothschild. Esq.. C.V.O.. Gunnersbury House,
Acton, W.
Forcing.— In vm*ing of this department I shall
not oiiily ment"on such fniits as are now popu-
lar, but endeavour also to encourage the culture
of others which might be advantageously grown.
The absence in most gardens of the Pineapple
nowadays is to be regi^eitted. I have had nearly
twenty-five
years' ex-
pe r i e n c e
with this
fruit, but
now it
see m s
almost su-
per fj u o u s
to toucli
upon it.
The growth
of the
Banana,
too, has
dropped out
for the same
reason,
namely,
that i lii-
ported
fruit has
improv e d
in quality.

Head gardeners have great responsibilities to
bear in the pi-esent crisis, and tliat of fruit cul-
ture under glass is one of the most difficult with
the very great shortage of labour. Fruit forcing,
as we understood it before the war, qo longer
obtains in many gardens, yet it should not be
entirely set on one side, for if this is done
there wiU, in all probability, be an excess of
fruit later in the season. What may be done
in this direction is to give a rest to such as the
fiiisit early vines and Figs, Peadhes, and Nec-
tarines. If any of these fruits show a tendency
to exhaustion let them have a complete rest for
one season. Let the vines be allowed to make
more growth, not entirely to grow wild, but
growth that will encourage increased root de-
velopment. If it be possible give attention at
the same time to the borders by top-dressing
thiem witili fresh loam and old mortar rubble, or
its equivalent. Well-rotted farmyard manure
would also be an excellent top-dressing. If any
vines are still unpruned they should be treated
at once.

Late Grapes.-TIio latest Grapes, such as
the last of the crop of iluscat of Alexandria and
tihe crop of Lady Downes a.ud Gros Colman
shoidd now be cut and bottled, then placed
in a dry, dark room where a minimum tem-
perature of 45° can be maintained. Let the
pruning of the vines be then proceeded with,
aiLd if there be any tendency towards bileed^
Jiig da-ess the wounds with" styptic. Take
the earliest opportunity to remove any loose
bark and then scrub the rods with warm
watei-; -water at a temperatniie of 150° will kill
many of the insect pests and do no harm what-
ever to the vines. Next apply a dressing
of such an insecticide as Liquid Gishurstine,
or siimila.r well proved preparation. The ob-
ject of following this dressing immediately upon
the hot water is that it will have greater pene-
trating power. At the same time thoroughly
cleanse the interior of each house and water all
inside borders freely.

Peaches and Nectarines.- In the case of

these fruits take the first opportiuiity tha.t may
arise to thin out any exhausted wood. That is,
in other words, lay in the wood thinner than
usual, and give a rest to those trees that have
been forced severely for some years past. In
the case of these fruits do not employ the water
so hot for dr?ssing the wood as in vines or Figs.
Watch the trees narrowly, and keep the houses

close, or nearly so, as soon as the first symptoms
of activity are seen in the flower buds.

Figs.- In the case of trained trees that are
still resting, a good opportunity may be afforded
of aieatdng tjieni longer than uisiuail, ajid somewhat
severe prundng may in some cases be oommend-
able. Follow oiUt the sajme routine as advised
for vines, but do not add any ndtrogeoous manure
to the borders, for this would encourage exces-
.sive arowth.

Vine and Fig Propagation.— If it be desired
to raise vines from eyes this spring no time
should be lost in prepaiing a gentle hotbed
of fermenting material for the purpose. Avoid
e.X'ti'eniies of tempeaiature, and err iiather on
the side of a dry atmosphere than of an excess
of mo'iistui"e. It is beitiber to insert each eye in a
thumbpot thaji to put several into a pan. With
respect to Figs more may be accomplisihed by
propagating a few plants every spring and
growing them quickly when once rooted, than is
usually done in private gardens. The Fig will
luxuriate in a temperature that is congenial to
the Melon. Figs now propagated in this manner
will yield a few fruits by next September, and
a good crop in pots the following year. I use
the tips of the shoots — well ripened, of course —
for this purpose, and make the cuttings about
3 inches in length. A good half dozen varieties
for this purpose are Brown Turkey, White Mar-
seilles, Negro Largo, Bourjassotte Grise, Grosse
Violette de Bordeaux and Violette Sepor.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bv J. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady NoRTBCOTE,
Eastvvell I\irk. Kent.

"Malmaison" Carnations.— The best reisiullts
with these charming flowers are obtained when
the plants are kept practically dormant during
winter. This is brought about by keeping them
dry at the roots and in a comparatively cool
house. Only sufKcient fire-heat is necessary to
keep the at-
mosphere
from getting
too damp,
and to main-
tain a tem-
perature of
about 40°.
Two -year-old
plants should
have all the
giowths neat-
1 y staked,
using thin
bamboo
points, of the
s:ime shade
of colour as
the Carnation
foliage. Pick
off all de-
cayed foliage,
and lightly
stir the surface soil if it is becoming caked. If
the rust fungus is prevalent, pick off all affected
leaves and burn them. This operation makes the
plants look shabby for the time being, but they
quickly recover when growth recommences in
spring. I am not in favour of spray specifics
being used at this season of the year. The best
preventive of rust is to keep the plants cool, and
in a dry atmosphere, strictly avoiding a warm,
close a,tmosphere. Young plants layered last
autumn, if not already in their flowering pots,
should be potted during the present month, for
if they are left too long in small pots they are
apt to become stunted, and incapable of growing
away freely wheu potted. The fii'St requisite is good
drainage, and the potting compost may consist
mainly of sweet turfy loam, pulled up roughly,
with some charcoal, lime rubble, and sharp sand
added, and a 6-inoh potful of soot, or Carnation
manure, to each barrowful of compost. Pot
fu'mly and water sparingly until the plants are
growing freely.

Cinerarias.— The early plants are now de-
veloping their flower-spikes. When in this stage,
and the pots full of roots, the plants must on no
account suffer fi-om lack of water, or the foliage
will lose its freshness and colour, and the flower-

jAtnTART 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

spik€s become stunted. Give regular waterings
with weak manure or soot-water, and occasional
pinches of a good artificial plant food. The da>-
temperatures should range l.etween 45° and 50°.
allowing the heat to drop to about 40° on cold
nights. A high temperature for Cinerarias is
harmful, and tends to encourage the spread of
green flv and other insects. Fumigate the frame
as often as necessary to keep the plants clean.
T.at« batches of Cinerarias in frames can be kept
cooler, admitting air daily in suitable weather.

Herbaceous Calceolarias.- These sbowy
plants succeed under conditions similar to those
given to Cinerarias. Two important points are :
never to allow the plants to suffer a check
through becoming pot-bound in their early
stages, and to avoid high temperatures. Shift
the plants into larger iwts as they requii-e it,
using a rich open .soil. Sta.nd tte plants, if
possible, on a damp bottom.

Cleansing Plant Houses- AU plant houses
should be thoroughly overhauled and cleaned
during the winter months. Wash all glass and
woodwork, both inside and out, limewash all
ualls under M-ages, and do any necessary repairs.
Wash the fine gravel, or renew the material nscl
on the stages, and see that all plants are clean
before being brought in.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv W. J. GrisE, G.irdener t.> Mis. Dempster. Keele
Hall, St.iflord.shire.

ISHRUBBERiES.-The unfavourable weather has
greatly delayed all work in the flower garden.
Where the .soil is very wet planting should be
discontinued for a time, but evcrj' opportunity
should be taken directly it is in a suitable con-
dition to complete th*" work of planting deciduous
trees and
shrubs. The
plants in the
s h rubbery
should be
trimmed and
r e g u la t e d ,
using the
knife freely
on the com-
moner ever-
greens, especi-
ally where
they are en.
croaching on
choicer plants.
A light fork-
ing of the soil
in necessary
directly the
planting is
fi'iiisihed, incorporating fallen leaves with the soil
as the work proceeds. Vacant spaces in the back
of shrubberies may be filled with surplus herba-
ceous plants. For these the ground sliould be
trenched and liberally manured, removing old
tree roots or r.tunn>s. Where Howers are grown
in the foreground of shrubberies, the roots of
the shrubs and trees quickly imipoveriish the
soil, wh/ioh should be trenched every year, en-
riched with an abund.ance of manure, leaf-mould
or old potting soil, and the opportunity taken to
restrict the roots of the trees and shrubs. All
rubbish collected should be burned and the ash
distributed over the border.

DiOGiNG Flower Beds.— It i^ not advis-
able to bring very heavy, retentive soil to the
surfacx*, esipeciajly whei'e annuals are to be sown.
In such cases take out a trench 12 inches d-ep
and 3 feet wide. The bottom of the trench
should be well broken up to a similar depth,
mixing with it a quantity of sand, ashes, leaf-
mould or decayed vegetable refuse. Next year
the soil may be trenched 2 feet deep. The sur-
face should be left as rough as possible until
planting time.

Seeds.— Home-saved seeds and any that re-
main from last season should be tested to ascer-
tain their germinating qualities. Simplify the
bedding schemes as much as possible, and use
Antirrhinums, Larkspurs, Lupins, Lavateras,
Godetias, Clarkias and Statices freely instead of
the usual tender plants.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DrNN. Foreman, Royal Cirdens. Windsor.
Early Peas. -A sowing of some liaa-dy
variety of Pea may be made as soon as the soil
is suifioieintly dry, "on a warm south bordeo- wliich
has been trenched ajid ma.nuaied dn early wlinlter.
Sow tie seeds in shaiUow trenohes, cover wirtili
2 inches of fine soil, and keep a careful watch
for mice and
other pests.
Ohielsea, Gem is a
good dwarf

variety for eaa"ly
sowing, and The
Pilot is one of
the best early
3-feet Peas.

Early Car-
rots IN Pits.—
— A sowing cf
Carrot's should
be made with as
little delay as
possible, on a
gentle hotbed

^_^ _ made up in a

brick jnlt ; the
hotbed may be
composed entirely of leaves, which should be
trodden lightly together so that they may
prtfuuice a mild and lasting warmth in the
soil. Spiread the soil over the bed to tihe
depth of 8 inclies. When it has become suf-
ficiently warm and dry it sihould be made
moderately firm with a wood rake. Sow the
seeds carefully and cover lightly with fine soil.
The surface of the bed should l>e lightly damped
on fine days and the pit kept dosed luitiil the
young plants appear thrxnigh the surface, after
"which ventilation should be carefully given to
keep tihem from becoming drsiwn.

Lettuces.- A sowing of Lettuce seed should
be made at once in boxes or pans, which may
be placed in gentle heat until germin.ation takes
place. When the plants are well through the
surface they may be removed to cooler' quarters
within a few inches of the glass and gradually
hardened, so that they may be planted in cool
pits as soon as large enough to handle. Golden
Ball, Tom Thumb and May King ame good
varieties.

Broad Beans.— The Bean reqmTies a good
rich soil, and may be sown as soon as the ground
is in suitable condition in a sheltered spot; sow-
in drills 3 feet apart and 3 inches deep. Broad
Windsor and Bock's Dwarf Gem are suitable.

Cauliflowers.— Plants raised in September
should be freely ventilated during mihl weather,
and watered as often as necessa.l-J^ On sunny
days the lights shou'd be reiiiovo<l from the pit.
Any plants remaining in the seed bed should
be patted up at once into 4-incli pots, and if the
stock of autumn-grown Cauliflower is shoa-t a
sowing of some early variety slioiil*! be mode
wi,thouit delay. If p'laoed in gentle h«it uii/til
they are tllnroiigh the surface, and pricked off
when large enough to handle, the seedlings .sjhould
be ready for pkuitiiiig on a warm border early
in A]n-\\. Seloot such varieties as Magnum
Bonum and Givat Dane.

French Beans.— A sowing of Dwarf Beans
slioidd be made in 7-inch jxvts, and from this
sowing pods should be really to gatlier i)n six
or seven weeks fnom the date the seeds are
sown. Crock the pots carefully, and use a com-
post of two-thirds turfy loam and one^hird
rough leaf soiil. Fill the jnits tluiee-parts full
and leave the remainjing space for earthing-up
tke plants when 6 inches high. A temperature
of 65° w^ilth plenty of atmosiiheric moistuire will
suit them well. The Belfast and Osbom's Forc-
ing are good vari'erties.

Tomatos.— Make a sowiing of some af)proved
variety of Tomato to prodiuce i>lants for fruit-
ing in May. Sow the seeds thinly i!n piuis of
sifted soil "and plaoe in a temiierature of 70°.
As soon as the seedlings are large enough to
handle they must be oa.refullv potted into thumb-
pots and i)lace<l near the glass in the same house
until they be<'ome esto-blished, after which
tluey may be removed to cooler quarters and
venrtiilated to keep them stocky. These plants

should be potted as soon as ready, and never
aliowed to become .stunted for want of root
room. Tomato pla-nts railsed from seed in
October intended to fruit in Apnll should no\v
be making good progress in 6-ijiclIi pots. Keep
tihem as near the roof glass as possible.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. F. Davey. Ab)>. tts
Wood, Godiilming, Surrey.

Planting Operations,— The weather has
not been congenial for fruit tree planting re-
cently, but with open weather any arrears can
be got on vjith as soon as possible — especially so
on light soil. The soil in this jiarticular dis-
trict is very light in texture, and after rain or
frost has
cleared for a
f e w hours
the ground
can be easily
worked. Any
trees that
have recently
arrived from
the nursery
or other
sources
should be
well covered
w ith some
fiost - proof
material, or
laid in a
trench and
covered with
soil. During
inclement
weather there
are m a n y
things that can be done, such as preparing stakes,
(labels, and soils for [Tdanting. The mixing of
sous cannot be done too thorouglliJy, espeoiaily
those which contain manures. Draining opera-
tions can be pushed along, even in frosty weather.
In heavy soils draining is requisite for the moi-e_
tender fruits, such as Peaches, Nectarines, Apri-
cots and Cherries. The drainage may consist of
a good supiily of rubble under each tree, or by
putting in 2iin. drain pipes; but if the land is
drained the former plan is as practical as it is
simple and effectual. Many young fruit trees
have been ruined through being planted in sour,
waterloggetl soil.

Propagating.- It is not too late to put in
cuttings of Gooseberries and Currants, and it is
always as well to have a small stock of these
in or'der to fill gaps, or make new plantations, or
to give away to the employees on the estate.
Select straight shoots, or pruiiings, and rub
awav the basal eyes, or buds, and insert the cut-
tings about 6 inches apart in a trench chopped
out about 6 to 8 inches deep. If a little lime
rubble is at hand, a sprinkling after it has been
passed through a i inch sieve can with advan-
tage be sown along the bottom of the trenches.
Be careful to propagate from clean and healthy
bushes, and select only such varieties as do con-
sistently well in the particular locality. Tread
the cuttings in very firmly. The firmer they can
be made the better will be the results.

Orchard Trees.- Orchards containing old
trees can be attended to as opportunity occurs.
Though it is difficailt to obtain much labour this
seiison, some of the old, weH-pract^'sed hands are
fltill available, and w.ith proper supeiin^ision are
cajpable of good and useful work. The trees oan
be thinned and the oeaitres opened up, wfliich.
makes Apple and Pear giatheiring easier and
quicker. Cut out all thmn and weak wood;
aijn at taking all oi-osa or crooked growth
away, and all dead or decaying wood. If
there is rnucHi dead wood the trees should be
grubbed, and more profitable trees planted.
Varieties which are not gootl or marketable
should be headed back for grafting with good
varieties In due season. This system is one
which should commend itself to every grower,
small or large, especially if the tree be vigorous
and healthy. Prepare washes for fruit trees that
require it," and on fine, still days, distribute
them with a fine sprayer.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 6, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to tEe
PTJ'BLISHEB. 41. Welling-ton Street,
Covent Garden. W C

Editors and Publisher. — Our coTrespondents
uuiilil ubniiie dilaij in obtaining answers to
Ihcir fuuniiinuiyitions and save us much time and
lroubh\ if tlini wmild kindly observe the notice
printed weekii/ to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to adrrrtisements should
be addressed to the Pubushbr ; and that aU com-
municatimis intended fur puhlirntwn or referring
to the Literary depaitun-iii, mi, I nil plants to be
named, should be direrlr.l I,. Ihr I'l.lTORS. The two
departments, Pablishimj mid Eiliim ml. are distinct,
and much unnecessari/ driiii/ mid confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r'le Editors will he glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special ITotice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plant.^ for naming, .^lionld be addressed to the
EDITOKS. 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. Lond_on. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed: but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

AvBRAQH MbAn Tbmphraturi for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during; th« last fifty
years at. Oreenwicli. 37.9'=.

Actual Temperaturb : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 11. Wellington Street.
Covent Gardt-n, London, Thursday. .Taniiary 1
(10.0 a.m) : Bar. 29.4"; temp., 48°. Weather-
Sunny.

SALES FOR THE ENSUINQ WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Spring flowering Bulbs, Fruit Trees, Rhododendrons,

et«., by Protheroe and Morris, at 67-68. Cheapside,

E.G., at 12 o'clock.
THURSDAY—

Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, by Protheroe
s. at 67-68, Ciieapside, at 1 o'clock.

nd Mo

The leaf glands of
I\lf . Peaches have been recog-

Leaf Glands • i ,. • ,

of Peaches. nised tor just over one
hundred years, but it is
curious that the name of their discoverer
should be almost forgotten and apparently
unknown to most writers who have dealt
with this matter.

Like many other horticultural advances,
we owe the recognition of these glands
to an amateur, M. Desprez, a judge at
AlenQon, whose appointment in 1810 as
deputy of the Corps Legislatif brought
him to Paris, The gardens of the
Luxembourg were then a large nursery ;
and it was here that M, Desprez spent
his spare moments studying the large
collection of fruit trees, and here that
hg made his interesting discovery. It
is remarkable that in the accurate
and minute descriptions of fruits wliiich
liad been mad© by previous Prencb
authors, no menton is found of these
st.ructures; but, once pointed out, their
diagnostic value was recognised, and soon
liecame the basis of all classifications of
Peaches and Nectarines. As is well known
to most gardeners, the glands are of two
types, round and kidney shaped, and a re-

markable correlation exists between the
presence of glands and the detailed
structure of the leaf. Glandless leaves
always have serrat<>. margins, while those
with glands have orenate margins.

The first paper of importance calling at-
tention to these structures in this country
was that of John Robertson on " The Clas-
sification of Peaches and Nectarines," pub-
lished in the T ransactions of the Royal
Horticultural Society. Lindley, in a later
paper in the same publication, made
the gland.s or their absence the basis of a
classification. In 1867 E. A, Carriere
published a new system of classification, in
which he pointed out the presence of inter-
mediate types which are now generally re-
cognised as " round to kidney shaped."
The study of these characters had so far
been entirely limited to their value as
identification marks, and no careful study
had been made as to their physiological
characters and development. This, how-
ever, has now l>een rectified bv a recent
paper by Mr, C, T, Gregory.* in which
pomologists and botanists alike will find
points of interest. As in most detailed
studies of this nature, we find that the
rough distinction between " kidney " and
" round " loses its desirable sharpness
under close investigation. In the draw-
ings of types which the author gives there
are many that would puzzle an expert to
class either in one division or the other,
and it would seem possible to establish
several clear types both of " kidney " and
" round."

It is interesting to note that in the large
number of varieties examined no serrated-
leaved forms were found with glands, thus
confirming previous observations. On the
physiological side the author shows that
the glands are modified leaf-.spine,s, and
after the secretory process is fini.shed the
upper part of the gland gradually dis-
integrates with the production of a corky
layer which slowly extends downwards, so
that in some oases it becomes entirely de-
composed.

Peaches and Nectarines offer a fa,scinat-
ing problem to the student of genetics.
The presence and absence of the glands',
the large .and small flowers, the reported
susceptibility of the glanded varieties to
Peach leaf blister and the glandless to mil-
Jew, present material for study of the
gre.atest possible interest.

Our AuMANAC.-rhe next issue of the Gar-
dcncrx' Chronicle will include a sheet almanac
for 1917 containing particulars of liorticultural
appointments up to the time of printing.

Fo*o Production in Scotland.— The
Marquis of Breadalbane, in a letter to the
Scotsman, has described the success of his ex-
periments in vegetable culture in hie gardens at
Taymoutii Castle, which had been left almost
without men in response to the calls to the
Colmu-s. By means ot a Cana.dian plougih; —
the Cocks.liut — the land was double plouglhed,
with hig'hly satisfaotory iiesults, i'he Ciity
of Edinburgh is taking up the quesltdon
of allotmemts with great vigouir, and an
effort is be-ing made to cultivate as mudh

* The Taxonomic Value and Structure of Ptach Lea/
Gland), C. T. Gregory. Cornell University, Bulletin 366,

land as possible in the parks, etc. Meetings
ar.s being held in different districts in the city,
and Mr. J. W. M'Hattie, the City Gardener,
has given addresses on the subject of allotments
and vegetable growing. In Dund,?e the matter
has also been under consideration, and a pro-
posal to crop a large extent of land is likely to
be adopted.

Ministry of Food Appointment.- Captain
Charles Bathhrst, M.P., has, on becoming
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of
Food, relinquished the post of Organiser of the
Land Settlement Scheme for Ex-Service Men,
which he has held under the Board of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries in an honorary capacity for
the last eight months. The duties have been
taken over by Sir Richard Winfrey. M.P., Par-
liamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries.

The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent In-
stitution.—The voting papers for the election
of pensioners to this institution have just been
issued. There are sixty-four candidates, and
it is proposed to elect eighteen. The dif-
ference in these figures shows the increased
amount of support required to enable the insti-
tution to relieve the necessitous cases that con-
stantly arise amongst gardeners and gardeners'
widows, for, it may be pointed out, the cases
included in the list have all engaged the atten-
tion of the Committee, and each is recommended
equally to the sympathies of the electors. The
official notice of the meeting is iis follows : The
seventy-seventh annual general meeting of the
members and subscribers of this Institution will
be held at "Simpson's," 101, Strand, London,
on Tuesday, Jpnuary 23, 1917, at 2.45 p.m.,
for the purpose of receiving the report of the
Committee and the accounts of the Institution
(as audited) for the y?ar 1916, electing officers
for the year 1917, and for the election of eighteen
annuitants on the funds. The chair will be
taken by Sir Harry J. Veitch, treasurer and
chairman of committee, at 2.45 o'clock. The poll
will be open at 3 o'clock and close at 4 o'clock
precisely, after which hour no voting papers can
be received.

The Late Mr. N. N. Sherwood.— The gross

value of the estate of the late Mr, N. N. Sher-
wood, of the firm of Hurst and Sons, Hounds-
ditch, and Prested Hall, Kelvedon, Essex, has
been returned at £514,949. Deceased left sums
of £500 ea,ch to the Gardeners' Eoyal Benevolent
Institution and the Royal Gardeners' Orphan
Fund,

Bequest.— Mr. William Heseltine Mudford,
formerly Editor and manager of the Standard,
who died in August last, left to his gardener
a sum of £1,500, and his guns, telescopes, etc.

Acorns and Chestnuts from Verdun.—

It will be remembered that Lord French, when
at Verdun, gathered from the battlefields Sweet
Chestnuts for planting in his garden, to foi-m au
avenue as a souvenir of the glorious city. Others
having expressed a wish to obtain, seeds for
the same purpose, ithe Deputy-Mayor of Verdun

has forwarded a consignment of both Chestnuts
and Acorns to the London and North- Western
Railway Company, and the seeds will be sold in
aid of the War Seal Foundation (L. and N.W,R.
Section), which aims at providing cJieery homes
for L. and N.W.R. servants who may be totally
disabled in the war.

Manganese as a Fertiliser.— The diver-
gence of opinion with respect to the value of
manganese salts in effecting increased crop pro-
duction appears to be explained by the results
of recent experinii^nts* by Messrs. Skinner and
Reid. These authors find that whereas man-
ganese, applied as manganese sulphate at the
rate of 50 lb. per acre, is without beneficial

* The Action of Manganese under Acid and Neutral Soil
Conditions. Bull. 441, U.S. Dept. of Agric, Wishington.

Janxtakt 6, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

effect on acid (sour) soils, it produces a markedly
beneficial effect on those soils after their acidity
has been neutralised by liming. Wheat, Rye,
Beans, Maize and Cow Peas all give higher
yields when the soil rendered alkaline by lime
was treated with manganese sulphate.

A Device for Sending Pollen by Post.—

In the course of a valuable account of his work
in breeding the Sugar Cane in Madras Dr.
B.\REER, Government Sugar Cane Expert, men-
tions that a successful way of sending pollen
by post is to enclose it in small gelatine capsules.
This method, which we do not remember to
have seen described before, should br? useful to
plant-breeders generally.

Morocco.- yAe Board of Trade Journal
states that H.M. Agent and Consul-General at
Tangier (Mr. H. E. White, C.M.G.) reports,
under date November 27, that the Resident-
General of the French Zone of Morocco has
issued an Order appointing a Commission to
study the question of colonisation and to suggest
the best means of encouraging the settlement of
colonists who will develop the agricultural riches
of that region. It appears from the local press
that steps are being taken by the Director-
General of Agriculture for the grant of Magh-
zen {i.e. State) land in small lots for the purpose
of market gardening and in larger tracts for
general agricultural purposes. An agricultural
irrigation service has been formed for the pur-
pose of scheduling the hydraulic resources of
the country and at the same time of aiding
colonists with technical advice on the irrigation
of their lands.

Agricultural Appointments. -The Right
Hon. R. E. Prothero, M.P., President of the
Board of Agriculture and P'isheries, has ap-
pointed Mr. A. W. Monro to be his Private
Secretary, and Mr. A. Balfoue to be his Assis-
tant Private Secretary (unpaid).

The "Gardeners' Magazine."— We deeply

regret to learn from a note published in the
last issue of th(^ Gardener.^' Magazine that this
journal has decided to su.spend publication
dnring the period of the war.

Calyx -splitting in Carnations.— The

careful work carried out at the New Jersey Ex-
periment Station* does not add very materially
to our knowledge of the causes which bring about
the splitting of the calyx in Carnations. Numer-
ous countings of normal and split Pink Enchant
resfi show that whereas the former has an
average of sixty-four petals, in the latter the
number of petals ranges from 70 to 168, averag-
ing about 84. Periods of dull, sunless weather
increase the amount of splitting in flowers
opening about a month after those periods, and
hence it is to be inferred that lack of light dnring
bud formation is one of the causes of splitting.
The constitution of the plant also counts — for
manifestly a flower which produces a mass of
petals too great for the capacity of the calyx
is bound to split. This is well shown when White
Perfection and Matchlejis are compared. The
former has a slender calyx and a relatively large
number of petals ; in the latter the calyx is large
in relation to the number of petals which it
contains. Perfection often splits, whereas of
Matchless grown at the New Jersey Experiment
Station only 5 per cent, .splits.

Gassing the "Prickly Pear" in Queens-
land. - Opuntias, or "Prickly Pears," as
they are popularly called, are a great
pest to gi'owers in Queensb.ud, and various
meithods have been adopted to destroy the
plants. After many months' experiments, the
Itffcaitment of certaiin .species of OpuntiaiS with
ar.senic trichloride in a gaseous form has
been proved to be effectiive, while tJlie pro-
blem of manufacturing the trichloride in large
quantities has also been successfully overcome.

• See FlorintB' Exchange, December 2, 191G.

Trichloride is now obtainable in large quantities
at a cost of £22 per ton. The place selected in
Queensland for the experimental work was
Delacca. This district contained some of the
worst " Pear " growth in Queensland, ranging
from 7 feet to 8 feet high, and of such a dense,
impenetrable nature as t-o make spraying im-
possible. Areas that had been gassed some
twelve months ago are entirely free from the
pest. The gas is applied by means of an
atomiser. Gassing is done w-ith the best results
after heavy dews or rainfall. The trichloride
apparently has no effect upon other vegetation,
because of their lower water contents, neither is
tihere any da.nger in regard to stock.

Farmyard Manure.— Dr. Rcssell estimates*
that the amount of farmyard manure used

The Hall of the National Horticultural

Society of France in the Rue de Crenelle, Paris,
is a common meeting-place of gardeners and nur-
serymen on leave from the Front. We learn that
M. GusT.iVE Clement was there a few days ago,
probably on the usual leave to celebrate his being
decorated, as announced in our issue of the 23rd
ult.

The current number of I'Horticultvre

Fran(;ttise, just to hand, contains the eighth list
of honours, in which the names of Frendh liortii-
culturisits who have fallen on the field of battle
appear. Fifteen names are given, but they are
practically unknown to English readei-s. The list
of citations from Army Orders is headed by the
name of Captain Baltet. In addition to previous
honours, Captain Baltet has now received from

wJ^^

Fig. 2. — olearta gunntana, type : from a dried sfecimen.
(Soe p. 3.)

annually in this country is 37 million tons,
which, at 5s. a load, represents a yearly value
of 9i million pounds sterling. The value of
artificial manures used annually is considerably
less than this sum, probably not more than 5^
million pounds -sterling.

War Items.- We regret to learn that M.
Georc.es Truffaut, of Versailles, is home on
sick leave. He has many friends in England who
will join us in expressing the hope that he may
speedily be restored to health.

• Lieut. Henri Nonin is undergoing treat-
ment for hia shattered right arm at the Hospital
of the Grand Palais. Meantime, he is engaged a.s
interpreter .at the Statistical branch of the Labour
Bureau.

" Presiileiilial address, Agriculture, Brit. Assoc., 1916.

the hands of the General conunaiidiing his divi-
sion the Cross erf th>e l^egion of Hoiioiir.

Sergeant F. V. Donner, formei'ly tra-
veller for Messrs. Joseph Bbntlev, Ltd., Bar-
row-on-Humber, was recently found dead in a
dug-out in the British lines. Sergeant Donner
went through the South African war; he en-
listed again as a volunteer 28 months ago, and
spent the first war winter in the trenches in
Flanders. Later he was invalided home. He
took part in the Loos offensive. ,

Germination of Grass Seed. -The atten-
tion of those who liave to carry out germination
tests of grass seeds is directed to an article *
on the effect of light on germination. Tests

• Agiit. News, Imp. Dept. of Agiic., West ludies, XV.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 6, 1917.

carried out at the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Minnesota, show that germination is better
if a sunlight germinator is used. For some
species light is esseiitiiil. Furthermore, a change
of temperature from 20° C. to 30° C.
(20° C. for 18 hours and 30° C. for six hours)
gives better results than are obtained by ex-
posure of the seeds to a constant temperature
of 20° C.

Destruction of Fly Larvae in Horse
Manure.* — Messrs. Cook and Hutchinson have
continued their investigations on the destruction
of Ay larvae — previously reported in thesi? pages
— and conclude that fly larvae may be destroyed
by treating the manure heap with two-thirds of
a pound of borax in 10 gallons of water. This
amount suffices for 8 bushels of manure. Inas-
much as large quantities of borax have an ad-
verse effect on plant growth, they recommend,
where the manure is to be applied to the land,
that powdered Hellebore be used instead of
borax. For 8 bushels of manure half a pound
of Hellebore mixed with 10 gallons of water
makes an effective larvicide. Experiments
made witih a mixture of calcium cj-anamid, acid
phosphate and kainit — all of which substances
have, of course, value as fertilisers — indicate
that the larvae may also be destroyed by these
substances.

A Letter on Land Tillage Published
Seventy Years Ago.— A wealthy old farmer,
who had for some time declined in health, per-
ceiving that he had not many days to live, called
his sons to his bedside. " My dear children,"
said the dying man, " I leave it with you as
my last injunction not to part with the
famn, whiclh lias now be«n in our family these
three hundred years. For t<i disclose to you
a secret which I received from my father, tliere
i.s a treasure hid somewhere in the ground,
though I never could discover the particular spot
where it is concealed. However, as soon as the
harvest is got in, spare no pains in the search,
and I am well assured you will not lose your
labour," Tlie wise old man was laid in his
grave, and no sooner had the time mentioned
arrived than his sons went to work, and with
great vigour and alacrity turned up again and
again evei7 foot of ground belonging to their
farm ; and the consequence was, that although
they did not find the object of their pursuit,
their lands yielded a far more plentiful crop
than those of their neighbours. At the end of
the year, when they were settling their accounts
and computing their extraordinary profits, " I
would venture a wager," said one of the brothers,
" that this wae the concealed wealth my father
meant." How full of meaning, and how applic-
able at the present time, is the advice given in
this fa'ble, which I have quoted at length, Tlie
various reports of improvements which you give
in your paper, and which are published else-
v.'here, all concur in showing that the land does
contain a valuable treasure — that its resources
are in fact unbounded. Look, for instance, at
the report of Mr. Mi'X^Hi's proceedings at Tip-
tree. He has diligently sought for the hidden
treasure. He first removes the water which
obstructs his search, and then he ploughs deeply,
peradventure the share may reveal it. What is
the result? The same that the fable discloses —
an increased produce. The land, which was as-
kncwledged to be some of the poorest in the
country (the purchase money confirms this), now
tears crops equal to the very best the countrv
affords. He, it Ls true, has not found a bag of
gold ; but be has found wealth in an increase of
crops. But this is not all ; he is not the only
one who finds or shares in the treasures — there
are many sons. Ask his labourers. Look, again,
at Earl Durre's proceedings at Whitfield Farm.
Poor land, whose treasures were lying hid under
a load of water and neglect, has revealed its
capabilities on being drained, subsoiled. and
properly cultivated, and anyone acquainted with

• Bull. 108, by .Messrs. Cook and Hutchinson, XT.S. Dept.
of Agric, Washington,

the neighbourhood on walking over that farm and
seeing the crops, must testify that the surround-
ing land has only to be similarly treated and
an equal reward would await the ti-easure-seeker
there. Look, again, at Sir Jamks Gr.\ham's
report in the 1st Vol. of Agricultural Society's
Journal ; lie, it seems, has also inherited and
acted up to the advice in the fable, for we find
that land which was let at 4s, 6d. per acre has,
after a search which cost him £6 18s. 4d.. been
re-let on a lease of fourteen years at 20s.. These
— at least, the two first — have no doubt not indi-
vidually received the amount of treasure they
were entitled to, as the expense of the search
has absorbed the greater part of their share ;
but it must be remembered that they were
pioneers, not so much looking to their own ad-
vantage as clearing the road for those who were
tn follow; therefore, all honour be to them.
They had to search in the dark, and yet have
not "been disappointed. They have found where
the treasure lies, or rather, the oKstructions to
be removed before we can grasp it, and our
search is thus rendered comparatively easy; be-
sides, the cost of removing these obstnictions is
now 'reduced at least one-half. Seeing, then,
that there is a treasure in our farms, and that
old father "Corn-Law," from whom we long
received protection, is on his death bed, seeing
that necessity is therefore now laid on us to
work for ourselves, let us with vigour and
alacrity drain, plough deep, and subsoil plough,
turn up again and again every foot of ground,
avail ourselves of the experience of those who
have searched before us, and we shall not b-
disappointed. T. C. M.. Manchester, in " Carel.
Chrnn.." January 9, 1847.

Worcester Chrysanthemum Snow/.-The
committee of the Worcester Chrysanthemum
Society has forwarded the sum of £90, being
the profits from the Society's exhibition in 1916,
to the Worcester General Infirmary. The
amount realised in 1915 was £60 (for Red Cross
Funds), and in 1914 £37 10s. (for War Relief
Fund), making a total of £187 10s.

Publications Received.- Hints on the
Cultivation of Early Potatos under Glass
Leaflet issued by the Experimental and Research
Station of the Nursery and Market Garden Indu^-
tries Development Society, Ltd., Chcshunt, Hertv
—"Live Stock Journal" Almanac for 1917.
Pp. 200. (Vinton & Co.) Price Is.

NOTIOE8 OF BOOKS.

"Annuals and Biennials."*

In these days there is not much need to com-
mend annuals and biennials for garden decora-
tion. We err, probably, in limiting too much
the number grown, and in confining the species
to comparatively few. Yet a slight considera-
tion wUl show 'tliat to a very large extent gai'-
deners avail thrmselves of plants propagated
annually from seeds. So much is this the case
that the division of everyday plants into
annuals, biennials, and perennials, has lost
much of its sharpness, and to talk of grow-
ing perennials as annuals has become current m
gardening speech. The authoress of this manual
has recognised these facts, and while limiting—
too strictly, as we think— the true annuals and
biennials, she has included several perennials,
though here, too, restriction is strikingly appa-
rent. It is sur3ly an oversiglit that plants so easy
to produoe from seeds and so indispensaWe
as Begonias, Caaiiations, Lob«lias of the Caa-di-
iialis type, L, ramosa, Lycihiiis, CoTonamia,
Lupinus polyphyllus, hybrid Delphiniums, many
Primulas, Scabiosa caucasica, Lathyrus sativus,
Ceranthemum annuuni, the Celsias, annual
Calceolarias, Silene Armeria, Chelone barbata,
Coreopsis grandiflora, Huniea elegans. Verbena

' Annmh and BienniaU. By Gertrude Jekyll. Cultural
uo^es by ."f. H. .Jenkins. (London : Comitrxj Life Office.
Price Vs. 6d.)

venosa and Virginian Stocks should have been
excluded. None of these takes more than two
years to produce flowering plants — the majority
one year. A perusal of the volum;? reveals but
very few slips. One, however, is that of assum-
ing Gilia coronopifolia to be a recent introduc-
tion, whereas it was described and illustrated,
though badly, by Dillenius in 1732 by the name
of " Quamoclit pennatum, erectum, floribus in
thyrsum digestis."

Though the volume extends to about 170
pages, only some 80 contain letterpress ; the rest
are illustrations, and may provide a reason why
the chapters on various aspects of gardening
with these plants are so brief and the lists for
various purposes so condensed, Mr. Jenkins
contributes a chapter on raising annuals under
glass and notes on the Sweet Pea. B. P. B.

"British-Grown Timber and
Timber Trees."*

This work by Mr. Angus D. Webster directs
.ittention to various kinds of timbers produced
in the British Isles, giving, in many instances,
indications of the present value of such timbers
and the uses to which they are put. The work
is well illustrated by some fifty-three photographs
of woods. About fifty species are dealt with,
and in the case of the more important ones a
short description of the tree is followed by notes
o.i its culture, average size, age at which the
tree matures, appearance and quality of the
timber, uses to which the wood may be applied,
and its present price. Unfortunately, the num-
ber of really first-rate kinds of timber trees in
the British Isles is comparatively small, for al-
though numerous trees that produce excellent
timber in other parts of the world are hardy here
and grow into fine ornamental trees, they are
never likely to be of commercial value from a
timber standpoint. Sufficient notice does not
appear to have been taken of this fact By Mr.
Webster, for he has included many species that
it would not pay to grow under sylvicultural con-
ditions, and the timber of which could not be
procured in quantity were it required, his excuse
for their inclusion resting on the fact that a few
ornamental specimens blown down or removed
during alterations have been accepted by a tim-
ber merchant. Almond, Arbutus, Cotoneaster
frigida. Lilac and Paulownia are cases in point.
Several specimens of Catalpa bignonioides are
said to have been sold lately in London in com-
pany with other home-grown woods at 2s, per
cubic foot, and apparently as an inducement for
the extended cultivation of this tree we are told
that " Professor Sargent says that the Catalpa
offers peculiar advantages for economic planting,
the timber being of excellent quality and known
to have stood as fence posts for seventy-five years
and to be perfectly sound." As an ornamental
tree for town or country, Catalpa bignonioides
is excellent, but its value as a timber tree in this
country is very problematical, whilst in America
the Western Catalpa (C. speciosa), a larger-
growing tree, is much more useful. There are
few places in the British Lsles where plantations
of that species would be likely to give really
good results. Paulownia imperialis may be dis-
missed at once as a possible timber tree for this
country, as it is decidedly tender. On the con-
trarv, the Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is
not mentioned by Mr. Webster, although it is
one of the most promising of exotic broad-leaved
trees for forest planting in the Midlands and
South of England. It matures here at from
ninety to 120 years of age, forming a tree in the
open 80 to 110 feet high with a trunk diameter
up to 3i feet, producing excellent wood equal
in quality to that imported from N. America,
Mr. Webster has been unfortunate in his experi-
ences of the timber of Pinns Pinaster, but the
species ought not to be condemned altogether by
reason of the quality of its timber for certain
purposes, for it is an excellent species for plant-
ing on sand dunes in the South and West, and

• Brithk-Ormm Timher and Timber Trees. By Angus D.
Webster, (William Rider & Son, Ltd , London,) .Is. net.

Janttart 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' JHRONICLE.

\i of considerable economic importance in
Western France for the production of turpentine.
Moreover, many hundreds of thousands of tons
of topped trunks are received annually in South
Wales from Western France for use as pitprops.
Why not put t)he tree to similar use here?

Except for a too free use of capitals in specific
names, the scientific names throughout the work
are fairly correct, the worst mistake, perhaps,
occurring on page 106, where the common Spruce
(Plcea excelsa) appears as Spruce Fir (Abies ex-
celsa). The combination oi Spruce and Fir ought
to be dropped everywhere, for it only t^nds to
coaifuse generic names. If. D.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Old Seed and Plant Cataloques (see
Gard. Vhron., VcA. LX., pp. 299, 309).—
Mr. W. Robeirts's literairy contributions to
the Gardeners' Chronicle are aiways brim-
ful of interest. His reference to the popu-
lar florists' flowers of the thirties and forties
and to the places round the metropolis where
they were grown re\«ives many memories. I
hiave often wondered where the site of Mad-
dock's famous nursery at Walworth, near London,
is to be found. To-day Walworth is a densely
crowded locality, and the place is undiscover-
able. Mr. Roberts refers to Groom of " Wands
worth," the Tulip grower of great repute. Groom
may have removed to Wandsworth, a famous
place in its day for nurseries, but, speaking from
memory, 1 think Groom was Maddock's successor
at Walworth. The site of Chandler's nursery at
Vauxhall is [)eii)ctuated by Camellia Street. The
reference ma<lo to the Dahlia as a popular
flower eighty years ago reminds me of many
hours devoted to tha.t subject. It is a very
absorbing one to those interested in what may
be termed the antiquarian aspects of flori-
culture, but the names of the Dahlia growers
w'ho issued ca.talogue8 and referred to by Mr.
Roberts do not include some of the most
eminent.. I suggest by way of addition Mr.
Dennis, of King's Road, Chelsea ; Messrs, Whit-
ley. Brames and Milne, of Fulham ; Mr. Pamplin,
of Wandsworth Road ; ^Ir. Michael Brewer, jun..
of Cambridge ; Mr. Appleby, florist, Doncaster ;
Mr. Widnall, of Grantchester, Cambridge; Mr.
Gaines, of Battersca. To these may be added
the names of several whose Dahlia catalogues are
reproduced in the Annual DaJilia Jlegister. 1836,
viz., Mr. Edward Bartlett. of New Bond Street,
Bath ; Mr. ■). Bates, of Oxford ; Messrs. T. C. and
E. Brown, of Slough; Mr. Geo. Glcnny, of Isle-
worth; Messrs. W. Heale and Son, of Oalne,
Wilts ; Mr, Henry Skilman, of Marlborough,
Wilts ; Mr, Geo, Wheeler, of Warminster, Wilts!
Even this adddilion di>es not include all the
numerous dealers and raisers of the flower thai
w.us at that time Cblled the " King of Autumn."

ToX"^ T ^*'-"" ""^ Intercropping (see p.
307).— I do not agree with Mr. Bagg in his
adyioe U> ])lant Lettuces U-tween Tripoli
Onions. I plant these Onions in rows 10 to
12 inches apart, and they do well ; if Lettuces
were set between the Onions, the latter would
be all neck and exposed to damage in planting
ftnd gathering the Lettuces. With rega-rd to
cropping Cabbage, Cauliflower and Turnips be-
tween Strawberries, our Strawberries are planted
2 ,tio 2^ feet between the rows, and we do not
get suflicient sun, as a rule, to ripen the berries ;
how would they ripen with these tall crops be-
tween ? lycttuce and Spinach may succeed in
new plantations of Strawberries. The method
advised by Mr. John Bates, to grow Strawber-
ries as annuals is a good one, but I would allow
18 inches between the rowe to have room for
placing the litter to protect the fruit, and also
for gathering it. With regard to Mr. Bagg's
advice to plant Dwarf Beans between Peas and
Runner Beans, how far are we to plant the Peas
and Runner Beans apart to get Dwarf Beans
to succeed between them ? During the past
season our Dwarf Beans were not satisfactory
planted in the front of grecnhoufies and under
south walls : what results are we to expect if
we adopt Mr. Bagg's method? I lam keen on

intercropping, and desire to obtain as much as
possible from the land while the war lasts, but
if we put in one crop to spoil another, where
does the economy come in? The practical gar-
dener may be of great senace to many during
the present shortage of food by advising and
instructing amateurs and allotment-holders on
how to cultivate the land and crop it to the
best advantage. This can only be done by a
man on the spot who is well acquainted' with the
soil and situation. Titos. B. Archer, The Hazels
Gardens, Prescot, Lanes.

Treatment of Strawberry Beds (see
pp. 279 and 312). — 1 suspect that most of us
who have grown Strawberries largely will agree
with Mr. J. A. Paice in that spring is the best
time to apply mulchings to 6stabli.shed beds, and
this particularly applies to light soils, but ways

and the flavour left notJiing to be dlesiired. .1. d.
Bartlett.

The Oriqin of the Loganberry.— The

Loganberry has for so long been accepted as a
fertile hybrid, and its intermediate position be-
tween the Blackberry and Raspberry sections of
the genus is so apparent, that the doubt ex-
pressed as to its origin by Mr. W. 0. Backhouse
(see p. 280) causes some surprise. The doubt
seems to be largely based upon the small amount
of segregation among the seedlings, but this is
not necessarily conclusive, for Mendel, in his
original essay, gave examples of hybrids that
propagate themselves as truly from seed as pure
species, and showed that one of them had been
followed up to the tenth generation. Some evi-
dence, however, is now given as to the occurrence
of the Loganberry in a wild state, which sug-

FlG. 3. — LEAVES OF OLEAUIAS.
1. 0. stellulata ; 2. O. lyrata ; 3. 0. nigosa ; 4. <l. quercifdlla ; ."i 0. aimniana var, salicifDlii
(i. 0. aubrepanila ; 7. 0. caiicsceiia ; 8. O. (Jmnlana. Nat. size.
(See p. 3.)

and means have to be considered in gardens at
the present time more than ever before, and I
imagine it bettor to make sure of the mulching
during the winter than to run the risk of not
being able to get the work done at the approved
season. Besides this, wheeling the manure can be
done with much greater labour economy during
frosty weather, and for this reason it has loi;'
been the general rule in gardens to transfer as
much manure during frosts as possible. My ex-
perience with late Strawberries has been contrary
to the generallv accepted views on manarimg, for
I have found that a .sprinkling of sulphate of am-
monia^—2 lb. per square rod— immediately the
flowers are pollinated has greatly improved the
crop. This has heen especially noticeable with
Waterloo and Frogmore Late Prolific. There was
a smaller percentage of " blind " flowers, the
fruits were larger and of gi-eatly improved colour.

gests a possible earlier history ; unless, indeed, it
is an escape from cultivation. More than one
writer suggests that it may be a true species (one
of them adds, "of comparatively recent origm "

whatever that may mean), but this is not borne

out by cither its history or characters. The
origin of the Loganberry from self-sown seeds of
the Aughinbaugh Blackberry has already been
mentioned. It was supposed that the other parent
was a Raspberry of the Red Antwerp type, which
grew near, and it was originally remarked :_" The
Loganberry shows so clearly the mingling of
both types that no horticulturist who studies the
fruit has doubted that it is a true hybrid, ....
and shows in texture, in the easy slipping from
the core, and partly in flavour, the Raspberrv
pan-entage." The free drupe is a character of
the whole Idaeus section of the genus, while
in Eubatus the receptacle breaks away with the

10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 6. 1917.

drupes attached. In the Loganberry there is a
curious compromise, for the top of the elongated
receptacle breaks off and comes away witli the
drupes, leaving part of the core behind. Tlie
Aiighinbaugh Blackberry is said to be a remark-
ab'W sport of the native Rubus vitifolius, wliirih
was found growing wild on the sandy peninsula
of Alameda, California, by a pioneer, Aughin-
baugh, who removed it to his garden and culti
vated and disseminated it. He died in poverty,
but his berry preserves his name from oblivion.
It is described as " a beautiful vine, of trailing
habit, like a Dewberry, but with much larger,
darker' leaves, and of extremely vigorous growth.
Being pistillate, it does not bear well unless
planted with other varieties. Properly fertilised,
on good soil, and well trained on a fence or
trellis, its bearing powers are often astonishing,
and in quality it is very fine." The significance
of the pistillate character will be seen presently.
Rubus vitifolius is regarded by Focke a.s a variety
of R. ursinus, a very variable species, which he
isolates in a small subsection on account of it.s
dioecious character, the stamens and pi.stils being
borne on different plants. R. ursinus has been
described as variable in growth, in leaves, and
in many other particulars, and in rich, sheltered
places it occasionally bears so heavily that people
come for miles to camp in the berry fields nnd
gather the delicious fruit. The fruits are de-
scribed as oblong, sweet, and highly flavoured.
There are ample dried materials of R. ursinus
and var. vitifolius at Kew. but I find no wild
soecimens at all approaching the Loganberry.
There are garden specimens, and so far as I cnn
see their hybrid nature is borne out by com
parison. This takes us back to the Au2-hinbauTh,
and it is auite clear that unless there were
staminate plants in or near .Tudge Logan's garden
all the flowers fertilised would produce hvbrids.
which almost demonstrates the hybrid origin of
the Loganberry. And only hv hybridisation could
!\ plant between the two sections of the genus
be obtained, though whether the pollen parent
has been correctlv interpreted is more onen to
question, for it is said that "Raspberries of
.several sorts grew along.side and. in fact, inter-
mine-led." Any doubt felt by the writ<=r is
chieflv due to the well known aciditv of the
LoganbeTry, unless indeed that comes from the
other parent. Confirmatorv evidence of the
hvbvid nature of the Lo!?anberrv may be found
in the fact that artificial hvbrids have been ob-
tained between Raspberries and Blackberries
havini? its essential characters. It should h'"-'-
ever, be an casv matter for anvone who has tlio
Auffbinbangh to te.st the question. All that
would be necessary would be to put a few flowers
in bags fto prevent contamin.ationl and pollinate
them with the Red Antwerp, or an nllied Rasp-
berry. As the flowers are pistillate there would
be Tio stamens to be first removed. If the "''^1
Loaanberries mentioned are not escapes — th"'-
identitv. we suppose, is not in doubt — it would
point to an independent, and possibly ea-'---
oritrin.-in which case there would tie a nue^tinn
whether the parentage has been correctlv inter-
preted, and this would in fiirn. involve the
oricin of the seedlins found in Jndcre T.on--'-
garden. Tliis uncertaintv makes it the more de-
sirable that the experiment .suggested should hn
carried out Tt would a>o be interestir<r to
.rornre dn'od materials of the wild plants mpp
tioned. n. A. nolfr.

The Planting of. Irises.— After consiider-
Bible e-xperimenting, lit has been my practice
foir tihie la;sit twelve yea.rs to transplsiiit IrisCiS
so far ais possible dui-iing the first week in
August or theirea.bouits. Besides the imnipe-
nesg of the rlhizomes iln dime. I have been
influenced by the supposition that at this time
(immediately after the flowering} the embryo buds
of tlijp floweT-spdkes for the following season were
being formed, as is the case with Baffodils. These
embryo buds are fully formed by September, and
are visible to the naked eye, and do not appear
to increase appreciably from then on to the end
of the year. If this supposition is correct, since
this period of embryo bud formation is. accord-
ing to De Vries, one of extreme sensibilitv. it
would largely account for the deficiency of the
flower-spikes of the June-planted Irises in the
experiment, and it would be of interest to make
a further trial between March and August plant-
ings. But even if the March-planted Irises should

give more flower-spikes than August-planted, I
think that August planting would still be prefer-
able for the reasons Mr. Dykes gives, especially
on account of the greater prevalence of adverse
weather and soil conditions in March. My ground
being open and exposed, March (or April) planted
Irises have always suffered conspicuously, and
have subsequently been more liable to disease.
The drying off of the rhizomes when they
are out of the ground for some time between
taking up and replanting in August, though
it causes loss of flower-spikes, appears to
have a very good effect in checking the Iris dis-
ease. Out of the whole lot (900) replanted one
year only one plant was found slightly attacked
the following season. Though Irises are making
roots throughout the season from spring on into
autumn, it seems to me that they root inter-
mittently rather than strictly continuously, being
in this respect somewhat siniilar to Poeticus Nar-
cissi. Whatever may be the case with the original
.species, with these garden hybrids it appears to
depend chiefly on the weather. During dry
weather there is, if not an actual resting period,
a pause or slackening in root formation, and as
August is the driest month (drier than either July
or September), it would seem also for this reason
the best time for replanting. Since the number
of the flowering spikes in the following seasons
has been chosen as a test of comparison, it will
be useful to note that though the time the rhi-
zomes are out of the gi'ound, even when pro-
longed, does not injure the health of the plants
in the least when they are transplanted in August,
it has a very direct effect on the flowering in
the following season. At one planting (about 600
plants), when the plants were about a week out
of the ground', only about one-quarter to one-
third flowered. Another year the plants (about
900) were from a fortnight to three weeks or
more out of the ground, and only about a dozen
flowered, though the plants were strong and ex-
ceptionally healthy. Last year I transplanted
a dozen plants, replanting them immediately, and
all flowered freely this year, some even moi-e
freelv than the duplicate iilants left undisturbed.
Since plants sent out hy nurserjnnen must neces-
sarily be out of the ground' some time, I think
it would be of interest, if the experiment made at
Wi=lev can be repeated comparing the results
of March planting with early August (instead
of June) plantins, to make it in duplicate, one
lot of plants being replanted at once, and the
other lot after an interval of a week or ten days.
A. J. Bliss.

SOCIETIEIS.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

December 21. — Committer present: The Rev.
J. Crombleholme (in the ohaiir), Messrs. R. Asih-
woirth, A. G. Ellwood, P. Foster, A. R. Hand-
ley, J. Lupton, D. McTjeod, W. Shackleton, S.
Swift, H. Thorp, and H. Arthur (secreitaTy).

AWARDS.

First-class Certificates.

Laelio-Catt.leya AmabUe var. AsUandiae
(L.-V. Fascinator albens X C. Warscewiczii
Stanleyi), a large flowe/p wditih white sepals and
petals and well-marked lip, from R. Ashworth.
Esq.

Oypripedium Alethea (Gaston Bulteel x
Euryades), a flower of neddiiSh-crimson colour:
the donsail seipail is very flat, from T. Warburton,
Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Cypripedium Nigger {Mrs. Carey Batten X
Beehm/inii), ('. Actaeus Cainiae Harefield Hall
X Lteanum, Clinl-aherryanum) ; Odontoglossum.
Iniidatum var. Majesticum ( ardentissimum x
WiU-icanuttv) ; O. eximium var. Bed Monarch,
all from P. Smith. Esq.

O. crispum. var. Madame 7,ievrc. from Mr. W.
Shackleton.

Cultural Certificate.
To Mr. C. Branch (gr. to 'W. R. Lee, Esq.), for
a plant of Odontoqlossum crispum Annamii.
ca/iir^nng a spike of 17 fine floweirs.

LINNEAN.

December 14.— Sir David Prain, C.M.G.,
F.R. S., President, in the cJiaiT.

Mir. H. S. HoLDEN conununlicated ajid ex-
l>kiined a paper by Miiss Isabel McClatohde, B.Sc,
entit'led " Observa.tAons on the Rooit-System of
InipatSens Roylei, Walp."

The primary root-system of ImpatSeiis Royled
consists of a somewhat short tap root, a whorl
of four robust lateral root®, and a number of
accessory laterals These soon become obsolete
and are replaced by a large supei-ficial root-
system of adventitious origin derived from the
lower half of the hypocotyl. In plants in which
the first and r-ubsequent nodes trail along the
ground, additional roots are produced from these.
Abortive roots commonly arise at the bases of
lateral branches, and further development can
be induced also in these by suitable manipula-
tion. Various other factors, such as wounding,
increasing the height of the soil, &c., also induce
accessory root-formation. The primary root-
system is characterised by a 4-arch or 5-arch
solid xylem star, and by the early development
of tyloses. Tlie stout adventitious roots are poly-
arch with a wide pith, and develop a superficial
protective cork layer. They show, in common
with the other parts of the plant, the tannin sacs
and raphides characteristic of the genus.

Dr. Ethf.t, N. Thomas communicated a paper
" On the Distribution of Monoecious Plants, and
the Occurrence of Hei-maphrodite Flowers in
Myrica Gale, with Observations on Variations of
Sex," by Miss A. J. Davey, M.Sc, and Miss M,
Gibson, B.iSc, which was explained by the
authors.

Myiica Gale, the common Bog MyriJ©, is
described as being typically dioecious, but men-
tion has been made by several authors of the
occasional occuiTence of the monoecious condi-
tion.

Observations during several successive years on
a large area of Myrica in the peat moors of
Somerset show that there is always a small pro-
portion of monoecious plants, which present all
gradations between the normal pistillate and
.staminate types. Further, it has been found that
the sex of a plant may vary from year to year.

The monoecious plant* may be grouped as
follows : —

(n) Plants bearing both staminate and pistillate
catkins of the normal type. These occur on
different shoots, or they ma.y be mixed on the
same shoot. In the latter case, usually the lower
part of the shoot is staminate and the upper
part pistillate, but the reverse order may obtain.
Staminate. pistillate, and mixed shoots mav
occur on the .same plant, snd the proportions of
each vary considerably.

[h) Plants bearing androgynous catkins. Such
catkins usually contain stamens below and pistils
above, but the reverse arrangement is found
also.

(c) Plants whose catkins consist of hermaphro-
dite flowers. These flowers (like the unisexual
flowers) occur singly in the axils of the catkin
scales. Each flower consists of a central ovary,
surrounded by three or four stamens (less com-
monly two). Just below the insertion of these
on the short floral axis, there are two small
outgrowths, corresponding to the " bracteoles "
or normal pistillate flowers. The pistillate flower
consists of an ovary flanked by two " bracteoles "
adnate to it, which enlarge and persist in the
fnivitiiig sitiPjge ; the staminate flower consists of
a group of stamens (commonly four), without
bracteoles.

The hermaphrodite flowers are proterogynous.
They produce normal fruits, and their stamens
are functional.

Variations of Sex. — Among plants or shoots
marked and examined in successive yeare, some
showed progressive change from pistillate to
staminate during several seasons; e.g., plant*;
producing abundant fruit in 1913 showed mixed
.shoots in 1914. and in 1915 became almost entirely
staminate. In 1916 several such cases showed
indications of the reverse change.

Some plants appear to be continually fluctuat-
ing, whcle other's remain stable for many

Jaxvary 6. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

11

GENERAL BDLB GROWERS' OF
HAARLEM.

The foUowTiiig awards were made by the
different Committees of the General BuJb
Growers' Society of Haarlem during Augiist,
September and October, 1915 : —

First-Class Certificates.
Gladioli Flora, citron-yellow; Insulinde (de-
oorajtin'e), yellow and old gold; Dahlia Port/ios
(deoorat a ve) , silvery -lilac ajid purple.

Awards of Merit.
Gladioli Chris, velvety-red, veined wine-red;
Carry, light heliotrope, spotted sulphur-yellow ;
General de H't?, soft peach bloom; I'lnsur-
passable, flesh colour, sfcwied apricot; King of
the Blues, bluisJi-\-iolet ; Master iVietze, purple;
Mr. Johan Spoor, canary-yellow ; Pride of
Haarlem, rosy-oairmine ; Pride of Hillegom,
orajige-scarlet, spotted white; primuUnus Ata-
lante, yellow, shaded apricot ; primvlinus Scar-
letta, ired)dish-orange, shaded red; Mrs. Grul-
lemang, canaiy-yeUow ; Proserpine, rose aJid
carmine, shaded blue; Purity, w^hite ; Boem
van Kennemerland, rose, spotted yellow ;
Dahlias Barcarolle (collerette) , dark purpile,
white, veined lilac; Senate (collerette), orange
and scarlet, yellow; Samariterin («.ctus), ivory-
white; Amaranta (decorative), dark ania-
ranfche ; Charles Brnaten^iek (decoi-ative), Ulac
and rose; Everjue (decorative), purple;
Fraulein Budde (decorative), sUvery-ldiac and
whdite; Joseph Ttocher (decorajtive), ruby-
red ; Nelson's Xnriffa (decoi>a.tive), gcarlet-
Perfeciion (decorative), salmon-rose and yellow ;
President Lincoln (decorative), lilac; President
Washington (deroraitive) rose ajid lilac; Rose
Gem (decorative), soft rose and lilac ; Thomas
Moore (decorative), old gold and lilac; irarne-
ford (decorative), white; Creation (Paeony-
flowered), cherry-red and sailmon ; Etna (Paeony-
flowened), dark scarlet; Frans Ludwig {Vaecmy-
flowered). cl«ir mauve colour; y/ir. Bnrcel van
ffogelanden (Paeony-floweired), yeJlowish-apri-
oot ; Mahony (Paeony-flowered), dark red,
aHiaded brown; Mevr. A. C. van Meeuwcn
(Paeony-flowered), purplish-lilac; Orient

(Paeony-flowered, semi-double), yellow and
scarlet; Velours d'Utrecht (single), dairk puiri)le ;
Vesuvius (Paeony-flowered), orange-scarlet;
Dictator (single), orange-scarlet.

Certiticate of the Haarlem Trial Garden.

Dahlia.'' Peace (decorative), white; .iulumn
Cheer (decorative), amaranth, shaded ^^olet ;
ficnedictus XV. (decorative), pure yellow;
Koning .Albert (decorative), purple; Wolfgang
von Goethe (cactus). or,inge shaded dark
salmon; Feronia (c;ictus), violet and rose; Marc
Michili (cactus), lilac and rose, with wihitc
centre; Schoene Hamburgerin (decorative),
golden yellow; Samariterin (cactus), ivory-white;
Paul ('ramp'l (decorative), fiery-red; California
(Paeony-flowered), cajnary-yeHow ; Jhr. Boreel
van HogcUindrji (decorative), apricot- yellow ;
Creation (Paeony-flowered), clherry-red and
salmon; Latona (P?jcony flowered), yellow;
Salrntor (Paeony-flowered). carmine and rose;
Pose Gem (decorative), .soft rose and lilac ;
Vesuvius (Paeony-flowered), orange, shaded
scarlet; Sulphurea (decorative), sulphur- yellow ;
Red Fnsign (cjuAus), stone-red; Cunera (Paeony-
flowered). whilte and soft Mao; E. F. Hawes
(ctictus), salmon-Tose; White Ensign (cactus),
whit^" ; White Pearl (decorative), white;
Vnudcl (P.ieony-floweined), lilac; President
Washiiii/tou (de<x>rative). rose andi I'lac ;
Old Gold (Paeony-flowered). copper yellow ; La
Vicloire (Paeony-flowered), ■cream-whilte, with
centre yellow ; J/rnselaer (decorative), brownish-
red ; Vuurbaal- (decorative), scarlet and stone-
red.

®bituati2.

••• Niw Postal Rktes —Contributors and
correspondents are reminded that under the new
postal rates, letters hearing a penny stamp
must not weigh more than one ounce. The postal
charge for letters exceeding one ounce, but not
exceeding two ounces, is twopence, and there-
after at the rate of ^d. every two ounces.

AND;t£W BkTrcRS. — We regi'et to learn of the
death, in liis 42nd year, of Mr. Andrew Battens,
youngest son of Mi-. J. Batters, GiUingiham, Nor-
folk. In early life deceased was engaged in the
schoJasitiic profess-'on, which he abandoned some
eighteen years ago for gardjening, wheal he be-
came aasistariit to his father, who was gaa-dener to
the late J. G. Kenyoii, Esq., and Mis. Kenyon,
GlUiaigham Hall.

John H. Heroman.— We regret to announce
the death of Mr. John H. Herdman, who passed
away on the 22nd ult., after a very short illness.
Mr. Herdman was for over six years gardener and
Orchid grower to Mr. G. Shorland Ball, Burton,
Westmoreland. For a few years he was landscape
foreman for Messrs. T. H. Mawson and Sons.
Lancaster, and while in that position was engaged
in important work in various parts of the country.
Fourteen months ago Mr. Herdman was appointed
head gardener at Elswick Park, Newcastle-on-
Tyne, which position he held at his death. He
was thirty-six years of age, and leaves a widow
and two little daughters.

Georqe Schneider.- We leani with deep re-
g-ret that Mr. George Sciiueidei' died suddenly at
li:s home, 17, Ifield Road, Fulham, on Tuesday
last, in his sixty-ninth year. For nearly fiflty
yeajs this eminent French gardener- oariied on
liis professional duties in this country vhei'e he
formed a connecting link between the garden-
ing interests of his own country and the
oouiitrj- of Mb adoption. He devoted himself to
establisbijig and strengthening cordial reilations
between gardeners in the two countries, and in
this coiuiection founded tlie Societe FTan<^ise
d' Horticulture de Londres, an assooiation over
which he presdded until his deaJth. TThose Who
have attended the aiuiuai meetings of this
society of French gardeners in England know
thait Mr. Sdhneider's enthusi^-Lsm iuid energy in
the welfare of the movement wei^ unboiuided,
and that he was looked upon almost as a father
by the numerous njembers. His object was to
establish an entente cordiale between British and
Fi-enah gsirdenors, and the good influence he
exercised over the many thousands of young
French gardeners who came under lais notice here
lias borne good fruit, so that his imme will long
be honoured in the two countries. Sdhneider wa«
connected with gardening all his life. He was
born ■i.n Paris in 1848, and very early showed his
abilities in his own country. After a short pro-
fessional career in France he came to England
in 1870, to lake up an .^ppointment with the firm
of John I.iiving and Sons, Forest Hill. Subse-
quently he WiiA employed by Messrs. Hugh Low
rtnd Co., of Clapton, and finally with Messrs.
James V'oitch and Sons, Chelsea, where (he re-
mained for thirty years. Many of our reader?
who remember the Chelsea exotic nurseries as
tihey were a qirarter of a century ago, w-ill easily
call to mind the fine collection of Ferns that Mr.
Sohne-ide.r had under his devoted oare. His skill
in cultivaiiilon was remarkable, so mticfli so, that
anyone who e.sporienced difficulty with oi newly
introduced species or variety invari.ably sent
Schneider a bit in the hope that ho would Aia-
cover its secret, and they were seldom dlisa^p-
)x>inted. Since his retirement from Messrs.
Veitdh's nursery he has oan-ied on a horticultural
agency at Fulham. At one time Schneider was a
frequent wriiter in the French and English horti-
cutuiral Press, and he is the author of sevea-al
excellent works, of wihidh The Book of Choice
Ferns is probably the best known. He als<)
wrote another book on Ferns, entitled Choice
Ferns for .imateurs, which had a wide sale. He
published the Calendrier de VOrchidophile in
France, showing tliat his knowledge of pla.nts
was a wide one; indeed, he was regarded as an
authority on indoor plants, and especially Ferns.
Schneider's abflities and good work brought with
tbem dne rewii.rd He was made ('hevalier dn
Meriite Agi-ico'e in 1896, and a,n ofl^iciM- of tihe
same Order hi 1907. He was a oorrespondjiig
member of the leading French and Belgian horti-
cultural societies, and he was in the habit of ad-
judicating at most of the international shcw.s i'l
Europe.

iviji. R k: e: T s.

COVENT GARDEN, Jamiari/ S.
J cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to ul regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality oT the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flowers, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

s.d. s.d
Arums per doz. 6 0-70
Azalea. white,

per doz. bun. 7 0-80
Bouvardia. white

per doz, bun. 8 0 —
Camellias, white

per doz blms. 3 0-36
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 3 0-40

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 4 0-50

Chrysanthemums,
white per
doz. blooms.. 2 6-50

— pink, per doz.
blooms .. 3 0-40

— yellow, per
doz. blooms.. 2 6-30

— white. per
doz. bunches 15 0-18 0

— coloured, per
doz. bunches 15 0-lS 0

Daffodils, single.

per doz. bun. 24 0-27 0
Gardenia per

box of 12 and

18 blooms .. 5 0-60
Heather, white,

per doz, bun, 12 0 —

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

3 0-36

16-20

Lilium longi-

florum. long 3 0-36

— — short

— lancifolium
album, long..

short ..

rubrum,

per doz,, long,.

short ..

Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun. 12 0-15 0
Narcissus.

— Soliel d'Or.
(lUernsey.per
doz. bun. .. 4 0-60

Orchids, per doz,:

— Cattleya .. 12 0-15 0

— Cyprlpedium 2 0-30

— Od on toglos-
sum crispum 3 0-40

Pelargoniums, per

doz. bunches.

doublescarlet 12 0-15 0
Poinsettias. per

doz blooms .. 15 0-18 0
Roman Hyacinths

per doz. bun. 30 0-36 0
Tuberoses. per

packet. 24

blooms .. 16-20

Violets, single.

ordinary .. 2 0-26

Adiantum (Mai- s.d. s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 8 0-90
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half dozen .. 16-20

— — medium

doz. bunches- 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-12 0
Autumn foliage

in variety. per

doz. bun. .. 6 0--8 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0
Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-12 0

s.d. s.d.
Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08

— common .. S 0- 4 0
Honesty, per doz.

bun 12 0-15 0

Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 15 0 —
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small-leaved

— French, per
doz. bunches

Pernettias in

variety, per

doz. bun.
Smilax. per bun

of 6 trails .

6 0 -
10-13

13-16

Remarks.— Supplies of cut flowers are exceptionally
sliort. Tulips are very scarce. A few bunches of scar-
U't Tulips were oftei-ed for sale last we<'k, but their
quality was only second-rate. Chrysanthemums are
almost flniahcd ; of the coloured blooms yellow and
pink are the best, whilst of white varieties Mdlle. Th^-
rt-sc Pankoucke and Cheshunt White (for specimen
blooms) and Heston White (for sprays) are the only
sorts obtainable. Carnations are still a limited sup-
ply, allhough their prices are easier at 5s. and 6s.
per dozen 'blooms. Blooms of Lilium longiflorum were
fairly plentiful for the Christmas and New Year's
trade, and their prices were not so high as was antici-
pated. There is a large supply of Li!y-of-the-VaIIey. and
the prices for this flower are lower than they have been
f<ir some considerable time past. French flowers are
verv iinreliable. and arrivals are uncertain. Several
packages roa<-hed Covent Garden on Monday last after
a journey of six to eight days, and owng to the mild
weather 'most of the blooms were practically unsale-
able. No consignments from France reached the mar-
ket on Tuesday last. There has been a great shortage
of foliage during the last week. Adiantum Fern
(Maidenhair), Asparagus plumosus and A, Sprengeri
realised almost record prices.

Plants In Pots. &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. ..60-60

Asparagus plu-
mosus nanus,
per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0 36 0
Begonia. Oloire

de Lorraine.

per doz. 48's 12 0 15 0
60's 8 0-
Cacti. various

per tray of 15's 4 0 —

— tray of 12'a ..5 0-
Chrysanthemum,

per doz .. 8 0-12 0
Cocos Weddelli-
ana. 48'3. per
doz 18 0-30 0

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Croton. per doz 18 0-30 i

s.d. s.d.
Erica gracilis .. 10 0-12 0

— thumb pots,

per doz. .. 4 0-46

— niclanthera.. 18 0-24 0

— thumb pots.

per doz. .. 4 0-50

— hyemalis .. 12 0-15 0

— hyemalis. in
thumbs .. 4 0-60

Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0-15 0

— per 100. in
small and

laree 60's .. 14 0-24 0

— in 48's. per doz. 6 0-70

— in 32's. per

doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts,

per doz. 48'b.. 8 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's, per doz.. 6 0-80

— larger, each.. 2 6-76

12

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 6. 1917.

Plants in Pots, fee.; Average Wholesale Prices.— con.

Kentia Belmore-
ana. per doz.

larger, per

doz

— Forsteriana,
60's. per doz..

Latania borbon-
ica. per doz ..

L il i u m longi-
florum. per
doz. .. _ ..

— lancif olium
rubrum

— — album ..

Remarks.— Th«re
this department
plants, consisting
pink Ericas, are
display of foliage

Vegetables

Artichokes, Globe,
per doz.

— J erusalem,
per bus.

Asparagus. Paris

Green, perbun.
Beetroot, per bus.
Beans, Guernsey,

per lb.
Brussel Sprouts.

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally ..

— Red. per doz.
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeriac, per doz.
Celery, per doz...
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz.
Leeks, per doz. ..

1 Marguerites, in

4 0-801 48's. per doz, 12 0 —
10 n 3C n i Pandanus Veitchii.

18 0-36 0| per doz, .. 36 0-48 0

5 0- 8 0 ! Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6 21 0
12 0-30 0 Ionian Hyacinths

per box 24's. 8 0 10 0

30 0-36 0 Solanum, 48's per

doz 10 0-12 0

24 0-30 0 , ,. „ ,^ n

24 0 30 0 Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0

has been practically no business in
since Christmas. A lew flowering

of Chrysanthennims and whit<" and
on sale. There is only a moderate
plants.

: Average Wholesale Prices.
s,d.3,d.
'30-60

0 —

4 o-irj 0

8 0-15 0
2 6 -
2 0 —
50 0 -

2 0-60

B,d, s.d.
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos, per

doz 2 0-60

Mushrooms, per lb. 0 10 1 3
Mustard and

Cress, perdoz.

punnets .. 10 —
Onions, per bag 18 0-22 0

— spring, per

doz, bun. .. 4 0 —
Parsnips, per bus. 4 0-60
Peas, per lb. ..2 6 —
Potatos. new. per

lb 10 -

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-30
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz. .. 16-19
Savoys, per tally 6 0 10 0
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 21 0 —
Shallots, per lb. 0 5-06
Spinach, per bus, 5 0 —
Swedes, per bag 4 0 —
Tomatos, Tene-

r i f f e, per

bundle .. 18 0-24 0

Turnips, new. per

bag .. .. 4 6 —

— Tops, per bag 4 0 —
Watercress, per

doz 0 6-09

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
B,d.s.d,

Grapes: Almeria.
per brl,

— Alicante

— Gro3 Colman,
per lb

— Canon Hall,
per lb.

— Muscats, per
lb

10 0-11 6 Grape Fruit, per

case . .
29 0-35 0 KentCobs.perlb,
— Oregon, per Lemons, per case

case .. ..14 0-15 0 fj„tg^ Brazils.

Almonds, per _.„,„„

cwt 65 0-70 0

Apples—

— Californian
Newtowns,
per case .. 12 0-12 6

— English
Cooking, per
bus

— Nova Scotian
barrels

Bananas, bunch—

— Medium ,. 11 0 —

— X-medium .. 13 0 —

— Extra .. .. 15 0 —

— Double X .. 17 6 —

— Red. per ton £25 0 —

— Jamaica, per

ton .. .. £18 -

Chestnuts, per . „ „. .
bag .. ..30 0-34 0

Cranberries, per . .„ „
case .. ..19 0-20 0

Dates, per doz.
boxes ..

100

Oranges, per case
Pears^

— Californian
(Blocks)

— Keiffer,
barrel ..

per

14-30

4 0-70

5 0-80

18 0-20 0
16-19
14 0-28 0

25 0-31 0
18 0-50 0

14 0-20 0
33 0-36 0

7 0-76

Tangerines, per

box
Walnuts.

French, per

bag

14 0-15 0

Remarks —Home-grown and overseas Apples have
arrived in sufficient quantity to meet all demands.
The following varieties of Pears are now available:
Doyenne du Cornice, Easter Beurre. Glou Morveau,
and Keiffer. Azores Pines are now more plentiful.
Canary Bananas have not been so scarce for many
vears'past as thev are to-day. Californian seedle.ss
bi-anges are now on offer, and the supplies of Black
Grapes are about etjual to the demand. Muscats are
not s<i plentiful as they have been. Forced vegetables
available consist of English and French Asparagus,
Channel Islands and English New Potatos, Sea.kale.
Mushrnonis, Beans. Peas and Cucumbers. Forced
Rhubarb is now on offer. Ordinary vegetables and roots
are fairly plentiful. E. H. R., Covent Garden Market,
January 5, 1917.

Potatos.

edford-

s.d.s d. Lincoln. -en.

s.d.s.d.

KirgEdwird.

10 6 11 6 Blacklaud

10 6 11 0

A'-rn Chief .

10 6-11 6 Evergood

10 6-11 0

King Edword.

11 0 12 0

Arran Chief .

11 0-12 0 Queen ..

. 11 0-12 0

Remarks.— Trade is still firm, and prices rem
about the same as last week. Stocks in London
very small, and few tubers are arriving from
growers. E. J. Newborn, Covent Garden and
Pancras, January S, 1917.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

WARGRAVE AND DISTRICT QARDENERa'.-The

la^t meeting of tlie winter session took place on De-
cember 20, and altliough the nunilier of members was
not large, there was much enthusiasm shown m the
discussion which followed an interesting and prac-
tical paper on " Wall Fruit " given by Mr. J. Stephens,
gardener at Culham Court, Henley-on-Thames. He
dwelt on the preparation of the soil in the borders,
planting, training, pruning, tying-in, watering, feed-
ing, disbudding, sheltering in bad weather, the
enemies and pests of the several trees, remedies for
their eradication, and concluded with a list of those
trees which do well in this district.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS

Mr F. A. Hicks, as Gardener to Sir Evah Spicer,
Di'kur Hou.se. Dldwich, S.E,

Mr, Geo, W. Hagon, as Gai'dener to G. A. Wills,
Es[., Burwalls, Bristol, lor the duration of the w.tt.

Mr. Geo. Martin, as Gardener to S. F. Edge. Esq.,
Gallops Homostead, Ditchlijig, Susaeix. [Thanks for
Is. for R.G.O.F. bo.t,— Eds.]

Mr. Jas Umith, for the past 4 years manager in the
nurseries of Messi-s. Joseph Orr & Son, Ltd., os
G.ardeiier to Colonel Coddington, 01db;ic!ge, Dreg-
heda.

Mr. G. H. Graver, as Gardener to_W. W. Brockle-
HURST, Es'i-, HenbuTA- Paik, MacclesifieM. ,

Mr. F. S'nell. lor over 9 months G;uxleneT to A. PhILII-
MORE, Esq., Willesley Hall, Ashby-de-la-Zouih, as
Gardener to C. T. Parker, Esq., Quorn Lodge, ne: r
Lougliborougli, Leicestershire.

Mr. Thomas Timson. until re-emtly in. service willi
Lord FuRNESS at Nidd Hall, Harrogate, Yorkshire,
and for 3 years previously Gardener to Guy Har-
GREAVES, Esq., at Shinlield, near Reading. Berl shire,
as Gardener to Mrs. Nicholson, Bordean House,
'.'i-lersflel.i, ll,.mp»hire. for the durat on of the «ar.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

DiCKSOK's, Chester.

Harrison and Sons, Leicester.

Little and Ballantyne, Carlisle.

ROBERT Sydenham, Limited, Tenby Street, Birniin

A. Dawkins, 408, King's Road, Chelsea.

.Sutton and Sons, Reading.

Dickson, Brown and Tait, Manchester.

John K. King and Sons. Coggeshall, Essex.

Edward Webb and Sons, Wordsley, Stourbridge.

Stewart and Co., 13, South St. Andr'

burgh.
Cooper, Taber and Co., Ltd., 90

Street, London (wholesale).
Foreign.
Sluis and Groot. Enkhuizen. Holl

and 92, Southwark

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

Royal Horticultural Society's I
Show, to be held on Tuesday, April 17, in
Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminster.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Filberts and Cobnuts: H'. A. I., Washiitc/tuii,
U.^S.A. In England, Filberts are not commonly
grown on a large scale for market, as Cobnuts
jdeld better iuid' sell for higher prices. The
Kentish Cob ajid Webb's Prize Cob aire reoomi-
meiided. Basin-sliaped tirees, wdMi stems 12
to 15 indies loaig, ai^e conLnionly gi'own in
Kent, where the Nut industiy 'S coinisideTabie ;
but the prujiing of these is very ela.bo-
rate and expensive. Some growers allow
the trees to keep their natural sha{pe,
wibh very Kittie pruning. In tliat foi-ra
they croip at least as well as iJi the
artificial shape ; but the Nuts are smaller,
Thea-e are not nearly so many suckers from the
trees of natural shape as from those trained in
basin shape, to be dug up every year. Cob.i
should be planted 15 feet apart each w.ay, and
Gooseberries or Currants may be planted among
them at 5 feet apart, to last tor about ten years,
or till the Cobs overshadow them. There lu
no satisfactory statistics as to yield, which
varies enormousily. We have heard of a
pheiiiomenal oro.p "of two tons per acre, but
half a ton is nearer the average from mature
trees. Money returns per acre vary enormously,
ai do prices per lb. At present the umprece-
(lented rates of 2s. 2d. to 2s. 4d. per lb. are
quoted, as the crop in 1916 was nearly a failure
and imported nuts are scarce. Ordinary prices
aa-e 3d. to 6d. oer lb. You should obtain Frmt
Fdrrriinci for Profit, by George Bunyard, con-
taiinieg'full directions for pruning, price 3s.,

inciludiimg piositage, froii ouir puhlishiing deptmt-
ment.
Foxglove with Terminal Regular Flower ;
F. J. B. The occurrence of flower-spikes of
the Foxglove bearing a terminal regular
flower is by no means uncommon. The pre-
cise cause of the phenomenon is unknown,
but it is due to some internal derangement
of the normal growth. Plants which possess
this peculiarity breed true to it. If crossed
with the normal farm the offspring all appear
normal, though, self-fertilised seed obtained
from these apparently normal hybrids pro-
duces plants of which one in every four shows
the abnormality. Although curious and in-
teresting scientifically, the malformation is
not a desirable acquisition in a garden.
GiSHURST CoMPOnND : CorresjMnclent. For winter
washing and cleansing vines use 8 ounces of
Gishurst compound to 1 gallon of water.
Names of Fruits : D. W. Apples : 1, Broad
End ; 2, Newton Wonder ; Pear : Bellissime
d'Hiver.
Potatos : Ignoramus. The Potato tubers show
no sign of injury by froet. You may sprout
them in the greenhouse, covering them with
mats, as you suggest, during times of frost.
Make up the hotbed with the Beech leaves,
using a little staible-dung to promote fermenta-
tion. Use fresh leaves, not the leaf-mould,
and make them in a hea.p, well troddcJi, abouit
3 feet deep. Your plan of treating the seed-
lings is suitable. We do not recognise the
manure.
Rabbits and Fhuit Trees : J. P. Smear gas
tar vm-y thinly on the bark of the trees not
higher than 2 "feet from the ground. If yon
apply a heavy coating of the tar the trees will
suffer injury.
Vegetable Crops : Wessex. Y'ou would require
3 oz. to 3i oz. of Onion seed to sow one
squaire rod of gii\iund. Nine lbs. of Parsnip
seed are required to sow an acre of ground,
and you would require the same amount of
CarTOt seed. Butter Beans are eaiten pods and
all, and if they are kept for the winter must
be bottled wet. Harioots can be grown for
winter use dry. A suitable book for your
purpose is Commercial Gardening, by John
Weathers, in 4 vols. , price 9s. per volume, firom
our publisiiing department.
ViGETAiiLE Growing: C. J. W. The land in
question, which, we take it, is old pasture,
.should be broken up at once by ploughing as
deeply as possible, and left in this condition
until the middle of February, when it should
be cross-ploughed and thoroughly harrowed.
In the irrst or second week in April, driiUs
.should be pkmglied to the depth of 4 or 5
iiich'es, and the Po^tato sets planted, 18 iniches
apart in the rows, wluidhi siliould be made 3 feet
6 iinches a.pan*. The seed tuibers should be
purchiasied at onoe, a^id laid out thinly in
a cool but frost-pi-oof building, as exita-a
care silent in this way will prevent imma-
ture growth and waste. King Edvard is
one of tlie best a.nd roost popular varieties
for heavy soils ; failing this, Dobbie's Prolific
or The Factor should be chosen. Immediately
after the Potatos are earthed up, plant a good
strain of Brussels Sprouts between the rows, at
2 feet 6 inches apart. If the operations are pro-
perly carried out, there is no reason why the
ground should not yield a good profit ; the
following season almost any vegetable crops
could be grown successfully.
Willow for Bats ; Lord L. Tbe Willow that
furnishes the best wood for cricket bats is
known as Salix caerulea. It is a hybrid from
the White Willow (S. alba) and the Crack
Willow (S. fragilis), and can be obtained from
nurserymen in your own county. — Mesisre.
Daniels Bros., Ltd., NorwiA. The hybrid is
known to the tjade as the Cricket Bat and
Close-barked Willow, the latter term to dis-
tilnguish it from one of the pairents, the Open-
barked or C'irack Willow. A usefid book is
British-grown Timber, by A. D. Wetbster, just
]iublisihed. piiice 5s. 6d. post free.

Communications Received. — .T. C. Richmond
(Thanks: will look it iip)-W. W.-N. & R. G.-
W W P (Wire)— S. L. W., U.S A.-H. S. T.—
R F S., Bombav— H. S.— \V. A. I — H. L., Beacons-
field— T. G. M.— H. F., Uitenhage, S. Africa— W, G,
—J. G. B.— C, H. M.— E. M.

Jantjaby 6, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Free Booklet
about the New Pot

Every head gardene: is invited to see
the exceptional root room, porosity,
and drainage of the new pot — the
CRET. The

FREE SAMPLE and interesting
Booklet with prices (and 5
Special Assortment Offers) will
show you many advantages of
Crets for all pot plants. Write
for same to-day.

Two Specimen Prices- 31 in«., 5 - per 1 00 ;
7i ins., 2 1 -. Cret prices are all per 100,
and include carriage on orders over 20 -.

PETER BAILEY & SONS LTD.
Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

U'J/M VELVAS LAWK SAND.

rW-tt^'f^^ 11211. •, 20 -. 5'1II.«. 11 . J^illr., 9 8. UlU, 3 8
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MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twickenham.

THOMSONS

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The direct result of LONQ PRACTICAL

experience In gardening.

Used by Amateur and Professlenol

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ALSO

THOMSON'S SPECIAL
CHRYSANTHEMUM

AND TOP DRESSING MANURE.

Prices :— Vine, I'laut aud Vegetable Manure
20/-; 46 lbs., 12/6; 28 lbs., 7/« ;
11 lbs., 4,6; 71be.,2/e; tins, 2/6, 1 -, and 6d.
C»rr. paid anywhere on 66 lbs. and up.
Special Chrysanthemum and Top-
dressing Manure :— 66 lbs , 20/-
28 lbs., 11/-; 14 lbs., 6/- ;
7 lbs. , 8/8 ; tins, 1/-. Carr. pd.
anywhere on iS lbs. and up.
S»ld t>y tU Se4d*men

OR FKOM

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Roy»l Nurieriei. ^"••

MAIDSTONE.

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■ ■

\0* SOLE AGENT: 0%

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f T. T. PASCOE, %

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

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Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural

purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces. '

Quick Despatch. Best Quality. M

Lowest Prices. m

1, 2 to 4ft.
LARCH, a fine lot,
SCOTCH,
SPRUCE, Ac, &c..

FOREST TREES for TIMBER GROWING

llioiisaiKls of good stout pliint.s, well tran.splanted off sandy loiim,
ASH, BIRCH, CORSICAN.

BEECH, CHESTNUT, WHITE and other PINES,

OAK, DOUGLAS,

and other leading Forest Trees.
Sm~ Also a quantity, extra transplanted, 3, 4 to 6ft. and over. Very suitable for TKg

mending plantations.

Many of tho larger sizes transplanted last year.

A large assortment of other Nursery Stock for Covert and Ornamental planting. Area

under Nuisery, 300 Acres.

LIST ON APPLICATION

WALTER C. SLOCOCK,

COLDSWORTH NURaERIBS,

WOKING. SURREY.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jantjaky 6, 1917.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

7nust give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
.Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVA TE.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

APPLICTATIONS are invited for the posi-
tion of additional INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICDL-
TUEE. Salarv, £150 a year.— Applications will be re-
ceived up to January 24. 1917, and should be addressed
to THE SECRETARY, The University, Leeds, from

whom further_particulai;s__may be obtained.

ANTED, experienced hard-working

HEAD GARDENER ; house and good wages givem

— Apply. WALKER, Ratcliffe House, Knighton, Leioester.

ANTED, HEAD GARDENER; take

place one called up ; used to Vinery, Peaoh-house.,
Vegetable* ■ accommodation provided ; lady Gardener
would he a'ccepte<l.-A. D., Box 27, 41, Wellington Street,
Govent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER of 2,
with ocoasiomal help; must be thoroughly com-
petent with Glass and Outdoor work; liberal wages.—
FRY, Rosslyn House, Oatlands Park, Weybndge.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

DEXER ; thoroughly experienced in all branches ;
w lees 30s a week, with cottage and coals.— Apply, with
references, to M. F. DIXON, Rydal Estate Office, Amble-
side^

WANTED (end of January), WORKING
HEAD GARDENER, thoroughly experienced in
all branches. Inside and Out.-Apply, THOS. E. LEWIS-
BOWEN. Clynfiew, Boncath, Pembrokeshire.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEN kr immediateJj- ; must be single and in-
eligible. — Write, FRANK SOHUSTHR, Esq., The Hut,
Biiiy. Berkshire. |

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER ; some knowledge of Glass necessary ; cot-
tiage, light, and coal foinid.— Write, giving all particulars
as to experience, age, wages required, &c., to REGINALD
ASTLEY, Compton Beauchonip, Slirivenbam, Berks.

WANTED, good HEAD-WORKING
GARDENER for Hampshire; very good house.—
Write all particulars to MRS. JEFFREYS, Sherwoods,
Winchfield.

WORKING HEAD GARDENER re-
quired where 4 or 5 are kept ; one who is accus-
tomed to a chalk soil ; a good organiser ; good at Vines,
Peaches, Nectarines, Cucumbers, Melons, Tomatos, Stove
PLants, and all outdoor Fruits, Flowers, and Vegetables
- Write full particulars as to age, experience, and salary
recjuired, with good cottage, coal, and light, to W. A.
JOHNSTONE, Kearsney Oourt, Dover.

\V,ANTED, MAN to take charge of

' ' ' Vineries and Peach-bou?es ; wiiges 25s. ; Bothy,
millc, and vegetables; ineligible.— CANNON, The Gardens,
Cliveden, Taplow, Bucks.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DE.VER; help given; married (no f,aniUv) ; in-
eligible; 25s. and lodge.— VAN HAEFTEN, Westlingtcn
IloiiM?, .\ylcsbnry.

WTANTED, GARDENER (Single-

* ' HANDED); practdcally no Glass; no cottage; boy
kept; good wages to thoroughly reliable man. — Apply,
with parfciculai^ of wages and past ejtperience. R. WOOD,
Flint Oott-age, B-oxhiU. Dorking.

w

ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

I)I.;d). with help of boy ; over 45 yeais of age ;
GaiNilen. little Glas? ; excelleait cottage; goO\-l wages;
under>l;ind and look after few chickens. — -\pply by
only, C. II. K.. Scadbury Park, Ohcslehurst, keiit.

|?J.ARDENER wanted, ineligible (Single-

^-" HANDED); Flower and Kitchen G,ird?n and Green-
house; 26s. and a cottage. — Write, MRS. BIRD,
'• Glenore," Oookham, Berks.

WANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER (ineligible or discharged man) for mixed
(;u-,Ieii of about 1 aci-e ; one Greenhouse; no cottage. —
.MRS DAVISON, WoiXllinLls. Alma Road. Reigate.

UNDE^R GARDENER required (Second of
Ave).- state full particulars to W. A. JOHNSTONE,
Kc-u-sney Court, Dover. ^^_

WANTED, GARDENER, ineligible, with
experience of Flower and Kitchen Garden ;
small Hothouse, Vinery and Conservatory ; no cottage ;
wao-es 30s. to 35s., according to age and experience.—
Write, giving references, to MRS. BARKER, Grove
H o u se. Southgate.

ANTED, GARDENER (experienced

Working), help given; Vegetables, Fruit, eome
-Write all particulois. C'efn, Rhos, Oolwyn Bay.

w

Gla

WANTED, GARDENER, during war;
e.xperienced, capable man; very pretty place,
Devonshire. State terms.-Box 14, c/o W. H. SMITH &
SON. Kingsway, London, W.C.

WANTED, immediatelv, for a gentleman's
residence, a WORKING GARDENER, help given ;
must be ineligible for the Army or over military age;
cottage found.— .\pply, stating wages required, to MR.
M.^.URICE PRICE, Estate Agent, Tetbury, Gloucester-
shire^

WANTED, Two or Three GARDENERS,
either sex ; under Head ; expea-ie-nced, Insode and
Out.-Apply, wdth references and wages required, to
G. BROWN, The Gardens, Eartham, Chichester.

ANTED, LADY GARDENER, to take

entire charge of charming old-fashioned Garden ;
hoy to assist; no cottage.- Apply, with pai-tieulais of
wages and p-ast experience, R. WOOD, Flint Cottage, Box-
hiU, Dorking.

GARDENERS (2 Ladies, Head and Under)
Wanted at once for dm-ation of the war ; expert
experience in Vegetables and Outdoor Fruit essential;
^mall quantity Glass and Pleasure Gardens; 2 labourej-s
kept ; 4-ro:.m6d cottage ; good wages.— R. G. UPTON,
Ikiu Hatch, Brentwood, Essex.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER (Single-
handed); 10 miles North of Loudon; 25s. to 30s.
—Write, BlIHTON. The Old House, Totteridge, Herts.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, to teach
women and gii-ls Vegetable growing and to work
with learners; 10 acres of ground, 1 Glass-house.— State
experience, fully, salary require<l, age, &c., L. M., Box
6. 41, Wcllingtou Street, Covent G-orden, W.C.

WANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS,
with some experience, chiefly Inside.- Particulars
and wages expected to W. CHAPLIN, Frognal Gardens,
Siinnmghill. Ascot. _^__

LADY GARDENERS are required for (1)
Rugby, as second of three, about 4 acris of ground,
understand Fruii and Vegetables; (2) Wilts, as Head
Gardener, with man and boy as under ; (3) Bucks, as
I nder Gardener, must have knowledge of all-round
plam Gardening; (4) Isle of Wight, as Head Gardener,
where there are three Unders and boy kept, good size
Kitchesn Garden., large Pleasirre Grounds, Greenhouses,
and Flowers. Lady Gardeners are suited entirely free
of charge.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street, Maryle-
bone. No engagement, no fee.

WANTED, good practical WOiMAN GAR-
DENER for the Glaj?s Department, under Fore-
woman ; also one for the Rock Garden an-d Herbai-eous
BoDilei-s, &c. ; good wages; Bothy and usual perquisites.
— ARTHL'R FRESHWATER, Head Gardener, Pains HUl,
Cobham, Surrey.

WANTED, good practical WOMAN GAR-
DEJJER for the Ghass Department, under Head
Gall^dener ; also one for tire Rock Garden and Herbaceous
Boi-ders.- Apply, stating wages, to MISS INSOLE, The
Court, Lhindalt.

WOMAN GARDENER, with some taste
and experience for floral decoration, and to be
useful in Orcliid and Plant Houses.—State what reference,
experience, and w^ages expected, to C. GAYTON, Ooonibe
House Gardens. Kingston Hill, Surrey.

LADY GARDENER and a PROBA-
TIONER wanted —Apply by letter in first inslanee,
stating experience, wages required, &c., to MR. HUNTLY',
Head Gardener, Oa,k Hall, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

WANTED, experienced FOREMAN, for

' ' Inside ; w ages 30s. per week. Bothy. &c. ; if
married cottage ; also Inside JOURNEYMAN, 22s.,
&c.. duty 3s.— Sta.le full jwrticulars, A. BENNETT,
Snelston Hall Gardens, Ashbourne, Derbvs.

TITANTED, FOREMAN, also a JOUR-

' • NEYMAX, for a goo<l Garden ; Bothy and gcod
wages to men with experience.— Apply, HEAD GAR-
DENER, Poles, Ware, Herts.

WANTED, Two JOURNEYMEN, one

' ' Inside, one Outside ; experienced men required ;
wages 25s. and Bothy, kc ; duty third week. — Send
cop-es of testimonjajs and full particulars to J. L. MAR-
WOOD, Busbridge Gai-dens, Godalming.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Inside
work ; good wages, Bothy, milk and vegetables.
—Apply, with references, G. HUNT, Ashtead Park Gar-
dens. Ashtead. Surrey.

WANTED, for small estate in Middlesex,
WOODMAN (ineligible).— Write, stating age, ex.
perience, and wages now received, to Box 365, Oliarles
Tayler & Co.'s Advertising Offices, 30, Fleet Street,
London, E.C.

WANTED, near London, MARRIED
COUPLE (man mutt be ineligible) ; total abstainei-s
preferred ; man to work in Gai-den, wife to milk and
attend two cows; very comfortable cottage. — Write, stat-
ing age, experience, and wages now received, \vdtJl full
information respecting maiVs discharge from Army, to
Box 108, Charles Tavler & Oo.'s Advertising Offloes, 30,
FU-et Street, London, E.C.

WANTED, at once, good MAN, for
Kitchen Garden, with experience ; state wages. —
Apply, J. W. LACY, The Gardens, Bilton Park, near
Rugiiy^

WANTED, MAN (discharged soldier or
inehgihle;, with knowledge of general work Out-
side, and able to take duty ; wages 25s. ond Bothy, duty
extra. Also good strong YOUTH as Improver ; 18s. and
Bothy.- Apply, T. STEVENSON, Woburn Place Gardens,
Addlestone.

W'ANTED, Two YOUNG WOMEN, for

" " Glass department ; must have some experience ;
one to act as Forewoman ; gocd Bothy. — State experience
to JOHN PODMORE, Manor Gardens, Little Berkham-
sted, HertfoKl.

W'^NTED, IMPROVER (Outside), with

* ' some experience, about 17 j^ears of age ; wages
18s.; good Bothy; war bonus. Is.; Sunday duty paid;
1 o'clock Saturdays. — Send references to J. S. KELLY,
Claremont, Esher.

ANTED, strong YOUTH, for Garden;

wages to commence 15s., Bothv. &c. ; Sundavs
extra; Saturdays, 1 p.m.— J. HOWARD, Benham Park

Gardens, Newbiuy.

W'ANTED, YOUTH, age 15, Inside the
' ' Houses and Outside ; wages 15s. weekly and
Bothy.— E. MORGAN. Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WANTED, Two GARDEN LABOURERS,
24s. a week and Bothy.- GEO. FIGGIS, Warren
House CJardens, Kingston HUl, Surrey.

WANTED, a PORTER and HANDY-
MAN, to Uve out.— Apply to the SECRETARY,
Hertford County Hospital.

TRADE.

W'ANTED, capable WORKING

" * M.\N.\GER for Market Nurser.v, mainly Grapes,
Tomatos, Chr\ santhemums ; good wages ; permanency. —
H M.UtSHALL, Btimham, Bognor.

A!^/. Weekly and Bonus offered for WORK-
^*"' ING FOREMAN on Market Nursery; li acre
Glass, Cucumbers and Tomatos. — .State age, experience,
with copies of references, and when disengaged, B. R.,
Box 15. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

W'-A-NTED, WORKING FOREMAN, to

" ' airry out Landscape work and look after and
work with bis men ; state age, woges required, refer-
ences, and previous experience. — A. W., Box 26, 41.
Wellington Street, Oo-vent Garden, W.C.

PXPERIENCED CHARGE HANDS

-*-^ wanted for Palms, Ferns and Vines ; wages 30s.
per week and 6d. per hour overtime ; Sunday duty
extra.— THOMAS ROCHFORD & SONS, LTD., Turnford
Hall Nurseries, near Broxbourne. Herts.

TITANTED, GROWER of Perpetual Car-

"" nations; ineligible for Army; gocKl wag-es to a
reli;ible man. Send coines of references and state wages
re<iuirecl.— GEO. CLARKE, Carnation Nurseries, Heath
Ro:id, Leig-hton Buzzar^^l.

QARDENERS waiting for Situations
^^ can obtain employment ; good wages. — JOHN
RUSSELL, Devonshire Nurseries, Haverstock Hill,
Hampstead.

T\7^ANTED, at once, an ineligible, practical,

^ " active Man as Propagator and Grower of Soft,
wooded Plants and Ohrvs;inthemums. — Apply, with copies
of testimonials, stating 'wages required, to JAS. HOLDER
i.: SON. Crown Nurseries. Reading.

ANTED, MEN, ineligible, for Soft-

wooded stuff. Chrysanthemums. Tomatos and
Cucumbers. &c.— G. BENNETT & SON. Hanwell, W.

W'ANTED, YOUNG MAN (ineligible), for

' ' Rose department of mail order trade ; take lead
and execute own orders. State age, wages, and mark
envelope " Private."— G. F. LETTS, Nurservman, Had-
leigh, Suflolk.

CEED TRADE. — WAREHOUSEMAN,

^--^ with ,a good general knowledge of Farm and Vege-
table Seeds wanted, to take chaj-ge of Seed Stores. —
Apply, with fiUl particulars, to J. C. WHEELER & SON,
LTD., Seed Growers, Gloucester.

w

January 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, experienced MAN, for Farm
Seed Department in the proviaces, capable to
put up ordei's. — Apply, with experience, references, and
saJoi-y expected, X., "hURST & SON, 152, Houndsddtch,
London. ,

FLORIST FURNISHER wanted; per-
manent.—write, F. F., c/o Gould's, 54, New Oxford
Street, W.C.

WANTED, MEN, for General Furnishing
aud Florists' work (ineligible).— Apply, WILLS &
SEGAR. Florists to His Majesty the King, Onsloiw Ores-
cent. South Kensington.

FLORIST wanted, ineligible, with some
knowledge of Seed, Bulb, and Plant trode.— Send
full particulars, experience, wages required, &c., to
A. O. B., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.C.

WANTED, FLORIST, Young I^dy ;
enable Maker-up and good Saleswoman ; some
knowledge of Seeds, Bulbs and Plants preferred.-
Apply, stating age, references, and salary required,
P. A. GODFREY, Nurseryman, Stourbridge, Worcester-
shire^

LADY FLORIST wantefl, able to do own
buying.— Apply, stating wages required, to JOHN
I'EED & SON, West Norwood.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOP ASSIS-
TANT; ineligible; permanent situation; gooil
wages. Give references and salary required.— FRANK
YATES, Seed Merchant. 22, Pelham Street, Nottingham.

WANTED, an ASSISTANT, in Vegetable
and Flower Seed Departnieixt, to take up duties
at once. — State age, experience, and give references.—
ROBERT VEn'CU & SON. Exeter.

WANTED, ASSISTANT (Male or
Female) for Se«l an/1 Fiorist Shop. State experi-
ence and wages exiwctetl. — W. TROUGHTON, Florist,
Preston.

(^LERK Wanted, with general knowledge
-^ of Seed Trade ; ineligible. — Enclose references and
say age and salary required to TOOGOOD & SONS,
King's Seedsmen, Southampton.

WANTED, CLERKS, ineligible, for large
Seed business in the country.— Apply, slating
age, grounds for exemption, wnges required, and experi-
ence m book-keeping, invoicing, and general office work,
to A. B., Box 2, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W C.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wo -ds for 1 6, .and 6d lor each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated
)nust give full purticulars, otherwise no
notice will be tahen of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Lettirt
addressed to Initials at I'ost-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

A DVERTISER, age 41, requires a good

.-^A. n,.i„inncn,f. nnsilioii of rfj^i>onstbilitv an<l national

MLt I

im}H>rUincc, as 1
DKNEB, &c. ; tli..i
Cereals, Root Vv<<\
livation of Lau<l ;
;jround ; good

;l>onstbiiitv an<l national
111 NER, ■ BAILIFF UAR-
H ,d in the growing of
■■ iiliU-s, tillage and oul-
-l.r breaking-up of new
>f labour.— 11. E.,

>:1UIIIIU, )^WM 1.11^.1111.-', 1 .111., V-...1. ..v. ... ."

Box 8, 41, WcUiiiglon Street, Oivcnt Garden, W.O

A GENTLEMAN strongly recoininends his
HEAD GARDENER to any l;idy or gentUman ro-
quiring a llioruugli practic;U man; most suwctsful cul-
livator of all Flowers, including Orchids, Fruits, and
Vegetables; 17 vears ns Head; age 46.— A. WINTER, 31,
lielilier lioail, Dulwi.-h Village. S.E.

CJAUDENEIl (Hkad).- -WAL'rEB C. Slo-
" COCK, Goldsworth Nursery, Woking, is in the posi-
tion to recommend one of the foremost men of the day ;
a man with exceptional knowledge of all kinds of Trees
and Shrubs; experienced in Fruit, Kitchen Garden,
and Gla.'is ; accustomed U> manage the upkeep of a good
garden and surroundings.

/.^ARDENER (Head) seeks Re-engagement

^^ in gooil csUihlisluueiU ; hfe experielu;e gained iu
largo places; excellent references; age 34; married (no
family); finally lejeoled ; disengoged.— W. GROOM, c/o
Nicholson, Tring Hill, Tring.

GARDENER (Hbau) ; life experience
gained in good Gardens, incl'Uding Eaton HaU,
Chester; Inside and Outside Gardening all liranohes ;
able take oversight small stock ; highest references for
ability and inlegritv ; 42.— TURNER, 3, Keniwood Road,
1 1 ighgate. N.

CJJ.ARDENER (Head) requires Permanency
^ where several are kept normally ; thoroughly ex-
[i.'rienced ; highly recommended ; understands electric
plant; age 46; married.— GARDENER, 42, Albemarle
Gardens, New Maiden, Surrey.

f^ ARDENER (Head, where 3 or more are

^^ kepi) ; life experience in all branches of Garden-
ing; also the niimagenient of farm and meadow land;
used to electric Ught plant ; can be well recommended. —
THOS. W.\DE, Station ViUa, HorUebury, near Kidder-

GENTLEMAN highly recommends his
G.^RDESER (Head Working), where sever-d are
iicpt ; thorough knowledge of flrst-cLiss Gardening, Im-ide
and Out ; a very aipiible and trustworthy man' in every
way; manie<I (no f^undy) ; over milit;xry oge.— Applj',
\\'H.\rr. While Lixlge Gardens, Cannock, Staffs.

C ARDENER (Head Working, where

^--^ .i^veral are kept) ; life experience ; excellent refea--
eiices; sijigle ; ineligible; age 32; 8 years in present
■■iiuation.- F. DENVER, Tlie Vicar:ige, Oobham, Surrey.

C:~J ARDENER (Head Working) requires

^--'^ permanent situation, where several are kept; life
i.'.\perience a.U branches; excellent references; age 46;
iiae daughter (13 years). — Please state wiages to GAE-
IIENER, King's Ok>rner, Cbaddesdeii Common, near
Derby.

r^ARDENER (Head Working); age 47;

^^ inai i-it^l (Ml) family) ; thoroughly expexienced In-
si.iL' and On:; leavuig through <leaih ; excellent reFfei'-
f iuc.<.~Ui:il>. U.tiYlener. llitchin Triory, Herts.

EAD WORKING GARDENER;

thoroughly experienced in all branches of Gor-
ig, indudiug Orchids ; ineligible for Army ; highly
niiien*J»?d. — Applv to KEELING & SONS, West-
Hill, Bradford. "

H

/:jARDENER (Head AVorking, where
^-^ se-ver.'U are kept) ; life experience an all branches ;
5 years as Head; age 36; married (no lamily) ; excellent
nfercncc ; discbiu-ged from Army.— M. PECK, c/o The
i;.lt Houae, Bcrliliamsled, Herts.

tj ARDENER (Head Working) ; experi-
^ enced in all branches. Inside and Out ; atge 46 ;
ni.irned (no family); 13 years as Head.-P. HEATH, Hat-
ti.'Id, Broa<I Oak, Harlow, Esaex.

(^AltDENER (Head Working), Practical

^-^ man seeks permanency ; 14 years last place, left
owing to war; life experience land and stock; oould
take entire charge of small estate; married; age 47.
I'loasc state wages. — LONGUL'RST, 124, Barry Road.

WiUejiden.

GARDENER (Head Working, where
several are kept). — H. S. Barton, Esq., Hewshott,
Li[)hook, thoroughly recommends his late Gardener
t-., anyone requiring a thoroughly experienced man ;
ago 33; married (no family); certified ineligible; dis-
engagcd.— H. SWAIN, 120, Manchester Road, Swindon,
Wiltshire.

GARDENER (Head Working, or good
SiSGLE-HASDEu, with help) seeks pennanen<'y ; pr.ic-
tied life experieui'e in all branches; married (age 40);
iM'lig'blc; excellent references; highly recoanmcndcd. —
(;A111)KNER. Dane House, Bisliop's Sto'rtford.

/-f ARDENER seeks Situation as SECOND ;
^~^ good references ; age 27 ; man-ied (2 cliildren) ;
iiicjigible ; Kent preferred. — J. BROOKER, 20, EJiot
I'laee. Blaclclioath.

IT'OREMAN.— Mr. R. Ureenfield, Lea-

-*- minglon Spa, c?ni lecomnieud G. HUMl'HHIS as a
yiMKi all'i-ound man ; Chesterfield district preferred ; in-
eligible.--Particulars 1.1 G. HUMrllHIS, Norley Bonk,
II. '.ir W.irrington, Clu-;rtiiic.

(^:2ARDENER and STEWARD seeks Situa-

* experience in all branches ; liighly reconi-

G ARDENER (Working) ; Wife as
Under Gardener, or take charge ol [louHry ; t'ho-
roughlv understanding same and incubators; no faniil.v.
— Addres.1, GRAY, Woodburn, Bath Road. Slough.

GARDENER (Head Working, Woman) ;
permanent; 2 \cnrs' training .Swanlcy ; 9 yc'iirs'
practic;il experience I'li.sidc and Out ; 4 yea'TS as Head.—
AUDHEV CARH, .Sidmojit-in, Newbury. Berks.

rpWfJ LADY (lARDENERS require Post
-*- together a- Held Working and Under (one ooUego
trained, 12 Mi.irs' exiicrience) ; good salary and accom-
modation 'M ISS INGRES, The Priory, Brentwood.

IADY GARDENER seeks Post under
-^ Head U.irdener (man), where several others ore
kept. — G. W., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
G.%rden, W.O.

ADY GARDENER seeks Post (Swanley

' Hort. College) ; age 24.— W., 55, Lama Road, Hove,

ghton.

T ADY UNDER GARDENER desires Posi-

-"-^ tion ; 8 months' exi>6rie'uce ; exL-ellent references;
m or near London preferred. — L. BADAMS, " Birtle
Ltene." Albert Road, Old Oolwyn, N. Wales.

"p^OREMAN, life experience in all branches,

-*- offers liis services, where a first-class man, is re
quired; married; ineli^ble ; age' 34. — 4, Woodside,
Leavesden, near Watford, Herts.

TJELGIAN YOUTH, age 17^, seeks Situa-

-*-' tion in G.Trdejis, for Inside; 3 years' expenience;
Bothy.— Write, F. L. GOVAERTS, The Gardens, Biwjk-
hnmpton Pork, Andoversfoid, GIos.

TRADE,

A DVERTISER open for Appointment as
-^~*- MANAGER or HE.\D ASSISTANT; experienced in
all branches ; ineligible ; age 51. — Paxtioulaxs, G., 13, Wal-
lerton Ro'iid, Paddington, W.

lyjANAGER (Working) ; life experience in

■^ all branches of Horticultural and Agricultural pro-
<Iiice, knows the m.arkets well ; energetic oi^findser, with
handling labour, &c.— F. W., 16, Dacre Park, Lee, S.E.

VITORKING FOREMAN, 35 years' experi-

" ' once gromng Chrj'saut'heniimis, Oajnations, Toma-
to.<, Be<lding Plants ; can estimate on L-indsoape work ;
abstainer ; age 50 ; Midlands prefei'l-ed.— FOREMAN, Box
4. 41. WelliiiglQii Street. Covent Garden, W.O.

IT'LORIST.— As MANAGERESS or FIRST

Hand ;

epti<

i.— Replies to II. M.,

B'lX 9. 41. Wellington Street. Oovent Ga^^den, W.O.

/?[. ROWER, open to an Engagement ; well up

^^ Toinatos. Lucumlx^rs, Strawberries. Clii-ysaiithe-
inums, ,\rums. Ferns, Bedding Stuff, Pot Plants, and
General Market slock ; can take cliarge ; discharged from
.\rniy ; first-class reference ; South Hants preferred. — A.
SO.ADDEN, 7, Strathmore Terrace, WiUiam Street, Bog-
nor, Sussex.

T^UTCHMAN, 21, seeks Situation in Nur-

-*--^ sery or La-iidscape Gardening ; 5 years' exp. ; gocd
refs. ; pleaso state wages. — -ipply, G. J., Box 10, 41, Wel-
liiiglon Street, Oovent Garden, W.O.

''FO SEEDSMEN AND NURSERYMEN.

-■- STOCK-TAKING.— Advertiser, now ooinpleting stock-
talking of three seed shops and several warehouses for
len<iing linn, is open for further work of same kind ;
(luick, reliahle, and confidential. Please state probable
duration of work; terms reasonable.— S. T.. Box 3, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Adverlisementt intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

e • d.

Ordinary Foiitloni per pags 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Fag* ... „ „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column aid half oolimi''

spaces, pro rata.

£ < d.

4 tine space not exceeding 20 words .3 O

Per Inch, single column „, ... 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns ... 14 0

Per Inch, across 8 columns 110

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space,
[Headline counted as tw* lines, 1

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words, Is. 6d., and 6(1. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These Advertisements mast be [irepaid, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMEN-.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The Urited Kinodom l E/- per aDDom.

ABBOiD 17/6

Clu'i]ucs and I'.O.e lo be made vaijable to " (Iaiihenkiis'

CHEUNICIiK," LTI'.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams ; 1643 " Gardohkun, Kand, London.'
Telephone : 1643 QERBARD

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jantjary 6, 1917.

W. RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of cost.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom to adrisc

and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photograpliic news of Horticultural

Buildings free on applicatioh.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. Ac. supplied from

stock.

LONDON OFFICE:

BOILERS.

:: For House and Greenhouse. ::
.Sectional, Saddle and other Patterns
:: for Replacement. &c. • ::

FROM STOCK.

•7 Che BEST and Cheapesh

, SUtc quantity of c.ch siir required and have " rarri.vc ...d "

R/ CHARD SANHEVA SON, L^o

Bulwell Po^^cr;es. NOTTINGHAM.

R,H.S COLD & SILVER MEDALS.

hisl Ct Post Free. 'Phone : Uop 372.

C p. KliMNELL & CO., LD.,

6Ba, SOUTHWARK ST., LONDON, S E.

(Close lu Hop Exchange.)

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rara and Choic* Varietie*.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries. CHELTENHAM.

Prcscnt'Day Gardening Scries

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, •■ Gardeners' Chronicle."

116

net
per
VoluDie.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^^^^

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- N'ozv

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. :: Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H.,

Secretary of the Orchid Commitlee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES ana PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of t.e National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M H.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.
Chairman of Committee of the Midland
Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.
W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.
COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTf.EMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENS JN.with Chapters bv CHARLES
SHEA and C. BARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. Py A. GROVE. F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.
ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof B.A^LEY BALFOUR. F.RS
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT.

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter oi " Sweet Peas for

Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

Wll LIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE. M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES 'double volum- 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON,
Aut'ior of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

i'l'intfd for the Gardeners' Clu-ouicle, Limited, by Love and Malcomson, Ltd., IXui© Street, High llolbom, Londou, W.C, and Published weekly by Ihe Gardeners'
' OhronicJe, Ltd., 41, Wellmgt<ni Street, Uovent Garden. City of Westminster, Saturday, January 6, 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Heywood.

THE

Established 1341

N9 3968

No. 1568. Vol. LXI.

'ZZ} SATURDAY, JANUARY 13, 1917. {Registered as a Newspaper. (PR'CE 3d.

( t, Post-free, 3id.

SUBSCRIPTION— Inland, IB -I Fovign, »7/6 122/r. 10c.\ [$4 ZOf.) per annum. Enterrd at X*w York Post Office as second-class matter.
P05tiU Address— 4 1 , Wellington 5 treet, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telegrapliic Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London." Teleplione— Oerrard 1543.

Fop contents see page 13.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier. cW^patch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

GISHURST COMPOUXD has over half a
century's reputation for eflectiven*yss in prevent-
ing and destroving Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug.
Thrip. American Blight, Green and Brown Fly. &c.
Sold in boxes. 1?., 3s., and 10s. 6d. each, by Dealers
In Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATE.NT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea, London. S.W-

w

ATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—We cordially invite you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 50
acres, comprising the finest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATEKER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries. Bagshot, Surrey.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.
Kelujy's beautiful blue DelphiniumB.
Kelway's blilliantly coloured Phloxes.
Kclway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new and choice hardy perennial plants* <.f all
kinds.
SOW is the time to ORDER lor Spring planting.
Kclway's lanious Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrethrums.
Kclway's gay Gailljardias.

NOW is the time to SEND for piirlioulars (o

KELWAY & SON,

Retail PLint Department,

LANUPORT. SOMERSET.

f^OWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^^ ^The bejst and iiiulIi the cheapest.— Full piirticulars
on application to .lOIlN CWWAN & CO., Galeacrc Nur-
■ seriee, Gatejcre, Liverpool.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of the.so Brilliant

^~*- Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery.—
For lists, with full particulars, apply GUNN &, SONS.
Olton, Warwickshire.

TJ ARR'S SEED GUIDE, now ready, free.

-*-' V'egelablo and Flower Seeds ol finest Selected

Strains and Tested Growth at moderate prices.

BARR & SO.VS, King Street, Coveiit Garden, London.

"nOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,

■■--' EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue and Guide to Gardening, 160 pages, nearly 150
illiialrations. Iree, if this paper is mentioned.

^\rBLLS' Catalogue of Chrysanthemums

' ' and Perpetual Carnations now ready, poet free

on application.— W. WELLS & CO., Mcratliam, Surrey.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Buililer of Con-
^^ servatories. Greenhouses, ic, and Heating Engi-
neer. Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. Wire, 201
Western. London. Telephone ; 201 Western.

SECIRE YOUR SLPPLIES OF THE FOLLOWING

BEFORE STOCKS ARE EXHAUSTED.

ORDER AT ONCE.

OUTTON'S EARLY GIANT PEA.

^-^ a popular first early variety, p^r pint Is. 9(1.

SU'lTON'S E.XHIBITIO.N LONGPOD BRO.\D BEAN,

Pods of extraordinarv length, per pint Is. 6d.

SU'lTON'S MASTERPIECE DW.\RF BE.\N.

.\ fine stringlejs variety, per pint 2s. 6d.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

s

IJATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New lllus-

•*-^ trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with lull cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application— (Dcpt. A), R. H. BATH,
LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

VyATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

' ' Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists free.—
.lOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berks.

PIDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-

'^ LOGl'E OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS will be Fcnt,
p 1st free, to any address on receipt of postt-ard. Write
at once for a cop>-. It may help you to save 50 per cent,
on your seed bill this season.— FIDLER & SONS, Royal
Kerlisliire Seed Stores. Reading.

rjREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-" • Vltroliie," 8U|ierior to White Lead Paint, 15s.
p-r g.Ul. ■' PLi.%tine " supersedes putty, 18s. per cwt. —
Full irarliculars fioin W. CARSON & SONS, Grove
Works, Ikilterse;!. Agents throughout the country.

/>RCHIS FOLIOSA, " The Madeira

^-' Orchid."— The finest form of this beautiful Orchid,
grows 18-20 inches high, with 6 8 inch solid spikes of rosy-
purple fiowers. Strong roots, 2s. 6d. each, 27s. 6d. per
dozen —T. SMITH, IX-usy IliU Nursery, Newry.

piRUIT TREES, true to name, my s|jeci-

-"■ ality. -Traiiud trees, in well-grown, extr(i-size<l
sj'.eciniens, with fibrous roots : Cordon Pears, Grupe
Vines, Orange Trees, Fig Trees, in pots, lor fruiting.
0.ila.!ogne<.-WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25, 6s. 61I. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 25s. All different, named,
strong stock.— O. R. PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barn-
ham, Bognor.

200 CAMELLIAS in variety, 2i to 3ft.,
'^^^^-' bushy and buddy, lOs. each; 260 large
Draoaena indivisa, lift., 58. each. — SMITH, Fernery,
Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

PRIVET OVAL-LEAF. Beautiful colour,

-*• bushv and well rooted; 2ft. to 3ft.. 58. 100; 3ft
to <lft.. 8s. 100.— HINTON BROS., LTD., Warwick Nur-

Wa

•ick.

'^O OOO GOOSEBERRY and CUR-

r^\J t\r\f^J R.4NT TREES. 2 and 3 year?, Whinhain
Iii'hislry, Crown Boh, Rxriv Kent. Berrv K.irlv, May
Duke. 4s. dozen, 15*. 100 ; Fav's ProJitlc Red Ciiirant, 3s.
dozen. 10s. 100; Boekoop Giant Black Currant, 3s.
dozen, lOs. 100; -tpple Trees, Plums, <in<l Pears, 129.
dozen. List free. — W. HORNE & SONS, Olifle, near
Rochester, Kent.

For Advertisement Charges see page vii.

s

ANDER AND SONS,

Orobid Growere, St. Albams.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

— New O.at.ilogues ot the above now issuetl gratis
Grand New Early Tea. L.ixton's Superb, &c.. Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to offer^may still be safely planted.
P.imphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped en-
velope.—LAXTON BROTHERS. Nurserymen. Bedford.

T> I C K S 0 N ' S HORTICULTURAL

•■-' MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn —Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware
houses and Nurseries, Chester.

FEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

■*■ Y'ou want exceptional results from your garden

this year. Write for our 1917 Seed List. We
can give you the record crops you wTlnt.

TOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

^^ men and Nurseninen,

WEST NORWOOD.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER ,& SONS,

LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
s(Tvat<.ries. Winter Ganleiis. Vuieries. Pcdch houses,
Portalilo Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

1 00 000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

.M.\j\7 >\J\J\r 208. 100; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas. Ruses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
4c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. London Fern Nur-
series. Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

OTANDARD WEEPING ROSES.— All the

'^ latest and best varieties, in good, strong trees,
with stems from I4 to 7 feet, on English Briar stock,
3s each upwards. — HINTON BROS., LTD., Warwick
Nurseries, Warwick.

"DERBERIS DARWINII and STENO-

-■-' PilVLLA (new Daisy Hill hybrids).— A complete
I'ollt'clion of these, including many dwarf and compact
glowers, suitable for the Rock Garden, will be found
in mv Tree and Shrub Catalogue. Free on application^ —
T. SMITH, Daisy Hill Nursery. Newry.

■pERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-

■■ ing- I'>rns, Basltei Fcrim, Stove and Greenhouse
Korns, II.ir<ly Giirden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loug^hborougb Junction,
Loudon. S.W.

Vl/'ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' " old plantfl euitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; ciita]<»gups free,— SMITH, Lon-
don Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction. London, S.W.

VIOLET LEAVES wanted, sent fort-
nightly.—Prices and quantities to GIBBINS, 10,
Carpenter Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

r)RCHID PEAT, 5s. and 78. 6d. per sack ;

^-^ Brown Pe^t, 10s. 6d. per yaixJ in trucks; in
hngs 28. each, 24s. dozen ; Oak and Beech LciOif Mo-uld,
Yellow Lonni, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 45s.; O.N. Fibre, IBs. dozen bags; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H S., Feltham, Middlesex.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 13, 1917.

M

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT.

Consignments of thousands uf Spring Flowering and
other Bulbs, Choice Hajdv HerbaoeouB Plimts, Rock
Plants, Rhododendrons, Border Oamations, Fruit
Trees, &o., &c.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

will sell the above by auotion at their Central Sale
>ms, 67 and 68, Chea'pside, London, E.G.,
On Wednesday, January 17th, at 12 o'clock.
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

SPECIAL TR4DE SALE.

Wednesday next, at 2 o'clock.

L-ive quantities of Narcissus of sorts, late-flowering
Tulips, early-flowenng Gladioli, and other spring-
flowering Bulbs, followed at 3 o'clock by

1,300 cases of Japanese Lilies.
Comprising
94,500 Lilium Longiflorum Giganteum,
45.000 Lilium Speciosum Album,
13.400 Lilium Speciosum Rubrum,
12.000 Lilium Speciosum Rubrum magnificum.
6,900 Lilium Henryii.
tdoeihcr with Lilium Tigrinuin fi. plenum, L. auratuiu
" and L. auratum rubro vittatum.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68. Olieapside, London, E.C., on Thursday
January ISth and every succeeding Thursday at 1
o'clock,' consignments of well-grown ROSES, especially
lott~.-d to suit all buyers. , , , ^ a

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

STANMORE NURSERY COMPANY,
PARK NURSERY, STANMORE.

Clearance Sale of the Erections of 8 Greenhouses,
Pits, Offices, Sheds and other Buildings. Hot-water
Piping and Boilers in suitable Lots.

M11.SSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will SELL the above by AUC:T10N at an early

Catalogues are being prepared, and will be forwarded
on application.

Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, b.L.

BUNTINGFORD.

Two days' Sale of General Nursery Stock, comprising
Privet Scotch and Spruce Firs, Laurels, Handsworth
Box Abies, Cupressus and Thujas, Standard Orna-
mental Trees, Standard and Bush Apples and Pears,
Flowering Shrubs, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have l>een instructed by Messrs. G. Bolton and
Son to SELL the above by AUCTION at The Aspenden
Nursery, Buntingford,

On Monday and Tuesday, January 22nd and

23rd, at 12.45 o'clock each day.

On view. Catalogues had on the premises and of

the Auctioneers. 67 and 58, Cheapside, London, EC.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

,\ N D

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

] THOMAS RIVERS^a SON

Sawbridgeworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET: commanding posi-
tion ; five minutes from rail and trams ; 330ft.
t;l:iss; li acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Slieeruess.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

FLORIST'S and SEED BUSINESS FOR
SALE, near London ; fine Greenhouses and Shop ;
Iwus^ on premise.^, just renovated ; goo<l position in main
street; in go, £180.— Write, E. F.. Bos 17, 41, Wellington
Slieet, Covent Garden, W.O.

A SPLENDID OPPORTUNITY occurs
for acquiring a good-esta.b!ished Market Nursery,
10 acres, hall Fruit, and sloping south ; extensive rangte
of Glass and pits, all heated : stock at valuation ; low-
rent. Also high-class Florist, Fruit, and Seed Business,
in goiid manufacturing town. Together or separate ;
illness sole cause of relinquishing.— -\. R., Box 211, 41,
Wellington, Stiect, Covent Garden,, WO.

FFERS wanted for Jobbing oonnectioii ;
small nurserv : stock and tools ; low price ; owner
:: ro join up.— BEARMAN, 6?. Perry HUl, Catford.

o

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lin»s 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

PRIVA TE.

TDOWN begs to thank all applicants for
• Head Gardener's situation, which is now filled.

GLAMORGAN COUNTY COUNCIL.
Horticultural Demonstrators ;-.nd Adv.seirs.

THE GLAMORGAN COUNTY COUNCIL
invite applications for the appointment of a
HORTICULTURAL DEMONSTRATOR and ADVISER for
assisting the occupiers of Cottage G-aaxlens, Allotmeaits
and Small Holdings in such areas as will, from time to
time, be selected within the Administrative County of
Ghuuorgan,

Applicants must possess on Exaanination Oertifioate of
the Koyal Horticultural Society, and have served as ap-
prenlic'es to Gajxleners, and have held situations m.
which they were in charge of an! responsible for Flowers,
l-'ruit, \'egelables, and Hothouse work.

Experience iis Journeymen in Vegetable Gardens will
lie deemed an additional quaMtication.

.\pi>Iii-auts must provide and be able to ride ft bicycle.

S,iljr\-, £2 per week, with an .allowance at the rate of
£5 pir annum, in addition, for the upkeep of a bicycle.

■|ln. appomtment will he for one year, subject to one
iiiniillis notice on either side, and will be renewable
■ uimially.

Tlie person appointed will be requii-ed to give his whole
lime to the service of the County.

Api>licatiou®, «ta.tjing previoua experience and age.,
u ith copies of three recent testamonials, must ibe received
hv the Chief Education, Official, Glainoigan Oouwty Hall,
daidifl, on or beifoi-e 10 a.m. on the 27th day of
.lANUARY, 1917.

T. MANSEt FRANKUN.
Clerk of the County Council.

Glamorgian County Hall, Cardiff.

8th. January. 1917.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

APPLICATIONS are invited for the posi-
tion of additional INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICUL-
TURE. Salary, £150 a year.— Applications will be re-
ceived up to January 24. 1917, and should he addressed
to THE SECRETAR'Y, The University, Leeds, from
whom further particulars may be obtained.

HOME-GROWN FOOD.

THE BUXTON LIME FIRMS COTTAGE GARDENS

ASSOCIATION.

WANTED, a thoroughly competent MAN,
to direct oi>erations oud supervise the work of
li.pud growing by the Association.

About 1,000 allotments and about 100 acres extra for
Potato land.

llie man ajipointed must be fully qualified and possess
:^itisfactory credentiails.

He will"t)e required to advise in th? purchase of seeds,
lilants and implements, and instruct, direct, and lectme
on food-growing and storing, and also on poultry and
pig-raising, &c., by cottagers on economic and org.anised
lines.

Reply, stating age, experience, qnalifioataons, and
sahuv to

T. RYAN,

Managing Director,

The Buxton Lijne Firms Co., Ltd., Buxton.

HEAD GARDENER.— Wanted on ]\Iay 28
next, for Drumlanrig, HEAD GARDENER
luusit be thoroughly qualified in all departments pel
taining to a large Garden, particularly in the cultiva
turn and marketing of all kinds of Garden Produce
ineligible for service.— Applications, with testimonials
to CHARLES W. RALSTON, Chamberlain, Dabton
Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

HEAD GARDENER on semi-public
fst.ite, wanted in North-Westem suburb ; one
capable of -.dvising as to trefi planting, laying out and
maintaining open spaces, &c., and talcing entire charge
of staff of Gardeners.— C. J., Box 11, 41, Wellington
Street, Cjvent Garden, W.C.

ANTED, HEAD MAN, Tot good

private Vegetable Garden.— Apply personally or
by letter to MRS. PENTON, Lyndhurst, Hants.

WANTED. — Can any Gentleman recom-
mend HEAD WORKING GARDENER for Otter-
head near Taunton ? At present two men under him.
Good cottage supplied.— Write, stating full particulars
and wages, to HON. W. H. GOSCHEN, 47, Cadogal.
Gardens. S.W. ^

WANTED (end of January), WORKING
HEAD GARDENER, thoroughly experienced in
all branches. Inside and Out.— Apply, THOS. E. LEWIS-
BO WEN, Clynfiew, Boncath, Pembrokeshire.

WANTED, February, experienced HEAD
WORKING GARDENER (ineligible); usually 2
kept ; mav be single-handed during war ; house, coal and
vegetable's found.- Write age, family, wages, and copies
of testimonials, PRESCOTT, Highlands. Woldingham.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

DENER ; thoroughlv experienced, trustworthy ;
\inery, Oichaixl House, Vegetables, cool Conservatory;
enttag.'.— Wiite, with particulars, age, wages, experi-
ence.—E. 11. BATES, Harbin, Newton SurmaviUe, Yeovil.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

DENER, experienced Inside and Out; capable

and obliging; good house and usual allowances.—

Apply, stating wages, when free, to GUBBINS, Swal-

cliffe' Park, Banbury.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER of 4; must be over military age or
inelii'ible and thoroughlv experienced; good cottage
found ; state wages and ' full particulars.— SIR JOHN
BELL. Bart., Framewood. Stoke Poges, near Slough.

w

w

GARDENER (Head Working) wanted; 2
kept ; Glass ; 30s. a week and cottage.— H. DUG-
MORE, Bagtiiorpe_JlaU^^?ir^

l^rANTED. for Cheshire, from the middle

» » of February, good all-round WORKING HEAD
GARDENER; must be a married man and over mili-
tary a-'e; good cottage and coal supplied.— Reply, stat-
ing wages, to BOULT, SON & MAPLES, 5, Cook Street.
Liverpool.

WANTED, a MAN to take charge of
Vineries and Peach-houses; wages 25s. per week
.and Bothy. — Apply, 0. ALLEN, Estate Office, Worth
Park, Crawley. Sussex.

ANTED, AGED MAN, to take charge

o< Glass ; must be well up in Fruit : good wages
to a sulUble man.— Apply, HEAD GARDENER, Green,-
lands, HenJey-on-Th.ames.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-
handed); practically no glass; no cottage; boy
kept ; good wages to tJioroughly reliable man.— Apply,
with particulars, wages required, and p.ast experience,
R WOOD, Flint Cottage, Box HiU, Dorking.

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
H \NDED GARDENER ; ineligible ; used to gentle-
miMi's place ; 30s. and rooms.— Letters, WILX^Y, 16, Ux.
bridge Road, Ealing.

WANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER ; regular help given ; experienced in
all branches, particularly Orchids, Chrysanthemums, and
Ciu-natdons ; cottage, coal, &c. ; ineMgible.— Write par-
ticulars, stating wages required, experience, and copies
of reference to S. SAMPSON, Prospect House, near Alfre-
ton, Derbyshire

GARDENER (Single-Handed), ineligible
or over military age, or LADY GARDENER with
.^ood experience of' Vegetables, Fruit and Flowers,
willim' to learn the working of small electric light
plant r no cottage; wages, 35s. to 40s., acxiording to
experience; at once.— MRS. ROSSENDALE, The Manor
Cottage, Gerrard's Cross, Bucks.

ANTED, GARDENER (Second),

Kitc-hen Garden, Flowers, General Work; also
LVD Improver, Oi-chids, Peaches, Vines.— Apply, HEAD
GVRIIEXER, BoiiiislM.H. Presthury. near Macclesfield^

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER;
either sex ; to assist Head Gardener with the
Inside work of Garden.— Apph', with copy of testimonial
atiid wages reqiured, to A. HUDD, Farrants Gardens.

Bickley, Kent.

NORTH RIDING ASYLUM, YORK.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER (In-
side) ; experienced Fruit and Plants ; wages 30s.
weekly ; 12 o'clock Saturdays.— Apply, stating age, mar-
ried or single, full particulars of experience, to THE
MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

LTNDER GARDENER required (Second of
' flve).-State full particulars to W. A. JOHNSTONE,
Kearsiipy Court, Dover.

ANTED, GARDENER, experienced ;
some help; Inside and Out; thorough knowledge;
iaelngihle ; state age, wages, and, experience.- THOS. H.
SOOHON, '■ Goulburn," Oliingford, Essex.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on pag* vl

Jaot.uiy 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Webbs- Eihibit at the

R.H.S. Vtfetable Exhibition. 1916,

which obtained THE ONLY COLD MEDAL awarded at this Show.

Gardenerx itaiazx'U — " k very line display and greatly admired."

rAe&ard«».— "A mi^rniticent collection of e.'cceiJtioual quality."

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Pineal QuaUty and Bet Value.

7/6 Collection contains 33 varieties.

12 6 Collection contains 43 varieties.

15 - CoUeution contains 49 varieties.

21/- Collection contni 8 *is varieties.

42/- Colle tion contains 94 varieties.

63- (.ollection cont.ins 110 varieties.
CARJilAGE FREE C(mtents on apidic

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of MARROWFAT PEAS.

To Produce a Sjccessional Supply.

24 quarts of Pea**, 1 ' line sorts

12 quarts of I'cas, 12 fine sorts
0 qu irts nf Peas, 0 Hue sorts

12 pints of Peas, 12 line sorts
6 pints of Peas, 0 line sorts
4 pints of Pe s, 4 Hue sorts

CARltlA'iF FltKh.. (

THE

Royal Horticultural

AND

Royal Agricultural

societies'
GOLD MEDALS

WEBBS'

VEGETABLES

— IN 1916. —

WEBBS' illustrated

catalogue of ,^J^

VEGET.4BLE SEEDS *' .J^~

SEED POTATOS
FLOWER SEEDS
LAWN SEEDS
GARDEN MANURES.
Post free
on request.

WEBB & SONS, Ltd.,

The King's Seedsmen,
STOl KBHIDGE.

BOILERS.

For House and (Greenhouse. ::
Sectional, SaJiilo and other Patberna
:: for Replacement, &c. ::

FROM STOCK.

ILH.S. COLD A SILVER MEDALS.

Litt Ct Po$t Fru. 'FlloiM : Mop 87«

C. p. KINNELL & CO., LD.,

65a, SOUTHWARK ST., LONDON, S.E.

to ll(ip Eichangc.)

(Cln

ORDER OUR CELEBRATED

FORCING
ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, otc.

Also Fruit BushM.

Write for IHuttratod Oatalocut, ee
PRACTICAL NOTIt ON CROWING AND FORCING.

ESTABLISHED 1857.

MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twickenham.

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Present Doy Gordening Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction by William Robinson.)
a Practical HaniUiook on the Treatment of Olimb-
„ ing I'kuitH, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with 2i full page plates, 8 of which
are reproduced in colour.

Price 2/10 vo»t free from:

Th« PUBLISHING DEPT.,
" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 13, 1917.

BULL'S FOOD
FOR PLANTS,

FRUIT & VEGETABLES.

More
Root Room

on the same amount of staging. That
is one advantage Cret Pots offer.
Add the exceptional porosity, perfect
drainage, uniformity, cleanliness, and
" healthiness" of Crets and— you'll write
now for

FREE SAMPLE "Cret" Pot, with interesting
Booklet giving all prices per 100, and 5 Special
Assortment Offers.

'rices-22 in... 4/- per 100
Carriage Paid on all order;

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

CANNON HALL MUSCAT

Grown with Bull's Food for Plants

at Menpes Fruit Farm.

MENPES FRUIT FARM, LTD.

„ _. iS Nov., iQiO.

Dear S:rs, , . ,

For inativ vears we have excluaiveJy
used your '" Food for Plants " for our
Vines, .in I the results have invariably
lieen all that could he desired.

Please rapeat our last sea.son'.s order
and oblige.

Yours faithfully.
For Menpes Fruit Farm, IJmited,

Matin^er.

Sole ManufacturerB :

BULL'S PLANT FOOD CO.,

538, King's Rd., Chelsea, London

SANKEYS*^^>'*POTS

•^^-Ghe BEST and Chenpesh

A .SrB.STITUrE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, wiiiih is now
-^ lo scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
iV in. lor equal to stout 21 oz.) in IhiL-kness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favouralile jirices, delivered
free and sound in the country in (luantitits. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Glass, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturers of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

'BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

tin

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnisties. &c., on applicatii

RICHARD SANKEY * SON, LTf.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIEtD, LONDON, E.G.
And Blackfriars Wharf, Upper Ground Strret, S.E.

Quote Gardeners' Chronicle.

FLORY 6 BLACK,

ORCHID NURSERY

(Late Hess s. JAS. VEITCH'S Hybrid Establishmrnti,

SLOUGH.

STOCK VARIED AND FINE.

Catalogue on applicaiion.

ORCHIDS,

Ck-an, well-grown an I cheap : also
IVIanv Rare and Choice Varlc.ies

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

E.Kotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,

ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

FRUITS UNDER GLAS.S, etc., etc.

^uotationl Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

YOUR LAWN.-To in

wpedin<?8B ami impoverifhine

V .r-M^v VELVAS LAWN SAND.

11/-. 28Ht9. fl/6. 141bs.

iS ROBINSON BROTHBR8, LTD.
West Bromwieh, StafTs.

gUNYARD'S

FRUIT

TREES

CATALOGUe

by RexuRTv

GEORGE BUNYARD- CO.

Royal Nurseries,

MAIDSTONE.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

'S^ets there

and makes the Garden traSm^k
'^ay all the year round r.^-'v.vn^"

Sold tverrwbrce in TINS ai ed. A. 1 a. , and in BR ANDE D & SEALED
BAGS: 71bs.,2s. Bd.. I«lb9.,4a. Sd. ;Z81bs..7s.s<|..56lbs..12s. Sd. 112lbv20s.
direct from tb* Works. Carriite paid in the Uolred Kingdom for Cash witb Order (except 8d. Tl N SI

CLAY & SON. Manure Mfrs & Bone Cf-iishers, STRATFORD, LONDON. E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

January 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

13

©arbi^urrs' (tljrnnirk

Xo, 156S.SATURDA Y, JANUARY IS, 1927,

CONTENTS.

Board of Agriculture
and municipal food
production .. ..16
Castlewellan. co. Down.. 17
Clubbing in Brassicas . . 20
Food production . . 1(5, IS
Forcing with hotbeds

seventy years ago .. 17
Forests, to re-establish

allies' 18

Galloway garden, notes

from a 13

Gardener-soldier in

India, a IS

Garrya elliptiea . . .. 19
Hemsley, Dr. W Botting IG
Horticultural Directory 16
Intercropping, the value

of .

Logan berry, origin of

the
Market gardening

19

Obituary —

Thompson, William . .
Olearia Gunuiana and

allies

Pigs, poultry and rabbits,

the keeping of. .
Potatos on freshly-turned

land

I Potato prices for 1917 . .
Schneider, the lata

I George

I Societies —

I National Hose ..

I Royal Hort

Soil ventilation ..
I Strawberries
War items .
Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Plants under glass

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Castlewellan, CO. Down 17

ChrysanthemuniB at an Indian flower show .. .. 10

Crame, portrait of Sergt. is

Indian Hower show, an 19

Olearia lyrata 14

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.

FEW recent papers in the (Jardtiiers'
Chronicle have given &o much plea-
sure to general readers as the Notes
Iruni a Cotswold Garden, by Mr. H. J.
Elwes. It is possible that some interest,
were it only from the contrast in
conditions of soil and climate, may be
found in occasional notes from a garden
in the extreme south-west of Scotland.
Here, instead of the high elevation, rigor-
ous winters, hot summers and cretaceous
soil of Mr. Elwes's garden, we are witliin
a mile of the sea, about one hundred feet
above it, with a mild but blustery climate,
and without a trace of lime in the soil.
The mention of lime reminds me that last
summer I found a cliaracteristic limestone
plant — Orchis pyramidalis — growing in
pure sea sand a few yards inland from
high-water mark. Being very fond of
terre.strial Orchids I transplanted it to the
flower garden, where it remained a long
lime in bloom. I have been able to find
only two instances recorded of the occur-
icncc of this species in Scotland, one near
the Mull of Galloway, on the side of Luce
Bav opposite to us. the other in the island
of Colonsay. The geological formation of
the whole district is lower silurian sand-
stnno with intrusive igneous rocks and
overlaid w'ith boulder clay. It appears as
if the extremely minute seeds of this Orchis
had been waterborne from the chalk of
.Antrim or the limestone of Cumberland,
and that there is a sufficiency of com-
minuted shell in our sea sand to meet its
roi|uirements in the matter of lime. The
percentage of lime, however, must be
slicrht, for we use the same sand success-
fully, mixed with peat, for raising T?ho-
(lorlendrnns from seed.

The winter, so far. has been remarkably
mild and diippincr here, no frost except
two or throe sharpish nips which ex-

tinguished Hydrangea hortensis. Never-
theless, nearly everything is a week or a
fortnight later in flowering as compared
with former seasons, and this wa.s
the case throughout the spring, summer
and autumn of 1916. For instance.
Hamamelis mollis, now (5th January) in
full beauty six and eight feet high, opened
its fir.st bloom on 23rd December, the dates
in the previous five years ranging from
l.'?th to 18th. This is undoubtedly one of
the verv best flowering shrubs introduced
of recent years. It never fails to blossom
in the utmost profusion during the dark
days, and its flowers, like those of its less
brilliant congener, H. arborea, and un-
like those of Ja.sminum nudiflorum, pass
un.scathed even in severe frost. As both
these species of Witch-hazel are often stip-
plied as grafts on stocks of the inferior
H. virginica, special attention should be
given against undesirable suckers.

Like so many plants from Southern
Chili, Lardizabala biternata simply revels
in our western humidity. The difficulty
is to keep it within bounds and to prevent
it smothering less robust growths with its
glossy evergreen foliage. It has been in
flower on the wall of our laundry for the
last two months. The hanging racemes
111' tlie male flowers, though much hidden
by the mass of foliage, are very beautiful
in a vase. The six white stamens, mona-
delphously united so as to simulate a
style, stand boldly out. well relieved
against the broad, fleshy sepals of in-
tensely dark ptirple. The .smaller petals
serve to enrich the flowers, which smell
like vinegar. Tliey last a long time, so
that all the blos-soms on the spike — a dozen
or more — remain open at once.

Some plants seem rash in the way they
expose their flower-buds to winter cold ; yet
they do it with impunity. Tricuspidaria
lanceolata. which we have 10 and 12 feet
high, no sooner finishes flowering in June
than the buds' for the following June are
displayed. Viburnum rhytidophyllum, a
liandsome evergreen, despite the dispar-
agement it has received from some critics,
is equally bold ; and Clianthus puniceus
is now hung with innumerable green tas-
■•■Is, which 1 trust may burst into scarlet
flame next May.

Rhododendrons, like everything else,
are late this season. Only R. dahuricum
lias flowered as yet; R. paivifloriini will
1k' next. I think, unless R. Nobloanum
makes a spurt. The latter began on Ist
November in 1913-14 and is seldom with-
out flowers on New Year's Day. R.
liiaecox does not often open blooms before
February. I have lately made the unwel-
come discovery that this beautiful hybrid
does not share the immunity from attack
by hares and rabbits which distinguishes
most species of this' genus. A dozen plants
which we nut out in the •woods in the
autumn of 1915 were eaten bare in no
time, nlthoujjh the winter was exceedingly
mild, and although hares are very scarce
and rabbits not very numerous.

For caprice and obstinacy in choosing
to iM|t forth its flowers commend me

to the Common Snowdrop, whereof there
is great abundance in the woods here.
One should suppose that the warmth
and wet of the present season would have
brought it forward early; but there is not
a single blossom to be seen, although my
notes show that in the twelve past years
we have four times gatherecl the first
Snowdrop in December. Adonis aniu-
rensis has beaten it this year, for its
flowers are now half-open. Herbert Mnr-
well, Monreith, Wigtownshire.

OLEARIA GUNNIANA AND ITS ALLIES.

{Continued from p. 3.)

StnviMARV.

There are in cultivation three distinct species
of this group of Olearia: (1) O. Gunniana, DC,
with linear oblnng bluntly toothed leaves about
liinch long, and long, slender, more or lefs leaf-
le^ss peduncles ; (2) Olearia subrepanda, Hutchin-
son, with small more or less obovate leaves
hairy on both surfaces, and short leafy
ped'uncles; and (3) Olearia lyrata, Hutchinson,
with long-tapered, lanceolate, entire leaves 4-5
inches long, and extremely floriferous shoots.
Olearia etellulata is not in cultivation.

IvET TO THE Species .\nd VABiEnEs Included hy

BbXTH.\M Un-DER OlEA-RIA STELLtrL.\TA, AND

Dealt With in the Present Pa-Per.
Leaves quite entire or the margins very slightly
and obscurely undulate : —

Ij«aves lanceolate, acuminate, 8-15 cm, long ;
flower-headfi collected into definite dense
bunches — (1) 0. lyrata.

Leaves linear or oblong-linear, 5 cm. long or
less: —

Leaves less than 1 cm. broad, more or les.s

pointed, whitish-canons when dry ; achenes

hairy :
Leaves up to 2.5 cm. long, obtuse or sub-

obtiifie ; flower-heads crowded — (6(Z) 0. (tuii-

niana, var. angustifolia.
Leaves mostly 4-5 cm. long, acute ; flovvei-

heads crowded — (6c) 0. Gunniana, var. salici-

folia.
Leaves 2-4.5 cm. long, obtuse or sub-acute ;

flower-heads solitary or few together — (2) 0.

canescens.
Leaves 1-1.3 cm. broad, obtuse, yellowish-

tomentose when dry ; ,ichenes glabrous — (3)

0. flave»cen«.
Leaves repand-dentate, coarsely crenate or
lobulale : — ■Peduncles long and slender, leafless,
usually overtopping the leaves: —
I>eav6s oak-like, rounded at the apex, oblanceo-

late, very coarsely crenately lobed' — (4) 0.

qucrcifolia.
I<eaves coarseJy repand-dentate, lanceolate,

acuminate, 7-9 cm. long — (5) 0. stellulata.
Leaves undulately dentate, linear-oblong or

oblong, obtu.se, 2-3 cm. long — (6) 0. Gun-
niana.
Peduncles short and often leafy, more or less
overtopped by the leaves : —
Iveaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, scabrid

above, bullate when dry, 3-4.5 om. broad,

coarsely repand-serrate — (7) 0. rugosa.
Leaves much smaller and naiTOwer than in the
preceding, never scabrid or bullate: —
Leaves more or less obovate, 1 cm. long or less

— (8) 0. subrepanda.
Leaves more or lees oblong or linear-oblong,
usually well over 1.5 cm. long : —

Flower-heads nearly 2 cm. in diam. across the
rays : —

14

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Janttahy 13, 1917.

Peduncles very short and leafy with the
flower-heads nearly hidden amongst the sub-
entire leaves — Gunniana, var. brevipes.

Peduncles longer, the flower-heads with dis-
tinct peduncles exserted from the coarsely
dentate leaves — ^Gunniana, var. phlogopappa.

Flower-heads only about 1 cm. in diam. across
the rays — Gunniana, var. microcephala.

1. Olearia lyi-ata, Hutchinson (comb. nov.).
[Aster liratus, Sim, Bot. Mag., t. 1509 (1813) ;
Diplostephium lyratum, Nees, Gen. et Sp.
Aster, 189 (1832); Eurvbia lirata, D.C-,
Prodi:, v., 267 (1837) ; Hook, f., Fl. Tasm., I,
175, t. 45 (1860); Olearia affinis. Hook, f., in
Lond. Jenini. Bot.. vi., 109 (1847).]

by the subtending leaves, the individual
peduncles usually very short and slender.

Grown in Knight's Nursery in the King's Road,
Chelsea, in 1813.
2. Olearia canesoens, Hutchinson, new sp.'*

(O. stellulata, var. canescens, Benth., Fl.

AuMral., iii., 475 (1866).]

Distrib. — New South Wales : Apsley River, ravines,
tall shrub 6 feet high, Fraser 213 ; near Tenterfield. C.
Stuart.

Branchlete ascending, sparingly leafy ; leaves
oblong-linear or almost linear, obtuse or sub-
acute, cuneately subacute at the base, 2-4.5 cm.
long, 3-6 mm. broad, quite entire and densely
tomentulose with stellate hairs on both sur-
faces: lateral nerves sharply ascending; flower-

Fig. 4. — ole.\ria lyrata, type : from a dried specimen.

Distrib.— Victoria : Yarra, Mueller ; near Melbourne,
.^damson. New South Wales : Twofold Bay. Mueller ;
Mossnian. Tasmania; York Town. Oct., 1843. Gunn
496; Launceston, Oct., 1841, Gunn 496; Circular Point,
Nov., 1837, Gunn 495; Formosa, Nov., 1843 Gunn 496;
Port Dalrymple, R. Brown 2,010; without definite
locality, Lawrence 114.

According to Gunn, this species, when it
occurs in wet places in good soil, attainis a height
of 7-10 feet.

Branchlets arranged in long racemes and
very densely flowered ; leaves elongate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 8.15 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad, entire
or with slightly crenately undulate margins, glab-
rous or nearly so, and impressed-reticulafce on the
upper surface, mealy-tomentulose below, with
prominently looped lateral nerves ; flower-heads
collected into dense leafless clusters overtopped

heads solitary or few together in the leaf-axils :
peduncles long and slender, leafless. /.

Ilutchmon, Kew.

{To be continued.)

• Olearia canescens, Hutchinson ; sp. nov. (O. stellu-
lata, var. canescens, Benth.); frutex altus. ramulis
ascendentibus parce foliatis teretibus cano-tomentellis ;
folia oblongo-linearia vel fere linearia, apice obtusa
vel subacuta, basi cuneato-subacuta, 2-4.5 cm. longa,
36 mm. lata, chartaoea, Integra, utrinque pilis stel-
latis dense tomentella; costa infra prominens: nervi
laterales utrinsecus 6-7, ascendentes, infra prominentes ;
petioli 2 3 mm. longi ; capitula axillaria, solitaria vel
3-4-nata. longe pedunculata, circiter 1.2 cm. diametro ;
pedunculi graciles, 3.4 cm. longi, tomentelli ; involucri
l)racteae 4-5-seriatae, lineares. acutae, extra dense
toraentellae, ab extreme sensim longiores. usque ad
5 mm. longae, apicibus nigrescentibus ; flores radii
inconspicui ; achaenia dense adpresse pubescentia ;
pappus stramineus, 4-5 mm. longus.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gard 'ns, Windsor.

Seed Potatos.— Select and place in single
layers all seed-tubers necessary for next season's
Potato crop. Moderate-sized tubei's are best.
Those for planting early should be carefully set
up on end in shallow trays or bo.\es,and allowed
to sprout in a moderately cool place before they
are planted. Sprouting the sets has considerable
advantages, for it ensui'es a better development
of the plants and a greater weight of produce.
It is advisable to procure a change of seed each
season ; ai, least half the quantity of tubers re-
quired for planting should be obtained from a
distance. It is important that all tubers in-
tended for plantin.g be stored in a cool, well-
\entilated place until they are required.

Forcing Potatos in Heated Pits.— The
lir.st planting of Potatos for forcing should be
done as soon as possible. The surfaci-! of
the bed should not be more than 2 feet from
the roof-glass. Plant the tubers in rows made
2 feet apart, and allow a space of 10 inches
between the sets in the row. Cover them lightly
witli soil, and earth up the plants when the
haubn is a few inches high. May Queen is one
of the best varieties for this purpose.

Cucumbers.— If not already done, make a
.sowing of Cucumber seeds singly in small, clean
pa's, and germinate the seeds on a well-prepared
hotbed in a house- having a temperatnre of 75°.
Grow the seedlings near the roof-glass, with
plenty of moisture, and a temperature of 70°.
Plants in bearing should be lightly top dressed
whenever roots appear on the surface. Keep
the foliage clean by frequent light syringings,
and tie and regulate the shoots as it becomes
necessary, leaving only sufficient fruit on the
plants to furnish a regular supply.

Salad Plants in PiTS.-Plants for salads
grown in pits requii-e careful attention during
the winter. Let them have plenty of ventila-
tion, raising the lights in a manner to prevent
rains from wetting them. Stir the soil between
the plants frequently, and do all thait is possible
to prevent damping. Chicory may be had
throughout the winter without much trouble or
expense. The roots should be lifted as required,
and placed in a dark chamber with just sufficient
heat to start them into growth, and where there is
nL)t much atmospheric moisture, as the leaves
are liable to become discoloured from damp. If
only a small supply is required, the plants may
be grown in lai'ge pots, placing the roots
closely together, and tilling the spaces between
them with finely sifted soil, which should be
made moderately firm. Cover the crowns with
ai- inverted pot of a similar .size, and force them
in a Mushroom house or dark pit.

Winter Spinach. -As soon as the soil is
sufliciently dry stir the surface with the Dutch
hoe. E-emove all decaying leaves, and give a light
dusting of soott to plants of winter Spinach
wliich have been affording supplies througliout
the winter.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J, Guise, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Staffordshire.

The Rose Garden.— Exceptionally severe
weather in this district has necessitated the sus-
pension of work in the Rose garden. The heaviest,
snowstorm experienced in this district for some
years past occurred on December 22, whilst 14°
of frost were registered on the 25th of thait
month. Our soil is thoroughly saturated,
making it impossible to do any planting, and un-
less favourable weather occurs soon it vfill be
advisable to delay the planting of Roses until
the end of February, or even into March, for the
sou then will be much warmer, and the roots will
respond better to transplanting. Rose plants

January 13, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

15

ret-eived from tlie nureeiy should liave their roots
immersed in water, eventually heeling thorn in*
on a slieltered bolder. The names on paper
labels are soon obliterated by rains, and sueh
labels should be replaced by wixidcn ones as soon
as convenient. A few of the plants may be placed
in pots, plunging them in ashes or leaf-mould.
They will be useful to repla<re failures later in the
season. In some gardens R<ise-beds are heavily
mulched a*, this date, but I do not recommend
the practice, especially in cold, wet districts, pre-
ferring Xfarch, or directly after the work of prun-
ing is finished, for this work. Estalblished plants
may require a little attention in slightly shorten-
ing extra long growths to prtvent injury by
winds. «

Dahlias and othcr Root*.— Examine the

stools of Dahlias and remove any decayed
parts with a sharp knife. Begonias, Gladioli
and similar plants should be inspected, remov-
ing any tubers or corms that show signs of decay.

Border Chrysanthemums.- An abundance
of strong, stocky .shoote for cuttings should be
available now, and onwards, from plants that
were lifte<l in the autumn and placed in cold
frames. Insert the cuttings in sandy soil, in
pots or boxes. If preferred, the old root« may
be divided and potted. Place ,the plants near the
roof-glafis in a close, coo] frame or pit, and afford
them protection in frosty weather.

Soils and Manures.— Where plenty of de-
cayed leaves are available, these, together wi'h
decomposed vegetable matter and ash fi-om the
garden fire. shouW be well incorpor.ited with the
manure heap. The suil from „\,l Chn-.santhe-
mum stools and old potting soil senorally. with
a little sand and leaf-mould added, will make a
suitable compost for various bedding plants, and
should be stored in an open shinl. .Supplies of
fresh lime. soot. sand, leaf-mould, wood ash, and
manure from spent Mushroom-beds should also
be placed under cover.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

n.v J. o. Weston-, OMvlenor to La.ly NoiirncoTE,
Ristwell Park, Kent.

RicHAROiA AFRIC4NA.— The tarlv plant.s of
.\runi Lilies arc flowering well, and should re-
ceive copious supplies of water and liouid manure
and soot water twice a week. Where a con-
stant supply of blooms is required, grow the
plants in a lieht hou.se. where the temperature
ranees from 55° to 60°. with a rise of 10° by
sur.heat. Plants required to bloom at E.astc'r
should bo grown in a considerably lower tem-
perature, and ventilated freely to keep the foliage
strong and sturdy. Po not crowd the plants, as
this would cause the foliage to become drawn
and the .«fems and flower stalks grow weak.

Cyol'Mbn. — Plant« of Cyclamen raised
from s-el fown about fifteen months ago are
blooming freely. Apart from the many strains
of the ordinary type there are several
beautiful named varieties, including St. Oeorge.
Mrs. Oraves. the fimbriated Mrs. 'Ruckslon.
and others of shades of salmon and Bcarlet.
Keep the atmosphere of the house fairly dn',
and ventilate freely in favourable weather.
Do not allow the soil to become dry. Fee<l
with weak manure-water at intervals. Two-
year-old plants are later in blooming, but they
produce an immense number of blooms, and pro-
vide a ))le;ising succresion to the young plants.

Seedling Cyclamen. — Seedling Cyclamens
growing in shallow boxes or pans will soon re-
quire shifting into small 60-si7.o<l pots. Use a
liaht, sandy comiKi.st, pot loosely, and when potted
place the plants on a shelf near the gl.a,ss. Main-
tain a fairly brisk temperature in order to keep
the plants growing freely. To have Cvclamens
in flower in from 12 to 16 months from the
time of sowing, it is necep.sary to grow them
quickly in heat for the first half of the period.
The seodlings .should be .stnrdy little plants by
now, each bearing several leaves. Spray them
daily, keep their surroundings moist, and fumi-
gate the house or pit lightly every three weeks.

Chrysanthemums.— The main batch of
large-flowered varieties intended for blooming in
November and December should, if the cuttinjis
are not inserted already, be propagated now.
Fill the cutting pots with a light, sandy com
post, strike the cuttings in a moderate tempera-
ture and close atmosphere. As soon as they are
well rooted, place the cuttings on a shelf, and
gradually accnstom them to more sunlight and
airl Afterwards pot them singly, returning
them to the shelves or stages near the roof-gla.«is.
The newer varieties of singles are among.st the
mosJ; .satisfact(n-y p'ants for decorative purposes
of all kind.*:, and should be grown extensively.

The Seed Order. — Overhaul the .seed
drawers and make a note of all seeds in stock.
in order that the list for the seedsman may be
sent without further delay. Many seeds are
scarce, and it is probable that late comers will
bo disappointed, hence the neces-sity of ordering
earlv.

against over-potting, and see that the pots are
well drained. At tiunnersbuiy House wo have
large numbers of trees — Negro Largo in parti-
cular— that are fully fifteen years old. in 12 inch
pots.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By .Tames Hudson. Gardener to Leopold db
Rothschild. Esq.. C.V.O., Gunnorsbury House.

Early Forcing.- In my opinion, fruits have
been forced in many gardens to an undue
extent, the returns not being commensurate with
the Labour and expenditure involved, I refer
especially to forcing commenced late in the
autumn, when the days are shortening and there
is little assistance from fine, sunny weather. The
high cost of fuel ni.akes it almost prohibitive
now, and early forcing .should be discouraged.
The shortage of labour is another factor that
must be considered in this matter. By survey-
ing events, forecasting the future and readjusting
labour in a corresponding manner, British gar-
deners will be equal to any emergency.

Fruit Trees in Pots.- Our Poaches and
Nect.arinos in pots are still dormant, and we
d I not intend to use fire boat until the swelling
of the buds makes it imperative. Not until the
llower-buds of our ciirly Pearhes and Nectarines
show colour will the temrerature in the houses
bo raised slightly, and then only to prevent in
jury irom frost. In 'his wav I anticiiiate having
ripe fruit CNirly in .Tunc with no undue amount
of forcing. But if it be considered necessary to
commence forcing earlier, .a start may lie made
now. T have note<l during the past two springs
that trees that have formerly been started early
to prod\ice rijie fruit by the first week in May
will start even in a cool house of their own
accord, and' this is true of trees trained to
trellises. Tliencc onwards it is safer to encour-
age the progress of the blossom, and not to run
any risk.

Cherries.— The Cherries in pots are still
resting in a cold house. Most of the trees
have been forced for several years, hence thev
will not remain dormant much longer. No fruit
grown in pot.s repays so well tho time and
labour involved .a.s the Cherry, and trees in pots
are infinitely better for supplying early fruits
than those planted out, being more under
control.

Fios.- The best fir.<t 'early varieties are St.
.Tohn and Pingo de Mel. The two are almost,
but not quite, identical, the second crop of the
latter being distinct from that of the former.
These varieties give good results when lightly
forced as pot trees. To plant them out, how-
ever, is to court failure, as their growth is far
too luxuriant. Late Figs in pots, such as yielded
crops last autumn, need attention if they
h.avc not already been seen to. The collar or
ring of top dressing will be removed carefully
from our trees, and any roots that h.ave grown
in it carefully preserved. Afterwards some of
the surface soil will be removed, the exposed
roots placed in position and covered with fresh
soil. Trees that need re-potting will be attended
to at tho same time. The trees will then be
placed in a hou.se from which the frost is just
excluded. The soil T u.se for growing Figs is a
fibrous, calcareous loam mixed with old mortar
rubble and manure from a spent Mushroom-bed,
snflRcient of the last two materials being used so
that their presence may be noted easily, Guaixl'

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

American Blight.— Any trees infested with
this disease shc^vrld be carefully gone over with a
hard brush use<l with an insecticide, but in the
case of very old trees that are unpi-ofitable it
would be better to root them up ;uid burn every
scrap, and also tlv.^ soil in which the rimts have
grown.

Pruning.- IMake an effort to finish the work
of pruning, taking advantage of mild, open
weather to do .as much as possible, and even
utilising cold, windy days to do the lee sides
of walls. Almost every tree has its peculiarity,
and in pruning this must be studied. The
chiiracter of the varieties must also bs taken into
consideration. Alwajis bear in mind that it is
wiser to practise summer pruning, and especially
in the case of stone fruits, than to do much
winter pruning. Where the shoots were
shortened in summer all those not required for
extension should be cut back to about three
buds, making clean cuts. Plums on walls
should be attended to first. The fruit spurs
w'ill bo i-eadily seen, and these require little or
no pruning. The otlier shoots should bo pruned
to not more than two or three eyes. Tie in the
main slnxits with tarred string and leave room
for the branch to swell, as the string lasts, as
a rule, two seasons. If shreds and nails are
used do not use very wide shreds, as these offer
hiding places for insects. Train the shoots of
fan trees straight from tho base and do not
tr.ain the main branches closer than 8 to 10
inches apart.

Root-pruning. — It is not tmi late to root-
prune unfruitful trees that are making very
rank growth, Tho need for root-pruning is
generally due to the growth of a tap-root or
other roots into the subsoil, and to get at those
it is necessary to open a trench about 3 or 4
feet from the tree and remove the soil from the
base of the treo with a fork. As the gross-
growing roots are found they should be severed.
It is a good plan to rock the tree from side
to side to ascertain where the anchor-roots aiv
growing: indeed, this method is often effectual
in breaking such roots. In refilling the trench
t.ako care to place the fibrous roots in position
and ram the soil firm as the work of filling in
proceeds.

Vines on Walls.— Vines in the open may
be pnincd now, and the earlier the work is done
till' better, N.iil or tie in the long growths for
extension and pnnio the laterals or spurs to one
strong bud. If the vines have suffered from mil-
dew they should bo painted with fiowers of sul-
phur mixed with a little milk and petroleum to
cause the sulphur to adhere to the wood. If the
roots require .attention the present is a suit.able
time to see to them, making use of the oppor-
tunity to add a little lime rubble and bone-meal
to the soil. Hardy vines, whether grown for
fruiting or tho embellishment of walls and per-
golas, do not usually receive the attention their
merits deserve.

Bush Fruits.-I* is not too late in the
season t<i make new plantations of bush fruits.
Let the ground bo prepared thoroughly, trench-
ing it if possible. If the ground for planting
has recently carried fruit trees collect all roots
and burn them an<l thoroughly sterilise the soil.
It would be preferable to choose a fresh site
and crop the old fruit quarters with vegetables.
Some of the bushes may be grown as cordons,
as these give the finest dessert fruits. All
kinds of bush fruits may be grown on odd spaces
on walls as cordons or in gridiron shape. Some
should be planted ,a,gainst a north wall to give
late fruits to furnish a long succession. rhe
work of planting R.nspberries should be finished
as soon as possiVile. The canes in old plantations
should be tied in position, the ground cleaned
and made free from weeds.

16

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

fjANTJAHT 13, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to tBe
PUBLISHER. 41. 'WeUing'ton Street,
Covent Garden. W C

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that aU com-
munications intended for yublication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should he directed to the Editors. The ttvo
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
arid much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/ie Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

.MUXD.W, J,\N'U.\Ry 15—

National Dahlia Soc.'s Annual Meet, at Hotel Wind-
sor, at 4 p.m.

TUESDAY. JANUARY 16—

Royal Hort. Soc.'s meet, at London Scottish Drill
Hall. Buckingham Gate. "Westminster. Nat. Rose
Society's Annual Meet, at Hotel Windsor, at 3 p.m.

THURSDAY, JANUARY IB-
Manchester and N. of England Orchid Soc.'s meet.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week

deduced from observations during the last fifty
years at Greenwich, 38.3°.
.VcTUAL Temperature :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,

Covent Garden. London, Thursday, January 11

(10.0 a.m.); Bar. 29.3°; temp. 41°. Weather—

SALES FOR THE EN8UIN0 WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs. Herbaceous Plants, Rhododendrons and Fruit

Trees, at 12 o'clock ; Narcissus, late-flowering Tulips.

Gladioli, at 2 o'clock; 1,300 cases of Japanese Lilies,

at 3 o'clock, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, by Prothe.-oe

and Morris.
THURSDAY—

Roses, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, by Protheroe and

Morris, at 1 o'clock.

Soil Ventilatior

It is curious how the
discoveries of the scien-
tific agriculturist con-
firm the accepted prac-
tice of the gardener. The most recent
illustration of this fact consists in the re-
cognition that ventilation, that is to
say aeration, is a factor of first im-
portance to the growth of field crops. The
deep and thorough cultivation as prac-
tised by gardeners, the constant stirring
of the soil, the incorporation with the soil
of gritty material, all serve among other
things to supply plenty of air to the roots
of plants.

There is evidence that this abundant
supply of air is beneficial in numerous
ways. Firstly, of course, becau.se roots,
like all other parts of plants, require
oxygen for their growth. It is a common-
place experiment to place .seeds of Barley
in water and to observe that if the water
be stagnant but poor growth occursi,,
whereas if it be kept running the Barley
develops for a time quite normally as a
submerged plant. Secondly, a constant
circulation of air allows of the escape of
the carbon-dioxide given off bv the roots.

Here, again, it appears to be well-estab-
lished that an excess of carbon-dioxide
in the soil results in a check to the growth
of roots'. Indeed, roots seem to be pecu-
liarly susceptible to injury from carbon-
dioxide: for example, if the soil space
contains too much of this gas the roots
fail to perform the normal growth move-
ments and curvatures which enable them
to find their way about the soil.

Thirdly, it cannot be doubted but that
a good supply of air favours the activity
of beneficent soil bacteria. As gardeners,
therefore, we may continue to cultivate
our soils deeply and assiduously with the
satisfaction of knowing that, as Whistler
iiaid of Nature that she was " creeping up
to Art " — so the art of Agriculture is
creeping up to that of Horticulture.

It is, of course, evident that deep cul-
tivation has other advantages as well as
that of providing "root ventilation." It
increases the water-holding capacity of the
soil, improves drainage, and helps' to
liberate larger stores of plant food. Any-
thing, therefore, which helps to induce the
agriculturist to practice more widelj- a
system of deep tillage is bound to be to his
benefit and to the benefit of the world at
l.irge.

We are glad to see that

Increasing Food in 1 recent speech the

Production. President of the Board

o f Agriculture e x-
pressed the intention of enlisting .he
services of schoolmasters and children in
the increased production of vegetable food.
A month or so ago, when a deputation
from the Food Production Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society waited
on the officers of the Board of Agriculture
and laid before them the outline of a
scheme for organising the increased pro-
duction of food throughout the country,
the deputation urged in addition to the
carrying out of its scheme the institution
of school gardens in connection with all
rural .schools; and, wherever possible,
suburban schools as well. The deputation
pointed out that tlie standard of cultiva-
tion in many school gardens is' high, and
that by devoting ihe ground of the school
garden to the cult'vation of vegetables a
considerable increate of food crops would
be forthcoming. They suggested, further,
that since it is essential that the school
gaxden must be directed by competent
persons, -where the schoolmaster or
mistress does not possess horticultural ex-
perience, the ser\'ices of a local gardener
should be secured. We hope that Mr.
Prothero's speech means that these sug-
gestions are to be carried out. The larger
proposal of the Royal Horticultiiral
Society involved the use on a national
scale of the voluntary services of gardeners
as advisors and instructor.s' in the areas
within which their work lies. We are con-
vinced that if these suggestions were
adopted the standard of cultivation would
be raised high above the level at which it
is bound to stand if cultivation is carried
o\it without their expert aid. We are

aware that the Board of Agriculture is
working against time and that the major
part of its energies must be directed to
securing the adequate and extended cul-
tivation of farm land; but, at the same
time, it is greatly to be desired that the
fullest provision should be made for the
intensive cultivation of crops on a horti-
cultural scale.

New Issue of the Horticulturau
Directory and Year-Book.— We much regret

that the pubhcation of the Horticultural Direc-
tory and Year Book for 1917 has been delayed by
unforeseen and unavoidable circumstances. First,
the difficulties in regard to printing and paper
supplies have increased greatly of late ; and
secondly, the number of corrections that have to
be made this year is altogether unusual, owing
to the fact that so many gardeners have joined
the Army. To those who have already sent us

prepaid orders 'we offer our apologies for the
delay, and assure them that everything that can

be done is being done to expedite publication.

Almanac— With the present issue we publish
a Supplement containing the yearly almanac. As
is inevitable, it is less full of events than usual.
The Royal Horticultural Society's fortnightly
meetings are to be continued, though it appears
to be certain that the Chelsea and Holland House
shows -aill be abandoned. The National Sweet
Pea Society and other floral societies have the
question of holding their showB under con-
sideration.

Royal Horticultural Society.— The first
fortnightly meeting and exhil)ition of the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1917 will be held on
Tuesday, the 16th inst., at the London Scottish
Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminster.

Board of Agriculture and Municipal
Food Production.— Since the publication of
the leading article in our issue for December 23
last, the Board of Agriculture has decided to ac-
cept reeponsibiUty for the financial arrangements
ill cases where local authorities acquire land for
the purpose of cultivation, as under the Board's
own scheme for allotments. The City of Manches-
ter has appointed a Foodstuffs Special Committee,
and Mr. W. W. Pettigrew, chief officer for
the Manchester City parks, has been appointed
chief officer of the Committee. In addi-
tion to acquiring land, the city intends to put
several hundred acres of its own land under
cultivation, but in this case the Board of Agri-
culture will not bear recponsibility. The
Board is receiving a very largs numbex of offers
of assistance. The carrying out of the various
schemes of the Board of Agriculture will
be entrusted to War Agricultural Commit-
tees in each county, and Mr. ProthekO sug-
gests, therefore, that aU persons who desire
to offer their services should comm-unicate -with
the secretary of the local War Agricultural Com-
mittee at the offices of the County Council.

Dr. Hemsley.- Dr. W. Bottino Hemslet,
F.R.S., our old correspondent, who retired from
the post of Keeper of the Kew Herbarium in
December, 1908, and has since resided at Twick-
enham, is about to remove to Kew Lodge, St.
Peter's Road, Broadstairs, which will hereafter
be hifi permanent address.

National Rose Society.— A special gene-
ral meeting of the National Rose Society will be
held at the Hotel Windsor, Victoria Street,
Westminster, on Tuesday, the 16th inst., at 2
p.m., for the purpose of ; (1) Motion to rescind
present rules relating to the society's constitu-
tion ; and (2) Motion for adoption of new rules
in place thereof. The Kpecial meeting will be

jAjniART 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

17

followed by the fortieth annual general meet-
ing of the society.

Castlewellan.- Gardeners will regret to hear
tha.t the fine residence of the Anxesley family
at t'astlewellan. County Down, was partly de-
stroyed by fire on Tuesday last. The fire
destroyed the whole of the left wing, in which
was the celebrated armoury. The estate lies
four miles from Newcastle, a smaU watering-
place ..ituafced at the foot of the ilourne ^Moun-
tains, just where they dip into the Irish Sea.
The castle is built of blue granite, and stands
on a slight eminence at the extremity of a fine

simplicity and economy of tank-heated struc-
tures have been sufficiently proved, many find it
expedient still to adhere to the old-fashioned
dung bed for early forcing. This, when properly
managed, is undoubtedly equal to the tank as
to character of produce, moi« especiaJly for
Cucumber growing, if not commenced too early.
The most important matter is to work the dung
well — few work it enough. I need scarcely say
that the oftener it is turned the better; for if
it lays long without disturbance, it soon burns,
and this, if permitted to a great extent, will
so break down the texture as to render it almost

dry foundation. It should be of that character
that water, whether from long-continued rains,
or from processes within, cannot remain a mo-
ment. There is no real advantage in going
below the ground level where beds have to be
worked in the main by linings. In the case
of later beds this is sometimes found expedient.
Some practitioners form the first foot or more
at the bottom with Brushwood, and good prac-
tice it is. If no Brushwood is at hand, a.ny
ordinary unfermented materials wOiich pwsefs
no animal matters in them may be placed be-
neath : and in placing the well-wrought manure

ASTLEWfXLAN, WHKRE A SERIOrs' FIRK OCCURRED ON TUESDAY LAST.

sheet of water. The gardens are amongst the
most interesting in Ireland. They abound in
rare sub-tropical plants, the most Jiotable speci-
mens being species of Senecio, Pittosporura,
Podocarpus, Bambusa, Eucryphia, I.rf3matia,
Osmanthus, Daphniphyllum, Ijarix Kaempferi.
Aciphylla s<iuarrotfa, Japanese Acers, Eriobotrya
and Eucalyptus. Several of the more notable
species have been illustrated in these fiages, ac-
companied by descriptions by the 4th Earl of
ANNEsr.EV, who has an enthusiastic gardener.

FoRciNO WITH Hot-beds Seventy Years

A0O,-N<'twitlistanding that the much greater

impenetrable by the heat of the linings. At
this period it should receive four difitinct turn-
ings, which may be about four or five days apart,
the middle of the heap being each time ex-
changed for the outside. Water must be applied
at each turning, provided the least symptoms
of dryness or " burning " is perceived. When
cutting winds prevail it is often nec6s.sary to
use a cover or lining of long litter to the heap
undergoing fermentation; for it is with this, as
with a bonfire, the wind has a tendency to drive
the power to one side, leaving a portion of the
material unoperated on by the heat. In build-
ing a hotbed, always secure in tlie first place a

in the course of building, depend rather on a,
skilful placing of the material than on hard
beating with the fork^always keeping the front
part rather in advance of the back, in order
that the bed may not incline too much and
topple over. As soon as built, our practice is
to apply a strong lining as high as the edge of
the frame at top, in order to force the bed
to the extreme point, taking care to water it
lefis or more every day. In a few days, by this
treatment the heat wiU be lightly on the de-
cline ; a portion of the lining may then be dis-
pensed with, and if for Cucumbers or Melons
holes made in the centre of each light for the

u

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[J.iNU.AJlY 13, 1917.

reception of the hillocks. These may be opened
three parts the depth of the bed, and plenty of
Taw, half-chopped turf thrown into the bottom.
On this the hillock may rest, and if there be
danger from burning, a thick turf may be placed
horizontally under each hiU of soil. The main
tiling to be avoided is too much bottom heat —
more especially under the hillock, the heat to
which should be received immediately from the
rest of the bed, or rather from the linings.
Gardeners' Chronicle, January 16, 1847.

The Keeping of Pigs, Poultry, Rabbits.

&c.-Tlie iiureiise of pigs in this country is the
quickest possible way of adding to our meat
supplies. It people would, either individually
or in combination, undertake the keeping of pigs
in the present crisis, the stock of pigs in this
country could be, within a few months, greatly
increased. Quantities of valuable pig-food are
wasted every day in our towns and villages. If
arrangements could be made for collecting the
waste from butchers, poulterers, fishmongers,
fruiterers, greengrocers and dairies, from the
hotels and boarding-houses as well as from other
dwelling-houses, this daily loss would not only
be prevented but turned into the gain of valu-
able meat.

It is important, wherever practicable, to allow
pig-keeping in the neighbourhood of towns and
villages to save the cost of transport of material.
The question arises how far this would be ham-
pered by restrictions contained in the by-laws
of local authorities.

In many rural districts there are no by-laws
on the subject at all. In others the by-laws
only require that the places where pigs are kept
shall be clean and wholesome. In most urban
districts, however, and in a few rural districts,
a by-law is in force which provides that pigs
shall not be kept within a prescribed distance
of dweUing-houses. A regulation is about to
be made giving power to sanitary authorities
to grant permission for the keeping of pigs, either
generally or in partioular cases, notwithstanding
the provisions of any such by-law, subject to
th^e observance of any directions of the authority
in the interests of public health. If persons
intending to keep pigs alive in places where
such by-laws are in force they should inform
the local authority, with a view to obtaining
their permission. It will be necessary for
keepers of pigs to obey such conditions as to
clean and wholesome maintenance as the local
authority may impose.

We intend to bring this matter to the notice
of tlie sanitary authoritijes, and to suggest that,
subject to any advice given to them by their
Medical Officer of Health on grounds of public
.health, a Council should not hesitate to consent
to waive its by-laws in suitable cases, or, where
circumstances permit, to give a general dispensa-
tion under the powers conferred by the new regu-
lation. We shall also suggest that the Councils
should do what they can to facilitate co-opera-
tive efforts for the collection of waste and for
the keeping of pigs.

Householders unable to undertake the keep-
ing of pigs may do admirable service by keep-
ing poultry or tame rabbits in order to add to
the nation's food. They may also assist by set-
ting aside edible house refuse to be collected
for the feeding of th» stock of other people.
Hhnndcla (President of tlie Local Government
Board), I}. E. Protheroe [President of the
Board of A(,rlridHtre and Fi.iheries). Januani
4, 1917.

To Re-establish Allies' FoRESTS.-The

Royal English Arboricultural Society are co-
operating with the Agricultural Relief of Allies'
Fund in inquiring whether it is possible to
render help to our Allies in reinstating the
woods and forests which have been destroyed.
Inquiries made in France, Belgium and Serbia
show that the tree of the greatest value is the
Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris), which readily
adapts itself to varying soil and climate. Large
quantities of these trees are now being cut in

Scotland, and it is a coin,paratively simple
matter to save and store the cones for the dis-
tribution of the seed required. The cones are
rapidly approaching the stage most suitable for
the purpose, as later on they swell and the seed
is disseminated by the winds. The Serbian
Government has asked for 4,000 lbs. of this seed,
which they can imm'ediately utilise, and the
French Minister of Waters and Forests has out-
lined a scheme asking for a supply of seed for
the coming spring to be followed next autumn
by a further quantity and later on by a supply
of young plants of Oak, Beech, Pine, etc. It
is possible also that the rich forests of Douglas
Pine in Canada may be drawn ujwn by the
Canadian branch of the Allies' Committee in
order to contribute their quota to what would
form a permanent memorial of British sj'mpathy.

Wah Items.— We regret to learn that John
Divers, nephew of Jlr. W. H. Divees, and sub-
foreman in the Herbaceous and Alpine Depart-
ment, Kew, is reported missing and believed
kilW. Mr. Divers commenced his gardening
career at Roath Park, Cardiff, and he served
later at Belvoir and Kew.

Lance-Corporal Chame, who was em-
ployed in Messrs. Stuart Low and Co.'s nursery
before the war, has been awarded the D.C.M.

••fl^

SERGT. CRAME, awarded the D.C.M. AND RUSSUN
MEDAL OF ST. GEORGE.

and the Russian Medal of St. George, 3rd Class,
for the following act of gallantry, as officially
recorded: " Thig K.C.O. led his section in the
attack on a German strong point in the most
gallant manner. In the first attack he was
wounded in the foot, but, after having had his
foot dressed, returned to take command of his
section, wMch he again led to the attack. He
was wounded a second time, but, after having
had his wound dressed, he again returned to bis
section. Wounded a. third time, he again re-
turned to his section after his wound had been
dressed. He remained with his section until it
was relieved, and even then refused to leave it
until ordered to do so by his officer." Crame
has since been promoted Sergeant.

The Food Problem.— The War Emergency
Committee of the Royal Agi'icultural Society,
under the chairmanship of Mr. Adeane, has
decided to make the following representations to
the Board of Agriculture : (1) That, Potato seed
being so scarce, it is advisable, with a view tn
the greatest production, that ®o far as is possible
all available seed should be concentrated on the
land which is likely to grow the largest crop
per acre. If a price lor Potatos is to be fixed
the price for early Potaioa and that for the

main crop should be differentiated, and in view
of a likely shortage in June and July of 1917, it
is desirable to encourage the growing of early
Potatos. The date when the early crop ends
and the main crop begins might be taken to be
August 15 ; (2) that as spring Wheats are being
sold for milling purposes, steps should be taken
to retain a sufficient quantity of suitable varie-
ties for spring sowing ; (3) as all work of cultiva-
tion is frequently suspended during threshing,
owing to scarcity of labour, adequate soldier
labour should be made available to travel with
and assist in working threshing machines ; (4)
as spring sowing is imminent, information should
be given without delay with regard to the terms
and conditions under which the crops are to be
grown : especially with reference to the fixing of
prices and the supply of manures ; (5) that the
Board .sliould provide funds for the purchase by
War Agricultural Committees of tractor ploughs
and other necessary agricultural implements.

With the approvaJ of tihe King, Sir

Alfred Mond, the First Commissioner of Works,
has given instructions for the grouaids of the Con-
valescent Home for Officers of the Navy and
Army at Osborne to be planted with Potatos.

Potato Prices for 1917.— The prices for
main crop Potatos have been fLxed by the Food
Controller as follows : For quantities of not less
than six tons, free on rail or free on board, 115fi.
per ton for delivery, from September 15 to
January 31 ; 120s. per ton for delivery in Feb-
ruary and March ; 130s. per ton for the remain-
der of the season. The prices in each case are
for produce of first quality delivered, as required,
in sound marketable condition. In fixing nhe
maximum price for Potatos at 115s. -130b. p. r
ton, the Board has taken the most effective
means in its power to discourage the widespread
planting of Potatos. We should be glad to know
whether that is the object of the Board, and,
if so, how it can be justified. There is an ad-
mitted shortage in the world's food supply. The
Board has recently taken steps to induce allot-
ment holders and small cultivators generally to
increase food .production. It has now fixed a
price calculated most effectively to discourage
the growing of the chief crop which such culti-
vators would have undertaken to produce.

Publications Received. — Tropica/ Agri-
culture. By Earley Vernon Wilcox, A.M., Ph.D.
(New York and London: D. Appleton & Co.)
Price 10s. 6d. net.

A CARDENER-SOLDIER IN INDIA.

Like many other gardeners I joined his
Majesty's Forces under the Derby scheme. After
training in England we set sail for India. Tlie
voyage occupied about six weeks, the first stop
being Gibraltar, the sight of which makes an
Englishman feel proud. In marching round the
town we saw several interesting gardens, and
many plants that require greenhouse tneatment
in England were here growing and flowering pro-
fusely. Plumbago capensis, Bougainvillea scabra,
Ipomaea rubro-coerulea and Nerium Oleander
may be mentioned as examples.

At Malta again the floral subjects attracted at-
tention. Hibiscus, Mesembryanthemums, Palms,
and Cactuses were noted, and Grapes were pro-
curable at a reasonable price. This was the
only fruit at Malta, but at Gibraltar Grapes,
Figs, Apples, Pears, Apricots, Peaches and
Pomegranates were obtainable.

During the voyage I discovered several
gardeners abroad, notably Guiiruer J. Thomp-
son, gr. to Barrow Cadbury, Esq., J. P.,
Cropswood, Blackwell, Bromsgrove ; Gunner
A. J. Jarrett, gr. to Capt. Hon. C. Dormer,
Grove Park, Warwick ; Gunner E. F. May ;
Gunner F. L. Westron, gr. to Mrs. Palmer,
"Marlston House, near Newbury ; and several

J.unjART 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

19

others whose addresses I have forgotten. These
are now stationed in various parts of India,
and probably I shall not meet them again in
India.

At Bombay the Bananas are of excellent
quality, and can be purcha.sed at the rat,3 of four
for one anna (Id.).

Crotons, Hibiscuses, Musas. and Palms thrive

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

The Oriqjn of the Loganberry (see
p. 9). — In th« Cottaijr Gardcvcrs' Dictionary,
published in 1852, under the heading " Easp-
beri-y," it is stat-ed that "Mr. Rivers, of Saw-
bridgeworth, has a new variety from America

T CHRYS.ANTHEMUMS AT AN INDIAN FLOWER SHOW.

exceedingly, the somewhat moist atmosphere
being suitable for this class of plant.

I was eventually transferred to Allahabad,
We-tron to Ferozepore (near Lahore), and
May remains at Bombay. The country is very
flat around AUahabad, and here the rivers Jumna
and Ganges meet.

Kew meu are all over tlie world, and I was
not long in finding out an old Kewite, Mr.
\V. Head, superintendent of the Govern-
ment Gardens and Parks, Allahabad, who
is giving me every assistance in finding out
gajrdens of interest. So far I have had no op-
portunity to visit any gardens, but the district
can boast of a host of enthusiastic amateurs,
as the recent flower show testified.

This show was held on D.''ceniber 2, 1916. and
the principal Howcr shown was the Chry.'anthe-
mum. Mr. Head, the lion, sec, sent five circular
groups, and several grouplets of special varieties
which he had been giving a triiil. The single
varieties are great favourites with Mr. Head,
and one group consisted entirely of single sorts,
which were raised in the Park Gardens. The
pink and yellow shades were very good, several
being worthy of a name. Competition was very
keen in nearly every class, and exceptionally
good blooms of the following were noted : —
Oriental, Mrs. T. Stevenson, Queen Mary, Bob
Pulling, William Vert, Rosamund, Mrs. A. Her-
bert, Daily Mail, Prince of Wales, Ethel Thorpe
and J. Lock.

In the classes for Coleus and Crotons there
were nnmerous entrants; both the Crotons and
Coleus were well grown and highly coloured,
and Mr. Head raises annually a large number
of the latter from seed, which he saves from
selected plant.s. The show was held on the
hockey ground in Alfred Park. AUahabad, and
amid picturesque surroundings.

The general condition of the plants shown
fli'l credit to the exhibitors. The summer and
rainy periods are both detrimental to the well-
being of the Chrysanthemum, and only diligent
care and attention could bring them to such per-
fection. Anrithor show will bp held in February.

The judges were Gunner W. E. Conybeer (gr.
to Canon Langford, Southbrook, Devon), Bom
T^ngdon (of Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon),
and fJnnner T. W. Briscoe (gr. to R. Lysaght).
T. W. Brincoe, AUahabad.

\^^hich is a hybrid between the Raspberry and
the Blackberry ; this Mrt Rivers calls the
Black, and is good for preserving." Hence it is

[Photograph h;/ Hninhnrdirr Lnnijdon.
Fig. 7. — riiuvsANiHE.MUMs exhibited .vr an

INDIAN FLOWER SHOW.

clear that, although a hybrid may have been
grown spontaneously in Judge Logan's gai-den
in 1881, it was known and cultivated in America

at least thirty years previously. A. S. Macken-
zli . OcdJiill. C/tob/iain, Surrey.

Strawberries.— The earliest Strawberry
plants thajt were started some few weeks ago
are sending up their trusses o{ flowciis. At that
stage the plants should be removed to the light-
est ajid most aiii'y part of Uhe house, as being
favourable to the setting of the fruit. Admit
fresh air^ from the time the plants are in-
troduced into heat mitil the fruits begin to
swell. PoUinate the flowers when poUen i^ plen-
tiful with a camel's hair hnish. Care in water-
ing is of the iiAmost ianpantance. Fumigate the
liOTise lightly at short inteaTals prior to the open-
ing of the flowea-s. Fresih batches of plants
^ould be prepared foa- forcing, and placed in
sliaHow pits, firmly filled with fermentcng leaves.
Plants for hi;te fruiting cannot be kept too cool
at present, but they siliould be plunged in a bed
of suitable iiiatspial amid protected from very
.cievere firosts. /.

Garrya ELLiPTicA.-The idea that Garrya
cliiptica IS only suitable for sheltered positions
111 the South is probably due to the fact that, al-
though introduced so far back as 1818, it has
never been widely planted. Its hardiness, now-
over, is heyond question, as I have seen it
nourishing in an exposed position so far north
as Penrith. In the gardens at Brougham Hall
I here is a well-developed plant 10 or 12 feet high
111 the shrubbery border. The position is a severe
lest of hardiness, as it faces east and is open
to the hi"h winds which sweep across the coun-
try from the Pennine Range. I had believed the
plant to be tender before going North, and was
surpri.sed to find so good a specimen in this posi-
tion, but during the five years that I was there
it never failed to produce a full crop of its 'beau-
tiful catkins, and was never disfigured, by cold
winds. There is a plant in these gardens planted
n 1909 which havs already attained a height
(if 12 feet, so that it would apjicar that not only
lia^ lis liaiiliiu'ss boon underestimated, but also
I ■ i-'iiir. ir. .\iitii„. fifrford Court Gardens,

The Value or Intercroppinq. — With

■eferencG to my advice on iii(ciiin|i|iiiii,'. I must
apologise to Mr. Ari'hpr and nthcr readers that
the article did not read as I had intended, it
.-hould read, "To put early Lettuces between
Onions and Strawberry plants, and Spinach,
I auliflower. Cabbage, Turnips or dwai-f Beans
H'twcen rows of Peas and runner Beans." Taking
I liiions first, they should be put out 15 inches
lietween the rows and the space between each
row filled with Lettuces, any Cabbage variety
that was sown in August to withstand the winter
being suitable. Both the Onions and the Lettuces
may be planted at the same time, and there
would be no danger of damaging the Onions if
the rows were planted alternately as the space is
filled. Strawberries in rows 2i, feet apart could
be planted in a similar manner, with Cabbage
Lettuces, or if preferred with Cos varieties. I
iiave myself grown the Cos variety Winter White

Fig. 8. — thf, government gardens, allahabad.

20

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jantjaby 13, 1917.

with great success, the heads turning the ticalc
at three and three-quarter pounds, .-ind I also had
a good crop of Strawberries. In cropping be
tween rows of Peas, I iprefer to sow tlie Pca,'-
in rows 5 to 6 feet apart and to plant a single
row of Cabbage, CauUflower, or dwarf Beans be-
tween tliem, or to sow two rows of either Turnips
or Spinach. With reference to Mr. Archer not
succeeding with dwarf Beans sown in front of
greenhouses or under a south wall, this goes to
show that dwarf Beans dislike a dry, sunny
border. I should like him to try my method of
■plnnting this crop 'between rows of Peas. The
partial shade of the Peas seems to suit their
requirements, and such soil is doubtless more
moist than a sunny south border. The dwarf
Bean requires plenty of moisture, hence the usual
practice of growmg them in the humid atmosphere
of a vinery for an early crop. A distance of 6 feet
should be allowed between the rows of runnei
Beans, and the same remarks apply to this crop
as to Peas. I do not agree with Mr. Archer that
the instruction of amateurs can only be done by
one on the spot. Many useful things may be
learned from " Tlie Week's Work" in the
(4ardeners Chrnnide. L. F. Bagg. Holmwood.

The Late George Schneider, (see p. 11).
— ^The remains of George Schneider were in-
terred on Friday, the 5th inst., at East
Sheen Cemetery. They were followied to the
grave by the members of his own family, who
were joined by a few personal fri.?nds and one or
two members of thf? French Horticultural Society.
We noticed by tihe gmaveside Mr. and Mris.
W. 0. Hiehle"; Mr. "and Mrs. Peavot (Mme.
Ripard and her husband are in France), Mr. Otto
Hiehle, M. Binot, Mr. D. Ingamells, Mr. Thos.
Bevan, Mr. .John McKerchar, Mr. Tivey, Mr.
John Heal, V.M.H., M. Guilloud, M. J. Bintner,
M. MeilH, 51. Wuyts, and Mr. Harman Payne.
Floral tributes comprised some beautiful wreaths
of Mme. Abel Chatenay Rose, with which the
coffin was adorned, and also wreaths from moi^t
of the mourners already named. In addition
there w,-is a very striking one from the Societe
fran^aise d'horticulture de Londres, with its
broad band of tricolour ribbon, and others from
Sir Harry Veitch, Mr. Edward Sherwood (Hur&t
and Sons), Mr. R. Peter Barr. and Mme. Schnei-
der, the widow, who was too unwell to be present
at the ceremony. A slight error crept into your
note in your last issue. Although deceased for-
merly lived for many years at 17, Meld Road,
Fulh'am Road, at the time of his death he had
been residing for some time at 3, Meredyth Road,
Barnes, S.W. C. Harman Payne.

Freshly-Turned Land and the Potato.—

Very much has been, and is being, written to-day
in the gardening and daily Press upon this dual
subject ; but seldom is there any mention of
the particular food required by the Potato —
ixitash. In prepared mamirial form this ferti-
liser is admittedly difficult to obtain, but w-e
have it in a rougher degree In old leaves and
wood ashes obtained from burnt prunings.
What as of parammint importance just now is
the fact that quite near to much of the land to
be broken up are quantities of these old leaves
in ditches, among trees and lying along.side
fences. May I advise those liaving the above
work to s.uperinte.nd or who are breaking it up
themselves to seize what is to be had of such
material and work it in the trench as digging
or trenching proceeds ? Tlie wood ashes can also
be applied now likewise or scattered over the
surface freshly diis. or, as I prefer, kept back
until the spring and scattsred over the ground
just before cropping time. C. Tiirner, Highgatc

®bttuari2.

TRADE NOTE.

.MESSRS. ALEX. DICKSON & SONS' NEW
PREMISES.

Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Ltd.,
seedsmen and nurserymen, have removed the
headquarters of their business from Royal Ave-
nue, Belfast, to new premises at the corner of
Royal Avenue and Garfield Street, and in future
the firm's address will be Hawlmark Buildings,
Belfast.

William Thompson.— We regret to re-
cord the death of this well-known horticul-
turist, which took place at his residence, Walton
Grange, Stone, Staffordshire, on the 22nd ult.
Mr. Thompson, who attained his 84th year in
September last, was for many years a promi-
nent personality in the locality in which he re-
sided and a strong supporter of horticulture and
the gardening charities. For many years and
luitil quite recently he was a member of the
Orchid Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and he was one of the judges at the
International Horticultural Exhibition of 1912.
Orchids were hie chief hobby, and for over
forty years he continually added of the best
t« his extensive collection, and raised many
hybrids, especially in Odontoglossums and
Cypripediums. The records of the Orchid
Awards of the Royal Horticultural Society in-
clude a large number of the late Mr. Thomp-
son's fine varieties, his favourite class of blotched
Odontoglossum beginning with a First-class Cer-
tificate for Odontoglossum crispum Thompson's
variety, April 12, 1887, and following with a
dozen other varieties, the last being 0. crispum
Perfect Gem, June 8, 1915. His hybrid Odonto-
glossums, which are among the most beautiful
ever raised, have been recorded in these pages.
Cypripodium mirum, for which a Gold Medal
was awarded by the JManchester Orchid Society
on November 27, 1913, was a fine example ot
the Walton Grange strain, and took part in the
production of many of the handsome seedlings
since raised there. Mr. Thompson, who had
been married sixty j-ears when his wife died in
May last, leaves one son. Captain A. E. Thomp-
son, and four daughters. •

ANSWERS rO CORRESPONDENTS.

A Gardener's Notice : A. T. It is customary
for a head gardener to give and receive a
month's notice to terminate an engagement.

Cacti : J. II. Write to Mr. H. Ellison, nursery-
man, 5 and 7, Bull Street, West Bromwich.

Ci.tiBBiNG in Brassicas : W. P. W. Dress the soil
with quicklime and sulphur, applying the limie
now at the rate of 15 cwt. per acre and the
sulphur in the spring, using 5 cwt. to the acre.
A correspondent in Gard. Chron., August 8,
1914, p. 118, states that if the seed is covered
with red lead this will prevent attacks of club-
bing. The seeds must be just damped and
i-oUed in the lead, for if too much water is
used there will be a difficulty in sowing the
seed. You might also adopt the old-fashioned
method of puddling the roots of seedling Bras-
sicas in a mixture of clay, soot and lime, be-
fore planting theih. Do not grow plants of
the Cabbage tribe, which includes Turnips, on
the same ground two seasons in succession.

Distribution of Erysimum and Matthiola :
N . and B. The distribution of the species you
mention is as follows : Erysimum altaicum,
Altai Mountains ; E. arkansanum, a variety
of E. asperum ; E. asperum, North America ;
E. bulgaricum (we cannot trace this name) ;
E. helveticum, a narrow-leaved variety of E.
ochroleucum ; E. kotschyanum, Asia Minor;
E. ochroleucum, Europe; E. Peroffskianum,
Caucasus; E. (pulchellum) = rupestre ; E.
pumilum, Switzerland; E. purpureum,
Armenia ; E. rupestre, Asia Minor. Matthiola
bicornis, Greece and Asia Minor; M. FeneSr
trails, Crete; M. pedimontana, a form of M.
varia from the Piedrhont ; M. tristis, South
Europe (" Night-scented Stock ") ; M.
valesiaca, Switzerland.

Fertilisers : Common. We do not recognise
the manures, which may be proprietary ferti-
lisers.

Market Gardening : 11'. W. Beifmie decid-
iing om the cii'ops to grow you sttrould
consider your market. The one-acre kitchen
garden and three vineries, although pre-
sumably the latter are heated, are not
sufficient to enable yon to seaid to a market
the regular large supplies which the sales-
men prefer, and which are more profitable.

For tliis reason it would be well to ascertain
the probabilities of selling your produce
locally, as then smaller quantities could be
disposed of at remunerative prices. You
would also save expenditure on packing, car-
riage and commission. We do not think it
wise to clear the vines from all three vineries,
and advise you to leave the roots in one house,
if possible, of such varieties as Black Ham-
burgh, Buckland Sweet Water, Gros Maroc
and Foster's Seedling, as they may be
grown with a minimum of fire-healt. If
the other vineries are ligiht, Tomatos could be
grown in them, but provision for abundant
ventilation is essential. Unless you already
have sprouting tubers of such early Potatos
as May Queen, Sharpe's Victor, Myatt's Ash-
leaf, or Eclipse, we doubt if a crop of early
Potatos could profitably precede the Tomatos,
but you could experiment with one house, and
if you correctly anticipate the lifting of the
crop and have the Tomatos planted without
delay they should yield a fair return. Last
year late Tomatos paid well. As to the advisa-
bility of following Tomatos with Chrysanthe-
mums lifted from the open, this is purely a
matter of conjecture at present. The demand
for cut flowers fluctuated exceedingly towards
the end of last year, and it is well within the
possibilities that requirements in the near
future will be small, so in this you must form
a decision after ascertaining local possibilities.
The best sorts for the proposed method are ;
Mid-season varieties — Batchelor's White,
Black Prince, dark red, Freda Bedfoixi,
bronze, H. W. Thorp, incurved white,
Hortus Tolosanus and Jessie, golden bronze,
.losephine Bernier, deep pink, Mrs. W.
Kerr, deep yellow, Romance, rich yellow,
and Wells' White ; late varieties — Baldock's
Crimson, Champion Exe, white, December
Pink, Lord Brooke, orange-yellow shaded
bronze, Nagoya, deep yellow, Pink Exe, Yel-
low Queen of Exe (both are sports from Queen
of Exe), Tuxedo, bronze, and Yellow Brooke.
As to other crops which you might grow profit-
ably, we feel that it would not be wise to at-
tempit tio ooniipeite wiith thie large gi'owers of
the commoner vegetables, but rather to confine
yourself to those choicer vegetables of which
you already have experience and knowledge.
For instance, you might consider the possi-
bility of specialising in salads and determine
to supply these in regular, if at times small,
supplies all the year round. There also is
money to be made by selling seedling vege-
tables at the various seasons. At the moment
you could start by sowing Onions, Leeks,
Cauliflow-ers, Brussels Sprouts and Lettuce in
gentle heat. Tomato plants in small pots, and
also pricked off in boxes, usually find a ready
snle from the latter part of April and through-
out May. For the market garden side of your
establishment you would require the whole-
time help of a man and a boy and at least
another man to keep the flower garden tidy.
Names of Plants : C. W. F. 1, Cypripedium
Spicerianum ; 2, Cypripedium Littleanum
(Lawrenceanum X Dayanum) ; 3, Cypripedium
Rossianum (tonsum X barbatum) ; 4, Cypri-
pedium Leeanum (insigne X Spicerianum) ;

5, Cypripedium actaeus (insigne x Leeanum) ;

6, Cypripedium Leander (Leeanum x villo
sum).

Peas for Drying : Wessex. Suitable varieties
for the purpose are Fillbasket and Bountiful.
The amount of seed required per acre is three
bushels.

Poultry Manure : H. L. Poultry manure is a
rich fertiliser; it should be dried thoroughly,
mixed with fine soil, and applied as a surface
dressing, lightly forking it in. Apply it to
the Asparagus bed just before growth com-
mences in the spring.

Sour Potting Soil : W. P. W. The sourness
is due to acidity, which may be corrected by
mixing lime freelv with the compost. Besides
sweetening the soil the lime will supply a valu-
able plant fond.

-immunications Received — O.

l'-;irm, Ma,5s.— W. H. D.— T. G. M.— W. S.
S., Bombay.— H. Gn

, WeMesley

, Bombay —

J. F.— Sir

H. v.— F. fie H. B.— Patriot^B. H, W, T.— J. F.— P. G.

Jancart 13, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M: A R K E T S.

COVEST O.iKDEX, Jauuur,, lo.
Cut Flowers, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

P.ants in Pots, &c.: Average Wholesale Prlces.-

s.d.s.d.

s.d. s.d
Arums, per doz. 5 0 6 C
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun.
Bouvardia.wiiite

per doz. bun.
Camellias, white

per doz blms.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best America!

0-8 0

6 3 0

eties

3 0-40

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 4 0-50

Chrysanthemums,
white per
doz. blooms..

— pink, per doz
blooms

— yellow. per
doz blooms..

— white. per
doz. bunches !8 0-24 0

— coloured, per
doz. bunches 18 0-24 0

Daffodils, single.

per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0
EucViarisper doz

bloDni
Frees'a, per doz.

Liliuni lo-gi-

florum. short 3 0-

- lancifolium
album, long.. 2 6

short .. 2 0-

— r u b r u m.
per doz.. lone . 2 0

short .. 16

Mimosa (Acacial

per doz. bun. 12 0-
Narcissus.
• irand Prinio.
per doz. bun. 4 0-
- Soliel d'Or.
Guernsey. per
doz. bun. .. 8 0-
Orchids, per doz.:

- Cattleya .. 12 0-

- Cypripedium 2 0-

- Od on toglos-
sum crispum 3 0-

Pelargoniums. per
doz. bunches,
doubleacarlet 12 0

Poinsettias. per
doz blooms . 12 0
3 0-361 Roman Hyacinths

2 6-50

3 0-40

3 0-40

3 6-46

per

Gardenia

box of 12 and

18 blooms ..
Heather, white,

ner doz. bun
L i 1 i nm lonei-

florum. long 3 0-36

12 0 -

per doz. bun.
Tulip. scarlpt

per doz. bun. !
Tuberoses. per

packet. 24

blooms
Violets, single-

P'incess of

Wales .

In 0
3fl 0
li 0

Cut Foliage, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices,
d.s.d

Adiantum 'Mai- s
denhairFern)
best per doz.
bunches .. 8

Asparaeus plu-
mo^us lone
trails per

half dozen .. 2

medium
doz- bunches 12
— Spreneeri .. 8

Bronze foliage .. 3

Carnation foliage,
doz. bunches 4

Croton foliage
doz bunches 12

Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-;

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 B-

— common .. 8 0-
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
Moss. gross

bunches .. 15 0
Myrtle, doz bun.

small leaved 6 0

— French, per
doz. bunches I 0-

Smilax per bun.

of 6 trails .. 1 3-

Xarciss

us con.

- Sol

d-Or

per

doz
Ranunc

bu-
ulus

ot 6
per

2 0-

2 6

do/.

bun

BO

8 (t

- Car

mine

per

d z

bun

B U-

8 0

- R „

m a

n o.

sea

let.

per

doz

bun

12 «-

1.1 U

Violets

single.

per

d;z.

bun.

3 0-

4 0

French Flowers. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Anc vone. double s.d. .d.

pink, per doz.

bun 3 6-46

— single, iri.ved

per doz. bun. 12 0 15 0
Lilac, white, per

doz. sprays .. 4 6 5 0
Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun. 10 0 12 0
Narci's s paper

white. perdoz.

bun 3 0 3 6

Rbm»rks.— There »a.« an exceptional shnrtago of cui
Howers and fnliage during the whole of la.-t w<vk. and
the scari'ity has obtained up to this (Thursday) morn-
ing; indeed, prices for Iwst white flowei-s are still
rising. The home shortage and the absence of French
lIrtwei-3 have given the market an almost emptv apprar-
ancp. The consignments of Lilv-of-the-Vallev.

«i(hardia.« (Arums) and Lilium longiflorum are suf.
tlripnt for the demand, and white and pink I„ lanri
folium are more plentiful, the blooms arriving in gond
condition. A few English Violets are soon fol.l for
high prices considering their poor quality. DalTfKlil-
e.re still a limited supply, and their prices remain
firm. A few bunches of these flowers have arrived froni
fVu-nwall. also a few bunches of yellow NarcissiH.
The first consignment of Freesia f*>r the season reacheil
the market on Monday last from Guernsey ; the flowers
were soon sold. Whit<» Camellia and Azalea are selling
freelv. High prices are being asked for all foliage.
i-~p'c:allv Asparagus and Adiantum (Maidenhair)
Fern, the latter realising 8s. to 9s. per dozen bunches.
White and mauve Lilac is being received in good con-
dition.

Plants In Pots, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.
8 d.s.d.

Aralia Sieboldi

dozen .. .. 5 0-60
Asparagus plu-

moRua nanus.

ner dnz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 O-IO 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0 36 0
Cacti various

ner trav of 15'a 4 0 —

— tray of 12's .. 5 0 —
Chryaanthemnm.

per doz, .. 8 0-12 0

Ferns, in thumbs

per 100,. .. 10 0 15 0

— per 100, in
small and

large 60's ., 14 0-24 0

— in 48's.perdoz. 6 0-70

— in 32's, per

doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts.

per doz, 48's.. 8 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's. perdoz.. 6 0-80

— larger, each.. 2 6-76
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

larger, per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana,

60's. perdoz.. 5 0-80

Cocoa Weddelli-

ana. 48*8. per

dnz .. .. IS 0-sn n

BO'b per doz 8 0-10 0
n,r,tr,„ n>- doz 1« (l-KO «
Erica gracilis .. 10 0-12 0
- thumb pots,

per dnz. .. 4 0-46

— hyemalic
thumbs

Latanla borbon-

ica, perdoz .. 12 0-30 0

Li Hum longi-
florum, per
doz 30 U 36 0

- lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

- — album .. 24 0 30 0
Marguerites, in

48's. per doz- 12 0 —
Pandanus Veitchii.

per doz, .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6 21 0
Roman Hyacinths

per box 24's. 8 0 10 0
Solanum, 48's per

doz 10 0-12-n

Spiraea, perdoz. 12 0-15 „

Re.\hrks —Trade remains very quiet in this depart-
ment. There are only a few flowering plants on offer.
Ferns are of only medium quality. The majority of the
salesmen's stands are empty.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes Globe,
per doz.

— J erusalem.
per bus.

Asparagus Paris

Green, perbun.
Beetroot, per bus.
Beana Guernsey,

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

spi'outing.per

bus, .
B-ussel Sprouts,

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally ..

— Red. per doz
Carrots, per bag 1
Caulitlowera. p*r

tally ..
Celeriac. ne»-doz.
Celery, perdoz
Cucumbers per

doz.
Endive per doz.
Oreens per bag
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun
Horseradish, per

doz.
Leeks, per doz. ..

-21 n

- 2 0
1-24 "

Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos, per

doz '0

Mushrooms. per lb- 1 0
Mustard and

Cress. perdoz.

punnets .. 10-
Onions. per bag 18 0-
apring. per

doz. bun. .. 6 0
Parsnips ner bus 2 6
Peas, per lb. ..2 0-
Potatos. new. per

lb .. .. 0 B-
Radishes. per

doz. bun. .. 1 fi-
Rhubarb. forced.

perdoz. .. 13-
Savoys- per tally
S»akale. per doz.

nunnets
.'Shallots, per lb.
Rninach perbus- ii ')
Swedes, per bag 4 0-
Tomatna Tene-

r i r f e. per

bundle .. 18 0-

Turnips, new, per

bag ,. .. 4 c.

Tops, per bag 4 0.
Watercress, per

doz .. .. 0 .s

12 0-

10 0
15 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

g.d.
Almonds, per

cwt 70 0

Apples—

— Cal i f ornian
N ew towns.

per case . . 12 0-
-English
Cooking, per
hu8 11 0-

— Vova Rcotian
barrels .. 20 0

— Oregon, per
case .. 14 0-

.■\p-icots.per box 5 0-
Bananas, hunch—

— Medium .. 1^ 0

— X-medium .. 16 0

— Extra .. IX 0

— Double X .. 20 n

— Red. ner ton £25 0
' Jamaica, per

ton .. .. £18
Chestnuts per
bag .. .. 20 0

Cranberries, per
case .. .. 10 0-

Dates, per doz.
boxes ., .. 7 0

7 fi

Grapes: Almeria-
per brl.

- Alicante

- GroR Colman.
ner lb

- Canon Hall.

- Muscats per
lb

Grape Frnit. per

case ..
KentCobs pcrlb.
Lemons, per case

Nuts. Brazils,
new. per cwt

- Coconuts per
100

Oranges, per case
Poachi'3. Iii-r box
Peara—

- Cal i f ornian

- Keiffer. per
barrel ..

Plums. Iicr box
Tangerines, per

box
Walnuts.

per cwt.

S,d,3,d,

IS n 25 0
13 2 0

14-30

5 6- 8 C

6 0-80

18 0-20 0
16-20
14 0-28 0

25 0-31 0
15 0-65 "
n 0-12 "

10-60
56 0-80 0

Rbm\Rks,— The market is well supplied with Apples,
and a consignment from Nova Scotia is due next week.
Pears from California are a good supply. Pineapples
are not so goo<l in quality as usual at this season.
Bananas are scarce .ind expensive. Teneriffe Tomotos
are very limited in number. Of Grapes there are
about siiflicient for the demand. Cape Fruits on offer
consist of .Apricots, Peaches and Plums. Nuts gene-
rally are dearer. The supplies of fo.'ced vegetables
are" limited, but all outdoor vegijfables are fairly
plentiful. E. H. R., Corriit Carden Marift, Janiinrn
:n ion.

Potatos.

Bedf^r.d- B.d.sd.

Ki-gEdwT-d,. 10 B 11 6
A'rn Chief .. 10 6-11 6

Lincoln
ArranChi"f .. 11 6-12 0

Lincoln.— C'l
Blackland
Evergool

I Ki-gEdw..

I Queen ..

.. 10 6 II 0

.. 10 6-11 1

.. 11 0 12 0

.. U 0-12 0

liE.\nHKS —Trade is fairlv good, and prices rema
firm. Arrivals are light, and the stock in London
small- P. J. Nrwhorn, Corent Oorden and St. Pancn
January 11. 1917.

THE WEATHER.

TtiE frequent record of niea2:ie sunshine and abundant
rain which has been a feature of the monthly weather
reports for 1916 holds good for the closing month of the
year. There were only six da\s entirely free from
rain or snow, oiving 25 days of " precipitation." Oil
ten of these 25 days the amount was less than 0,04
inch, leaving 15 " rain days "' in the sense in which
the term is used by the Meteorological Office, The total
fall was 4.26 inches, and the heaviest fall on one day
1.6 inch— on the 9th. There were 18 sunless days
iluring the month. The total recorded sunshine was
42.3 hours, being an average of 1,4 hour per day and
a percentage of 20 ; the 4th and 8th were the brightest
(la\s. with 5.4 hours each. The barometer, with a
mean of 29.553 inches, varied from 30.127 inches on
the 5th to 28.865 inches on the 21st. There was a rise
of temperature towards the end of the month, and on
ttie last day the highest maximum of 50° was regis-
tered, the lowest minimum, of 20°, being on the 20th.
On the 19th we had the lowest maximum, of 34°, and
on the 29th the highest minimum, of 43°. The mean
ma.\imuni was 41° and the mean minimum 31°. giving
a mean range of 10° and a mean temperature of 36°.
while the absolute range was 30°. On sixteen days
the temperature fell below the freezing-point, but never
remained continuouslv below that point on any one
.lav. For the month the mean minimum on the grass
\v,as 24°. the lowest being 10°. on the 20th. There were
25 da\s of ground frost. At 1 foot deep the
soil teinperature fell from 41° to 35°, rising again to
57° with the mild days at the end of the month. The
prevailing winds were westerlv. Janieif MaJIorh, Birec-
lor of Studies. St. .iiidrrus tmhliiui CoUeiic Gardens.
Kirkton of Main.':, nrar T)ander.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH GARDENERS'.

:ie 1917 session of the
Hath C.aid.-iurs' nelialini; Sficietv opened at the
Foresters' Mall on Monday, the 8th inst., with a lecture
on vegetable growing by Mr. E. R. Janes, horticultural
instructor at Reading University College. Mr. Janes
dealt with special points in connection with the
protluction of vegetables. He devoted considerable
attention to the growing of exhibition Onions, and
asserted that, properly grown, they would keep as well
as the smaller Onions". The usual" reason for them not
keeping was that they wore over-fed and kept on
the soil too long. As the Onion was almost the
de?pestro<>t«d yeg,^table, it was almost useless to water
the surface of the soil, and he recoiiimended sinking
6-inch pots all over the bed and pouring the water
onlv into them. Turning to Celery, he said it could
l>e "kept too soddened, with the result that it became
pithy and soft and decayed rapidly. If they would
plant some Celery in trenches and other shallow de-
I)iessions thev would be astounded with what they
grew in the "shallow holes. With regard to Peas, he
emphasised that this plant disliked rank manure in
any form, and recommended the use of soil well
manured the previous year, but advised a good dressing
of lime lieforc planting. Peas were sown much too
thickly, and in every ca.se he had obtained a heavier
crop from the Peas that were planted thinly. Runner
Beans, on the contrary, did well with plenty of manure,
but here again they wci-e often planted t«o closely
together. He advised placing the seed in a single ro\;
1 foot apart ; in producing exhibition Beans it was his
practice to plant at 2 feet apart. He considei-ed it a
great mistake to trim the foliage. Potatos were dealt
with at some length. A great deal of land in this coun-
try could be used for Potatos e.spt-cially if the Board
of' Agriculture had acted three months ago. Tt would
lie a heavy task now to break some of mv grass and
rough land Tn most eases the seed Potatos were
much too small. Two-ounce Potatos or smaller were
the usual size of seed in the south and west, but it
was to be feared that these small Potatos often came
from weak roots, and they were therefore propagating
(roni the unfit. He recommended J-oz. Potatos as
yued. or a 4-oz. Potato cut in two. Brussels .Sprouts
-hould be put on comparatively poor land made quite
nrm. Good ground for Broccoli was that from which
Strawlierries had been taken. Cabbage neeiled a lot
of gor>d manure and rich soil to secure ihc liost results,
Gonerallv, Mr. Janes advocated the use of lime as
remedying acidity in soil and so liberating plant food.
BLQIN DISTRICT HORTICULTURAL.— The annual
meeting of the Elgin District Horticultural Society
was held on Wednesday, the 27th ult. There was a
good attendance of memlKTs, the chair being taken
by the president, Mr. A. Smart. The
report showed a substantial ftna:
amount now standing to the ere
being £22 lis. UJd. The election .
took iilacc. Several names

littee's

tinual

pair
•T. L. Mann

-elect. ■. I ].M-hl.Tit, Mr.
■as re-elected secretary and treasurer. Cap-
Mackenzie reappointed auditor, and the
liors elected. It was resolved U> commence the
ly lectures in Man-li. The question of holding
ihow

jetary, secoiid'-l ^^
louslv agreed l" li'
se pfeviouslv luM,
, war funds.

Ml

the motii

Newton, it was

,' on the same lines
fpds to be handed

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Seeds.
fMBRANS. Altrinchani.

Fisher. Son. and Siinuv. Ltd., Ilandsworth, Sheflield.

W' DRtl.MMOND ANTl SONS, Stirling. ^ „ ,-,

Clark Brothers and Co.. 65. Scotch Street, Carlisle.
Brown and Wilson, 10, Market Place, Manchester,

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 13, 1917.

XWE FOOD T»ROB

The earliest crops will prove of the greatest value.

M

sow NOW.

PEAS.

Sutton's Pioneer. The largest podded Dwarf Pea . .
Sutton's World's Record. One of the earliest marrowfats

BROAD BEAN.

Sutton's Mammoth Longpod. The earliest Broad Bean

DWARF BEAN.

Sutton's Evergreen. A continuous cropping variety

BEET.

Sutton's Globe. \'ahial:ile for frame sowing

CARROT.

Sutton's Champion Scarlet Horn. VahiaUe for frame sowing

CAULIFLOWER.

Sutton's Magnum Bonum. Solid pure white heads

CUCUMBER.

Sutton's Every-day. An all-season's variety

LETTUCE.

Sutton's Commodore Nutt. A compact early variety ..
Sutton's Golden Ball. Excellent for frame culture . .

ONION.

Sutton's Selected Ailsa Craig. The heaviest cropper

TOMATO.

Sutton's Best of All. Big fi-op|ier and free setter

Catalogues Post Free.

SUTTON ik SONS, the kings seedsmen, READING

Per
Per

pint 2/-
pint 2/-

Per

pint

1/6

Pel

pint

1/9

Per

pkt.

1/-

Per

pkt.

1/-

Per

pkt.

1 ''

Per

pkt.

•2/

Per

Per

pkt.
pkt.

1/6
1/-

Per

pkt.

1/0

Per

pkt.

1/6

EADING.

(Continued from page li.)

YITANTED, GAKDEXER, for institution ;

good all-louiKl iii.in ; Lib.^t;lille^ ; ineligible. — Apply,
stating age, experience, mul wages required to SUPT.,
Turners Ooiirt, near WalHiigfoi-d, Berhs.

■WANTED, good GARDENER, ineligible

^ * for Armj-, as third man ; married preferred ; no
famdy.— Apply, stating age, &c., tti C. CU'lTER, The
(gardens, 19. Leigliam Cnurt Road, Streatham.

w

ANTED, lUMiiarried GARDENER, in-
eligible, during war; Vegetables, Vinery, &c,
; boy_ helps.— Particulars and wages required
dene. East Peckham, Kent.

Tl/'ANTED, immediately, for a gentleanan's

^ ' residence, a WORKING GARDENER, help given ;

must be ineligible for the Army or over military age ;

cottage found.— Apply, stating wages required, to MR.

MAURICE PRIDE, Estate Agent, Tetbun-, Gloucester,
shire.

TITANTED, GARDENER, during war;

«Tr,or:«„„oW „.,n -i,i„ „,„„ . j,5ip gi^en ; very pieitv
"" c/o W. H.

WT'ANTED, MARRIED COUPLE or

' ' FAMILY, m a month's time ; man good weuking
Gardener, with son (ineligible) as Under Gardener and
attend to chickens and pigs ; wife and daughter (if com-
petent) might be cook and house-parlourmaid ; cottage,
coals and vegetables free ; house-parlourmaid wouJd
sleep in house. — Apply, stating number in family, ages,
experience, and wages, with copies of testimonrials,
■■ Surrey," Bo.\ 16, 41, Wel'jngton Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

T ADY GARDENER, to take entire charge

-*-^ c.harmijig old-fashioned Garden ; boy to assist ; no
rr.ltage.— Apply, with particulars, wages, and past ex-
R. WOOD, Fhnt Collage, Box HUl, D,irking

xperienced, capLibli

p'aco, Devonshire. State terms.

SMITH & SOX, Kingsw.ay, Lond.

-Bo

14,

W.C.

TyANTED, GARDENER, ineligible;

assistance given. State age, wages asked, experi-
ence, and if married,— REV, A. PHILLIMORE, WiUeslev
Hall. Ashby de'-la-Zouch.

TITANTED, a good all-round WORKING

GARDENER ; must lia.ve thorough knowledge
of Fnut growing.— Apply, AGENT. Bisbrook Hall, Up-
liingham. Rutland.

/ ANTED, WORKING GARDENER ;

cottage, co.als and gas —Apply, W. ROBSOX, Hare-
, Kingston Vale, Putney,

WANTED, strong UNDER GARDENER

2i acres.-THWAITES, Clarence Lodge, Clarence
Olaph.am Park.

Yl/'ANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS;

some experience, cliieflv Inside.— Particulars and
wages expected, with bothy, to H. FOSTER, Umberslade,
Hockley Heath. Warwickshire.

WTANTED, LADY GARDENER, to grow

* ' Flowers for market ; Midlands : live with family.
—State experience and salary to L. S,, Box 13, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

^^ANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, for

Glaiss, in large Gartlens, to work under experi-
enced Head Gardener, and live in Bothy.— Apply, stating
experiences and wages required, to HEAD GARDENER,
Huntroyde, Padih.am, Lancashire.

T^ANTED, Two WOMEN GARDENERS,

with some experience ; Outside chiefly ; Bothy,
fire and light ; no attendance. — .^pply, stating wages, &c ,
r Hotel. Briumeniouth.

OARDEXER, Brank-

Towe

TIT'ANTED immediately, an UNDER-

' ' GARDENER.— Apply, .stating age. experience,
and wages required, with references, to CLAUDE
BARTON, Ingleborough Estate Office, Clapham, Lan-
caster.

;Ty;ANTED, a) strong, ajctive Young

Man (ineligible) as UNDER GARDENER ; no Gl.ass
or Bothy ; chiefly for Vegetable Gardens and Pleasme
Grounds ; wages 25s per week.— Apply, with full particu-
l.irs, references. &c., to MR. WILCOOK, Gardener to
Lt.Co!. Fife, The Gai-dens. .Udborough Ball Boro'
Bridge, York

Yl/'ANTED, Two WOMEN GAR-

DENERS (Under), for genera] work, chiefly Out-
side : some experience preferred. — -^pply, with particu-
lars, reference, wages expected, &c,, to MR. EDWARD
CADBURY. West.holme, Selly Oak, Biimimgham.

T^yANTED, good FOREMAN (Inside),

experienced in decorating : wages 30s. per week,
with good Bothv, milk and vegetables. — .\pply. with
full particulars, to H. PRINCE, Tlie Gai-dens, Polesdatt
Lacey. Dorking.

■yy^NTED, FOREMAN, for Inside and

Out ; married or single ; not under 30 yeaie of
age ; ineligible ; good Bothy or cottage ; roust be a tho-
roughlv experienced man —Apply, with references, stat-
ing wages requii-ed, to ESTATE OFFICE. Bedwell Park,
Hatfield, Herts.

\\/'ANTED, IXJREIMAN for Plant and

' ' Fruit Houses ; ineligible. — Full particulars,
stating wages requiied. with Bothy, milk and vege-
tables, overtime paid, W. KINGSWOOD, The Gardens,
Norman Court, Salisbury.

WANTED, FOREMAN, also a JOUR-
XEYM-AN, for a good Garden ; Bothy and good
wages to men with experience. — Apply, HEAD GAR-
DENER, Poles, Wai-e, Herts.

V\7"ANTED, a JOURNEYMAN for tfie

' ' Houses; good wages paid to experienc-ed man;
Bothy and vegetables; duty and oveitinie paid.— BASTIX.
Buscot, Faringdon. Berks.

(^RCHIDS.— Wanted, JOURNEYMEN or

^-^ good IMPROVERS for Orchid department; lodgings
found. — State what reference, experience if any, and
wages re<juired, to H. G. ALEXANDER, Westonbirt Gar-
dens. Tetbury, Glos.

Tl/'ANTED, MAN to assist in Orchid and

' ' other Houses; must be ineligible for the Army;
wages 35s. per week ; also Handy Labourer for Garden
work, wages 30s. per week.— E. ROGERS, The Gaoidens,
Bridge Hall, Bury. Lanes.

Tl/'ANTED, a good MAN (discharged

" ' soldier, ineligible or over military age), with good
knowleelge of geneivil outside work ; good w-ages and
Bothv; it married, cottage; able to take duty. — Apply,
H. FISHER. Rentchurcb Court. Hereford. "

VyANTED, IMPROVER (Inside) ; wages,

^ ' 18s. per week, good Bothy ; Is. war bonus ; Sunday
duty paid; half-day Saturday; must have some ex-
p.^rience.- Apply, J.'s. KELLY, CTaremont, E-her.

■WANTED, strong YOUTH, for Houses;
'' 18s.. Bothv, &c. ; Sundav dutv paid; Saturdav.
1 p.m.— H. PAGE. Stoke Place Gardens, Slough.

"WANTED, a YOUTH for the Houses;

wages 15s., Bothv arwl Veget,a,bles ; duty paid. —
BASTIN. Buscot, Faringdon, Berks.

ANTED, YOUTH, age 15, Inside the

es and Out.side; wages 16s. weekly, with
MORGAN, Wassand Hall Gardens, 'Hull.

w

Bothi

W'ANTED, Strong Y'OUTH, about 16

years, chiefly for Kitchen Garden ; take duty
alternate week; 15s.. Bothy and vegetables.— Apply,
J. ATKINSON, Attingham (iardens, near Shrewsbury.

"i;i7"ANTED, experienced COWiMAN ; assist

in Ganlen ; wages 24s. and good cottage— Apply,

.1. M. COLLETT, Wynstone Place, Brookthoi-pe, Glouces-

January 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, COWMAN ; experience with
Jersev cows and diir\- woTk ; good woges-^Apply,
with fuU particulars. MISS R. CRAWSHAY, Tlie New-
lands, Hitchin, Herts.

TRADE.

WANTED, for the South Coast, experi-
encKi WORKIXB FOREMAN or ASSISTANT MAN-
AGER, for Landscape and Jobbing Gardening De|i-.iit.
nient ; must be practical -Olid able to estimate. — Appl\ ,
with all paiticulars, to Z., '■ Gardeners' Ohronicle. 11.
Wellington Street. Corent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, FOREMAN GROWER, with
Inside and Out experience, for market g.owing ;
bouse and reqiusite help found ; ineUgihle ; good wages ;
witliin 20 milts London.— Address, with full particiilars.
B ■ 130, Mount Street, London. W.

VirANTED, FOREMAN GROWER, to

' ^ take charge of Greenhousefi ; experienced in
growing Tomat(>s, Cucumbers and Bedding Plants ;
good house found on place, and vegetables ; good wages
and war bonus.— MANAGER, Co-operative Farm, North
Hykeham, Lincoln.

MAN wanted for a small Nursery in
suburbs of London, to take entire charge of
Landscape and Jobbing Work. — MAHOOD & SON.
Putney Nurseries. Putney, S.W.

EXPERIENCED CHARGE HANDS
wanted for Palms, Ferns and Vines ; wages 30s.
per week and 6d. per hour overtime ; Sunday duty
extra.— THOMAS ROCHFORD & SONS, LTD., Turnford
Hall Nurseries, near Broxbourne, Herts.

WANTED, GROWER of Perpetual Car-
nations ; ineligible for .Army ; good wages to a
reliable man. Send copies of references and state wages
refiaired.- GEO. CL.AKKE, Carnat.on Nurseries, Heath
Road. Leighton Buzzard.

WANTED, GARDENER; well up in
Furnishing. Window-boxing. &c., also YOUNG
LADY, experienced, for Floral Work, Making up. &c. ;
good references.- Apply, M. & H. CHILTON, Florists.
t:c.. 29 and 31, Craven Road. Bayswater, W.

GARDENERS waiting for Situations
can obtain employment ; good wages. — JOHN
RUSSELL, Devonshire Nurseries, Haveratock Hill,
Hampst^^ad.

WANTED. MEN, ineligible, for Soft-
wooded stuff, Chrj'santhemums, Tomatos and
Cucumbers, &c.— G. BENNETT & SON. Hanwcll, W. __

WANTED, YOUNG MAN (ineligible), for
Rose department of mail order trade ; take lead
and execute own orders. State age, wages, and mark
envelopii ■ Private."— G. F. LETTS, Nurseryman, Had-
leigh, Suffolk.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOP ASSIS-
TA^fT ; ineligible; permanent situation; good
wages. Give refrrencea and salorv rerjmred. — FR.ANK
VATES, Seed Mercliant, 22, Pelhiun" Street. Nottingliiim.

"PLORIST Wanted; must be coniix-lent
-'- Maker-up ; one with knowledge of Fruit and Seeds
preferred.— Write, N., Box 1, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, FLORIST, Male or Female
(Working), to take charge of first-class Dublin
shop; must have sound busine.ia training; state salary,
ai(p, and if any knowledge of Nursery sales. — H. K.,
liiix 18. 41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, for large establishment in the
MidlMids. T^vo or Tbiw YOUTHS, atwut 16, for
Inside Work ; good wages an<l BotJiy to smart lads. —
Applv. in the Hrst plane, to JOHN PEED & SON. The

Kinu's Seclsiiien und Nurs.'rvnien. West Xorwowl.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1,6, and 6d fop each
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVATE,

rjJARDENER and BAILIFF in good estab-

^-^ lislmient ; 15 j-ears' excelJent reference ; life ex-
perience in all branches of F.arming and Gardening;
inarrie<l ; over military age ; diseiig.iged. — H. WOOD-
(;aTE. Ilighfl.^kl, Shoreh-im, Scvenoaks, Kent.

lyTR. EVERETT, age 46 years, Nursery-

■^ man, Watford, offers Jiis services to la<Iy or gentle-
man re<iuiring practical man to manage estate; experi-
ence giiined in well-known private Gardens, dncludiiig
7 years Head Gardener and Bailiff to J. F. Schwann,
Bs'l., Wimt*I<?<ir>n Common ; giving up business on account
of wife's <lenth.

QARDENER and STEWARD (Scotch)

^-" rofiuires a position of triiaf ; thoroughly cxi)cri-
eneed in all-round Gaixlening ; well up in extensive cul-
tivation and control of labour ; 9 vears present ; married ;
age 45; 3 children.— ' Apple," Box 15. 41, Wellington
.Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

ADVERTISER, age 50, seeks Permanent
Position of responsibilit V and national importance
as EST-ATE STEWARD, GARDENER-B.ULIFF, S;c. ; tho-
roughly e.vperienced in all branches of Gardening, Farm-
ing, and Estate Management ; capable ojganiser aad con-
trol of labour ; highest refei-ences ; disengaged end of
Januarv. — Please state fuU particulars of requirements
to -\.. Bo-s 16. 41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

AF. BASSET, Esq., of Tehidy, Cam-
• borne, Cornwall, is anxious to personally re-
commend as HE.\D GARDENER in a large and well-
kept establishment his present Head Gardener, F. J.
Clark, who is thoroughly experienced in all branches
of Horticulture, good manager of men. exemplary ot
conduct, and in every way dependable ; age 45 ;
widower, with one grown-up daughter. — Apply, F. J.
CLARK, as above.

GARDENER (Head) permanency, seeks
re-eng.igement in good establishment; life experi-
en.e tt.uiied m large Gaidcns ; 10 years in present sitn;!-
ti.jn "s Head; age 45; married (1 boy); thoroughly
leL-ommended.— BALDWIN. Clraflew Gardens, Boncath,
South Wales.

HEAD GARDENER seeks Re-engageinent
in good establishment ; flrst-dass cultivator of all
Fruits, Vegetables. Flowers, &c. ; used to growing large
■luantities for Pleasure and Preflt ; energetic, good or-
g.uijs^r ; would undertake management with depleted
staff.— -A. . 187, Holmsdale Road. Bromley. Kent.

GARDENER (Head), disengaged ; for 20
years Head Gardener at Norburj' Pork ; normal
st.iff 12 men ; through death of employer seeks re-engage-
ment ; awarded cups, medals, &c., at R.H.S. meetings for
Fruit, Vegetables, Plants, :md Flowers; highest refer-
eiu-e<. — GEO. KENT (age 50), 15, Pixham Lane. Dorking.

GAR.DENER (Head) ; life experience
gamed in good Gardens, including Eaton Hall,
Chester ; thoroughly practical all branches ; succejslul
cultivator ; able to take oversight small stock ; highest
references for ability and integrity.— TURNER, 3, Ken-
wood Ro:id. Highgate.

C "GARDENER (Head, where several are
^ kep;); life experience all brandies; 5 years head;
age 36 ; married (no familv) ; excellent reference ; dis-
charged from Army.— M. PECK, The Golf House, Berk-
hamsted, Herts.

GENTLEMAN luglily recommends his
GARDENER (HE.tD WoltKlNG). where several aic
kept, to any Lidy <.r gentleman requiring a thorough
practical man ; most succi-ssful cultivator of all Flowers,
including OrcJuds, Fruit, and Vegi'tahles ; 17 years as
Hea.1; age 45; one daughter a4 VKirs).— A. WINTER,
31. Dekkcr Road. Dulwich Village. S.E.

TTEAD WORKING GARDENER;

-*--■- thoroughly experienced in all branches of Gar-
dening, including Orchids; ineligible for Army; highly
recommended. — Apply to KEELING & SONS, West-
gite Hill, Bradford.

GARDENER (Head Working); experi-
enced in all branches. Inside and Out; age 46;
married (no Lunily) ; 13 years as Head.— P. HEATH, Hat-
field^

rjARDENER (Head Wqeking) ; life ex-

^-^ perience all branches ; Fruit (Inside and Out) a
speciaUty ; 7i years present situation ; leaving through
place being sold ; over military age; married (no family);
not afraid of work ; highest references. — MILAM, Lyu
wood. Grant Ro,ad, Crowihome, Borkv.

GJAKDENEK (Head Working, where
^ severiii arc Itept) ; expcrien<*od Inside and Out,

Kniit, Flowers, V*KetubIes ; age 36; married (no family);
retnrno<l fi-om Army C 2; excellent references. — F.
WICKS. 10. Kohinoor Avenue. Bushey. Herts.

(^AHDENEH (Head Woeking or good

^-^ SiNdLK-HANDKD. with help); life experience Ineide
an<l Out ; ajfe 44; marricMl ; abstainer. Stale wagej ; near
London pn-terrtHj.— GUHD, Rowington, Warwick.

r;;ARDENER (Head Working, or good

^-* SISGLP.-BANDED, with help) seeks pennanency ; prac-
tical life experience in all branches; married (age 40);
ineligible ; excellent references ; highly recommended.
— GARDBXKR, Dane House, Bishop's Stortford.

QARDENER (Single-Handed), per-

^-* nianent ; experienced ; married ; age 46 (1 boy, 15) ;
5 months present pla<-e ; 8 vears' previous ; disengage^l
this month.— READ. I.iwn Cottage. Colnbrook, Bucks.

/^lARDENER seeks Permanent Situation ;

^-^ experienced (Outaide chiefly), by strong, active
man ; m.arried ; over military oge ; flrst-clase references
p;ist and present employers.— COLE. Pant Gkis, Oswestry,
Salop.

rf^ARDENER (Working) requires per-

^-^ maiient situation ; accustomed to Vines, Flowers,
Vegetables, and Lawns ; 21 years' referenee ; leaving
through death; married; over militarv age.— W. CODD,
Claxby. Lincohi.

T> EQUIRED, Post, IVo WOMEN GAR-

-■-*' DKNERS OS Head and Under, or both Under; oer.
tiflcatcd ; 3 years trained ; Glass, Fruit, Vegetables.
&c. ; Kent or Sussex preferred ; furnished cottage. —
GILBERT, 19. Munstcr Road, W. Ilampstead.

T ADY GARDENER, 2 yeai-s' training,

•*^ desires post, under good Head, if possible; kindly
give full particulars when writing.— R., Box 27, 41,
Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

T ADY GARDENER (short training, wish-
■*-^ ing to gain experience), seeks post under Head
G.iiylener 'man), where several others are kept. — G. W.
HEATHCOT, HiUfleld Avenue. Hoineev, N.

T^WO LADIES, excellent experience,
-*- Inside and Out. Vines, Peaches. Tomatos, Cucum-
bers, and Intensive Vegetables. Plants, &c., require
situation at once under good Head. — R. A., Box 25,
41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C.

"POREMAN seeks Head Situation of 2 or 3 ;

^ life experience in good estiablishments ; age 30 ;
certified ineligible.-^.. Box 9, 41, Wellington Street,
Corent Gai-den, W.C.

IVTAN, 46, married, son 14, want situations,
■'■'-'■ Gaiden, Fruit, poultrv, &c. ; handy with tools.—
FR.AXK, 1, lloxton Road, 'Torquay.

TRADE.

OEED TRADE.^ADVERTISER is open

^^ for immediate engagement as MANAGER, wihere
kn-awledge of all classes ol Nursery stock as well as of
Farm and Gaivden seeds wmild be appreciated; indus-
trioos; good s;Uesnian ; free fi»m milit^iry duties; good
wages required. — Write. A. B., Box 19, 41, Wellington
Slj-eet. Covent Garden, W.C.

T^AKE Charge, small place; married; life
-*- experience Market and General Nursery Work,
Inside and Out; house preferred.— H., 32, Siddons Road,
Croydon, Surrey.

tpOREMAN (Working), age 54; life e.x-

■*■ perience ; Cucumbers, Tomatos, Vines. &c.— 3,
Elsden Rood, Bruce Grove, Tottenham, N.

T\rORKING FOREMAN desires situation ;

' ' thorouglily capable as propagator and grower of
all kinds oi Market Nursery stock, in all departments ;
tiualified to undertake responsible position; satisfactory
references ; goo<l wages required : over mildtiaTy age. —
Address, H. WILLIAMS, 4, St. Mary's Road, Garsbon,
Liverpool.

A DVEIVTISER, well up Tomatos, Cucuni-

■^*- bers. Grapes. Chrysanthemums. &c., seeks situa-
tion as FOREM.\N; age 42; please state wages— W.,
Box 14, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

OTOCKTAKING. — ADVERTISER,

^^ familiar with all stock, quick and reliable, is pae-
piu-ed to start work immediately.— Write. R. S., Box 20,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisement* intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ ■. d

Ordinary Poiitloni - per pag* 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Fag* ... „ „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter yagea, column aad half oolumn
spacBB, pro rata.

4 line apace not eiceedlng 20 worda

Per inch, aingle column

Per inch, acroaa 2 columna

Per Inch, acrosa 8 columna

d.

3 0

7 0

14 0

1 1 0

Front page (no diaplaj allowed) !/• per line space,
[Headline counted aa two lines.]

For dlscounta apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.
26 worda, la. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer

Theae AdvertitemcDts moit b< prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SCBSCRIPTIONS.

Thk XJhitkd Kinodom 1 S/- per annnm.

Abroad 17/6

and P. 0.8 to 'e made vauable to "Gardeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams : 1643 " Gardcuron, Rand, London.'
'Telephone : 1643 Gerrard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Januauy 13, 1917.

Books as Presents

There is nothing so helpful to a young gardener as
carefully selected books written by successful
cultivators in the various branches of gardening.

Annuals, Hardy and Half-Hardy. By Charles
H. Curtis. Contains 8 Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.
Apples and Pears. By George Bunvard, V.M.H.

With 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
Bulb Book, The. A Practical Work on Culti-
vation, Propagation, etc. By John
Weathers. Illustrated. 15s. 7d.
Bulbous Plants, Beautiful. By Jno. Weathers.

5s. 4d.
Bulbs and their Cultivation. By T. W. Sanders.

2s. lOd.
Bulbs, The Book of. By S. Arnott. Illustrated.

2s. 9d.
Carnation Culture, Commercial. Edited by J.
Harrison Dick. A collection of treatises by
the best modem cultivators. Dlustrated.
7s. 4d. ($1.50).
Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By Laurence
J. Cook. A Practical Manual with Details
of Cultivation. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth, Is. 9d.
Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook, Head
CJardener at Sandringham ; James Douglas,
V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod. Contains 8
Coloured Plates, reproduced from colour
photographs. Is. lOd.
Chemistry of the Garden. By D. R. Edwardes-
Ker. A course of practical work designed
for tihie use of Teachers and Students of
Gairdeninig. Is. 8d.
Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson. With
Chapters by Charles E. Shea and C. Hamian
Payne. Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
Chrysanthemums for Garden and Greenhouse.
Bv D. B. Crane. Edited by T. W. Sanders.
Illustrated. 2s. lOd.
Climbing Plants. By W. Watson, A.L.S. With
Introduction by W. Robinson, author of
"The English Flower Garden." 2s. lOd.
and 3s. lOd.
Daffodils. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob. Witih
Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. A full
tiieatise on their culture for private and
Exhibition purposes. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.
Dahlias and their Cultivation. By J. B. Wroe.

Is. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 8d.
Dahlias. By George Gordon, late President of
tlie National Daihlia Society. Contains 8
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
English Flower Garden, The. An Illustrated
Dictionary of the Plants Used, and
Directions for their Culture and Arrange-
ment. By W. Robinson. With numerous
Illustrations. ISs. 7d.
Ferns, The Book of British. By C. T. Druery.
Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Ferns, Choice, tor Amateurs. For the Garden,

Conservatory, and Stove. Illustrated. With
full directions for their Cultivation, and
Formation of Ferneries, Rockeries, etc. By
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Printed 'o^ ^^ ^^[derers' ChrOTicle Limited by Love and Malcomsoj,. Ltd.. Dane Street High Holhorn, Lnnrion, W.C. and Published weekly bv the Gardeners'
Ohronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden. Oity of Westminster, Saturday, January 13, 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Heywood.

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PoIm Sunday.

Sun sets Gh. 32m.

Sun rises 5h. 35m.

B.ij.A. Executive Coun. meets.

Manchester and N. of England Orchid Soc.

Good Friday.

Full moon Ih. 49m. .ft.

Easter Sunday.

B.G.A. Conference at Birmingham.

Easter liiesday.

Hoy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

Sun rises 5h. I3m.

Moon ; Last quarter 8h. 12m. aft.

Loio Sunday.

High water at London Bridge 8h. 22n).

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Daffodil Sliow (2 days).

Manchester and N. of England Orchid Soc.

Sun sets 7h. 2m.

New moon ; 2h. Im. aft.

2nd Sunday after Easter.

St. Georye^s Day.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Nal

Auricula .tnd Primula Soc.'s (.Southern Section)

!-how with R.H.S.
H.R.H. PrinoMs Mary b. 1897.
Gdidland Daffodil Soc.'s Show, Birmingham

Bot. OUns. (2 days).

Sun sets 7h. 15m.

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Chesterfield Hort. Soc.'s Show. B.G.A.

Executive Coun. meets.
Blenheim, 1704.
Full moon: 6h. llm morn.
Britain declared war on Germany. 1914.
91)i Sunday after Triiiitif.
Bank Holiday.
Sun rises 4b. 33m.
Sun sets 7h. 36m.
Muon ; Last quarter 7h. 56m. a(t.
Hi'h water at London Bridge 6h, 45m.

morn. ; 7h. Im. att.
Hall Quarter Day.
Will Siindoy a/(er Trinify.
Bath Gardeners' Soc. meets.
Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.
Sun rises ih. 45m.
Sun sets 7h. 20m.
New moon; 6h. 21m. aft.
H. A. Tracy d. 1910.
11th .Sunday ajter Trinity.
Alexander Dean d. 1912.
Sun rises 4h. 55m.
Sun sets 7h. 8m.
Roy. Botanic Soc. meets.
High water at London Bridge oh. 20m.
Moon : ^u^st quaiter 7h. 8m. aft.
I'tli Sunday after Trinity.
Sir Rowland Hill d. 1879.
Roy Hort.Soc.'s Coms. meet. Nat. Gladiolus

Soc. 'a Show with R.H.S. (pioviair.ijaO.
Sun rises 6h. 8m.
Sun sets 6h. 61m.

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Queen Alexandra b. 1844.

Advent Sttnday. — - - --

Sun rises 7b. 47m.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets.

Moon : Last quarter 2h. Um. aft.

.Sun rises 7h. 52m.

Sun sets 3h. 50m.

Snd Sunday in Aduent.

Sir Joseph Hooker d. 1911.

Hon. John Boscawen d. 1915.
Prince Albert b. 1895.
New moon; 9h. 17m. morn.

3rd Sunday in Advent.

Oxford Michaelmas term ends.

.Sun sets 3h. 50ra.

Hi"h water at London Bridge 4h. 51ni

morn. ; Sh. Sim. all.
Philip Crowley d. 1900.
Moon : First quarter 6h, 7m. morn.
Sir Trevor Lawrence d. 1918.
4th Sunday in Aduent.
F. W. Burbidge d. 1905.
Cliristmos Bay.
Boxing Day.
Roy. Botanic Soc. meet.
Full moon 9h. 62m. morn.
Sun rises 8b. Sni.
Isl Sunday after Christmas.
Sir Charles Strickland i". 1909.

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Ember Day.

2nd Sunday in Lent.

Roy. Hort, Soc.'s Bulb Show t2 days).
B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets.
Full Moon 9h, 68m. aft.
Sun rises 6h. 31m,
Sun sets 5h. 63m.
3rd -Sunday in Lent.
Bath Gardeners' Soc. meet.
Royal Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

Manchester and N. of Engbind Orchid

Soc.'a meet.
Moon : Last quarter. Oh. 33m. aft.
Huddersfield Chrys. Soc.'a meet.
4th Sunday in Lent.
David Livingstone b. 1813.

San rises 6h. 4m.

SuD sets db. 13m.

New moon 4b. 5m. morn.

High water at London Bridge 2h. 18ra.

Passion Suwlay

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.
Duke of Albany d. 1884.

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.f Hi Sunday after Trinity.
Union with Ireland, 1800.

B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets. Full moon ;

9h. 41in. aft.
High water Mt London Bridge Ih. 45m. morn ;

2h. im. aft.
Nat. Rose Soc. Met.Ex.in Roy. Bot. Gardens,

Oxford Tiinity Term ends.
5th Sunday after Trinity.
.'Hidaummer Fire Insurances cease.

3 fUthampton Royal Hort. Soc.'s Fl. Show.

H.R.H. Prince John b. 1905'.

Sun rises 3b. 59m.

Sun sets 8h. Um.

eili Sunday after Trinity.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

High water at London Bridge Ih. t9m. morn. :

Ihr. «. lift.
New moon ; 3b. Om, morn.
Nat. Sweet Pea Soc. Ex. at Manchester (2

ilays. provisional). Birmingham Hort. Soc.'aShow

in Haudsworth Paill 1,2 days).

7lii Sunday after Trinity.
Sun rises 4h. llm.
Sun set-i 7h. SOui.
St. Jainrs.

Boyal Botanic Sec. meets.
Midland Carnation anil Picotee Soc. s Show
at Birmingham Bot. Odns. (2 daya). Mooii :

Austria-Hungary declared war on Servia, '14
Sth Sunday after Tr'mily.
Sun sets 7h. 61m.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet, and Show of
Dry Bullia

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iiiirh water at London Bridge 3h. 21m.

morn.; ah. llm. alt.
Sun rises 6h. 57m.
.'2nd Sunday a/(cr Trinity,
lokerman, 1864.
Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Moon ; Last

iiuartec 6h. 4m. aft.
B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets.
Nat. Chry. Soc.'s Exhibition (3 days).
Glouc. Root, Fruit and Grain Soc.'s Show.

SSrd Sunday after Trinity.
Dr. M. C. Cooke d. 1914.

New moon 6h. 2Bm. aft.
Sun rises 7h. 18m.
Sun sets 4h. 9m.

SMI' Sunday after Iriuity

High water at London Bridge 4h. 14n'.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

Moon : First quarter lOh. 29m. aft.

Roy. Botanic Soc. meet.

Sun rises 7h. 32m.

Sun sets 3b. 69m.

litli Sunday a/tcr Trinity.

James Douglas d. 1911.
Full moon 6h. 41m aft.
Sun rises rises 7h. 41m.
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Manchester and N. of England Orchid Soc,

Candleinait.

High water at London Bridge, lib. 32m.

Septuagcsima.

Sun rises 7b. 36m.

Sun. sets 4h. 55m.

Brit. Gard. Assn. Ex. Coun. meets. Full

MoQu; ah. 2Sm. morn.
Lewisbam Horticultural Soc.'s meet.
Roy. Gardeners' Orphan Fund Annual meet.

.1.1(1 Election of CuKll.latea at Simpson-^

Sexagesima,

Bath Gardeners' Soc. meet.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Annual

meeting of Fellows at S.'p.ni.
St. Valentine,
Manchester Orchid Soc. meet. Moon: Last

quarter. Ih, 53m, morn.

Quinquagesima.

Sun rises 7h. 10m.

Shrove Tuesday.

New moon : 6h. 9m. aft.

George Washington b. 1732.

St. Matthias,

1st Sunday in Lent,

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General Buller d. 1908.
Trinity Sunday. [oh. B9m. aft
High water at London Bridge Oh. 31m. morn ;
Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Masters

Memorial Lecture at 3 p.m. Full moon Ih.

7m. alt.
B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets.
Sun rises 3h. 47m.
Sun sets 8b. llm.
Vice-Admiral Sturdee b. 1859.
1st Sunday after Ti'iiiity.
St. Tiarnabas.
Moon : Last quarter 6b. 39m. morn.

Geori^e Gordon d. 1914.

Sun rises 3h. 44m.

Sun sets 8h. 16m.

Snd Sunday after Trinity.

W.iterloo, 1815.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Masters

Memorial Lecture at 8 p.m. Now u.oon Ih.

2m. aft.
Sun sets 8h. 18m.

Longest Day. [31,. na,. afi.
High water at London Bridge 3h. 35m. morn ;
H.R.H. Prince of -Wales b. 1894.
3rd Sunday after Trinity.
Sun rises 3h. 45m.
Sun sets 8b. 19m.
Croydon Flower Show. Moon ; First

quarter 4h. 8m. aft.
Boy. Botanic Soc. meet.
St. Peter.
Windsor, Eton and Dist. Rose Soc.'s Show.

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Pheasant shooting begins.

Roy, Hort. Soc.'s Fruit Show (2 days).

B.G.A. Executive Com. meet.

Sun rises 6h. 7m.
Sun sets 5b. 27m.

ISth Sunday after Trinity. Moon: Last
quarter lOli. llm. u-ft.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Corns, meet.
Sun sets 5h. 18m.

Old Michaelmis Day.

Bun rises 6b, 21m.

19th Sttiiduy after Trinity.

High water at London Bridge Ih. 26m.

New moon 3h. llm. morn.

St. Luke.

Sun rises 6b. 3im.
Sun sets 4h. 57m.
20th Sunday after Trinity.
Sunsets 4b. 52m.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet. Moon : First
quarter 2h. 38m. aft.

Roy. Botanic Soc. meet

High water at London Bridge »b. 44m.

Metz captured 1870,

21st Sunday after Trinity.

Sun rises (Jh. 48m.

Full moon 6b. I'.lm. muin.

AU //allows' Eve.

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GardnuTx' Chrouicle first issued, 1841.
B G.A. Esiicutive Council meet.s.
Manclie^t-fi and N. of Engl-iud Orchid Soc.

Sank Dividends due.

Epiphany.

1st Sunday oHer Epiphany.

Full moon 7h 42m. morn.

6an sets 4h. 10m.
Lewisuam Hort. Soc. meets.

St. Hilary.

2nd Sunday after Epipiuiny.

Naf. Dahlia Soc.'s Ann, meet., at Hotel

Windsoi. at 4 p-m.
Rov Hort. Soc.'s Coma. meet., at London

Scottish Drill Hiill. BiickiiiirlKii.i Gate. West-
Roy. Meteorological Soc.'s Anu. meet.
Manchester and N. of England Orchid Soc.

Huddersfield Chrys. Soc. meet .
3rd Sunday after BpipJiouy.

Gardeners' Royal Ben. Inst. Annual meet,
and Election of Pensioners at Simpson a
Restaurant, Strand. New moon Th. 10m. morn

San rises 7h. 52m.

General Gordon killed, 1885,

Nat. Auricula Soc, (Northern Sect.) Annual

4th Sunday after Epiphany.

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High water at London Bridge 9h. 20m. morn ;

B.G.A. Executive Coun. meets. I9h. «m. alt.

Sun rises 4h. 32m.

Sun sets 7h. 25m.

E. T. Cook A. 1915.

41)1 Sunday after Easter.

Full moon: 2b. 43m. morn.

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Coms. meet.

Half Quarter Day

Manchester and N. of Eng. Orchid Soc

Sun rises 4h. ISm. l'"'"' "'""'■

Sun sets 7b. 37m.

Aogatioii Sunday.

Moon : Last quarter lb. 4Sm. morn.

Scotch Quarter Day .

Ascension Day.

High water at London Bridge llh. 46m- morn,

St. Dmst,in

Sunday after Ascension.

Sun rises 4h. 3m.

New moon : Ob^ 47m. morn.

Thomas Hood b. 1799.

Roy. Botanic Soc. meets.

Easter Law Sittings end.

Queen Mary b. 1867.

Wiit Sunday.

Whit Monday. Moon : First quarter llh.

Whit Tuesday.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters d. 1907.

Higb water at London Bridge 9h. 23m. morn;

E-
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Full moon Oh. 29m. aft.

i3tJi Sunday after Trinity.

Sun rises 5h. 16m.

Sun sets 6h. 40m.

B.G.A. Executive Com. meet.

Copenhagen 1807.

Jloon : Last quarter 7h. 5m. morn.

14th Sunday after Trinity.

High water at London Bridge 8b. Itior,

Roy. Hort. Soc. Coms. meet. Nat. Dahlia

Thomas Milne d. 1910.

Edward Mawley d. 1916.

15th Sunday after Trinity. New moon

.Sun rises 5h. 38m.
'Sun seta 6b, 8m.

Ember Day.

Alma, 1854.

John Garrett d. ItllO.

16th Sunday after Trinity.
Moon: First quarter 5b. 41m. mom.
u Roy, Hort. Soc. Coms. meet. (Specta
V«gt)tableSbonr).
Higb water at London ^idge 8b. 33n]

h Royal Botanic Soc. meet.

r.-M, Sir John B'rench b. lS5li.

Michaeluias Day.

27th Sunday after Trinity. ^M moou 81i

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Collet

ESTABLISHED 1S41

N9 3969

No. 1569. Vol. LXI. C^:^)

SATURDAY, JANUARY 20, 19 1:

■! Registered as a Newspaper.-^ rRICt •SU

[ ( Post-FBI

SVBSCSIPTION-Inland, 1SI-, For.ign, »7/« [22fr. »Oc.l 1$4 200 p.r an«um. Entered at iN.-r York Post Office
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Fop contents see page 21.

Notice to advertisers.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
Uxements received after 5 p.m on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

w

A GARDEN REMINDER!

To obtain the Finest Crops it is ees«ntial

to sow the Finest Seeds.

EBBS' HIGH-CLASS VEGETABLES.

r*lebrated for quality and productiveness.
Awlrdtd the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY'S and ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY'S GOLD MEDALS (Highest Honours)
in 1916 Fo. the finest strains of Veget.aWo
and Flower Seeds, Potatos, Lawn Seeds, ler-
tiulerV, etc , see WEBB'S GARDEN CATA-
LOGUE for 1917, post free on request.
WEBB & SONS. LTD..
The King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge.

ATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New Illus-
trated Catalogue of Ohoice Vegctaible and Flower
Se«U, with fall cultural "o'<^».jL'.ow ^J' "^^ ^jj'
be sent post free on apphcJition -<Dept. A), R. H. BAIH,
LTD., The Floral Farms, Wiabech.

PEKDS' SEEDS.

>EEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

You want exception;.! results from your garden
this year. Write for our 1917 Seed List. We
can give you the record crops you want.

rOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

' men and Nurserymen,

WEST NORWOOD.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickon's Improved Mushroom Spawn.-Pnoed circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
hnu.ses and Nurseries, Chester.

T^I^CTON^S^EDs'aND FRUIT TREES.

-Li —New Oatalogues of the above now issued gratds
Grand New Early Pea, Laxton's Superb, &o.. Fruit
Trees A fine stocli to offer— may still be safely plariled.
Pamphlet on Oultivation on receipt of etiunped en-
velope.—LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserj'men, Bedford.

ANDER AND SONS,

Orchid Orowers, St. AlbMis.

s

C GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
' •• Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint, 15s.
per gaU. " Plastine " supersedes putty, IBs. per owl.—
KuU particulars from W. CARSON & SONS, Grove
Works, Battersea. Agents throughout the country.

IDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-

LOGUE OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS wUI be sent,
no.;t free to any address on receipt of postcard. Write
at once for a copy. It mov help you to save 50 per cent,
on your seed bill this season.- FIDLER & SONS, Royal
Berksliire Seed Stores. Reading.

ATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists free.-
JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries.
Twyford, Berks.

SECURE YOUR SUPPLIES OF THE FOLLOWING

BEFORE STOCKS ARE EXHAUSTED.

ORDER AT ONOE.

SUTTON'S EARLY GIANT PEA.
a popular first earlv variety, per pint Is. 9d.
SL:TT0N'S EXHIBITION LONGPOD BROAD BEAN,
Pods of extraordinary length, per pint Is. 6d.
SU'lTON'S MASTERPIECE DWARF BE.\N.
A fine stringless variety, per pint 2s. 6d.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

WELLS' Catalogue of Chrysanthemums
and Perpetual Carnations now ready, post free
on application.— W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, Surrey.

OBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,

EDINBURGH, will send a copy o( their 1917 Cata-
logue and Guide to Gardening, 160 pnges, nearly 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

BARR'S SEED GUIDE, now ready, free.
Vegetable and Flower Seeds of finest Selected
Strains and Tested Growth at moderate prices.
BARR & SONS, King Street, Covent Garden, London.

JAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
servatories, Greenhouses, Ac, and Heating Engi-
neer. Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western.

JOHN McKERCHAR has posted his Illus-
trated Seed Catalogue for 191Y to all customers.
Another copy will bo forwarded to any who have not
received their copy.— 35, Giesbach Road, Upper Hollo-
way, London, N.

1 fH\ t\f\(\ LARGE GARDEN FEKNS,
1-VH/»V/IJV 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues iK-e.—3. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

Onn CAMELLIAS in variety, 2^ to 3ft.,
/^\J\J bushy and buddy, 10s. each; 250 large
Dracaena indivisa, 4ft., 5s. each. — SMITH, Fernery,
Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

BEIiBERIS DARWINII and STENO-
I'HVLLA <new Daisy Hill hybrids).- A complete
collection of these, including many dwarf and compact
gixnvers, suitable for the Rock Garden, will be found
in my Tree and Shrub Catalogue. Free on application.—
T. SMITH, Daisy Hill Nursery, Newry.

ORCHIS FOLIOS A, " The Madeira
Orchid."— The finest form of this beautiful Orchid,
grows 18-20 inches high, with 6-8 inch solid spikes of rosy-
purple flowers. Strong roots, 23. 6d. each, 27s. 6d. per
dozen.— T. SMITH, Daisy HiU Nursery, Newry.

For Advertisement Charges see page iii.
WfM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-iiouses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

GOVERNMENT LAND SCHEME.
Kehvay's grow Vegetable Seeds of all kinds on
the largest possible scale, which are, however, only
supplied to seedsmen ; we shall be glad to recommend
seedsmen to any private person or organisation re-
quiring the finest selections under the above scheme.
Land and labour are too valuable at present to waste
on inferior stocks. Enquiries will receive prompt atten-
tion.

KELWAY & SON,
Wholes.ale Seed Growers, Langport.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant
Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery. —
For lists, with full particulars, apply GUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

WATERER' S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—Wc cordially invite you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries. Bagshot, Surrey.

(""ISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
^ century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Thrip, American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, &0.
Sold in boxes, about lib., 31b., and 121b., by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W.

FRUIT TREES, true to name, my speoi-
alitv.— Trained trees, in well-grown, extra-sized
SDccimens with fibrous roots: Cordon Pears, Grape
Vines Orange Trees. Fig Trees, in pots, for fruiting.
0.^talJ>gue8.— WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

OCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25 63 6d. ; 60, I2s. 6d. ; 100, 253. All diflerent, named,
strong stock.- G. R. PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barn-
ham, Bognor.

90 CiCifi GOOSEBERRY and CUR-

'*" »""" R.\NT TREES, 2 and 3 years, Whinham
Industry, Crown Bob, Early Kent,. Berry Early, May
Duke, As. do7,en, 159. 100; Fay's Prolific Red Currant, 3s.
dozen, 10s. 100; Boskoop Giant Black Currant, 3s.
dozen, IDs. 100; Apple Trees. Plums, and Pears, 12s.
dozen. List free. — W. UORNE & SONS, OUffe, near
Rochester, Kent.

ENGLISH YEWS.-^The cleanest and
healthiest lot in "England; every plant a perfect
specimen and splendidly rooted ; 2ft. to 2ift., 60s.
per 100; 2ift. to 3ft., 90s. per 100; 3ft. to 31ft.,
120s. per 100; 3ift. to 1ft., 150s, per 100; 4ft. to lift.,
24a. per doz. ; 5ft., 3Ds. per doz.— HINTON BROS., LTD.,
The Warwick Nurseries, Warwick.

FOR SALE, 12 pols Eucharis Amazonica,
good flowering; 18 pots Pancratium fragrans ;
18 pots Anthurium, various ; 24 pots Maidenhair, and
Nephiolepis Ferns ; few pots various Stove Plants and
few Palms ; 8 pota tall Standard Heliotropes, 4 feet
high ; various Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, Reason-
able offer accepted ; in.spection any time. — 01d_ Mill
House, Cowley, Uxbridge,

ORCHID PEAT, 5s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Peat, 10s, 5d. per yard in tirucks ; in
bags 28. each, 248. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Samd ;
4-ton lots for 458. ; O.N. Fibre, I89. dozen bags ; list
free.- J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middleseoc.

ENUINE OLD YORK STONE

PAVING for Rose Walks, Terraces, Lily Ponds,
&c. ; rectangular or crazy ; delivered in large or small
(luantities.— H. BROOK, Quarry Owner, 40, Valley Road,

Streatha

S.W,

TBE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 20, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

WEDNESDAY NEXT.

OonsigTiments of thou-sanids of Spring Flowering and
other BulbB, Choice Hardy Herbaoeous Plants, Rock
Plants, Rhododendrons, Border Oamatdonfl, Fruit
Trees, Roses, &c. , &o.

ESSK.S. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

will sell the above by auction lat their Central Sale
>ms, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London. E.G.,

On Wednesday, January 24th, at 12 o'eloek.

On view morning' of sale and catalogues had.

M

SPECIAL TRADE SALE.

Wednesday next, at 2 o'clock.
Large quantities of Narcissus of sorts, late-flowering
Tulips, early-flowering Gladioli, and other spring-
flowering Bulbs, followed at 3 o'clock by

Several hundred eases of Japanese Lilies,

Lilium Longjflorum Giganteum, Lilium Speci<:»sui
Album, Lilium Speciosum Rubrum, Lilium Speciosui
Rubrum Magnificum, Lilium Henryil, Lilium Tigrinui
11. plenum, L. auratum and L. auratum rubro vittatun
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

To be sold by Public Auction by Order and for Ac-
count of the Marshal of the Admiralty by

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
at their Central Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheap-
.side, London, E.G.,

On Wednesday, January 24-th, 1917, at 3 o'clock,

250 CASES LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY,

ex s.s. " Ada."
Samples seen are in splendid condition. The goods
will be sold subject to Government restrictions as to
export. Catalogues and further particulars on appli-
cation to the Auctioneers as above.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Oeffltral Sale Rooms,
67 and 68. Oli&ipside, London. E.O., on Thursday.
January 25th and every succeeding Thursday at 1
o'clock, consignments of well-grown ROSES, especially
lotted to suit all buyers.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

FRIDAY NEXT.

Established Orchids for cool, intermediate and hot
houses, comprising a selection of Cypripediiims, also
choice Hybrid Laelias and Laelia-Cattleyas from the
collection of Mrs. John Hollond. of Wonham, Bampton,
Devon, and other sources, also Orchids in flower and
bud.

IVTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-^'X ^ij[ ggji ^]jp above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London. E.G.,

On Friday, January 26th, at 1 o'clock.
Oq view morning of sale and catalogues had.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

IV'URSERY TO LET; commanding posi-

■^ ^ tion ; five minutes from rail and trams; 330ft.
Glass ; li acres land, house, &o. — MILES, Roy.al Hotel,
Sheemess.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

T ONDON, N. -- Market Nursery, near
-■-^ Station, to be Let; 11 Greenhouses; to'tal length
710 feet ; all well heated ; rent £62 ; no etock ; imme-
diate possession. — Particulars of PROTHEROE &
MORRIS, 67, Cheapside, E.G.

IVURSERY FOR SALE; leasehold; low

^ ^ rental ; 8 acree, southern aspect, 3 large Glass-
liouses and Bungalow.— Write. R.. Box 241, o/o 97,
Gresham Street, E.G.

^"iFFERS wanted for Jobbing oonneotion ;
^^ small nursery ; stock and tools ; low price ; owner
having to join up.— BEARMAN, 64, Perry Hil, Oatford.

NOTICE.

PURSUANT to a Judgment of the Ohan-

■- eery Division of the High Court of Justice made
i I the Matter of the Estate of William Henry Fretting-
nam deceased and in an Action of Parr against Fret-
tingham 1916 F. 1073. the Creditors of William Henry
Frettingham late of Beeston. Nottingham, Nursery Gar-
dener who died on the 1st day of March 1915 are on
or before the 23rd day of February 1917 to send bv
post prepaid to Mr. George Parr of Bank Chambers.
Beastmarket Hill, Nottingham Solicitor a member of
the firm of Messrs. Parr and Butlin of the same place
Solicitors for the Plaintiffs their Christian and Sur-
names addresses and descriptions the full particulars
of their claims a statement of their accounts and the
nature of the securities (if any) held by them or in
default thereof they will be peremptoVily excluded
from the Ix'nefit of the said Judgment.

Every Creditor holding any security is to produce
the same before Mr- Justice Younger at his Chambers
Room No. 315 Royal Courts of Justice. Strand Ijondon
on Wednesday the 7th day of March 1917 at 12.30
o'clock in the afternoon being the time appointed for
arliudicating on the claims.

n.ated this 15th day of January, 1917.

FlELn, ROSCOE AND CO.,

36, Lincoln's Inn Fields,

London, W.C.
Agents for Parr and Bullin, Nottingham,
Solicitors tor the Plaintiffs.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

TITANTED, 1,000 Large ASP.TDISTRAS,

^ ' old plants suitable for stock; cash or exchan2:e.
See other advertisements; catalogues free.— SMITH,
London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction, London.
S.W.

PLANTS, &o., FOR SALE,

F

ERNS ! FERNS ! '—Tree Ferns. Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free.— J. E.
don Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction,

Ferns,
SMITH,
London, S.W,

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Linos 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations arc recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
origiruds. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to tht
Sender.

PRIVA TE.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
A PPLICATIONS are invited for Uie posi-
-'-*- tion of additional INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICUL-
TURE. Salary, £150 a year.— Applications will be re-
ceived up to January 24. 1917, and should be addressed
to THE SECRETARY, The University, Leeds, from
whom further particulars may be obtained.

("^ARDENER Wanted (Head); good aU-

^-^ round man, not afraid of work, trustworthy and
obliging; 4 to 6 kept; good wages and cottage; Herts.
—Write, stating age, wages, and full particulars of
last 10 years' ser\'ice, S. L.. o/o J. W. Vickers & Co.,
Ltd., 5, Nicholas Lane, E.G.

^y^ANTED, HEAD GARDENER, for

country gentleman's seat ; good references essen-
tial.—State experience, age, if single or married, and
family, and wages (good cottage found), by letter to
" GARDEN," c/o Goulds, 54. New Oxford Street, W.C.

"VITANTED, thoroughly experienced, active,
energetic HEAD GARDENER, capable of keep-
ing up a good supply of Fruit. Flowers and Vegetables
(Chrysanthemums and Camations a speciality) ; able
to take entire charge of small electric light ' installa
tion ; good wages to a suitable man.— For further par-
ticulars write to D. E.. Box 20, 41, Wellington Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

TIT'ANTED, HEAD GARDENER of 2, for

' ' duration of the war.— MISS CLARKE. 4, West
Side, Wimbledon Common.

l^ANTED (end of January), WORKING

' ^ HEAD GARDENER, thoroughly experienced in
all branches. Inside and Out.— Apply, THOS. E. LEWIS-
BOWEN, Clynflew, Boncath, Pembrokeshire.

TITANTED, for Chesliire, from the middle

of February, good all-round WORKING HEAD
GARDENER ; must be a married man and over mili-
tary age; good cottage and coal supplied.— Reply, stat-
ing wages, to BOULT, SON & MAPLES, 5, Cook Street.
Liverpool.

"Y^ANTED, experienced HEAD WORK-

'.' ING GARDENER for permanent position, start-
ing early February ; preference to one with son or
wife able to act as Second, also look after Poultry and
Pigs.— Write experience, age, family, wages, with copies
of testimonials (house, coals and vegetables free),
PRESCOTT, Highlands, Woldingham.

W/'ANTED, for Kent, early February, good

' » all-round WORKING HEAD GARDENER (in-
eligible) ; usually 2 and boy kept ; cottage supplied ;
knowledge of Poultry required.— Write, stating experi-
ence, age, and wages, to A. E. N., 6, Egerton Terrace.

WANTED, a S^AN to take charge of

Vineries and Peaoh-houses ; wages 25s. per week

and Bothy. — Apply, O. ALLEN, Estate Office, Worth
Park, Crawley. Sussex.

■l^TANTED, good all-round SINGLE-

HANDED GARDENER; ineligjble ; used to gemUe-
man s place ; 30s. and rooms.— Leiters, WILLEY, 16, Ux-
bridge Road, Baling.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed), for Manchester district; good all-round
man, competent to take charge of Orchid collection •
state full particulars ol experience and wages required.
-W. Z., Box 15, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

'' DENER (ineligible) for small Garden, with prac-
tical experience Inside and Out, and willing to make
himself useful ; good wages given.— Apply by letter or
in person MRS K., " Middleheath," West Heath R^ad,

TyANTED, competent SINGLE HANDED

»▼ GARDENER (unmarried); one with a little
c'n<;Trn^'^,r ,, '''"^"'^""'y Preferred. - MRS. HYLTON-
HJSTER, Foxbury, Box Hill, West Dorking.

RANTED, good JINGLE-HANDED

i„ lu .f^ARDENER; regular help given; experienced
V,J^ V '""f ' particularly Orchids, Chrysanthemums,
and Carnations; cottage, coal, &c. ; ineligible.— Write
particulars, sUting wages required, experience, and
copies of reference to S. SAMPSON, Prospect House,
near Alfreton, Derbyshire. "uuoc

TyANTED, for London suburb, a good all-

round SINGLE-HANDED GARDENEM ; Vines
^■c. ; wages 35s. to 40s. weekly.— Write S Bov 17
41. Wellingkin Street, Covent Garden, W.C. '

W^r,^T,F' SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

,„ ,f'?'^^ • permanency ; Flower and Kitchen Gar-
?n";,^,'J^' '■"" '«'<' Orchard; no Glass; small cottagie
in garden, a man at present Second might be suitable
f he thoroughly understands Fruit Tree Prunins and
JegeUble ^ultivation.-AppIy, CHARLES NOAKES

RANTED, GARDENER (Single-

'» HAOTiED); i acre, no Glass; also to take out

STOYEl'%sf"'"^M^'^'S'«,.'<=™-' '">'i i-eferences to
.■^lU^EL, Estoourt, New Maiden, Surrey.

QARDENER wanted, ineligible (Single-
lK,uL '7s?"' ^'r" ^°'! ^'^'^^'^ Olrden aVd Green-
' r'l?„', r?-'r ^^?- ^ „<=o,"'>ge.-Write, MRS. BIRD,
Lrienoie, tookhani, Berks.

\yANTEp, GARDENER, ineligible ;

VegeUbles, Lawns. Hardy Fruit; must have

lui.,wledge of Vines and Peaches; cottkge found -

RYse^Vlt*;'"/ ""il"^.; *'=•• *° ^'^°Y ™AT, Wykehain
ni«e, lotteriage, Hei-te.

WANTED, aU-roimd GARDENER for

private institution.-Apply, stating age', and
wages required, to MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT
Northumberland House, Green Lanes, Finsbury Park

\yANTED, at once, GARDENER, over

military age ; thoroughly experienced in all

iitaiicnes; Greenhouses, no Vineries urn's

BOSANQUET, " Clanville," Minehead, Someiet.

\yANTED, GARDENER, for General

Outside Work ; good wages and Bothy ; if mar-
ried, cottage, .&c.-Apply. with reference, "and wares
expected, to WM. BACK, Brogyatyn Gardens. OswestTy.

W''ANTED, immediately, for a gentleman's
' residence, a WORKING GARDENER, help given;
must be ineligible for the Army or over military age;
T, , ,?^,r."J'°„'',;"r;*,?P'y' ^'''""S "^g^^ required, to MR.
MAURICE PRIDE, Estate Agent, Tetbu^, Glouoe«tCT

Jaxi-ary 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, reliable VY.ORKING GAR-
DEXER ; owner much away ; overlooking salt
wat-er estuary ; some Vines and Peaches ; good wages,
cottage, and firewood.— Reference, age, family, to F.
PARKYN, Penquite, Par, Cornwall.

WANTED, good WORKING GAR-
DEXER ; must thoroughly understand Vege-
tables and Flowers ; state age and wages. — Apply,
Wheatsheaf Hotel, Virginia Water-

WANTED, GARDENER, for St. Albans;
man or woman, thoroughly understanding
Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers ; cottage in garden. —
Write, W.. Box 36, c/o Willing's. 33, Knightsbridge,
S.W.

TirANTED, good KITCHEN GAR-

" * DEXER ; must have good experience ; wife to
cook and aitend to Bothy ; combined wages £2 per
week ; good house near garden. — Apply. J. S. KELLY.
Clareraont. Esher.

WANTED, immediately, UNDER, GAR-
DESER at Rydal Hall. Ambleside; no Bothy.—
Apply, stating age. experience, and wages required, to
CLAUDE BARTON, Ingleborough Estate Office, Clapham.
Yorks.

TITANTED, a strong, ajctive Young

~ ' Man (i-ieUgible) as L'XDER GARDENER ; no Glass
or Bjlhy ; chiefly for Vegetable Gardens and Pleasure
Grounds ; wages 2os, per week. — Apply, with full particu-
lars, references, &c., to MR. WILCOCK. Gardener to
Lt.-Co'. Fife, The Gardens. Aldborough Hall, Boro'
Bridge. York.

WANTED, HEAD LADY GARDENER.
for large Gardens of temporary military hos-
pital in Kent, experienced, to take charge ; 2 Under-
Gardeners (men) kept; 30s. a week and furnished cot-
tage.—Write. L. B.. Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. W.C.

w

ANTED, experienced LADY GAR-
DENER for Ireland; good salary; beautiful
country.— Apply, F.. 50, Porchesler Terrace, London.

V1/-ANTED, LADY (lARDENEK, to share

" ^ house with another and work under Head Gar-
dener, and also to take charge of Poultry (experience).
— Please reply, stating experience and salary, to MRS.
HART DYKE, Great Naat Hyde. Hatfield, Herts.

W^ANTED, temporarily, for 3 months.
' ' fuUv trained LADV GARDENER, work under
Lady Head; Outside work only.— GREENE, The Hall.
Berkhamsted.

WANTED, immediately, Two WOMEN
GARDENERS, chiefly for Plants ; furnished col.
tage provided, coals and vegetables. — Particularfl to MU.
TURNER, Danesbury Park Gardens, Welwyn, Herts.

\\/'ANTED, Two WOMEN GARDENERS,

" ' under Head ; some experience Inside and Out. —
Apply, stating wages and particulars, to HEAD GAR-
DENER, Eartham, Chichester.

WANTED, Two LADY UNDER GAR
DEXERS for Inside and Outside work ; some ex
perience necessary ; Bothy, vegetables and attendance.—
.\pply. stating full particulars of experience, wages re-
quired, &e., to W. WILLCOCKS, Langley Park Gar-
dens, Slough.

"WANTED, Two WOMEN GARDENERS

•' (Under), for general work; some experience;
cottage and coal. — Apply, with full particulars, stating
wages required, to MRS. CUNARD, 69, Grosvenor Street,
London, W.

WANTED, FEMALE UNDER GAR-

' ^ DENER for Pleasure Grounds and take turn
.SundavB and week evenings, in charge of Glasshous<-s
and tires; wages 18s., Bothy, vegetables, light, coal.
i£c. : when in charge of Houm-s 3s. extra, overtime 6d.
per hour; Saturdays 1 o'clock; 7 in Bothy.— Full par-
ticulars to H. K. WHITELAW, Hever Castle Gardens.
Hever. Kent.

WT'ANTED, for a Nobleman's Establisli-

' ' ment. a First-class FOREMAN (ineligible for the
Army) ; wages 30s. per week. Bothy. &c. — Apply to
GLEE.SON & CO., 11, High Street, Watford, Herti.

W/'ANTED, FOREMAN, for Houses; good
' ' wages and house foi suitable man.— CHAS. B.
ELLIOTT, BIylh Hall. Rotherham.

"WANTED, FOREMAN. JOURNEY-

'' MAN, and a good I.MPROVER for the Houses;
also a j^ood man to take the Lead Outside ; good wages
and Bothy (or cottage to married men). — Apph', II.
Fl'SllER, Kentchurch Court Gardens, Hereford.

"WANTED. UNDER FOREMAN and

' * .lOURNEVMAN ; must have good experience of
Indoor Fruit and Plants. — Write, giving references and
wages rf-quired, to P. H.. Box 18, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.C.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on pae* vtl.

ORDER OUR CELEBRATED

FORCING
ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, etc.

Also Fruit Bushes.

Write for IHintratad CatmluKU*, oontilnlns
PRACTICAL NOTES ON CROWINC AND FORCING.

ESTABLISHED 1cl57.

MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twickenham.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdTertitement. intended for insertion in t
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not late

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Foiltloni - per pag* 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Fags ... ,, ,, 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column aad half column

spaces, pro rata.

it s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per Inch, single column .... 7 0

Per Inch, across 2 columns .. ... 14 0

Per Inch, across 8 columns 110

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words, la. 6d., and 6d. for sTery additional 8 words
or fewsr.

Thcie Ailvtrtiicmeiiti matt be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS. See, OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

TBI Uhitid Kinodom IS'- perannan

Abroad 176 ,

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early for garden lovers to think of
seeds, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of
'luality. It is a gardening axi..Tii that

RYDERS SEEDS

are tie le^l. and despite the fact of a War Time
price of IJd. per packet, orders for these famous
Flower and Vegetable Seeds are daily growing in
volume. Sfeds of quality cannot now be supplied,
even by Eyders, in Penny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Rvders 1917 Catalogue contains a large
number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.
Novelties for 1917 include the New Pierce Sweet

Peas (Pink, Pale Blue and Violet).
A wonderful new strain of Hybrid Cinerarias.
The '• Astermum " in four lovely colours.
New Cyclamen, Mauve Queen.
New hybrids of Trollius.
"Britain's Best " Tomato. The finest Tomato

ever introduced,
fiyders New Snow-tail Scarlet Radish.

remarkable new Three-poddeJ Pea -

"Thousandfold."
A splendid New Oval-shaped Beet.

uliipustairdtu-dayfoi yo

RYDER & SONS,

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Ltd.

Your Owr
Fanuiiis

Food In' Sowing Rvders
Vcgctahle Seeds.

RIVERS*

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[jANU.UtY 20, 1917.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

21

©arimijrs' Cljrnnidr

Xo. 1669.SATURDA Y, JANUARY 2o, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Agricultural implements
for France

American blight ..

Afltelia Banksii ..

Cataloguei, oM seed and
plant

Chelsea and Holland
House shows aban-
doned

Crops, the world's

Farm crops, condition of
the

Leaf Elands of Peaches
and Nectarines

Market fruit garden, the

Novelties of 1918..

Obituary—
Houliston, William ..
Kirkpatrick, Robert ..

Olearia Gunuiaoa and

itsf

Orchid notes and glean*

ings

Peas under glass . .

Poraolugical work, a rare 30
Potato culture in the
eighteenth century . . 21

Potato prices

Potatos, shortage of, in
Germany .. ..

Ruhleben Camp Horti-
cultural Society

Scotland, vegetable-
growing in

Seeds. Government distri-
bution of, in America

Societies —
Xational Dahlia
National Rose . .
Royal Horticultural ..
Southampton Royal

Horticultural
United Horticultural
Benefit and Prov. . .

Spring ftowers, belated. .

Spring Koae show alian-
doned

Strawberry beds, the
treatment of . .

Trenching . .

Vanilla, varieties of

Vegetables

Waste land, cultivation
of, seventy years ago..

Week's work, the 24,

ILLUSTRATIONS,

Astelia Banksii 22

Odontioda Gratrixiae Bryndir variety 27

Ruhleben Camp Horticultural Society's rules ..29
Vanilla planifolia, fruits of 2a

T

POTATO CULTURE IN EIGHTEENTH
AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES,

IIK ilailv iiewspapcis aiu printing
every day letters and articles
on agriculture and horticulture,
and the majority would be far better
consigned to the wastepaper basket.
It is sheer madness to suggest, as many
of these writers do, that all that is
required to be done is to dig up a lawn
and plant Potatos or vegetables and
Hey, presto ! there will be a wonderful
crop. I hope the Editors will reprint some
remarks which I have taJ<en from an old
treatise on Potato growing. It sliows
clearly, and conveys a lesson, much
needed to-day, that results can only be
achieved, and may I add they only deserve
to be achieved, as a result of thorough,
understanding work.

I fear our new Food Dictator has made
a most unfortunate start in his attempt
to handle the Potato problem. Very
many gardeners, as well as farmers, are
interested in this crop as they have often
to cultivate lai-ge areas outside their
gardens. Will the prospect of £5 15s.
per ton induce them to go heartily into
the business of Potato growing? Never
under present conditions. I know what
we have to pay in the Lothians to get
Potatos grown. Never less than £15 per
acre to the farmer and we have to provide
the seed and artificial manure. Now
seed Potatos this year are worth to the
farmer £12 to £15 per ton. Just figure

out £15 for land, labour, manure, straw
and dressing, £5 for artificial manure,
£15 for seed makes a total of £35. This
means that the grower would require to
get a crop of nearly seven tons of " first
quality in sound marketable condition,"
to use the Food Controller's own words,
before he would be able to meet his out-
lays. To obtain this a gross crop of
something approaching ten tons per acre
would have to be grown ! Where is the
inducement to embark on Potato grow-
ing! WTiere is the encouragement to the
farmer to put down more land to Potatos.'
I fail to see it.

It is pleasanter to turn to the old
treatise I refer to at the beginning.

" Hints for encouraging a more exten-
sive and beneficial culture of that most
useful of all roots, The Potato," is the
title of an 8-page pamphlet. It is the
report of a lecture delivered to the Right
Honourable the Dublin Society in
February 1774 by John Blackball, Gent.,
of the County of Armagh. There is an
introduction of 2 pages and tw^o plans
occupying one page.

In the introduction the writer hits out
strongly against the lazy-bed system as
follows: "But as is now well known,
that the cultivation of Potatos in the
Old, Irish, Lazy-bed way is so very
slovenly and imperfect that it doth not
yield above one-fourth Part of the Crop,
which the Land under a spirited and
rational Culture would produce: it is
therefore most humbly recommended to
this truly patriotick Society, to encourage
the Culture of Potatos, upon the new and
most improved Norfolk Plan, by the
Dibble and Hand-hoe by the distribution
of Premiums to each county."

What is termed the Norfolk Plan is
a most thorough one and reminds one of
the method practised by the growers in
South Cornwall, who plant Potatos in
finely prepared ground in February and
raise good crops in June. Let me quote.

" To prepare the Land for the reception
of Potatos in this way, the best and most
effectual Method, would, no doubt, bo
trench-digging, but that would be far too
expensive and tedious upon a large Scale,
plain digging also would be very bene-
ficial, but attended witii too much Expence
to be adopted into general Use; the
Method therefore, which from my own
Experience, I would recommend to the
Publick. would be as follows: In the
Month of Octolicr draw out your Manure
(the shorter and older the better) and
spread it lightly, and as equally as
possible on the whole surface of the ground
intended for Potatos, and immediately
Plough it in, as deep as you can, leaving
it in high Fallows for the Winter : early
in February, as soon as the Weather will
permit, stir it again cross-ways, as deep
as before, and let lye for ten Days or a
Fortnight, to catch the little Frosts, that
are not then uncommon, then stir it a
third Time from Angle to Angle (and if
time will permit give it a fourth
ploughing from the opposite Angles),
between each of these Stirrings you are
to Harrow it as level as possible with a

'good, heavy, Two horse-harrow; after
this Plough it Lengthwise into broad
Lands or Beds Sixteen Feet wide, observ-
ing to shape them in such a Direction as
that the Water may have a fall by
the Furrows, so as to drain off any super-
flous Moisture; after this last Operation
you are not to Harrow it because while the
Land lies thus high and loose the Dibble
will perforate with much more ease and
expedition than when it has acquired a
certain degree of Solidity from the tread-
ing of the Horse and Weight of the
Harrows. Your Ground now being pre-
pared get ready your Dibbles." (Long
dibbles about 3 feet long with a foot-rest
for purchase, such as are used to-day by
allotment holders in the Eastern Counties
of England.) By the use of these
dibbles the sets were planted in lines
aciND&s the sixteen feet wide beds. Let me
quote again. " If the Land hath been
truly ploughed and not slovened over as
is too frequently the Case, each Dibbler
being followed by a Boy to drop in the
Sets as fast as Holes are made : so soon
as the Lands or Beds are filled, give them
a good Harrowing up and down to cover
the Sets well : Eight Dibblers will in this
Manner set with great Ease an Irish
Acre in one Day. Nothing more is
required 'till your Plants are all fairly
above Ground than set in your Hoers, and
see that they Hoe it deep and all equally
alike so as to let the Ground lie as hollow
and loose as possible. Every sort of Weed
turned up by the Hies should be carefully
picked up by Boys following them, and
cast off into the Furrows, and they should
at the same Time lie directed to cast off
also the Stones, as by their gravity they
condense and consolidate the Earth and
prevent tlie Plant in a great measure from
extending and spreading its tender
Roota. If the Ground has been
effectually ploughed so that the Sets had
penetrated to a sufficient depth there will
be no Occasion to draw up any mould
to the Plants, otherwise a little Earthing
may be useful. . . The second Hoeing
will give much Vigour to your Plants that
by the luxuriancy of their Branches they
will keep down all fresh growth of Weeds
and leave your Land as clean as an Hot-
lied." Result: — "Forty forkmen will
be amply sufficient in one Day to dig and
gather the Potatos of an Acre Plantation
Measure and that Acre will be poor
indeed, if you do not get Six Hundred
Busiiels from it, but it more probably
will yield Seven, Eight or Nine Hundred
Bushels. I have myself raised this year
(1773) above Six Hundred Bushels (about
15 tons) from a bare English Acre, with
this additional Advantage, there is no
Part of it that would not grow Onions."

Such is a very condensed account of
Mr. John Blackhall's methods, in the year
1773, in the County of Armagh.

We may smile at them, and at the
quaint way of giving expression to them,
and we may be certain he had no labour
troubles such as we have at the present
time, but nevertheless, there is certainly
much food for thought in his written word.
W . Cuthbertson, Duddingston.

22

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 20, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

BRASSO-LAELIO-CATTLEYA RUMANIA.

A FLOWER of this remarkably large and beauti-
ful new hybrid between Brasso-Cattleya Dighy-
ano-Mossiac var. Queen Alexandra and Laelio-
Uaittleya OaJLhamiaiia alba is sent by Mr. Jas.
Smith, Orohid-growea- to tihe Duke of MarJ-
borough, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, where
the Orchid collection has been prolific in pretty
new hybrids during the past year. Both the
•parents are white forms, and the hybrid follow.s
in that respect, the segments being pure white.
Tlie lip has a bright-yellow disc, and at the
base is a purple patch with yellow veining, which,
with the outline of the front lobe, appears to be
inherited from C. Mossiae. Tlie long pedicel and
ovary and the firm texture of the flower ap-
proach nearer to the primary parent Brassavola
Digbyana than either of the parents. The flower
is 9 inches across, and the lip well displayed and
fringed at the margin. Tlie plant is said to be
in a 4-inch pot, and to produce such a flower in
these circumstances augurs well for its future
when grown into a large specimen.

vanilla, and aire sonieitimes produced by plajiits in
fchis country. Other species in cultivation are V.
Phalaenopsis, V. Pompona, and V. africana.
Tlie i>lante are not difficult to cultivate, and may
be grown in Palm houses, or trained along the
roof of the warm Orchid houses, where the stems
often attain a great length, rooting freely as
they extend. The plants should be grown in a
mixture of Osmuiuda-fibre, or peat, and Sphag-
num-moss, and a piece of bark may be used to
give the plants a start. Throughout the growing
period they need to be syringed freely, and the
atmosphere kept fairly moist. During winter,
when the roots cease to elongate, spraying should
be discontinued, and the atmosphere kept drier.
To secure seed-pods, the flowers should be
pollinated, and until they are set, and the fruits
swelling, no water should reach the upper part
of the plant. B.

ASTELIA BANKSII.

AsTELiA Banksii (see fig. 9) is very rare in
private establishments. The plant, which re-

able for table decoration, and the leathery char-
acter of the leaves should be resistant to the
dry atmosphere of rooms. Mr. Dixon, the
gardener, has been nursing the plant to its pre
sent .size for some years. .7. F.

Fig. 9. — astelia banksii with m.m,f. flowers.

ODONTOGLOSSUM BRONLEI.

This new Odontoglossum, which was raised by
C. J. Phillips, Esq., The Glebe, Oak Lane,
Sevenoaks, between Odontoglossum Nathaniel, a
richly-coloiued hybrid of unrecorded parentage,
bearing large olaret-iied flowera with whdt-e
maffgins (see Gard. Chron., August 31, 1912), and
Odontoglos..5uni Jasper, was included in the list
of hybrid Orchids published in these pages on
December 23, page 300, as Odontioda Bronlei,
and Oda. Jasper was given as one of the parents,
instead of Odontoglossum Jasper. The use of
0. as an abbreviation, which might apply to
either Odontoglossum or Odontioda, often leads
to trouble in recording, and 0dm. and Oda. for
Odontoglossum and Odontioda respectively are
much better. The seed from which Odonto-
glossum Bronlei was raised was sown on Sep-
tsm.ber 17, 1913, and the plant flowered on
Detemb;;r 15, 1916. It is nearest to the fuiely-
colourfd Odontoglossum Nathaniel.

THE VANILLA IN HOT-HOUSES.

The fragrant, suociilent faniits of Vanilla' plani-
folda (see fig. 10) are the sonxce of conunei-caal

sembles a giant Luzula, belongs to the Li'liaoeae,
and takes its place amongst native vegetation in
New Zealand much in the same way as Luzula
sylvatica does in some parts of this country. It
forms a great part of the undergrowth of wooded
headlands along the sea coast of the northern
half of the North Island, New Zealand, from sea
level to an elevation of 2,500 feet. There the
leaves vaa'y in length from 2 feet to 6 feet,
according to the fertility of the soil. It has
flowered twice at Holland House, Kensington,
namely, in November, 1915, and again in Decem-
ber last year. Grown in a pot, the leaves do
not exceed 2^ feet, and, while densely arranged,
assume a graceful, spreading oi" arcliing out^
lin.e. The uppei- surface is dark gneen and
SiHining, and the lower is covered with a
thin silvery pellicile. The illusta'a-tion repre-
sents the mate foi-m of the plant, beading
a large panicle of pale yellow flowers. The
slender branches of the panicle are often flcxuous
owing to the shortnes.s of the flower stem. The
very short stem of the plant is triangular, but
completely covered by the broad sheathing bases
nt the leaves. Young plants wonjld be very suit

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

Many people in addition to myself rejoiced to
see tlie end of the past year, which was a pai"ticu-
laiiy unpleasant one diu'ing the greater' papt of its
course. D.eceml>er, 1915, was one of the wettest on
record (8.13 inches at my station), and we had
the usual dismal weather in January, with rain
on fourteen days, but not a great quantity — only
1.49 inch. February gave us rain on twenty-two
days, amounting to 4.67 inches, with a good deal
of snow in its last week. Rain fell on nineteen
days in March, totalling 2.74 inches, and there
was a regular blizzard on thg 27th, with snow
and frost to follow. April and May were the
pleasantest months in the year, with more sun-
shine than we had in the first two summer
months. Rain was measnred on only twelve days
in April and eleven in May. making 1.48 inch for
the former month and 2.07 inches for the latter.
June was an unseasonable month, with seventeen
rainy days, contributing 2.53 inches. The nights
were mostly very cold for the period of the
year. The sky was overoast on most days in
July ; but there were only eight rain days,
giving 0.83 inch — much less than any other
month's total. The only spell of hot weather
occurred in the last four days of July and the
first three of August. In the latter month rain
wa.1 measured on only nine days, the total fall
being 1.68 inch. There was much cloudy
weather in September, but only the moderate
rainfall of 1.62 inch, measured on ten days. The
weather of the rest of the year was generally
abominable, rain being measured on twenty-one
days in October, fourteen in November, and
fourteen in December, while the totals were
5.47 inches, 4.88 inches, and 4.44 inches. The
year's totals were 171 rain days and 33.90 inches
of rain. The former total was equalled or ex-
ceeded only once in the fifteen previous years of
my residence in my present place, namely, in
1903, when there were 181 rain days. The year's
rainfall was exceeded in 1915, 36.50 inches;
in 1909, 34.54 inches; and Ln 1903, 37.16 incfaes.
My averages for sixteen years stand at ISO rain
days and 29.86 inches. The fall has been annu-
ally above average for the last eight years in
succession. I am longing for a period of
sunny, warm, and comparatively dry yieajs, and
much more frost in the winters than we have
had lately is desirable. Even drought is less
harmful than flood in my district, as the former
checks the fungous diseases of fruit trees which
have been fostered to a disastrous extent by the
last eight more or less wet years.

Shortness of Labour ox Fruit Farms.
Serious results can hardly fail to be experi-
enced in consequence of the shortness of labour
in the orchards of this country. In many cases
it will be impossible to do all the pruning that
should be done, and fruit trees will .suffer from
the unavoidable neglect of this important work.
Sim.ilarly, if the war lasts through the spring,
the usual extent of what is called winter .spray-
ing will be impracticable. This is all the more
to be regretted on account of the extraordinary
development of moss on the trees, as the result
of the prolonged period of very wet weather.
^[uch of the usual digging, too, will necessarily
be omitted. Half the members of my regular
staft of men have been taken from me, and the
extra hands for digging and spraying, usually
available, are lacking.

Searching for Aphis Eggs.

Since my remarks on page 501 were written

further searches for aphis eggs have been carried

out in my orchards, with the help of a good lens ;

and, up to the time of writing, no eggs have

JiNU-iKY 20, 1917.1

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

23

been found except on the few trees of James
Grieve Apples already mentioned. Many varie
ties of Apples have been examined, and two
hours were spent in hunting for eggs on
Monarch Plums (always the first to be in-
fested) in two orchards, also with negative
rer-ults. Mr. Blakey wishes to know if I have
had forty years' training in searching for
eggs. The reply, in House of Commons fashion.
is " in the negative." But does he seriously
contend that such plainly visible things as the
black and shining eggs of the aphis cannot be
found by anyone who has not had forty years'
experience in looking for them ? Could he not
train in half an hour a;ny intelligent person to
search foi- these eggs? During the last two sea-
sons two assistant pruners, young men with
good eyesight, have been instructed to look out
for aphis eggs, and they, like myself, have found
the eggs in only extremely rare instances. Now,
the existence of eggs on a tree or two among
acres of trees does not account for the sudden
and simultaneous aphis infestation frequently
observed in my orchards, as the stem-mothers
are wingless, and it is not in the slightest degree
piobable that they would walk long distances on
the ground in order to ascend a tree far from
the one on which they were hatched. More than
once I have had a bad infestation of the Plum
aphis a week after the trees had been examined
carefully for eggs and stem-mothers, with en-
tirely or nearly entirely negative results. This
is a complete mystery to me, and I have no
explanation to .suggest. The only plausible ex-
planation at present known is that an infesta-
tion arises from e-ggs laid on the trees, and yet
I have had bad infestations on groups of trees
upon which no eggs could be found in a careful
anJ prolonged examination. In my recent
searches multitudes of the tiny red eggs of the
beetle mite, Oribata lapidaria, as well as great
numbers of sucker eggs, were found on Apple
trees, while the eggs of the red spider were seen
to be extremely numerous on some Plum trees.
Do not these facts prove that my failure to find
aphis eggs on groups of trees usually attacked
by that pest is not due to careless examination ?
Snitthtrn Grower.

OLEARIA GUNNIANA AND ITS ALLIES.

{Concluded from p. 14.)
StTMHART.

3. Olearia flavescens, Hutchinson, new sp.*

O. stellulata, Benth., Fl. AuKtral., iii.. 475,

partly.

Distrib.— Mt. Barkly. 5.000 feet, Jan.. F. Mueller.

Leaves linear-oblong, obtuiie, 2-5 cm. long,
1-1.5 cm. broad, green, and impresstd-reticulate
a/bove, glabrous, rather densely yellowish tomen
tellous with stellate hairs below ; flower-heads on
long a.nd rather stout pediuicles arranged in leaf-
less clusters.

Closely allied to O. Gunniana, but with larger
entire or subentire leaves, much stouter
peduncles, and quite glabrous achenes.

4. Olearia quercifolia, DC, Prodr., v., 272

(1836); Aster quercifolius, Sieb., ex Benth.,

Fl. Austral., iii., 473, name only (1866);

Olearia stellulata, var. quercifolia, Benth.,

I.e., 473, partly.
Distrib.— New South Wales : Blue Mtn., Sieber 340
(type); boggy situations within the influence of the
mist rising from the Campbell Cataract, Blue Mt«..
Cunningham 4 ; Pitt's Amphitheatre, Frascr ; Austra-
lian Alps, F. Mueller.

•Olearia flavescens, Hutchinson, sp. nov. ; frut«x,
ramis lignosis subteretibus minute tomentellis ; folia
oblongo-linearia. utrinque obtusa vel basi subac-uta, 2-5
cm. longa, 1-1.3 cm. lata, rigide charlacea, Integra vel
minute et remote denticulata, supra glabra, sicco viridia
et arete impreBso-reticulata. infra pilis st«llatis dense
flavo-tomentella ; costa supra impressa, infra valde pro-
minens; nei-vi lat^eralea infra leviter conspicui ; petioli
4-5 mm. longi ; capitula longe pedunculta in corymbos
subdensifloros disposita, pedunculis usque ad 3 cm.
longis efoliatis tomentellis; involucri bracteae 3-Keriatae,
lineares, extra parco tomentellae ; achaenia glabra.

This is a. very distinct and constant species
with oak-like leaves ; it.s nearest ally is ().
stelluilata.

5. Olearia stellulata, DC, Prodi:, v., 272 (1836) ;
Benth. Fl. Aiii-lral., iii., 473, partly.
Aster stellulata, LabiU., PI. Nov. Holl, ii.,
50, t. 196 (1806); Eurybia fulvida, Cass.,
in Diet. Sci. Nat., xvi., 47 (1820); Diplo-
stephium stellulatum, Nees, Oen. et Sp.
Aster., 187 (1832).

District. — New South Wales : alluvial woods near
Port Macquarie, Backhouse; banks of the Hastings
River, Fraser 214 ; Hunter's River, Herb. R. Brown ;
without definite locality, R. Brown 2,008, 2,011. Tas-
mania : shores of Macquarie Harbour, Cunningham
118 without precis© locality, Bauer.

Leaves (s5« fig. 1) lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, acutely acuminate, usually about 7-9 cm.
long and 1-2 cm. broad, more or less rigidly but
thinly chartaceous, coarsely repand-dentate,
mostly somewhat shining and imiJressed-reticu-
late on the upper surf,^ce, yellowish tomentellous
below ; flower-heads rather small, in paniculate
clusters at the ends of the branchlets, the
peduncles slender and leafless.

Leaves and flower-heads almost exactly as in
typical O. Gunniana, but the peduncles very
short and leafy, and the heads somewhat hidden
among the leaves.

66. Olearia Gunniana, \ar. phlogoppappa, Hut-
chinson, now. var. comb.

Distrib —Tasmania : Recherche Bay, Dec, 1838, Gunn
1.144 ; Port Arthur. Oct., Hooker ; Eagle Hawk Neck,
Gunn 1,152; "New Holland," Webb.

Aster phlogopappus, Labill., Nov. Holl., ii.,
49, t. 195, A. (1806); Eurybia quercifolia,
Cass., in Did. S'ci. Nat., xvi., 47 (1820);
O. phlogotrichum, Nees, Ge?i. et Sj). Ast., 187
(1832); 0. phlogopappa, DC, Prodr., v.,
272 (1836) ; Eurybia Gunniana, vars. phlogo-
pappa and scaberula. Hook, f., Fl. Tasm., 176
(1860).

Leaves similar to those of the typical form,
but broader and much more coarsely vepand-ser-
rate ; flower-heads and peduncles as in var.
brevipes.

In regard to the leaves, this variety approaches
0. stollulatn. but they and the pixlnncles are

10. — FRUITS OF VANILLA rLANlFOl.rA.
(See p. 22.)

6. Olearia (iunniana. Hook, f., Uol. Mcuj.. t. 4638

(1852).

Eurybia Gunniana, DC, Prodr., v., 268
(1836); Jfook. f., 2^/. Tasm., i., 175, incl.
var. longipes, Hook. f. (1860) ; Oleiiria stellu-
lata. Hcnth.. Fl. Austral., iii., 473, partly
(1866).

Distrib.— Tasmania : Chilton. Surrey Hill, Feb, 1837,
(;unn 180; North Esk, Pcnquite, Nov.. 1843, Gunn 36;
Formosa Garden, Nov.. 1843, Gunn 36; without definite
locality, R. Brown 2.013.

Flowering branchlets often corymbose ; leaves
more or less liYiear-obdong, the majority 1.5-3 cm,
long, about 0.5 cm. broad, distinctly repand-
dentate or undulate-dentate, glabrous or nearly so
and reticulate above, greyish tomentellous below.
Flower-heads more or less corymbose on very
slender leafless peduncles 2-3 cm. long, well
overtopping the leaves; achenes, as also in all
the followiing varieties, pubescent.

6a. Olearia Gunniana, var. brevipes, Hutchinson,
new. var. comb.

Eurybia (junniana, var. brevipes. Hook, f.,
/•'I. 'I'asiii.. 176, t. xliv., A.
Distrib.— Numerous localities in Tasmania

much shorter than in that species; in some re-
spects it is almost intermediate.
6c. Olearia Gunniana, var. microcephala, Hut-
chinson, new var. comb.
Eurybia Gunniana, var. microcephala. Hook,
f., Fl. Tasm., 176.

Distrib.— Tasmania : Eagle Hawk Nook, Oct., Hooker.
Leaves as in typical 0. Gunniana ; peduncles as
in var. brevipes, but flower-heads very small,
oidy about 1 cm. in diameter when spread out.
6rf. Olearia Gunniana, var. angustifolia, Hutchin-
son, new var. comb.

Eurybia Gunniana, var. angustifolia. Hook,
f., Fl. Tasm., 176, t. xliv., B.
Distrib- Tasmania : Risdon, near Hobart. Oct., 1840,
Cunn 1,138.

Leaves linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad or
less, obtuse, entire or obscurely undulate ;
peduncles rather short, leafy to the apex as in
var. brevipes.

be. Olearia Gunniana, var. salicifolia, Hutchin-
son, new var. comb.

Eurybia Gunniana, var. salicifolia. Hook, f.,
Fl. Tasm., 174.

Distrib.-Tasmania : York Town, Jan.. 1843, aiinn
1.255.

24

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jantj-Uiy 20, 1917.

Leaves elongate-linear, acutely acuminate, 4-5
cm. long, entire ; peduncles long and slender and
almost leafless as in the typical form.

7. OJearia rugosa, Hutchinson, comb. nov.

Eurybia rugosa, F Muell. ex Archer in
Journ. Linn. Soc, v., 22 (1361) ; Olearia stellu-
lata, var. qnercifolia, Benth., Ff. Austral., iii.,
475, partly (1866).
Distrib.— Victoria : Victoria Ranges, Wilhelm in Herb.

Oldfleld ; Wilson Promontory, without collector in Herb.

Kew.

8. Olearia subrepanda, Hutchinson, comb. nov.

Eurybia subrepanda, DC, Prodr., v., 268
(1836); Eurybia Gunniana, var. cana. Hook. f..
Fl. Tasm., 176, t. xliv., C; Olearia stellulata.
Benth., Fl. Austral., iii., 473, partly (1866).
Distrib.— Tasmania: sides of the Mts., 3,000 feet,
Feb., Gunn 273; without precise locality. Hooker.

— /. Hvtchinson, Keu'.

NOVELTIES OF 1916.

{Concluded from p. 2.)

An examination of the list of Awards made
by the committees of the Royal Horticultural
Society shows that ther,? has been no falling
off in general interest in the past year, though
the plants have flowered and made their debut
under exceptional conditions.

Carnations and Roses vie with each other for
the position of first favourite amongst lovers of
beautiful and fragrant flowers, and in the matter
of the tin;? over which they produce their flowers
the Carnation, which has well earned its name
of Perpetual-flowering, cannot be beaten.
Scarcely any show throughout the year of any
importance was without a display. The last and
one of the best demonstrations of the year was
at the Royal Horticultural Society on De-
cember 5 and 6, the latter date being that of the
Perpetual-flowering Carnation Society's show.

Roses also as now grown have a much longer
season than formerly, and most classes have been
recruited with sterling novelties during the past
year. As a favourite plant for garden cultiva-
tion the Rose excels all others in the wide
range of variety which it presents, the range
extending from the small but always pretty
species through many grades leading up to the
highly developed Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Rose
of the florist, and tliat gi'eat beautifier of the
garden, the Wdchuraiana class.

Chrysanthemums and Dahlias worthily hold
their votaries, who fail not with good novelties,
although the old favourites in many cases are
not deposed. The feature in these and other
florists' flowers is the increased favour with
which beautiful single forms, and unconventional
decorative flowers, are regarded. This comes
from the natural form being more appreciated
by educated taste, and leaves one wondej~ing
where that taste was in the early days of Dahlia-
raising when nothing but the globular head
would pass and the single and decorative seed-
lings were thrown away on flowering.

Stove and greenhouse plants, as collections
both in nursery and private gardens, have not
been so much in the public eye as formerly,
except such kinds as grow well for decorative
purposes. This is to be regretted, for batches
of florists' plants can never be so interesting as
a- collection including species

Narcissi and Irises are greater favourites than
ever, for both ai^e as accepitable in the cot-
tage gardien as in the more lavish displays in
country estates. For the florist the Narcissus
i.s one of the best and most profitable flowers.

New and rare shrubs have taken a strong
lead during the past year, and acquisitions
have been shown in the collections of the Hon.
Vicary Gibbs at Aldenham, where he skilfully
acclimatises so many valuable kinds. The newer
nmpoirtaitiitons from China, indeed, are now widely
dlisitributed in gardens.

Hardy herbaceous and rock plants, so attrac-
tively displayed in model rockeries at the R.H.S.
shows, are among the most admired exhibits.

The following novelties and rare plants flower-
iaig milder noteworthy conditions, have, amongst
otliers, been illustrated in the Gardiners'
Chronicle in 1916 : —

Acacia Baileyana, April 29, p. 232.

Abies bracteata, January 15, p. 40.

Apple Charles Ross, October 14, p. 180.

Apple Lord Kitchener, July 22, p. 45.

Apple Lord Hindlip. December 23, p. 300.

Apple Orleans Reinette, January 22, p. 52.

Aralia chinensis albo-marginata, November

18, p. 245.

Aster Purdomii, June 24, p. 330.

Aster staticefolius wild in China, September
2, p. 116.

Begonia manicata crispa, March 11, p. 145.

Berberis rubrostilla, November 11, p. 236.

Bidens Beckii, June 10, p. 305.

Campanula acutangula, September 9, p. 120.

Campanula caespitosa alba, November 25, p.
257.

Campanula caespitosa Miss Willmott, Novem-
ber 5. p. 253.

Campanula Celsii. April 22, pp. 219-220.

Campanula persicifolia Telham Beauty, August

19, p. 89.

Campanula garganica var W. H. Paine, Sep-
tember 9, p. 119.

Campanula Raddiana, September 9, p. 125.

Campanula Zoysii, June 24, p. 336.

Castilleja miniata, July 8, p. 10.

Carnation Sweet Ann Page, June 3, p. 295.

Cephalotns follicularis, April 1. pp. 182-183.
Oestrum fasciculatum, June 24, p. 340.
Clematis Crimson King. June 3, p. 301.

Clematis, blue, in China. .January 22, p. 49.

Colchicum Decaisnei, October 28, p. 204.

Colletia armata, November 4, p. 223.

CoUetia cruciata, dimorphic, September 2. p.
109

Colletia infausta, September 15, p. 132.

Cotula myriophylloides, June 10, p. 305.

Cupressus obtusa, May 27, p. 278

Cupressus pisifera, January 29, p. 58.

Cupressus thyoides, August 19, pp. 84 85.

Crinum lineare, August 19, p. 91.

Dahlia coccinea, September 2. p. 108.

Dahlia E. Edina. September 2, p. 107.

Didis=andra lanuginosa. October 28, p. 205.
Delphinium likianaj^nse. September 9. p. 128.
and S-ntember 23. p. 151.

Dipelta floribunda, July 22. p. 38.
Erigeron heteromorphus. June 10, p. 306.

EscaWonia Do^in.rd Seedling, .Julv 8. p. 17.

Eucharis Lowii, March 25, p. 173.
Fokienia Hodginsii. February 5, pp. 72-73

Garrya elliptica in fruit. November 25, p. 254.

Grape Cooper's Black, March 11, p. 142.

Grapes Trebbiano and White Nice, October 7.
p. 177.

Houttuynia cordata, March 25, p. 170.

Isopyrum grandiflorum, Feb. 5, p. 77.

Iris ensata tibetica. April 8, pp. 194-195.

Iris Hoogiana. Novemb.-'r 4, d. 216.

Iris Richard II.. Julv 1, p. 5.

Iris Rosenbachiana, March 18, n. 155.
Iris tennifolia. April 8. p. 196.
Kninhofia caulescens, Julv 29, p. 56.

Kniphofia Northiae, .July 29, p. 52.

Lilium giganteum yunnanense, July 29, p 50,

Lilium, Rnezlii, .Tanuarv 22, p, 44.

Lobelia Gr"gori,ana, March 4, n. 127.

Lobelia Telekei. March 4. n. 126.

Lonicra Griffithii, July 22," p. 43.

Meconopsis raceniosa changing to M. horri-
dula. February 12, p. 86.

Meconopsis simplicifolia Bailev's v?r June
10, p. 313.

Megacarpa polyandra, Mav 13. nn. 255 256.
'^■""liosma cuneifolia. May 27, p. 279.

Monocharis pardanthina. June 10. p. 314

Montanoa bipinnatifida, March 11^ p. 152.

Notholi,non macrophyUum. May 20. p. 265.
Olearia semi-dentata, June 24. n 337 July 1,
p. 1.

Pyracantha crenulata var. Rogersiana, Decem-
ber 30, p. 312.

Pyracantha Gibbsii, December 30, p. 310.

Pectis aquatica, June 10, p. 306.

Phlox Douglasii, January 29, p. 63.
Plum, cross-bred (Laxton's), October 7, 169.

Primula blattariformis. May 13, p. 254.
Primula conspersa. May 27, p. 286.

Primula helodoxa. May 27, p. 291.

Primula nutans, May 13, p. 262.

Primula sibirica in China, .January 22, p. 45.

Primula silvicola, June 17, p. 318.

Primula Zuleika Dobson, April 15, p. 213.

Pyrus crataegifolia, fruit and foHage, January
1, p. 7.
Ribes MaxLmowiczii, May 20, p. 273.
Rosa sericea, July 15, p. 26.

Rose Alexander HiU Gray, December 16, p.
288.

Rose Emily Gray, August 5, p. 52.

Rose Janet, July 29, p. 58.

Rose Flame of Fire, August 12, p. 79.

Rose Gladys Holland, August 12, p. 81.

Rose C. V'. Haworth, July 22, p. 39.

Rose Lord Kitchener, July 15, p. 33.

Ros? Lucy Williams, July 8, p. 12,
Rose macrnphylla Korolkowii, July 15, p. 28.

Rose Nellie Parker, July 8, n. 22.

Rose Mrs. Bryce Allan, .Vpril 22, p. 223.

Rose Princess Mary, November 18, p. 241.

Rose Hoosier Beauty, November 18. p. 247.

Rose Qu.-=en Mary, February 19, p. 101.

Rose Molly Bligh, May 27, p. 287.

Salvia Pitcheri, November 18, p. 243.
Snlvin warlevensis. August 12, p. 78.

Saxifraga Rocheliana, March 4, p. 134.
Sixifraga Sund'^rmannii, April 1, p, 189.

Senecio laxifolius, November 11, pp. 228-229.

Stapelia Desmetiana, April 15, p. 211.

Streptocarpus caiitabrigiensis. IMarch 4, p. 131.

Streptoearpus denticulata, Mav 20, p. 271.

Swe.-t Pea John Porter, July 8, p. 19.

Sw=et Pea Old Rose. June 17, p. 323.

Sweet Pea The President. .July 15, p. 31.

Svnthyris rotundifolia, February 19, p. 100.

Trollius pumilus in China. January 15, p. 30.

The Week's Work.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson, Gardener to Leopold db

Rothschild, Esq., C.V.O., Gunnersbury House,

Acton, W.

Plum Trees in PoTS.-After some twenty
years' experience with Plums in pots both
for early forcing and in natural conditions,
I have come to the conclusion that this
phase of fruit growing has not received
nearly the attention its merits warrant.
Given the same temperature and other
cultural details as are accorded to the Peach
and Nectarine, the grov;ing of Plums in pots
is equally satisfactory, and the friuts form a
welcome addition to the select list of choice
dessert kinds. In ordinary times I have com-
menced the forcing of Plums in the first week
in December by merely closing the house and
syringing the trees. A little fire-heat was used
in the first week in January, and by the end
of that month the first flowers would be open.
The earliest varieties grown in this w'ay were
Eairily Rivers (oa- Eaa-ly Prolific), whicOi, if not of
the very best quaHty, is valuable for the eartlieist
fruits, and, following closely upon this varieity.
Early Favourite and Stint. Before these three
sorts are well over. Early Traiiispareiiit Gage — a
dessert Plum of the vea-y best quality — is avaJJ-
able (from the third week in May onwards). For
years past I have never failed to obtain a crop
of this choice Plum ; the fruits set with free-
dom, and the tree has a robust constitution.
Following those named are Jefferson and

Jantjaky 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

25

Kirke's, which carry the supply well into July.
Thenco onwards the cold orchard-houfie will
yi«ld a siipplv, and. in addition to those named
above, may b© added Gold«n Transparent, Cowat
Althann's Gage, Coe's Go^lden Drop, and
OuiUin's Golden Gage.

8TRAWBERR1E* IN RoTS.— Strawberry plants
in pots tha* have beem pi^pared for forcing may
now be pdaced under glass, with every prospect
of good results. I am wiell aware that witih many
the orthado,\ time for starting Strawberries
is ai about the New Year, but those forced from
now onwards wiJl nob be thiree weeks behind
them, whilst the yield will be much more satis-
factory. I have experimented in many ways,
but have rever found any bstter place for these
early batches of Strawberries than on a shelf in
either an early vinery or a Peach house, close to
the roof-glass. I have tried them plunged in
leaves in a frame, but the large amount of atmo-
spheric moisture has favoured a too vigorous
leaf growth. Koyal Sovereign is the first choice
of many, but I still believe in Keen's Seedling.
both for reliability in cropping and high quality.
Let the pots be examined as to the drainage
and then be washed. Afterwards dip each plant
in a mixture of sulphur (preferably the black
variety) and water ; the plant should be held
head downwards sufficiently low down in the
pail to just wet the surface of the Boil. This
will be a safeguard later from both mildew and
.ed spider. Guard against extremes in water-
ing, and take especial care in this respect in
the early stages of forcing.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DCKS, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Parsnips.— This crop requires a deeply culti-
vated soil, and if the work has not already been
done the ground should be prepared at
the earliest opportunity in order that the seeds
may be sown early in February. Select rich,
loamy soil that is free from stones, and let it
be broken up to the depth of 2 feet. Do not
use farmyard manure at this stage, but give a
good dressing of wood ashes, incorporating
the ash thoroughly with the soil as the work
of trenching proceeds. When the ground
has become settled and sufficiently dry make
the surface fine and level and draw drills
18 inches apart and about 2 inches deep. Sow
the seed.s thinly, cover them with fine soil, and
rake the surface lightly with a wooden rake. If
extra fin? roots are desired make holes 3 feet
deep with a crowbar and fill them with fine-
sifted, rich soil. Sow a few seeds at each sta-
tion and cover them with 1 inch of the same
compost. Later the best plant may be allowed
to grow, removing the surplus ones. Keep a
careful watch for slugs.

Asparagus.— Take advantage of dry or frosty
weather to wheel manure for the purpose of
top-dressing Asparagus beds. The manure should
bj thoroughly decayed and broken as finely as
possible with a fork. The surface of the bed
should be disturbed lightly with a digging-
fork previous to applying the top-drossing. The
alleys should then be dug and 2 inches of the
lightest soil placed over the surface in order
to retain the moisture in the manure. About
the beginning of April a dressing of salt may
be applied with advantage ana the surface
lightly stirred with the point of a digging-
fork. If an early supply of Asparagus is de
sired, and sufficient crowns are available, there
is no difl^iculty in having stems for use within
three weeks from the time the roots are placed
in the forcing pit. The forcing may be done
on a bod of leaves and stable manure in any
brick pit. The materials for the hotbed should
he turned once or twice, trodden moderately
firm, placed in position, and the surface covered
with a thin layer of thoroughly decomposed
manure under 1 inch of sifted leaf-mould. Lift
the roots carefully and place them close to-
gether on the surface. The temperature of the
bed must not rise above 75°. A covering of fine
sifted leaf-mould should be placed over the
crowns and watered in amongst the roots with
water warmed to 70° to 75°. No farther cover-
ing should be applied until growth commences,
but when the young shoots are showing freely
a further covering of .sifted leaf-mould should

be applied to the depth of 4 inches to cause
the shoots to grow rapidly. No fire-heat is
necessary provided sufficient covering material
is at hand in times of frost. One bed of leaves
will retain sufficient heat to force several lots
of roots provided it is lightly stirred when each
batch of roots is introduced.

Shallots and Garlic— As soon as the
soil is sufficiently dry plant Shallots in lines
made 1 foot apart ; choose light, rich ground.
Make the sets firm in the ground and draw soil
lightly over them. Garlic should also be
planted now, and should be allowed a little more
space between the rows than Shallots.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By .J. Collier. Gardener to Sir Jeresiuh Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reigate.

Seasonable Work.— Work in the Orchid
houses now consists chiefly in maintaining the
proper teonperatures, providing suitable aAmo-
spheric conditions, aJid o!eansing the plants a.nd
houses. The plants should be kept as dormant as
IX)Ssible, care being taken that they do not start
into growth prematurely, which might result
in decay of the pseudo-bulbs and rhizomes. The
ternperature of the different houses should be as
follows : Cool house, day, 52° to 550, rising to
60O with sun-heat ; night, 50O. Intermediate
house, day, 60° to 65°, rising to 68°, with sun-
heat ; night, 57°. Cattleya and Mexican house,
day, 60° to 65°, rising to 68°, with sun-heat;
night, 58°. East Indian house, day, 68° to 70°,
rising to 75°, with sun-heat; night, 65°. These
temperatures should be governed more or less
by outside conditions ; for instance, when it is
extremely cold, .i rather lower temperature will
cause less harm to the plants than excessive fire-
heat. The maximum temperature sliould be
recorded at midday. Warmth from the water-
pipes may be economised with advantage by
utilising protective coverings over the roof ex-
terior, removing the covering as early in the
moniing as the conditions wj!l pennit. Maintaiji
% buoy.ant, moist atmosphere in each house,
damping the stages and floors once or twice each
day ; but in this respect be guided by the
amount of fire-heat required to maintain the
requisite temperatures. In gardens in low-lying
districts much less damping will be needed dur-
ing the winter months thaji in those in highei'
exposed positions. The ventilation of the houses
should receive careful attention at all times.
Fresh air should be admitted each day, a stag-
nant ajtmosphere being injurious to the plants.
Open the bottom ventilators on the leeward side
of the house, in order that the cold air may pass
over the hot water-pipes before it reaches the
plants. The cleaning of the houses should be
finished by the end of the present month. The
woodwork and gla.-^s should be washed thoroughly
inside and out, first removing the plants from
the stages to prevent them being splashed with
dirty water. When this operation is over sponge
the plants with a suitable nicotine insecticide,
taking care to remove all scale insects that may
be present on the leaves and itiizomes. Water-
ing : Plants at rest will only require suffi-
cient water to prevent the p.seudo-bulbs from
shrivelling, but those that are growing freely
will refjuire frequent applications of moisture.
The compost .should be allowed to become dry
l)efore watering again, which should be done on
bright mornings. Careful watering is one of
the main secrete of success in the cultivation of
Orchids.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\. Cook. Garflcn'T to the Hon. .\HTIITiK J.
Davev, .\bboUs Wood, Godaluung, Surrey.

Raspberries. -The pruning and tying of
Riispberry canes may now be attended to. The
growths are regulated in a variety of ways, but
the best system, perhaps, is that of training them
to horizontal wires, as by this method I consider
there is, y.ard for yard, a greater supply of fruit.
Wires strained betwees iron standards .'set with
good feet or supports will last a con.sidcrable num-
ber of years. If the old canes were removed last
autumn, the remaining rods should be well
ripened, and the strongest and best developed
canes .should be tied In at regnbir dia:infes ot

about 8 inches, cutting out the small, weak canes.
Shorten the shoots that remain to 5 feet. After-
wards clear the ground of weeds and rubbi.sh.
If manure from an old hotbed can be spared, this
may be spread over the surface to feed the roots.
It is not too late to make new plantations of
Raspberries. The ground should be well trenched,
and if heavy in texture lightened by adding old
mortar rubble. Bone me,al also may be added,
for the Raspberry, if properly cared for, fruits
well for a number of years. Good varieties are
Norwich Wonder — one of the best-flavoured
sorts ; Superlative, a heavy cropper ; Baum-
forth's Seedling, a good variety which often
succeeds where others fail ; and Yellow Antwerp.
Belle de Fonte-iiay is the beat autimm-fruitling
variety.

General Plantino.- It is not too late to
plant all kinds of fruit trees, provided the work
is done quickly. Apples should be got in on pre
pared sites, and, if necessary, every tree should
be firmly supported by a stout stake, which
should/ be made very firm in the soil. Fasten
with a secure tie of tarred string, or, in the ca,se
of standards, use Beckett's patent band. Mulch
with littery manure to prevent damage to the
roots by frost. Pears, Peaiohes and all wall
trees should be planted without further delay. In
clay or vei-y heavy soils it may be necessary to em-
ploy some "dry lime rubble or fine soil. Fasten the
trees to the walls lightly and leave them for a
week or two for the soil to settle before finally
tying them in position. Litter or light manure
spread on the soil will be an advantage in keep-
ing the roots warm. L.ibel each tree in a pro-
milient part. Labels of black letters on white
enamel are efficient, durable, and inexpensive.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston. Gardener to Lady NoKTHCOTE,
Easbwell I'ark, Kent.

Forcinq Flowering Shrubs.— It is not

advisable to bring shrubs for forcmg direct, from
the open into a warm house, but to start them
in moderate warmth, and to raise the tempera-
ture gradually as growth develops. A good
plan is to place the plants in a fruit house that
has been closed for forcing, the small amount
ot cxtia warmth such houses provide being quite
suitable for flowering shrubs. The shrubs may
afterwards be moved into a forcing pit, and
remain there until the flowers are well de-
veloped, when they should be accustomed gradu-
ally to cooler and drier conditions. Prevent
sadden changes in the temperature and direct
draughts of cold air. Spray the plants before
the blooms develop several times daily, accord-
ing to the v.eather, to promote a damp atmo-
sphere.

Az*LE*.-Of Azalea sinensia hybrijds tlwre are
many th;it are fine decorative subjects for indoors ;
Ant'hoiiy Koster, W. E. Gladstone, Glory of
Boskoop, Mme. A. Koster, G. Cuthbert and
Floradora .ire six sterling varieties ot this class,
and can bo recommended for pot work. Ln-
nai'ied see<l!ings may usually be purchased very
cheaply, and these seedlings are valuable where
large quantities are required for grouping. The
vajriety ,1. ('. van To! has beautiful flowers of
deep claret colour, and is one of the best of
the A. mollis sectioii. Alphonse Lavallfc, Gomte
do Quincy and Brilliant are other excellent
varieties, and with a few of the double-flowered
A. rustica and the Ghent Azaleas— ot which
Fanny, Unique and Rose Marie are good ex-
amples—will furnish a good display of flowers
until Azaleas bloom outside. A. mdaca is grown
in large numbers for forcing, and the plants ai*
olieap. There is a wide range of colours in this
cliiss so that it is easy to select the vnTJeties
according to bhe sihades desired. The vei-y small
plants aire suitable for placing in small vases in
dweill'mg-rooms.

LiLAC.-The Lilac is one of the best flowering
.■slM-ubs for forcing. (Jharlea X., Mme. Lemoine,
Mine. Le.gi-aye, President Grevy, Micliael Buch-
ner. s.nd Souvenir de Louis Spiith offeT a varied
.selection of good varieties for forcing.

Rhododendrons.- Tlie showy varieties of
Rhododendrons m?jke a pleaisiing dhangie in the
oonservaton-y, but these plants should never be
subjected to hard foroinig.

26

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Janitart 20, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to tEe
PTJBLISHEB. 41, Wellinffton Street,
Covent Garden. "WC-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining ansicers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindJy observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that aU com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the EorroRs. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
ivhen letters are misdirected.

Illustrations-— rftc Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unices by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondetjts.

Local News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest ^to our renders, or of
ani/ matters which it is desirable to bring tinder
the notice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 23—

Gardeners' Royal Ben. Inst. Annua] meet, and Elec-
tion of Pensioners at Simpson's Restaurant, Strand.

SATURDAY. JANIIARY 27—

Nat. Auricula Soc. (Northern Sect.) Annual meeting.

.\VERAGE Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from ob.'iei-Tations during the last fiftv
years at Greenwich, 40.2°.

.\CTUAL TE.MPERATTTRE : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden London, ThuTsdny, January 11
(10.0 a.m.) : Bar. 29,3'' , temp. 38.'5°. Weather-
Dull.

Potato Prices

SALES FOR THE ENSUINQ WEEK.

WEDXE.SDAY—

Bulbs. Fruit Trees Roses, Herbaceous Plants, &c ,
at 12 o'clock. .^t 2 o'clock. Narcissus, Tulips,
Gladioli. At 3 o'clock. 250 cases of Lilv-of-the-Vallev
and Japanese Lilies received direct. At 67 and 68.
Cheapside, E.C., by Protheroe and Morris.

THURSDAY—

Climbing Roses at 1 o'clock, at Protheroe and
Morris's Rooms.

FRIDAY—

J)rchids. at 1 o'clock, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, B.C.,
l>y Protheroe and Morris.

We drew attention last
week to the decision of
the authorities to fix
the price for this year's
crop of Potatos at 115-130 shillings a
ton, and pointed out that this decision
must have for its effect the discouraging
of Potato growing. The experience of
small growers may be added to that
of large growers — as recorded on another
page by a Potato expert and in the corre-
spondence columns of the daily Press,
that at this maximum price the risk of
loss to the grower is a very real one.
Without wishing to be unduly pessimistic,
we must, we fear, be prepared for a light
crop per acre in 1917, and this chiefly for
two reasons — the lack of potash manures
and the large amount of home-grown seed
which will be planted. Yet it cannot be
doubted that everything that can be
done should be done to put land under this
crop. Notwithstanding every eSort, there
may be a shortage of vegetable food during
the coming summer. In these circum-
stances, and so long as the men who pro-
duce the crops are remunerated fairly for
their work, a glut, should it unexpectedly
occur, would l>e welcomed. With proper
forethought, it would be possible, if the

Board of Agriculture really anticipates a
glut, to provide for the State purchase and
ih-ying of the surplus for winter use. That
provision — as a precautionary measure —
ought to be made in any case. But for
the reasons given already we fear that no
such happy state of affairs as a surplus
of Potatos is likely to arrive. There-
fore evei'y effort to increase production
;.hould be made. We believe hat the
Milner report indicated a proper way
whereby growers could be assured of a fair
remuneration and profiteering be checked ;
a minimum price and a " call " price would
secure these ends.

Into the question of the undue lowness
of the maximum which has been fixed we
need not go. It is manifest that the price
will not encourage any experienced person
to grow Potatos for the market.

It is all very well for the authorities to
fix the price of best seed at £12 a ton.
This is too late in the day, and we
are not unreasonably sceptical of what
this '' best " will be. Provident growers
have been buying their seed already, and
have had to pay more than this price. The
" best " can onh' be what is left over, and
it looks only too probable that not a little
of the seed will be " ware," and that there-
fore it will not go so far, or vrill have to
be cut, in which case the labour will be
increased at once.

Tlie time chosen for official intervention
is as unfortunate as the manner thereof.
It is within our know-lede that some
months ago, when a shortage of Potatos
was already manifest, representations
were made to the Board of Agriculture
suggesting the advisability of their obtain-
ing control of the crop at lifting time.
These representations were ignored.
Nothing was done until contracts had been
made, and much of the " ware '' and
seed disposed of at high figures. Then
came the intervention — "too late," as
usual — and its only effect has been to
disorganise the market and discourage
planting. To offer to sell the hes:f seed
at £12 a ton when the best has been sold
already at far higher prices is not only
to impose serious loss on those traders
who hold stocks which they themselves
have purchased at a higher price, but al.so
to undertake what seems impossible of
fulfilment.

We urge, tlierefore, that the orders be
withdra-wn, that a fair minimum price,
and, if necessary, a " call " price be fixed
for nex? year's crop, that traders be re-
couped for bona-fide losses which the sell-
insf price of £12 a ton for seed imposes
upon them, and that plant be provided in
the Pntato-growins districts for larse-scale
dryine of Potatos in order th.it the
wastage of this venr's crop mav be reduced
to a minimum.

Chelsea and Holland House Shows.—

We are informed by the secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society that the Council has had
^eat anxiety in coming to a decision wh^'ther to
hold these two large shows in 1917, and had at
first decided to continue them, but, added to the
trouble arising from the shortage of labour, the
difficulties of transport., and th-» Government's
desire to redxice travelling to the utmost possible

extent, it now finds itself confronted with
a further difficulty that at the last moment
tlie contractor has reportr-d that he cannot
guarantee to get up the tents. For all these
reasons the Council has decided to abandon
these shows. In a.rriving at tlhds decisiO'n,
after the most careful consideration of all the
points both for and against it, the Council hopes
it will have the support and approval of every
Fellow of the Society. In the place of these two
shows ordinary fortnightly meetings will be held
at thp London Scottish Drill Hall, Buckingham
Gate, on the usual fortnightly dates, nami-'lv
May 22 and July 3.

Abandonment of Spring Rose Show.—

We leani tha-t t-he Spiiiig Rose Show of the
National Rose Sooiety has been abandoned for
the present year, by the decisiion of the council
at their meeting he.ld on the 16th inst . immedi-
ately after the annua^^ general meeting.

National Chrysanthemum Society.- The

annual meeting of the National Chrysanthemum
Society wijl be held at Carr's Restaurant, Strand,
on Monday, February 5, at 5 p.m.

The Cropping of Waste Land Seventy
Years Ago.- Having entered to the farm of
Parkton. containing 70 acres of arable land, in
1858, after putting it into good order, my atten-
tion w>as directed to the improvement of a piece
of waste land, which stretched in a continuou.?
line along the north-east side of the farm, with
the e.xception of a few patches to the south. I
have altogether improved £0 acres, of which 30
acres have been brought under the plough during
the last three years. The ground was formerly
under F^r-wood, which was cut and sold abort
twelve years since, with the exception of a
few acres, whdich are still standing. 'The siu-face
was generally covered with short stunted Heath,
the pasturage on which was probably not worth
more than 2s. per acre. The soil was a clayey
gravel, in some places inclining to peat, on a
subsoil of wet, clayey gravel. The ground was
trenched 12 inches deep, with the exception of
three acres, which were taken in with the plough,
and about 25 acres were partially furrow-drained,
at 18 and 24 feet apart, according to the reten-
tive nature of the subsoil. Large open drains
were made to subdivide the ground into fields.
The expense of these improvements was as fol-
lows : —

Trenching 28 acres at £6 per acre... £168 0 0
Ploughing 3 acres and taking out

roots 5 0 0

Clearing the ground of roots, stones,

and levelling .' 62 0 0

3,353 yards of large covered drains

at 2d. per yard ..". 27 18 10

2.975 yards of large open drains at

lid.' per yard '^ 18 1110^

20.398 yards of furrow drains at Id.

per yard 84 19 10

Total £567 10 6i

Making an average cost of £11 17s. Id. per acre.
The first crop was taken in 1843 from about
10 acres, which were well limed, and manured
with farmyard dung and sown with Barley, which
yielded a pretty fair crop of about four quarters
per acre. In the following year, 1844, this ground
was pastured. In 1845 it was broken up for Oats,
which yielded a very fair crop, probably five
quarters per acre. The remaining 20 acres were
prepared for Oats in 1844 by manuring and liming^
and the crop was a fair one. at least five quarters
per acre. In 1845, this portion was under Turnips
anid Pbtatos, the Potatos being a good crop, but
the Turnips were below an average. — Gardentr^'
ChronkU. January 23. 1847.

The Varieties of Vanilla.— Of the four

distinct Vanillas mentioned by Scheede as occur-
ring in Mexico, Messrs. CoNST.iNTiN and Bots.

* "Les Variet^s de Vanille," Comptes Renins de l'Aca'1.
d. Sci., Paria, 163, p. 466.

jAsrc.uiT 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

27

in the course of their recent investigations recog-
nise two — Vanilla srativa and V. sylvestris — as
being the most important commercially. They
rapreseiit two species. The former witth oblong
leaves and an ungrooved capsule is the be^t Van-
illa. The latter has oblong-lamceolate leaves and
giwjved capsules. Messrs. Gost.^nttn and Bois
believe that of the Vanitlas in Tajhiti three forms
belong to the sylvestris type.

Germany's Lack of Potatos.— Touching
Germany's Potato supply, the Figaro (Paa'is)
states : " In certain locaHties ea«Sh coupon of the
Potatos card only gives the right to the half of
the quanti'ty indicated thereon. In Berlin, in
spite of the seven coupons of the Potiato card,
the holdeirs can only obtain six pounds per
week." On December 21 the Municipal Council
of jMiilhausen dealt with the question of pro-
visioning in Potatos. The Mayor has had the
following declaration published in the Miilhauser
TagMatt : — " There has b,3en assigned to the
town the duty of affording p^o^nsioning. besides

can be applied easily by means of a slightly
worn paint brush, and should be well worked
into the crevices of the bark. The work should
be done thoroughly in winter, and the trees
closely watched the following spring and early
summer for any pests that have escaped destruc-
tion.

Pigs.— All pig-keepers, notwithstanding the
present high price of feeding stuffs, a^re
urged by the Board of Agriculture to make
every possible effort to nraintain the supply
of pigs. Sows with access to shelter will pick
up a considerable part of the food they require
out-of-doors. Where grass is scarce a few
Swedes or Mangolds, together with a pound or
two of Beans or finely-ground Palm kernel cake,
will sTve to carry most sows through till farrow-
ing time. For fattening pigs 8 lb. of Swedes,
boiled, are equivalent to 1 lb. of cereal meals or
offals. Small or blemished Potatos are twice as
valuable as Sw^edes for feeding purposes, but
these should be reserved for the later stages of

stUl, as w-ae the case la«t month, nearly 15 per
cent, less than at the corresponding date last
year. The early sown Wheat is quite satis-
factory, but that sown later is germinating very
slowly, and, where it is above ground, it is often
poor. Seeds are practically everywhere a good
plant, healthy and vigorous, although the sharp
weather at the end of the month checked their
growth somewhat. Turnips and Swedes are
generally keeping w-ell ; they are satisfactory
crops. In many districts more of these roots
are being left to be fed off in the ground than
usual, and fewer have been lifted.

French Needs After the War.— A well

known American manufacturer i-f agricultuj'al im-
plements, .-'.s quoted by Gardening (Chica.go,
December 15, 1916), has found on inquiry of the
Frendh Mijiiister of Agriculture that among the
implements whi.ch will be required after the end
of the war are 120,000 ploughs, 17,000 traction
engines, 10,000 tlni-eshers, and so on. The
American inipiement maker, in looking fonvard

Fig. 11. — ODONTIODA GRATRIXIAE BRYNDIR VARIETY.
(S<y> .\wardR by the Orchid Committee, p. 30.)

the arrondissement of Miilhansen itself, for those
(irrondissrincnts of Altkirch and G«bweilleir.
Worms and Darmstadt had also to send supple-
ments. However, from the outset the system
has completely failed, through lack of Potatos.
Thi administration of the town put itself in
relations with the Prefect. The Mayor was of
opinion that, since the peasants were keeping
back their Potatos, it must come to military
requisitions. It did come to that, in point of
fact, but without sufTici.->nt result. We arc lack-
ing 560 vanloads to cover our needs up to April
15, 1917. Worms and Darmstadt, which owed
us 1,700 vanloads, have not yet sent a pound.
To replace the Potatos we had to have large
quantitie.s of Kohl-Kabis. They are being de-
livered to us no longer. Add to that the fact
tlitit 600 vanlloads of Potatos coming back to the
('ommunal TTnion of Haute-Alsace have beeni
taken for the provisioning of the Army."

American Blight.— Paraffin oil is a mo.st
effectu.Tl fipecifio for destroying woolly aphis. It

fattening. To supplement roots, tho cheapest
and most suitable foods at the present time are
finely-ground Palm kernel cake, Bean meal,
Maize gluten feed and dried granns. Later on
Clover, Sainfoin and Lucerne will be available in
place of roots, and smallholders should consider
whether they can find space to add these to their
crops. Edible domestic r?fuse should be reserved
as far as possible for pig feeding.

The Condition of the Farm Crops. The

Board of Agriculture and Fisheries monthly
agricultural report states that the weather dur-
ing December greatly hindered work on the
land. In some districts the first fortnight was
fine enough to allow of some progress being
made, but in most parts the weather was too
fitormy for much to be done, and later there
were frosts. Only a compwratively small area
was consequently sown with Wheat, and it is
estimated that by the end of the year little over
two-thirds of the area intended for this crop
had been got in ; while the total area sown is

to providing the toofe for French and BeJgiam
liarvesls, hopps to reap a golden harvest of hia

Veoetable-orowing in Scotland.— The

governors of George Heriot's Trust, Edinburgh,
have agreed to place a considiTable area of their
vacant lands at the disposal of allotment holders.
The Dundee Public Heo-lffi Committee has de-
(ijided to cultivate a considera-ble area of land at
the public hospitals. Arbroath Town Couooil will
grow vegetables and otTieir crops on lajid belonging
to the buirgh and ailso utilise piart of the Carmegio
Park for the purpose. Ayr Town Coiincil has
appointed a committe-^ to arrange for the culti-
vation of waste and other land with vegetables.
Musselburgh Town Council is providing a num-
ber of allotments, for which numerous applica-
tions have been made. The Kilwinning Town
Council has agrei?d to invite offers of land for
allotments and to utilise some of the Public Park.
Part of the lands belonging to the Town Council
of Lanark is to be applied to allotments for the

28

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[jAmrABT 20, 1917.

cultivation of vegetables. As a result of the
movement by the Dumfries and District Horti-
cultural Society, the Dumfries Town Council re-
mitted it to the Public Health Committee to
consider the allotment question, and that body
is now advertising for land and for intending
allotment-holders. Hawick Town Council has re-
solved to let a field for allotments.

Congressional Distribution of Seeds.—

The annual free gifts of flower and vegetable
seeds which the Govenunent of the United States
of America makes, through the Representaitdves,
is receiving a deal of opposition and criticism
from various members of the House. It seems
that there axe avai'Iabie for diistiiibutiion by each
member to his constituents 20,000 packets of
garden seeds, and that practically all avail thejn-
'selves of the opportunity to " give a clieap sop for
past loyalty" to the voters. The total cost to
the country for purchasing and distributing these
seeds during four consecutive years ending in
the season 1912-13 is reported to have been
1,110,933 dollars, and the cost of postage, which
is not charged, was a further siun of 467,759
dollar's. In all, diu'ding the period mentioned,
48,568,801 packages were sent thi-ough the post.
The criticism and opposition to the distribution,
which has the sanction of custom, is twofold^ —
the policy and the quality of the seeds. In a
recent speech in the Houue of Representatives
Jlr. P. P. Campbell, of Kansas, asked " whether
oa' not tties© seeds were purohaaed abroad,
because it was hoped that the department (of
Agriculture) would get a variety of seed that
would be useful in introducing new plants into
the United States, or whethea- it was do^ne because
a lot of miscellaneous and badly mixed seeds
coxild be purchased cibeaper abroad than in
the United States. I know something of the
character of the seeds sent out," he continued,
"and they were a badly mixed lot of poor seeds.
Cucumber seed and Cantaloupe seed were mixed
indiscrianinately ; Water-Melon seed and Pump-
kin seed were mixed in the same package ; and
six separate kinds of Lettuce were mixed in one
small package, all marked some sort of special
Lettuce, and yet there were six kinds in that
little package—aJl poor."

The World's Crops.— If any man needs
evidence of the importance of cultivating as
much food as possible, he will find it in the
statistics* of the world's crops. The Wheat
crop of the United States is below the average
and export will be reduced. The Argentine has
produced little more than half its average crop.
The jield from the Northern Hemisphere in neu-
tral or allied countries, and in the Old and New-
Worlds, is about three-quarters of last year's
crop, and somewhat under the average. Nor
is the shortage of Wheat made good by increased
supplies of other cereals. The Rye of "the North-
ern Hemisphere is nearly 5 per cent, less
than in 1915, Barley nearly 10 per cent. less.
The world's Oat crop is about 14 per cent, less
than last year, and ^Maize, so far as is yet
known, has given a poor return. When it" is
remembered that armies are inevitably, and in
spite of every precaution, extravagant food con-
sumers, it will be evident that many people in
the world will go hungry dua'ing this year, and
that it is the duty of every man who has the
use of ground to grow aU the vegetable food he
possibly can.

PUBLIOATIONS RECEIVED.- TVie Sweet Pea

Annual. Edited by J. S. Brunton. (National
Sweet Pea Society.) Price 2s., post free. — Quar-
terly Journal of Forestry. No. 1, Vol. XI.
(London: Laughton & Co., Ltd.) Price 2s. —
Parish War Societies : How they are Formed
and Conducted. By William Richard Boelter.
Smallholders' Union Series. (London : Penny &
Hull.)

: * International Institute of Agriculture Blilletin of Acii-
cultural Statistics, The IVorld's Cropi/or 1916 and 1916-17.

VEGETABLES.

INTERCROPPING.

Among the many schemes which are being
brought forward to increase the supply of food
intercropping is probably one of the beet,
although I do not agree witih Mr. Bagg (see
p. 307) in planting Lettuce between Onions or
Turnips and Spinach between Strawberries. As
Jlr. Archer (p. 9) states, the best system can only
be devised by the man on the spot, as every obser-
vant gardener knows no two gardens can be
worked to the best advantage on the same
lines ; knowledge and experience have to be
ada,pted' to soil, situation, and requirements.
On these lines I offer the following suggestions
for intercropping :^

(1) New Strawberry plantations may be use-
fully interplanted with Tripoli, or Onion sets
and Shallots, placing the plants alternately be-
tween plants and lines. The preparation of the
land for StrawbeJries renders it suitable for
Onions.

(2) When Dwarf French Beans are sown..
Radishes may be sown amongst the Beans, and in
alternate lines ; the Radishes will have two

values — as a covering for the young Bean plant
from late frosts and supplying a crop of food.

(3) Between Runner Beans and Peas possibly
Turnips, or Turnip-rooted Beet, wUl give the
best results. If Turnips are used give the sjmce
a good dressing of wood-ashes.

(4) Among bush fruits, and possibly Roses
which are grown for cut flowers, a quick-grow-
ing Cabbage, suoh as First and Beet, or Early
London Cauliflower, should give a good return
for labour.

(5) In many gardens there is a danger of Beet
seedlings being damaged by a late frost. A few
Radish seed sown among the Beet will often
provide sufficient covering to protect the young
Beet, and yield a little extra food.

(6) As labour is short and expensive it
may be found a good policy in planting Potatos
to plant an early and a late variety in alternate
lines, 2 feet or less between the lines ; thus, a
line of King Edward, then a line of Sharpe's
Express. Tliese may be planted at the end of
March or beginning of April. Should th? young
plants appear before all danger of frost is past
cover them with soil. The advantage of this
method will be that the Sharpe's Express may
be lifted in time to int?rcrop with Cauliflower,
Kales^ Brussels Sprouts and Broccoli, leaving the
King Edward to mature for winter use. It is
hardly necessary to state that late varieties of
Potatos may b? planted until the first week in
June, and that early varieties may be nlanted
until the first or second week in July, with good
hopes of a profitable return. Tliis late planting
will be found useful for filling spaces ' which
have been occupied by other crops, and, on ac-
count of labour, the point to remember is, to
estimate the quantity of seed which may be

wanted, and, if available, to store the tubers in

a cool place. J. E.

NOTES ON TRENCHING.

The advantages gained by trenching heavy soil
which has a hard, pan-Eke subsoil are many.
First, the subsoil is made wanner owing to the
admission of air, and naturally this is a great aid
to plant growth, especially during the early spring
months. Secondly, moisture is conser^'ed in the
soil longer during dry weather in the summer.
Thirdly, deep trenching provides a free. rooting
medilum, also it provides a quick pea'oolation for
water, thus avoiding stagnation about the roct-,
which is extremely important in the case of fruit
trees. Even meadows and lawn turf difp ,'
beneficial effects where trenching has been doie.

But then3 are soils that would receive no
benefit from trenching — soU of a sandv character.

for instance, or that overlies closely a chalk sub-
siil. Soils that benefit most by trenching are those
which have a hard pan of caUus-like subsoil, not
actually clay, but a i»°ar approach to it, and al-
though it may be, as is often the case, freely
mixed with flint stones, even these fail to give
sufficient porosity for a rapid percolation of wat?r
from heavy rains. Even in gardens that have
long been in cultivation and were p-roperly
trenched at the start the soil is rendered all the
more suitable to plant life by repeated trenchings
every fourth year.

There are two methods of trenching, bastard
and deep trenching. The former is all too com-
monly practised, because it is easier than the
more thorough method of moving the soil to a
greater depth. Bastard trenching as I know it
is thus : The top spit and the loose soil at the
bottom of the first tnench is taken out ; the lower
spit is deeply dug over instead of being taken out
entirely'.

The trenching I advocate, especially for new
plots, is managed as follows : Mark out a trendh
2 feet wide, wheel the whole of this soil to a depth
of 2 feet to the opposite end of the plot. Break
up the bottom of the trench to 1 foot deep. This
extra moving of the subsoil will provide a more
rapid water percolation. Another 2-feet trench
is marked off and the top spit and loose soil is
also wheeled to the opposite end of the plot, to
be used in filling up the last trench. The second
spit is thrown into the first trench and the top
spit of the third trench completes the first. This
method allows of every spit of soil being left in its
original pceition. The surface soil naturally
provides a better tilth than that which has nevei-
been exposed to the air or had the direct benefits
of manuring.

If long, strawy manure or freshly gathered
leaves is available, add them liberally to each
trench as the trenching proceeds, reserving the
shorter manure for the top spit. Roadside refuse,
burnt earth, wood ashes, old potting soil and de-
cayed vegetable refuse are useful additions to
newly-trenched soil, improving the porosity. In
February, if the weather is dry, a free sprinkling
of quicklime spread over the surface will further
improve th? tilth, forking it lightly in.

I have been frequently told that the bottom spit
should be brought to the surface, and the top spit
placed in the bottom of the trench. If I could
obta.in sufliciemt good compost to cover the
surface 1 foot thick in wfhich to grow the
first season's crop I should advocate that method
of trenching, but knowing how impossible it is
for the amateur residing on the outskirts of a
town to obtain any of the ingredients mentioned
above, I cannot recommend the pa-acibice.
E. Molyneux-

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

\The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
The Leaf of Peaches and

Nectarines (see p. 6). — Perhaps few of us
really know what a kidney- or round-shaped
gland on a Peach-leaf is, and" as for the different
vrjrieties of serrated edges and pkan edges, these
are matters that do not attract the eye of tlhe
general grower. To the initiated such details
are of much importance, for the above types, to-
gether with the large or small sizie of the
flowers, give to us at once the true and
authentic names of the ^■arietdes. Of recent
years I have not had the oppoitunity of study-
ing the subject so much as I could have wished,
but the reading of the interesting article on the
subject revived a latent interest. A Peach grower
has always noticed that glandless varieties
were more prone to attacks of mildew, but with
reference to Peach blister my own observations
were that all types suffered. You suggest
that Peaches and Nectarines offer a fascinating
proWem to the student of genetics. So I think
they should be intereistdng to tlie propagator and
grower of young stock, for I believe by double

jANT-iRY 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

29

working (budding) or budding on the stock that
will impart vigoui- to tlie tree, blister and mil-
dew may be overcome. I know full well many
Peaches and Neotarines, through improper culti-
vation, win suffer from blister and mildew, but,
nevertheless, those varieties which are consti-
tutionally prone to it may be strengthened to i^e-
■sc-st the ddsease. The Mussel, Brussels, and
Brompton stocks are used for budding Peaches
and Neotarines in this country, and it is only
ioi first-class nursery establislunent« that a
defined rule as to the different varieties best
adapted and suited to the different stocks is fol-
lowed out. Hea-ein often lies the secret of pro-
ductivity, ir. H. C, Hamilton.

Gardening at Ruhleben Camp.— I append
herewith a letter received from the Prisoners'
Camp at Ruhleben, aeknowledging the bulbs
and seeds sent to the Royal Horticultural
Society by its Fellows and friends for despatch
to the Ruhleben Horticultural Society. The
president and councU wish to take this oppor-
tunity of thanking all those who so kindly
identifi'^d themselves with this effort; they will
be pleaded to know that their parcels are arriv-
ing safely. — Yours faithfully,

W. WiLKS,

Secretary.

"Royal Horticultural Society,
London.

" Dear Sars,

" I am in receipt oif your letter of 12th Octo-
ber announcing that the Ruhleben Horticultural
Society is affiliated to the Royal Horticidturnl
Society, London, which was laid before my
committee.

" I am instructed to tender to you their
heartiest thanks for this kind assistance to the
society's aims and also for the six cases and
one parcel, containing bulbs and seeds, w-hich
have been duly received. These have beefn
already planted, and a very successful show is
now assured. They also beg to acknowledge,
with many thanks, the receipt of the six pamph-
lets on gardening subjects and to inform you
that a syllabus of lectures has already been
commenced with great success. A copy of this
sylLibus, and also of the pa/pera given, shall be
forwarded in due course.

" On Friday last I received your letter of
November 30, advising the despatch of eleven
further cases of bulljs, etc., and for this I wish
to express to you our warmast thanks and al«o
to those friends wlio so kindly sent us gifts of
bulbs through your medium. As soon as the
eleven cases arrive T fihall inform you thereof.

" Enclosed please find a few of our member-
ship cards which I hope will be of interest to
you.

" Again with many thanks and the best wishes
to all for Christmas and the coming New Year.
— I remain. Yours faithfully,

(Signed) T. Howat,

Hon. Secretary.
Ruhleben Horticultural Society.

Bar 5, Box 15.
December 20, 1916."

Old Seed and Plant Catalooueb (.-^cc
p. 9). — In reading tlu'ough tlie .suvera.1 names
of seed and nurssei-y firms in the interesting
artiide that appeared in recent iseuee of the
Gardeni-rs' Chronicle, one prominent nursery
seems omitted that in its day was, I believe,
considered the first and foremost of its cla.'s.
I have siome recollection of it since 1866,
and have on oct^asion interested myself in
the wonderful and varied collections found there.
I reifer to Messrs. Rollison's, of Tooting, SuiTey.
Although a young,ster at the time, I remomberthe
advent of Kollisoii's Telegraph Cucumber, the
pairent of so many variieties since, and its sale at
that time at Is. per seed. Wh-(«ther the raiser
— a email private gardener close by — was re-
munerated to any great extent, I don't know,
but it certainly was a boon to tjhe distributors.
Messi'S. Rollison's catalogue was of a bulky
n,Tture, and contained a wide and diversified col-
lection of plants of all genera. Such a list is
not, to my knowledge, publii-hed by any nursery-
man at the present day. It is an interest-
ing, valuable and thoroughly practical work,
and a book of reference. My own copy was

handed me by its former owner, who had it
interleaved with plain paper, for the purpose
of recording notes as to the best means of pro-
pagation and cultivation. On many occasions I
have found the notes of considerable assistance
and impoi-tance. Where the site oi the nursca-y
ie now I failed to discover the last time I was
in that neighbourhood. 11'. H. C, Hampton.

The mention by C. H. P. (p. 9)

of Haddock's nursery at Wailworth brings
to mind a conversation I liad recently with

T^UHLE^EN

HOTiTICULTU%AL

SOCIETY.

AFFILIATED TO THE ROYAL
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

LO/VDO^V:.

RULES AND STANDING ORDERS OF THE
"RUHLEBEN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY".

Tillfs of the Society. That the Title of the Society
be the 'Ruhleben Horliculturol Society".

Aim* of the Society. That the aims ol the Society
be to furthei the knowledge of Horticulture and
give membcTB on opportunity of studying thia
subject by ossisting in the l.Aying out and atten-
ding lo the flower beds in the Camp.

Membership. That the Society be open to all
interested in Horticulture and That the Membership
Subscription be M. I,- per annum payable on
entering — Application for Membeish.p to be
made to the Hon. Sec. of the Society.

Privileges ol Membership. That Members be
entitled to attend all lectures and papers arranged
for by the Society and perusal of any literary
matter should such be obtainable.

Officers and their Election. That the Officers ol the
Society consist of a Presidenl.Vice.President.Chaii-
man. Vice.Chairman. Secretary and Treasurer, who
are to be elected at a General Meeting of Members.

The Commillee. That the business ol the Society
be conducted by a Committ. e ol not less than
eight and .not more than twelve members (inc lu-
ding the Vice-Chairmanl these gentlemen to be
elected at a General Meeting of Members. The
period of office to terminate at the expiration oi
one year from date of appointment The Hon Sec.
lo have full pot»er to vole and together with live
member, ol the Committee shall form a quorum.

the 12th iust., there are no signs of the Winter
.\conite pushing through the soil, yet we usually
have some flowers open before this date, whilst
in 1912-13 the blossoms were open on Novem-
ber 24, being the earliest date I have recorded.
Anemone blanda. Iris reticulata and Crocus
Imperati are also backward. DapQme Mezereum
and Jasminum nudiflorum are the only plant.i
that have flowers open, with the exception of
Sternbergia lutea, which has lately developed ■•
number of its bright yellow flowers, that usually

RUHLEBEN HORTICL'LTURAL SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIP-CARD

SEASON 1916-17.

PRESIDENT: - Mr. L. P. Warner
ViCEPRESlDENT: - Mr. M. Pritchard
HON. VICE-PRESIDENTS:. Messrs. C L Breit.
meyer. Walter Bulterworth J. P.. W, S. Cohn.
A. E. Dodd. G F. Fisher. F W, Hessin. F H La-
zarus, B.G.Levis. Dr. J F- Logic, W.F.Mc.Kenzie,
A. H Mitchell, OHara Murray. F. Silbermann.
E. Silbermann.
CHAIRMAN;- Mr L P Warner. Bar. 8. Room 2
VICE-CHAIRMAN:- Mr. L. P. Roberts, Bar. 5. Loll B
HON SECRETARY:- Mr. Thomas Howat. Bar 5.

Box 13
ASSISTANT SECRETARIES:- Messrs. W. M. Harris

and W. E. Moll
HON TRESAURER:- Mr. T. Howat
COMMITTEE:- Messrs. J. Blackburn. W. Cayley,
H. Cooper (10), W. R. Cooper (5), A. Hill,
I. Lazarus, M Pease. P. Soans. P. F. W. Simon.
G. A Wyllie.

MEMBER'S NAME:- Mr

The

Chr

irman ol the M

eeting shall hav

- power

to \

ote

and in addition have a casting vote. |

Norn

inat

on ol Members

to fill any v

acancies

wh.c

h n-

ay occur during

the year to be

made at

aCe

nera

Meeting ol Mem

bets. The Vice F

resident

shal

br

an ex-offic. me

Tiber of the Co

iimittee-

Gener

>l M

eeling. A Gene

al Meeting shall be held |

lorti

ight

y when, if nece

ssary. a short r

eport of

the

work will be made

o the membe...

ollowed

by a

per on some H

orticultuial sub)

cl All

notic

Meetings etc. to

be conveyed to i

nembera

by r

near

s ol a public nc

tice-board, whic

h notice

shal

be

considered sufli

cient.

Finan

e.

That the Comn

nittee be empowered to |

nosf

bulbs, seeds.

mplements or a

iy other

ssnr

es oul of the So

:iety'a funds and

to c.irry

oul

all

financial busine

S3 connected v

vith the

Soc.

elv

That the Accounts of the So

ciety be

„ud,

ed

by an Auditor.

not a membe

of he

Corr

mit

ee. who shall be elected at a

Gener,.l

Mee

ol the Society.

Altrra

ol Rules. Altc

rations, amendn

[rents or

add

tton

to the Rules

shall be made

at any

Gen

eral

Meeting, should

such alterations,

amend

men

ta. or addition, be 1

ound . ecesaary.

Apper

dix.

TheC

omn

llttee meet ev,-ry

Thursday .iftern

on from

i lo 5

p.

m. in Mr. Lazaru

8- Summer Hous

e behind

Barrac

k/

where members r

lay apply lor inf^

rmation.

Memb

ers

wishing to assia

in gardening a

e asked

to han

i th

Warn.r, B„. B,

Room 2,

Requc

SIS

or work. parties

will be posted c

n notice

boa

d.

il possible, the

day before goin

g out.

FlC. 12. — MKMBEHSHIF CARD AND RULES OF THE RUHLEBEN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pj relative living in Peckham (jlirove, who
told me tJhat he remembered a largo nursary
existing upon what are now back gardens to
the Grove. There seems some proof of this,
for there are still trees and shrubs growing such
as one would hardly expect to find in a back
garden. This is now the Cambervvell district,
but it is possible that ait one time it was part of
Walwortli, which it adjoins, .4, /. Ml gar,
dri tjijnnfj Hall Gardens, Newtown.

Sprino Flower*.— Early flowers in the open
are much later than usual this season. To-day,

appear in November. I am unable to account for
this general lateness. December has been cold ;
in fact, the coldest Decembej' during the 23 yeaiB
I have been here. The mean temperatiu'e was only
33.70°, and this is 5.37° below the average. But
November must influence the eaj-ly growtli of tlhiig
Aconite, as it once flowered on November 24, and
this season November was 0.78° above the aver-
age mean temperature ; while October was 1.78°
above. November also had 12 hours sunshine
above the average, but I do not consider sun-
shine in November is the determining factor in

30

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Janttart 20, 1917.

the case, because in 1912, when the Aconite
flowered in November, the sunshine here was SSj
hours below the average ; in that year October
was 28.9 hours above the average. Is the
Aconite late everywhere this season ' T*. //
Divers. Belvoir C'axtlc Gardcnf. Gi-anthcim.

SOCISTISS.

Treatment of Strawberry Bed* (see
p. 9). — The drainiugs from the stable or farm-
yard, when used with care, cannot be surpassed
"as fertilisers for the Strawberry. Care must,
however, be taken to dilute the manure, for it
is highly charged with ammonia. Ordinary
farmyard drainings from cowsheds, even
when" used in conjunction with that from stables,
ia less drastic in its action than from horses,
and can therefore be used with greater safety.
We depend upon annual plantations for furnish-
ing dessert fruit, and in no case do we retain
the plants after their second year. In forming
a plantation we secure the earliest runners, treat
them in the usual way, and plant out when they
are rooted sufficiently, invariably upon ground
that has carried early Teae. As soon as the
plants root freely in the soil they receive a
thorough application of liquid manure, and this
treatment is repeated on occasions until growth
ceases. But as soon as leaf growth again com-
memicee, and luitil the fruit begins to change
colour, the roots are again fed with the liquid
stimulant. Tims. Conwhrr. The Hendre Gar
dfns, Monmonlh.

A Rare Pomoloqical Work.— In com-
parison with neighbouring countries Holland has
produced but few books dealing with fruits. If
we except the outburst of works on Oranges and
other Citrus fruits in the seventeenth centuiy,
nothing of importance was published until the
well-known Pomohigici of Knoop in 1758. In
more modern days there is but the Nederlandsc/ie
Boomgard of Ottolander aud other authors
pubJishcd ill 1868. The gap between these last
two was filled by the Pomulocjia Batava of Van
Noort, ajid it is to this work that I wish to refer.
For many years I have accepted the existence of
such a work on report only, repeated search in
librajiies in France, Holland, Giermany, Belgium,
and at home failed to discover it, and I began
to fear it was one of those flying Dutchmen who
are more talked about than seen. However, a
copy has turned up at a sale in Holland, and
through the kindness of a friend, combined wiith
a happy interveiLtioji of fatd, which prevented it
from being sent on the mail boat captured by the
Germans, it has come into my hands. The full
title of the work translated is " Pumologia
Batava, with plates and descriptions of several
of Apples and Pears which are grown in the
Dutch Country. All coloured and described from.
Nature by Mr. JIathieu van Noort. Leiden,
1830." The size is quarto, and forty-four platts
of Apples and forty of Pears are given (not
twenit.y of each, as I stated in my Guide to the
Literature of T'omoluyij, on borrowed informa-
tion). It was published, I believe, in pai'ts, from
1830 to 1840. The plates are lithographed and
probably considerably retouched by hand, and
are very fair specimens of such work, delicate and
restrained in tone, buit not so fine an example of
this process as may be found, for instance, in
Deoaisne's Jardin Fruitier. The descriptions
ar^e short and not particidarly detailed. The
preface is autographed, and the general appear-
ance leads one ito suppose that a very limited
edition was produced. Batava, it ma.y be said,
was an old name for Holland. As I believe no
description of this work exists, I venture to place
one on record for the guidance of collectors.
E. A. Bunyard.

Early Melons.— To obtain early Melons
the plants should be raised from seed£ sown
riow. In a few weeks there will be more sun-
light, and growth will bo more free. For the
earliest crop I prefer Ringleader, a green-
fleshed variety of first-class flavour, vigorous
constitution, and a tree setter. If only a small
number of fruits is required I advise the grow-
ing of the plants in pots, which results in a
saving of soil ji,nd labour. I have succeeded
well with early Melons by raising them in small
pots on shelves close to the roof-glass. In this
way a stocky growth is secured, and this is all-
important. H.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

J.\NUARY 16.— The first of the R.H.S. foa-t-
nightly meetiings for 1917 was held on Tuesday
last in the Drill Hall of the London Scottish,
Buckingham Gaite, Westminster. Thus, after a
Jia/ps>e of thirteen yea.rs, the Society has reverted,
for the present, to the place of its foirmer activi-
ties, and although not compara.ble with its own
spacious and well-lighted building, the DriU Hall
will no doubt serve the purpose of the fortnightly
meetings until the return of normal conditions.

The opening meeting of the year was not very
successful, but this fact was due to inclement
weather. A fall of snow added to the difficulties
of transport, and many who intended exhibiting
were compelled to withdraw at the last moment

The principaJ ex'hdbit was a collection of
Appli»s, for which the Fruit and Vegetable Com-
mittee awairded a Sijlvei'-gilt Knightiia.n Medal.

I ;a.rnation? and Pelargoniums formed the onily
exhibits in the floral section, but tAvo novelties
recp'ved Awards of Merit from the Floral Oom-
m iittee.

There were good exhibits of Orchids, and
thiEi Orchifl Committee recommended one First-
cla.ss Certificate and three Awards of Mei-it to
iiiivelt.-es

Floral Committee.

I're.tenl: Messrs. H. B. May (ohaii-man), W. J.
Bean, G. Reuthe, John Heal, R. Hooper Pearson,
.7. F. McE^od, W. Howe, J. Jennings, A. Turner.
.Tohn Dickson, t'. Dixon, H. J. Jones, H. Cowley,
C. E. Pear.son, W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jenkias.
.Tjid R. C. Notcutt.

Awards of Merit.

('orijlus AveUana contorta. — A remarkable form
of tih© common Hazel, in which all the shoots are
contorted, frequently in a spiral manner. Mr.
Bowles, m .My (hirdcn in .Spring, states that the
abnormality was first found in a hedge by Lord
Ducie, near Tontworth. Masters, in Vegetable
Teratology, p. 316, states that " irregular twist-
ing or bending of the shoots is by no means of
unco^mmon occurrenoe, the indiicing causes being
often some resitriction to growth in ce-rtain direc-
tions, or the undue or disproportionate growth in
one direction as contrasted with that in another."
The abnormality is found in other shrubs, includ-
ing Cra/taegus and Robinia. Shown by the Hon.
V'iCARV GiBBS. Aldenham House, Eh-rt-ree (gr. Mr.
Ed. Beckett).

Cyclamen Crim.ton St. George. — The special
merit of this fine decorative plant is its handsome
N'ariegated foliage. The leaves have a silver-grey
border about 1 inch in width, sharplv defined
from a dark, velvety-green centw, w-hilst the
veins, of a tone midway between the pale and
dark shades, extend towards the margin, giving
a mosaic appearance. The flovreirs are a rich
shade of crimson, large, welll-f armed , and
equal generally to the best type of bloom in
this popular -winter flower. Shown by St.
George's Nursery Company, Harlington," Mid-
dlesex.

Groups.

Two Bronze Flora Medals constituted the only
awards made to collections. They were awarded
in each case for collections of PerpetuaJ-flowering
'^arnations, shown by Messrs. Stu.urt Low and
Co., Enfield, and Messrs. Allwood Bros.,
Wivelsfield, respectively. Messrs. Low's group
included a few other indoor plants — Begonia-s
and Coleus thyrsoideus.

The Hon. Vicary Gibbs. Aldenham House,
Blstree (gr. Mr. Edwin Beckett) showed a novelty
in a golden sport from the common Holly, named
Goldeji Prince. The variegation is ailong the
margins of the deep grassy-green leaves.

iXIessrs. H. Cannfxl and Sons, Swanley, ex-
hibited bunches of zonal-.leaved Pelargoniums,
the best varieties being The Sii-dair, scarlet ; Mrs.
•Jackson, rosy pink ; Counte'Ss of Radnor, Mins.
Lawson and Sir Thomas Hanburv.

Fpult and Vegetable Committee.

Prr.ient: Mes-sa's. J. Cheal (vice-chainnan), W.
Wiilks, Owen Thomias. F. Perkins, E. A. Bunyard,
Jaraies Giljson, F. Jordan, W. E. Hiunphreys,

O. D. Tuckett, A. Bullock, A. R. Allan, H. S.
Rivers, E. Becketit, W. Bates and A. Grubb.

Mesai-s. .1. Cheal and Sons, Crawley, were
awarded a Siil veil-- gilt Knight-ian Medal for a col-
lection of Apples. The fruits were exception-
ally well coloured, and in splendid condition
gienerally. The more notable varieties were
Beauty of St/oke, Hambling's ,Seedling, Alfriston,
Winter Queening, Lord Derby, Egremont Rus-
set, Fearn's Pippiii, Christmas Pearmain, New-
ton Wonder, Crawley Beauty, Mother, Gas-
coyne's Seedling, W. Crump, Chas. Ross, Cox's
Orange Pippin, Warner's King, Prince Ailibert
and Sandringham.

A Cultural Commendation was awarded to Mr.
Edwin Bfckett for Toma.tos Eaa-ly Sunrise and
Golden Sunrise. He also showed his new long-
keeping Onion, Autumn Triumph, p. flattish,
golden-brown variety, tha,t gix>ws to a large size.

Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, showed a
oolleation of vegetables, including Christmais
White Cauliflowers; Scarlet Horn, Earlv Gem
and Favourite Carrots ; Late Dnimhead Savoy,
Matcldess and Dwarf Gem Brussels Sprouts,
Drumhead Kale, Cui-led Kale, New Year Savoy
and (^ouve Tronohuda.

Orchid Committee.

Present: .Sir Jeremiah Colmam, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veiiteh, and Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), W. Bolton, R. A. Rolfe,
J. Wilson Potter, Pajntia Ralli, F. J. Hanbury,
T. Armstrong, A. McBean, J. E. Shjld, .J.
Clrariesworth, i': H. Curtis, W. H. White, S. W.
Flory, C. J. Lucas, R. Bn-ooman-Wh'ite, aaid the
Rev. J. Crombleholme (visitor, chairman of the
Manchester and North of England Orchid
.Society).

AWARDS.

First-cxass Certificate.
Odontoglossum Felicia {ThompSonianitm x
rrlspum), from Messrs. Charlesworth and Co.,
Ha}-%vards Heath. The flowers are nearly as
large, and of the same form as those of 0.
crigpum, but wiith the colours of 0. Thompsoni-
anum. The sepals and petails are heavily blotched
with dark claxet-red, the outer third parts of
the segments being light rose-oolour. The va.riety
shows a dist^'nct adN-ance in size and form, while
retaining the rich colouiing, of 0dm. Edwairdii,
one o^ the parents of 0dm. Thompsonianum.

Awards of Merit.

Cypripedium Lathamianum var. Cardinal
Mercier [Spicerianum magnijicum x villosum),
from the Rev. J. Crombleholme, Clayton-le-
Moors. The finest Cypripedium of its section,
and equal to any in its fine size and shape. The
large, flat dorsa.l sepaj is white, with the lower
two-thirds heavily flaked and tinged with ricih
ixise-purple, the coloua" being carried feather -like
into the white upper part. The broad petals and
lip are honey-yellow, tinged with mahogany-red,
the margin being primrose-yellow.

Odontoglossum Conqueror (iUustrissimum X
crispum), from Mesisrs. Armstrong and Brown,
Orohidhursit, Tunbridge Wells. A grand Odonto-
glossum, of fine form and substance. The ground
colour is wliite, with a tinge of purple, obtained
from the dark colouring of the reverse of the
segments. The sepals a.nd petals are densely
blotched wdth reddish-purple almost over the
entire surface, as seen in some of the best forms
of 0. Jasper.

Odontioda Gratrixiae Bryndir variety {Odm.
nmabile X Oda. Charlesworthii) (see fig. 11),
from Dr. Miguel Lacroze, Roehampton. A fine
dark red Odontioda. for which an Award of
Merit was given to Messrs. Flory a.nd Blax?k on
May 2, 1916. The present award is thus a con-
firmation of tiliat pre\'iously given. It was not
stated whether the plant now shown was the same
as that exhibited on May 2 last, or one of the
same batch.

Preliminary Commendation.
Odontoglossum Peter {jxirentage unrecorded),
fixHn Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough. A pro-
miiscng seedSing, flowering for the first time. The
flowers are white, with the inner parts coloured
deep claret-red.

January 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

31

Cultural Commendation.

To ilr. W. H. White, Orchid grower to
Paiitia Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Surrey, for a
fine plant of the scarlet Odontioda KedgWey-
ensLls, beaa-ing si.x tail, brandied spike®.
General Exhibits.

Messi-s. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
Mediajl for a group of seedling Otlontoglossunis,
Odontiiodas, Cypiipediums ajiid hybrid Miltoni:as.
Specially noteworthy were Cattleya Clotho
(Trianae X Enid), with a perfectly-formed whit«
flower tinged with rose, the front of the lip being
I'iolet-purple with a na-rrow white margin ; Cj.
Percivaliana alba, white, with orajige disc; a
fiiiely-colooired form of Odontoglossimi Viotoiy ;
and a promising and richly-coiouired variety of
0. e.\.unillas.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Hea.th, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
a group rich in good Odontoglossums and
Odontiodas. Brasso-Laelio- Cattleya Truffauti-
ajia (B.-C. Mrs. J. Leemarm X L.-C. lumiaosa)
had fine, light-rose floweTs with yellow disc to
the fringed lip, and forms of Laelio-Cattleya
Momus were speuially attractive. Among Odonto-
glossums we noticed O. crispuni xanthotes and O.
axdentissiraum xanthotes, which seem to be ob-
tainable in flower all the year.

Messrs. J. and A. McBean, Cooksbridge, were
awarded a Silver Banksdan Medal for an attrac-
tive group, prcncipally of forms of Cymbiddum
Schlegeilii, C. Alexander! and C. Doo-is, Odonti-
oda Diana, T)d?.. Bradshawiae and Oda Charles-
woTth£i gave bright colours, and among others
noted were the largest and l>est forms of Ixielia
anceps ('liambenlainianum.

Messrs. Hassall and Co., Southgate, were
awarded a Silver BaiLksiau jledal for a group
of their new CjTnbidium Sybil (ebumeum X Paji-
welsii") and C. Beatrice (Lowianum x Schlegelii),
varying in form aind tint, but always beautiful.
With them were other Cymbidiuras of good
(juaiity.

Messi's. Sander and Sons, St Albans, staged
a gix>up in which the white Cattleyas Mary
Sander and Snowflake were arranged with Cym-
biidium Gottianum, C. Doris, C. AJexanderi and
ain interesting selection of species of the " botani-
cal " class.

Messa-s. Flory and Black, Sloug'h, staged a
group of Cymbidiiums, seedling Odontoglossums
and other Orohids. Specially good were Cypiri-
pediumB Pliny I^angley variety (lyeeanum Clinka-
b ■■lyaiium x Viator Hugo), with large, clear
yellow flowers of good substance, marked witji
ohocalate-pur[>le on the petals and dorsal sepal,
the upper p.irt of which is white, aiid (^attleya
Zephyr (Schiroderae X Dowiana aurea), with well-
formed light rose-coloured flowers, with dark
rose centre to the Hp, which has oream-white lines
from the base.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvdsbrook,
Sussex, showed the handsome rose-coloured
Brafiso-Cattleya Penelope (B.-C. Mad. ('has.
Mason X C. Fabia), Sophno-Cattleya Blackii and
tTie aicarlet Soplhrojiitis grandi flora".

Mr. J. E. Skill, The Dell (hardens, Englc-
fi'eld (Jreeii, showed floweirs of ('vpripedium
Eurybiades i'he Bareness and C. Euiybiades The
Dell variety, two magnificent flowers of the (".
Euryades class, the dorsal sepal of C. E. The
Baroniess being 3i inches wide, white, with r\<ih
claret-red blotches, the yellow .".nd red-brown
petals being over 2 inches wide ; Mr. Shill also
showed tl)e wh-te Cattileya Asrtron.

NATIONAL DAHLIA.

.January 15.— The annual meeting <,f tihe

National Dahlia Society wa.s held on Monday

last, at the Hotel Windsor, Westminster. Mr.

.Joseph Oheal presided. The Committee's re-

|iort for 1916 was read by the secretary.

Extracts from the Kei'okt.

'I'he following are extracts fiom the re|K>rt : —

The Conmiitlee has again tlip pleiuiure of recording

a satisfactory year's work. The wason, tak«n as a

wliole, waH not .satisfactory for Dalilias. for alterrat*-

spells of wot and dry weattier. witli low t«ni))craturos,

were not conducive to satisfactory growth, whilst early

frosts destroyed all hope of a prolonged season. The

membership of the Society remains satisfactory under

the present conditions.

The Annual E.xhibition was held at the R.H.S. Hall,
Westminster, on September 12, and was well up to
the average standard, though there were rather fewer
entries than in the previous year. Exhibits from
traders were not so numerous owing to the difflculties
of labour and lessened railway facilities. The .\mateur
Classes, however, were keenly contested, and the ex-
hibits reached a high standard of escellence.

The Floral Committee appointed to act as a joint
committee with the Floral Committee of the R.H.S.
met on four occasions, when a larger number than
ever of seedlings were submitted in all classes than in
any previous year. Forty-four awards were granted to
novelties. The awards were distributed amongst most
sections of the flower.

The competition for the Cory Cup was held on the
same date, and was productive of three tine exhibits.
The Committee trusts by next season more competitors
may find it possible to enter for this valuable trophy,
which has for its object the demonstration of the value
of the Dahlia as a garden decorative flower.

The Committee have deemed it advisable to discon-
tinue the conferences and publication of the Year
Book for the present. The new' varieties and selections
of the t>est sorts in 1915 were, however, compiled and
published in the Supplement and Schedule for 1916.
The Balance-sheet was as follows :—
Dr.

£ s. d.

To Balance. 1915 6 3 8

.. Subscriptions and special prizes 63 12 5

.. Share of gate-money 1 15 0

., .Advertisements 13 16 2

£85 7 3

Cr.

£ s. d.

By Prizes 50 (1 0

.. Medals, engraving, etc. 15 0

.. Printing report and schedule 12 18 0

. stationery, posters and circulars 2 7 0

. Hire of committee room 110

.. Cheque-book 0 8 0

.. Postage 3 7 6

,. Balance in hand 11 0 9

£85 7 3

Examined, compared with vouchers, and found cor-
rect.

GEO. DAVIDiSON, Hon. Auditor.

The chairman moved the adoption of the re-
port and balance-sheet. The results, he said,
were miicfli more satisfaotoi')' than was antici-
pated at the end of last season ; indeed , the Gom-
mittee had made a stipulation in last year's
schedule that, in the event of the income of the
Society not being sufficient to pay the prize
money ini full, the winners would be jKiid ileSB in
oqualproportion all round. Any Teduotion of prize
money, however, was not necessary, for when all
claims were paid Shere remained a balance of
£14. This balance was obtained by suspending
the publication of the Year Book, and practi's'jig
other economies. They had reason to be more
tlian satisfied with tlie annual allow of 1916, and
the Committee was encouraged to go on with tSie
activities of the Society, and to hold an exhdHy-
tdon in 1917. The report and baJanoe-eheet were
adopted without further comment.

On the proposition of Mr. Jarrett, rule 4 was
altered by making the date of the annual meet-
ing .January instead of November. It was ex-
)jlaiiied tJiiat tlie later date would enable the
Committee to present a complete report of the
year's working, inoltiding a full statement of
accounts .

Mr. D. B. Cirane suggested that tlie siieuial
nurserymen's classes at the show should be open
to all competitors, including amateurs, and the
proposition was agreed to.

The meotng then procx^eded with the electioai
of officure. Mr. Reginald Coi'y was re-appocnted
president. It was explained th,it the piY-sident'j?
absence from the annual nieetijig vms unfortii-
nate'y due to indisposition, and the chairman
was asked to send him a leilter expressing regret
on behalf of the meetijig. The vice-presidents
were re-elected, and the names of Messrs. .1.
("heal and J. A. Jarrett added to tflie Ii.it.

The committee was elected, and Messrs. D. B.
Crane and H. P. Howard apix>inted new mem-
bers to fill vaicanoiies.

Mr. J. C^heal was re-appointeti chairman, Mr.
.John (Jreen, lion, treasurer, and Mr. .1. B. Riding
hun. seci-etary. The secretai'y was warmly
thanked for his aerv'ices, and asked to accept the
sum of £10 as an honoi-a/rium from the Society.
Ill returning thanks Mr. Riding stated that many
foreign membeins were being admitted, and that
American growers were keenly interested in the
w^ork of the Society. He could promise- the meet-
ing a large increase in the membership as soon as
conditions were again normal.

SOUTHAMPTON ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

J.^NVARY 1. — The annual meeting of the mem-
bers of the Southampton Royal Horticultural
Society was held at the Munieipal Buildings.
The Mayor presided. The statement of ac-
counts showed tliat the inarease for tihe
year was £460 7s. 2d., of wliich £112 12s. 2d.
was realised by the summer show and £88 10s.
at a gai-deu fete. The total expenses, in-
cluding a small debt from 1915, amounted
to £360 13s. 8d., and of this sum £207
13s. 7d. was expenses of the summer show and
£27 16s. 6d. of the garden fete. The total cash
assets amount to £54 3s. 6d., with liabilities nil.

Lord Swaythling was re-elected president, and
the viee-presidents were ailso re-elected. Pro-
fessor K. S. Lyttel, of tlie Hartley College, was
elected ohairman of the Council, and Mr. N. D.
Desborough vice chaimian. All the other retir-
ing officers were re-elected, including tIhe secre-
tary, Mr. C. S. Fuidge, who has heild the office
for forty-five years.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT AND
PROVIDENT.

January' 8. — The monthly meeting of this
society was held in the R.H.S. Hall on Monday,
the 8th inst., Mr. C. H. Curtis in the chair. Two
new members were elected. The sum of £88 9s. Id.
vs'as passed for paymeait to the noiniinecs of
four deceased members, two of whom had fallen
on the field of battle. The sick pay for the
month on the ordinary side amounted to £80
18s. Id., and on the State section to £24 Is. 6d.,
and maternity claims to £6. Tlie financial state-
ment was read by the treasurer and the trustees
were empowered to invest £6(X) in the new War
Loan. The new rules for the opening of a
Juvenile Branch will be adopted at the next
annual meeting.

NATIONAL ROSE.

ANNUAL MEETING.

Januarv 16. — The fortieth annual meeting of
the National Rose Society was held on Tuesday
last in the Hotel Windsor, Westminster. There
were about eighty present, and Mr. E. J. Holland
presided.

The annual meeting was preceded by a special
general meeting for the purpose of adopting
new rules governing the constitution of the
society, and these were accepted with a minor
alteration as to tlie status of the auditors.

In opening the annual meeting the chairman
stated that his first duty was to submit the
annual report of the Comicil, together with tlie
statement of accounts. The chief items in the
report are as follows : —

EXTBACTS FROM THE REPORT.

The Council have again to report that the work of
the Society has gone on .successfully during the pa.st
year, and in view of the adverse war conditions the
position of the SocKly must Iw regarded as highly
satisfactory. Tlirec shows have been held, the Spring
Show in the llorticullural Hall on April 14, the Sum-
mer Show at the Koyal Botanic Gardens on June 30,
and the Autumn Show on September 19 in the Horti-
cultural Hall, Weather conditions prior to the Summer
and Autumn Shows were not favourable, and the ex-
hibits were hardly up to the usual standard either
in numtwr or quality ; nevertheless, what must be re-
garded as fine collections of blooms were brought to-
gether on both occasions. The whole of the gate-money
taken at the Summer Show, amounting to £76, was
handed over to the British Red Cross Society.

No provincial show was found possible this year, but
in order to give raisers of seedling Roses an additional
opportunity of staging their productions for the awards
of the Society, the Council decided that, if it were
pnssihle, a special display should be held at the Horti-
cultural Hall. Tho .Secretary of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society willingly co-operated, and generousl,v
arranged for ample table space at the fortnightly Show
on July 18. The experiment proved a great success,
no fewer than 56 new varieties being staged, many of
them of high merit.

During the year no fewer than 326 new memi>er8
have joined the Society ; after allowing for losses by
death and resignation.* the total number of members
is now 4.837.

The total receipts for the past year, including a
balance of £238 7s. 7d brought forward, amounted to
£3.323 12s. Id., and the expenditure to £3,220 12s. 3d.,
leaving a balance at the bankers of £103 Os. Id.

With the deepest regret the Council have to record
tho death, in Scpt<-ml)er last, of their President, Mr.
Edward Mawley. The Council desire to place on record
their appreciation of his invaluable eervioes and to

32

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 20, 1917.

pay a tribute of affectionate regard to one whose name
will always be held in high honour by the National
Rose Society.

The Council have also to deplore the death of Mr.
H. E. Molyneux, who for many years took an active
interest in the affairs of the Society.

The Spring Show for 1917 has been provisionally fixed
to take place on Friday, April 20." the Metropolitan
Exhibition in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's
Park, on Fridav. July '6; and the Autumn Exhibition
on Tuesday. September 18; all these fixtures must be
subject to the exigencies of the war.

The new combined " Official List of Roses and Prun-
ing Book " will be issued to members during January.
The ■■ Rose Annual for 1917." containing a number
of helpful articles interesting to amateur Rosarians
generally, will be issued early in April next.
SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR THE
YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31. 1916.
Cr. £ s. d. £ s. d.

Jan. 1. 1916—

To Balance 238 7 7

Less Honorarium voted to the
Honorary Secretary for 1915 ... 100 0 0

138 7 7

Dec. 31—

To Subscriptions 2,802 12 11

,. Proceeds of Shows —

Spring 7 18 6

Summer 75 19 1

Autumn 6 6 6

■ 90 ^ 1

,, Affiliated societies -(including

medals. &c.) 29 11 6

., Advertisements in Society's

publications 93 0 8

,, Sale of Society's publications... 62 18 6
., Special prize donations (exclu-
sive of plate) 21 19 2

,. Interest (less tax). Consols 49 17 6

,, Interest on bank deposits 35 0 5

£3,323 12 A

To Balance brought down 103 0 1

,. Reserve Fund. Consols 2i per
cent. . £3,533 9s. 6d. Cost
£2.547 123.

DR. £ s. d. £ s. d.

Dec. 31, 1916—

By Publications

., Printing, stationery and adver-
tising

,. Postages, telegrams and sundry
expenses

,. Hire of rooms and expenses at
meetings

,, Rent Secretary's office

,, Honorarium to Honorary Secre-
tary

., Salaries, Secretary's office

,, Auditor's fee, 1915

,, Expenses at Shows —

Spring " 1"

Summer 105 12

Autumn 1 13

,, Royal Botanic Society

., Prize monies. Spring, Royal

Botanic and Autumn Shows...
., Purchase of plat«, medals. .&c.
.. Donation to British Red Cross

Society

.. Purchase of £1.000 Consols 24

per cent

., Balance at bankers 95 12

„ Cash in hand 7 7

5*3 18

7

m 4

10

326 8

11

21 13
80 0

6
0

150 0
219 9
20 0

0
8
0

Tha oliairman, in moving the adoption of tlie
report and balance-sheet, referred to the great
loss the society had sustained iii the death of
I'he president, Mr. Edward Mawley, wJio had
been connectsd with the society for forty years.
The Council hoped when circumstances were
more favourable to raise a suitable memorial to
tihe memory of Mr. Mawley. They had aJso
lost ainc*the.r valued member in Mr. Molyneu.x,
who, at one time, h^eld the office of treasui'er.
With regard to the society's work in 1916, Mr.
Holland said that three sJiows were held as asual,
and all were sxicoessful and worthy of tlie
Society. The finamoas wei-e satisfactory, especd-
aljy considaring the difficultdes of 1915. for, after
settling all outstanding accounts up to the end
of December tliey entered the new year with a
credit balance of £238 7s. 7d. Of this sum it
was decided to present an honorarium of £100
to the hon. secretary, which would thus leave
£138 7s. 7d. to the good. Subscriptions during
the year amounted to £2,802 12s. lid., which
showed a falling off of £250, compared with
1915. Nevertheless, said Mr. Holland, only in
two former years have the subscriptions been
higher than in 1916.

The total income from all sources amounted to
£3,323 12s. 4d. Economies have been effected in

various items of the expenditure, ■with the re-
sult that, notwithstanding a reduction in sub-
scriptions, the Council has been able to purchase
£1.000 Consols, 2i per cent., at a cost of
£547 12s.

Mr. C. E. Shea, seconded the adoption of the
report and accounts. He did so, he said, with
extreme pleasure, for the finances were splendid
for such a time as the present. In no respect
had the activities of the society failed in 1916.
They had expended a sum of £1,000 less on the
management than in the previous year, and had
purchased £1,000 Consols. It was true that there
was a smaller balance than in the preceding year.
Yet they had no fear, for they had one gi-ecait
asset, comparable to what the painters described
as " the under colour," and that was the great
love of tdie Rose to b© found in all parts of the
coiuvtry. He was confident that the society
would go on increasing and incireia.siing.

The Rev. J. H. Pemberton asked whether the
shows for 1917 would be held as arranged. In
reply the chairman tstated that the matter would
be decided by the council later in the after-
noon. The meeting then proceeded with the
election of officers. Mr. E. J. Holland was
elected president ; Mr. H. R. Darlington, vice-
president ; Mr. S. A. R. Preston-Hillary, hon.
treasurer ; Mr. Courtney Page, hon. secretary ;
and Mr. Charles Brannan, auditor. The vice-
presidents and council were also appointed, the
whole of the names as issued in the balloting
list being elected.

©bttuat^.

William Houliston.— We regret to state
that Mr. William Houliston, curator of the
gardens and museum of the Dumfries and
Jlaxweilltown Astronomical Sooiet.y at their
Observatory and museum, MaxweU'town, died
on January 9, after a pixitracted and paJUr
ful illness. The deceased gardener, who was
a son of the late Mr. Houliston, gardener,
Qirruchan, gained experience at important
gardens in the South of Scotland and else-
where. For a considerable number of years he
was gardener to the late Colonel and Mrs.
Blackett at Arbigland, Kirkcudbrightshire, and
while there was highly successful and was of
great assistance in promoting the cause of horti-
culture in the locality. Some years ago he re-
ceived his appointment at the Obsei-vatory, Ma.x-
welltown, and fulfilled the duties there in an
admirable manner, to the full satisfaction of
his employers and of the public who visited the
place. Mr. Houliston, who was 68 years of
age, is survived by a widow and severai sons and
daughters. Some of the sons follow their
father's occupation, and those at present in the
Anny. one of whom was recently severely
\vounded, occupy good posiitioiis.

Robertson Kirkpatrick.— T'/ie Florists'
Exchange announces the death of Mr. Robeet-
sox KtRKPATRiCK, forester of the Park Commis-
sion, and landscape gardener of Nashua, U.S.A.,
who died on Dec. 20, aged 55 years. Mr. Kirk-
PATEICK was a native of Glasgow, and settled in
America 33 years ago.

p. 26.

This has since been abandoned — see paragraph

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

1 here are lew gardeners, and still fewer amateurs, who d-
not on occasion require immediate information upon various point ■-
of practice. But either from an unwillingness to inquire, or from
not knowing of whom to make the inquiry, they loo often fail tn
obtain the information they are in want of. And let no one be
alarmed lest his questions should appear trifling, or those of a
person ignorant of that which he ought to know. He is the
wisest man who is conscious of his ignorance ; for how little do
the wisest really know '— excepl that they know little. If one
man is unacquainted with a fact, however common, it is probable
ihat hundreds of others in the same position as himself ar?
fqually in want of similar infcr.-nat on. To asli a question, then
s to consult ih- good of others as well as of one's sell."—
Gavtienrrs' Chrnnirtr, jVn. 7. Vol. I., Jannarv ?. 1SL1.
Address ; D. M. Vilmoa'in, Andirieux et ('ie., 4,

Quai de la Megisserie, Paris.
Birds and Fruit ; Grmlus. The only effedtive
method of keeping birds from ripe fruit is to
plaae nets over the trees. Scaring with a gun will
do much to keep the birds away, but you would

need to be amongst the ti'ees very eairly in the
mott-nmg and until nightfall. Failing the net
or gun you must rely on the old-fashaoned bird
scarer, of wliich thiere are several types. Write
to one of thie horticultural sundriesmen. Tlhe
pots for Peas should be drained.
Grape Rot : W. H. Dissolve i lb. of iron sul-
phate in i gallon of wateir. and soak the rods
thoiroughly with the specific, which may be
applied with a bnislh. If you add a few drops
of sulphuric aciid to the iron sulphate before
mixing it with the water it will be an ad-
vantage. One pint of sulphuric acid is suf-
ficient foir 50 gallons of water and 25 lbs. of
iron sulpliate.
Licence for Gardeners : W. G. A lioence has
to he taken out for practically every man-
servant who is employed for private {as dis-
tinct from business) pm-j^oses. A liceni:» is
therefore necessary for gardeners permanently
employed in a private gardai ; the cost is 15s.
per annimi for each man.
Names of Plants : /. H. S. Cyrtodeira fulgnda,
a Gesaieiraoeous plant, native of New Grenada.
Peas Under Glass ; lynoramus. Assumnng that
you mean edible Peas, you will do well,
conscdering the circumstajices, not to at-
tempt to grow this vegetable under glass in
flowerpots, but rather to utilise some of your
unheated pits for tlieir cultivation, selecting
dwarf varieties. You may either raise the
seedlings in smaR pots — sowing five seeds in
each 3-inoh pot — aaiid in due coiu-sie plant t«hem
in the pits, or, whiicih would perhaps be the
most satisfactory plan, sow direct in tlie pits.
'The essentials for suooess are a finn and not too
rich soil, careful watering, and abundajit venti-
lation whenever outside conditions pennat.
The latter detail is especially impoa-tant during
the flowering pett-iod. If you can obtain
clean cinders or fine gravel it would be better
to place a layer 1 inch thick on the boards
you mention rather than to attempt to grow
plants on the bare boards, which exert an
undesirable drying influence on the atmo-
sphere. You might well make a hotbed in one
half of your 30-feet-long pit, provided the
remainder is boarded off. Beech leaves alone
would furnish sufficient bottom heat to raise
vegetable seeds such as Cauliflowers, Cabbages,
Brussels Sprouts, Onions and Leeks, though the
addition of strawy manure would secure a
more lasting heat. Whatever method you
adopt, care should be taken to guard against
over-heating before the seed is sown. Other-
wise failure is certain. For the hotbed the
trodden material should be at least 2 feet
thick, and 3 feet would be better. Vege-
tables may well be raised in boxes in a
oold frame, but in this case you shotild
defer sowing until Febraary at the earliest.
The otlier frames could be utilised as
you suggest, for pricking off the seedlings
raised on the hotbed after they have been
accustomed to the temperature of the unheated
frame, and from thence you can safely transfer
them to the cropping quarter. In these frames
if the boards mentioned are close-fitting, it
would be wise to make holes with an auger to
provide drainage.
Salsafy : M. E. A. M. This vegetable requires
a light, rich soil which has been manm'ed for
a previous crop, so that no fresh manure need
be applied. It is a deep-rooting plant, there-
fore the soil should be trenched to the depth
of 2 feet and thoroughly pulverised, all stones
being removed, .so that the roots may not be
retarded in their growth downwards. Sow
the seeds in shallow drills early in May, allow-
ing a distance of 15 inches between the rows.
Thin the seedlings to 9 inches apart as soon as
they are large enough for handling, and keep
the ground well stirred with the Dutch hoe
during the summer. Water the plants liberally
in drv weather.

Communications Received- — Enquirer— C. T.—
Yriiiiig Beg-)n,ner— A. B. J— E. H. E.— A. W.— H. J —
H. renf.i'd— W. P.— J. B. A.— D. Bliss— A. D. R.— .1. F.
—Patriot— Dr. S., Bomb.av— W. S. M., Bombar— C. O —
nr.ndii^W. B. C— E. A. B.— E. S.— O. T."— E. M.—
W. H. A. (many thanks)— A. G.— F. N. E.— H. K. H.—
.1. P.— W. T. and .S— W. H. W.— C. H. C— Ror. Bot.
•Soc — W. C— J. J. D — C. D.— E. Cross— G. G. J.—
J. A. P.— W. M.— C. E. P.

Janiart 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SECURE YOUR SUPPLIES

Of the most popular and serviceable vegetables.

PEAS.

Sutton's Early Giant. A popular first early variety . .
Sutton's Centenary. A standard second early pea
Sutton's Peerless. A splendid cropper. .

RUNNER BEANS.

Sutton's Best of All. The longest podded Scarlet Runner. .
Sutton's Prizewinner. Of superb table quality

DWARF BEAN.

Sutton's Selected Canadian Wonder. A ta\ourite variety

BEET.

Sutton's Globe. Valuable for early crops

CARROT.

Sutton's New Red Intermediate. The standard variety for general culture

CAULIFLOWER.

Sutton's Early Giant. BtautifuUy white, close and delicate in flavour

LEEK.

Sutton's Prizetaker. The largest and heaviest cropping variety

LETTUCE.

Sutton's Peerless (Cos). Flavour all that can be desired

ONION.

Sutton's Selected Ailsa Craig. The heaviest cropper . .

PARSNIP.

Sutton's Tender and True. Of the finest (.piality with clear smooth skin ..

TURNIP.

Sutton's Early Snowball. The earliest white round turnip for garden use

SUTTON £t SONS, the kings seedsmen^ READING.

Per
Per
Per

pint
pint
pint

1/it

•21-

Per J
Perl

pint
pint

1/9

1/y

Per

pint

1/3

Per

pkt.

!/■

Per

pkt.

!/■

Per

put.

1/6

Per

put.

1/0

Per

pkt.

!/■

Per

pkt.

l/B

. Per ounce

(Id.

. Per c

unce

(xl.

gUNYARD'S

FRUIT

TREES

Catalo
by ReTURn

GEORGE BUNYARD- CO.

Royal Nurseries, ^"*-

MAIDSTONE.

TTTCSI^roi

VINLPLAMT frVtOETABLE

MANURED

for

Fair

30 Ycu
( 9 8U.0C8S I'

K irden ; so -om ounti
the InestlnKredL-j t< \t o urab "
J9 to combine s r M i.' L-^T INO
r th 1 A8TIN = offectq, produci g
In cvrtr crop vigoious, h allh/ and
fruitful growth.
Th direct result of LONG PR/lCTICAl.
< xperienoa In garden ng.
Used by Amateur and i rofessto
Gardeners t-e world over.

THOMSONS SPECIAL

CHRYSANTHEMUM
AND TOP DRESSING MANURE,

H'l'S 1 , IMiin iui.l \C .■ :il.lr Ntuii

i cvvt., -.U • : .'. Ills , VljiS : ■ZS jln 7
1 1 lbs , 4/0 ; 7 1 9. 2 8 . t 118 2 5, 1/ ,
Carr. paid anywlitro on 66 bs. a. d ■ p
Special Chiysanthcmu'ii anti 'lop
Dress., g Mini iro — ili iLs. 20/-
«28 !■ ., U • : 14 118. I/- :•>
7 II 8., :i/f> ; tins, 1/- fair, pi,
anywiiereon'islbs. an 1 up,
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OR FROM

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W^ TI)0MSON65ON5 L^" CLOVENTORDS.N.B.

0MM

BENTLEY'S—

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strcni;th 1 to 80.

Double Strength I to 50.
P&tent Powder : I to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.

(;iic-niical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

ORCHIDS, GARDENING CHARITIES.

Ma'n'rRa'e'rr'chllcrvLVill,. I GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS. institution,

Kiiull.v.r,„lf,,rrat:,|„g„c. j QgO. J. INGRAM, ScC,

JAMES CYPHER & SONS, | 92. victoria street, S.W

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM. I Telephooe-Tlctori* M«

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jantjaey 20, 1917.

IVI A R K E T S.

COVENT GARDEN, January 17.

We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoineil
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding'
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they a]-e
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flowers, &e.: Average Wh olesale Prices.

8.d. !

Arums, cer doz. 7 0-

Azalea, white,

per doz. bun. 7 0-

Camellias. white

per doz. blms, 2 6-

Carnations. per
doz. blooms,
best American
varieties ., 4 0-

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 5 0-

Chrysanthemums,
white, per
doz, blooms.. 3 0-

— pink, per doz,
blooms .. 4 0-

— white, per

doz. bunches 18 0-i

— coloured, per

doz, bunches 18 O-I
Daffodils, single,

per doz, bun. 18 0-i
Eucbaris.per doz

bloom; .. 3 0-
Freesia, per doz.

bun 3 6-

Gardenia per

box of 12 and

18 blooms .. 6 0-
Heather, white,

per doz. bnn, 12 0

s.d
Lilium lonei-

Borum, lone S 6.
short ..6 0

— 1 ancifolium
album, long.. 2 6-

short .. 2 6-

— — rubrum,

per doz,. long.. 2 0-

short .. 16-

Narcissus.
Grand Primo,
per doz, bun, 4 0-

— Soliel d'Or,
Guernsey, per
doz, bun, .. 8 0-

Orchids. per doz,:

— Cattleya .. 12 0

— Cypripedium 2 0-

— Od on toglos-
8um crispum 3 0-

Pelargoniums, per
doz. bunches,
doublescarlet 12 0-

Roman Hyacinths
per doz. bun, 80 0

Tulip, scarlet

per doz. bun. 12 0

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 4 0

.s.d
. 60

12 0
li 0

15 0
36 0
15 0

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

Adiantum (Mai- s.d. s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 8 0-90
Asparagus plu-

mosua, lone

trails. per

half dozen .. 2 6- S 0

— — medium,

doz, bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-12 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz, bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage,

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0

s.d. s,d'
Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-12 0

Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08

— common .. 5 0-40
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss, gross

bunches .. !l 0-10 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small-leaved 6 0 —

— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax, per bun,

of 6 trails .. 13-16

French Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Anemone, double s,d.?.d,

pink, per doz,

bun 3 6-46

— single, mi.\'ed

per doz, bun. 12 0-15 0
Lilac, white, per

doz, sprays .. 4 6-50
Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun. 10 0-12 0
Narcissus paper

white.perdoz.

bun 3 0-36

Narcissus— con,

— Sol d'Or. per
doz. bun, of 6 2

Ranunculus, per
doz. bun. .. 6

— Carmine, per

d z. bun, .. fi

— R u ni a n o ,
scarlet, per
doz, bun. .. 12

Violets, single,
per doz, bun, 3

,d,s,d,
6-3 0

0-1-T 0

0-4 0

Remarks. — Tli© scarcity of cut flowers, both white
and c-oloured. continoie®. Chrysanthemums ore almost
flnished. and. their prices .ii'e still higher. Richardias and
Liliums are scarce ; indeed, there is a great shortage
of all home-grown floweTS. Consignment^) from Guern-
sey ape gratluaJly increasing. Tliey consist chiefly of
yellow and white Narcissus, Daffo-dils, whit? Freesin,
Euphorbia splendens, and Smilax, A limited supply of
Frein.(ih flowers is arriving daily, and the blcoms are soon
bought at high price.s. Pa.per-white Narcissus,
" Mimosa." Violets, and a few Anemones find a ready
sale.

Plants In Pots. &c.; Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d,
Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. ., 5 0-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus,

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz, green .. 24 0-36 0
Cacti, various.

per tray of I5's 4 0 —

— tray of 12'a ..5 0 —

Plants in Pots, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.— c.
s.d.

Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0-

— per 100, in
small and
large 60's .. 14 0-

— in 48's,per doz, 6 0-

— in !2'3, per
doz 12 0-

— choicer sorts,
per doz. 48'«,. 8 0-

Geonoma gracilis,
60's, per doz.. 6 0-

— larger, each.. 2 6-
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0

larger, per

doz 18 0

— Forsteriana,
60's. per doz.. 5 0

CocoB Weddelli-
ana. 48'8. per
doz 18 0-30 0

— 60'8 per doz. 8 0-10 0
Croton per doz. 18 0-30 6
Erica gracilis .. 10 0-12:

— melanthera.. 18 0-21'

— hyemalis .. 12 0-15 0

— hyemalis, in
thumbs .. 4 0-60

s.d.

15 0

24 0
7 0

18 0

12 0

8 0
- 7 6

- 8 0

-36 0
- 8 0

Lilium longi-
florum, per
doz 36 0-42 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

— — album .. 24 0-30 0

Marguerites, in

48's. per doz, 12 0 —
Pandanus Veitchii,

per doz. .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6-21 0
Roman Hyacinths

per box24's. 8 0-10 0
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0

Remarks. — Trade in this departmeiit is very quiet.
Winter-flowering Ericas are almost finished, and there is
no new subject to take their place. There is no great
^lemand for flowering or foliage plants, and the majoiity
of the salesmen's stands remain empty.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe,
per doz.

— J erusalem,
per bus.

Asparagus. Paris
Green, perbun.

Beetroot, per bus.

Beans, Guernsey,
per lb.

Broccoli, purple
sprouting, per
bus

BrusselsSprouts,
per bus.

Cabbage, per
tally ..

— Red. per doz.
Carrots, per bag
(Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeriac, per doz.
(3elery, per doz,..
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz.
Leeks, per doz. ..

s.d. s.d,

3 0-50
5 0-

4 0-46
4 0 —

3 6-40

3 0-
5 6-

4 6-70
3 0-

!) 0 —

10 0-20 0
0 li- 5 0
12 0-24 0

10 0-18 0
3 0 -
2 0 —

44 0 —

Lettuce. Cabbage
and Cos. per

doz 1 (I

Mushrooms.perlb. 1 3
Mustard and
Cress, perdoz.
punnets ..10
Onions, per bag 20 0
— spring, per

doz. bun, ..6 0
Parsnips. perbuB. 2 6
Peas, per lb, ..2 0'
Potatos, new, per

lb.

0 6

Radishes, per

doz, bun.
Rhubarb, forced,

perdoz.
Savoys, per tally 5 0
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 12 0
Shallots, per lb, 0 5
Spinach, perbus, fi 0
Swedes, per bag 4 0
"Tomatos, Tene-

r i f f e, per

bundle .. 24 0

Turnips, new, per

bag .. ..4 6
— Tops, per bag 4 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 9

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

■,d, s,d.
Almonds, per

cwt 70 0 —

Apples—

— Call f ornian
N ew to wns,

per case .. 12 0-12 6
-English
Cooking, per
buB 11 0-12 0

— Nova Scotian
barrels .. 29 0-35 0

— Oregon, per

case .. ..14 0-15 0
Apricots. per box 4 0-60
Bananas, bunch—

— Medium ., 16 0 —

— X-medium .. 18 0 —

— Extra .. .. 20 0 —

— Double X .. 22 0 —

— Red. per ton £25 0 —

— Jamaica, per

ton .. .. £18 —
Chestnuts, per

bag .. ..20 0-25 0

Cranberries, per

case .. ..19 0-20 0

Dates, per doz.

boxes .. .. 7 0-76

Remarks.— .^ number of English Apples are still ob-
tainable, notably Bramley's Seedling, Dumelow's Seed-
ling, and Newton Wonder. Overseas varieties consist
(if several Nova Scotian kinds— King of the Pippins.
Baldwin, and Blenheim Pippin. Shipments from Cali-
fornia chiefly consist of Newton Pippins. A number
of Californian varieties of Pears are available, includ-
ing Winter Nelis, Doyenne du Cornice, Glou Movceau
and Easter Beurre. Cape fruits consist of Peaches.
Plums and Apricots. Black Grapes continue to bo
faiily plentiful, but supplies nf Muscat of Alexandria
are "now limited. Arrivals of Tenerifle Tomat«s are
iiicgular. Forced vegetables consist chiefly of
-Vsparagus, Seakale, Mushrooms, Cucumbers. Beans and
Po:alos Ordinary vegetables and roots are fairly plenti-
ful for the time of year. E. 11. H., Covent Garden
Miuket. January 17, 1917.

s.d,s,d.

Grapes: Almeria.

per brl.

18 0-25 0

— Alicante

13-20

— Gros Colman

14-30

— Canon Hall,

per lb.

6 0-80

— Muscats, per

lb

9 0-12 0

Grape Froit, per

case ..

18 0-20 0

KentCobs.perlb.

10-13

Lemons, per case

14 0-28 0

Nuts. Brazils.

new, per cwt.

90 0 -

— Coconuts, per

100

25 0-31 0

Oranges, per case

15 0-65 0

Peaches, per box

4 0-12 0

Pears—

- Californian

13 0-17 0

— Keiffer, per

35 0-40 0

Plums, per box

4 0-80

Tangerines, per

box

10-60

Walnuts,

per cwt.

56 0-80 0

Bedford -

E Kirg Edwaid

Ait .n Chief
Lincoln—

Arran Chief .. 11 6-12 0

s.d.s d,
10 6 11 6
10 6-11 6

Lincoln,- en, s.d. s.d.

Blacklaud .. 10 6- 11 0

Evergood .. 10 6-11 0

I King Edward.. 11 0 12 6

Queen .. ..11 0-12 0

Remarks.— Trade is slow. Prices remain the same
as last week. Supplies are moderate, and stocks in
London are not very large. Edward J. Newborn,
Corenf Garden and St. Pancras. Jiinuari/ 17, 1917.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

R. H. Bath, Ltd.. Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

Birr and Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, London.

,]AMEs Carter and Co., Raynes Park.

W. CtlTBUSH AND SoN. Highgate.

MoRLE AND Co., 150-156, Finchley Road, London.

W. Drummond and Sons, Ltd., 57, 58, Dawson Street,

Dublin.
J. R. Pearson and Sons, Lowdbam, Nottinghamshire.
Ryder and Son, Ltd., St. Albans.

Hurst and Son, 152, Houndsditch, London. (Wholesale.)
William Watt, Edenside, Cupar,
Austin and McAslan, 89, Mitchell Street, Glasgow.

Miscellaneous.

Jesse HandscoMBE, Feltham and Bedfont, Middlesex.—
Peat, loam, and other sundries.

CRAVENS, Ltd., 259, Gray's Inn Road, King's Cross, Lon-
don.—Trucks, trollies, ladders, barrows, &c.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr. W. C- Foote. recently Gardener tu C. W. Hay,
Esq., Shandon Court, Tunbridge Wells, and pre-
viouslv for 5 years Gardener to E. H. Cartwright,
Esq., Myskyns, Ticehurst, Sussex, as Gardener to
Ladv m'»bel Lindsay, Burcote House, Abingdon.

THE HORTICULTURAL

DIRECTORY AMD

YEAR BOOK.

We much regret that the publica-
tion of the Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 has been
delayed by unforeseen and unavoid-
able circumstances. First, the diffi-
culties in regard to printing and
paper supplies have increased greatly
of late; and secondly, the number of
corrections that have to be made this
year is altogether unusual, owing to
the fact that so many gardeners have
joined the Army. To those who have
already sent us prepaid orders we
offer our apologies for the delay, and
assure them that everything po.s.sible
is being done to expedite publication. -

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Ltd.,

41. WELLINGTON STREET. COVENT GARDEN.

LONDON. W.C.

jAiroiRT 20, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Vll.

(Continued from page iii.)

WANTED, JOURXEYMEN or good IM-
PROVERS for general Inside Work ; good wages,
with Bothy, milli, &c. ; duty and overtime paid. —
Apply, stating wages and e.xperience, to WM. B.\CK,
Brogyntyn Gardens, Oswestry, Shropshire.

TirANTED, MAN (discharged soldier or

' * ineligible), with knowledge of general work Out-
side, and able to take duty ; wages 25s. and Bothy, duty
extra. Also good strong YOUTH as Improver; 18s. and
Bothy.— Apply, T. STEVENSON, Woburn Place Gardens,
.^ddlesfcone.

\\rANTED, a good INIAN, for General In-
' » side Work, also strong YOUTH for Outside ;
take duty ; no Bothy, comfortable lodgings close to
work ; good wages and overtime ; 1 p.m. Saturday. —
Apply, stating wages and experience, to J. M.
RICHARDS, Brockhampton Park Gardens, Andoversford,
Glos.

WANTED, at once, 2 or 3 smart YOUTHS,
ages 17 to 18, for Inside and Out.— Apply, stat-
ing age, experience, and wages required, witli Bothy,
to G. F. IIALLETT, Netherby Gardens, Carlisle.

WANTED, strong YOUTH, about 16.
chiefly for Kitchen Garden ; take duty ; wages
17s. per week, Botliy, and vegetables; 1 o'clock Satur-
days.—J. A. JlULFoRD, Merivale Hall Gardens, Ather-
stone.

WANTED, YOUTH, age 15, Inside the
Houses and Outside; wages 16s. weekly, with
Bothy.— E. MORGAN. Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

ANTED, a LAD for Gardens (In and
Out), about 16, or soldier discharged, formerly
Gardener; comfortable Bothy; liberal wages.— Apply.
PRATT, Inwood, Teiiiplecombe.

TRADE,

WANTED, for the South Coast, experi-
enced WORKING FOREMAN or ASSISTANT MAN-
ACER, for Landscape and Jobbing Gardening Depart-
ment; must be practio;U and able to estimate. — Apjily,
with all particulars, to Z., '■ Gardeners' Chronicle," 41,
WeUingtog Street, Covent Garden, W.O.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, to
carry out Landscape work and look after and
work with his men ; state age, wages required, refer-
ences, and previous experience. — .\. W., Box 26. 41,
Wellingt.on Street. Covent Garden, W-C.

EXPERIENCED CHARGE HANDS
wanted for Palms, Ferns and Vines; wages 3lfe.
per week and 6d. per hour overtime; Sunday duty
extra— THOHWS ROCHFORD & SONS, LTD., Turnford
Hall Nurseries, near Broibourne. Herts.

WANTED, for small nursery in suburbs of
London, MAN to take entire charge of Land-
scape and Jobbing Work.-MAHOOD & SON, Putney

Nurseries, Putney, S.W^

WTANTED, for large Midland Nursery, an

' ' experienced Buddcr and Grafter, with a good
knowledge of Rhododendron.'^. Roses, and Fruit Trc<» ;
also two experienced KNIFKME.N.— Apply hy letter,
stating age. references, and wace.4 required. X., Box 21.
41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

(VNTED, a good PROPAGATOR ami

» GROWER ; one used to Roses. Clematis, Chry-
santhemums, and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc.. to THE DEVON ROSBRY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

WANTED, capable MAN, ;ls SECOND,
for General Nursery (ineligible) ; usual duties.—
THOMAS BUTCHER, The Nur.series, South Norwood,
S.E.

WANTED. MEN, ineligible, for Soft-
wooded stuff. Chrysanthemums, Tomatos and
Cucumbers, ic— G. BENNETT & SON. Hanwell, W.

WANTED, good CUCUMBER GROWER,
ineligible or discharged soldier; also L.\DY
GARDENER.— State wages, &c., to MANAGER, Clifton
Fruit Growers' Co., York.

SEED TRADE.

MAIL ORDER HOUSE requires a smart
MAN who knows the S«d Trade thoroughly;
must be able to keep stock correctly and deal with
minor correspondence ; good prospects and permanency
for a suitable man ; give full particulars of experience,
with references; state salary expected and when at
liberty.— M. 0., Box 13, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.

/^OUNTERHAND for Garden Seed Depart-
^^ ment wanted at once. — Apply, stating age, ex-
perience, and wages required, and if ineligible, to
EDWARD WEBB & SONS (STOURBRIDGE), LTD..

Royal Seedsmen, Wordsley, Stourbridge.

WTANTED, FLORIST, Male -or Female,

* ^ first-cIaBS Maker-up. — Apply, stating' experience
aiifl wages required, to WILLS & SEGAR. Royal JUxotin
Nursery, Onslow Cre&oent, South Kensington.

w

Vl/'ANTED, for large establisliment in the

Mi<U;uids, Two or Tliree YOUTHS, about 16, for
lii5:<ie Work ; good wages and Bothv to smart lads.—
Apply, in the first, place, to JOHN i>EED & SON, The
King's Seedsmen and Nurserymen. West Norwood.

T ADY SHORTHAND-TYPIST wanted:

-"-^ one who is familiar with the Seed Trade.— Give
full particulars as to experience, references, wages re-
quired, and write to T. V., Box 14. 41, Wellington
Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wo'ds for 1,6, and 6d fop each

:>ucceeding Eigat words op less.

(iardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must ijii-e full particulars, otherwist: no
notice will be taken of their cummunicalions .
Name and address alone are insufjicient.
Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them,
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they e-nter
into communication with unknow7i corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

PRIVATE.

rjARDENER (Head) or GARDENER and

^-" BAILIFF.— W. PETERS, Givons Gardens, Leather-
head, is open to Re-engagement as above ; 29 years' ser-
vice, 20 of which in lull charge of estate of 160 acres
(including pedigree herd of Jerseys), large Garden and
tJlass ; satisfactory reason fur leaving ; highest refer-
ence ; age 57 ; married.

(;j ARDENER and BAILIFF in good estab-

^-^ lishment ; 15 years' excellent reference ; life ex-
perience in all branches of Farming and Gardening ;
married ; over military age ; disengaged.— H. WOOU-
C ATE, Highfieia. Shoreham, Sevenoaks. Kent.

SITUATIONS required for Two good
^~^ men : (1) Good situation for first-class GAR-
DENER or as GARDENER and BAILIFF; (2) for
good SINGLE-HANDED or HEAD of 1 or 2 ; both
ineligible for Army.— Apply, THOMAS BUTCHER. The
Nurseries, Station Road, South Norwood.

"a F. basset, Esq., of Tehidy, Cam-

■'^^■» borne, Cornwall, is anxious to personally re-
commend as HE.\D GARDENER in a large and well
kept establishment Ins present Head Gardener, F. J.
CuRK, who is thoroughly experienced in all branches
of Horticulture, good manager of men, exemplary ol
conduct, and in every way dependable ; ag© 46 ;
widower, with one grown-up daughter.— Apply, F. J.
tLARK. as above.

jVf ISS ANSON, Pusey House, Faringdon,

•^'-■- Berks., highly recommends her HEAD GAR-
DENER, C. Jo.NES, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring
a thoroughly experienced Man as HEAD in large estab-
lishment; has been with the late Sir W. R. Anson,
Bart., and Mies A.NSON, llj years as Head, and leaves
only because of lease exiiiring; understands electric
liljht plant, and stock, if required; age 43; married.—
Apply, C. JONES, as above.

(^ARDENER (Head).— Walter C. Su.-
^-* LOCK. OoldsworlU Nursery, Woking, is in the p<iRi

t ion to recommend one of the foremost men of the dav ;

ii man with exceplional knowledge of all kinds 'of

Tkis and Shrubs ; exjHjrienced in Fruit, Kitchen Gar.

<l'-n. and Glass ; accustomed to manage the upkeep of

a good garden and surroundings.

(jJARDENER (Head), disengaged; for 20

^^ years Head Gardener at Norbury Park ; normal
staff 12 men ; through death of employer seeks re-
engagement ; awarded cups, medals, (cc, at R.H.S.
HK-etings for Fruit, Vegetables,. Plants and Flowers ;
highest references.— GEO. KENT (age 50), 15, Pixham
Lane. Dorking.

/^ARDENER (Head) seeks Re-engagement

^-^ in good i-stablishment ; thoroughly experienced in
all branches of ifood Gardening ; age 49 ; 7 years pi c
s.nt situation.— B.. Box 23, 41, Wellington Street,
('..vent Garden, W.C.

rjARDENER (Head or good Working

'-" Hbid position) ; thoroughly practical all branches ;
successful cultivator; life experience gained in good
(Jardens. including Eaton Hall, Chester ; highest refer-
ences f<.r ability and integrity; 42.— TURNER. 3. Ken-
w.Kid Road, Highgatc.

r^ARDENER (Head or good Single-

'-" HANDED) ; permanent ; thoroughly experienced In-
side and Out ; good Vegetable and Fruit Grower ; age
49 ; married ; excellent references ; please state wages ;
Surrey preferred.— A. B.. Box 19, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

(^ENTLEMAN highly recommends 'his

^-" GARDENER (llBAD WORKING), where several are
kept, to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a thoroughly
practical man ; most successful cultivator of all Flowcifs,
including Orchids, Fruit and Vegetables ; 17 years as
Head ; ago 45 ; one daughter. 14 years.— A. WINTER,
31, Dekker Road, Dulwicb Village, S.E.

/^ENTLEMAN giving up country house
■^ recommends his GARDENER (Hbad Working);
practical life experience; thoroughly reliable and trust-
worthy ; married ; age 40 ; ineligible ; near London pre-
ferred.—BARRETT. Hatfield Heath, near Harlow

QARDEINER (Head Working) seeks Re-

■"-" engagement; thoroughly experienced in all
l.ranche.s including Orchids, Carnations, Herbaceous
and Alpines ; 17 years Head in present situation ;
Highly recommended; married; age 43 —H. F
WARREN, The Gardens, Highfield, Gainsborough.

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks

"^ situation ; life experience Inside and Out ; age
32 ; ineligible ; married, one boy (7) ; please write fully.
-GARDENER, Colbury Gardens. Hill Street, Totton,
Hants.

QARDENER (Head Working) requires

^"" permanent situal m where 4 or 5 are kept ■ life
ex-perienoe in all branches ; 5 years Head ; married, no
family ; age 36 ; excellent references ; discharged from
Army ; Hertfordshire or Bedfordshire preferred —PECK
c/o The Golf House. Berkhamsted, Herts.

QARDENER (Head Working); over

">-" military age; married, one daughter, away; a
thorough Grower of Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Orchids, Carnations, Fruits of all kinds; qualified to
take entire charge of well-kept Gardens; well up in
Floral Decorations; 14 years' London experience in
growing.— State wages and particulars to THOS.
ABBOTT. Oakover Gardens, Tioehurst, Sussex.

Q.VRDENER (Head Working) ; thoroughly

^-" experienced in all branches of Gardening • age
46; married; Richmond and neighbouring dis'tricts
preferred; good references. -F. P., 21, Station Road,
C-Ia\'gate.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-

'-^ perience of Inside and Out ; Head of 7 tor past
seven years ; ineligible ; age 35 ; married — WM
WARREN, 48, HanwoJth Road, Hounslow.

(TJARDENER; good WORKING SINGLE-

Y" HANDED; wife good Poultry-woman or would
help in Garden ; thoroughly trustworthy ; good refcr-
ejiccs.-Address, "GARDENER," Box 10,"4I, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

(^JENTLEMAN seeks Situation as LAND

^ AGENT or as WORKING GARDENER ; good know-
ledge of Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers in the open •
Grapes, Peaches, Cucumbers, Flowers, &c., under Glass'
in working own garden.— D. li.,'
1 Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Box 16, 41, Welling

T ADY GARDENER requires Post under
-■-' Head; 6 months' experience. Indoor and Out;
near London preferred.— E. A., Box 24, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

T ADY GARDENER (short training and

experience) seeks post under Head Gardener
(man), where others ai« kept.- G. W. IIEATHCOT, Hill-
Held Avenue. Hornsey. N.

TRADE,

JVTANAGER wishes Re-engagement, end of
■'■'-■- February ; thoroughly conversant in details of
an up-to-date Market Nursery ; Foliage, Carnations,
Lilies, as special lines, also all varictios of Fruits
usually grown ; many years' experience as above ; ex-
oellent references; married; age 46.— Write. S. R.,
Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

l^OREMAN or MANAGER.— Advertiser

-■• is open for re-engagement in established Nursery
whcro Forest, Fruit and Rose Trees are the chief cul-
ture; good organiser of labour and controller of men;
31 year.s of age; married; ineligible.— " GROWER."
Box 9, 41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

WORKING FOREMAN desires situatioai ;

thoroughly capable as propagator and grower of
ill luiMis of Market Nursery stock, in all departments;
ipKilillcd to undert.ike responsible position; satisfactory
I. f.reines; good wages required; over niiljtar\' age.—
.V<ldn'.>«, H. WILLIAMS, 4, St. Mary's Road, Garston,
liivcriKiol.

WORKING FOREMAN, well up in

" ' Peaches, Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Bedding
Plants, Chrysanthemums. Bulb Forcing, Vegetables,
iVc. ; life experience ; abstainer ; married ; excel-
lent references ; or would take good private place.
—FAULKNER, Northumberland Nursery, Orpington,
Kent.

"PDORIST, as MANAGERESS, in high-
*- class business ; 7 years* reference. — Replies to
H. T., 2, Arlington Villas, Pembroke Road, Clifton,
Bristol.

"r)UTCHMAN (21), with 7 years' experience
-*-' in Nurseries, seeks place on small Nursery or
Cucumber grower; not much experi -ncc ; please state
wages.— L. K.. Box 22. 41, Wellingt^.^n Street, Covent
Garden, W.O.

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jaitoaht 20, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His iVIajesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLHSGOW— 121, St. Vincent St,

EDINBCRGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle."

x/O nei Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 '^o/s.

p^j, with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- JVoiu

Volume.

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S.

Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H..
Secretary of the Orchid Committee ot the
Royal Horticultural Society.
APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of the Nations'
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A,

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS, V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STRVENSON.with Chapters bv CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. Ey A. GROVE, F L.S.. with

preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

By GEORGE GORDON,

DAHLIAS.

V.MH.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.RS
SWEET PEAS. By HOR.'XCE J. WRIGHT,

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on "Sweet Peas for

Exhibitron." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.MH . and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.
MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published
on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.
DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON,
Author of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1 10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Gardeners' Ohronide, Limitied, by Lots and Maloomboh, Ltd., Dame Street, High Holborn, London, W.C, and Published weeldy by the Gardeners'
Ohroniole, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Oorent Garden, Oity oJ Westminster, Saturday, January 20, 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Heywood.

Established iS41

N9 3970

No. 1570. Vol. LXI. {.Xs} SATURDAY, JANUARY 27, 1917.

■j Registered as a Newspaper. J ""^RICE 3d .

( I. POST-FREK, SJd.

SVBSCRIPTIOX— Inland, IBj-l Foreign, 17IS [22fr. lOe.] [$4 2ec.] per annum. Entered at J\'«ir Tork Post Office as second-class matter.
Postal Address— 41, Welllagton Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telegraphic Address— "Oardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

Fop contents see page 33.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tiKcmfnts rc.reiverl after 5 p.m on W'ednesdaif
will be h'ld over till tU following week.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue and Guide to Gardening, 160 pages, nearly 160
illustratione, free, it this paper is mentioned.

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale. Mealy Bug,
Thrip- American Blight. Green and Brown Fly. ic.
Sold in boxes. Is.. 3s., and 10s. 6d. each, by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London. S.W.

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New Illus-
trate<J Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with lull cultural notfs, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application -HDept- A), R. H. BATH,
LTD-, The Floral Farms. Wiebech.

ELLS' Catalogue of Chrysanthemums

Perpetual Carnations now ready, post free

application.— W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, Surrey.

w

WATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—wc cordially invit« you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATEKER, SONS k CRISP,
LTD.. The Nurseries. Bagshot, Surrey.

BARR'S SEED GUIDE, now ready, free.
Vegetable and Flower Seeds of finest Selected
Strains and Tested Growth at moderate prices.
BARR & SONS. King Street, Covent Garden, London.

WTATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

** Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists free.—
JOHN WATERER. SONS & CRISP, LTD.. The Nurseries.
Twyford. Berks.

PEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

•*- Vou want exceptional results from your garden

this year. Write for our 1917 Seed List. We
can give you the record crops you want.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-
men and Nurservmen,
WEST NORWOOD.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant

'^~*- Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery.^
For lists, with full particulars, apply GUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

** servtttories. Greenhouses, i-c. and Heating Engi-
neer. Danvers Street, Chelsea. London, S.W. Wire, 201.
Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western.

ANDER AND SONS,

Orohid Growers, St. Albans,

s

SECLRE YOUR SUPPLIES OF THE FOLLOWING

BEFORE STOCKS ARE EXHAUSTED.

ORDER AT ONCE.

CUTTON'S EARLY GIANT PEA.

^^ a popular first early variety, per pint Is. 9d.
SUTTON'S EXHIBITION LONGPOD BHOAD BEAN.
Pod.s of extniordinarv length, per pint Is. CmI.

srrroNS MASTEitriECt: dwarf bean.

A fine stringless variety, per pint 2s. 6d.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
HEADING.

s

NOW IS THE TIJIE TO PLANT

IZELWAY'S COLOUR BORDERS

■*-*■ of hardy plants, arranged to give a suecwss-'ion of
hi pom during the spring, summer and autumn.

NOW THAT LABOUR IS SCARCE, thc.c borders solve
the difficulty of having a Garden always in bloom, with-
out the trouble of replanting and lifting the plants every
year.

Plant a border now this year, and you will be able
to enjoy its beauty for several years without any addi-
tional expense.

Send the measurements of your beds or borders, and

we will reoonuliend a selection of plants suitable for your

distiir't, and (|uot? our special reduced War prices.

KELWAV & .SON, the Roval Horticulturists,

LANGPORT, SOJIEUSET.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens. Vineries, I*e<ich-houses,
Portable Buildings, iic. Catalogues gratis.

(CYCLAMEN SEEDLINGS, for potting up
^-^ of our choice strains. Giant White, Deepest Red.
Rose, Persicum. or Mixed, Is. lOd. per doz. ; Salmon
King, Cherry Ripe. Js. 6d. per doz.. post free.— STUART
LOW & CO. Bush Hill Park, Middlesex.

ORCHIS FOLIOSA, " The Madeira

^-^ Orchid,"— The finest fonn of this beautiful Orchid,
grows 1820 inches h gh, with 6 8 inch solid spikes of rosy,
purple flowers. Strong roots, 2s. 6d. each, 278. 5d. per
dozen— T. SMITH, Daisy Hill Nursery, Newry.

" IJOCK GARDEN PLANTS, Wfl.ere and

-■-'' In What Soils to Plnjit Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Sp<cial selections, 12. 3s. 6d. ;
25. 6s. 6d. ; 50, 12?. 6d. ; 100, 253. AU dilferent. nainiKl,
strong .-^to^'k : please state position atid soil. — G. R.
PIIII'I'S. Alpine Nursery, Barnham, Bognor.

»)0r> CAMELLIAS in variety, 2i U-, 3ft.,

'•"^' Imshy and buddy, 10s. each; 250 large
Dracaena indivisa, 4ft.. 6s. each. — SMITH, Fernery,
Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

■pERNS! FERNS!!— Tree rern.s. Climb-
-*■ ing Ferns. Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
.SMITH. London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction.
London, S.W.

"UUSH ROSES.— 300 Frau Karl Diuschki.

^^ 200 Mnie. A. Chatenay, 200 Liberty; quantity good
Hybrid Teas, in var'ety. Wanted, good coloiirP<l Berberis
ajuifolia. in roots or bunches.— WILLIAM GRAY, Rose
Grower. Brox, Chertsey.

"PRUIT TREES, true to name, my speci-

-■- a'ity. Trained Trees, in well-grown, extra-sized
specimens, with fibrous roots. Cordon Pears. Grape
Vines, Orange Trees. Fig Tre<>s, in pots, for fruiting.
Catalflguos.-WILL TAVLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

For Advertisement Charges see page II.

Grand X

T>ICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL

-'-' MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers ; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn.— Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware
houses and Nurseries. Chester.

PIDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-

•■- LOGUE OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS will be sent,
post free, to any address on receipt of postcard. Write
at onoe for a copv. It mav help vou to save 50 per cent,
on your seed bill this season.- f'iDLER & SONS, Royal
HerUshire Sted Stores. Reading.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

Catalogues of the above now issued gratis
Early Pea. Laxton's Superb, &o.. Fruit
irens. a nne stock to offer— may still be safely planted.
P.imphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped en-
velope.—LAXTON BROTHERS. Nurserymen. Bedford.

i^REENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-" " Vitrolite," superior to Wbite Lead Paint, 15s.
per gaLl. " Plastine " supersedes puttv, I83. per (.'wt.—
Full particulars from W. CARSON ' & SONS, Grove
Works, Battersea. Agents throughout the country.

/"rnVAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^-^ — The best and much the cheaiKSt.— Full pai ticulars
on application to JOHN COWAN & 00., Gateacre Nur-
series, Oateacre, Liverpool.

BERBERIS DARWINII and STENO-
PHYLLA (new Daisy Hill hybrids).— A complete
collection of these, including many dwarf and compact
glowers, suitable for the Rock Garden, will be found
in my Tree and Shrub Catalogue. Free on application.—
T S'HITH. Daisy Hill Nursery. Newry.

POR SALE, 3 Madresfield Courts, 3 Black

-^ llambro' Vinos, 6 years, splendid roots, pro-
duced bunches last year 3i lb. to 5 lb. ; 150 large
clumps choice collection of Delphiniums (Blues only,
all shades, florists' varieties); 50 large clumps Herba-
ceous— Paeonies. cream, white, pink ; large clumps of
Tritonias. Phlox, Helleborus Niger, Geum. All carefully
lifted.— Offers to HEAD GARDENER, Compton Verney,
TVarwick.

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—

-^ *■ MORI.E & CO. offer ' magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, also Flowering Bulbs, cropped with named
.sorts, at half usual prices. List free. 150 156, Finchley
lioad. N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in
splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-
florum giganteum, 3s. 6d., 6s. and 9s. ; Spociosum Mel-
pomene and inagiiincuin, and Album Keitzerii (the
best). 5s., 8s. and 10s. ; Auratum, 6s. and 10s. ; Ilenryi.
4s. and 6s. ; all per dozen ; also others. List free. —
MOIiLE & CO.. as above.

SEED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scotch,
Mvatt's Ash Leaf Ilebrons, Early Rose, Express,
Royal Kidney. Cpto-Date. iiir J. Llewcllcn, Arran Chief,
King Hdwaril. and others, per bush, or cwt— MORLE &
CO.. as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-
cation.

ORCHID PEAT, 5!i. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Pe.at, lOs. 6t. per yard in trucks; in
hags 28. each. 24s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould.
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 45fl. ; O.N. Fibre, 18b. dozen bags ; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.HS., Feltham, Middlesex.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY NEXT.

Siiring llmvering and other Bulbs, Hardy, Herba-
ceous, and Rock Plants, Rhododendrons, Roses, Fruit
Trees, Palms, Carnations, kc,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above bv auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., at
12 o'clock each day. , . , u„j

On view mornings of sales and catalogues had.

SPECIAL TRADE SALE.

Wednesday, January 31st. at 2 o'clock.

Large quantities of Narcissus of sorts, late-flowering

Tulips, early-flowering Gladioli, and other >!?""=■

flowering Bulbs, Grass Seed, followed at 3 o clock by

575 CASES OF JAPANESE LILIES,

Lili

M

67

Tigr:

Speciosum
Speciosum

comprising
Lnngiflorum Giganteuni, Li
Lilium Speciosum Rubrum. L
Magnificuni, Lilium Henry
plenum.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

will sell as above at their Central Sale Rooms,
id 68. Cheapside, London, E.C.
n view morning of sale and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSD.W NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside. London, E C, on Thursday.
February 2nd. and every succeeding Thursday at 1
o'clock, consignments of well-grown ROSES, especKilly
lotted to suit all buyers. , . , , ,

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

FIRST ANNUAL SALE.

EYNSFORD, KENT.

Two days' sale of Fruit Ti-ees, Shrubs and Herbaceous
Plants, &e., comprising 3.200 .\pples, 2 000 Pears.
Cherries Plums Currant and Gooseberry Bushes. Nuts.
6 000 Standard.' Dwarf and Climbing Roses, Oval-leaf
Privet, Laurels. Flowering Shrubs, Herbaceous and
Rock Plants in great variety.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by Messrs. Cannell & Sons to sell
tt.-- atove by auc'ion on the premises. The Nurseries,
Eynsford, Kent,
On Thursday and Friday, Februa-y Island 2nd,

at 11 o'clock precisely.
On view. Catalogues had on the pieniises and of the
Auctioneers. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, fc C.

"- shortlandsTkent^

Unreserved Sale of well-grown Nursery Stock, com-
Drisins 2 000 Border Shrubs. Golden Privet, Standard.
Half-Standard and Dwarf Roses, 5 000 Herbaceous
Plants 1,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes; also 30 towls.
3 Greenhouses, Piping, and Sundries.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by Mr. J. B. Bryant to sell tin-
above by auction at the Nursery, Bromley Road, Short
lands.

On Saturday, February 10th, at 12 o clock.
On view. Catalogues on the premises and of tli.<
Auetioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC.

RICHMOND.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by the Receiver to sell by auc-
tion at the Common Nursery, Richmond,
On Monday and Tuesday, February 5th and 6th,
at 12 o'clock precisely each day,
large quantities of well-grown NURSERY STOCK, com
prising Golden Privet, Variegated and Green Hollies,
Standard Ornamental Trees, Evergreen and Flowering
Shrubs, Roses, and a number of Clipped Yews in various
fancy shapes.

On view. Catalogues had on the premises, of P.
Mason, Esq., the Receiver, 54, Greshara Street. E.C..
and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London,
E.C.

MARESFIELD, SUSSEX.

Unicserved Sale of Nursery Stock on certain Inrid.^
where the tenancy expires on March 25th next, by order
of Messrs. Wm. Wood & Son (Maresfleld), Ltd.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,
in conjunction with Messrs. Wm. Wood, Son &
Gardner, will sell bv auction on the premises, The
Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld,

On Wednesday and Thursday, February 7th
and 8th. at 12 o'clock each day,
large quantities of Nursery Stock, comprising 25.000
Conifers and Shrubs, 2,000 named and Ponticum Rhodo
dendrons. Fruit Trees, 8,500 Deciduous Trees, Nuts,
10,000 Quick, flowering Shrubs, Roses, Climbing, Herba-
ceous and Rock Plants, and other stock.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the premises, of
Messrs. Wm. Wood, Son & Gardner, Land Agents,
,Crawley, Sussex, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, London, EC.

BUSINESSES WANTED,

WANTED, in March, about 5 to 10 Acre.s
of land and snloU house, with outbuildings and
irreenhouscs for Market Gaixlening and Dairy Farming;
or would take over farm and superintend garden of
pnv.ate place.— -Apply by letter to B. J., Box 17, 41,
Wellington Street, Cwent Garden, London.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET; commanding posi-
tion; five minutes from rail and trfuns ; 350ft.
Glass ; li acres land, house, &o.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheemess.

BARNES, SURREY.— To Let, NUR-
SERY', 8 Greenhouses, 100ft. long each, and 1 acre
of lan<i ; low rent arrepted to a sub^t'antial man. —
Appiv to MESSRS. RIOH.ARDS & CO , 62, Church Road,
B.iiiies, Surrey.

PLANTS, Ao„ WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
Sep other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, 3 Large FIGS, in Pots, to
plant in lean-to bouse.— Quote size and price to
\\'.\LTERS, Giirdens, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

PLANTS, &o., FOR SALE.

1 (\(\ nrtrt LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

iV"-/ »V/Vf^ 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
ic. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisementi intended (or insertion in the n
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later tha

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 1. d.

Ordinary Poiitlons .. „. ... per p»g» 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Fag* „ 12 12 0

Halt and quarter pages, column aad half oolumn
■paces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per inch, tingle column

Per inch, across 2 columns

Per Inch, across 8 columns

A : A

3 0

7 0

14 0

1 1 0

Front page (no display allowed) 1 /• per line space,
[Headline counted as twe lines.)

For discount* apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words, Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words
or fewer.

These Advertiiements must be prepaid, AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS. &c„ OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

THI TJSITKD KINGDOM 1 5 • per annum.

Abroad — 17/6 „

Cheqtus and P.O.s 'o 'e made payable to "GAKDENER3'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams • 1643 " Gahdchron, Rand, London.'
Telephone : 1643 Gkrrard,

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for eaeli succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their commanications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
.Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account sho^ild they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.idvertisers are cautioned against having Letttrt
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed art opened by tht
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, experienced, ' active, and
energetic HEAD GARDENER for small property,
Windsor, Maide-nhead district ; February ; must be expeit
Orchids, Carnations, and Indoor Fruit ; 6 to 6 kept ; pre-
ference to one able overlook small liead stock ; good
house and electric light; state wages.— Apply, MRS.
PHILIP MARTIXEAU, Hui-st, near Twyford, Berks.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER, over
mUitaj V age ; 2 other men kept ; smaU Garden,
Glass, Fruit, 'and Vegetables; 28s. a week and cottagd
found,— Taplow Priory, Maidenhead.

WANTED, good all-round WORKING
HE \D GARDENER (married or single) ; ineUsdible ;
Loniueleoit to take charge of Vinery and Orchids; his
,hief attention, however, would be devoted to Shrubs,
Trees and Outside Gkirdening ; 4 and boy usuaUy kept ;
cottage pleasantly situated ; electric light amd vegetablee
free; Saturday, 1 o'clock; if so inclined. Gardener wou.d
be taught tJie working and management of electno hght-
m" plant ■ good situation for competent man.— Write,
stating \\a''e required, family, and references, to MR.
W ROSE, ° Highfleld," Gainsborough, Linos,

WANTED, good WORKING HEAD
GARDENER; ineligible; thoroughly experienced
in all branches. Inside and Out ; oottage^Apply, MRS.
VAUGHAN DAVIES. Sandhurst Lodge, Wellmgton Col.
lege Station, Berks.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
INQl- 2 or 3 kept; must be strong, active, and
hud workli'ig; cottage found.-Reply, stating age ex-
perience, and wages required to E. A. C, Brcomaeld,
Staninore, Middlesex.

WANTED, a MAN to take ctarge of

Vineries and Peach-houses; wages 258. per week

and Bothy. — Apply, O. ALLEN, Estate Office, Worth
Park, Crawley. Sussex.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed); i acre, no Glass; also to take out
invalid in bath-chair,— State terms and references to
STOYEL, Estcourt, New Maiden, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Single-
handed place, not much Glass; neighbourhood
of Somhport; wages 30s.-Apply, Box 23 c/o T B.
Browne's Advertising Offices, 71, Market Street, Man-
chester.

WANTED, at once, SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER (ineligible, or over military a.ge),
or L4DY GARDENER, strong and active, with long
experience with Vegetables, Fruit and Flowers ; willing
to learn running of small electric light plant; grounds
2 acres' no cottage; wages, 35s. to 10s., according to ex-
perienoe.— MRS. ROSSENDALE. The Manor Cottage,
Gerrard's Cross. Bucks.

w

ANTED, GARDENER. (Single-
handed); small private garden; wti,ges 30s. or
and cottage.-Apply, Tlie Lawn. Oolnbrook.

CiIN(iLE-HANDED GARDENERS re-

^ quired for excellent places in all parts ol coun-
try ■ (1) Dorset, cottage provided, one sma 1 Green-
house ; (2) Hants, good wages, cottage, with garden
and milk provided, knowledge of V egctables Graces
and Hedges necessary; (3) Kent. SOs.. house and gai;den
provided and 1 tons of coal a y;ear. no Kitchen Gar-
den or Glass ; (1) Middlesex, £1 all found, or 30s.
live out • (5) Surrey. 30s.. IJ acre, look after Poultry,
no Glass- (6) Sussex, 30s. and lodge; (7) Wales, rooms
in Bolhv Vines, Fruit Trees and Vegetables ; (8)
Winibledoi, S.W., good wages;-MRS. HUNT LTD..
86, High Street, Marylebone, No charge whatever to
Gardeners. Don't miss eiir great offer of valuable pre-
sents fre«.

Januabt 27, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED. SECOND GARDENER, in-

" ' eligible, lor Inside and Outside ; also to assist
uith electric light plant; wages 25s., with lodge, fuel,
and light free.— Apply. ALFRED WILLIAMS. Wil-
loughbys, Oishott, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER, during war;
' ' experienced, capable man ; help given ; very
pretlv place, Devonshire. State terms.— Box 14, c/o
W. H. SMITH & SON, Kingsway, London. W.C.

y^ANTED, a good aU-round GAR-

' ' DEJTER, with knowledge of coats; good bungalow
cottage on grounds. — Apply, stating age, experience, and
wages expected, to F. O. MILLS. Esq., Stoneswocd, Limps-
field, Surrey.

TITANTED, reliable W.ORKING GAE-

* ^ DEXER ; owner much away ; overlooking salt
water estuary ; some Vines and Peaches ; good wages,
cottage, and firewood. — Reference, age, family, to F.
PARKYN. Penquue, Par, Cornwall.

"WANTED, a goocl WORKIXG GAR-

' ' DEXER, no Gltass ; wife good working cook-house-
keeper ; wages £65 ; board wages. 10s. each weekly ;
live in, coals, lights, vegetables, house washing. — Apply,
L. M-, 8, Chesterfield Gardens. Mayfair, London.

W^ANTED, GARDENER or STEWARD.

" " for sm;Ul esuite, 100 acres, near Sevenoaks, with
x-horough knowledge of stoc-k and all Farm and Goixieu
ciops, also Fruit ; wages £2 ; cottage, fire. light, vege-
tables, &C-— Applv by letter to DOWR. LADY COHEN.
30, Hyde Park Gajdene. W.

WTANTED, GAKDENER or ODD MAX,

' ' with good knowledge of Gardening; help given;
over mihtary age; good referen<-es. — F. W. PAKKER.
Market Stain ton Hall, Lincoln.

WANTED, immediately, UNDER GAR^
DESER at Rydal Hall. Ambleside; no Bothy.—
Apply- stating age, experience, and wages required, to
CLAUDE BARTON, Inglcborough Estat* Office, Clapham,

Yorks.

W.'VNTED, strong, active Man, as
UNDER GARDENER ; cottage found.— Reply, stat.
ing age and previous experience, to E. A. C, Broomfield,
ytajunore, Middlesex.

WANTED, for Large Gai-dens in the Mid-
lands. TWO LADY GARDENERS, one Inside
and one Out, U> work under Head ; must be ex-
perienced ; furnished lodging.o, and 30s. per week
salarv.— Write, T. H., Box 18, 11, Wellington Street,
Covcnt Garden, W.C.

WANTED, Two WOMEN GARDENERS,
chiefly for Plants ; near London ; state wages
and experience.— R. A., Box 23, 41, Wellingtoa Street,
Covent Garden, London, W.C.

'W/'ANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, for

' ^ Glass, in large Gardtsus, to work under experi-
enced Head Gardener and live in Bothy. — Apply, statULg
experiences and wages re<iuired. to HEAD GARDENER,
Huntroydf, I'adihani, Lanoasliire.

WANTED, Two good practical WOMKX
G-\RDEXEUS, one for the Glass Department under
Forewoman, and one for the Herbaceous and Rock
Gardens, A:c. ; good wage*, Bothy, and Uie usual perqui-
site*-Apply, stating Q^c and experience, A. FEESH-
WATEH, V'.i.ns Hill Gardens, Oobhain, Surrey.

WTANTED, good practical AVOMAN GAR-

' ' DENEB for the Glass Department, under Head
Gardener ; also one for the Rock Garden and H<'rl>aceous
Borders.— Apply, stating wages, to MISS INSOLE, The
Court, Llandafl.

WTANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, Out-

' ' side chiefly ; Bothy, fire and light. — Apply,
stating experience and Wages i-equired, to HON. MRS.
F. COLBORNE, Nonsuch Park, Cheam, Surrey.

"WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER fm-

' ' Inside and Out. under Head Gardener, and live
ill Bothy; good experience required; ZSs., milk and
veg.-tables. — Apply, stating full particulars, to HON.
MKS. P. COLBORNE, Nonsuch Park. Cheam, Surrey.

"l^ANTED, Two WORKING WOMEN

GARDENERS ; experienre necessary ; one for Vege.
tiible Garden and one for plain Greenhoup© work and
Flower Garden ; under Head Gardener ; good refeT^n<-es ;
rooni.s and allowances and 20s. per week. — Apply, HEAD
fJAKDEXER, Kent Cottage, Chiawick Hou»», Ohiawick, W.

\yANTED, Two YOUNG WO:\rF\

' ' GARDENERS, one for Ple:isure Ground*, the oth«r
for miller Glass, wages IBs. ; Bothy, vegetables, coal,
light, &c., 3s. duty and 6d. per hour overtime; 1 o'clock
Saturdays; 7 in Bothy.— Poll particulars, H. R. WHITE
LAW, llever Oastle Gardens, Hever, Kent.

W'^^^TED, UNDER GARDENER

(woman) ; to Uve in Bothv ; ohieflv Outside work.
-HON. SIRS. HIBBERT, Munden,. Watford.

^YANTED, Two WOMEN UNDER GAR:

DENERS, Inside and Out; pumping and fires;
Simday duty aJternatelv ; Bothv, miUj, firing light &c
— F. MUniS, •■ Barvin," Potter's Bar, Herts.

T7XPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH

'-^ STATION, TURNER'S HILL. CHESHUNT.— WOEK-
IXG FOREJIAX or FOKEWOMAX required at once to
carry out experiments in the culture of Cucumbers,
Pot.atos. and Tomatos under Glass, to the instructions of
the Director; male applicmts must be ineligible for mild-
taxy service.— Apply to the DIRECTOR, giving full par-
ticulars of age, experience, wages required, when disen-
gaged, &c., and enclosing a copy of a recent reference.

WT'ANTED. for a Nobleman's Establish-
' • mcnt, a First-class FOREMAN (ineligible for the
Army) ; wages 30s. per week, Bothv. &c.— Apply to
GLEESON * CO., 41, High Street, Watford, Herts,

TITANTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER,

' ' for large Gardens in the Midlands, to work
under Head ; must be well up in Grapes. Peaches and
Chrysanthemums ; wages, 30s. per week and good
Bothy.— Write, S. M., Box 19, 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

VyANTED, PORE MAN or good JOUR-

' ' NEYMAN for Inside ; also strcmg YOUTH for

Outside ; take duty ; good wages and overtime paid ; com-
fortable lodgings, close to work ; hours 7 to 5, 1 p.m.
Saturday. — Apply, stating wages and experience, to J. M-
RICH.iRDS. Brockhamptju Park Gardens, Andoversford,

WTANTED, an experienced FORE-

' ' WOMAN for the Glass Department ; also an
ASSISTANT, with some experience ; comfortable Bothv,
good wages— Full particulars to J. G. WESTON, East-
well Park Gardens, Ashford, Kent.

"WANTED, Single MAN, for the Fruit
" ' Houses ; ineligible or over military age ; to live
in Bothy.— Apply, J. ANSELL. The (Sardeus, Deaiaee,
Dorking, Surrey.

"WANTED, at once, a Married MAN,

over military age, for Garden work ; one used to
stable work preferred, aaid willing to make himself
useful.— Apply, " GARDENER," Hill House, Little Somer-
ford, Wilts.

"WANTED, reliable MAN, above military

' ' age, used to Spade. Mowing. &c. ; 30s , 5s. war
bonus.-Apply, W. WESKER. Head Gardener, Burnt-
wood Grange. Wandsworth Common.

SITUATIONS VACANT eentlnued on pan vll.

ORDER OUR CELEBRATED

ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, etc.

Also Fruit Bushes.

PRACTICAL NOTES OH CROWINC AND FORCING.

—Mam^

ESTABLISHED 13S7.

MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twicksnham.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridi^eworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

CARTERS TESTED SEEDS

SOW VEGETABLE SEEDS

of the highest productive value.

■■ WlR-n It .(.111.-- to piuiliulion, i-VL-iy .ivaiialili- ».|iinri- yard of lari<l
iiai-t Iw iiiado to pr.jducf food "-Mr. Lluiid Gturge, Dec. HI, illlO.

I I. L II S T KiA T K n CAT A F, <) G IT K POST F K K K.

Seedsmen to H.M. the King,

kli.i^J.m.^J^.^.

RAYNES PARK, LONDON, s.w.

lir n.-lu's ' '-■'' •'""' -'^^' "'*^'' ^''''''orn, W.C^
^ I .S.Sa, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.

lurpee s beeds

'T'HE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality First, — combined with efficient service has built the
Woild's Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee's Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book of 204 pages, in colors, and a Sate Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write for it today.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings,

Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

G^yfuJ, Annua

SEEDS '
VATLEEBURPEBtCa I

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

BULL'S FOOD FOR PLANTS,
FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.

PHOTOGRAPH OF A SINGLE DAY'S CONSIGNMENT.

Used by all the leading Gardeners, Nurserymen and Market Growers throughout the Kingdom.

Sold by all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

Por cwt., 20/-; a; U.S., 12/6 ; -is llis., 7/6.; II ll«.. 4/6. Tins, 6d., 1/- an.l 2/6.

BULL'S pQnT FOOD CO,

536, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON.

YOUR LAWN.

velva8°'lawn sand.

^.Che BEST end CheopesK

5UIC 4u«nllly af each iii« rcqu.rrd and have '- caVr.ar* paid "

mCHARD SANK£V A SON, L^o.

Bolwell Pol-heries. NOTTIH/OHAM.

SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early for garden liicis (o think <f
sL'ids, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of
ijualil]!. It is a ^'ardening axiom tliat

RYDERS SEEDS

II rr He best, and despite the fact of a War Time
pri('e of 13d. per pacl^et, orders for these famous
Flower and Vegetalile Seeds are daily growing in
\.>lmMi* Si"ils of 1/ iial.it II raimnt now be supplied,
.■veil liy r.yilcr.H, in l'|.|.iiy I'arkrts.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryclers 1917 Culalogiw contains a large

number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.

Novelties for 1917 include the New Pierce Sweet
Peas (Pink, Pale Blue and Violet).

A wonderful new strain of Hybrid Cinerarias.

The " Astermum" in four lovely colours.

New Cyclamen, Mauve Queen.

New hybrids of Trollius.

"Britain's Best " Tomato. The finest Tomato
ever introduced.

Ryders New Snow-tail Scarlet Radish.

A remarkable new Three-poddcJ Pea —
" Thousandfold."

A Splendid New Oval-shaped Beet.

.Senil a post card to-day for your free cojjy of KyUers
CataL.gue. Remember the one and only address
and beware of imitators— no agents.

RYDER & SONS, m..

Seed Specialists,

st;

ALBANS.

Rvder

Your Own Food by Sowin
Famous Vci>ctablc Seed.

Webbs' Exhibit at the

F.H.S. Veeetable Exhibition. 1916,

whi h obtained THE ONLY COLD MEDAL awarded at this Show.

Gantriin-s- Ma i.i-i;, -" A very l\ii- display an.i greatly adniire.l."
7Vi<' G'fli'./.a. -'• A m:y.'niH.'i-iit roll ilion ..I e-:eepli..ii;d iiuality.

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Finest Quality and Beat Value.

(i:l/- ( ollei-tlon eonlaiiis 110 varieties.
CARIilAGE FREE Cmtents on a/iplication.

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of MARROWFAT PEAS.

Successional Supply.

■J4 (lUiirts of Pe;

4 pints ol I'c s, 4 Hue a.
CARIilAGE FREE.

THE =•

Royal Horticultural

AND

Royal Agricultural

societies'
GOLD MEDALS

WEBBS'

VEGETABLES

— IN 1916. —

WEBBS' ILLUSTRATED
catalogue of

VEGETABLE SEEDj
SEED POTATOS
FLOWER SEEDS
LAWN SEEDS
GARDEN MANURES.
Free on request.
Mention "Gard. Chron."

WEBB & SONS. Ltd.,

The King's Seedsmen,
STOURBRIDGE.

Januahy 27. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

33

©arbtntrs' Otlirnnirlf

Xo. 1670.— SA TURDA Y, J A NUARY .■?:, 1917.

CONTENTS.

.■Vppl.' Cliiliiiaf..r(l Market fruit garilen, the 40

W.iTuler n Ohituary—

Hooks, notices i)f- Il.irtley, Levi . . .. 44

Sweet Pea Aniiiinl, tlie 40 Peas, eulinaiy .. .. 3.')

Calantlies.andf.,,- .. ;W Potato prices for 1917 .. Xi

Campanula Stausllel.lii 39 ;t',l,,ia%racie with " -K,

Patnlivilea nlil Rerrl and ItUSsia, traoe WltU .. .ill

nfa ? 41 Xcd CrowinK .. . . Ai

r;w!il,- n'.'u. iW ;,'f Soeieties-

'".S.fven.ake'korert' 34 '"^!^;:!^!l"t^"'""\..

cultural .nemoranda .. 40, K^-i-^cXdo-'rioV. *'

Egypt, gardening in .. 31) | ticultural ..43

I'arm. crop and stock Royal Scottish Arbori-

on the home . . . . 43 cultural . . . . 43

Oarrya elllptica .. .. 4'2 Sphagnum-moss in sur-

Insect powder plant, the :ii Ksry 30

Iodine tor wounrls . . 39 Sweet pea trials aban-

Land, vacant, in niuriiei. ''"ned 3s

pal areas .. 11 Timber trade, the home,

'^^'"U"n,it 44 '^;W''°''T' "'; 2
Lectures on vegetable Vegetables .. ..34

cultivation .. .. 3S War items 3«

Mangrove, the Austra- , Week's work, the Si), 37

liiin grey .. ;i^ i Wisley, trials at.. .. 3i

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Apple CheliiiKford Wonder 41

.Caiiipanilta .StanslleMii 39

Divers, Killeman .lolm, portrait of 40

ijuereus pediimiiliita var. cristata 34,35

THE HOME TIMBER TRADE IN 1916,

GKNKH.XLLY .xpeaking, the pa.st timber
season has been one of the most prosperous
that can be remembered. Not that all
classes o£ timber have proHted owing to the war,
the main advances being in the price of pilwood,
Ash of first quality, and wood suitable for the
manufacture of bo.xes and rough packing-cases.
Ill the mining and manufacturing districts of
Kiiglaiid the home-grown timber trade has teen
in a particularly flourishing condition, both de-
mand and prices being, generally speaking, ahead
<if tlxwo reported twelve months ago.

Throughout the Midlands the trade has, to a
greater or less extent, been affected by the war,
both demand and price for particular classes of
timber being abnormal. Transport, labour,
.shortage of horses, and increased difficulties
of transit generally have had an effect on the
trade, and collieries, faced with a shortage
of foreign timber, have fallen back on home
supplies to an almost unprecedented extent. For
the best selected j\sh timber from 3s. to 3s. 4d.
per cubic foot waiS charged — in one instance at
least 4s. per foot was obtained — wlule for prime
Oak cuts the price was high, a goodly quantity
having changed hands at from 2s. 6d. to 33. 6d
per foot. Selected EUm fetched as much as
Is. 6d. per fof>t, timber of smaller size about
Is. 3d. Beech sold well at all prices up to
Is. 6d. per foot, and Spruce and Scots Fir
Is. 5d. for the best cuts. It should be remem-
bered in conjunction with these seemingly high
prices that they were for first-class timlier de
livered at the various stations in Uirmingliam.

The war has materially affected tlio home
timlier trade in Yorkshire, and in the West
Riding, where for colliery purposes vast quanti-
ties are required. The i^ortage of foreign sup-
plies was eaxly felt, and the demand for liome-
giowji timber was considenible. Fir poles,
which in normal times could only be sold at
3d. per cubic foot standing in the woodlands,
found a ready market at quite one-third more.
Alder and Birch have also benefited considerably,
tlm prices ranging up to Is. per foot for w(Kid
of best quality. Both are extensively used in
the making of clog soles. A.sh and Oak have
bien in demand, the former in particular
being sc;iT(ie fin the market, and bringing good
returns where plantation grown and fitted for
carriage and other constructive purposes.
Such timber of the best quality has increased in

price, and seasoned boarding has not been long
on hand. For spool and bobbin making large
quantities of timber have been required in order
that heavy contracts for cloth might be carried
out with expedition. In Berkshire and through
out Wiltshire generally there has been little ad.
Vance in the price of home-grown timber ; at
least any advance has not been general. Prices
generally are low, good F.lm fetching only 7d.
to 9d. per foot. Ash of prime quality Is. 6d.
per foot. Larch lOd., and prime Oak Is. 8d.
per foot. Public sales of timber in these dis-
tricts have of late years largely given way to
private dealings, and much of the produced tim-
ber is consumed within 50 miles of where it i.«
felled.

In Norfolk there has been a demand in order
to meet Government wants for shafts, ambu
lance wood, and material for packing munitions
of war. Haulage of heavy timber has been
much interrupted by the shorta.ge of horses, and
as Government supplies were required imme-
diately, timber merchants have had a difficulty
in coping with the unusual situation. Owing to
heavy deinjaiids by th* mili'tary authorities it has
been found difficult to get timber conveyed by
rail, and this, with want of suitable labour, has
considerably retarded deliveries. In Leicester-
.shire the demand lies been about as usual, and a
big fall of demesne timber, consisting principally
of rough Oak, Elm, and Ash, changed hands at
a price that would, a year ago, have been con-
sidered very good. In such cases it is difficult
to state the selling price of individual timbers,
but about Is. Id. per cubic foot was supposed
to h;ive been received. Abouv 3,000 trees, prin-
cipally Birch and Alder, fetched 7d. per foot
in the woodland, and a small lot of Willow and
Poplar, biggish trees about 50 feet each, sold
well. They were evidently required for cu,tting
into boarding for the dispatch of war materials ;
the price obtained waa lid. per foot where felled
fairly convonient to a good road.

Around London and throughout the adjoining
counties the home grown timber trade may be
describi<<l as good, though the prices anticipated
owing to the war have hardly been realised.
I'ilprops at one time slightly advanced in
value, and for really first-class Ash timber
good prices up to fully 3s. 6d. per cubic foot
were realised, but for other timber, excepting
that for packing-boxes, demand was not con-
siderable. Larch has always a steady maiket
in the Metropolitan area, and Is. 3d. for that
of big size and best quality was quite commonly
paid. Owing to the scarcity of coal the demand
for firewood was keen and prices good, and
little was left on hand by the end of February.
Faggots for firelightijig have gone up in value,
.iiid wliiat a ye-ir ago st:>'.d at 3s. are now 4«. 6fl.
per hundred. Coppice wood is about the old
price, thougih charcoal for the troops lias been in
demand. Oak realised from Is. 6d. to 2fi. 6d.
|)er cubic foot, the latter being largely used on
the Thames for boat and barge buildljig and
reii.-iiring. The nu'.rket fur Elm was erratic, some
parcels fetching 8d. and others fully Is. 3d.
per foot. Some one hundned and twenty Apple
ta'tcs, gxxKJ, dleuui l)utl«, fetched 2s. 6d. jwr cubic
foot where uprooted.

Vast qu(intiti<» of rough, home-gixiwii timU'r
are being used in the manufttc-ture of boxe«
and la-rge packing-ciasea for military ajid
otlier .scores. ScoitrJi Pine timber, owing to
its lightness and to its being ])rocurable in goo<l
breadths, is largely used, but other light woods,
such as Birch, Sycamore, Poplar, and Willow,
iwe in demmid. At Windsoir, S<xitch Fir of
seventy years' growth was sold at 38s. per ton,
free on rail three miJies awp.y, and9-f(xit sJeeipers
6s. eai-Ii at railway stations. Of course, the
laiger and cleaner the timber, the more it is
valued for such a purpose, and big fellings of
suitable materials have taken place in various
parts of F/ngland. Willows for wicker baskets,
in which shells arc placed, are also in demand
by the Government, but our home supplies arc.

except in a few special cases, rough and limite<l
in quantity. The industry of basket-making is
an old one in this country, and it is pleasing to
see it revived, though under miforlunate cir-
cumstances. The timber of the Poplar and
Willow is particularly valuable for making
certain c'lasses of packing-cases, owing to its
Learing rather than splitting when subjected to
rough hiandling, while for the sides and bottoms
of cants that are to be used for the conveyance
of heavy articles tOiis timber is alsio hi demajid.

Quite recently large Poplar timber was sold
at Is. 4d. and upwards per cubic foot, and if a
sufficient quantity couild be got togeitiher of the
black Italian and other species of the tree higher
prices could no doubt be obtained for this wood.
Wlhen we oonsideir, too, tlisvt the Poplar is
pnilxuWy the fast-esi-gi'uwing tii'ee tdiat is culti-
vated in this country, producing, as it has been
luiown to do, 2 cubic feet per annum for thirty
years, the profits attached to a plantation of
the species can be appreciated. Fortunately,
too, dampish soils, where many other timber
trees would not succeed, are eminently suitable
for the production of the best class of Poplar
timber. But there are other uses for which this
timber is considered one of the best, notably in
the making of railway brakes and weather-
boarding. The grey or white Poplar produces
excellent timber, even better than that of the
black Italian ; both, however, are by no means
plentiful in any part of the country, a matter
to be regretted when the price of the tiinbc;'
and ease with which it may be cuUiv,itGd arc
taken into consideration. The Poplar is readily
raised either from cuttings or seed, gives little
trouble whilst under nursery management,
is little liable to disease, and ripens the wood
at the ago of forty or fifty years. We would
strongly advise those who have somewhat
damp land to plant the Poplar for conuneircia I
uses.

In Scotland the past timber season is admitted
t) be one of the best that can he remembered.
All classes of timber have not, however, profited
by the war, the main demand being for pitprops
and heavy timber suitable for the manufacture
of rough packing-cases. Ash for wagon-build-
ing, too, has not been obtainable in the quantity
required, and consequently the price has been
steady, if not slightly in advance of that of the
past few years. Firewood, such as Scotch Pine
and Spruce, has been greatly in demand at
prioes which ranged from 6d. to 8d. per cubic
foot, unfelled in the woodland ; indeed, in For-
farshire these prices were received for timber
of the kinds specified at a distance of three miles
from a railway station and double that distance
from the consuming centre. In the same county
the biggest and best Oak fetched up to Is. 6d'.
per foot, though plenty smaller changed hands
«t from 3d. to 6d. ])er foot lower. Good, clean.
Ash fit for the best work brought in from 2s.
to 2s. 3d, per foot, and tJhe supp-ly was limited
and ddUMid good. This was for white coloured
Ash, that of <la.rker graining only realising fitom
Is. to Is. 3d. poir foot.

Bcoch sold fairly well, the best cuts finding a
market at varying figures up to Is. 3d. per foot.
Big iSycamore is always in demand, and bulky
clean trees fetched 2s. 6d. per foot; extra clean
round logs going even to 38. 6d. Larch is about
the same price as in England, namely. Is. to
Is. 6d. for the largest and best trees, smaller
ranging about lOd. per foot. For Wych Elm of
large size Is. to Is. 2d. was accepted, hut llie
hugs were required to be over a fcxjt squajie.

As showing the high prices ruling for home-
grown timber, Mr. France, at the Aberdeeii
Forestry Association, mentioned a case that h::--|
come to his knowledge where a lOacre plantation
of Sprucie trees of forty years' growth had been
sold at the unprecedented price of £112 10s. per
acre. Twenty miles from London I saw Spruce
timber for which Is. 4d. per cubic foot standijig
in the woodlands hajd been paid by one of our
largo railway com,panies. A. D. W .

34

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

THE CLUSTER OAK OF SAVERNAKE
FOREST.

Is November last I received from Mr. Arthur
Yat«s specimens of a remarkable tree grow-
ing in Savemake Forest., Wiltshire, which,
on accoimt of its peciiliaa' foliage, is locally
known as the Cluster Oak. Only one tree
of tJiis kind has been noticed, and it is
evidently a sport or mutation of the com-
mon Oak, wihich has arisen as a seedling^ the
cause of its abnormal characters being quite (un-
known. So far as can be ascertained, this sporl
has not been hitherto described by botanists, and
maj' now be distinguished as Quercus pedunculata
var. cristata.* The leaves (fig. 13j are clustered
together owing to the abbreviated growth of the
shoot, and are twisted, very oblique, the
midrib dividing the blade into two unequal parts,
and n:-uch smaller in size than those of the specie.'.
In other characters, such as absence of hairs,
two auricles at the base, and very short stalk,
the leaves are normal. The acorns, usually only
one developed on the peduncle, have a flattened
apex with a depression containing the remains
of the styles, and are quite glabrous. Acorns

like the parent in foliage and in slowness of
growth. More acorns are being sown this year.
There are several points of interest to be noted.
The Cluster Oak is a mutation, as it apparentlv
comes true from seed. It is difficult to see how
a mutation of this kind, which is an abnormality
without vigour, could establish itself and become
a new species. Most, if not all, mutations that
occur in trees are similar bizarT'e forms. The
ccming true from seed is characteristic of many
sports in trees. I saw last summer at Ashbourne,
Co Cork, three seedlings of the Cut-leaved
Walnut, Juglans regia var. laciniata, which were
idfritical in foliage with the parent tree at Stutt-
gart, from which the three nuts that were sown
had been gathered by Mr. Beamish. Possibly in
such cases true se.xual reproduction does not
occur. Parthenogenesis may be the explanation,
fertile seeds being produced in the absence of
pollen ; and the offspring in consequence repro-
duce exacth" the maternal parent. Such apogamic
reproduction is not so rare in trees as is ordinai-ily
believed. It is of common occurrence with the
'\vtiid Poplars, and often takes place when
cro.-^seB are attempted in Fraxinus, Juglans, etc,
.1. Henri/.

Fi.

15 — rw ii

from normal Oaks in Savernake Forest have a
rounded) apex surrounded' by a zone of minute
greyish tomentimi, the terminal pit being absent
or inconspicuous.

This peculiar form of sport has been noticed
in other species of trees. The " screw-leaved
Holly (Ilex aquifolium var crispa) is an example.
The " cock's comb " Beech (Fagus sylvatica var.
cristata, Loddiges), of which I have specimens
bearing diminutive fruits from a tree at Durris,
Kincardineshire, is very similar in appearance to
the Cluster Oak. Loudon says that the wood of
this variety, as shown in Scpp's Iconcs Lignorum,
t. 3, f. 2, is quite different from that of the
coirmion Beech, being dark and curiously curled
and veined. There is also a similar sport of the
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera var. con-
toi-ta), of which there is a fine specimen at Fota,
Co. Coa-k.

The Cluster Oak in Savernake Forest is a small,
stunted tree (fig. 14), about 30 feet high, the stem
measuring 5 feet 2 inches in girth at 5 feet above
the ground. The tree generally comes into leaf
later than the ordinary Oak. Mr. Yates saved
some acorns of the Cluster Oak tour years ago.
but only obtained one seedlin£, which is exactly

* Quercus peduuculata, Ehrhart, var, cristata, A. Henry,
vel Quercus Robur, L , var. cristata, A. Heni-y ; lusus
iusignis: foliis parvis, contortis, obliquis; glantUbus-glabris
apice depressis. This sport, judging from the descriptions,
Is quite different from Q. pedunculata var. crispa, Kirchner
or Q pedunculata var. Hentzei, Zabel, forms witli p
urled leaves, which are sold by Continental nursery

- ' - II .'I '. ' I MA VAR. CHISTATA.

VEGETABLES.

THE CULTURE OF EARLY POTATOS
UNDER GLASS.

The following notes have been prepared by the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for the guid-
ance of those who may desire to grow a crop of
early Po^atos under glass.

The following varieties are suitable : —

First E.\kues. — Duke of Y'ork : A very early,
kidney -shaped, yellow-fleshed variety. May
Queen and Ninetyfold : Kidney-shaped and white-
fleshed. Epicure and Early Puritan: Round,
white-fleshed varieties, the former being the
heavier cropper. Sharpe's E.xpress and Eclipse :
Kidney-shaped, white-fleshed varieties, very
popular in some early Potato districts. Eclipse
is the later variety, but the heavier cropper.

Secoxd E.uiLiES. — Royal Kidney and Con-
quest : Useful on heavy soils. The latter is a
flat, round, white-Heshed variety and a heavy
cropper. British Queen : A strong grower of
good quality and also a good cropper.

Soils and ilAXUKES.
Light or mediiun loams are to be preferred to
heavy stiff soils, although the latter may also be
used. The soil in the houses should be dug as
deeply as possible without bringing up the sub-
soil. It the soil is verv rich or is deficient in

lime a dressing of lime at the rate of I lb. to
two square yards may be applied with advant-
age. Ordinary farmyard manure may be applied
to average soils at the rate of 15 tons per acre
(two good barrowloads per rod). Sulphate of
ammonia and bone meal or superphosphate are
suitable artificial manures. The sulphate of
ammonia may be applied at the rate of 1^ lb.
per rod ; the bone meal or superphosphate at
the rate of 5^ lb. per rod. Potash cannot be
obtained at present, but any wood or plant ash ■
which may be available should be applied.

PREPAR.iTION FOR PlANTIXG.

The PotatoB to be used as seed should be
placed in boxes or trays with the crown end
uppermost. A compost consisting of leaf-mould,
spent hops or ordinary soil mLxed with some old
well-decayed manure, should be worked into the
interspaces between the sets and over the top.
The boxes should then be placed in a glass house or
frame, where a night temperature of 50° to 55° F.
can be maintained. The soil should be moistened
with tepid water, and then be shaded with bags
or other suitable material for a few days. When
the Potatos have begun to sprout the shading
material should be removed and the sprouts on
each set reduced to two at the crown end. The
leaf -mould or soil will have the effect of encourag-
ing the formation of white rootlet* at the base
of the sprouts, and care should be taken not to
damage these in planting.

Distance to Pl.ant.

If the whole of the house can be devoted to
the crop the Potatos may be planted 12 inches
apart in the rows and 12 inches between the
rows ; where it is desired to plant Tomatos before
the Potatos are lifted, the distance between the
rows should be 20-22 inches, and between the
sets 6 inches. If possible, the seed sliould be
average 2-ounce seed, or larger, but it may be
that smaller seed will have to be used. From
15 to 22 cwt. of seed per acre (10 to 15 lb. per
rod) will be required. If the seed has been well
ripened it is advisable to cut a small portion from
the base of the set immediately before planting.
This ensures the decay of the seed, and seed
tubers which decay after giving rise to plants
usually produce stronger plants than seed tubers
which do not decay. The rows may be made
to run the length of the house or across, to suit
the piping. The usual depth to plant is 4 inches.
A trench should be made, the manures applied,
the sets planted and covered over with some
specially prepared soil. Old partially-exhausted
potting soil is very useful for this purpose.

Watering.

The usual custom is to saturate the soil
thoroughly some days before planting. When it
becomes workable, the sets should be planted at
once, and no further water should be given until
the soil shows unmistakable signs of dryness.
Heavy waterings should not be given, but just
sufficient to enable the tubers to swell. The
water should be applied in the morning to allow
as much of the moisture as possible to escape
before closing the houses for the night.
Ventilation should be given on every suitable
opportunity. A night temperature of 50°-55°
should be aimed at, with a rise during the
day to 60°-65° with sun heat. Later, in
spring, these temperatures will naturaUy rise
with strong sun heat, but as much air as possible
should be given during the day, to avoid a close,
humid atmosphere inside the houses. Potato
disease is very seldom troublesome, and no spray-
ing is necessary.

General Cn.Tiv.wioN'.
The soil between the plants and rows should
be kept as loose and friable as possible, and tlie
stems should be earthed up as the plants grow :
this encourages tuber production, helps the
drainage and supports the haulm.

Jastary 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

35

VARIETIES OF POTATO RESISTANT TO
LATE BLIGHT.
In- his seventh report* on Potato diseases. Dr.
Pethybridge records the degree of resistance of
varieties! of Potatos to late blight (Phytophthora
infestans). Clifden Seedling and Champion II. are
"practically immune" ; K Seedling, said to be the
offspring of Champion and L'p-to-date, is nearly
immune ; Shamrock, Northern Invincible and
Summit are strongly resistant ; Arran Chief,
Langworthy, Golden Wonder, What's W'anted,
and Peacemaker, are feebly resistant ; and King
Edward VII. is susceptible. From these experi-
ments, now continued ov.?r a number of years, Dr.
Pethybridge draws the comforting conclusion that
varieties of Potato are in existence which resist
blight, and the foliage of which remains green
and undiseased right up to the end of the season,
without hring sprayed, even in the extreme west
of Ireland, where climatic conditions are usually
favourable to the development of blight. At
present, however, the most resistant varieties,
by reason perhaps of other characters, do not
find favour with the growers. It is noteworthy
that the highly resistant varieties are somewhat
slow growing, come through the ground later
than most other varieties, and ripen ofT com-
paratively late. There are many other items of
information in this bulletin, which we shall
hope to deal with at a later date. In the mean-
time, we advise everyone interested in the
scientific investigation of Potato diseases to read
attentively the account of Dr. Pethybridge's
work.

CULINARY PEAS.

Your correspondent.s on intercropping (f^ea
pages 9, 19, and 307 laet volume) agree in
growing their edible Peas in rows only a
few feet apart. I am convinced that f.ir
better crops may be obtained if the customary
practice of growing garden Peas in a block
is departed from in favour of di.stributing
the rows, as far a« circumstances permit, over
the kitchen garden. The plant food which
is of the greatest importance to the Pea is
present in very limited quantities in the soil.
and by allowing plenty of room between the
rows we give the important nitrogen-absorbing
"nodules" much greater opportunities of per-
forming their functions. In addition, isolated
rows of Peas are less susceptible to attacks
of mildew. Deep trenching for legumes is to
b« strongly advocated, but when this operation
is accompanied by heavy dressings of animal
manure much labour and material are wasted.
Such rich food is suited to stem and leaf vege-
tables, in which succulence of growth is desired,
but it does not encourage fruitfulness, and, as
Cousins says in Thr Chemiftry nf Ihf Harden,
"Peas grown in this way are bought over and
over again in the rest of production." Peas
may profitably be grown on land which has
been heavily manured for a previous crop, such
as Celery, otherwi.'.-e it would be better to work
.spent Mushroom-bed manure into the trenches
being prepared for the rows, than to use
fresh dung. The value of a libcr.al dressing of
fresh wood a.shes well worlv'd into the soil is
probably greater than in the case of any other
garden crop. A. C. B.

UNORTHODOX f'T'LTIVATION OF POTATOS.

Gardenkrs generally are aware of the very
accommodating character of the Potato plant,
struggling as it so often does to produce a crop
of new tubers in the most adverse conditions.
but in view of the present shortage of labour and
threatened scarcity of food it may he of interest
to some to know of an c.isy way of producing a
quantity of mid season Potatos in odd corners of
the garden by a method which I ha\e found very
successful here, and which entails the minimum
expenditure of time and labour.

The idea first suggested itself to me as a result

* " Investli;ations on Potato DiBeascB," hy O. II. Pethy-
l)ridge, Jrmrn. of I)ept. n/ Agric, Irelani, XVI., 4.

of a chance remark let fall by a visitor from New
South Wale£. to the effect that one day. findiiir
his h»useheld short of Potatos, he went to a corner
of his orchard where he had observed some Potato
stalks growing up through some straw, and on
clearing away the straw he discovered new
Potatos " like nests of eggs " lying on the sur-
face of the ground. It was some time before I
realised that my friend was in earnest, but I
quickly s.aw that, given a humid climate, there
was nothing improbable in it, and resolved to try
thi5 experiment in a modified form the next
season. A small piece of ground in a sunny posi-
tion was selected and dug in the ordinary way
in winter. About the third week in .\pril this
was levelled over, and on the surface were laid
some well-sprouted tubers of an early variety,
kept for the purpose, at the usual distance apart
given when planting. Some spent hotbed mate-
rial, which had served earlier in the year for
forcing Rhubarb out of doors, wa.s then lightly
shaken over them to a depth of 6 or 8 inches,
and on top of that about 3 inches of strawy litter
was placed, the bed being extended a foot beyond

duce their beautiful specimens. The flavour of
the tubers was excellent, and their texture similar
to that of the first early P«tatos in spring — the
latter quality in the month of August being very
much appi-eciated by all who tested them.

I have no doubt that climatic conditions were
an important factor in the success of the trial,
and this point should be remembered. At the
time these Potatos were set the weather was
showery, and it continued so until the haulm
was well above the litter. A spell of hot, sunny
weather then supervened, which provided ideal
weather conditions for the formation of tubers,
.■ilso, no late frost came during that May^a most
unusual omission for this district — although, of
course, this contingency could easily be guarded
against by shaking a little more straw over the
shoots whenever frost seemed imminent. Other
es.'^ential points which suggest themselves are the
employment of well-sprout-ed "seed " of an early
o'- mid season variety, and not to "plant" too
e.irly in the season.

It is not intended to suggest that the method
detailed above firovides a reliable means of pro-

tlG. 14. — THE CLUSTER OAK OF SAVERNAKE FOREST.

(See p. 34.)

the outermost tubers all round. The hotbed
material originally consisted of stable litl«r and
tree leaves, and, having been continually moved
to get at the Rhubarb, it was quit* cold and about
half rotted.

Nothing further was done to the plot. In a
few weeks the tops of the shoots appeared through
the litter, and these developed, and in time
showed flower. About the middle of June I
cleared away a corner of the covering, and w,i«
delighted to find a quantity of small Potatos, the
largest at that time being about 3 inches in
length. Having at the time plenty of new Pot.atos
besides these, I decided to give them a few weeks
longer to mature, and we began using them about
the first week in July, and continued throughout
August.

I have often regretted since that I did not
weigh the produce of that little -spot, measuring
only 10 yards by 3 yards. It certainly yielded
,a tremendous crop of fine Potatos, which were,
moreover, of a beautiful appearance, having a
clear skin quite free from blemish. I thought at
th" time th.at T had accidentally stnmbled on the
means by which some exhibitors of Potatos pro

ducing one's main crop of Potatos. It is put
foiward only as a simple way of augmenting the
early and mid-season crops, which this year are
likely to bo the most important in view of last
season's shortage. Saving of labour is its chief
.advantage, no attention or work being necessary
once the covering is put into position. The only
disadvantage that occurs to me is that probably
the tubers would not remain sound so long as
those grown in the usual way, and so would have
to be used first.

Climatic conditions vary in different parts of
th.^ country, therefore anyone desirous of trying
thLs method for themselves should not do so on
too large a scale the first season, but if their
experiment is as successful as mine was they will
certainly desire to extend it the following year.
T. E. Tomalin, Beuborough, Co. Kilkenny.

CHRISTMAS POTATOS (.see Vol. LX., p. 66).
The result of my Christmas, 1916, Potato plant-
ing has again met with success, and from experi-
ence I find it will be better to plant the tubers
not later than the middle of July and deeper into
tho soil than what mav be usual.

36

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

Protection against early frost by covering with
stable manure or plenty of straw is all that is
necessary. From 7 lbs. each of the following
seed Potatos (cut in half) I obtained :— Dun-
nottar Castle, 35 lbs. ; Carisbrooke Castle, 42
lbs. ; Royal Kidney, 70 lbs., which yields would
luvv'? been better "both in size and quantity but
f(ir the inclemency of the weather during the
hitter part of the year. All the Potetos were
absolutely free from any disease. Joseph If.
/fiihiies. Bnwmore.

HINTS ON PURCHASING " SEED "
POTATOS.

The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, in
their leaflet No. 68. state' that those who wish to
grow Potatos successfully must attend chiefly to
the following two points : —

1. The selection of seed, and

2. The preparation and manuring of the soil.
Another point, the prevention of disease, is of

much importance in some districts, and for cer-
tain kinds of Potatos.

This leaflet deals with the first point only,
the others being referred to in other leaflets. The
immediate need of the grower who proposes to
plant Potatos in March or April is to secure good
"seed," and he should do so without delay.
The " Seed" Pot.ato.
Tlie Potato "seed" or "set," is, of course,
not a seed, at all, but a tuber, and in this leaflet
the word "seed" means "tuber"; the Potato
tuber is a modified underground stem. Potato
plants may be raised from true seed, and it is
by this means that new varieties are commonly
produced. When a new and promising variety
is discovered it is propagated by its tubers until
in time it may occupy many thou.sands of acres,
but it is still in a sense an "individual" plant;
unlike Wheat, each annual crop is not a new
generation, and thus the Potato "grows old"
(ju.st as animals grow old), becomes enfeebled,
and ultimately disappears. The rate at which a
variety deteriorates depends on several circum-
.'itances. Each new variety of Potato has a con-
stitution of its own. since it is a new "indi-
vidual." .Some kinds retain their vigour for a
few years only, others for a long time only ; thus
the variety Up-to-Date has been common for
about thirty years. It is now too old for many
districts, but in others it is still useful.

None of the Potatos ripening from August on-
ward can long stand cultivation in a hot and
dry district. Tlius, if Up-to-Date Potatos from
Scotland were planted on well-cultivated dry
soil in the South of England, the first crop would
perhaps amount to 8 tons or more per acre ; it
" sets " saved from the crop were again planted,
possibly 6 tons would result ; but if the process
were repeated, the third crop might not exceed
3 tons. If seed from Scotland were planted in
South Lincolnshire the rate of deterioration
would be less rapid, and the second crop might
equal the first. It would ripen rather earlier,
and a£ compared with fresh seed from Scotland
the weight .secured from the " once-grown seed "
would depend chiefly on the character of the
sea-son. If. however, " twice-grown " seed were
used, there would undoubtedly be a sharp fall in
the yield of the crop.

A thorough change from the cool climate of
.Scotland or the north of Ireland is necessary to
secure the best results in Potato cultivation. The
degree of benefit to be expected from the change
depends upon the variety of Potato, and is
known to growers and dealers.

There are so many considerations to be taken
into account that, in ordering seed. Potato
growers who are not themselves familiar with the
subject should always order through aji ■experi-
enced and reliable df*aler.

It IS recognised that for England generally it is
desirable to have seed from Scotland or the north
of Ireland at least every second year ; unless this
rule is followed the best results cannot be ex.
pected. Results ranging from fair to good may,

however, be secured by getting seed from the
north of England, and generally by transferring
seed from late to early districts. A change from
peaty soil in a late district to a loam in an early
district is often markedly beneficial. The bene-
fits of a change vary with the seasons ; after a
cold and wet season, such as that of 1915, the
quality of the seed Potatoes grown in England,
except in those districts where growth was ar-
rested by drought in July, should be better than
usual.

Size of "Seed " Potatos.

Potatos intended for seed are usually separated
from cooking Potatos by dressing the tubers over
a If inch or IJ inoh riddle ; those too small for
cooking which pass through the riddle are again
dressed over a li inch riddle so as to separate out
very small tubers. The "seconds" thus ob-
t.ained form the best tubers for seed purposes. It
usually takes 2 cwt. of Potatos of this size to
plant 20 square rods (| acre).

When Potatos are scarce and dear, small
Potatos which pass through a 1^ inch riddle but
remain on a 1 inch riddle may be used for seed ;
these are known as "thirds" or "chats," ana
early Potatos of this size are usually quite satis-
factory. On rich, loamy soils and in moist dis-
tricts, small tubers of second early and raaincrop
varieties are also quite reliable, but they are less
satisfactory than ordinary seed size in dry soils.
It is much better, however, to plant Scotch
" thirds " than ordinary seed from crops grown
for two years and more in England south of a
line between, sa,y, Hull and Chester.

"Thirds" are not only considerably cheaper
than seea size, but they go further. About 1^
cwt. will plant 20 rods ; even 1 cwt. would suffice,
but it is desirable to plant " thirds " a good deal
closer than ordinary seed. The latter are gene,
rally placed 14 inches to 15 inches apart in the
rows, the former 10 inches to 12 inches.

As the best Scotch varieties are very scarce this
year they are being dressed for seed purposes over
1 inch riddles, so that "thirds " may not be pro
curable ; but of the commoner sorts there will be
an unusual number of " thirds " because of the
Aery unfavourable season.

Lakge Seed. — Some of the most popular Scotch
varieties, such as Arran Chief and Great Scot,
are being sold, " as grown," dressed over 1 inch
riddl&s. no cooking Potatos being removed.
Tills means that many of the timbers will be much
too large for seed. When large tubers are
planted whole the cost for seed is much enhanced,
and the resulting crop is likely to consist of many
undersized Potatos. In most cases large Potatos
should be cut before planting.

Cutting " .Seed " Potatos. — Some varieties,
such as Up-to-Date and Abundance, stand cut-
ting well ; others, such as King Edward and
Ninetyfold, may be much injured by cutting ;
others again, such as Arran Chief, are uncertain.
Out tubers are always less safe for planting in dry
.soils than in moist loams, and are less satisfactory
in a dry than in a moist spring, but every kind of
Potato can be cut and successfully used under all
ordinary conditions if carefully treated. Two
points must receive attention. The grower
should make certain that an " eye " or bud cap-
able of growth is present in the set (if the Potatos
have been slightly sprouted there is no difficulty
in deciding as to this point), and the cut surfaces
.should be sprinkled with slaked lime which forms
a crust and prevents the Potato drying after it
has been cut. This is especially necessai-y if
there is any likelihood of delay hetween cutting
and planting.

Sprouting "Seed" Potatos.
This means starting the growth of the Potatos
before planting. The usual practice is to place
the tubers in shallow trays or boxes (hence the
method is often called " boxing " Potatos) so that
the tubers may start growth in the early spring
months. When properly carri'^d out the prac-
tic, is most useful and results in a much earlier

crop of ea/rly varieties and, generally, in an
earlier and larger crop of the later kinds. Those
who intend sprouting sets must b>? prepared to
carry out carefully the instructions given. If,
through inattention, the sprouts grow long and
weak, the crop will be much injured.
HoTV to Secuee " Seed."

The only way to secure a supply of satisfactory
seed in most districts this season will be for
frowers to combine and make up joint orders. If
possible, arrangements for consignments of at
least 4 tons should be made, as this will effect a
saving in carriage.

The Board have asked the War Agricultural
Committees to endeavour to arrange for the joint
purchasing of seed Potatos, and also to give every
possible encouragement to allotment societies or
to clubs specially formed for the purpose of secur-
ing good seed. The quantity of seed to be dis-
tributed to any one grower under this scheme
must not exceed 5 cwt.

In Somersetshire, last spring, a very successful
scheme was carried out by means of which nearly
200 tons of Scotch seed Potatos were distributed
in lots of 5 cwt. or uncfer to growers throughout
the county. Similar schemes were adopted in
other counties with good results.

The essential preliminaries of schemes of this
kind are ; (1) the holding of local meelings of those
interested for the purpose of appointing a corre-
.spondent to collect orders and forward them to
the officer nominated by the W'ar Agricrdtural
Committee to act on behalf of the county ; (2) the
selection of varieties. As a rule the choice should
not exceed two or three sorts, otherwise the dis-
tribution becomes troublesome.

Local residents who wish to purchase should be
invited to state the quantities needed, and the
county officer will appoint a day by which all
orders must be, sent in. He will then complete
the purcliase, and have the Potatos consigned to
convenient stations.

All requests for information as to procedure
should be addressed to the Secretary of the Wat-
-Agricultural Committee of the county concerned.

Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Forpnian, Ruyal Gnrd: ns, Windsor.

Cabbage.— The soil between the rows of Cab-
bages should be hoed as soon as the surface
is dry enough. Make good all failures with
plants from the seed bed, and give frequent
dirstings with soot or lime to keep slugs
in check. The surplus plants in the seed bed
should be transplanted 4 inches apart in nur-
sery beds with a view to making further planta-
tions in March. If the stock of plants is insuf-
ficient for requirements make a sowing of an
eaifly variety forfchn^ith. Sow the seeds in boxes
and gei-minate them in gentle warmth. When
the seedlings aa'e large enough to handle
transplant them in frames. If liberal treatment
is afforded them the plants should be ready to
plant out eaa-ly in April. Express is a good
variety for the pm-pose.

Brussels Sprouts.— A small sowing of
Brussels .Sprouts should be made now with a view
to producing plants for early supplies. Sow in
boxes and germinate the seeds in gentle warmth.
Remove the seedlings at an early stage to a posi-
tion close to the roof-glass and ventilate the house
or frame to promote sturdy growth. Prick the
plants out in a cold pit as soon as they are large
enough for transferring, allowing a space of
4 inches each way. When they have become re-
established, open the lights freely during fine
veather. and remove them altogether as the sea-
son advances. Ideal .and Dwarf Gem are two
good varieties for present sowing.

Peas in Pots.- To obtain early pods from
plants in pots sow the seed at once. Pots 8 inches

Jan-t.ury 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

37

in diameter are best for the purpose ; they
shiould be carefully crocked and filled to three-
parts of their depth with rich soil, moderately
fimi. Sow eufncient seeds to ensure a full crop :
the surplus plants may be removed when they are
well through the surface. Any warm house is
suitable for this crop, which need.s plenty of light
and fresh air.

Rhubarb.— Roots of Rhubarb should be ex-
posed to the weather for a few days before they
are placed in the forcing-house. A warm pit
01- house should be chosen, and the roots should
be placed as closely together as is possible. Fill
in the spaces between the clumps with light, rich
soil, which should be thoroughly moistened with
water at a temperature of 70°. If new planta-
tions of Rhubarb are to be made, prepare the
ground at once by tTenching it to the deptih of
2 feet, and enrich it with a heavy dressing of
farmyard manure.

Winter Broccoli.— Beds of winter Broccoli
should be e.xamined frequently and protection
afforded as it becoraei; necessary. A few leaves
carefully placed over the crowns will protect them
from moderate frost, but in very coM wea'ther
Bracken Fem should be used.

DiQGiNO AND Trenching.— The workof
digging and trenching should be pusihed for-
ward as quickly as possible, so that when the
time arrives for planting most of the ground
will be in readinees. Move the soil as de=ply
as circumstances permit and leave the surface
rough and open to allow the frost and air tn
enter.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady Northcote,
Eastwell Park, Kent.'

The Selection of Forcinq Shrubs should
include Magnolia, Cydonia, Wistaria, Almond,
Daphne, Cytisus, Forsythia, Hydrangea, ]>abur-
num, Philadelphus, Prmius triloba, Vibujiium
Opulus (GrueldeT Rose), Staphylea oolchica, Acer
Negundo variegata, Weigelia, Robinia and
Crataegus (Thorns). Most of these plants may
be purchased as standards, half-standards, pyra-
mids and bushes. In forcing shrubs in pots, let
the roots have copious supplies of water at all
times ; a starved, stunted appearance of the
blooms immediately suggests continued drought
at the roots.

Perpetual- FLOWERiNo Carnations.- Make

it a rule to admit, if pcisnible, a little fresh air
to Carnation houses each day for as long as the
outside conditions [lermit. Do not maintain
high temperatures by the use of much fire-heat,
for this would result in weakened growth and
blooms that lack substance. The night tempera-
ture should be maintained at 48°, but it is
better to allow it to drop a few degrees on
very cold nights than to use niucji lire-heat.
Open the ventilators a little as the temperature
rises in the morning, increasing the amount of
fresh air when the glass registers 55", allowing
for a rise of 5° to 10° with sun heat. When
the weather turns mild after a .spell ni cold
do not suddenly admit muclh air; guard against
dJi-aughts, anid grutluaUy inure the pbuite to
Uhe changed conditions. It is not wise to
use much concentrated fertiliser during mid-
winter, but ,now that tine days are lengthening
a top-dres.sing will benefit the plants diu'ing the
ne.\t month or two. Mi.x the manure with about
six times its bulk of fine, sandy soil, and use
a little or more, according to the condition of
the plants. Plants raised from cuttings inserted
last month are ready for shifting singly into
small pots. Use light, sandy soil, and do not
expose the plants to cold, or they will suffer a
check. When potted, place them on a bed or
stage near the roof-glass, and not on a dry
shelf. They will grow best in a low house or
pit, the pots standing on a moderately damp
bottom. In such conditions the roots will re-
quire very litUe water until they become more
active. Spray the foliage on bright morning.i
and admit a little air whenever the weather
i« favourable for ventilating. The temperature
nf the house should range from 55° tn 50° with
air. allowing it to ri.?e with eun heat, and fall
to 50° at night.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A.. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. .4BIHUR J.
DiVEV. .\bliotts Wood. Godalining, Surrey.

Pruning.- Endeavour to complete the work of
piunmg, and especially of wall trees. Cut back
old spurs which have become ragged and project
a long distance from the wall. It will be noticed
that certain varieties of Pears fruit on the ends
of the shoots, and such shoots should be retained.
Pear trees did not fruit well in 1916, .and they
do not promise very well for fruit next season ;
a few, however, are studded with fruit-buds. The
same remark is true of Apples. When the
pvunmg is finished, examine all the old ties, and
replace any that require it. Strong tarred string
after two 'years should also be very closely
examined, or the ties may do serious mischief in
cutting the bark. Train the ends of the branches
in a regular manner, so that the work will look
buf-iness-Uke when complete.

Red and White Curra .—These bush
fruits are grown in a variety of forms. In prun-
ing those trained against wire supports as double
cordons and those in gridiron form tie the top
shoots and prune the lateral gro%vths to two or
three buds. The leading shoots of bushes and
young, untrained plants may be shortened to
7 inches to form well-shaped specimens ; the
side shoots of these should be shortened to two
eyes. Old-established bushes that are not re-
quired to extend beyond their present size
should be pruned hard uniformly all over the
plartt. Examiine the stakes and renew any
that have decayed, making them firm in the
ground.

Black Currant. — Examine Black Currant
bushes for "big bud." and remove all infected
buds and bum them. If the buslies are
badly attacked grub them up and burn them.
In pruning bushes keep them a good shape, and
remove some of the oldest wood to make room
to train in new growths arising from the base.
When the pruning is finished rake up all rubbish
and scatter lime over the soil and trees freely.
Those who intend making a new plantation of
Black Currants should choose a fresh site. The
best varieties are Black Naples, Boskoop Giant
ajid Champion. The buslies sihould be pruned
hard the first year after planting to erasure a
g'^d foundaiion for we^l-balanc«'d fFiowth.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Rv ,T. roi.ilRH. Gardener tn Sir .Teremuh Colman,
Hart.. Gatlon Park, Ileigate.

Deciduous Calanthes. -The majority of
these useful winter. flowering Orchids will have
passed out of flower, and after the flower-scapes
are removed the plants will require a decided-
rest. Some gix>wers prefer to a'low them to remm-in
in the pots, in whiah case they sihould be plaot^d
in a dry position on a shelf near the roof-glass
in a tempertiture of about 55°. If, ho\viever,
spaoe in the jiouses is limited, the pseudo-bulbs
may be turned out of tlie jxtts, a portion of the
old iXKnts cut away, lejiving just sufficient to ho''d
the pseudo-bulbs in an upright position when
next re-potted, aid scale insects removed, and the
plants placed close together in .sihaUow boxes, witk
<T, mixture "f chopped Sphagnum -moss and silver
sand round their base. Withhold water entirely
from the roots. The late- flowering species such
as C. Regnieri, C, Williamsii, C. Stevensii, C.
nivalis and C. Sanderiana and their hybrids,
should be afforded water at the roots occasion-
ally. If their strong flower-spikes are gently
bent over during their stages of development,
causing them to extend in an arching direiotion,
it adds greatly to their usefulness for deoorp.-
tive purposes.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson, Gardener to Leopold de

Rothschild, Esq,, C.V.O., Gunnersbury House,

Aeton. W.

The Cold Oi^chard House. — Whether
tlie trees in the unheated orchard house are in
pots or planted in borders, they should be over-
hailed thoroughly, for the early varieties are
.already on the move. Some amount of pruning
is needed forthwith, but I prefer to do the
principal pruning over an extended period to

obviate the danger of cutting away shoots that
might produce fruit. The trees should be
syringed thoroughly with an insecticide, and
the paintwork and glass cleanse<l immediately
aftei-wards. L,iiter. just before the flowers open,
vaporise the house with a nicotine compound.
It is too la*e to re-pot the trees, but those that
were not potted la.st autumn should receive a
top-dressing. Soak the borders in which trees
are planted, and apply a top-dressing. Keep
the house quite cool.

Peaches and Nectarines.— I have noted
diuing the past week that trees which have
been forced for nearly 20 years axe swell-
ing their buds. The tinees are all! in pots,
which have been arranged at the usual distances
apart. But I shall use no fire-heat, nor close
the houses for the present, my object being to
retard growth for as long as possible. The trees
will, however, be vaporised at once with nico-
tine, and .ngain just as the first flowers are ex-
panding.

Apples and Pears in Pots.— I do not con-
sider it expedient in the present circumstances
to continue the cultivation of Apples and Pears
in pots undisr glass. Where there are suclh trees
I advise the plimging of the pots over their rims
in an open, sunny position out of doors.

Other Routine Work.- Complete the work
of training and tying the shoots of all Peaches.
Nectarines and Figs under glass as soon as pos-
sible, for even the latest trees will soon be show-
ing signs of growth. It is most important to
piieseiTve cfleanliness in both ta-ees and houses.
Late vines should be tied into position as soon
as the cleaning is done. Where mildew was pre-
seait on tilie vines last yea.r guard tJie crop
against it this season by adopting remedial
measures, sulphur being one of tJie best specifics.
See that all inside borders are well watered.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv \V. ,1. Cri.iE, Oarddier t.i Strs. DEMPSTER, Keele
Hall, Staffordshire.

Summer Bedding Plants— Pelargoniums
that were raised from cuttings inserted last
autumn should receive attention. Those rooted
in boxes should be shifted into 3-inch pots, and
others inserted singly in 3-inch pots shifted
into pots two sizes larger, using a compost of
loam, leaf-mould and sand ; soil from old Chry-
santhemum stools, mixed with leaf-mould and
sand, is also suitable. Grow them in a warm
house or frame until they are well rooted, when
they should be removed to a cooler plant-house.
t)ld plants of Pelargonium may be placed in
heat to furnish cuttings at an early date, to
replace failures. Marguerites, Fuchsias, Sal-
vias, Heliotropes and similar plants should be
shifted into larger pots directly they require
more root-space. Lightly fumigate the house
or pit occasionally to keep down insect pests.
Ageiratum, ('oleus, Iresine, Ixibelia, Verbena,
Alyssum and other stock plants should be placed
in a warm, moist house; they will quickly pro-
duce plenty of cuttings for propagating. Speci-
men plants required for tubs, vases, or bed-
ding purposes need the growths regulating occa-
sionally, to secure evenly-balanced heads. Cal-
ceolarias, Pentstemons, Antirrhinums and Mar-
guerites growing in cold frames need ventilating
carefully. Directly the plants are tall enough
pinch the tips of the shoots to encourage the
development of side growths. Pinch out the
flower-buds of Violas and Pansies growing in
frames. The scarcer varieties of Dahlias may
be potted and placed in gentle warmth to pro-
duce shoots for cuttings.

Seed-sowino.— Provided seed of Hollyhock
is sown at once, the majority of the seedlings
will flower this year. Let the pots or pans be
well drained, and use a compost consisting of
loam, leaf-mould and sand. Germinate the seeds
in a temperature of 65°. Pot the seedlings
singly in 3-inch pots as soon as they are large
enough to handle. Other seeds that may be
sown now, requiring similar treatment, are
Acacia lophantha, Grevillca robusta, and Pent-
stemons. Verbena venosa and Cannas should
be raised from seed sown in considerable heat.
The seeds of Canna are very hard and germinate
slowly, therefore pla.ce them in waiin water for
several hours before sowing.

38

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

rjANUAnr 27, 191.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISBMBITTS should b* s»iit to tFe
PTTBLTSHER. 41. Wellinfton Street.
Covent Garden. W-C

Editors and Publisher. — Our eoTrespondenta
uoiihl nhvinir fh'Jni/ in ohtnining ansirers to
their rnmmin}ic'!tions and forr us much time anil
troahle. if thev waald kindh/ ah.^crre the notice
printed wecldii to the effect that nil letters relatintj
to financial matters and to ndrcrlisements should
he addressed to the PUBLISHER: and that all cnw-
vtunicatinns intended for puldication or referrinn
to the fjiterani department, and all plants to lie
named, should lie directed to the EniTORS. The tiro
departments. Publishincj and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessari/ delay and confusion arise
7chen letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/ic Editors will be glad to reeeire
and to select photographs or drawings, suilnhle
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarl-nble
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The

Editors do not nndertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SATURDAY, .TAXUARY 27—

National Auricula Soc. (Nortliern Section) Annual

Meet.
TUESDAY. .JANUARY 30—

Rov. Hort. Soc, Com.'s meet.
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 1—

Manchester and N, of England Orchid Soc. meet.

.\VERAGE Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from oh.=;ervat,ions during the last fifty
years at Greenwich, 39.6°.
Actual Temperature :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London, Thursday. January 25
(10 0 a.m.): Bar. 29.6°; temp. 33.0°. Weather-
Dull.

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs, Herbaceou.s Plants. Rhododendrons, Roses,
Fruit Trees, .8:c., at 67 and 68, Cheapside, B.C.. by
Protheroe and Morris, at 12 o'clock. Bulbs, Grass
Seed, &c,, at 2 o'clock, Japanese Lilies and re-
tarded Bulbs, at 3 o'clock.

THURSDAY—

Roses, at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, at 1 o'clock.

THURSDAY AND FRIDAY—

Fruit Trees and General Nursery Stock, at the Nur-
series, Eynsford, Kent, by Protheroe and Morris, at
11 o'clock.

FRIDAY—

Bulbs, Plants. Rhododendrons. Roses. Fruit Trees.
Carnations. &c., at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms,
at 12 o'dock.

The decision of the
Revised .luthorities to make the

Potato Prices t ^ r ^ nr,

for 1917. price 115-130s. per

ton a minimum and
not a maximum will be welcomed by
Potato growers generally.

The view which we have expressed al-
ready in these pages is, we are sure, the
right one; namely, that the country cannot
afford to reduce production of this im-
portant vegetable. We earnestly hope that
careful and prompt attention will be given
to the further suggestion which we made,
namely, the provision of means of dealing
with a surplus of Potatos in the happy
event of there being a glut.

In this connection it may be noted that
the increase in the number of pigs will
automatically provide one means of ab-
sorbing a large quantity of inferior
Potatos. Germany, as is well known, uses
in normal times as much as 40 per cent,
of its enormous Potato crop for feeding
pigs. How much of its crop it dries w«
do not know, but that we ought in this
country to erect several large-scale Potato
drying plants can be scarcely gainsaid. It
should not be a difficult piece of work.

There are Belgians and others her*
who have had experience in th» large-
scale drying of Potatos and ether
vegetables. The Board of Agriculture
has, we believe, been actively encouraging
the drying of vegetables. It should prove
a benefit to Potato growers, not only in
tlie coming year but always, if any sur-
plus crop could be absorbed for drying
jiurposes, and also for starch and alcohol
]iroduction. It would be necessary, no
doubt, for the State to take the initiative
in this matter, for it alone is in a posi-
tion to buy in advance on favourable
terms.

There can be little doubt that tlie
erection of plant for Potato-drying in the
chief centres of production, even if it were
only undertaken as a war measure, would
]irove so advantageous that the practice
of drying would be continued after the
war.

Of the genera Rhizo-

The Austraii n phora, Sonnerabia and
Grey ivangro e. others which make up
the dominant features
of Mangroves, not the least interesting is
A-vicennia. Of this genus the Eew Index
enumerates 14 species but allows only two.
A. officinalis and A. nitida. Mr. R. T.
Baker, the curator of the Technological
Museum, Sydney, who has published
recently* an interesting account of Avi-
cennia officinalis, is of opinion, however,
that investigation will prove that more
than the two species exist. The Grey
Mangrove of Australia, A. officinalis, is a
plant of some economic importance inas-
much as its remarkable pneumatophores
(breathing roots) are unrivalled as nur-
series for oysters.

Unfortunately, those who cultivate
oy.sters have found considerable difficulty
in establishing the tree, and one of the
mo.st interesting and valuable of Mr.
Baker's observations appears to supply
an explanation of, and a remedy for
overcoming, the difficulty.

It should be premised that the pneu-
matophores are, par excellence, the
"breathing" organs of the plant. The
leaves of Avicennia have for their
functions rather the storage of water than
the admission of air, and, indeed, contain
few or none of the stomata or " breathing
pores " which occur in .such vast numbers
on the surface of ordinary leaves. In
Avicennia the pneumatophores are roots
which, refusing to obey the ordinary rule
of gravitation as applied to roots, grow
vertically upward out of the ooze
or mud of the Mangrove swamp in which
the tree is anchored.

The leaves have, however, another func-
tion beside that of storing water, and one
which is altogether novel to our know-
ledge. The trees of this "Grey Man-
grove " stand at an angle with the fore-
shore and all the leaves face the north,
and thus, interposing their thickness
between the midday sun and the breath-

* " The .Australian ' Grey Mangrove,' " Journ. of
Proceedings of the Roy. Soc. of N. S. Wales, XLIX..
p. 257.

ing roots, act as an effective sunshade,
protecting the delicate tissues of the
pneumatophores from the heat of the sun.
In confiriuai:ion of this interesting con-
clusion Mr. Baker has observed that
whenever the breathing roots are ex-
posed for any length of time to the sun's
rays they perish, and with them also
perish the branches of the tree on the
same side as that occupied by the
sunstruck pneumatophores. Wherefore
Mr. Baker is able to give comfort and
advice to the oyster cultivators, and holds
out the promise that if they will but
shade their recently planted Avicennias
they will be able to establish both them
and the ovsters.

Calanthes and Fog. -On p. -i-tl, November 18
1916. a note on the fine house of Oa,lant.lies in
the gardens of W. K. D'Ahct, Esq., Stanmore
HaU, Stanmore, then commencing its show of
flowers, was given, together with the method
adopted by Mr. T.^ylor. the head gardener there,
to comiteract the bad effect of fogs on these
flowers in the neighbourhood of London. The fogs
have been very heavy this season, and many
batches of Calanthes in the metropolitan area
have ha,d the greater part of their blooms de-
stroyed. A visit to Stanmore Hall gardens lust
vve.ek piroved that, Mr. Taylor's trea^MTiTent ha.d
been successful, the house of Calanthes
throughout being in perfect condition, and not
a flower damaged by fog. Calanthe Bryan, with
its fine sprays of white flowers with claret blotch
at the base of the lip is the favourite. C. Willi.im
JIurray, ivaised by the late Norman C. Cookson
from the same parents as C. Bryan, stands next,
and the bright pink C. V'eitclhii sup-erba. To
prevent ill-effects from fog, Mr. Taylor closes
the ventilators when fog coiirmences, and slightly
raises the temperature of the house until the
troublesome time is past.

Lectures on Vegetable Cultivation.—

A series of lectures on the cultivation of vege-
tables is being delivered by Mr. E. R. Janes,
Horticultural Superintendent, University College,
Reading, in the Hall of the University. The
meetings are intended to assist beginners, and
are open free to all. The syllabus deals with
current work for the jieriod intervening between
the meetings, wliich are held fortnightly, the
ne.xt being on the 7th prox.

Sweet Pea Trials Abandoned. — The

Committee of the National Sweet Pea Society
has decided to abandon the novelty trials of
Swi?et Peas tor the present year.

The Insect Powder Plant.— An interesting
account of the cultivation of Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium, the plant from which " insect
powder " is produced, is given by Mr. Holmes,*
who believes that the plant would prove easy
of cultivation on the warmer South and South-
Wcst coasts of England. The plant C. cinerariae-
folium is native of Dalmatia. where it grows on
sunny, pebbly and chalky hillsides. The best
price is obtained for unopened flower-buds, and
the industry of cultivating the plant is said to
be a very profitable one in Dalmatia.

Trials at WisLEV.-The B.H.S. wiU. it
the supply of labour permits, conduct trials of
Late Peas, Broad Beans. Beet, Onions, Sha.Uots,
Leeks, Wart-resistant Potato^. Stocks (annual).
E.'jchsicholzia.s, a.nd Annual Poppies, at their
garden at Wisley during the coming season.
Seeds and bulbs for trial should be sent to the
Director of the Gardens not later than the 31pt
inst,

* Pharmactutical ./otirnal, Jan, '6, 1017.

Jaxuary 27, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

39

Campanula Stansfieldii. (see fig. 15). —
Campanula Stansfieldii first appeared as a chance
seedling in Mr. \V. H. Stansfield's nurserj- at
Southport in 1894, and ie suppo;ed to be a hybrid
between C. carpatica and C Wa'.dsteiiiiana. The
flowers are borne on thin, wiry stems, about 5
inches high, and are coloured rich violet-purple,
a shade almost as deep as in Campanula pulla.
The plant was a favourite with the late ilr.
WnLi.KY DoD, who described it as the best hybrid
Campinuli of his time. Campanula Stansfieldii
delights in plenty of sunshine, and in conditions
that sruit it the p' "t makes a stax)ng, vigorous
clump. The foliage ; yellowisih tone, which

is not uncommon amongst hybrid Campanulas.
The plant illustrated is reproduced from a
phot<5graph taken by Mr. M.u.by in Miss Will-
mott's garden at Great Warley, Esse.x.

Sphagnum-moss in Surgery. —The use of

Sphagnum-moss as an aseptic dreseing for
wounds is said by Mr. Alex. M' Ctjtcheon* to
be an ancient practice, and not, as is sometimes
claimed, a modem German discovery. Linnaeus,
in Flora Lapponica, records that in Lapland it
w;is used for treatment of ulcers. Tradition
telle that at the battle of Flodden the High-
land soldiers staunched their wounds by means
of bog Moss and soft Grass.

Trade with Russia.— H.M. Consul at

Ekaterinburg (Mr. T. H. Preston) reports that a
merchant in that town desires to receive cata-
logues from United Kingdom growers of .summer,
winter, and hothouse flower seeds, and vegetable
se«ds, including Radish, Cabbage. Cauliflower and
Carrot seeds ; also catalogues from United King-
dom manufaoturere of gardening implements,
such as hoes, rakes, clippers and cutters, hoses
and watering-cans. jMl these goods are required
to replace goods formerly obtained from Ger-
many. United Kingdom growers of flower and
vegetable seeds and manufacturers of gardening
implements, desirous of doing business in the
Ekaterinburg district, should send catalogues to
the British Consulate at that town for transmis-
sion to the inquirer. In sending such catalogues
the reference (Misc. No. 191) sLould be quoted.
Beard of Trade Journal.

Lectured at the London University —

A course of ten public lectures on the " Ex-
ploitation of Plants" (arranged i" cooperation
with the Imperial Studies Committee of
the University of London), is being delivered
in the Botanical Department at University
College, Gower Street, London, W.C., on Mon-
davs, at 5 p.m. The first took pJuce on the
22nd inst., when Prof. F. W. Oliver delivered
an introductory to the coirrse. Lecture 11.
— " Plant Food and Soil Problems." Professor
W. B. BoTTom.ET, F.C.S. (King'.- College,
London). Lecture ITI.—" Timber Production in
Britain." Dr. E. .T. Sallsbtiry (East Tjondon Col-
lege). Lecture IV.—" Cotton." Dr. W. L-\w-
BEhXE Balls (Manager. Cotton Investigations
Department, F.C.S. and D.A.). Lecture V.—
"Tea-Making," Dr. S. E. Chandler (Imperial
Institute), Lecture VI.—" The Plant as Healer,"
Dr Etht.l N, Thomas. Lecture VII.— " Tropical
Exploitation, with especial reference to Rubber,"
Dr. .loHN C. WtLLls (lately Director of Botanic
Cardeus, Rio de Janeiro). Lecture VIII.—" Vege-
t.nble Dves." Dr. Sarah M. Baker. Lecture IX
—"Diseases of Plants," Dr. H. C. I, Gwynne-
V^UGHA^• (Birkbeck College). Lecture X.—
. " Plants as the Source of National Power : Coal,"
Dr. Marie C. Stopf.s. Admission is free, and
no tickets are required.

Gardening in Egypt. -The Firld for
.lanuary 15 publishes the following interesting
letter on gardening in Egypt from a correspondent
in Gizeh : Having decided to pass the evening of
my life in Egypt, I have built myself a small

* " Tlie Harvasting of .'Hphagnum Moss," Pharm. Jonrn,
and Pharmacitt, Dec. 23, lOlfi.

hsuse in the ever-fertile fields of this country. I
feel that in my old age a garden, in this climate
and with three of the most beautiful views that
man can imagine, will be a great resource. In
this country the sun shines every day and all
day for 360 days a year, and the rain is, so to
speak, on tap ; I mean that our only source of
cultivation water is the irrigation water supplied
by the Government. In winter there is, every
five or six years, a slight wind frost ; but you
can judge of the winter climate by the fact that
fiom December 1 on is the time for Roses and
Strawberries, Roses being magnificent here and
most easy to grow. In summer we get 85°-95°
■Fahr. for several months, and generally a few
days on which the temperature ri.ses to 110°-117°
The dryness of the atmosphere prevents us from
growing many plants of the equatorial zone ; for
instance, Stephanotis grows and flowers splen-
didly in autumn and winter; but in summer it
requires care, or one day it quietly dries up and
dies. I should say that after Central America
Egypt is meant for Cacti. I have collected a good
many from old palace gardens, where they had
probably been put by Ismail Pacha, who bought
every plant he could. They have grown magnifi-

use* of a solution of iodine in chloroform-. The
strength i.s 1 ; 30, and the colour of the sohition
violet.

War Items. -We have received the following
further particulars regarding the reported death
of Rifleman .John Divers, referred to on p. 18.
DlVEE.^, whose portrait we give on p. 40, was
posted missing after a fierce engagement on
October 9 at the farthest advanced position
of the British Expeditionary Force in France,
when the lines were extended and trenches
captm'ed from the enemy. In Iiis early years,
taught by his father, Mr. J. J. Divebs-Rich-
jioND, deceased rambled in Ireland and Wales to
study wild floweiis, and in this way developed
n love of plants tihat determined his choice of
a vocation. He conmienced his gardening career
under Mr. W. W. Pettxgrew (now of Manches-
ter) in the Eoatih Park Gardens, Cardiff. In
due course he pixiceeded to Belvoir Castle Gar-
dens, under his uncle, Mir. W. H, Divers.
Aiteirwards he entered the Royal Gardens,
Kew, for the usual student's course. He
was, on its termination, promoted to a deputy
foremanship in the Alpine and Herbaceous de-

KlG. 15. — CAMPANULA STANSFIELDII : FLOWER FLOWERS VIOLET-PURPLE.

(ciitly. .Several Echinocacti have now, for two
years running, been in blossom for foiir to five
months, with three or more flowers open at a
time ; in some cases on plants so small that the
whole plant — roots, spines, and all, would go into
one of its own flowers. There are fine gardens
here, ibut they are exclusively devoted to pro-
ducing Roses and European annuals in winter.
I want to get on to other plants, and my few
Cacti, Stapelias, and Gasrterias have encouraged
me miu-h. It used to be said here that no
Roses, except La France and Gloire de Dijon,
would grow in Egypt, till some bold adventurer
imported others and found that they all grew
and flowered splendidly. Again, the Zinnia
grown here is a poor thing, so I got some of
Sutton's and had plants a yard high and a yard
and a half wide, covered with flowers, many of
which were 16^ inches in circumference. Single
plants of Indian Pink are 4 feet acros.s.

Iodine for Wounds.— The practice of
dressing cuts and other wounds with tincture of
iodine, adopted in France for some years, has be.
come popular in this country. One drawback is
the rather sharp but evanescent smart which it
causes. This may, however, be avoided by the

partment, under Mr. W. Irving. Skilful at
freehand drawing from life, the original double-
page illustrations of Saxifrage Groups in the
Rock Gardeners' Library were the production
of his pencil. At the declaration of war he was
preparing to journey to Switzerland to study the
growth of Alpine flowers in their native habitats.
Quiet, unobtrusive, diligent, and of a kindly dis-
position, he was beloved by his confreres, and by
his guild and gardening friends.

Captain Ian Baxter, B.Sc, R.W.F., only

son of Mr. J.viles Baxter, The Gardens, Beuarth
Hall. Conway, has been awarded the Military
Cross. Captain Baxter enlisted in 1914, and
shortly afterwards was given Commissioned
rank. " Subsequently, and before going to the
Front in 1915, he acted as Instructor in Range-
finding. He is a graduate of Bangor University,
and before the war was carrying out Research
in Forestry under a Government scheme.

Publications Received. -AWofmenfs and
Small Gardens in War-Time. (Austin &
McAslan, Glasgow.) Gratis.

Phannaceut. Jon

40

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[jA>fU.U<i dl, l9i/.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

• S W !•; K i' PEA A N X L A L ■ •

This is perlia.p8 tihe best Aniuinl ever
issued by the Society; which is saying
ii great <kal for the energy of its editor, Mr.
J. S. Bruntou. Appropriately, the first
two articles are tributes to the late Mr. N. N.
Sherwood and Mr, Atlee Burpee, who, from its
commencement, have been earnest s-upporters of
the National Sweet Pea Society. These articles,
from the pens respectively of Mr. G. H. Curtis
and Mr. Hugh Dickson, are illustrated by splen-
did portraits of the deceased gentlemen.

Mr. T. H. Dipnall, M.A., writes a thoughtful
and suggestive article on "The classification of
Sweet Peas," but I am doubtful if his proposed
system would be as popular as the one at present
in use, which was devised by Jlr. Walter P.
Wright in 1900— the year of the bi-centenary
celebration of the introduction of the Sweet Pea
into England.

Mv. E. R. Janes' article on "Long Stems v.
Quality and Refinement in Sweet Peas '" appeals
very much to me. and I am in entire sympathy
with it. If quality is sacrificed to size and
grossness in anything a real loss is always made.
Two writers from America, Mr. George Kerr
and Mr. Frank G. Cuthbertson, tell us about
tlie new race of early -flovrering long season
Spencer Sweet Peas. In the warmer States this
new type when sown in October blossoms in the
open from Februaa-y to July, and cut flowers are
i.n the market all the winter from plants grown
under glass.

The veteran Edinburgh florist, Mr. JIatthcw
Todd, writes on "What Scotsmen have done for
the Sweet Pea." " Scotsmen in Excelsis " would
have been a fitting title for Mr. Todd's article '
;Mr. R. F. Felton writes charmingly on "The
Decorative Value of Sweet Peas."

It would have added interest to the fine photo-
graphs of the different groups of judges at work
if the names of the members had be?n added
below each picture. Tl'm. Ciithh,'rt.«)n.

CULTURAL MEMORANDA.

VIOLETS.

ViOLKT plants growing in frames should have
aU decayed leaves removed, the surface fioil
stirred between the plants, and the supply of
water kept rather low at present. Any water
that i® neress.ary should be given early in
the day, and extra air admitted afterwards, in
order that the foliage may dry before night.
Violets in pots may be given a slightly higher
temperature in order to force the buds out. Stand
them in a light position, and admit a moderate
amount of air in favourable weather. Violets
in pots are very a.cceptable for use in bowls in
the dwelling-house.

THE PLANT STOVE.

The temperature of houses containing tropiuil
jjlants may be kept low. A minimum tempera-
ture of 55° will suffice during very cold weather,
provided the atmosphere is not overcharged with
moisture. Any damping of the paths and stages
.should be done early in the afternoons ; but very
little damping is necessary in dull weather. In
frosty weather lower the roof-blinds at night
where fire-heat is used, to keep the temperature
.above tJie minimum. Let the plants have plenty
of room, discarding any that are useless, rathcT-
than crowd the stages. Keep the roof-glass
clean always. In winter, Codiaeums (Crotons),
Dracaenas and other stove foliage plants should
not be afforded stimulants, and they should bo
watered with extra car"e ; nothing should be
done to cause the plants to make much growth
at this season.

WINTER-FLOWERING PELARGONIUMS.

Old plants of Pelargonium have passed out of

* 'ike Sweet Pea Annual. Price l3. (Nat. Sweet Pea
Siiciety.)

flower, and if suitable young gi-owths are avail-
able cuttings may be inserted. Shoots that have
been exposed to the light are the beet for the
purpose, and they may be inserted around the
sides of 4-inch pots filled with a compost con-
sisting of loam, leaf-mould and sand. Water the
soil, and place the pots on a shelf in the green-
house.

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.

RET.4RDED crowns of Lily-of-the-Valley are
very scarce, but clumps may be dug from a well-
established bed and placed on a hot-bed in a
heated pit. Cover the roots with fine soil, and
soak them with lukewarm water. Place some
mats or litter over the glass until the flower-
spikes are well through the soil. Thp plants
may then be gradually inrired to the light. Suc-
cessional clumps may be placed in heat at suit-
able intervals to maintain a constant supply of
flowers.

forjGing shrubs.

Shrubs of all kinds may be lifted from the
reserve beds and potted in readiness for placing
into heat as required. They may be forced
easily now after tlie recent frosts. Very large
plants of Lilac may be placed in boxes or tubs ;

' N

THE LATE KII Li:M\X .MllIX mVERS.
(S.,e r. 39.)

they will be useful for supplying cut flowers.
When the plants are introduced into heat syringe
them with warm water two or three times dailv.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

Apple Fkfit-Bud Developmext.
Fruit physiology is a subject studied more in
tlie United States than in this country. A re-
minder of this fact is given in a record of some
observations made on the subject named above
by Mr. F. C. Bradford, apparently a member
of the staff of the Oregon Agricultural Colleg?,
and reprinted in the Fruit 7'rades' Journal.
The Yellow Newtown Pippin appears to have
been the subject of the author's observations.
Under normal conditions, he says, this variety
forms its fruit-buds on wood two or three years
old, and, under favourable conditions, a bud
produced in the axil of a leaf on wood of the
current year will produce next yesu- a short spur
with whorled leaves, and in the following year
this spur will bear fruit. Normally, it is added,
the spur, having borne fruit, will again form
a fruit-bud during the succeeding year, which
may be exp?cted to bear fruit a year later. But
these apparently normal conditions are often
varied. For example, a spur may bear fruit
two years in succession, and terminal, or some-
times axillary buds, produced in one year may
bear fruit in the following season. A particu-
larly interesting observation is one bearing upon
the alternate-year fruiting of many varieties of
.\pples, particularly those which " usually fruit
profusely when they bear at all. It was noticed

that in a very small crop year the spurs which
were bearing were as likely to form fruit-buds
for the ne.xt year or those not bearing, while
when a tree is bearing a full crop very few of
even the barren spurs will develop fruit-buds
.■-utficiently for fruiting in the following season.
It is satisfactory to have this confirmation of
my own theory of the cause of alternate-year
fruiting, derived from the labelling of trees of
the Allington Pippin in three successive seasons.
It was found that trees which bore great crops
in one year had none in the next season, while
those which bore moderate crops had more or
less fruit, and those which bore no Apples had
great crops in the next year. Fruiting on ter-
minal buds of one-year-old wood appears to be
more common on American varieties than on
those grown in this country. It was so general
in the Oregon College orchards in 1914 that it
was observed on all but one or two varieties.
But it is more common on young than on old
trees. On the latter, indeed, it was found that
numerous fruit-buds on terminals of one-year-old
W'Ood were developed only when a tree formed
such buds in great abundance. When the num-
ber of fruit-buds was small there were practi-
cally none on the one-year-old wood.

Apple Chelmsford Wonder.

This variety is never named in market quota-
tions, and therefore it may be supposed to be
not commonly grown for market. It is not named
in Hogg's Fruit Manual, and possibly it
may be a comparatively new variety. [Apple
Chelmsford Wonder was raised from seed by the
fon of a mechanic at about 1870 in a cottage
garden in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford, but
nothing is known of its jDarentagie. It was not
introduced to commerce till about 1890, and it
received a First-Class Certificate from the R.H.S.
Fruit Committee on November 10, 1891. when
exhibited by Messrs. Saltmarsh and Sons. It
is a good late .'Vpple, and has an excellent
flavour when cooked. — Eos.] It was supplied to
me by Messrs. Cheal as one of the Apples
grown in short rows foi' trial. The trees
proved vigorous growers, and since they reached
fruiting age they have borne moderate crops
annually. The fruit is large and of a delicate
yellow colour, with light pink slightly striped
on the sunny side. One particular feature of
this Apple is the extreme thinness of its skin.
This renders it subject to insect punctures, the
results of which are now apparent in numerous
ver.y small and slightly sunken spots, which
lower its mai^ket value. The spots have
developed almost, if not quite, entirely since the
ifruit has been stored in the fruit chamber.
Chelmsford Wonder is one of the best of cookers,
and, as its core is small and its skin extremely
thin, it is an economical Apple to use, except
that its acidity calls for a full supply of sugar.
For baking whole after coring it is almost un-
equalled for softness and juiciness. When sound
it keeps as long as Bramley's Seedling or Newton
Wonder.

Spotted .\pples.

The disfigurement of Apples by numerous small
spots is not to be confused with the results of
Apple fruit spot (Cylindrosporium pomi), which
resembles bitter pit. and is commonly confused
with it. Tlie spotting now referred to is not
.vet recognised as a distinct disease. Last win-
ter the small spots developed on several varie-
ties while the fruit was in store, and possibly
the same results would have appealed this winter
if tJiese vaaieties had been kept as long as usual.
.Ml but some Chelmsford Wonders and Newton
Wonders, however, were sold by the end of
November, as prices were tempting. Efforts
made in various directions last winter to ascer-
tain the cause of the spotting were not successful.
The most that was conjectured was that some
kind of "semi-parasite," such as cladosporium.
attacked punctures made by insects. But no
one seems to know what insect makes numerous
punctures invisible to the naked eye upon the
fruit while it is on the trees (as no insects that

Jaxcart 27. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

41

could make them are found on the Apples in
.=tor?). Last winter 170 spots were counted on
one Apple, and 50 to 100 were quite common.
AjiEBic.iX Apple Exports.
Considering how largely we import Apples
from the United States, it is surprising to see,
from a report by the American Department of
Agriculture, that exports to all countries, in-
cluding dried Apples estimated as green, even
before the war reduced them, were only about 5
to 6 per cent, of the total crops. The estimated
crops of 19013 averaged 60,891,000 barrels, of
which the average exports wer? 5.1 per cent.
The corresponding figures for 1906-10 were
51.532,000 and 5.4. Later crops and exports
wer3 as follows : 1911, crop 71.340,000 barrels,
exports 5.9 per cent. ; 1912, crop 78,407.000 bar-
rels, exports 5.5 per cent. ; 1913, crop 48.470.000
barrels, exports 6.7 per cent. ; 1914, crop
84,400,000 barrels, exports 5.4 per cent. ; 1915.
crop 76,670,000 barrels, exports 3.0 per cent. ;
1916, crop 67,695,000 barrels, exports not yet
known. It will be seen that tlie war reduce!
tihe exports considerably in 1915. .'^niif/itrn
Grower.

could be borrowed), and the necessary seeds, there
would not be any further expense, for I believe,
around here at any rate, employers would gladly
have given their gardeners' services on sitatcd
days which, together with the council's labour,
also loaned, could have been arranged to cover
the whole operations in a manner equitable and
satisfying to all. C. J., Highgate.

Garrya elliptic^ (see p. 19). — A specimen
growing in a garden in Central Perthshire,
planted some eighteen years ago, has at present
a height of about 12 feet. It ifi certainly sheltered
from the north, but since being planted it ha.-i
been at least three times exposed to a tempera-
ture below zero. It regularly produces a crop
of catkins. J. Gilbert, Lcdnoek Bank yiirfern,
Comrie.

Seed Growing.— It is obvious that without a
sufficiency of seed the breaking up of fnesh land
or the cultivation of vacant spaces can only I'e-
sult in g^'eat waste, both of the labour so urgently
needed on a.^1 sides ajid ateo of capital. The
actual situation at tIhe present time in regia.rd to
seed supplies is clearly state'd in the introduce
tion to my fii-m's Amateur G>n'l'' inr l!>n. in
the following tei'ms ! —

ing ol seed ci'ops be ensured when all other crops
involved less labour. There is little doubt that
before spring has far advanced the available
stocks in this country of nrany kinds of vege-
table seeds must prove insufficient for fhe needs
of the community."

TJio following are some typioail examples of
tile increases in wholesale values of seeds, as
compared with those in a nonnal year, and even
at these prices fur-tlier saupp/lies, in some in-
stances, iU'e unobtainable : —

Beans
Peas .

Per cent.

Broad Beans 100 Runnel

Spinach 300 | Onions

Garden Carrots 300 Garden

Garden Turnips .... 50 1 Swedes

Field Turnips. 120 to 150 per cent.

The two main contributing causes to this un-
precedented rise in values a're, of course, the
high prices obtanied foir cereals and tIhe scarcity
of labour. And if th« present scarcity and the
abnormal vailues now riding aa'e not to become
fla'r more serious nexjt season, there is but one
possible remedy — viz., to reinstate on seedrgrow-
ing farms all tJie trained and expert la-boiu-
which has beeii removed by tribunals. In the
great majority of cases fai-mws who are seed-
growers allmved all tlreir men who could be

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

Ouo Seed and Plant CATALOOUEa.— As

stated by your correspondent, It'. //. 6'., Hamp-
ton, there are no catalogues now published such
a& the firm of Kollison used to issue. Neither
are such collections of plants brought together
as used to be cultivated at Tooting, the present
day tendency being to specialise rather than grow
collections which in the number of kinds repre-
sented could compare with many botanic gardens.
A oaitalogue now be.fore me of William Kollison
and Sons, Tooting, for the spring of 1877, must
have been among the last issued. It consists
of 238 closely-printed pages, and contains all
classes of plants, of which, by the way, a much
higher price is charged for many than that which
prevails at the present time. It is noteworthy
for the long lists of Camellias, Indian Azaleas,
greenhouse Heaths and various other hard wo ided
plants, which are now so seldom seen. A full
page is devoted to lUrllison's Telegraplh Cucum-
ber, referred to by your correspondent. W . T.

I am glad to see that there is someone

still left who knew the old firm of William
Rollison, and the catalogue.* they u.sed to issue-
in those days second to none — also the " stocky "
old gardener who raised the Rollison Telegraph
Cucumbeir. In imagination I can see the old man
now coming from his oottage, w^ich was situateri
in the High Street. At that time the firm wa*
in a flourithing condition ; my father was head
packefi', and I a boy in the Springfield and
Home Nurseries. Until recently I had in my
poss&ssion a copv of their latest citalogue. I do
not remember 11'. H. C, but he may recollect
my name. KillUim Gardner, liirrhtfrnve House,
near Knxt Grhifte.ad, Sussex.

Vacant Land in Municipal Areas.— Some

vacant land is getting ojK'r.itcd ujion in this dis-
trict, and much more will be brouglit into use as
the season advances. The work is being done by
any individual who chooses to say that he wants
a plot and will work it. I do not believe this
is the best way to go to work, and have said so,
locally, from the first. All spare, suitable
stiburbiin lands shoidd have been taken oveir
and cidtivated by each respective borough
or arban coiuicil definitely for ihe nation.
(This idea is also ,ibly cmlxxlied in the leading
article in the Gardeners' Chronicle of Decem-
ber 23). The work of preparing the land
would be more quickly and much moae
e;i,sily d«ne by municipal authorities getting
a plough to' bre-dJt up the ground after
first having it closely mown with a scythe,
than tfhe method whioh seems to obtain here
of each person getting to work as he best
can. At harvest time it will be a case of each
cultivator getting the higiheist prices he can, and
rightly so, for his Itibonir ; wlhereas, in the hands of
a council, it would be to no one's gain to hold
up or push any given commodity. With the
exception of btiying a plough (whi<-h perhaps

-APPLE CHELMSt'Oltl) WONDEIl.
(See p. 40.)

" Seed Si;pplies and the Wap,.
" Our customers will not be suj-prised that tllie
war, in whidh nearly the whole world is en-
gaged, has affected the supplies of seeds in ooni-
nion with otihei' necessaries of life. The scarcity
of farm labour in itself has muiteriaJly reduced
the acreage under seed cultivation, and this will
Iw I'sadily undeastood in view of the high prices
prevailing for cereal crops, which require much
less labour than seeds. A further important
factor is that, during the long years of European
pcitoc, seed-growei-s have been able to place thieir
crops wiherever in the countries of our Allies the
soil and climate produced the finest samples with
the highest germinating pow-er. But with the
progress of the war these sources of sujiply lare
necessarily curtailed — ^pa-rtly through difficulties
of transit, parUy through regulations prohibiting
the export of seeds, and, partly again, through
tlie shortage of labour which everywhere e.vists.
Those seed houi!-es which wea-e in a position to
forecast the probable course of events na.turally
extended their cultures at home. Wlnle we our-
selves have thus been able to make abundant
provision for the requirements of our oustomeo-s,
this was only possible by increased capital ex-
penditure, for by no other means could the plant-

spared to volunteer under tlie Derby scheme, re-
taining only those whose expert and technical
knowledge rendered them indispen-sable When
tlie tribunals began work they considered it their
duty still further to deplete tihe labour on seed
farniis. with the result that tlie acreage, under
seeds for harvest 1917 and 1918 (now contaaoted
for) is very much less than in 1916. Foreseeing
the difficulties with wliich seed-growers are now
Caced, I had the privilege early last yeaa' of in-
ti-oducing to the Committee dealing witlli Re-
served Occupations a deputation of leading
hiouses in the seed trade, amongst wlioin wea-e
represented Messrs. Ca.rter, Messrs, Webb,
Messrs. Dobbie, Messrs. Gaaton, Messrs. Barr,
etc., and Messrs. Hurst, the leading wlliolesale
seed mercihante. The Committee only needed to
have the facts placed before them to realise the
immediate necessity of including seed growing
and distributing amongst the reserved occupa-
tions. In doing this the Committee were greatly
influenced by tlie fact that not only is it impera-
tive to maintain the supply of seeds for raising
vegetable crops at home, and the roots and otiher
green crops upon which our flocks and herds are
fattened, but also the supply of secdis for ex-
porting to the Colonies and Dominions, wihioh

42

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jaxtjary 27, 1917.

depend <'ntir6ly on seeds shippe.d from Eng-
land for raisuig Uie vast, supplies of mutton
ie>tc., a-nnualiy imported into this coimtry.
The present difficulty should have been, in a
great measure, obviated if tribunals liad graaited
the exemptions they were authorised to grant to
seed-growing experts, but uirfortunately tliis has
rarely been the case in any sufficient degree. Sug-
gestions have been made that the State Should
start seed f aa-ms, but seed caiimot be grown with-
out technical knowledge, and, as already stated,
there are insufficient men now left on the exist-
ing seed farms. The situation is undoubtedly
grave, but with due support from the existing
authorities seed-growers may be trusted, to make
the utmost use, not only of their knowledge ami
experience, but of evei-y means at theii-
disposal for economising labour. As an instance
of such economy of male labour, I may mention
tliat a crop of Mangold seed, considered to be the
finest ill the county of Lincoln, was last year
entirely planted and harvested by women, under
the grower's supervision. May I add a word on
ithe supply of seed Potato®? " Seed Potatos "
may be classed under two geareral headings : — {a)
The smaller tubers, screened out of the general
crops, which are often used for planting on
farms, or, failing such a demand, given to the
pigs or sold to the bakers. (6) "Seed Potatos,"
which are grown by seed merchants, either per-
sonally or under contract, and which are raised
exclusively from selected pedigree stocks. In,
the latter case the entire crop, after impea'fect,
immature, or diseased tubers are removed by
hn,rd-picking, is used for " seed " — only those too
large for planting being otherwise disposed of.
The cost of producing seed Potatcs grown from
pedigree stocks is out of all proportion to that of
ordinary field crops. Evei-y plant ihias to be ex-
amined during growth for trueness to type, &c.,
and untrue plants removed by hand, and this
involves frequent inspection of caxiips in various
stages of growth. The same land oanmot be used
in successive years, as is sometimes the case for
market crops (as in Ayrshire!, otherwise self-set
tubers appear in the crop. The produce cannot
be marketed when lifted, but must be stored at
great expense until the spring, and stored in
such a manneii- as to ensure a free growth imme-
diately the tubers are planted. If, therefore,
the price a grower of .^eed Potatos may ask for
the crop of 1917 is limited to £5 15s. per ton,
■IS now proposed, the production must be reduced
to such an extent as to jeopardise the supplv for
planting in 1918 — if not to destroy all hopes of
nnv adequate supplv. No maximum price less
than £8 per ton can pos.iiiblv meet the situation.
The seed Potatos grown from pedigree stocks
during 1916 have involved an outlay, on an
pver.TEre. about 50 per cent, above £8. Arthur
IT'. Sti/tnn, Treading.

s o c I e: tie s .

GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.

ANALTAL MEETINO AND ET>ECTION OF
PENSIONERS.

Jantjart 23. — Tlie seventy-seventh annual
general meeting of the Gardeners' Royal Benevo-
lenit Inatitutiom took plaoe on Tuesday last a-t
Simpson's Restaurant, Strand. Sir Harry .1.
Veitch, dhadrman and tivasuier, presided over a
moderate attendance. The report of the execu-
tive committee for 1916, and the statement of
aooountis for tJhe year, were read by the s'ecre-
tp.iry, Mr. G. J. Ingram, ais follows : —

The Report of Executive Committee.

Tlie Committee, in presenting their 77tli Annual Report
and Audited Statement of Accounts, are very plea,sed
to be able to state tii.it. notAvithstanding tlie many dif-
ficulties arising out of the terrible war in which our
country is engaged, the good worli and benefits of the
Institution liave been well maintained during the past
year.

Never ha.? there been a more anxious time, accen-
tuated by the loss of many valued and liberal sub-
scribers ; also by the inability to hold the usual Festival
Dinner, one of the main sources of adding to the income
of the Charity in meeting its liabilities, and which has
materially affected the funds. Nevertheless, the Com-
mittee have done thedr utmost to carry out what they

feel

the wishes of the supporters of the Institu-

At the commencement of the year there were 265
annuitants, viz., 152 men and 113 widows, receiving an
annual amount of £4,848. To-day the Committee propose
to the subscribers to add by election 18 applicants from
an approved list of 64 candidates.

They very deeply regret that they are unable to
advise a greater number. esi>ecially as some of these
cindidates have been asking for the Institution's help
for some years past ; but with an income diniiniisbing
on account of the sad times through which we are pass-
ing, (flnd not knowing what the immediate future
may bring, they feel it is desirable to be very cautious
in the administration of the funds. But whilst they ore
Sf>rry that so many deserving cases should have to wait
for another year at least before they can receive the
longed-for annuity, the Committee are very thankful to
have the means of assisting ma.ny of the very necessitous
cases through the two invaluable special funds, viz.,
■■ The Victorian Era " and the " Good Samaritan." the
income from which is devoted in the one case to
assisting those unsuccessful candidates who had fornierlv
been contributors to the funds of the Insftitution. and in
(be otiher case to temporarily helping deserving appli-
cants in distress tJirough illness or some other mis-
fortune. The interest only derived from invested funds
is avadlable for these two purposes.

The Committee also desire again to express their
indebtedn©.«;s to those noblemen, ladies, and gentlemen
who have so kindly allowed iheir gardens to be opened
'o the public for the benefit of the cause, viz., The
Right Hon. Earl Beauch.inip. The Right Hon. Lord
Nort.hbourne. The Ladv Battersea. Sir Frank Cri.sr,
Bart., .T.P., LL.B.. Roger J. Corbet, Esq., and O. W.
Dyson Perrins, Esq.

The Committee also '?e?ire to place on record the
kindness of their Treasurer, .\rthur W. Sutton, Esq..
.1.P-, F.L.S.. V.M.H , and fJeorge Monro. Esq.. V.M.H..
for generously giving a year's allowance to three of the
unsuccessful candidates who were most grateful for the
help afforded tJiem.

Tliev also tender fheir best thanks to the Hon. Solici-
tor, W. A. Bilnev, Esn.. .T P.. the Hon. Aud'lor=, Messrs.
Oeorge H. Coblev and Co.. Thomas Manning. Esq.. and
Rert .T. Monro, Esq., the Horticultural Press, 1h» George
Monro Concert Committee, and to other friends for their
vnbiable services to the Institution.

Tlie several Auxiliaries have offain proved valuable
adiuncts to the work, especiallv during the pasit. rear,
and grateful thanks are given to the following honorarv
officeps for their much appreciated services.

ham

E. Allii

:r. Harry J. White
(protem.)

BfilSTOI. AND BATH.
Presidents. Hon. Treasnr*rs. Hon. Secretaries

Col. H. Gary Batten Mr. George Ne
bury
WOKCE.STEE,
Rt. Hon. Earl Beau-I John White, Esc|.

champ, K.C.M.G.I

DEVON AND EXETER.
Trehawke Keke-| Mr. W. Mackay lllr. W. Mackay

wich, Esq. I I

WOLVERHAMPTON.
C. T. Mander, Esq.,|Mr. George BradleyiMr. George Bradley

•T.P. I I

BERKSHIRE, READING AND DI.STRICT.
Mrs- Roland Sper-IArthur W. Sutton, M . . G. Cox

ling Esq., J.P., F.L.S.,

I V.M.H. I

LIVERPOOL.
The Rt. Hon. the! A. J. Crippin, Esq. :Mr. R. G. Water-
Earl of Derby,! i man

K.G. I

The losses of valued friends and supporters by death
have been unusually heavy during the year. Foremost
.amongst them must be mentioned N. N. Sherwood, Esq.,
.J.P., V.M.H.. for many years one of the Trustees of the
Institution, and for over fifty years a most generous
contributor to its funds, and whose passing away is a
most grievous loss; also W. Y. Baker. Esq., Vice-Ohair-
mtan of the Committee, and for many years a constant
attendant at its meetings, and who w,as ever ready to
give it liberal financial support, .\nother death was that
of G. Wythes, Esq., V.M.H., who was for many years a
member of the Committee, and still another was that of
Robert Tait, Esq., of Manchester, who for nearly forty
vears had been a regular contributor to the funds. The
0)mmit'tee ve.r.v gratefully aclaiowledge legacies from
each of these gentlemen.

.\mongst other losses mav be mentioned \, Thompson,
Es^(., of Walton Grange, Stone ; Henry Jon Esq.. of
Bournemouth ; Mrs. Wheeley Lea, of Worcester, '-c, &c.

In conclusion, whilst deeply thankful for the ..eneroais
support accorded to the Institution during the past
year under the trving circumstances which have been
mentioned, the Committee venture to express their
most evTrnest hope that the next -Vniiual Meeting of the
Oharitv may be held under much more happy conditions,
and that, in the meantime, every friend will f^o his
'itmost to continue to support its funds, and also to
induce others to do so, remembering how many odd and

RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS OF THE GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT INSTITU'nON.
For the Year ending DECEiSiBER 30, 1916.

Balance with Treas

January 1. 1916
Deposit Account

,, Wolfe Legac.v (
eluding interest)

.Annual Subscriptions ...
Donations, including Special

Gifts ...

Legacy, Geo. Wythes, Esq.,

V.M.H

Schroder Annuity

Dividends and Interest
Deposit Interest, Wolfe

Legacy

Repaid Income Tax

.Annuities and Gratuities, in-
cluding Special Gifts from
Sir Harry J. Veitch,
Messrs. Arthur W. Sutton,
Geo. Monro, and Schroder

Annuity

Rent, Firing. Lighting, and
.Salaries of Secretary and

Clerk, kc

Printing and Sta-
tionery, &c. ... £134 7 6
Les.« .Advertise-
ments ... 37 15 8

£8,424 0 3

Postages, Reports, Polling

Papers, Appeals, and Ordi-

nary

43

0

9

Carriage. Telegrams, &c..

incidental expenses

15

1

b

Telephone Charges

9

0

0

Expenses of .\nnual Meeting

and Election

Wreaths

5 12

6 12

U

n

Advertisement

3

3

0

718 15

3

* Balance with Treasurer ...

1,270

7

5

,, Secretary ...

5

4

b

On Deposit, December 30.

1915

630

()

II

On Deposit. Wolfe Legacy

and Interest

1.186

0

0

3,091 11

11

£

8.424 0

3

' £1,211

required to meet the quarterly payments due on December 31, 1916.
The undersigned, having had access to all the Books ind Accounts of the Society, and having examined
the foregoing CJeneral Statement and verified the same with the Accounts and Vouchers relating thereto, now
sign the same as found to be correct, duly vouched and in accordance with law.

GEO. H. COBLEY & CO., Honorary Auditors,
Chartered Accountants.
VICTORIAN ERA FUND.
Receipts. Payments.

£ s. d- £ s. d

"o Balance. January 1, 1916 221 Oil Bv Gratuities 246 0

188 12 6 ,'. Balance. December 30. 1916 197 1

Repaid Income Tax

33 7 ID

£443 1 3

liOOD SAM A

Receipts.

£ !. d

To Balanae. Jamuar

V 1, 1916

... 245 10 5

., Donations

12 8 4

, Dividends

... 116 9 6

., Repaid Income

Tax

19 0 11

£393 9 2

By Oratuiti«

,. Bank Charge

.. Balance, December 30, 1916

Jaxuaey 27, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' JHRONICLE.

43

deserviug applacanU are looking to the Institution for
that invaluable help which will be suoh a boon to
them during their remaining years.

HARRY J. VEITOH.
Treasurer and Chainiian of Committee.
GEORGE J. IXGRAJI,

Secretary.

The adoption of the foregoing report and
bailant^-sheet were moved by Sir Harry Veitch,
who said that they met that afternoon witli
mixed feelings, ajid in circiimstajioes differ-
ing from those of recent occasions. The
losses the institution had sustained diu'ing
the year were very muoh more serious tiian
usual. The late Mr. N. N. Sherwood, one of
their trustees, had been a great personal friend
of his for many years. He was glad to say tihat
Mr. Sherwood's son, Mr Edward Sherwood, was
following in his father's footsteps, and gave pro-
mise of doing a great deal of good ; they welcomed
with enthusiasm the work he had already begun ;
but no one could ev-sr quite fiU the place ren-
dered vacant by the loss of Mr. X. N. Sherwood.
Then there was Mr. Baker, a man who was
always sympathetic, alwaye desirous of helping
th-5 work of the Institution to the utmost of his
power. He was their vice-chairman, and always
attended the committee meetings when he (Sir
Harry) was unable to be present. There were
others whose death would affect the prosperity of
the Institution, but he mentioned those two as
being amongst their most intimate colleagues.
The present unfortimate circumstances were
having an influence on the funds. He did
not wifijh the meeting to understand that the
financial position was anything but sound' — it
was i>erfectly sound — ^but at the same time,
they had to face t/he fact that the Insti-
tution had to reckon with a diminishing
income, and it wae just as well to look the
situation fairly in the face. It might be said
tliat Wie had fia-st-olass investments, wliich
was no doubt tlte case ; but with the present
depreciation of capital the committee earnestly
hoped that it would not become necessary to
realise any portion of the investments. These
matters showed that the committee had had to
manage the Institution during a very anxious
time. In the circumstances, therefore, they were
most thankful to those who liad tluxnvn open
their garden.s to the public and had given to the
Institution |>art or the whole of the proceeds
obtained in this way. For instance, that very
afternoon they had received from Sir Frank
Cri&p a cheque for over £90. Then, the lociii
auxiliaries were continuing their efforts with
unabated zeal, though not, of course, always with
the same success as had previously attended their
efforts. From Worcester, for instance, a delegate
had paid to-day a cheque for £100, and he be-
lieved that during the afternoon a delegate from
the Reading branch was expected to bring a
cheque of equal or iarger amount. Referring
appreciatively to the excellent services rendered
by the secretary. Sir Harry Veitch remarked
that for months Mr. Ingram had been without
an assistant, and had in N'^ry trying circum-
stances done the work himself, in his usual
efficient manner.

The motion for adoption was seconded! by Mr.
Howard, and carried unanimously.

Proceeding to the election of officers, Mr.
A. W. Sutton proposed the re-election of Sir
Harry J. Veitch as Treasurer. Ht^ said that
year after year they tried to express Uieir
thanks to him for the great services he
rendered to the Institution, but words failed
adequa-tely to convey what they rejilly felt.
For himself be could say that he never realised
the value of those services more highly than at
the present time, with the severe losses already
referred to in his mind. He thought that the
best way to express their thanlcs to Sir Marry
Veitch would be to redouble their efforts to add
to the resources of the Institution. The
motion wa,=i seconded by Mr. Geo. !Monro and
carried with acclamation. In response, Sir
Harry Veitch said that as long as hiis bealth
.and strength permitted him to do the work, and
the members continued thei." confidence in him.
he would h.ave the greatest satisfaictimi in con-
tinuing in his present position.

Ml-. Oco. Monro proposed the re-election of
.Mr. G. .1 Ingram as Secretary; tliis was

seconded by ilr. D. Ingamells, and carried unani-
mously. The re-election of the retiring members
of the Conwnittee, with two additional members,
Mr. H. G. Alexander and Mr. J. K. Kinnell,
waji moved by Mr. J. McKerdiar, and cajTied
unanimously. On the motion of Mr. W. A.
Biliuey, Mr. Edward Sherwood was elected
a Trustee in place of his father, now
deceased. The auditors and arbitrators were
re-elected, and the meeting then proceeded to
appoint scrutineers for the ballot, Messrs. J.
McKerchar, Edward WTiite. and H. G. Ctix being
appointed for this purpose. There were sixty-
four candidates, and the Committee recommended
the election of eighteen of these.

Result of Election.

Age. No. of Vote.-: .

Abbey, George 80 ... 5,845

Farquhar, Jane V, 69 ... 4,419

Vallance, Abra.n 60 ... 4,369

Caselton, George L 62 ... 4,302

Edwards, Jessie 66 ... 3 ,821

Carling, Thomas 67 ... 3,759

Truelove, WiUiam 64 .. 3,759

Camion, Sarah M 82 3,710

Murray, John 61 .,. 3,674

Penton, James 71 3,635

Clavdon, John 62 3,557

B\Tne, Henry 65 3,508

Evans, Edward 70 3.472

Stonard. Emily A 64 .-, 3.437

I^ckver. John" 66 . 3.244

Jinks, Eliza 67 ... 3,241

Hiitton, George 68 3,235

I'pton, Elizabeth 65 3,122

Tlie Scrutineers reported that twenty-four
voting papers were spoiled, accounting for 193
votes. It was also reported that the candidates
Charles Burden and Charles Morgan had
died since the list of candidates was drawn up.
Following the decUiration of the poll, Mr. Geo.
.Monro moved that the candidate George Wilson
be elected a pensioner by resolution, owing to the
special circumstances surrounding his case. This
was seconded by Mr. James Hudson, and
carried. Mr. Monro further said that the candi-
date Albert Harding was in very hard case, and
offered a sum of £10 for the benefit of th,is
candidate, promisijig at the same time to do all
he could to get him elected at tlie next meeting.
It was al.so announced that Mr. Arthur W.
Sutton desired to give a sura of £20 in order
to place upon the fund the candidate Edwin
Tough. This completed the business of elec-
tions. A vote of thanks to the Scrutineers
closed the proceedings.

ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL.

In the Court of S?ssion recently an action was
raised by Ma-. Charles S. France, Aberdeen, to
have a resolution altering the law relating to the
number and election of the office. bearers, which
was passed at the annual business meeting of this
society on February 6, 1915, reduced on the
ground that it was not passed in accordance with
the laws of the society, llie pursuer's contention
wrs that the motion for altera-tion of the law was
not carried by a two-thirds majority, which is
necessary for the alteration of a fundamental law,
and that therefoi-e the pretended resolution was
null and void. A proof of the averments was
allowed, and the Lord Ordinary (Hunter) has
found that the resolution was passed by the
necessary two-thirds majority, and has assoilzied
the defenders with expenses.

ROYAL CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL.

.Ianuakv 10. — Tlie annual general meeting of
this society was held in Dowell's Rooms, George
Street, Edinburgh, on this date. ^Mr. J. D.
Adair, senior vice-president, occupied the chair,
and. including the council, there was an attend-
ance of 25 members.

The statement of the accounts showed tlwt
the income for the vear exceeded the expendi-
ture hv £56 fs. 9d.', and that the funds were
£682 14*. 5d., an increase of £17 3s. 9d. over
the previous year. Mr. W. H. Massie pointed

out that as the railway stocks held by the
society had not been re-valued, the capital was
over-stated by over £130, and he thought that
before incurring so much expense as they had
done in connection with the show which it was
proposed to hold last September, the council
should have taken steps to ascertain whether it
was possible to carry it through or not. The
accounts were afterwards adopted.

The following office-bearers w'ere elected for
1917 : President, Lord Elphinstone ; vice-presi-
dent, Mr. Henry Methven ; councilloi-s, Messrs.
Robert Fife (Messrs. Dobbie and Co.). Edin-
rigg; and Jolin Highgate, Hopeto^in, South
Queensfca-ry.

CROP AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

In the hope of aiding the movement for in-
creasing the food supply, the Editors have asked
me to contribute hints on seasonable matters
pertaining to farm crops and stocks. There
are many head gardeners who are respon-
sible for land and sniaU farms, as well
as the garden, and some of the less experi-
enced may be glad of a few hints from one
who has had many years' experience. My
remarks on the various subjects will be based
on my own practice. It is not necessary to tell
a practical person that the ploughing up of
gra.ss land will not produce a huge croj) of Po-
tatos the first year. But to those with little
expea-ience, let me say, do not im.p.giiie such a
result possible unless actual trenching of the
soil is carried out. Grass land properly pre-
pared for another crop this season would produce
a full Potato crop in 1918. For the proper
utilisation of such a plot note what I say in
a subsequent paragraph on Oats.

For this season's Potato crop lose no time in
getting the farmyard manure on to the land, at
the rate of 15 to 20 tons per acre, deeply
ploughing it in. Stiff soils must have the
manure in winter, but in the case of soils of a
lighter character the manure may be applied at
planting time if more convenient.

The seed tubers should be occasionally ex-
amined to make sure that they are not prema-
turely " sprouting." If they show signs of undue
growth a vigorous turn over with the Potato
fork will bruise any shoots and thus checls
growth. The quantity of seed required per
acre is approximately 15 cwt., regulated, of
course, by the size of the tubers. Where farm-
yard manure is not available in quantity, arti-
ficial stimula,nts will be required to aid growth.
I would strongly advise that such manures as
basic slag, superphosphates and sulphate of
ammonia, be obtained as early as possible, as
there appears already to be some difficulty in
getting such things through. A clean Oat or
Wheat stubble is good land for Potatos, assum-
ing it was deeply ploughed in the autumn.

Wheat. — The daily press is advocating
strongly the sowing of spring Wheat, especially
on broken up pasture. I am little in favour of
spring sown Wheat ; the chance of obtaining a
reasonable crop is too small. Much better have
a full crop of Oats from the same plot. Land
from, which sheep fed Rape, Cabbage or Turnips
was taken, might produce a fair crop of the
white nursery variety. My experience of Wheat
sown on February 22 last year as an experiment
does not encourage me to repeat the experiment,
as it was a miserable failure. My experience
of varieties recommended, like Little .Joss or
Marvel, is that the corn produced lacks
"strength," known as glutln, which is essential
to the miller. A strong sample of MOieat should
be opaque, with a dark slrin, not light in colour
as in the case of a " weak " sample. " Strong "
Wheat should weigh from 63 lbs. to 66 lbs. per
bushel.

0at,s.— When people agitate for the |iIough-
ing up of grass land and sowing theieon Oats,
they are acting wisely as far as this crop is

44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

concevned. This method of dealing with vvovii-
oiit S;infoin leys is common and on all fours
with the ploughing up of pasture. Wireworm is
apt to be troublesome to the first crop, but with
judicious management this pest can be kept
under. At times heavy fields of Oats are ob-
tained from such a preparation. From 48 to 60
bu.'^hels per acre may reasonably be expected.

Plough the land at once, and not more than
5 inches deep, carefully adjust the skim coulter
on the plough to ensure the grass being thor-
oughly buried. The presser should follow in
each furrow to consolida-te the whole, thus ensur-
ing the rotting of the turf quicker and making
travelling less easy for the wireworm. If the
ploughing be done at once a good surface tilth
will be obta-ined by sowing time — March 1.
Four bushels of seed per acre is the common
quantity allowed ; some sow more, others less.
In some counties black Oats only are grown, the
Tartarian varlsty being generally preferred ; in
other districts white Oats of the Abundance
type are largely grown.

Mangolds. — Tliis is one of the most ijnporta.iit
of root crops grown, especially for dairy cows
in butter production. Horses, sheep, pigs and
poultry all appreciate the roots. The amount of
crop obtained per acre varies considerably,
owing to soil and methods of culture ; a reason-
able yield is 30 tons per acre. For cows in milk
the Tankard section is preferred, as con-
taining mon? sugar. Globe varieties produce
a heavier bulk, and are valuable for sheep, pigs
and poultry. The quantity of seed per acre is
8 lbs. Mangolds can be grown quite well by
the aid of artificial manure only. Therefore,
those with no animal manure available need not
despair, though with a combination of the two
greater success is assured. Spread from 15 to
20 tons of farmyard manure per acre, if avail-
able, on the plot selected, which may have
carried Wheat, Oats or Barley as the previous
crop, and was ploughed deeply in the autumn.
Plough in the manure at once ; this will allow
tim to obtain a good surface tilth by April, which
is a good time to sow the seed.

Oabbaqe. — Varieties of the Drumhead type
will produce a large quantity of valuable food
from an acre of land well managed, ready for
the use of cows early in October, as the grass
in the pastures is getting scarce. Sheep fatten
on Cabbage alone in the early autumn. For
breeding sows and poultry, too. Cabbage is an
economical food. Half a pound of 93ed will
be sufficient for an acre, raising the plants in
a bed and transplanting them afterwards. Heavily
manured and deeply ploughed stiff land is ideal
for this crop. The surface should be left as rough
as possible to be pulverised by the weather.

PotTLTRT.— At the present time poultry is one
of the most valuable assets to a farm, no matter
how isniall.; but, unfortunately, in Oie ipast
poulti-y has been sadly neglected by the farmer,
until the present scarcity of eggs has forced upon
all classes the need of grea.ter effort in maintain-
ing a better home supjjly. Among the fifty
breeds of fowls there is naturally a difference
of opinion as to which is the best. Too many
persons wish to combine egg and table fowls in
one breed. Tliis is not possible if perfection in
egg production and table fowl is the aim. For
all-round, hardy utility fowls, Rhode Ishind
Red, Light Sussex, Buff and White Orpington
are to be recommended. For egg production
only. White and Black Leghorn are excellont.
For table chickens. Silver' or Daik Dorking,
crossed with Indian game, are unequalled. As
a combination, Plymouth Rock, Buff and Black
Orpington, crossed with Indian or English game,
are good.

No time should be lost in mating the birds
for this season's supply. Six hens of 1915
hatching, mated with a cockerel of last season's
hatch, or six pullets mated with a bird of 1915,
should produce good results. E. Moli/iwiix.
Swanmore Park, Bishop's Waltham.

LAW NOTE.

DELAY IX TRAXSIT.

At the Huntingdon County Court on Friday,
before his Honour Judge Wheeler, K. C, the
Great Northern Railway Company sued H.
Papworth, fanner, Ramsey, for 18s. lOd., car-
liage of manure, and defendant brought a
counter-claim of £4 Is. for loss on sale of a
quantity of Celery. Mr. R. G. Deacon, from
the solicitor's department, King's Cross, ap-
peared for the company, and Mr. Serjeant, of
Ramsey, for the defendant.

The claim for carriage was admitted, and on
the counter-claim Mr. Serjeant said in Novem-
ber, 1914, his client consigned from Ramsey St.
Mary Station to a firm of salesmen at St. Pan-
eras Potato Market 300 rolls of Celery for sale
on commission. The Celery arrived on Novem-
ber 30, hot and in bad condition. Some 270
rolls were sold for 8s. per dozen and 30 for 4s.
per dozen, the market price that day for Celery
in good condition being 12s. per dozen rolls.
Defendant claimed 4s. per dozen on 270 rolls,
less 9s. commission. In the ordinary course
of transit the Celery should have reached the
market the day after it was loaded up, but in
this instance the Celery was five days in transit.
A claim was originally sent in for £3 15s. 2d.
in December, and defendant heard nothing from
the company until April, 1915, when they wrote
that the delay in the transit was due to the
exceptionally congested state of the railways at
the time, consequent on the war. No doubt the
war had something to do with the delay at the
time, but the question was whether the delav
in this case was due to neglect.

His Honour said they had all had to suffer
inconvenience by reason of the wai'.

Mr. Serjeant said the company had to prove
that this particular traffic was delayed by the
war.

His Honour : I am bound to assume there is
a war going on. The next question is : Was
this delay caused by the war?

Mr. Deacon, for the company, admitted there
was delay, but thought he could shorten the
case on another point. On the consignment note
signed by Mr. Papworth, Clause 3 read : " No
claim in respect of goods for loss or damage
(luring the transit for which the company may
be liable will be allowed unless the same be
made in writing within three days after delivery
of the goods." In this case the company heard
nothing about the claim until December 8.
although the goods were delivered on Novem-
ber 30, so that the company had no opportunity
of inspecting.

"Mr. Serjeant said the claim was made at the
earliest date, as his client did not hear of the
delay until December 2.

His Honour pointed out that defendant's
agent, to whom the goods were consigned, was
equally bound by the conditions laid down by
the company. Mr. Serjeant said if his Honour
held that the condition applied in this case,
there was still the point as to whether the delay
had been reasonable.

Mr. Deacon said he was prepared, if neces-
sary, to fight the case on the question that the
delay was due to the war.

His Honour : We all know that the war has
caused delay on the railways. Even in my own
small way I have been delayed hours and hours.
Mr. Serjeant : I am afraid we all have.
His Honour thought defendant must be bound
by the condition stated^ This condition was
purposely inserted for the protection of the com-
pany. He had a lot to do with cases dealing
with railwav conditions in his younger days,
and had tried over and over again to get be-
yond them, but always failed to do so. He
gave a verdict for the railway company on the
claim and counter-claim.

©bttuat^.

Lf VI HARTLEY.— This veteran gardener pas.sed
away at the end of 1916. Mr. Hartley was for
the past fifteen years gardener to Admiral Sir .1.
Bridgman. R.N., at Copgrove Hall, near Harro-
gate, and prcvioiusly for a similar period at

Spellow Hill, whed'c the late Mr. Stobart had an
excellent collection of Orchids, the Odonto-
glossums being a great feature. A brusque, out-
spoken Yorkshireman. Mr. Hartley was highly
respected by all who knew him. even by those
who perchance did not agree with his views,
always fearlessly expressed. He was a well-
known figure at the London R.H.S. Shows. He
was laid to rest on New Y'ear's Day in the little
churchyard at Copgrove, close to the scenes of
his many activities, amid many manifestations
of esteem and respect. T. A.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Ihere are lew gardeners, and still iewer amateurs, who d-
not on occasion require immediate mformation upon various point -
of practice. But either from an unwillingness to inquTe. or from
not knowing of whom to make the inquiry, they too often fail to
obtain the information they are in want of. And let no one be
alarmed lest his questions should appear trifling, or those of a
person ignorant of that which he ought to know. He is the
wisest man who is conscious of his ignorance ; for how little do
the wisest really know !— except that they know little. If one
man is unacquainted with a fact, however common, it is probable
ihat Iiundreds of others in the same position as himself ar^
rqually In wam of similar in'crmation. To ask a question, then
s to consult the goo^ o' others as well as of o-e's <elf "—
(^'ardprwrt,^ Chrniiiclp. jV". /, Vol, /., Janrmrv ^. JS',J.
Hardy CTPKiPEDnjMS : Dm-set Gardener. Some
of the North American species, like C. acaule
and C. montanum, may be grown in soil which
is quite free from lime if given the requisite
conditions of shade and su'table soil. For these
two a soil rich in humus overlying heavier,
we.l-drained loam is nece'ssary. C. spectabile
may be grown in heavy loajn, and sometimes
does well on a bank amongst low shrubs in
full sun, wlhere the soil is very retentive,
though no stegnant moisture is found anywhere
near the plant. This position has been tried
with success a.fter failums in a peat bog. Ttoe
Siberian C. macranthum, and our native C.
Calceolus, with the intermediate C. ventri-
cosum, are easy to grow if a prepared bed oi
heav>' loam is available. If Dorset Gardener
could get some clay and mix it with his sandy
loam he would have a suitable compost for
these plants. Plenty of lime rubble in the way
of drainage is also necessary, and a half-shady
position is best amongst low-growing shrubs.
Onions : G. W. In an ordinary way it is not
necessary to bend the neck of an Onion over
in order to get it to mature satisfactorily, nor
is it advisable to make the practice a general
one ; at the same time it is found that in cases
where particular plants develop thick necks and
show a disposition to continue growth the pur-
pose 15f the grower, which is the ripening of
the bulb, is accelerated by imposing the check
referred to in your note.
Purchase of Potato Tubers : F. de H. B. We
cannot be responsible for advising you where
it is possible to obtain perfectly healthy seed-
tubers, though there is no doubt that they
are (or were) to be purchased. There are cer-
tain varieties that so far have proved immune
from the black scab disease, but we judge froD>
your letter, which is scarcely so definite as
could be wished, that your loss last season
was caused by the older disease, Phytophthora
infestans. Read tine hints on Potatos printed
on pp. 34 and 36.
Thermometer: A. W. The easiest way of test-
ing your thermometer is to compare its read-
ings with another instrument that is known tt>
be correct. If you have not a recently tested
thermometer take the one you consider doubt-
ful to a manufacturer or dealer in scientific
instruments, and he will doubtless test it for
vou for a small fee.

Communications Received.— F. w. M.— E. H. J.

—A. N. H.— W L. II.— A. H. M.— a. II. P.— Patriot—
.S. T.-A. .C-G. W.— W. B. C'.-W. H. A.— R. G.—
O. A. R— C. Webster— Dr. H.— W. J. G.— E. M.—
A. S.— G. T.— Dublin.

"(^"New Postal Uktes. — Contributors and
rnrtespondents are reminded that under the new
postal rates, letters bearinrj a penny stamp
must not weigh more than one ounce. ' The postril
eharr/e for letters exceeding one ounce, hut not
exceeding two ounces, is twopence, and there-
after at the rate of {d. every two ounces.

Jantary 27, 1917]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

gUNYARD'S

FRUIT

TREES

,^r, in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
tree and sound in the country Iti <iuantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions

CATALOGUe

by ReTURn

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

•BLACKFRIARS BRAND.'

Mi:

BEST
UN

GEORGE BUNYARD- CO.

Royal Nurseries,

MAIDSTONE.

OIL
PUTTY.

C.iHipK-tc Prii-e Li-st ot
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c..

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Blackfriars Wharf, Upper Ground Street, S.E.

BOILERS.

:: For House and CirLciiliouse. ::
Sectional, Saddle and other Patterns
;; for Replacement, &c. ::

FROM STOCK.

Tile "Hor»= Shoe" Holler.
R.H.8. C3L0 & SILVER MEDALS.

Liil <■? I'xi Frff. 'Phone: Hop 37'.!.

C p. KINNELL & CO., LD.,

65a, SOUTHWARK ST., LONDON, S E.

(flnsc tn ll,.|. Kvcll.irifje.)

Write for
Free Sample

Cret Pot With Boolclet and you'll
appreciate the Cret Advantages in root
room, drainage, porosity, cleanliness,
shapeliness, and strength. Greater
health on your staging,

THE BOOKLET gives all Cret prices per 100.
enabling you to buy just wKat you want.
Also 5 Special Assorlment Offers. Carriage
Paid on orders over 20/-. Wri'e today.

Two Specimen Prices— 2i ins., 4/- per lOO;
7i ins., 21/-. Safe Delivery Guaranteed,

PETER BAILEY & SONS. LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an i cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varie.ies

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Kxotic Nnrseries CUF.I.TENH AM.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

Kor VINE liOROERS, CAliNATION.S,
KOSES, MEl.ON.S, CHR V.SAiNTHEMl'MS,
FKUIT.S UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

(iuoiaiions Carriage Paid >

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park. Cranleigh, SURREY.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on lire cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer, One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Contains s plates in colour. Price l/IO iiost free.

THE PUBLISHER.

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41. WellinBton

Street. Covent Garden. London, W.G.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

ets there t .

I and makes the Garden ;^J^\rk
gay all the year round r.^^^^T^-

|,|y»jaa»jjJAj=lAlglSCTIiB

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

IVr A R K E T S.

COVENT GARDEN. January U.
; cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week precedincr
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate notr only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flowers, &c.

Arums, per doz. S 0
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun. 7 0
Camellias, white

per doz blms. 3 0
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 4 0-

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 5 0-

Chrysanthemums,
white per
doz. blooms.. .3 0-

— white. per
doz. bunches 30 0-

Daffodils, single.

per doz bun. 12 0-
Eucharis.per doz

blooms .. 3 0-
Freesia, per doz.

bun 3 0-

Oardenia per

box of 12 and

18 blooms .. 6 0-
Heather. white.

per doz, bnn. 12 0
L ilium lonei-

florum. long 6 0-
short .. 6 0-

Avepage Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Liliiim-

lancifolium

album, long.. 3 0 3 6

short .. 2 6-30

rubrum,

per doz.. long.. 3 6-40

short .. 3 0-36

Lily-of-the-Vallev.

per doz. bun. 2i 0-30 0
Narcissus.
llrandPrinio,
per doz. bun, 4 0-60

— Soliel d'Or.
Guernsey. per

.56 0 doz. bun, .. .S 0-12 0

Orchids, per doz,:
15 0 - Cattleya .. 12 0-li 0

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— Od on toglos-
sum crispum 3 0-40

Pelargoniums, per

doz. bunches.

doublescarlet 12 0-1.5 0
Tulip, white, jjer

doz. bun. .. 30 0-36 0
Violets, single.

Princess of

Wales.. .. 4 0- .5 0

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantum (Mai- s.d. s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 9 0-10 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus. lone

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6- S 0

— — medium.

doz. bunches 12 0 18 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-12 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz, bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz, bunches 12 0-15 0

s,d. s.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-12 0

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08

— common .. 5 0-40

Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun.

2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 9 0-10 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.
small-leaved
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-16

6 0-

French Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

S.d.=.d.

bur

4 6

— single, mixed

per doz, bun, 12 0-15 0
Lilac, white, per

doz, sprays . . 4 6-60
Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun. 10 0-12 0
Narci.'Sus. paper

white.perdoz,

bun 3 6-40

Narcissus— con,

— Sol d'Or. per

doz. bun. of 6 4 0-46
Ranunculus, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0-80

— Carmine, per

d z. bun. .. 8 0-90

— Romano,
scarlet, per
doz, bun. .. 1

Violets, single,

per doz. bun, 3 0-40

0-18 0

Rb.marks.— The cut flower department has still an
empty appearance. Chrysanthemums are practically
fini.shed. and this fact has forced up the prices fm
other white flowers, conditions which promise to obt;iin
for a few weeks to come. A few boxes of Daffntlils
are received from Lincolnshire. There is a furllier
of these flowers and yellow Narcissus from
n their prices is expected
caused a shortage

Guernsey
dailv.

suppl

The

and Liliu
sold at high prices.

vhite and
The supply

uflftcient for the demand; the
good. .\ few red Roses (Richmond)
e being offered at
Small consignments
are received daily ; they are mostly
i.ssus. Acacia. " Mimosa," "and Violets,
lieen no Anemones. Ranunculuses or Mar-
n France this season.

crop
10s. to 12s. per dozen bloon
ench fli

Plants In Pots, be,: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. ., 6 0-60
Asparagus plu-

moBus nanus.

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0-36 0
Cacti, various,

per tray of IS's 4 0 —

— tray of 12'8 .. 6 0-

s.d
Cocos Weddelli-
ana, 48's, per
doz 18 0-

— 60'B per doz, 8 0-
Croton per doz. 18 0-
Erica gracilis .. 10 0-

— melanthera.. 18 0-

— hyemalis .. 12 0-

— hyemalis, in
thumbs .. 4 0-

Plants In Pots, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.— co»i.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Latania borbon-
10 0-15 0 ica. per doz .. 12 0-30 0
Li li u m longi-
florum, per
doz 36 0-42 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

— — album .. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites, in

48'8. per doz. 12 0 —
Pandauus Veitchii.

per doz. .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6-21 0
Roman Hyacinths

per box 24's, 8 0-10 0
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0
:ks.— The very cold weather has caused business
in this department to be almost at a standstill; the
majority of growers will not send tender plants to
market in such wintrv weather.

Ferns, in thumbs,
per 100..

— per 100, in
small and
large 60's

— in 48's. per doz

— in 32's, per
doz

— choicer sorts,
per doz. 48'8. .

Geonoma gracilis

60's. per doz..

larger, each.,
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz.
larger, per

doz

— Forsteriana,
60's. per doz..

12 0-18 0

8 0-12 0

6 0-80
2 6-76

4 0-80
18 0-36 0

5 0-80

He

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Artichokes. Globe
per doz.

— J e rusalem,
per bus.

Asparagus. Paris
Green. perbun.

Beetroot. per bus.

Beans. English,
per lb.

Broccoli, purple
sprouting, per
bus

BrusselsSprouts,
per bus.

Cabbage, per
tally ..

— Red, per doz.
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeriac, per doz.
Celery, per doz,..
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
(Jarlic. per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz.
Leeks, per doz. ..

s,d,s,d,
2 6-46

2 6 -
6 0 -

12 0-30 0
10 0-20 0

Lettuce. Cabbage

per doz. .. 1 0-

Mushrooms.perlb. 1 3-

Mustard and
Cress. perdoz.
punnets .. 10-

Onions. per bag 18 0-1

— spring, per
doz, bun. .. 8 0

Parsnips, perbuB, 3 0-
Peas, per lb, .. —
Putatos, new, per

lb 0 6-

Radishes. per

doz. bun. .. 1 6-
Rhubarb. forced,

per doz, .. 13-
Savoys. per tally 6 0
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 12 0-
Shallots, per lb, 0 5-
Spinach, per bus. 12 0
Swedes, per bag 5 0
Tomatos. Tene-

riffe. per

bundle .. 16 0-

Turnips, new, per

bag .. .. 6 0

— Tops, per bag 4 0-
Watercress, per

doz 0 9-

10 0
15 0

20 0

4 6
1 0

s.d, s.d,
70 0 —

Fruit : Average Wholesale Pricts.

s.d,s,d.
Grapes: Almeria,

perbrl. .. 16 0-25 0

— Alicante .. 13-26

— Gros Colman,
per lb 14-30

— Muscats, per
lb 12 0-15 0

Grape Frnit. per

case .. ..16 0-20 0
KentCobs.perlb. 10-13
Lemons, per case 14 0-25 0

Nectarines, per

box .. ..5 0-10 0

Nuts, Brazils,

new, per cwt. 90 0 —

— Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 31 0-32 0

Almonds,
cwt. ..
Apples—

— C al i f ornian
Newtowns.
per case .. 12 6-14 0

— English
Cooking, per
bus 11 0-12 0

— Nova Scotian
barrels .. 29 0-38 0

— Oregon, per
case .. ..14 0-17

-\pricots,per box 4 0-60
Bananas, bunch—

— Medium .. 18 0 —

— X-medium .. l.s 0 —

— Extra .. .. 20 0 —

— Double X .. 24 0 — „ , . „ ,o „

— Giants .. 28 0-30 0' Oranges, per case lb 0-42 0
Peaches, per box 4 0-10 0

- Calif ornian 15 0-22 0
" 22 0-26 0 Plums, per box 4 0-80
per Tangerines, per

.. 19 0-20 0 ' box .. ..10-20
Walnuts.

per cwt. .. 56 0-85 0

£18 —

per

ton ..
Chestnuts,

bag
Cranberries,

case ..
Dates, per doz.

boxes ..

Remarks. — There are only limited supplies of both
English and Colonial Apples. Pears from California
arc a good supply, the varieties consisting of Winter
Nelis, Doyenne du Cornice, Glou Morceau and Easter
Beurre. Black Grapes are fairly plentiful, but Muscat
varieties are almost finished. A consignment of fruit
from the Cape is due to reach the market, the ship-
ment consisting of Nectarines, Peaches, Pears, Plums
and .\pricots. Seville Oranges are on offer. There has
been a better supply of French salads during the past
week. Forced vegetables are scarce, and if cold
weather continues there will be a shortage in all vege-
tal'les front out-of-doors. Some good Tomatos are reach-
mi; 111.- iiiaiket from Tenerifle. E. H. R.. Covcnt Gar-
ilrn Market. Jniniartj »i, 1917.

Potatos.

s.d.s d. I Lincoln.- c. n. s.d. s.d.
10 6 11 6 Blackland .. 10 6 11 0

10 6-11 6 I Evergood .. 10 6-11 6
I KiiigEdw.ird.. 11 0 12 H

11 6-12 0 I (Jueen .. ..11 0-12 0
l;i ,rr :■. - ili.M are moderate supplies and a fair

dt ill. Ill i ^ ■ I. ,11 London are not very large. Prices
;irt, ,i!. Ill 1 1, .IIII-' as those of last week. Edward .7.
Ki-iihniii, ( ,11,111 (,'arden and St. Pancras, January U,
1917.

Bed ford -
Kirg Edwin
Al r n Chief

Lincoln —
Arran Chief

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

ELSTREE AND BOREHAM WOOD HORTICUL-

T URAL,— At, the meeting of the Elstite and Boreliam
Wood Horticultural Societv. held at the Parish Hall,
Letchinorc Heath, on the 18th inst., Mr. Edwin Beckett
gave an address on " Increased Vegetable Culture,"
Mr. C. P. Ayre, J. P., occupied the chair. Despite bad
weather the hall was crowded. Slides were shown deal-
ing witii vegetable cultivation, including several re-
(reutly taken of ploughing at Aldenham Park, where
about 30 acres of rough pasture-land is being broken
lip specially for the growing of vegetables The lec-
turer urged the necessity of everyone, who can, to
grow vegetables to assist in adding to the national
food supplies. Questions were answered by Mr. Beckett
at the conclusion of his address. Mr. Kent, Letchmore
Heath, offered, rent free, twenty 10-rod plots on one
of his fields for the use of growers, and stated that
he would give two prizes in connection therewith. The
Society is arranging a series of lectures on Bee Keep-
ing and Poultry Rearing.

WARQRAVE AND DISTRICT QARDENERS'.-The

annual general meeting of this Association took place-
on Wednesday, the 17th inst., the Rev. S. M. Winter.',
a vic^president. occupying the chair. After thej
minutes had been read and signed and some formal'
business done, the election of officers was proceeded
with. Mr. R. Doe. of Parkwood Gardens, was elected
chairman, and Mr. J. F. Mascod. of Wargrave Court*
Gardens, vice-chairman. The committee was re-electetl,,
with Mr. W. Clarke in place of Mr. Doe. Mr. H.",
Coleby was re-elected hon. .secretary and treasurer. The^
annual report and balance-sheet were presented and5
adr^pted. and were considered satisfactory. It was Ae-[
cided to hold another Potato-growing competition^^
among the members, and also a children's Sweet Pea^.
show during the year.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Seeds.
Geo. Cooli.vg and Sons, Bath.
Kent and Brydon, Darlington
G. H. Plant and Co., The Eastgate, Chester.
.lOHN McKerchar. 35. Giesbach Road. Upper Hollowav.
D. G. PURDIE. 6, W.aterloo Street, Glasgow.
T. S. Ware, Ltd., Feltham. Middlesex.
W. Smith and Son. 18. Market Street, Aberdeen.
W. Samson and Co., 8 and 10, Portland Street, Kil-
marnock.
W. Tho.mpson and Co., Ltd., Londonderry.
.\USTIN and Mc-4slan. Glasgow.
Robert Veitch and Son, 54, High Street, Exeter.
Frank Dicks and Co.. 59. Deansgate, Manchester.

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

Southampton Royal Horticultural

Society's Summer Show, to be held in the
grounds of South Stoneham House, on Wednesday,
.Inly II. Secretary. Mr. C. S. Fuidge, 7, Silverdale
Road. Southampton.

THE HOHTICULTURAL

DIRECTORY AHD

YEAR BOOK.

We much regret that the publica-
tion of the Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 has been
delayed by unforeseen and unavoid-
able circumstances. First, the diffi-
culties in regard to printing and
paper supplies have increased greatly
of late; and secondly, the numiber of
corrections that have to be made this
year is. altogether unusual, owing to
the fact that so many gardeners have
joined the Army. To those who have
already sent us prepaid orders we
offer our apologies for the delay, and
assure them that everything possible
is being done to expedite publication.

GARDENERS CHRONICLE, Ltd.,

41. WELLINGTON STREET. COVENT

LONDON, W.C.

Janttakt 27, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Vll.

(Continued from page iii.)

WTAXTED, in good garden. 2 e.xjjerienccil
' ' IMPROVERS, for Inside : age 17 : wages 18s., r sing
19s. weekly ; Bothy, niiLk, vegetables ; 6s. 6d. duty every
fourth week ; 6d. per hour overtime ; 1 o'clock Saturday
—Apply. H. LLOYD, Tewin Water Gardens, Wehvvn,
Herts.

w

AXTED, YOUTH, age about 16. as IM-
PROVER, Inside and Out; wages ITs. and Bilhr.
— E. MORG.^X, Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

"Vl/'AXTED, Two YOUTHS, about 17

' ^ years ; Inside and Out ; wages 17s., 5s. War bonus,
duty paid e:rti-a ; 12 o'clock Saturdays.— W. E. ANDER-
SON, Close House Gardens, Wylam-on-Tync.

TITANTED, Strong YOUTH, age 16 to 17,

' " for Gardens : wages 18s. weekly. — Apply, H.
GOODE, Morton House Gardens, Kingsworthy, Hants.

WTANTED, a YOUTH, for tJie Housr s ;
'' wages 15s., Bothv and vegetables; duty paid. —
State age and if any experience to W. L. BAStlS, Bus.
cot, Faringdon, Berks.

WT'ANTED, for large establishment in the

' ^ Midkinds. Two or Three YOUTHS, about 16. fjr
Inside Work ; good wages and Bothv to smart lads.—
Apply, in the first place, to JOHN PEED & SON, The
King's Seedsmen and Nurserymen, West Norwood.

T^T'AXTED, for Hoklenby Gardens. Strong
' ' YOUTH, 15 to 16, to look after garden horse and
work in Garden ; good wages, Bothv, and attendance. —
Apply, J. SHENNAX, Hold™by. Noithanipton.

"\\rANTED, a LAD for Gardens (In and
' ' Out), about 16. or soldier discharged, formerly
Gardener; comfortable Bothy; liberal wages. — .\pply.
PRATT, Inwood, Templecombe.

WTANTED, YOUXG WOMAX, for Jersey

' ^ Cows and Poultry ; near London ; state wages
and experience.— S. P., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W.C.

ANTED, a OENEKAL SERVANT;

ag-e 18-22 ; cinifortahle fiorne ; very little wa.=h-
no windows; wnge^ £18 to £20.— Applv. 349. Arrli
Road. HighgaU\'U>ndnn, X.

w

TRADE.

W^AXTED. i\lAXAGER, for First-class
' ^ Florist and Fruiterer's business in the pro-
vinces ; must he good Salesman and thoroughly con-
versant with high-class trade. — State salary, experience,
age, &o., to B., Box 22, 11, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.

W AXTED, WORKING FOREMAN, to
take charge of branch Nursery.— WALSHAW A-
SON. Scarborough.

■pXPERIEXCED CHARGE HANDS

•*-^ wanted for Palms, Ferns and Vines ; wages 30s.
per week and 6d. per hour overtime; Sunday dutv
extra.— THOMAS ROCHFORD & .SONS. LTD.. Turnfor'd
Hall Nurseries, near Broxbourne, Herts.

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one used to Roses. Clematis, Chry-
Banthemunis. and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc., to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

/^ROWER wanted, for small collection of
^^ Pot Vines, Roses. &c. ; please state wages re-
quired, age, and send references.- WILL TAYLER,
Hampton Middlesex.

WANTED, good KXIFESMAX; well up
in Budding, Grafting, and Training of Fruit
Trees ; permanent situation tn reliable man ; ineligible.
— Full particulars as to references, wages, &c., to
JOHN PERKINS & .SON. Billing Road Nurseries,
Northampton.

A^ANTEI), a careful, WORKING GAP-
'' DENER for trial grounds; testing .and saving
See<I«. growing Vegetables and Flower.'*, Ac— HARRISON
He SOSS, Seed Merchants. Leicester.

'W/'ANTED, MEN, ineligible, for Soft-
' ' wooded stuff, Chrvsanthemums, Tomatos and
Cucumbers, &c.— G. BENNETT & SON, Hanwell. W.

TITAXTED, capable MAX. f..r iMarkot
' ' Nursery ; inelgible ; used to Tomatos, Ferns, &c.
State wages, age, with copies of ref?.. EWART COOK,
Park Nurseries, Hutton, Essex.

"IVURSERY HAXDS wanted; wages. 33s.
■^' per week, (ivertimc extra; previous experience
preferred, but not imperative. — State age. ic, to
ANDREWS. 34. rrn-jbiook Street, Waltliatn fr..~v,
Horts.

CEED TRADE. -Wanted, at once, in-

•^ eligible smart ASSISTANT for Seed ajid Sundries
orders.— Apply, MANAGER, Seed Dei>t., Army and Navy
Au.\iliary Oo-operative Supply, Ltd., Fjanois Street, 'West.

WAXTED, MEX for General Furnish-
ing and Florist's work ; ineligible.— Apply, WILLS
& SEGAR, P.oyal Exotic Nuraerv, Onslow Oescent, South
Kensington.

w

AXTED, FLORIST, Male or Female,
first-class maker-up.— Apply, stating experience and
required, to WILLS & SEGAR, Roval Exotic Nur-

Onslow Crescent, South Kensington'

PLORIST AXD FRUIT.— YOUXG LADY

-*■ wanted at once ; must be quick at makiTi^-up ;

good wages.~E. COX, Aldwick Road, Bognor.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wo-ds for 1,6, and 6d fop each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.
Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials anly, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.
Advertisers are cautioned against having Letter^
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened hij tin
Postal Authorities and returned to th<
Sender.

PRIVA TE.

G;AR])ENER (Head) or GARDENER and
' BAILIFF.— W. PETERS. Givons Gardens, Leather-
head. IS open to Ke-eugagenient as above ; 29 years' ser-
vice, 20 of whjch in lull charge of estate of' 160 acres
(including pedigree herd of Jerseys), large Garden and
Glass; sati-sfactory reason for leaving; highest refer-
ence ; age 57 ; married.

jyTISS ANSOX, Pusey House, Faringdon,
-^'-■- Berks, higiily recommends her Head Gardener,
C. Jokes, to ujiy lady or gentleman requiring a tho-
roughly ex|>erienoed man as Head in large estabUslunent ;
has bee« with the late Sir W. R. Ansun, Bt., and Miss
.\nson, Hi years as Head, and leaves only because <A
lease expiring; understands electric light plant and stock
if required; age 43; ineligible. — -\pply, C. JONEiS, as
above.

4:jARDEXER (Heap).— The Earl of Abimg-

^" UO.v desires to strongly recommend W. Bro\v.\
.OS an experienced all-round WORKING GARDENER,
Inside and Out ; has been 12 years at Wytham .\bbev,
Oxford, with 5 men under; age 43; married (mie bny.
14) ; di-wngagcd.- Write, W. BROWN, Oookliam Dean,
Maidenhead.

OARDENER (Head), disengaged; for 20

^-^ .veara Head Gardener at Norbury Park ; normjiJ
stuff 12 men ; through death of employe-r seeks re-
engagement ; awarded cuim, medals, &c., at R.H.S.
meetings for Fruit, Vegetohles. Plant« aiid Flowers ;
highest references.— GEO. KENT (a^re 50), 15, Piihom
Lane. Dorking.

QARDENER (Head) in good estahlisb-
^-^ ment; life experience; strongly recommended all
branches. Outside and under Glass; 10 yeai-s nianaffo-
ment small estate (100 acres), land and stock; highe.st
references ; married ; age 43.— DAY, Green View. Holy-
port. Maidenhead.

WT HIGGS, Head Gardener. Fetcham

■ ' • Park. Leatherhead, seeks re-engagement ;
life experience in all braiicbes ; sucoeasful ex^bitor.—
Address, as above.

"UEAD GARDENER requires SituatioTi

^ *■ witli his two .son.'i (exempt from military service),
good references.— B.. 9, Balshier Road, East 'Dulwich.

/^j'ENTT.EMAN hip:'hly recommends his
"^ G.\RDENER (Heau Working), where several are
kept, to any Ia<ly or gentleman re<jui'ring a thoroughly
practical man ; most succesefiil cultivator of all Flowers,
iMcbKling Orchida, Fruit, and Vegetables; 17 years as
Head ; age 45: one daughter (li vears).— .\. WINTER, 31,
Dokliar Road, Dulwich Village, S.K.

QENTLEMAN giving ujj country house

-^ recommends his G.\RDENER (Head Wobkihg) •
practical life experience ; thoroughly reliable and tru^-
wonhy ; married; age 40; inelgible; near London pre-
feiTed.— BARRETT. Hatfield Heath, near Harlow,

QARDENER (Head Worki.vg) seeks Re-

■^ engagemeait; thoroughly experienced in all
brimclies, including Orchids, Carnations, Herbaceous
«nd Alpines; 17 years Head in present situation;

niglily recommended ; married ; age 43 H F

WARREN, Tlie (Jardens, Highfleld, Gainsborough

QARDENER (Head Working, where

^-^ several are kept) ; life experience ; excellent refer-
ences ; single ; ineUgible ; ags 32 ; 8 years in present
6ituation.-F. DENVER, The Vicarage, Cobham, Surrey.

POREMAN (Inside) or HEAD; 25 years
in good establishments ; 42 ; good propagator, de-
corator; thoroughly practical; single; abstainer; at
liberty ; good i-ets. ; state wages ; London or Home
Counties preferred. — C. F0.\, 64, Cumberland Street,
I^inilico, S.W.

rjiISCHARGED SOLDIER, 24, seeks Situa-

-"-^ tion. Inside or Inside and Out ; life experience up
break of war.— S. WRIGHT, Copsley Lodge, Out-

"ood, RedliiU, Surrey.

jyriDDLE-AGED MAN (Single) requires
-■- situation in Gardens, Outside; good reference —
MOORE, 65, Jackson Road, East Barnet, Herts.

ji/fAN (Rejected) seeks Situation (Inside
-^'-^ or Out) ; London or suburbs ; no Mowing or
heavy digging; some experience; willing, trustworthy.
—W. G. BRISTOW, t.B, Dymock Street, Fulhani.

■y^OUNG MAN seeks Situation in the

■■- Houses ; 8 years' experience in the Gardens ; good
references ; finally discharged from Amiy.— E. S. CHARS-
LEV, .\strop Road, King's Sutton, Banbury, Oxon.

yOUNG WOMAN GARDENER re-

-■- (luires post under capable Head ; near Brighton,—
C. 11.. 10, High Street, Brighton.

TJNDER GARDENER (Lady); 1 year's
training; Indoor and Out; three months' experi.
ence.— R. M., Box 21. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gar-
den, W.C.

TRADE.

ADVERTISER, educated, would manage

-^ »■ development land for production,, farm, garden pro-
duce, intensive crops, pigs, poultry, foi-age ciops for
dairy cows, Fruit, Tomatos, instruct disabled soldiers
or women workers; could establisli veiy profitable in-
dustry, employing women all year round.- Address,
Strathniore, LlanfairpwH, Anglesey.

A DVERTISER (Single), with life experi-

-'^*- ence in growing for market, desires position aa
WORKING MANAGER ; keen and energetic ; over mili-
tary age; good references.— B. D., Box 20, 41, WeMimg-
tiin Street, Covent Garden, W.O.

■pOREMAN or MANAGER wishes Re-

-*- engagement when suited ; thoroughly conversant de-
tails; piop.TgatoT and gn>wer all kinds market nursery
stock, all departments, Inside and Outside, &c. ; life ex-
perience ; single ; age 28 ; final discharge from -Army ;
good reference.- E. S., Box 16, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O.

■pOREMAN (Working), near London;

-*- age 54; life experience; Cucumbers, Tomatoa, Vinos,
«ce.— 1'. HAN.SON, 3, Elsden Road, Bruce Grove, Totten-
ham, N.

pOREMAN GROWER, 26 years as Trade
■*- Grower ; Tomatos and Cucumbei'S a speciiality ;
thO'i-oughly . understands the profitable management of
Gkis&houses ; good references for honesty, sobriety, and
abiLity ; capable of taking full chai-ge Inside and Out If
re<iuired ; late grower Duke's Fruit-growing Estate. State
full particulars of crops required growing, aJ*o wages
otfei-ed.— H. J. GUFFIN. c/o Mrs. Coles. Bradninch,
Devon.

PLORIS'T'S MANAGF;R, or as SHOP-

-^ MAN; good maker.up, Floral Decorator, &c. ; life
ex|>erienoe in the trade ; Plants, Seeds, Sundries, &c. ;
can assist with packing, general nursery repairs; good
refs, ; married.— 148, Handuroft Road, Croydon.

LADY GAIRDENER seeks Situation,
Market Gardening preferred; 16 months' training
Indoors and Out; refereime if required.— A. E. SILK,
32. Roilen Street, Ilford, Essex.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[January 27, 1917.

Books as Presents

There is nothing so helpful to a young gardener as
carefully selected books written by successful
cultivators in the various branches of gardening.

Annuals, Hardy and HalfHardy. By Charles
H Curtis. Contains 8 Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Apples and Pears. By Geor£;e Bunyard, V.M.H.
With 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Bulb Book, The. A Practical Work on Culti
vation, Propagation, etc. By John
Weathers. Illustrated. 15s. 7d.

Bulbous Plants, Beautiful. By Jno. Weathers.
5s. 4d.

Bulbs and their Cultivation. By T. W. Sanders.
2s. lOd.

Bulbs, The Book of. By S. Arnott. Illustrated.
2s. 9d.

Carnation Culture, Commercial. Edited by J.
Harrison Dick. A collection of treatises by
the best modern cultivators. Illustrated.
7s. 4d. ($1.50).

Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By Laurence
J. Cook. A Practical Manual with Details
of Cultivation. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth, Is. 9d.

Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook, Head
Gardener at Sandringham; James Douglas,
V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod. Contains 8
Coloured Plates, reproduced from colour
photographs. Is. lOd.

Chemistry of the Garden. By D. R. Edwardes-
Ker. A course of practical work designed
for tihie use of Teachers aad Students of
Gardeniiiig. Is. 8d.

Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson. With
Chapters by Oha;rIes E. Shea ajid C. Harman
Payne. Contains 8 Coloured' Plates. Is. lOd.

Chrysanthemums for Garden and Greenhouse.
By D. B. Crane. Edited by T. W. Sanders.
Illustrated. 2s. lOd.

Climbing Plants. By W. Watson, A.L.S. With
Introduction by W. Robinson, author of
"The English Flower Garden." 28. lOd.
and 3s. lOd.

Daffodils. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob. Witlh
Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. A full
treatLse on their culture for private and
Exhibition purposes. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Dahlias and their Cultivation. By J. B. Wroe.
Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 8d.

Dahlias. By George Gordon, late President of
tlie National Daihlia Society. Contains 8
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

English Flower Garden, The. An Illustrated
Dictionary of the Plants Used, and
Directions for their Culture and Arrange-
ment. By W. Robinson. With numerous
Illustrations. 15s. 7d.

Ferns, The Book of British. By C. T. Druery
Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Ferns, Choice, for Amateurs. For the Garden,

Conservatory, and Stove. Illustrated. With
full directions for their Cultivation, and
Formation of Ferneries, Rockeries, etc. By
George Schneider. New Edition. 3s. lid

Fern Culture. By A. Hemsley. Well illustrated.
2s. 9d.

Ferns and Fern Culture. By J. Birkenhead.
New Edition, revised by F. Parsons. Is. 3d.

Fertilisers and Manures. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S.
5s. 5d.

Floral Decoration, British. By R. F. Felton.
Containing 26 full-page Illustrations (12 in
Colour). 4s.

Flower Garden, The. By T. W. Sanders. The
Formation and Management of a Garden, and
the Culture of Outdoor Flowers and Plants.
450 pages. 104 Illustrations. 8s.

Fruit Culture, Practical. A Treatise on Plant-
ing, Growing and Storage of Hardy Fruits
for Market and Private Growers. By J.
Cheal. Sixth Edition. Illustrated. 2s. "9d.

Fruit Farming, Practical, for Commercial Fruit-
growers and others. By Cecil H. Hooper.
3s. lOd.

Fruit Farming for Profit. By George Bunyard.
A practical treatise on all the more profitable
Fruits. Sixth Edition. 2s. 9d.

Fruit Garden, The. By George Bunyard and
Owen Thomas. 13s.

Fruit Trees, The Scientific and Profitable Cul>
ture of. From the French of M. Du Breuil.
Fifth Edition. carefuUv Revised by George
Glenny. With 187 Woodcuts. 3s. 9d.

Garden Beautiful, The, for Home Woods and
Home Landscape. By W. Robinson. Illus-
trated. 7s. lOd.

Garden Planning and Planting. A Guide to the
Laying out and Designing of Flower Beds
and Bordprs. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth, Is. 9d.

Garden, Chemistry of the. A Primer for
Amateurs and Young Gardeners. By Her-
bert H. Cousins, M.A. Is. 2d.

Garden Designs, The Book of. By Charles
Thonger. 2s. lOd.

Garden Series (edited by R. Hooper Pearson).
My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles,
M.A., Chairman of Scientific Committee of
Royal Horticultural Society. With Pre-
face by Eteginald Farrer. 320 pages.
Contains 16 Coloured Plates and 24 Half-
tones. Price, 5s. 6d.
My Garden in Summer. By the same author

as above. Price 5s. 5d.
My Garden in Autumn and Winter. By the
same author. Issued 1915. Price 5s. 6d.

Gardener's Assistant, The. New Edition by
William Watson, Curator, Royal Gardens,
Kew. 6 vols., cloth, 8s. 6d. each. Also in
2 vols., Roxburghe binding, 52s.

Grafting and Budding, Art of. By Charles
Baltet. With Illustrations. 2s. 9d.

Irises. By W. R. Dykes, M.A. With Preface
bv Prof. Bayley 'Balfour, F.R.S. Contains
8" full page Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary. New Elditioa.
9s. 6dt

Landscape Architecture, The Art of. By Samuel
Parsons. A practical and authoritative work.
Illustrated. 18s.

Lilies. By A. Grove. With Preface by H. J.
Elwes, F.R.S. Contains 8 Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Orchids and their Cultivation. By James
O'Brien, V.M.H., Hon. Sec. of the R.H.S.
Orchid Committee. Contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates from Colour Photography.
Is. lOd.

Orchids: Their Culture and Management. By
W. Watson (Curator, Roval Botanic Gardens,
Kew) and H. J. Chapman. Illustrated with
180 Engravings and 20 Coloured Plates.
25s. 8d.

Pansies, Violas and Violets. By W. Cuthbert-
son and R. Hooper Pearson. With 8 full-
page Coloured Plates from Colour Photo- -
graphy. Is. lOd.

Peach, The Book of the. By H. W. Ward.
A Practical Handbook on the Cultivation of
Peaches and Nectarines under Glass and
Out-of-doors. 2s. lOd.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With Preface by Sir F. W. Moore, F.L.S.
(The first popular volume published on this
subject.) 8 full - page Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Rock Gardens. Bv Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S.
Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late Alex-
ander Dean. Contains 8 full-page Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Roses. By H. R. Darlington. Contains 8 full-
page Coloured Plates. 2s. lid.

Sweet Peas, The Modern Culture ol. By Thomas
Stevenson. Fully described and illustrated.
W^ith Coloured Plates. Paper edition.
Is. 3d. ; cloth, 3s. 4d.

Trees and Shrubs, Hardy, Ornamental Flower-
ing. By A. D. Webster. Third Revised
and greatly Enlarged Edition. 3s. lOd.

Tulips. Bv the Rev. Joseph Jacob. Illustrated
with 8" Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Vegetables for Home Consumption and Exhibi-
tion. By E. Beckett, V.M.H. Useful for
every Gardener, and indispensable to Exhibi-
tors. New Edition. 5s. 6d.

Vegetables and Flowers, the Culture of, from
Seeds and Roots. By Sutton & Sons, Read-
ing. New Edition. 53. 6d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Printed for tie Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lov« and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street High Holborn. London, W.O., and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellmgton Street, Oo\ea% Garden, Oity ot WestminstCT, Saturday, January 27, 1917. .\gent for Manchester : John Hetwood,

No. 1571. Vol. LXI. CZZ} SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 1917.

■j Registered as a Newspaper. \ "R'CE Su .
I I Post-free, 3Jd.

SVBSCBIPTION— Inland, tS'-i Forngn, /7/6 [22/r. lOe.] [$4 ZSc.] per annutn. Entered at New York Feat Office as second-class matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telegraphic Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 45.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

(Iwmg to the earlier (W^patch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
han again been advanced, and in future adver-
tmements received after 5 p.m on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

yOUa GAEDES NBaiDS FOOD!
To obtain the Finest Vegetables and Flowers, use
WEBBS' GARDEN EEHTILISERS.

' ' I'EKFECT PLANT FOODS. Used by the

Lea.Jing Gtcniers and Eihibitora. Manufac-
tured at Webbs' Manure Works, Saltney,
Ohesler, 6 acres in ejctent.
POTATO MANURE, 10s. 6d. per i cwl., 20s.

TOMATO MANUltE, lis. 6d. per 1 c\v-t., 25s.

owt.
GENLUAL MANURE. 10s. 6d. per 4 c»-t., 20s.

owt.
VINE .MANURE, 12s. 5d. per i cwl.. 21s. cwt.
LAWN MANURE, 12s. 5d. per i owt., 218. cwt.
Rose, CajniiUou, Chrysanthemum, and Sweet

Pea Manure*. Carriage Paid.
For particulars, see Webbe' Garden Oatologue,

poet free on request.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seeds-
men, STOURBRIDGE.

w

f MIEENHOUSE PAINTINtl .^ GLAZING

^-' • Vitrolite," supeiior to Whit© Load Paint, 15s
iiL-i gall. " Plafitine " supersedes putty, 18s. per cwt. —
lull particulars Irom W. OARSON & SONS, Grove
Works, Bottersea. Agents throughout tie country.

MKW PHLOXEa.
A GRAND STOCK <.f iJiese Brilliant

■"-*■ Flowers in .ill sliades, now ready lor delivery.—
For lists, with luU particulars, apply GUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

JAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
servatories, Oroeiirhoujica. &c., and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street, CheUea, London, S.W. Wire, 201,
Western London. Telephone : 201 Western.

AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

—New Catalogues ot the .ibovc now issued gratis.
(Irand Now Early I'ca, La.tton'3 Superb, &c.. Fruit
Troes. A too stoi-k to offer —may still be safely planted.
I'amphlet on Ouitival.ion on receipt of (tamped enve;
l„pe._LAXTON BROIMERS, Nurserymen, Bedfoid.

I ^IDLER'S NEW nj.USTR.\TEJ) CATA-
■ LOGUE OF OHlllCE GAKDEN SEEDS will be sent,
post free, to any address f.n. receipt of pc>st«iTd. Write
;il once for a copv. It ni.TV help yon to save 50 percent,
on Vfiur seed bili this iwiison.— FIDLEU & SONS, Royal
lleriishiTe Seed Stores, Reading.

DICKSON'S TIORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-claas Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mn-vlirooin SpiAvn, Priced circulars
free on application t... DIOKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

\^M. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
' ' LTD., Lawrence Koad, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Pe<icih-houscs,
Portable Buildings, &c. Cattdogiies gratis.

SEOURE YOUR SUPPLIES OF THE FOLLOWING
WITHOUT DELAY.

CUTTON'S EARLY GIANT PEA.

^^ A popular early variety, per pint Is. 9d.

SUTTON'S BES'r OF ALL Rl'NTTEK BEAN.

The largest podded Se^u-iet Huiuier, jKjr i pint Is. 9d.

SUTTON'S NEW RED INTERMEDIATE CAIUIOT.

A type for geuenil cuJtiivatioai, per pkt. Is.

SUTTON'S TENDER AND TRUE PARSNIP.

Of white flesh and delicate flavour, per 02. lOd.

Post free.

s

UTTON A: SONS. The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

C^OAVAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^^ — Xtie best au<J much Ihe cheapest.— Full pai-ticulars
oil applioation to JOHN COWAN & CO., Gateaore Nur-
series, Gateocre, Liverpool.

s

ANDER AND SONS,

Orchid Growers, St. Albana.

\YATERER'S ROSES A ERITIT TREES.
' ' Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists tree. —
.lOHN \\.\TERER, SONS & ORISP, LTD., The Nuxseries,
Twyford. Berks.

CYCLAMEN SEEDLINGS, for potting up

^-^ of our choice strains. Giant White, Deepest Bed.
Rose, Persicum. or Mixed, 2s. lOd. per doz. ; Salmon
King, Cherry Rijie, Js. 6<1. per dcK., posi free.— STU.\UT
LOW & CX)., Bush HUl Park, Middlesex.

SOW IS THE TIILE TO PLANT

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.

Kelway's beautiful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured Phloxes.
Kelway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new and choice hardy perennial plants of a.IJ
kinds.
NOW is the time to ORDER for Spring planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyretihrums.
Kelway's gay Gaillardias,

NOW is the time to SEND for particulars to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Department,

LANOrORT. SOMERSET.

1 on CifiCi LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

X.\.f\J f\J\J\J 20s, 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies, Hydrangeas,
ic. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
'^ries. Loughborough Junction. London. S.W.

PNGLISH YEWS.— The cleanest ami
-*--^ healthiest lo^ in England ; every plant a perfect
specimen and spl6ndi<llv rooted ; 2ft. to 2ift., 60s.
iwr 100; 2ift. to 3tt.,' 90s. per 100; 3ft. to 3Jfl.,
120s. per 100; 3ift. to 4ft., ISOs. per 100; 4ft. to 4ift.,
24«. per doz. ; 6ft., 30s. pcT doz.— HINTON BROS., LTD.,
The Warwick Nurseries, Warwick.

ROOK GARDEN PLANTS, WH.ere and
In What Soils to Plant Them," witih Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections. 12, Ss. 6d. ;
25, 5s. 5(1. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 253. All different, named,
strong Htock ; please state position ajwi soil.^G, R.
PIIIPI'S, Alpine Nursery, Barnham, Bognor.

»>rirt CAMELLIAS in variety, 2^ to 3ft.,
'•"" bushy and buddy, 10s. each; 250 large
Dracaena indivisa, 4ft., 5b. each. — SMITH. Fernery,
Loughborough Junction. London, S.W.

w

For Advertisement Charg^es see page ii.

PEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS lOR RICH CROPS.

•*- You wunt tyiCtfpLional results from youa- garden

this year. Wiite for our 1917 Seed List. We
oan give you tlia reooi-d eroi>s you waii't-

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

men and Nm'serymeu,

WEST NORWOOD.

(^ISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide
^-" and Fungicide.- Over 60 years' reputation ; highly
Commended B.H.S. Scientiflcally-controlled Trials at
Wisloy, 1914-15. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W.

■yyATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.— We cordially iavite you to oome
and select any pbuits you require. We have ovei- 50
acres, comprising tlie finest colleotion in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN W.iTERllR, SONS & OBISl',
LTD., The Nursei-ies, Bagsliot, Surrey.

ELLS' Catalogue of Chrysanthemums
and Perpetual Oamations now ready, post free
jn appUcaUon.— W. WELLS & CO., Merstham, Surrey.

IJATH'S SELECT SEEDS.- New lUus-

•*-' trated Catalogue of Olioice Vegeta.ble and Flower
Seeds, with full oultur.al notes, is now ro;idy, and will
lio sent post free on application.— (Dcpt. A), R. H. BATH,
LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

l)OBBlE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,

-^-^ EDINBURGH, wiU send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Garclonlng, 160 pages, nearly 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioiljed.

liTACKENZIE and MONCUR, Limited,

"^ Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. Loudon Office, 8. Camden
Road, N.W.

IJARR'S SEED GUIDE, now ready, free.
■^-^ Vegetable and Flower Seeds of finest Selected
Strains and Tested Growth at moderate prices.
BARB & SONS, King Street, Covent Oaideiu, London.

PRUIT TREES, true to name, my speci-
-*- ality. Trained Trees, in well-grown, extra-sized
sptciniens, with fibrous roots. Cordon Pears, Grape
Vines. Orang-e Treea. Fig Trees, in pots, for fruiting.
CaUIogues.— WILL TAYLER. Hampton, Middlesex.

■pERNS! FEHNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-
-*• ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free.— J. E.
SMITH, I/ondon Fern Nursery. LoughlK>rough Junction,
London, S.W.

GENUINE OLD YORK STONE
PAVING for Rose Walks, Terraces, Lily Ponds,
&c. ; rectangular or crazy ; delivered in large or small
quantities.— H. BROOK, Quarry Owner. 40, Valley Road,
Streatham, S.W.

()RCHID PEAT. 5s. and 7s. 6rl. per sack ;

^-^ Brown Peat, 10a. 6d. per yard in trucks; in
hags 2s. each, 24s. dozen; Oak and Beech Leal Mould,
Yellow Loam. Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand ;
4ton lots for 458.; OIN. Fibi-e, 18s. doaem bilgs ; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltliam, Middlesex.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Eebbuaht 3, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY NEXT.

Spnns flowering and other Bulbs, Hardy Herba-
ceous, and Rock Plants, Rhododendrons, Rose,s, Fruit
Trees, Palnis, Lily-Qf-the-V.'Uley, Oarniitions, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G., at
12 o'clock each day.
On view mornings of sales and catalogues had.

SPECIAL TRADE SALE.

Wednesday, February 7th. at 3 o'clock.

Quantities of Narcissus, lite flowering Tulips. Gladiolus
in. variety, Anemonfis, Ranunculus, Spiraeas, Lily-of-
tihe- Valley.

Also

250 CASES OF JAPANESE LILIES,

comprising L. aurattun, L. speciosxnn album, rubnim and
magnificum, L. L. giganteum, Henryi, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell as above, at thedr Central Sale Booms,
67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.G.
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

~ ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORHIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Booms,
67 and 68. Cheapside. London, EC. on Thursday,
Februarv 8Ui, and every succeeding Thursday at 1
o'clock,' consignments of well-grown ROSES, especially
lotted to suit all buyers.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

SHORTLANDS, KENT.

Unreserved Sale of well-grown Nursery Stock, com-
prising 2.000 Border Shrubs, Golden Privet, Standard,
Half-Standard and Dwarf Roses, 5 000 Herbaceous
Plants, 1,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes ; also 30 Fowls,
3 Greenhouses, Piping, and Sundries.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by Mr. J. B. Bryant to sell the
above by auction at the Nursery. Bromley Road. Short-
lands,

On Saturday, February 10th, at 12 o'clock.
On view. Catalogues on the premises and of the
Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC.

RICHMOND.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORR.IS
are instructed by the Trustee to sell by auc
tion at the Common Nursery, Richmond,
On Monday and Tuesday, February 5th and 6th,
at 12 o'clock precisely each day,
large quantities of well-grown NURSERY STOCK, com-
prising Golden Privet, Variegated and Green Hollies,
Standard Ornamental Trees. Evergreen and Flowering
Shrubs, Roses, and a number of Clipped Yews in various
fancy shapes.

On view. Catalogues bad on the premises, of P.
Mason. Esq., the Trustee, 51, Gresham Street, E.C.,
and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London,
E.C.

MARESFIELD, SUSSEX.

Unreserved sale of Nursery Stock, on cert^nin liands, where
the tenancy expires on March 25th next, by order of
MeGsrs. Wm. Wood & Son (Maresfield), Ltd.

TVTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS.

■^"-"* in. conjunction with Messi^. Wm. Wood, Soai &-
Gardner, will sell by auction on the premises,

THE WOODLANDS NURSERY, MARESFIELD,

On Wednesday and Thursday, February 7th
and 8th, at 12 o'clock, each day

Large quantities of Nursery Bt-ock, conipnsiing 25,000
Canifers and Shi-ubs, 2,000 named and Ponticum Rhodo-
dendronis, Fruit Ti'ees, 8.500 Deciduous Trees, Nut«
10,000 Quick, flowering Shrubs, Roses, Climbing, Herba
ceous. and Rock Plants, &,c.
M-ay be viewe<i. Catalogues bad on tbe premises, oi
Messrs. Wm. Wood, Son & Gardner, Land Agents, Oraw
ley, and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London
E.O. __^

TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

Unreserved Clearance Sole of the erections of 16 Green-
houses, Hot-water Piping, Pits and Lights, BoUei's,
Staging «nd Brickwork, together witili the Stock of
Greenhouse Plants, and a further portion of the Out-
door Nurserv Stock, by order of the Trustee of Mx.
L. R. Russell.

"\TESSRS. PROTHEROE & BIORRIS

-*- have been instructed t^o sell the above by auction
on the premises, the Tunbridge WeUs Nurseries, Tun
bridge Wella,
On Tuesday and Wednesday, February 13th and

14th, at 12 o'clock precisely each day.
May be viewed. Oatalognes had on the premises, of
P. Maison, Esq., tiie Trustee, 54, Gresham Street, E.C. ;
of 0. Butcher, Es<i., Solicitor, 32, Giesham Stix?et, E.G.;
and of the Auctioneere, 67 and 68, Olieapside, London,
E.G.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET; oominandmg posi-
tion; five minutes from rail and trams; S30ft.
iJlass; li acres land, house, &o. — MILES, Royal Hotel,
SheemesB.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL EEGISTEE OF NURSEBIES, MARKET GAB-
DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published bj

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE & MORRIS
every mouth. Copies ina.y be obtained poet free
on application.— Estate Offloes, 67 amd 68, Cileapside,
London, E.G.

PROPERTY WANTED.

t'ARM, not too large, wanted to Purchase
-*- on long or short lease, or cheap Freehold (not too
laj-ge), between Brighton aiid Eastbourne, not far fi\>m
sea and close to a railway station, Brighton district pre-
ferred ; must show good average profit in past years ;
present employees could remain on at good wages. Faaro
BailiH required to take full charge at liberal salary and
share profits ; one who is thoroughly experienced in farm-
ing in all its branches. — Send full details in first instance
to J. O. B., Box 3,879, WiUing's, 125, Stj-and, W.O.

PLANTS, &o., WANTED.

WANTED, large Kentia Fosteriana

PALMS, from 5 to 25 feet in height, for cash or

e.xehange.— ROBERT GBEBai (1911), LTD., 28, Crawford
Street, London, W.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

Yl/'^NTED, Quotations on tJie following

^ ' ORCHIDS : — Oattleyas : Laiirenoeana x aurea,
Schroderae x aurea, Mossiac x Gigas, Triamae x Gigas,
Labiata x aurea. .\lso Cattleya x Hardyama ojid Brasso-
Oattleyas, larger kinds only : all to be unflowered ;
strong plarots, to flower the first season. Also price lists
on Orchids soUoited. — LAGER & HURBELL, Orchid
Growers and Importers, Sxmmiit, N.J., U.S. A

PLANTS, SlO., for SALE.

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—

■^^ MORLE & CO. offer magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W, Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, also Flowering Bulbs, crossed -with name!
sorts, at half usual prices. List free. 150-156, Finchley
Road, N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in
splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-
flurum giganteum, 3s. 6d., 6s. and 9s. ; Speciosum Mel-
pomene and magnificum, and Album Keitzerii (the
be.st). 5s., 8s. and 10s. : Auratum, 6s. and 10s. ; Henryi.
4s. and 6s. ; all per dozen ; also others. List free. —
MORLE & CO., as above.

SEED POTATOS, Linoobishire or Scotcli,
Myatt's Ash Leaf, Hebrons, Early Rose, Express.
Royal Kidney, Up-to-Date, Sir J. Llewellen, Arran Chief.
King Edward, and others, per hush, or cwt- — MORLE &
CO., as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-
cation.

T ILY-OF-THE-V ALLEY. — Extra special
-■■-^ large forcing Victoria crowns, extremely scarce,
offered at 10s. 100 ; planting ditto, 6s. 100 ; stock hmdted.
—MORLE & CO., as above.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-
TIONS, strong. healthy plants, now ready,
amongst which are the following varieties : Is. 5d. per
doz out of sand. 5s. 6d. per doz. in pots— Enchantress,
Snowstorm. May Day, Lady Northclifle, Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantress ; 6s. per doz. out of sand. 7s. per
doz. m pots — Enchantress Supreme. Salmon King. Gor-
geous. White Enchantress, Champion, Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNER.
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayleigh, Essex.

MISCELLANEOUS.

NEARLY new LEAN-TO GREENHOUSE.
with span roof, 52ft. by lift., 3 top UgJits, 3 front
lights, and a return glass end, with 80ft. of 4in. hot-
water pipes, stove, saddle boiler ; -all in workang ordei'.
—Apply, 322, Oamdem Road, N. Letters onHy.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisement! intended for insertion in the n<
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later tha

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

OrdlD&ry Poiitloni

Facing matter and Bacli Fag*

Half and quarter yagea, column aad half oolumn
spaces, pro rata.

£

4 line space not eiceedint 20 words

Per inch, single column

Per inch, across 2 columns

Per inch, across 8 columns „. m.

Front page (do dlsplaj allowed) !/■ per line space,
[Headline counted as two lines.)

For dlscoanta apply to address beloi

SITCATIONS WANTED.

26 words, la. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These Advertisements most be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Thb Uhited Kinodom 1 5/- per

Abeoad ... 17/6

Cheques and P.O.s to be made payable to "GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams : 1543 " Gakdchron, Rand, London.'
Telephone : 1643 GERRAKD.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

hardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as <Ul
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returntd to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WrANTED, GARDENER (Head), to take

' ' charge of the Gardens at Witham-on-the-Hill, near
Boome, Lines ; must be thoroughly effiperien.c6d in aU
branches, both Inside and Outside work ; only a man
ineligible for the Ami\- would be token ; a reduced staff
of meai oalv kept during the war.— Apply, giving full
ivfereiices. to J AS. MARTIN & CO., E>state Offlccs, Waan-
tl**et, Lincolnshire.

WANTED, good WORKING HEAD GAR.-
DEXER ; thoroughly experienced ; ineligible. —
Write fullest, particulars, with references, ajid state
wages, to MISS WELDON, Hints Hall. Tajnworth.

WANTED, immediately, a HEAD
KITCHEN GARDENER, to take over a piece of
land a;bout 120ft.. wide by 330ft.. long, which is to be
prepared for the growing of Vegetables in connect inm
with a lai-ge industrial cante<m in the We* London dis-
trict; must be able to control labour.— Write, stilting
age, whether eligible, experience, also wages required,
to P. K . Box 26. 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,

W.O.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on page v.

Februakt 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ORDER OUR CEUEBRATEO

FORCING
ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, etc.

Also Fruit Bushes.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

WrIU for IHuitrattd eaUlogua, Mntalninc
PRACTICAL NOTES ON CROWING AND FORCINC.

-Mann.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

ESTABLISHED 1857.

MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twickenham.

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridg^eworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

'T'HE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality First, — combined with efficient service has built the
World's Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee*ft Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book of 204 pages, in colors, and a Sale Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write for it today.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

CARTERS TESTED SEEDS

sow VEGETABLE SEEDS

of the highest productive value.

" When it comes to production. e\
must be made to produce fond "
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE.

;iy available square yard of land
"■ . Lloxjd Gcortje, Dec. 19, .916.

fc^d4.^d4.1i-lJJ.T.

Seedsmen to H.M. the King.

RAYNES PARK, LONDON, s.w.

, I 2:-i7 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.
branches | 53^^ Queen Victoria Street, E.C.

SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early for gardiMi lovers to think of
seeds, but be sure tlie seeds you buy are seeds of
'juahly. It is a Rardening axiom that

RYDERS SEEDS

arr tl:e l.csl, and despite the fact of a War Time
price of lid. per packet, orders for these famous
Flower and Vegetable Seeds are daily growing in
volume. Seeds of mialily cannot now be supplied,
even by Kyders, in Penny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryders 1917 Catalogue contains a large

number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.

Ryders offer in IKd. packets such
standard novelties as : —
Tomato Bide's Recruit, 8 seeds for l^d.
" All the Year Bound " Cauliflower.
The New Chinese Celery-Cabbage " Pe Tsai."
Kychnis Arkwrightii.
Calceolaria Veitchii.
New Double Cosmos, pink and white.
Such Sweet Peas as Jean Ireland, President,

Fiery Cross, The Lady Eveline, Yarrawa,

and over 200 others.

Send a post-card to-day fur your free copy of this
Catalogue. Remember the one and only address
and beware of imitators — no agents.

RYDER & SONS, Ltd.,

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Grow Your Own Food by Sowing Rvders
Famous VePetable Seeds.

BENTLEY'S—

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strength 1 to 80.

Double Strength I to SO.
Patent Powdir: I to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, in.,

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an'l cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choic* Varieiiei.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Februauy 3, 1917.

Pots

that drain !

The ingenious channels in the concave
bottom of Cret Pots drain off all
superfluous water. Exceptional Root
Room, Cleanhness. and Porosity com-
plete the healthfulness of Crets. Good
enough for " Show - unequalled for
practical growing.

Two Specimen Prices— 2J ins., 4/- per 100;
11 ins., 75 ■. Carriage Paid on all orders
over 20/-.

F REE SAMPLE " Cret " Pot. on request, with
interesting Booklet giving all prices per 100
and 5 Special Assortment Offers. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD,,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

CHARLES TURNER'S

Catalogue of GARDEN SEEDS

FOR 1917

is now ready and can be
had on application. Also of

ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS,
HARDY TREES, etc.

The Royal Nurseries, SLOUGH,

The National Food Problem

Sow now under glass to
obtain early supplies.

Sutton's Pioneer. The largest podded Dwarf Pea

Sutton's World's Record. One of the earliest marrowfats . .

DWARF BEAN.

Sutton's Evergreen. A continuous cropping variety
Sutton's Selected Canadian Wonder. A favourite variety . ,

CARROT.

Sutton's Champion Scarlet Horn. Valuable for frame .sowing

CAULIFLOWER.

Sutton's Magnum Bonum. Solid pure white beads ..

Per pint 2/-
Per pint 2/-

Per pint 1/9
Per pint 1/3

Per pkt. 1/-
Per pkt. 1/6

GROUP OF SUTTONS MAGNUM BONUM CAULIFLOWER.

(Mli. .1. GiasuN, Gardener.)

Sutton's Early Giant. Beautifully white, clo.se and delicate iu

flavour " Per pkt. 1/U

CUCUMBER.

Sutton' Every-day. An all-,season's variety ., ,. ,, .. Per pkt. 'i/ti

LEEK.

Sutton's Prizetaker. The largest and heaviest cropping variety Per [ikt. l/B

LETTUCE.

Sutton's Commodore Nutt. A compact early variety .. .. Per pkt. 1/6

Sutton's Golden Ball. Excellent for frame culture . . .. .. Per pkt. 1/-

ONION.

Sutton's Selected Ailsa Craig. Tlie heaviest cropper . .
TOMATO.

Sutton's Best of All. Big cropper and free setter
Sutton's Princess of Wales. An early smooth fruited

POST FREE.

SUTTON & SONS, the king s seedsmen, reading.

Per i)kt. 1/6

Per pkt.. 1/6 2
Per pkt. l/6_-j

February 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

45

THE

(Bavbcmxs Cljrnnirlr

Xo. 1571.— SATURDAY, FEBRUARl 3, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Appointments
Berberis subcaulialata..
Brown rot in fruit- trees
Catalogues, old seed and

plant

Chinese plants, new
Currants, standard
Dotiglas Fir, the, in

chalky Boil
Di-uery, Mr. C. T.
Farm, crop and stock on

the home

Ciarlic

Iris arizonica

Irises, the planting of

Bearded

Lupins as poisonous

plants . .
Maemillan, Mr. H F. ..
Novice, confessions of a
Orchid notes and glean-

in^rs

Orphan Fund, Royal

Gardeners'
Plant notes
Potato, "seed " .. M,

Potatos and prejudice . .
Pot-washing, economical
Queensland, plant

diseases in
Rhododendron Mrs. Stir-

lii

Rosary, the .. .. 53

Societies, local . . . . 52

Societies-
Manchester and Nortli

of England Orchid .. 55

Royal Horticultural .. 55
Royal .Scottish Arbori-

eultural .. .. 5ii

^^cottish Horticultural fi5

Sports from root cuttinjts 50
Strawberry beds, treat-
ment of . . . . ..47

Trees and shrubs. . . . 4iS

Trenching, methods of.. 54

Vegetables .. .. 4B

War Horticultural Relief

Fund 60

Water, wami, for fruit-
spraying ..51

Week's work, the 4», 49

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Acer Davidii 46

Berberis subcaulia ata ,, .. ,. ■■ -^i^

Populus S2ecbuanica 4"

KhododendroD Mrs. .Stirling 51

IRIS ARIZONICA.*

ON the wesrtem side of 'the North American
oontinent there occurs a jfroup of Irises,
of which the best known is perliaps I.
loiigipetala, and of which the members must pre-
sent considerable difficulties to systenvaitic
botanists, who deal ordy witih dried maitefriail.

The true I. longipetala is a strong, sturdy
plant, confined in the wild state, I believe, to the
coast of California, from San Francisco south-
wards to Monterey. Ev<>n in cultivation here it
still shows the effect of the Californian climate
by losing its leaves at the end of the summer
and starting into growth again in early autumn,
a habit which clearly indicates that its home is
in a region where no hard winters occur.

Further inland there occurs another species,
which I believe to be the true I. missouriensis of
Nuttall, and which is to all intents and purposes
merely an upland or mountain form of I. longi-
petala. When in flower, it agrees in almost all
respects with that Bpecies, even to having the
characteristically blunt, square-lopiJed standards
with a wide emargination or indentation in the
centre, and only differs in being more slender in
all its dimensions, and especially in its habit of
not starting again into growth until the spring
when once the leaves have died down in late
summer. This is a characteristic which we
should expect to find in a plant from mountainous
districts with luu'd frost in winter.

A third and nearly allied species grows in close
proximity to I. missouriensis, and, unfortunately,
the nomenclature of these two species has become
very confused. The name of tolmeiana has been
applied at times to both species, and it seems,
therefore, better to retain NuttaU's manuscript
name of montana for this third species. In its
habit of growth it closely resembles missouriensis,
but differs in having pointe<l and not blunt stan
dards, and in producing usually only two flowers

• Ilia arizonica spee. nov. I. loiisipetalac ft I. liioii-
tiinne atllnis. Al) utratiue toliis viriililms neo glaucis,
U8i|iie art hieniem ineuntem pennaiientilius, al) ilia eij?-
incntibus interioribiis (icutis ncinie emareinatis, ah hair
Bpathls imiltifloribua nee bllloris, pedlcellis elongatis spatlns
luulto longiorlbuB facile distingultur.

on short pedicels in contrast to longipetala and
missouriensis, which may both have as many as
five flowers in a head on pedicels of varying
lengtlis up to several inches.

All the characteristics which I have mentioned,
including even the indentation in the stajidards
of longipetala and missouriensis, have proved
to be constant here in successive generations of
seedlings, but it can easily be realised that, in
cases where the standards of the flowers aro
either invisible or damaged, it is extremely diffi-
cult to separate herbarium specimens with any
degree of certainty.

A further difficulty arose when in 1902 a de-
scription was published in Coulter's Botanical
Gazette, xx.xiii., p. 68, of an Iris pelogonus from
Wyoming. It is said to resemble "missourien-
sis," but to be much smaller, though propur-
tinnately stouter. From the fact, however, that
it has only one or two flowers on each stem, and
that the spathes often reach halfway up the falls,
it seems more probable that it is more closely
allied to, if not a mere form of, the plant which
I take to be montana, and not missouriensis.

In 1911 I was looking through a number of
herbarium specimens of this group of Irises, and
to one puzzling example from an altitude of
8,000 feet in Barfoot Park among the Chiricahua
Mountains of Arizona there was attached a large
packet of seeds. These had been in a museum
for several years, but I could not resist the
temptation of sowing half-a-dozen in the hope
that they might yet germinate, and that the re-
sultant plants might help to settle the difficulty
that I felt in determining the identity of the
specimen.

However, the result has beeji rather to in-
crease than to decrease the difficulties presented
by this puzzling group of plants, for this Arizona
Iris has proved after several years' cultivation
in my garden to be quite distinct from either of
the three or four si>ecies mentioned above.

The foliage, which grows to a height of two
feet or a little more, with a maximum breadtli
of about \ inch, is very dense, denser even than
that of I. longipetala, and of a duller, yellower
green, without the glaucous, grey tinge of the
other species. Another point of difference be-
comes very obvious as summer passes into
autumn, for the leaves of I. arizonica remain
fresh and green long after those of the allied
species have withered away. It is not, in fact,
until late October or November that the leaves
a.-sume a pale, sickly, yellow colour, and begin
to collapse. It is curious that in this respect I.
arizonica behaves exactly as do the various forms
of the Asiatic I. ensata. Among Apogon Irises
similarity of the seeds is always a sign of affinity
in otlier respects among the plants, and the seeds
of I. ensata are practically indistinguishable from
those of the n.embers of the longipetala group.
In December it is hard to distinguish plants of
I. arizonica from plants of I. ensata, though
neither of these could be confused with I. longi
petala or its Other relatives.

Tlie flower-.stems of I. arizonica are about
equal in length to the leaves, and bear a ter-
minal head of three to five flowers on long
pedicels of varying lengths up to 4 inches. A
lateral head of one or two flowers is occasionally
produced about 6 inches below the top of the
stem, as in I. longipetala. The spathe valves are
very narrow, 2 3 inches long, clinging closely
to the pedicels and becoming scarious and of a
silvery-grey colour at flowering-time. The three-
sided ovary is a little more than half an inch
long, while the perianth tube scarcely measures
as much as one-quarter inch.

The flowers resemble those of I. longiiietala,
but are slightly smaller, and less conspicuously
veined. Both species have, however, a central
lidgp on the haft of the falls, sprinkled witli
juirple dots on a whitish ground. As the narrow
haft expands gradually into the blade the white
ground becomes veined with violet-purple, and
b^ars in the centre a yellow blotch. Beyond this
the veins spread, the colour becomes a little paler

and covers tlie whole surface. There is some
variation in the shade of violet-purple. The
length of the falls is a little more than two
inches, and the blade measures a little less than
an incli across. The standards are narrow,
oblanceolate, pointed, and not emarginate, about
1| inch long, violet-purple in colour. The styles
are short with small triangular crests, and the
stigma entire or only obscurely bilobed. The
filaments and the anthers are both a pale mauve,
while the pollen is cream-coloured.

The ripe capsules have thin membranous walls,
like those of the other members of the group,
taper slightly towards either end, and in section
are roughly triangular, with slightly inflated
sides. The seeds are dark brown, smooth, and
pear-shaped, with a minute whitish circle or aril
at the upper end.

May I, in conclusion, ask any American gar-
deners and botanists who may chance to see these
notes to be so good as to send me a few seeds of
any Irises of this group of which they may hap-
pen to possess plants from known localities,
or which they find growing wild. It is, I
am sure, only by growing all obtainable plants
side by side and by comparing them as they grow
that the species can be separated and described
in such a way as to differentiate them satisfac-
torily one from another.

I. arizonica is not, iperhaps, so striking a
garden plant as I. longipetak, but it is interest-
ing as a link connecting that species and its
American relatives with one of the most widely
distributed of Asiatic Irises, namely, I. ensata.
ir. B. Dtjkes, Charterhouse, Godalming.

ORCHID NOTES AND CLEANINGS.

OATIXEYA RAINBOW.

A FLOWER of one of the most beautiful
of their new hybrids flowering in 1916, and
named Cattleya Rainbow, is sent by iNlessrs.
Sander and Sons, St. Albans. It was raised by
crossing C. Aliciac (Iris x labiata) and C. Dowiana
Rosita, and in the hybrid it is interesting to note
that in the sepals and petals the rose-purple of
C labiata and the heavy freckling of claret-red of
C. Dowiana Rosita are suppressed arid the colour
of typical C. Dowiana retained, although in the
yellowish-cream colour of the sepals and petals of
C Rainbow there is the faintest underlying sug-
gestion of colour on the exterior. The handsome
labeUum is magenta-crimson with well-defined
chrome-yellow lines running from the base to the
centre and merging in the broad bright-yellow|
disc. Tlie margin of the lip is crimped and
slightlv fringed, and although in its broad ex-
mansion it follows C. Dowiana, there is some indi-
cation, in the interrupted outline between the
front and side lobes, of C. bicolor, one of the
parents of C. Iris.

CYPRIPEDIUMS FROM WALTON
GRANGE.

Mn J. Howes, from the gardens of the late
William Thompson, Walton Grange, Stone,
Staffordsliire, sends a box of magnificent
blooms of some of the fine Cypnpediums in
flower there. Several of the largest and best
are seedlings not yet named. Of the new forms
of unrecorded parentag-, C. Hermes, C. Harold
Tnd iMiollier sngsestiin; an improvement on
C insigne Harefield Hall, are especially good.
The fine forms of named kinds include C. Eury-
ades Walton Grange variety, a flower of large
size and richly marked ; C. Thisbe, like a fine
C Pyramus, with very large dorsal sepal spotted
Willi rhiret-rcd ; C. Aetaeus Biaiica, one of th»
most beautiful of yellow and white Cypnp?-
diums ; and C. insigne Snow Queen, a charming
variety of similar colour. The most remarkable
of the others are C. Arthurianum Walton
liraii-;e variety, of dark colour; C. Troilus Im-
pregnable, a noble flower; C. Victor Hugo, C.
Hitchinsi— Babette, C. Leeanum Corona, C.
Leeanum Mary Amelia, C. Noel, a grand flower

46

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febkuarv 3, 1917.

of the C. Dreadnought class; C. Nubia and C.
Uiumedes Xeeliiig's variety. vVe understand
that the collection will shortly be disposed of
by auction sale.

NEW HYBRIDS.

A FLOWER of the new Cymbidium Beatrice
hybrid is sent by Messrs. Hassall and Co.,
Soutligate, who raised it from C. Lowianum and
G. Schlegelii (insigne x Wiganiamini). Its main
features are of C. Tracyanum, which, with C.
pburneum, produced C. Wiganianum, and is an
instance of reversion to the most distinct an-
cestor. The sepals and petals are greenish-
white, with dotted red lines. The lip is very

NEW CHINESE PLANTS.

ACER DAVIDII.

Aoiiii D.wiDii (see fig. IV) is a native of
Hupeh, Ichang, and other parts of Western
China, where it was collected by Mr. E. H.
Wilson in 1907-8. The tree grows wild in alti-
tudes ranging up to 2,700 m., in woods and by
the sides of streams. The foliage does not sug-
gest a JLiple, for th? leaves have more the
shape and general appearance of the Portuguese
Laurel. The petioles are of a ruby colour, and
a tree in full leafage is a very striking object,
liut llie chief beauty of this new tree lies in

Fig. 17. — acer davidii,

[Photograph by C. W. Cole.
NEW CHINESE SPECIES WITH VARIOrsLY COLOURED EARK-

uear to C. Tracyanum, white with red-brown
lines from the base and a band of the same colour
iiear the margin.

Cymbidium SybO, obtained by the same
raisers between C. eburneum and C. Pauwelsii,
(insigne x Lowianum), is a handsome, pale-
green flower with numerous red-dotted lines on
the sepals, the broad cream-coloured lip being
finely marked with claret- coloured lines, and

larger claret-red blotches on the front lobe.

Odontioda Bermelie is a richly-coloured
hybrid raised in the collection of C. J. Phillips,
Esq., The Glebe, Oak Lane, Sevenoaks, between

Oda. Charlesworthii and 0dm. Her Majesty.

The_ hybrid promises, when mature, to prove

distinct.

the bark, which is stratified in a biziirre manner,
yet the surface is perfectly smooth, although the
irregular lines of purple grey, yellow, green and
other colours look as if they were in fissures.
The whole appearance of the bark suggests a
piece of polished, coloured marble, and is almost
unique amongst stem colourings. The photo-
graph reproduced in fig. 17 was taken by Mr.
C. W. Cole last autumn in the Hon. Vicary
Gibbs's gardens at Aldenham House, Elstree.

POPULUS SZECHUANICA.

This new Poplar (see fig. 18) was also col-
lected by Mr. Wilson. In Plaiilae Wihonianae
it is stated that it grows in the moist forests of
S;:cch*uan between 2,200 and 3,300 ni. altitude.

Wilson describes the species as a very handsome
tree, resembling in habit P. lasiocarpa, and with
leaves almost as large as in that species. The
foliage is coloured red and bronze in early spring,
and the colouring runs into the stems, a feature
which is absent from P. lasiocarpa. Moreover,
cuttings strike readily, which is not by any
means the case with its congener. Tlie plant
illustrated is growing in a frame in the Hon.
Vicary Gibbs's gardens.

VEGETABLES.

INCREASING THE ONION CROP.
Growers in this country have been slow in
realising tlie importance of the Onion crop, and
how easily more land could be devoted to thif
growing of the bulbs with a reasonable prospect
of success. The extraordinary prices English
Onions have made during tlie past two years as
oompajed with those obtained in former years
should encoirrage growers to plant an extended
area with Onions in the near future. They
should be gi'own more also in cottage gardens.

A reasonable crop to expect is from four
bushels to six bushels per rod (forty bushels to
the ton), according to the variety. For an acre,
10 lbs. seed would be required, costing approxi-
mately £8. Four good varieties are Maincrop,
Rousham Park, James Long Keeping and Bed
fordshire Champion.

A fairly stiff loam is perhaps the most suitable
of all soils, and the Onion being a gross feeder a
good dressing of farmyai'd manure is necessary ;
this is best applied in the autumn and ploughed
or dug in. In gardens and small plots trench-
ing is much the best method of bringing the
soil into a desirable condition for this crop. The
Onion is a deep-rooting subject, and shallow
soils are of little value unless extra treatment
be given them. Suitable ground should be
trenched at least 2 feet deep, adding manure
as the work proceeds, and leaving the surface as
rough as possible to be pulverised by the
weather. Choose a dry time at the end of
February to fork over, the plot to obtain a good
tilth for sowing the seed. Onions require firm
ground to root in, therefore make the soil firm by
treading or rolling. If farmyard manure was
not dug m the ground in the autumn a con-
centrated fertiliser should be spread over the
surface before forking the ground in prepara-
tion for seed-sowing in March. Three-parts of
superphosphate to <me of sulphate ammonia, at
the rate of 10 lbs. per rod, will stimulate growth,
to be followed as growth proceeds with occasional
dressings of soot in showery weather. Make
the s^irface very fine, and draw shallow drills
14 inches apart, sowing the seed evenly. If
wood ashes are available for a small plot, cover
the seed thinly with the ash before finally filling
in the drills with soil, and rake the surface fine.

Another form of Onion culture which has
much to recommend it is to sow seed in
a cold frame at the end of February to allow a
longer timie for the plants to grow. Sow the
seed eitlier in boxes of prepared soil or on a
befl in the frame. Keep the frame closed until
the plants show through the soil, and at that
stage admit air freely to induce a stocky growth.
Wlien the plants have made good roots and a
sturdy top, being then large enough to handle,
plant them 4 inches apart in drills made 14
inches wide.

If extra, large bulbs are required special
treatment is necessary. Extra ricli, deeply-
trenched soil is essential, and the plants must
rereive constant attention in the way of watering
and daily syringing in hot weather. Sow the seed
early in January in boxes filled with rich soil,
and germinate them in a temperature of 55°.
Gradually harden the seedlings as growth pro-
ceeds, and when large enough to handle, prick
them out in other boxes or in a cold frame
or. ;i prepared bed of rich soil. The Onions

Ferruary 3. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

47

may be planted in their permanent quarters in
rows made 15 inches apart, lifting the roots
then with a ball of earth attached.

The field culture of Onions is likely to increase
considerably in the coming season. The object of
the grower is to obtain a heavy crop of medium-
sized, firm bulbs that will keep well into the
spring. The land should, if possible, be pre-
pared in the autumn by ploughing in, not too
deeply, 20 tons of farmyard manure to the
acre. In February, if the weather is suitable,
the land should be ploughed again deeper. The
manure having by this time become decomposed,
the ploughing will disinti^grate the portions, ren-
dering it further available for assimilation.
Early in March apply a top-dressing of artificial
manure at the rate of 10 cwt, per acre, of super-
phosphate 8 cwt., and sulphate of ammonia 2
cwt. Cultivate the soil and harrow these fer-
tilisers in. afterwards making the soil quite
firm by rolling it. especially if it is light in tex-
ture. A fine tilth is necessary for sowing the
seed, which should be used at the rate of 10 lbs.
per acre, in drills made 14 inches apart. Keep
the ground free from weeds by hoeing, but not
too deeply, leaving the soil very firm about the
roots. Do not thin the plants, but allow them
a" to grow, for the object is not so much large
bulbs as quantity.

If the land is fairly strong and in good
■' heart," no furth-'r stimulant will be required
beyond an occasional sprinkling with soot or
wood ash. If the soil is light in texture and
the plants appear to drag in their growth, espe-
cially during times of di-y weather, sprinkle it
in the evening with sulphat" of ammonia. The
inexperienced would be wise in applying such
stimulants as nitrate of soda with extreme care,
for should a wet autumn prevail the rip-'ninn
of the bulbs would be considerably retarded
bv an extensive quantity of nitrate of soda.
/7. Mnhjnnir.

Definition.

3. The expression " wart disease " means thff
disease affecting Potatos which is known as
Synchytrium endobloticum or wart disease of
Potatos, black scab. Cauliflower disease, or
Potato canker; and the expression "the local
authority " means as regards any district the
local authority for the district under the Dis-
eases of Animals Act, 1894.

Commencement.

4. This Order shall come into operation on
the first day of February, nineteen hundred and
seventeen.

TRI.\LS AT WISLEY.

B.H.S. AWARDS TO CELERY AND

CELERIAC.

Aw.^RDS TO Celery.

Award of Merit. — No. 30, Clayworth Prize

Pink, raised, introduced and sent by Messrs.

R'lBT. Sydenham, Ltd., Birmingham.

No. 31, Clayworth Prize Pink, sent by Messrs.
Hurst and Sox, London.

THE WART DISEASE OF POTATOS
ORDER OF 1917.

The Boird of Agriculture and Fisheries, by
virtue and in exercise of the powers vested in
them under the Destructive Insects and Pests
Acts, 1877 and 1907, and of every other power
enabling them in this behalf, do order, and it
is hereby ordered, as follows : —
Prohibition of Planting of Potatos on Phe-
MLSEs whkre Wart Disease has Occuured
Except by Licence.

1. No person shall plant Potatos, or cause
or permit Potatos to be planted, in any field,
garden, or allotment in his occupation on which
Potatos affected with wart disease have been
grown in a previous year, unices such planting
is authorised by, and is in accordance with the
conditions (if any) imposed by, a licence
granted by an Inspector of the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries or of the Local
Authority, and any person who shall plant
Potitos, or cause or permit Potatos to be pl.-.nted.
in contravention of this provision, or who shall
permit to remain in any field, garden, or allot-
ment in his occupation, anyone planting Potatos
in contravention of this provision, shall be liable
on conviction to a penalty not exceeding ten
pounds, unless he proves to the satisfaction of
the Court that be did not know that Potatos
aff cted with wart disease had been grown on
the land in a previous year.

P^xtknsion of Restriction on Planting in
Infected Area.

2. Any person who shall permit to remain in
any field, garden, or allotment in his occupa-
tion, which is situate in an infected area de-
clared for the purposes of the Wart Disease
of Pot.ntos (Infected Areas) Order of 1914,
Potatos which have been planted without the
authority of a licence granted under that Order
or otherwise than in accordance with the con-
ditions imposed by a licence so granted, shall
he liable on conviction to a penalty not exceed-
ing ten ponnd.s,

Fig. 18. — roi'ULns szechuanica, a new species

FROM CHINA.

(See p. 46.)

Nu. 11, Incincibh While, raised, introduced
and sent by Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh.

Highly Commended.^No. 6, Early Rose,
sent by Messrs. HuRST and Son, London
(.A.M. "1900).

No. 49, Incomparable Crimson, raised, intro-
duced and sent bv Messrs. Jas. C.\RTKR and
Co.. Ravne?. Park" S.W.

No. 26, Matchless Pink, raised, introduced and
sent by Messrs. A. DiCKsox and Son. Ltd..
Belfast.'

Awards to Celeriac.

Highly Commended. — No. 12, Delicatesse, in-
troduced and sent by Messrs. Bahr and Sons,
Taplow.

No. 15, Late Siimwvr. sent by Messrs. Barr
AXii Sons, Taplow.

No. 3, Ordinary Type, raised, introduced and
sent by Messrs. Robt. Sydenh.^m, Ltd.. Bir-
min!;ham.

No. 1, Selected, raised, introduced and sent
hv MesOTs. Svtton .\nd Sons, Reading.

TREATMENT OF STRAWBERRY BEDS.

I VENTURE to explain the system of cultivation
that is carried out with this crop in these gar-
dens. In the final preparation of the ground
soil and situation are taken into consideration.
Different tre,atment is necessary according to
the length of time the beds are to remain in a
ycropping condition. I prefer to make fi-esh
plantations on all kinds of soil at least every
third year, and in some cases I have made them
aimually, but with this latter method the plants
may be put closer together, 15 to 18 inches
between the rows, and a foot between the plants
in the rows being sufficient. If the plants are
to be left in the beds for two or more
seasons, a thorough tilling of the plot is
can-ied out, trenching the site 2 to 5 feet
deep, and working at least two layers of
dung into it ; if the land be light, cow or pig
manure is preferred; if heavy, stable manure is
suitable. Differences of opinion exist as to
wliether the bottom spit should be brought to the
surface or not, but this should be decided by the
operator, according to soil conditions. If the
bottom spit consists of wet, heavy soil, work
plenty of opening matei-ial into it and leave it
where it is for this season, to be brought up
another time, when it will be found in better
(onditmn. Should it be good soil, that has
been well worked previously, do not hesitate to
bring it to the surface. As the work proceeds
we mix plenty of burnt refuse into the soil, and
if lime is deficient this also is applied. If dung
is limited basic slag is well worked into the
lower spits, which supplies lime and phosphates.
I prefer to get this operation performed as early
in the winter as pos.sible, so that frost and air
may well permeate the whole. A method I
generally follow is to plant this plot with early
Peas, or early and mid-season Potatos ; both crops
are off the ground before planting time. We
put the rows from 2 to 2^ feet apart and the
plants from 1 to 2 feet in the rows, accoiding
to variety. A method I have also tried with
success where ground is limited, and where the
plants were intended to stand more than one
seajjon, is to plant 15 inches between the rows
and 1 foot in the rows, chopping out alternate
rows and plants after the first season. This is
the method I always follow when a fresh bed
is made every season. After fruiting, the whole
batch is cleared away and the ground makes an
excellent position for late gi'een crops.

Good sturdy runners are procured a,s early as
possible, and layered into small pots in a good
compost of loam, wood ashes, and horse drop-
pings, three parts of the former to one of the
latter, with a portion of grit if the loam is
heavy. The young plants are usually planted
out during August, and before the pots are too
full of roots, spreading out the roots during the
operation. They are kept well watered until
established, and the surface soil is kept stirred
with the Dutch hoe ; mulching is also practised
if light material for this purpose is available.
Where oiu- beds stand over one season, ray
practice is to give a good dressing of
decayed manure directly the beds are
cleared of fruit and rubbish, and I con-
sider this to be preferable either to winter or
spring mulching, as it keeps the roots and soil
cool and moist during the liotter months of the
year. By the time winter comes it is in
better condition for the plants than the heavy
mulch of wet manure around the collars of the
plants applied in winter or spring, whereas the
manurial qualities are still present for the roots
to absorb. When the plants show signs of becom-
ing active again a dressing of some fertiliser, or
soot and superphosphate, is applied, and very
lightly turned into the soil with the old mulch.
Here I may mention that my objection to the
heavy spring mulching is that it stops the air
and sun, so bemefi'cial a.t this early pea-iod, fnmi

4-^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 3, 1917.

reaching the, roots, and retards growth instead of
helping it, unless turned into the snrlace directly
it is "applied. Should the plants become dry
before ihe flowering period 3 good watering
is given ; disfiguTed I'l-uits a.re frequently pro-
drioed thtrough drym*'«s at the flowering stage.
After the fruit is set another good watering
with some Kort of mami-re water more than
;repiays the 'trouble, especially on light soils.
The long, strawy material is placed in position
in good time. so that the fruits may
be free from grit; but a good dressing of soot
is first applied, and not only proves beneficial,
Imt cHiiecks the attack oi slugs on the frait later.
To obtain a long siicoession of fruits old varie-
ties are chiefly relied on, and aspects of different
dei^rees of earliuess. There are several new
van-ietieia of Stiuwberries, but good supplies
:i,i>e obtained over a long period with the folow-
ing varieties : — Royal Sovereign, Joseph Pax-
tim, Waterloo, and Givon's Late Prolific. A
chituge of stock should be made occasionally.
Alpine Strawberries may also be grown for very
late fruits, pinching off all flower trusses until
July, after which they will produce some nice,
sweet fruits. Should the autumn months prove
very wet old garden lights may with advantage
be placed over the plants. H. E. Kemp,
I'riory Gardens, Reigate.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

TREES AND SHRUBS CERTIFICATED.
The article on page 2A of the Gardeners'
Chroniele on plants that have received honours
from " The Floral Committee of the Royal Horti
cuilltural Society" serves to call attention to the
fact that many look upon certificates and awards
as being granted only to new or comparatively
new plants.

That this is not the case was proved early in
1915, for at the meeting on January 11 a Fir>st
olass Cert'ifioate was bestowed upon Abies brac-
teata, of which cone-bearing branches were shown
from Berry Hill, Dorking. This Silver Fir.
which is a native of California, was introduced
as long ago as 1853 toy William Lobb, when travel-
ling in Western North America on behalf of
Messrs. Veitch. Though a striking Silver Fir in
every way, it is, generally speaking, not a sue-
ce.<!s in this country, being particularly liable to
injury from late spring frosts. Strange to say,
the same collector was also answerable for the
second certificated .subject, namely, Tricuspidaria
lanceolata, as it was first introduced by him fi'om
Chile in 1848, and later on by Richard Pearce.
of Tuberous Begonia fame. It is hardy only m
tbie more favoured parts of these islands, and
succeed.s best where there is a. liberal amount of
atmospheric moisture. This beautiful and dis-
tinct shrub has be,side the above name been also
known as Tricuspidaria dependens, Tricuspidaria
hexapetala, and Crinodendron Hookerianum.

The third certificate was awarded to Rosa
Moyesii, a true species from China, with
rich crimson flowers and golden anthers. Its
bottle-shaped fruits also form an attractive
autumn feature. It is by no means a novelty,
having been given an Award of Merit in 1908,
but in 1916 this was increased to a well-deserved
First-class Certificate. This honour was in all
gained by five shrubs, the remaining two being
Barberries, and. strange to say, they were both
shown on the .same day. namely, on November 7.
The first, Berberis Sargentiana, obtained an
.^ward of Merit the previous year. It is an ever-
!;ieen .species related to the Himalayan Berberis
Hookerii, but is said to be much hardier than that
k'nd. The second, Berberis ruherostilla, an acci-
dental seedling raised at Wisley, can claim to
be a novelty, as it is not in general cultivation.
It is deciduous, and remarkable for the great pro
fusion of its rich coral-red drop. like berries. An
.\ward of Merit was given tn Euonymus latifolins,
whicn has been grown in British gardens since
1730. W. T.

The Week's Work.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

now, before the potting season arrives. Palms,
Cordylines, and similar plants that have out-
;;rown their spaces should be transplanted in
more suitable positions. Soft-growing plants
such as Abutilons should be cut hard back.
Cleanse the interior of the structure and the
plants before re-arranging the occupants.

Seed-bowing.— Seeds of many choice plants
a.re exceedingly minute, and require the greajtesit
care in handling. Amongst tliose tliat require
.sowing this month are Streptocarpus, Cocks-
comb, Coleus, Begonia, Gloxinia and Celoeia.
U.«e a very light compost, conisrsting of light
loam, fine peat, and leaf soil Ln equal parts, with
some sharp sand added. Let the pots or pans
be filled to within 1 inch from tihe top, and the
surface made perfectly level witli very fine soil,
and wateired before sowing the seed. Vei'y fine
seeds should not be covered witli soil, it is better
to press the soil lightly aftic.r the seed is sown,
which is all that is required. Place the seed-
jjaus in a house whei-e tihe tennperature is from
06° to 70°. Keep a close watoh, and ne\'er allow
the soil to approaoh di-yness. Pane containing
choree seeds should be covei^ed with siheets of
glass, and shaded with sheets of paper till ger-
mination takes place. Seeds of Asparagus
Sprengeri, A. plumosus and A. deflexus, Gre-
villea robusta, CypeTus alternifolius and C.
natalensis should be sown now ; also Olivias,
Amairyllia and Asipairagus medeoloides, often
grown undeT the ti"ade name of Smilax.

Gloxinia.— Tubers of Gloxinias that have
been stored since last autumn ehoaild now be
fjhaken out prepajraitoa-y to starting them into
growth. To economise space the tubeirs may be
placed in shallow boxes, with a little light soil
roiuid them. Stand the boxes in a Cucumber or
Melon pit, or other place, where there is suffi-
cient atmospheric moisture to start them into
growth. Spray them lightly on fine days, but do
not give the plants much water at the roots in
the early stages. When growth starts keep the
plants well up to the glass or the foliage will
become drawn.

HippEASTRUM (Amaryllis).— Old bulbs of
iCma.TvUis that have been resting in a oool house
sjioirld now be brought into lieat to flower. See
that the drainage is quite free, and place the
pots on a bed or stage in a moderately wajm
house. One good watering should be given,
after which a veiry moderate quantity only will
be necessaj'y till growth is active. Sp-ray the
plants over on fine days, and fumigate ooca-
sional'y for thrips.

Seedling Amaryllis.— Keep young plants
growing without any resting period till they
have flowered. Give sufficient space to keep the
foliage firm and liealthy, gix>wing the plants at
this season whea-e they have the maximum
anioujit of simsliine.

Clivia.— Improved foiins of Olivias are now
procuiable, completely outclaasing the old
miniata type, the foliage being longer and
broader, and tlie flowers supoiior, both in forai
and colour. Plants now resting in a cool house
will quickly start into ga-owth and flower if
brought into a higher temperature. A vinery
just started is a very suitabC.ie place. When the
pots are crammed with roots manure water may
be given with advantage. Plants requiring more
root-room should be potted directly after flower-
ing.

The Propagating House.— Make the pro-
pagating house ready for use, giving the interior
a thorough cleansing. Clear out the old hotbed
material andi that used for plunging, as
it usually becomes infested with wood-lice, cock-
roaches and other insect pests. Wash the glass
and woodwork, and lime-waish the walls if
necessa.ry. Use a little soil fumigant in the
fresh pliuiging material. I also find it a good
plan to sprinkle a little of the fiunigant by the
water-pipes, and in any diry crevices w^heire
insects lurk.

The Show-house or Conservatory.— The

cleaning and rearrangement of the permanent
plants in these houses should be undertaken

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv W. J. GnisE, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Staflordshiie.

Sweet Peas.— Sweet Pea plants raised from
seed sown last autumn should be shifted
into larger pots. Place small pieces of Birch
twigs in the pots to support the young shoots.
Another sowing may be made now in 5-inch pots,
boxes or turves. Gemiinate the seeds in a warm
pit and remove the seedlings, directly they
appear above the soil, to cooler quarters. Pre-
cautions must be taken against slugs before
placing the plants in the frame by dusting the
surface soil with soot. Admit air on all favour-
able occasions and at no s>tage coddle the plants,
or they will grow weakly. The ground for
Sweet Peas should be prepared well in advance,
leaving the surface as rough as possible to be
pidverised by frost. Dig the soil to a depth of
18 inches to 2 feet and incorporate with it a
reasonable quantity of well-decayed manure, leaf-
mould and wood ash. The amount of manuring
must not be overdone, or the flower-buds will
turn yellow and drop at the flowering stage. In
favoured districts Sweet Peas may be sown in
the open now, choosing a warm, sheltered
border.

Antirrhinum.— Here at Keele we sow Antir-
rhinum seed in well-drained' boxes, in a compost
of loam, leaf-mould, and sand. The soil is
watered through a fine rose a few hours previous
to sowing, which is done thinly, the seeds being
lightly covered with fine soil. The boxes are
placed neaT the roof-glass in a house having a
temperature of 60°, and are covered with squares
of glass and shaded with paper until the seeds
have germinated. After a short period the boxes
are removed to cooler quarters to ensure the
seedlings making sturdy growth. They are
pricked out into heated, shallow frames, in
which is placed a layer of decayed stable manure
or an ash bottom, the surface of the manure
being covered with 4 inches of old potting soil.
The seedlings are placed 4 inches apart each way,
sprayed, and shaded daily for a week or ten
days. Air is admitted gradually, the plants
hardening finally by the middle of May. The
intermediate varieties are most suitable for bed-
ding, .^uch sorts as Bright Pink, Fire King.
Orange King, C/oral (red), White, Crimson, and
Yellow, whilst others of the dwarf section can
be employed for the front rows. For massing in
large groups cw planting in the mixed border the
tall varieties are very effective.

East Lothian Stocks.— The seed of East
Lothian Stocks should be sown at once to secure
plants for flowering early. Sow the seeds in well-
drained pans or boxes, in a compost of loam, leaf-
mould and sand. Cover them lightly with
fine soil and germinate them in a temperature
of 55° to 60°. Pot the seedlings in 3-inch pots
directly they are large enough to handle, and
grow them near the roof-glass. Cool conditions
are essential to the pTOduction of strong, sturdy
plants.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson, Gardener to Leopold de

ROTHSCHRD, Esq., C.V.O., Gunnersbury Hcuse,

Acton, W.

Pines.— I do not propose to deal; compre-
hensively with the treatment of the Pineapple,
as the cultivation of this fruit has declined much
of late years owing to the increased imports.
These imported Pines may now be purchased
so cheaply that it does not pay to grow the
Cayenne or Chiaafotte Rothschild varieties in
hothouses at home. With the Queen variety,
however, it is different, as there is no other
Pine that approaches it in flavour, and a small
house or pit might be devoted to the cultivation
of this special .sort. Moreover, the Queen variety
may be grown moi-e closely together than thi>
others I have nnnie<l, whilst the minimum tem-

Februaby 3, 1917.]

peiature during the winter, or resting season, may
be quite 5° less than the others need. Tho?e who
are growing the Queen variety should pay close
attention to watering; do not allow the plants,
in whatever stage, to become very dry. and
guard also against over-watering. With the
additional warmth in the water-pipes at this
season the atmospheric moisture will be con-
siderably reduced, and this state, if accom-
panied by drought at the roots, might cause a
sufficient check to induce adventitious fruiting.
Whilst wintry weather lasts the night tempera-
ture need not excetd 60° : if the thermometer
registers 55° in the morning there will be ample
warmth.

Vines in Pots.- Pot vines that were started
in November are pushing into growth freely.
The work of disbudding should be completed
without further delay ; a few shoots may be
gaining an a.scendency over the others, and these
groes Igrowths should be stopped two joints
beyond the bunch. Where the vines are making
a good show of bunches one bunch will be suf-
ficient for each shoot. Allow a good margin of
surplus ones, however, until the setting is sifely
over. The night temperature should be 60° :
it may fall a few degrees in the morning, but
should reach 70° bv fire-heat and 75° bv sunshine
in the daytime. The house should be 5° warmer
when the vines are in flower. If fermenting
material be used let it be only of a moderate
warmth. It is not essential, and in any cas»
iihi')uld not raise the temperature of the roots
more than 5° above that of the mean tempera-
ture of the house. Do not be in a hurry to fasiten
the shoots to the wires, for this work should be
done graduaJly, and if it is completed by the
time tihe bunches are thinned it will be sufficient.

Peaches and Nectarines Showinq
Flower.— By the time these line.s .ire in print
.■some of the earliest Peaches and Nectarines will
probably be in flower. For securing a good set
I find nothing better th.Tn having a hive of bees
placed in the house. In this locality we have fre-
quent periods of dull, sunless weather, hence a hive
of bees is more effective than the u.se of the time-
lionoured rabbit's tail or the camel's hair brush
.\ good night temperature .at such times may be
taken at 52° to 55° — preferably the lower. A
fall of 5° by the early morning will not do any
harm. Of course, the fire .■should be started nu'te
e.irly in the morning in frosty weather. I do
not advise any damping down during the flower
ing period unless it he on a bright, sunny day.
o" when the water pipes have to be ke| t some
what on the warm side. I'niess the wind be
very keen and piercing, a little ventilation is
advisable, and this should be equally distributed.
In such houses, and at such times, no plant.s in
pots should be tolerated upon which green fly
is disposed to congregate. If this be the case
*hese insects will soon injuire the yoang, sucx'U-
lent leaves of both the Po.ich and the Nectarine.
In houses where no flowers are \v>t open it will
be ,advisP.l>Ie stiLI to syringe the trees lighitly. but
not la.tp in the afternoon

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

nrdener t<i thp Hon. Akthi'R J.
Wnnd. fiodalniing, Surrey.

Espalier Fruit Trees. -Wooden stakes to
which e&paliens are trained require to be re-
newed frecpiently, and, a.s the trees grow,
larger ones are needed. ILlhoose straigiht
timber for the purpose and cut it into
lengths of tlie required size. l>©t the up-
rights into the ground by me;ins of an iron
bar, for driving them in with the mallet would
break or crush the tops. The bottome of the
stakes should be dipped in creosote to make them
last longer. Strong Bamboo canes make very
good cross or horizontal pieces. Tie the branches
straight along these, allowing room for the sum-
mer growths to be trained in. Prune all long
spurs to two eyes; nothing is gained by leaving
the spurs very long, and they often send out a
mass of shoots that need to be cut away in the
growing se.nson. Trees that are making gross
growth should be root-pruned. Scale insects and
other bark pcA'its should be promptly dealt with.
The bark should be scrubbed with either a solu-
tion of XL-,'\|| preparation or a mi.xture made '

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

up as follows : Dissolve 2 lb. soft soap in 2 gal-
lons of boiling water; to this add ^ pint petro-
leum emulsion ; mi.\ thoroughly and add about
6 gaJlons of soft water. Work the specific into
all affected parts with the brush.

Strawberries.— Where fresh plantations of
Strawberries were made last August and Sep-
tember the rows should be gone over and any
plants that may have become loosened or lifted
from the effects of frost made firm. Whilst
doing this remove with the hand all weeds that
are nwticed. Weeds gro.v and spread rapid'y on
light soils.

LoaANBERRY AND WiNEBERRY.— The Logan-
berry requires plenty oi room ; the shoots may
be trained on tripods or on strained wires, which
should not be less than 6 feet in height. In prun-
ing out out all the old canes, tie the young, atirong
shoots with tarred string to the required height
and then shorten the tops. Good, strong, firm
soil suits this Rubus to perfection, more espe-
cially if it is on the moist side. The Japanese
Wineberry should be treated similarly.

Apricots.— The pruning and training of
Apricots on walls should be completed before
the other trees, as this fruit is the earliest to
Hower. It will be necessary to protect the blos-
soms in times of frost, but the material should
not be phaced in position until the last moment.
The Apricot grows well in almost any good soil
that is well drained, but light ground is the
most suitable. Guard against drought at the
roots, for light soils near walls soon dry out ;
.ind when applying water it is necessary to soak
the soil thoroughly on more than one occasion.
The finest Apricots I have seen were grown in
a i>aved yard, the roots receiving moisture when
the yard was washed, and occasionally liquid
manure from the cowyard. In gardens in the
south and south-west Apricots may be grown
as standards with a certain amount of success,
the variety Breda being the most suitable for
this purpose. It is best to plant the trees in the
beginning of October, but pilanting may be
done now. Fan-sihape is the best sysitem of
triaining, as this method permits gaps being
more readily filled, and the branches do not
admit of horizontal training. The tTee pro-
duocs its fruits on shcxits of the previous
summer's growth and also on spurs of greater
age. The finest, however, are prodiiced on
wood one and two yea.rs old ; therefore, train
in a number of such shoots. The trees a.re sub-
ject to .-ittack by a small yellow caiterpilla-r, whioli
must be caught and destroyed. Fasben the S'boots
loosely, for tight ties may injure the bark and
c-iuse gumming The borders may be enriched
by lime rubble and bone meal forked in lightly.

Birds.— As the buds begin to swell keep a
sharp look-out for birds, and either trap or shoot
them. To prevent birds injuring the buds of
Gooseberries spray the bu.shes with a mixture of
paraffin and lime. This will not only keep birds
away, but destroy any moss and licnen growing
on the branches. Mix half a pint of paraffin in
a pail with about 4 lb. of lime. 'The foot syringe
pump is an excellent miichine with which to do
tbi« kind of work.

•19

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

Bv T nrnN. Foremnn. Royal Oardens. Windsor.

Mushrooms.- Horse droppings should be col-
lected daily and placed in a dry, open shed, where
they may be turned frequently. When a sufficient
quantity of dung has been collected and turned
sufficiently it should be removed to the house
in which the bed is to be made and left loose for
a day or two until the temperature from fermenta-
tion is 80°. At that skige the bed should be
formed, ramming the material tightly. The bed
should be spawned when the temperature is de-
clining slightly, inserting the spawn 2 inches be-
low the surface, covering the htter with new loam
to the depth of 1 inch and making it firm by the
back of a spade. If the surface of the bed be
comes dry it should be lightly .syringed with clear
water, but frequent applications of water should
bo avoided, it being better to damp the floor and
wails with a view to prod\icing ,->jtmospheric
moisture. The temperature of the house should
be about 55°, and fire heat should be used as little

Seakale.— Maintain a constant supply of Sea-
kale by introducing roots to the forcing quarters
at regular intervals ; it will be a clear fortnight
before the heads are ready when forced in a tem-
perature of 65°. A mild hotbed may be set apart
for the purpose, and the crop must be grown in
perfect darkness. Small quantities of this vege-
table may be grown in pots or boxes ; the roots
should be made firm in fine, rich soil, which
should be watered when dry. If large quantities
are required, the forcing should be done on mild
hotbeds, each of a sufficient size to give a week's
supply. A layer of rich soil 1 foot deep should
be placed over the 'bed, and the root^ set as
closely together as possible in rows made 5 inches
apart. Make the soil firm with the foot as the
loots are in.serted with the aid of a spade. If
the soil is not sufficiently moist, it should be
M-atered thoroughly before the covering material
is placed in position. Care must be taken that
the bottom heat does not exceed 70°. While the
roots are being lifted foa- forcing a sufficient num-
ber of straight, clean thongs should be secure<l
for ne.xt season's stock. Preoare the cuttings and
insert them closely together in a sheltered border,
covering them with 4 inches of sandy soil. By
the middle of April they will have made suflfi-
cient progress to be ready for planting in well
prepared ground. Al Frogmore we grow .iibout
20.000 crowns in this way.

Artichokes.— This crop should be lifted and
stored' as soon as possible, and as the work i.s
being done a sufficient quantity of medium-sized
tubers should he selected for new plantations,
which may be made as soon as possible. Select
rich ground in some back part of the garden and
plant in rows 4 feet apart, covering the sets with
:it le.ast 4 inches of soil.

Tom ATos.— Plants r.aised from seeds sown
early in October shoidd be ready for their final
potting. A compost of three parts turfy loam and
one part decayed horse droppings, with sufficient
sifted lime rubble to keep the compost porous, is
suitable. Crock the pots carefully and pot firmly,
leaving sufficient space for a subsequent top
dressing. Water the plants thoroughly the day
previous to potting them ; when water becomes
necessary again it should be applied in suffi-
cient quantity to moisten the whole of the soil.
Grow the plants in a temperature of 65°, and if
the pots can be placed on a moderate hotbed, so
much the better, as this will promote root action.
They must be kept as near the roof-glass as pos-
sible in order to keep them from becoming
drawn, and ventilation .should be given with the
same object in view.

Leeks.- A small sowing of Leek seed may be
m.ide now to secure plants for early supplies.
.Sow the seeds thinly in boxes of fine, rich soil
and germinate them in a slightly warm pit. As
soon as the plants are large enough they should
be transplanted into boxes. After they have com-
menced to m:ike fresh growth they must be freely
ventilated, but never subjected to cold draughts.
When a few inches high they should be gradti-
ally hardened off and planted out as early in the
season .as circumstances will permit.

Spinach.— A good sowing of summer Spinach
sibould be made as soon as the soil is sufficiently
dry, in order to obtain a supply of leaves very
early in the season. Choose a sheltered border,
and keep a careful watch for slugs, .is the
seedlings are liable to 'be destroyed' by these
pests as soon as they are through the surface.
Frequent dustings of soot will serve to keep
slugs in check.

Parsley.— Remove all decaying foliage from
Parsley plants and stir the surface of the soil
lightly with the Dutch hoc. Plants in pits must
be freely ventilated, only closing the lights
during sharp frost or snow. If the supply of
leaves is likely to be short, a sowing should be
made in boxes or pans with a view to producing
plants for pricking out into a cold frame or plant-
ing on a sheltered border. Sow thinly and ger-
minate the seeds in a warm pit.

Small Salads.- Make frequent small sowingB
of Mustard and Cress and make preparation for
a continual supply of Radishes by forming a
gentle hotbed on which to sow the seeds thinly.
l'!ie wan-nitih should be sufficient to repel frost,

50

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 3, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to tEe
PtTBIilSHER. 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W C

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would oliniite diliiij in obtaining answers to
their coinmiiniciitions iind sate us much time and
trouble, if theii would kindly observe the notice
■printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referrinii
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct.
and 7nuch unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

APPOINTMENTS FOR FEBRUARY.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 5—

National Chrysanthemum Soc.'s Annual meet, at
Carr's Restaurant. Strand, at 6 p.m.
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 7—

Roy. .Scottish Arboncultural Soc.'s annual me«t.

FRIDAY, FEBRU.i^RY 9—

Rov. Gardeners" Orphan Fund Annual meet, and

Election of Candidates at Simpson's, Strand, at

3 p.m.
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 13—

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Corns, meet. .\nnnaJ meetiiarg of

Fellows at 3 p.m.
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 15—

Manchester Orchid Soc.'s meet.
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 27—

Rov. Hort. Soc.'a Ooms. meet.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the last fift\
years at Greenwich, 39.1°.
AlTIIAL Tbmperaturb : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offlce, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London. Thursday, February 1
(10.0 a.m.): Bar. 29.3°; temp. 35.5°. Weather-
Snow.

SALES FOR THE ENSUINO WEEK.

MdNDAY AND TUESDAY—

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock at the Common
Nurserv, Richmond, bv P'rntheroe and Morns, at
12 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs, Herbaceous Plants, Fruit Trees, Japanese
Lilies, .&c., at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, 67
and 68, Cheapside, at 12 and 3 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY—

Sale of Nursery Stock at Woodlands Nursery, Mares-
field, at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, at 12 o'clock.

THURSDAY-

Sale of Roses, at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, at
1 o'clock.

FRIDAY—

Sale of Fruit Trees, Roses, Herbaceous Plants, &c..
at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, at 12 o'clock.
SATURDAY—

Sale of Nursery Stock, Greenhouses, &c., at Bromley
Road, Shortlande, by Protheroe and Morris, at 12
o'clock.

A year or two ago, in
Sports •from the course of a lecture
Root Cuttings, before the HorticulturaJ

Club, Mr. C. E. Pear.son
drew attention to the fact that certain
plants — some Bouvardias and Regal Pelar-
goniums— do not come true when propa-
gated by means of root cuttings. Thus,
among Bouvardias Mr. Pearson has re-
cords of root-cuttings of double-flowered
plants of the varieties Alfred Neuner, Pre-
sident Garfield and Hogarth, producing
single-flowered plants. These interesting
facts have been investigated recently * by
Professor Bateson, vs'ho has succeeded in
both confirming and elucidating them.

He finds that the root-ciutmgs obtained
from the Bouvardia Bridesmaid give
flo-ivers of a kind di.stinctly different from
those of this variety and identical -with

those of another variety, namely, Hogarth.
The flowers of Bridesmaid are pink on
the outer surface of the corolla and
pinkish-white on the inner surface, where-
;i,s the corolla of the sport is, like that of
Hogarth, carnation-scarlet,

JNow, it is well known that when a bud
forms on a root-cutting it originates in
a way different from that in which a bud
arises on a stem. The bud of a stem is
formed of the more superficial tissues —
the epidermis and outer cortical layer.s —
hut a bud on a root originates from the
deep layers and pushes its way to the sur-
face through the cortical layers.

Hence it follows that the deeper tissues
of the root of Bridesmaid from which the
bud of the root-cutting arises do not pos-
sess the factor for producing the Brides-
maid colour, but only that which gives
rise to the deep colour of Hogarth. Hence
Bridesmaid is to be regarded as ha'ving a
" skin " carrying one kind of colour factor
and a " core " carr3ring colour factors of
another kind, or, at all events, lacking
the pale colour factor which imparts to
normal Bridesmaids their proper blush.

Thus the phenomena presented by the
sporling root-cuttings of this Bouvardia
are brought into line with those exhibited
by other natural and " artificial "
" sports." Readers of this journal will
remember (see Gard. Chron., Sept. 2, 1911.
p. 161, et lieq.) the remarkable discovery
made by Winlder and Baur of the nature
of the plants obtained by grafting together
Tomatos and Solanum nigrum. Some
of the plants produced in this way had
a skin of Tomato on a core of Night-
shade. Others had the outer tissues of
Nightshade and the inner of Tomato.
To these the name of Chimaeras was
given, because of their monstrously dual
nature ; and because the layers belong-
ing to the one plant fit over the core
belonging to the other, they are known
as periclinal Chimaeras. To keep a mental
picture of them we may think of them
as finger and glove Chimaeras.

Similar monstrous combinations of
layers of different plants in one indi-
vidual explain the wonderful behaviour
of Cytisus Adaniii and the variou.s' other
" graft-hybrids," such as the Bronvaux
Medlars. In Cytisus Adamii the skin of
C. purpureus covers the core of C. Labur-
num, and in the Bronvaux Medlars the
" glove " is Crataegus mespilus and the
" finger " is C. monogyna.

Questions of great scientific interest are
raised, but only in part answered, by these
interesting observations of Prof. Bateson.
One of the chief of these questions is.
How comes it that the cells of the core
of Bridesmaid carry factors different
from those carried bv the surface layers?
Bnth superficial and deep cells arose by
cell division from the single egg cell of
the embryo. Those factors — at all events
the flower colour-producing factors —
would appear not to be distributed uni-
formly throughout all the celb of the
plant, but to be distributed in such a way
that some go only to the surface cells
and not to the deep-lying cells. This,
however, is a subject which, though

fundamemtally important to the student of
heredity, only remoteh" concerns the
gardener. The facts, on the other hand,
are interesting alike to gardeners and men
of science, for they appear to settle once
for all the much discussed and disputed
question of the nature of graft-hybrids,
and to siliow that the strange case of Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is almost a common-
place among plants.

Rhododendron Mrs. Stirling. — As a

garden variety this beautiful pink-flowered
Rhododendron occupies a very high position.
It is true that the flowers are not so
large as those of the Pink Pearl type, but
the trusses are larger, and their very pro-
fusion almost hides the foliage. Another
good quality of the variety is its vigorous
growth, the tree making a large specimen
in congenial soils. It is suitable for massing in
large beds, and visitors to Kew may remember
the fine effect in summer of massed plants of Mrs.
Stirling in the Broad Walk. It was raised by
Messrs. John W.^terer, So.xs and Crisp, who
exhibited magnificent specimens at the R.H.S.
Chelsea Exhibition last y?ar ; it obtained the
R.H.S. Award of Merit in May, 1906.

War Horticultural Relief Fund. -The

Ladies' Committee of the War Horticultural
Relief Fund has arranged for a series of lec-
tures to be delivered in London on Thursday
afternoons, at 3 p.m., during the coming season.
Admission will be by ticket, which may be ob-
tained from the members of the Entertainments
Sub-Committee, or from the Secretary, R.H.S.,
Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W. The dates
arranged so far are : February 8, The Hon.
John Fortescue, M.V.O., on '"Wellington";
February 22, Sir Owen SEAr,iAN, on " Parody " ;
March 1, Mr, John Bailey, on " Don Quixote " ;
March 29, Mr. Stephen Graham, on " Rnssian
Gardens and Wild Nature."

National Chrysanthemum Society.- The

annual general meeting of the National Chry-
santhemum Society will be held at Carr's Res-
taurant, 264, Strand, on Monday next, at 6 p.m.

Appointments.— Mr. F. A. S'iockdale, Direc-
tor of Agriculture, Mauritius, has been ap-
pointed by the Secretary of State for the
Colonies Director of Agriculture, Ceylon, and
Dr. H. A. Tempa.ny, Government Chemist and
Superintendent of Agriculture for the Leeward
Islands, has been appointed to succeed Mr.
F. A. Stockdai.e as Director of Agriculture,
Mauritius.

The Douglas Fir in Chalky SoiLf.*-

Analyses of soil in several situations in which
the Douglas Fir is growing well demonstrates
that, contrary to general opinion, this tree is
tolerant of chalk even when the percentage of
that sub.stance present in the soil is very high.
From his inve.stigatinns Professor Somerville
concludes that the Douglas Fir may be planted
with confidence on soils overlying chalk, pro-
vided that the top 12 inches are thoroughly
disintegrated, and especially if a previous crop
of hardwoods or underwood has left the surface
rich in humus.

RovAL Scottish Arbor i'cu ltu ral
Society.— The sixty-fourth annual business
meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural
Society will be held in the Goold Hall.
5, St. Andrew Square. Edinburgh, on Wed-
nesday next, at 12.45 p.m. Mr. Stttheb-
land, of the Board of Agriculture for Scot-
land, will represent the Board at the Jleeting,
and Colonel McDougall, director of the timber
operations of the Canadian Overseas (Forestry)

FEBRFiBY 3. 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' JHRONICLE.

51

Corps, has accepted the L^ouncil's invitation to
be present A dii^cussion on our afiorestation
problems will be opened by Dr. Borthwick.

Royal Gardinebs' Orphan FUND.-The
annual general meeting of the subscribers to
this fund will be held at "Simpson's," Strand,
on Friday next, the 9th inst., for the purpose
of receiving the report of the committee and
stat?ment of accounts for the past year ; to elect
officers for the en.-:uing year : t« authorise the
secretary to suspend the publication of an annual
statement of the names of subscribers and the
amount of their subscriptions (as provided for
in Rule 8) until further order : to ^lect sixteen
children to the benefits of the fund ; and to
transact such other business as may arise. The
chair will be taken by Mr. H. B. Mat at 3 p.m.

Flowers in 8ea«on.— From Messrs. Stuakt
Low .4XD Co. we have received blooms of their
new Carnations Red Ensign, a large variety of
reddish-carmine colour ; Countess of Wilton, a
neat bloom of moderate size with petals of
vinous-crimson colour, and Eileen, a shapely
bloom of salmon-pink colour.

Mr. C. T. Druery, V.M.H. -Renders of the
Oarclenera' Chronicle will hear with deepest
regret that Mr. Ch.\rles T. DitrEBT. who is
in his 74th year, is entirely incapacitated by
an affection of the heart that prevents him from
leaving the house. Mr. Dhfeby's love for
Ferns, and his labours to popularise the British
species and varieties are well known, not alone
by his editorship of the British Fern Gazette
and his excellent Bnnk of British Ferns, but
also by the articles he has contributed
t'> our own columns and those of our
contemporaries. In the unfortunate circum-
stances that have overtaken Mr. Druery
many of his friends see an opportunity to ex-
press in a practical manner their appreciation
of the work he has done, and it has l)een deter-
mined to ask his acceptance of a presentation.
Mr. \V. B. CR.tNFiEi.D, East Ixxige, Enfield
Chase, Middles'^x, who has the matter in hand,
will be glad to hear from all interested in the
niovonient.

Retail Prices of Seed Potatob.— Mr.
Charles E. Pearson, sei^retary of the Horti-
cultural Trade As.«ociation, asks us to state
that most seedsmen had contracted or bought,
and in most cases obtained delivery of, their
season's supply of .seed Potatos at prices which
are in some cases more than 50 per cent, higher
than the maximum figure recently reported in
the Pre-ss, weeks or months before the question
of the limitation of prices of seed Potatos was
mooted. It will, therefore. .st,ates our oorrc
spondent. be impossible for these seed Potatos
to b» sold retail at anything less than the prices
already printed in the catalogues. The public
should distinguish between seed Potatos offered
by the leading seedsmen, which have been care-
fully cultivated for the purpose, and kept true to
name, and the ordinary farm stocks grown with-
out special care and often very much mixed.

Mr. Hugh F. Macmillan.— Amonfjst the

passengers who left Liverpool on Thursday last
were Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Macmtllax, who arc
returning to Ceylon. Mr. Macmillav is now
quite recovered from his recent operation, and
on reaching Ceylon will resume his duties as
Curator of Rotanic Gardens.

Warm Water for Spraying Fruit.—

Experimf-nts in the use of warm water as a
spray for destroying insect and f\ingus pests on
fruit ' appear to have given satisfactory results.
Warm water was sprayed on Ornpes with no ill
effects to the fruit, and the treated Grapes, en-
closed immediately afterwards in bags, were
found when ripe to be free from dnmage.
whereas others, untreated and bagged at the
same time, were found to be seriously damaged
and disfigured. The warm-water spray was also
tried on espalier Pears (Doyenne d'Hiver), the

• Jour. d. I. Soe. !fat. il'llort. de France, Dec, 1911!.

leaves of which were badly attacked by a fungue
(Capnodium). The fruits bagged after spraying
remained perfectly clean. In the case of the
vine the temperature found to be sufficient is
65° C. (=139° F.) in the tank of the spraying
machine and 53° C. ( = 154° F.) as it issues
from the nozzle. With Pears a higher tempera-
ture, 70° C. (=158° F.) in the tank and
65° C. (=150° F.) as it issues from the nozzle.
Lupins as Poisonous Plants .—Lupins
have played a part in European agriculture from
the earliest times. Tlieir use a* a green manure

been known that Lupins contain specific alka-
loids— among which class of substances manj-
poisons occur — opinion has hitherto been divided
as to whether or not the poisonous effects so
frequently produced when Lupins are fed to
.sheep and cattle are due to the alkaloid lupanin.
The authors of the Bulletin under review have
all/own, however, tJiat it is this alkaloid which is
the toxic substance. They show, moreover, that
animals may eat considerable quantities of Lupins
without suffering ill effects, but that if the
consumption pass a certain limit acute poison-

MRS. STIKLINC;

(See p. SO).

CLEAR PINK.

is described by Pliny, and Lupin meal was in
common use among the poorer Greeks and
Romans. The poisonous properties of Lupins were
recognised, and precautions were taken before
making Lupin meal to remove them. In modern
times poisoning of s^.ock by Lupins has often
been recorded, and in some cases, for example,
in Pomeran.ia. in 1880, the loss of sheep from this
cause was widespread, amounting to nearly 6
per cent, of the flocks. Althougli it has long

• l.upint ax Foisonous Plants. By .Messrs. C. D. Marsh'
A. II. Clawson, and Hadleigh Marsh. Bull. 406, l.S.A-
Dept of A^rii-.

iug results. Hence, with proper precautions,
Lupins may be used as fodder without any risk.
The pi)i.-o'.i has, moreover, no cumulative effect.
Of species demonstrated to be poisonous, the
authors mention Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius
(European species), L. leucopsis and L. leucophyl-
lus. L. luteus is much less toxic. Remedies a.re
difficult of application, for the reason that
the dose which is harmless is but little less than
that which is fatal ; but the aut'hors suggest that
sodium bicarbonate administered at frequent
intervals may assist recovery. The seeds are
most, the pods less, and the leaves le.isl to.xic.

52

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Fbbkuaut 3, 1917.

InaMnuch as the ])oisoii is easily leacbed out by
water, there is no danger to be apprehended from
cooked Lupin seeds.
Plant Disease* in Queensland.— The

Minister for Agriculture in Queensland, by tht
introduction of a new Diseases in Plants Bill,
pui'poses taking stringent precautions with re-
spect to the introduction and eradication of
diseases affecting vegetation. The measure pro-
vides for the registration of orchards on or before
JIarch 31 of each year. Registration fees in the
case of a Pineapple or Banana plantation, or
vineyard, aaie Is. per aore; in other cases, 2s. 6d.
for every hundred trees or part thereof growing
in such orchard. Nurserymen must also regis-
ter their nurseries, and pay an annual registra-
tion fee of £2 in the case of a nursery not ex-
ceeding five acres, and £5 in the case of larger
ones. Failure to comply with these provisions
will render the CK?<;upier or owner liable to a
line of £5 for the first offence, and £10 for any
subsequent offence. Every insect, fimgus, tree,
plant and vegetable introduced inito Queensland,
or removed out of any orchard or nursery, and
eiviery diseased tree, plant and vegetable inltro-
duced into the State ; and every box, package,
basket, or case harbouring any such insect, fun-
gus, tree, plamt or vegetable may forthwith be
seized by an inspector, and dealt with as tlie
.Minister or inspector may direct. The owner
or occupier of an orchard or nursery may be
ordered to eradicate a disease at his own ex-
jjeuse. If, however, an owner's property be
destroyed in the eradication of tihe pest, com-
pnsation wiiU be paid.

DoiNQS OF Local Societies.- At the annual
meeting of the Lewisham Horticultural Society
lield recently it was announced that most of
tlie 865 members we're allotment holdea'S. Since
November 30 the Society has taken 16^ acres
of additional land for cultivation, and the com-
mittee has in view another 30 or 40 acres for
the members.

The Croydon and District Horticultural

Society has arranged a series of five lectures
on vegetable cultivation. The lectures are being
given each Friday evening in the CToydon Public
Libraries.

The Birmingham and Midland Counties

rJardeners' Society has arranged a series of lec-
tures for allotment holders and others interested
in food production. Addresses will be given b.y
gardeners and others on such subjects as
Potatos, the rotation of crops, allotment gar-
dens, seed sowing, and diseases of vegetables.

Lectures on gardening are being de-
livered by Mr. Cyril Harding in the Finchley
District, where the allotments number as manv
IK 1,000.

Mr. B. A. Gage has been engaged by

the Bristol Education Committee to deliver a
series of ten lectures to allotment holders.

The Finchley Chi'yaanthemum Society

has given £10 to the local War Relief Fund.
The members have decided to hold two shows
in 1917 with the special purpose of encouraging
the growing of fruits and vegetables.

The Royal Horticultural Society of

Ireland has abandoned its spring show this year,
but is making arrangements for an exhibition
in August.

Lidget Green Horticultural Society is

encouraging the growing of vegetables by the
members and others. A lecture on vegetables
was delivered recently by Mr. G. Dunsmore,
President of the Bradford Paxton Society.

The East Oxford Horticultural Society

lias decided to hold an exhibition as usual this
year, on Thursday, August 23. Last year's
balance-sheet showed a profit of £29 18s.

— ■ — The Lfniversity Extension Board of the
University of Ijondon has arranged short courses
of weekly lectures on garden cultivation and

how soils should be treated to secure large
crops, by Mr. F. ■!. I.'hittenden. The anange-
ments so far include one course in central Lon-
don in the School of Arts and Crafts, South-
ampton Row, on Tuesdays at 6.15 p.m., be-
ginning February 6, and another at the Ealing
Technical Institute on Thursday evenings at
8 o'clock, beginning February 8.

Out of a total income for 1916 of

£69 13s., the Freshwater Horticultural Society
has resolved to give all the profits, with the
exception of £10 as a balance, to the D.C.L.I.
Prisoners of War and Red Cross Funds.

• The Inverness Town Council has decided

to plough about half of the public park and to
sow it with oats.

PLANT NOTES.

CYCLAMEN.
There exists a very marked difference of
opinion regarding the proper stage and the
exact time for repotting old Cyclamen plants.
It seems to be one of those differences which
on the whole does not much affect the ulti-
mate result — the quantity and quality of the
flowers in winter and spring. I have been very
successful with plants which had only a brief
rest — just long enough to dry the soil — when they
were repotted, with all the old leaves intact.
Plants have done equally well when rested for
a longer period, but not so long as some growers
recommend. My observation tends to show that
the Cyclamen needs a long season of growth to
secure the best results, and if that is correct,
then the longer the repotting of the plant is
delayed, the greater the risk of failure, partial
or complete. It is quite noticeable this year that
plants which wei'e shaken out and repotted with
I aves on are superior to those which were
kept till the foliage had gone, though the other
treatment was similar. A number of young
plant« never got beyond 4-inch pots last summer,
and these I hope to repot in 6 inch pots in spring,
without disturbing the roots in any way. Those
already in 6-inch or larger pots are usually the
better for having a portion of the old soil re
moved. It does the plant no harm after a
brief rest, and enables one to produce an equally
good plant in a smaller pot. At one time I
grew Cyclamens in cold frames during the sprini,'
and summer, but in these parts (E. Lothian)
much more satisfactory results are obtained
by growing the young plants in a stove tempera-
ture, while old plants pass the summer on a
stage partially shaded by the foliage of Grape
vines. When — speaking in a comparative sense
— growth is completed, plants of all ages do
very well for a couple of months in a cold pit,
giving them a little heat during the winter
months, with the occasional aid of a stimulant
to increase the size and brilliancy of the
flowers. A source of danger to the plants
arises from the assistant, when administering
water, failing to allow for the conns taking up
spHce not occupied by those of other plants, and
so limiting -the supply of water to an injurious
I'xtent. Large corms in 7 or 8-inoh pots should
therefore have the space available for water filled
at least twice, and sometimes thrice, when water
is required. R. P. S.. East Lothian, X.B.

BRUOMANSIA ARBOBEA.

The beautiful flowering shrub, Brugmansia
arborea, does not r?s6nt severe pruning, and
can be kept in the desired shape and dimensions
for the greenhouse by cutting back annually the
.spent flowering wood.

It flowers Best in a restricted border made up
of rich loam, with enough broken bricks or lime-
rubble to ensure porosity, and once the root.s
take posisossion of the .soil artificial manure can
be used to advanta.ge as a top-dressing in spring.

During the growing season moisture should
be llberailly snppliefl to the roots, but withheld in

winter. The latter is the jjroper time to prune,
after which the stem and branches should be
washed with insecticide to destroy any verm U
Lurking in the crevices of the ba^rk.

B. arborea comes into flower about midsnm-
iner, and continues to produce an abundance of
lovely white flowers well into the autumn.
.1/. M., Perth.

VERONICA LA SEDUISANTE.

The varieties and hybrids of Veronica speciosa
the usually regarded as tender and requiring tlie
protection of a greenhouse, but V. La Sedui-
siante hais been flowering on the rockei'y at
HoUand House, Kensingtoai, foa- some years.
I'sually it commences to bloom rathei' late
in summer, and continues till seveire wea/ther
stops growth, and last year this was well into
December. The flower-spikes are nioderate
ill length, as they are in all plants closely re-
latied to V. speciosa. The foliage throughout
the summer is tinted with purple, and the
under surface retains the hue till well into winter.
This, coupled with the intense crim.son -purple of
the flowers and evergreen foliage, makes the shrub
a highly oniamental one. The soil at Holland
House is heavy and much inclined U) clay, which
would indicate that this and similar Veronicas
are hardier than they are generally supposed to
be Quite a number of strong bushes line a
ridge, fully exposed, on a part of the rockery.
The variety was accorded an Award of Merit by
the Roval Horticultural Society in July, 1897.
/ F.

CONFESSIONS OF A NOVICE.-XIII.

I.v the intervals — and they were frequent and
long — between speUs of double digging, I have
been exercising my brain and resting my back
in trying to discover the precise and specific
meaning of the terms commonly used to describe
the diS'erent ways of digging. The terms which
have been intriguing me are the familiar ones —
trenching, bastard trenching and double digging.
If I take out three spits, wheeling the first two
from the ti'ench to the " opposite end,'' as well
as the top spit fix>m the second trench, and
if, having turned over spit 3 and thrown s.pit 2
from trench No. 2 on top of it and then, by
yet more herculean labours, hurled the top spit
of No. 3 trench a full yard, so that it — or some
of it — reaches and covers trench 1 — have I
trenched my ground? My gardener would, I am
well aware, answer emphatically. No ! For he
would claim, not without a solid foundation of
truth, that he had done it. This, however, is
quibbling. I admit that he performed most of
the work, but, on the other hand, I becajiie far
more tired than he did. What I wish to ask is,
whether trenching is a term that denotes depth,
tiv does it connote the disturbance of the order
of the several spits? Must I, in order to trench,
bring spit No. 3 to the surface? It i/i only on
behalf of terminological exactitude that I ask.
for my gardener would no more allow me to
bring to the surface the yellow, irony sand which
lies beneath the painfully acquired loam of my
garden than he would entrust me with ventila-
tion of the frames or the pruning of my fruit
trees. I do these good things by stealth, and
in consequence gloom pervades the garden on
Mondia^y mornings. If trenching Ls only a
measure of profundity — three spits deep — what is
the name for trenahing with inversion of the
order of the spits ? In othei- words, must we use
the same word to desoi-ibe the labours of Mr.
Molyn^ux and those of ilr. Beckett? If not,
which is trenching and wliich is the other?

I admit that in double-digging I am less out
of my depth, but, nevertheless, there are dif-
ficulties even there. Is bastard trenching the
same ag double-digging, and is it double-digging
when I merely poke about the second spit with
a pronged fork, when I turn over the .second

February 3, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

53

spit, or when I bury the top spit and bring the
second to the surfaced

Owing to my assiduity in digging up my lawn
for Potatos I have gained a high reputation for
patriotism, and admiring neighbours di'opped in
in relays on Boxing Day to watch, encourage and
criticise. I have in consequence become — except
among the real professional gardeners, who know
better how to appraise my noviceness — a horticul-
tural Sir Oracle. I dared not confess that it wa.";
the temporary success which the lawn had
gained over our efforts to subdue its grossness
that weighed with me in digging the turf in and
in turning it under for Potatos. Only when one
of my neighbours — whom I wish to retain as a
fri-eiid and wflio.se grass is perfect — announoed his
determination to make like sacrifice of his cro- '
quet lawn did I confess to him that Plajitains
were no less responsible than patriotism for my
turning my tennis racquet into a ploughshare.
Nevertheless I am constantly appealed to as an
authority on gardening, and so long as my ques-
tioners keep to problems of artificial manures I
can — fortified b>' a recollection of university lec-
tures in chemistry — come out of the ordeal with-
out fatal loss of prestige, but when lawyers ami
keen business men pin me down to say what
exactly trenching — legitimate and bastard — and
double-digging are, I confess that — like the paths
of the garden — I am gravelled. So far as I can
compute, there are seven different operalion.s
which may be performed in digging a piece of
ground from one to three spits deep. They are :
3 spits dug and replaced in due order, 3 spits
dug and the order reversed, 5 spits dug and
the order made to run from below upwards, 3.
1. 2 (of course mathematicians could find other
|>e.Tmu,t.itions beside these) ; 2 apits dug and
the order maintained, 2 dug and the order
reversed, one dug and second only broken, and
1 dug. Which is the name of which of these
operaitions is as ha.rd for me to under-
stand as it was for the listener to solve
the numerical conundrum of " We are Seven."
I have learned so much from digging, the
wonderful skill, address and economy of
labour practised by the skilled man, the
clumsy, laborious ineffectiveness of a will
in^ and back-broken amateur, the extraordi-
nary vitality of plants, enabling them to exist, as
revealed in the turned-up soil, on a mere veiiecr
of soil ; and so, to round off this part of my
education, I venture to ask for enlightenment
.u to the proper terms to apply to the fore-
mentioned ways of treating soil. If, as I sus-
pect, there are not enough terms to go round,
nobody will be more pleased than I, for my
grudge against Botany is Buffon's or Lamarck's
—I forget which—" It is easier to learn the
science than it is to master the nomenclature,"
.and I would not have this become true of horti-
culture, even though they are beginning to teach
it in universities. A. A'.

BERBERIS SUBCAUUALATA.

.VMONGr^r th,- rwently intriKluced Barberries
are some first-class garden shrubs, notably
Berberis Wdsonae, B. rubrostilla, B. Sar-
gentiana, B. polyantha, and the clo.sely
allied B. subcaulialata. of which a fruiting
branch is illustrated in fig. 20. The last-named
has rounder berries than those of B. polyantha,
and they are of a coral-red colour. The habit,
too, is rather more elegant, and when seen side
by side it is apparent that the species under
notice is the brtter garden plant. The species
is not common in gardens yet, but it will doubt-
less he grown extensively as it becomes more easy
to obtain. There is a very large collection of
the.se new Chinese Berberri-s at Aldenhani.
where B. subcaulialata has been selected as a
companion to tlie Cedars in the avenue by
th'' moats. The Berberis is set in rows, and

tho plants ars like pygmies in the grass coni-
l^-ired to the Cedars, yet the branches, studded
witli golden flowers, and later with coral-red
berries, serve to enliven and relicv the effect uf
their more sombre neighbours.

POTATOS AND PREJUDICE.

With all the literutur;' wliicji has sprung
up ai-ound the Potato it is remarkable how-
little is known of its in'iiroduction. Histori.'.ns,
it has been said, finding that history does
net repeat itself, have maintained the fable by
repeating one another. To those who saunter
'.n the byways of horticultural history tliere seems
some truth in this. Raleigh, we w^ere told at
schcol, introduced the Potato from Carolina,
but Raleigh never was at Carolina, nor does
the Potato grow wild there, being a native of
Peru, where it was found by Pietro Cieza do
Leon about 1532. This Spanisli traveller
fiiUiiwed Pizarro. whose conquest of Peru thus

iii-,e until the distressful years that followe<l the
\irtory of Watei'loo.

Even then it did not lack detractors, (ubbitt
thundered against the "infamous" vegetable,
which, with the use of tea, would reduce the
sturdy English labourer to the level of the Irish
peasant. The Tiiihs, in 1829. considered it as " a
fit esculent to lower the food of the opulent,"
but its use among the working classes would
lower them to "a nation of miserable, turbu-
lent drunkards." In France it was considered
" le plus mauvais de tons les legumes dans
I'opinion generale. Cependant le peupie qui
est la partie la plus nombreuse de I'humanite,
s'en nourrit." Tliis was written before 1879 !

Parmentier, whose najne still figures on our
menus when Potato soup requires disguising, suc-
c peded in introducing it to higher circles, and
'■ven pereuaded Louis XVI. to wear its flower
in his buttonhole.

In Scotland the deartli of 1740 led to its in-
troduction, and here, again, it met with the
usual opposition. "Tatties, tatties," said one
old native, " I ne'er supped on them a' my daj'3
and winni the nicht." The more pliilosnphica)

directly led to the introduction of the Potato
into Europe. Its welcome in .Spain was not
wai'm, for long it was but a curiosity, and it is
said, wilJi what truth we dare not say, that the
Church frowned upon it, seeing in it a competi-
tor with the titlrable wheat. In Italy its recep-
tion was hardly le.ss cold, and as a food-plant
its spread on the Continent was everywhere slow.

Its introduction into Ireland is said by many
writers to be due to Hawkins, and if this be es-
tablished, it seems probable that it was seized
on one of the Spanish prizes. It soon became
widely grown there, and spread thence to
Lancashire, the first part of England to under-
take its culture on a large scale.

In England it did not lack supporters, and in
1663 the P.oyal Society listened to Mr. Buck-
land, who spoke long and warmly in its praises.
How far this championship succeeded is doubt-
ful. One witness tells us it wa.s common in Eng-
land in 1698, but a dozen contemporaries give
him the lie. The Potato of Falstaff, it should be
.-aid, refers to a different plant altogether, a
inember of the C^mvolvulns f;Tmily, whose edible
tubers were grown and used, wlxen candied, as a
sweetmeat. The general trend r/f evidence is that
th" Potato did not come into anvtliing like general

R.\L-P1NK BERRIES.

argued that Potatos were not mentioned in the
Bible. However, the "tatties" made them-
selves at home, and have kept many a Sootch-
niau from treading the " broad road that leads
to England."

It is not perhaps difficult tu understand some
of the reasons which hinderetl the adoption of the
Potato. Its resemblance to other members of
the Solanum family, which are poisonous, .and
its insipid taste, were no small grounds for mis-
trust. Potatos are now a habit, but if we were
to meet them for the first time .should we give
thfm an enthusiastic welcome' /?.

THE ROSARY.

ROSE TRIER.

Tm.s variety of the multiflora .scandens sec-
tion is remarkable for its freedom and continuity
of flower and its delightful fragrance. Com-
mencing to flower in June, it continues into the
autumn, finishing with a crop of hips. In colour
the buds aro pink, opening cream and develop,
ing paler with yellow anthers. It grows 6 feet,
and forms a wide-spreading bush. Where space
can be given it requires but little pinning beyond

54

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febhuary 3, 1917.

th.^ removal of weaJcly growth* from the centre
of the bush.

ROSE AUGUSTUS HART.MANN.

Those who are seeking a brilliantly coloured
Ruse, aiid one that will give plenty of well-formed
blooms, should plant Augustus Hartmann. The
growth is all that could be desired, with ample
leafage, that is not subjected to attacks of mildew.
Theehapely blooms are borne freely on stiff, erect
stems. Tlie colour, cherry-red. is most striking.
It is a good Kose for use as cut blooms, small
buds developing into large blooms, which last a
long time fresh,

ROSE LADY PLYMOUTH.

Cut blooms of this Rose deepen in colour as
they develoD in water, the pale creamy tint as-
suming a pleasing tinge of yellow. In the open
this variety lias all the characteristics of a good
Ro^e. E. 'M.

Ill the plot where I propagate my hybrids I
had this year, much to my suipria?, a sheet of
bloom, five out of six of the plants having one
or more flower-stalks, •although the previous July
I had broken up the rhizomes in as small natural
divisions as possible. The bloom on the named
varieties planted in September, 1915, had only
scattered bloom, and the April, 1916, planting
no bloom (until August, and then abnormal, as
previously stated),

I look eagerly for the coming of the Gar-
(IcnrrK' Chiuiiide in the hope of finding a note
nn Iris, as I often do, and I am glad you do
not restrict them to April and July; those may
be the proper months (and better then than
newer), but they are such busy ones for the Iris
grower that there is not much leisure for reading.
Grace Sturtevant, Glen Bond Iris Gardeim,
WeWedey Farms, Mass., V.H.A.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

THE PLANTING OF BEARDED IRISES.
Mt experience and observation in regard to the
planting of bearded Iris may be of mterest to
your readers as confirming Mr. Dykes deductions
ra*lier than those of Mr, E, H, Jenkins.

Out climate is so much more severe than yours
that nothing could be moved in March, perhaps
not in April, in my garden, but it does not make
much difference except to shorten the blooming
time of Hhe Pogonirises, and afieots tJie TOOt
orowth, I imagine, in the same way.
' During the first half of July, when I lift and
divide Irises, I find them almost without
roots; the old ones are shrivelled and dead, but
holding the rhizome in place, and the new ones,
just pushing out from the rliizome, are thick
(^-inch or more throughout, with a blunt end),
and unbranched until full grown. It is not
until well into September that you find the root
system fully developed with a mass of fine
branching root fibres as well.

The roots, if destroyed, are not renewed to
any large extent until the next blooming season
is past.

The buds for the coming season are formed
b-fore winter, usually one stalk to each sheaf of
leaves, though some varieties have more, and
my theory is that the March-plant«d ones in
the table published in Gnrii. Chrnn.. December2,
1916, are reallv one year ahead of the others ;
i.e., you have' lost all but six of the blooms
formed in 1912 from the Ma.rch transplants, while
you had bloom on the June ones before trans
planting. Thus the March plants skipped one
year's bloom, and naturally, with three months
morp of active growth in the new position the
1915 clump is larger, and you find more bloom
to the March transplant's credit, but a lower
average increase

Irises can be shifted without a noticeable check
if the work is done carefully in one's own gar-
den at almost any time, but where you divide
them it is important to let them ripen and the
old roots die off. This takes from four to six
weeks after they blossom. When rhizomes are
purchased and the roots cut off, the result is
different. I had a curious example of this in
the bshaviour of a variety called T^oreley. I had
seen the table of the Wisley 1913 experiment
last winter, and so purchased several hundred
in March to compare with other plantings, and
among them twenty-five of Loreley. They came
and were planted in April. I never saw finer
rhizomes, and although they w°re slow to start
thev grew wonderfully, but in August I noticed
a flower or two close down in the leaves, and
on examination I found every plant had, or had
had, blossoms, but without stems long or strong
enough to push th'-m out of the clasping leaves,
and, with the exception of those two or three,
the flowers had died, and the whole mass inside
of the leaves was rotfc°n. In removing it I had
to cut off most of the growth on the end of the
rliizome. which conld not be beneficial.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

the opiiU'

hold thniiiielvcs resjwnKible fitr
I'leiisi'd bij correspondents.)

Brown Rot Disease of Fruit Trees.—

The brown rot diseases of fniit trees often
cause serious losses to fruit growers. T'he
subject is now undea" investigatioin by tih«
Research Depairtment of Wye College, with a
view of studying llie various foi-ms of the
fungus oomcemed, and of devising the best
methods of oomtrolling the disease. We desine
the co-operation of fruit groweirs in this matter,
and would be glad if readers would give us
an accoiint of their experi'enoe of the disease by
supplying answers to the following questions,
wliidli relaite t<o the form of ' ' brown rot ' ' that
produces " blo^sisiom wUt " and "canker" of
.■^pple trees. 1. Ai-e any of vour Apple trees
affected with a disease which causes the trusses
of blossom, with the accompa,nying leaves, to
" wilit " and finally to become brown and
withered ? 2. What vaTieties are attacked ? 3.
When did you first notice the disease? 4. Do
you belier\-e it to be getting worse year by yean?
5. Can you supply an estimate of the damage
done to youx A]jplie trees by this " blossom
wilt " disease, either on the crop as a whole OT
on particular varieties? E. S. .Snlmnn. Smith
Efi.-fern .4grir,iJfvrnI CnUnje, Wye. Kent.

Methods of Trenching,— It is a matter
^if some surprise to note that gardeners when
undei'taking trenching stilt indulge in tbe old-
fashioned, laborious way advoc.a;ted on p. 28,
\iz. , "To mark out a trench 2 feet wide and
wheel the whole of this soil to a depth of 2 feet
to the opposite end of the plot." In a quarter
of, say, 40 feet to 60 feet wide, the soil bulk to
be removed would be considerable, requiring
much time and labour, these latter increasing
pixjportionately with the length of the plot.
Majiy years ago, when breaking up an old pas-
ture for the cidtivation of Narcissi and other
hardy planits, I hit upon a modification of the
Oibave old-fashioned method, and incidentally
saved considerably thereby. The idea is sim-
I>licity itself, and is as foMows : Running a line
lengthwise through the centre of the plot, a
niche was cut to assist straightforward work,
and in order that Instead of trenching the
quarter its full width right away, the work
could be done by forward and return halves. In
opieoiing the trench of the first, or " forward "
half, the soil was turned oA-er on- to adjacent
gnound or path, the trenoh-and-a-half system of
opening being followed for obvious reasons.
Reaching the other end of the " forwalrd " half
of the plot its trench was made good with the
soil crea.ted by the opening of the trencli of the
"ret-urn" half, the material for the filling in
of which was already in waiting at the oppo-
site extreme — tihe starting point — of the
quarter. In this way not only was the w-h,eeling
of a considerable bulk of soil from one end of
the quai-teir to the othw entirely dispemsed with,
but tlhie need for the initial excavation of the
snil from one half of the quarter— the final
trench of the return half— did not ari.se. E. H .
.Jenl-ins.

Economical Pot- was hiimc-PoI-w ashing

ranks to-day, as it ever has done, among the most
roeinial of a gaixJener's duties, reserved generally
for wet and frosty days, and for the least skilful
of the gardening staff. I'nloved at any time, it
is particiula.rly so in tiroes of frost, luiless heated
potting shed or convenience in boiler shed exists
for the work. For a considerable number of
years, liowever, pot-washing by hand was en-
tirely dispensed with by tdie writer. It was
done just as effectually, and far more cheaply, by
the elements. The finisihing of crops of Chry-
saathemiung or Carnations always released a
few thousand pots, and these, freed of soil, were
taken direct to the then vacant stamiding ground
and arrajiiged close together. A few weeks tlhus
exposed to the weather wrought a great change,
tilie interiors being usually as clean as if tho-
roughly scrubbed. Inverting the batch, the ex-
teriors were exposed, with similar cleansing
results, frost pla.ying a niosit impoirtant part in
freeing them from moss oi- vegetable accumu-
latioJis of any kind. In this way thousands of
pots were cleansed at practically no cost, and
the cleansing was even more thorough and com-
plete than in ordinary washing. In addition, I
consider the pots are appreciably hardened by
the exposure, while materially sweetened — disin-
fected if you will — by the action of the frost.
In a.ny case it is wxu-thy of general adoption
as a. time-saver alone. I got the idea originally
from observing the cleanness of the exposed
portions of the pots in the staAs. Doubtless
■other plant growens were similarly impreissed,
since for some years now it has been practised
by market growers large and small. H.

Old Seed and Plant Catalogues (see
[ip. 9, 29). — In the notes on the above by
ir. II. ('., reference is made to Messrs. Rolli-
son's,of Tooting, and the fact that he failed to
locate the site of that once famous nursery when
last in the neighbourhood. Should he be in
the locality again, and desire to do so, he has
but to step out 80 rards or so in the direction
of London from the moniunental mason's still at
the corner of " Totterdown," to bruig him (ap-
proximately) opposite the iron gates which oon-
.stituted the main entrance. Thirty-five yairds
more and your coiTespondent would be practi-
cally opposite the entrance to the big conserva-
tory, another 30 yards bringing him to the yard
entrance and offices. The Garratt Lane side^ —
the fa-uit tree department — a portion of which
was opposite Parker's nursery, also now coveered
with bricks ajid mortar, is readily fixed by the
" Fountain Inn " at the corner of Cemetery
Road, provided that name is still perpetuated.
Reference is alsw made to Rollison's Telegraph
Cucumber, "its advent" and its "raiser." I
was not aware, however, that the latter was
ever known, Messn'S'. Rollison obta.ined it from
a private gardener, who himself disitinctly to:^d
me at the time he was unaware of its origin. It
had been given, to him, he said, and so many
years before, that he had quite forgotten hy
wfhom or w^here it came from. The gardener
was at the time old and tottering, and of a
type that alwa,ys went to work in a " top-haifc ''
of the "beaver" pattern. At and prior to the
advent of Rollison's Telegraph C^ucumber, I was
herbaceous plant foreman for the firm, and well
remember the first batches grown for seed before
the variety was sent out, E.

"Once-grown" Potato 8eed.— The pro-
nouncement of the Board' of Agriculture and
Fisheries in leaflet No, 68 on this subject cer-
tainly stands in need cf qualifying. In Southern
districts, where the air and soil are generally dry
in summer, it may be correct that Potato seed
from Scotland yieids the heaviest crop the first
year and that there is a rnarked falling off in
each succeeding year if home-saved seed from the
Scotti.sh stock "is used. But in some other
Southern districts, where the rainfall varies from
35 inches to 50 inches in a year, this statement
does not hold good, in all cases at any rate. I
have known very satisfactory crops of Potatos
giown in South Buckinghamshire, Middlesex,
Surrey and Berk-shire from home-saved seed to
th3 third generation from Scottish and from
Lincoln seed. But my most contrary experience
was at PencaiTOW, in Cornwall, where during
twelve years T invariably failed to obtain even

Febrvary 5. 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

55

moderate crops the first year from Scottish and
from Lincoln seed, although the sets were
sprouted and planted at the proper times for each
variety. The new tubers were always small, ap-
proximateh- of seed size, and the crops distinctly
"under." But these "once-grown" varieties
during the ne.xt two years were eminently satis-
factory. There was a slight falling off in crop
and quality in the third year, after which time
th'^ tubers would become mixed, pebble-shaped
an.J round, though all from kidney-shaped sorts,
for from some reasons which I could never dis-
cover, the soil or climate, or maybe both, would
not produce good quality round or pebble-shaped
Potatos, while many kidney shaped sorts were
lirst-rate when cooked. This was distinctly un-
fortunate, because geneiaily the " rounds " pro-
ducer the heavier crops, but. tike the degenerate
kidneys, when cooked were close and soapy.
The vegetable ground at Pencarrow slopes to the
north-wesit, the soU is a light, deeply-worked
loa.m, rather under average quality, and the
rainfall heavy. A. C. BartUtt.

Standard Red, White, and Black Cur-
rants.— I was greatly impressed by the very
fine e-xamples of these small fruits that I saw in
the well-cultivated fruit and kitchen gardens at
Worsley Hall, near JIanchester, the residence of
the Earl of Ellesmere. Mr. Upjohn, the
gardener, pointed them out with much gratifi-
cation. The stems were about 3 feet tall,
and they were carrying large heads that were
bearing heavy crops of fruit. Mr. Upjohn in-
formed me that the bunches kept much better
than those on dwarf bushes or against walls. I
have not seen any Black Currants grown in this
fa.shion, but I do not doubt but that they would
l>e equaUy effeotive. I have grown both the
fled and \\Tiite Currant as short standards, and
found them very useful in that way. Ja.<.
Huehon, Gunnfvuhury House.

Garlic- Surely Mr. J. Dunn's advice, on
p. 25, to allow "a little more space beitween
the rows for Garlic than for Shallots," is
a slip of the pen, and he meant to have
written rather less space. When one con-
sideira the two bulbs, whiah are, to the
boJajiist, alosely allied, but quite distinct to the
cultivator, it is evident that the Garlic rows need
be merely sufficiently far apart to allow the free
use of the hoe, and that 6 inches from plant lo
plant is ample. Wlheiieas the whole bulb of
Shallot is planted and it forms a little colony of
.separated bulbs around it, the Garlic bulb is first
[julled apart into " cloves " — a. good bulb con-
tains as many as 15 clovee — and each clove also
produces its little colony, but the individuals are
])acke3 closely together, and confined, sometimes
vei-y loosely, in a general covering. The so-called
"bulb" of Garlic is in reality an aggregation
of bulbs, and the base of each little bulb when
separated is studded with fat, white root tips.
There are two types of Garlic — the white-skinned,
which is most sold in this country, and the red-
skiinned sort, which, as in Onions, keeps longest.
Although t-he best Garlic ooraes from France,
quite good bulba may be grown in England, as
the .sample I send from my own garden at Hamp-
ton Hill shows. In Southern France the growers
.still seriously and vehemently contend that the
gousxe d'ail must be .set in November, whilst the
moon is waxing, so that it may gain strength
with the growing moon, otherwise failure is cer-
tiiin. The older cottager Ln Devon and Corawall
often treasures similar belief concerning sowing
seeds and planting vegetables. Garlic succeeds
well in a lig^ht, rich .soil, which need not be pressed,
as is general for Onions. The cloves should be
pushed into the ground in lines 9 inches apart.
.lUowing 6 inches in the rows. The earliest and'
largest bulbs are obtained by planting during the
first half of November, but good bulbs may be
grown from spring planting, and these will natur-
ally keep longer. When planting in November
the cloves should be pu.shed almost full length
into the soil, merely le.iving the tip expos?-' •
Imt in the spring I prefer to bury only half
t/he olove, as in this way the bulbs are dleaner
amd moire attractive in a.ppoairance. The pre-
cise date for spring planting does not appear to
be essential, though T like to plant during
February, but the sampk- I send is fi-om cloves
planted on .\pril 22 last. .(. C. nartlrll.

s o c I s T ie: s .

ROYAL HORTICDLTDRAL.

Janit.\rv 30. — The fortnightly meeting held on
Tuesday last in the Drill Hall of the London
Scottish, Buckingham Gate, W'estminster, was
one of the smallest on record.

There were a few good exhibits of Orchids,
only two collections in the floral section, and
none of either fruits or vegetables. The rest
of the exhibition was comprised of paintings,
preserves, and sundries. The only award made
by the Floral Committee was a Silver Bank-
sian Medal for a collection of Perpetual-
flowering Carnations exhibited by Messrs. All-
wood Bros., Hay wards Heath. The other ex-
hibit was a florist's group of Eucalypti and
-•Vcacias. arranged with excellent taste by Messrs.
R. Felton and Sons, Hanover Square, London.
.\ pale-flowered sport of Primula malacoides.
wth lighter green foliage and smaller leaves than
the type, was the only novelty submitted to the
Floral Committee. It was shown by Sir. Wm.
L.^wRENCE, Bart., Biwford. Dorking. Xo award
was made to it.

Floral Committee.

Prefent : Messrs. H. B. Mav (chaiiman),
W. J. Bean, H. Green, Geo. Harrow. C. R.
Fielder. John Heal, Wm. Howe, J. F. McLeod.
E. Bowles, A. Turner, John Dickson, C. Dixon.
H. J. .Tones, Cbas. E. P?airson, H. Cowlev.
W. P. Thomson. Geo. Paul, G. Reuthe, .Jas.
Hudson and E. H .Tenkins.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colnian, Bart, (in the
cdiair). Sir HaJTy J. Veitoh, Messre. J. Wilson
Potter, Jas. O'Brien (hon. secTetary), Frederick
.1. Hanbury, Pantia Ralli, E. R. Arihton, J. E.
Shill, .1. Ciharles%vorth, Arthur Dye, S. W. Flory,
and R. A. Rolfe.

Eight novelties were entered to go before
the committee, chiefly small plants flowering for
the first time, but no award was made.

.Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst.
Tunbridge Wells, staged a selection of hybrid
Odontoglossums and Odontioda seedling plants
with their first flowers, all of a high ordter
of merit. The best varieties were 0dm. Peer-
less var. rotunda (eximium X Ossulstonii), a
large and perfect wliito flower, with a large
purple blotch in the middle of eadh segment ;
0dm. Peerless va.r. Magpie, white, with mvUberry-
a-ed markings ; 0dm. gandavense Orchidhurst
varietv, of fine shape, evenly spotted with claret-
red ; Odm. Meteor Sandhurst variety, large and
finely blotched ; Odm. ardentillus violacea, violet
colour, with white tips ; Odontioda Amethyst
(Hallio-crispum x Bradshawiae), with light
yellow flowers bearing a horseshoe-ahaped blotoh
in the middle of each segment.

.Messrs. Charleswohth and Co., Hay wards
Heath. showed Odontoglossum crispum
xanthotes ; a vei-y fine typical form of 0.
crispum ; the handsome Odontioda Florence
(Oda. Cooksoniae X Odm. Dora) ; Laelio-
Cattleya Serbia and Cattleya Clot^.

Messrs. Hassall and Co., Southgate, staged
a selection of hybrid Cymbidiums, including
C. Capella, C. Alexanderi, C. Beatrice, and C.
Sybil; the novelty being C. Sybil sulphureum, a
large cream-white flower tinged with yellow and
having light rose markings on the lip.

.Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, showed
their new Cymbidium Chaffinch (Gottianum X
Doris), with broad-petalled white flowers evenly
spotted with purple, and showing well the good
influence of C. ebumeum, obtained through C.
Gottianum.

From Baron Schroder's collection. The Dell,
Englefield C!re?n, came a fine flower of Cypri-
pedium Eurybiades Shillianum, one of the best
of the batch raised at The Dell. The dorsal
sepal, four inches and a-quarter wide, was whit*
with an emerald-green base and densely spotted
lines of rose-purple. The broad petals and lip
are yellow tinged with reddish-purple, the petals
being spotted with the same colour on the inner
halves.

Fruit and Vegetable Commlttee.

I'l-r.-eii/ : Messrs. Jos, C. CheA (vioe-ch.",ir
man). W. Poupart. J. W, liatcs, ()w,.|i Thomas.
Iv .\. Bunvard. lid. Hanis, a.iid Rev. W. Wilks.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

J.^NV.^RY 15. — The annual business meeting
of this Association was held on this date. Mr.
Pirie, the president, was in the chair, and there
was an attendance of sixty-five members.

The report by the Council for the session 1916
stated that, with the exception of the holding
of its Chrysanthemum show, the ordinary work
or the Association had been carried through in
every detail, and it was also seated that the
Council had decided to hold a series of four small
exhibitions in conjunction with the monthly meet-
ings in the current session, for which a schedule
of prizes had been prepared.

The financial statement showed a deficit of
£29 on the revenue, and that there was a con-
siderable depreciation on the invested capital.

The Marquis of Linlithgow was re-elected
honorary president for 1917 ; Mr. John Phillips,
Grantou Road Nurseries, Edinburgh, was elected
president in succession to Mr. Pirie ; and Miss
Burton and Mr. M'Hattie were elected to the
%acancies in the vice-presidencies. The seven
vacancies in the Council were filled by the elec-
tion of Miss Todd and Messrs. Crighton, Fife,
Galloway, Innes, Macdonald and Taylor, and the
secretary and treasurer and auditors were re-
elected.

Begonia Mrs. J. A. Peterson was exhibited by
Mr .Tohn Downie, Edinburgh.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

.January 4. — Coinmittce /we^Jen?.- The Rev. J.
( 'romblehoLme (in tlie ohadir), Messrs. D. A.
Cowan, J. Cypher, A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans,
.•\. R. Handley, A. Hanmer, D. McLeod, W.
Shackleton. H. Thoi-p, and H. Antlhuir (secret
laa-\-).

AWARDS.
FiiiST-OLASS Certificates.

Cymhidium ScMegelii roseum (Wiganianuni
X insigne). Odontoglossum Illustworth {illus-
trissimum X Aireworth), a finely-formed flower
of rosy-purple colour, botili fixim Dr. Craven
MooRE.

Laclio-Valtleya Momus (Octave Doin x JjOm-
heauiae), a flower of perfect form, good eoloair,
and welll-markied lip, from K. Ashworth, Esq.

Cypripcdiuin Marshal Haig (Clio The

Slirubbcry rar. x G. F. Moore), a well-shaped

floweir with round dorsal and beautifully

s|>obted sepail, from Tom Worsley, Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Laelio-Vattlet/a Serbia AsMandiae, Odonto-
glossum- Black Watch, and. Cypripediam insigne
speculatum, all from R. Ashworth, Esq.

Cymbidium Schlegelii Conyngham var., and
Odont^>gloxfum crispum Orestes, from Dr.
Craven Moore.

C ypn pi ilium Verdun (Clio x Leeanum.
(Jlinkuberryanum), and C. Traceyanum. var.
I'trcy, from Tom Worsley, Esq.
Cultural Certificate.

To Mr. C. Branch (gr. to W. R. Lee, Esq.),
for Odontoglossum Cobbiae, carrying a beautiful
branched flower-spike.

Groups.

R. Ashworth, Esq., Newchurdh (gr. Mr.
Davenport), was awarded a Large Sjlveir MedaJ
for a group of Cypriped.iums and Odontogilos-
sum ori.sptun. Tom Worsley, Esq., HasUngden,
was aW) awarded a Large Silver Medal for a
group compo.sied of Cypripediunis. Messirs.
Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham, were awai-died a
Silver Medal for a group of C,vpripediums,
Cattleya Trianae, vSophronitis gi'andiflora, Onci-
diiun oheirophorum and others.

CROP AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Dairy Cow.s.
The present easterly winds, accompanifd with
10° frost, are all against the production of milk,
srrass is scarce, and hopes for even a fair yield of
milk must be based on the supply of artificial
food. There ire many who think that extra food
for cows is not nccos.s;iry. In such weather as now
pi'ev.iils it is essJential. W'heii^ a combination of
rich milk and a maximum quantity of butter arc

56

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[TliBRUARy 3, 1917.

required; the dairyman must keep pure-bred
animals. Guernsey and Jersey eovvs are un-
equalled for high quality produce. I prefer the
former breed for three reasons. First, they give
more milk in bulk, the animals are liardier, more
able to withstand cold, capable of succeeding on
heavy soil, and, what is of much importance,
tliey are of more value to the biitch?r when their
milking days are ended, being of larger build.
Jersey cows are a trifle richer in their milk and
butter yields, but they are apt to grow coarse
on heavy, cold sioil. SVhjene the highest t|uality
only is considered .Jerseys should be pivfeiri-eid.

A cow in full profit would be an animal
such as we have here, which calved on
Deoerabesr 20 last, and is now giving thioity-
two pints (four gallons) milk per day. The
eleven cows in milk are producing on an
avera^ 7 , lbs. butter per week ; some tlii'ee
of the a-nimals ane approaching the "dry
stage, having calved in March, 1916. In addition
to the butter noted, twenty-seven gallons of milk
are also consumed during the week from these
cows. Does anyone think such results could be
achaoved by natural food— grass and hay ? Such
fact's should convince the most sceptical of the
desirability of high feeding.

I neoommend the following food diet per day :
Sliced Mangolds of the Tankard type, 50 lbs. ;
long Hay, 15 lbs. ; Bibby dairy cake, 4 lbs. ;
crushed Oats, 4 lbs. If linseed and cotton cake
is used in tlv= place of Bibby cake (which I do
not i-ecommend), 2 lbs. each should be given.

The total amount of each is noted for the day,
but it sihould be given to tihe animals in lialf
quantity twice daily, morning and afteraoon.

Some persons object to the use of Mangolds
on the score of tainting the butter. If the animals
are fed after milking no harm will result.
Pigs.

Never has the price of pork and bacon-pigs
bee.u so high as at the present ; small — stoiie —
]>igs may have Iweai equally dear. Scarcity at
Iwirae and lack of importa are no doubt the cause.
To reduce prices tliie number reaned slho<ukl be
largely increased. The high price of food uo
doubt deters many from increasing their stock.
Many hav? said how valuable is the village pig
tub-^the offal co'leidted from the cottages known
as swill. When used propedly with meals rauclr
may be done to cheapen the cost of pig food,
but when people believe they can k^ep small j'igs
on sudh food alone there is certain bo be t:-ouble
before long. One of the worst ingredients
that all too often finds its way into the swill tub
is common soda:, nsed for wasihing up the diiuier
utensils. I would urge a strong caution to all
those of inexperience to use carefully such food,

A good typ-e of sow commencing at eight
months old will produce five litters within
two yeains; these averaging nine or ten pigs
to the litter, will be quite satisfactory. The
([uestion will be, what is the best breed
to keep. For quick growth, selling as stores at
eigM weeks old, porkers of from tlu'ee to four
score pounds at four months, or bacon pigs up
to ten score pounds. A combination of pu'c
breeds is preferred. A Berkshire boar crossing
a la.rge Yorkshire White, or a Middle White
Yorkshire with a Large W'hite or Berkshire sow,
or a Berkshire boar with a Sussex sow, prodiuce
good pigs. I need hardly say that much depends
upon the management in judgmg or estimating
results. A sow can be kept cllieaply on bran with
H. smiaU quantity of raid:dlings, Cabbage and
Mangold. A run on grass, or in an open yard
is an advantage, as exeixise is an absolute
necessity, even Lf but for a short time
during the day. When the little pigs are four
weeks old tlrey sihould be encom-aged to eat in
a- separate trough away from thi:^ mother. Skiin
milkj with a small quantity of ^lao'ps, fonns a
suitable diet. At five weeks the boar pigs should
ha castrated ; as six weeks, weaned. Feeding
them in small quantities three and four times
daily, progress will quickly be made. For fatten-

ing oldeir pigs. Barley meal. Maize meal, and
.sharps, mixed with milk, if available, is a good
mixture.

Rkn'OV-itixg P.\siukes.

To iuL-rease the amount of ga'ass fur cattle and
tlie supply of Hay for the Army are ixunts of
special importance ; all pasture land shoxdd be
made to yield a maximum qiiantity. If it will
not do that it should be ploughed up and cul-
tivated for a few years, when it might be relaid
to grass.

Basic slag is one of the best of stimivlanits foa'
grassland, especially chalk subsoUs, but as it is
now too late to apply it to show a beneficial
result this seaeon I should defer its "use until
November. For this season's crop fairmyard
manure pretty well decayed should be spread st
the rate of fifteen ton.w per acre ; failing this,
superphosphate 4 cwt. per acre in March would
be a good substitute.

Befo're applying the manure we.ll stir the gnass
surface, using heavy iron haiTows. This will
;,dniit the manure to the roots more quickly,
and aid in eradicating moss, which in some fields
is a nuisance. Until the manure disappears con-
tinue to harrow, and finally collect stones and
rubbish, preparatory to rolling dovvn firmly,
in this way consolidating the grass in such a
manner that the roots will secure full advantage
from the manure.

Pe.^s for Stock.
The feeding value of Peas is so high that more
ought to be grown. Sheep, horses and pigs
.specially appreciate them. A straw crop
ploughed in the autumn is a good preparation,
if farmyaid manure was not then available, 4
cwt. Bupei-phosplhate.sown when sowing the seed
in March, is a good substitute. The han'owing
necessary to bury the Peas will aid in burying
the manure also'. Tlu-ee bushels, weighing 63
lbs. per bushel, per acre of seed is ample. Either
drill or sow broadcast. The former is best, as
it. enables hoeing to be more efficiently done.
Eai-lv Dun is a good variety. E. Molyneux.

C'AN.iDiAN Visitor to Ekgland : Private C. IT.
There are many places in Britain where
Fuchsias succeed sufficiently well out-of-doors
to foi-m hedges, though, of course, they are
not the same varieties as those usually culti-
vated in glasshouses. Some of the best hedges
we have seen are in the gardens at Penrhyn
Castle, near Bangor, North Wales, and at the
little village of Lee, in Devonshire, a short dis-
tance from llfracombe. Then in cei'taiu parts
of Devonshire and Cornwall and in the Isle of
Wight Fuchsia hedges may be seen, though
not so big and flourishing as in North Wales
and near llfracombe. In Britain the Mistleto
most commonly grows on Apple trees in the
older orchaads." It is no doubt common enough
in some of the orchards in your present county,
Hampshire. You would do well to call at some
of the farms, and in this way we think you will
easily obtain information of its whereabouts.
The "firm that distributed Clematis Jackmanii
is G. Jackman and Sons, Woking, a firm
that is still flourishing. When you speak
of George Mawley we think you mean Edward
Mawley, the late secretary of the National Rose
Society, whose death occurred a few months
ago. The late Mr. Mawley's residence was
at " Rosebank," Berkhamsled, in Hertford-
t;Jiire. If you happen to be in Ixindon
in June or July you will find good displays of
Dwarf Roses at the Royal Gardens. Kew. and
the visit there would >be interesting to you in
many ways. Y'ou might also visit some of
the Rose nurseriee.

.Mushrooms on Lawns : IC. B. 11'. Y'ou could
not expect much success in ga'owing Mush-
rooms on lawns, unless the soil contains a
goud quantity of organic material in a suit-
able condition for the fungus. You would
lequire to spawn the turf : the spawn may
be purchased in "bricks," and these would
require to be broken into pieces about the
size of a Walnut and inserted two inches deep
at intervals of a foot or so. It would not be
advisable to mow tihe grass afterwards.

Name of Fruit : 11'. T. 0. Blenlieim Pippin.

Names or Plants : ^j. P. Odontoglossum
Andersonianum, a natural hybi'id between 0.
crispuni and 0. gloriosum. — W. H. H.
Asparagus decumbens ; not a rare species,
although not so frequently met with in gar-
dens as A. plumosus. — Diihlin. Skimmia
japonica.

Seed Potatos : Vonslaid Peader. Place the seed'
tubers of both the early and maincrop varieties
in sliallow boxes now, putting the boxes in a
position where the light reaches them, in ordei'
that the shoots of the tubeJs may grow strong.

Strengths of Lime-Sulphur: Enquirer. Lime-
sulphur as sent out by the firms who make it
usually tests at 32° to 53°, as shown on the
Baume hydrometer scale, or at 1.2831 to 1.2946
on the ordinary specific gravity hydrometer.
The former is much the easier to read. At
such a strength one gallon of the concentrated
lime-sulphur should be used with 12 to 12^ gal-
lons of water, for use when the trees are
dormant, just before the buds begin to burst.
After leaves, or even their buds, show, the
summer strength — one gallon of the fluid' to
40 gallons of water — will be as strong as will
be safe. The winter strength will serve for all
varieties while they are dormant. The
summer strength will serve for all varieties
of Plums and for all kinds of Apples
except Cox's Orange Pippin, which any wash
at all caustic will partially defoliate. Possibly
this variety might withstand a 1 : 50 dilution .:
but this is doubtful. It is questionable whether
it will withstand a wash strong enough to
check scab after the foliage is open. On other
varieties the ordinary summer strength may be
used, if they are subject to scab, just after the
blossom has fallen, and again three weeks later.

Winter Wash for Fruit Trees : E. H. H. For
old trees with lough bark, moss and lichen,
especially when infested with the woolly aphis
(the so-called American blight), caustic soda,
20 lb. to 100 gallons of water, is the most
effective wash, and may be applied at any
time after this while the trees are quite dor-
mant. For trees not in such bad condition, and
not affected with brown rot, limewa.sh is pre-
ferable, a& it cleanses trees of moss, and' is
believed by some authorities, including fruit
growers, to check aphis attack, either by coat-
ing the eggs of the pest so as to stifle the
aphides when just hatched, or at least to hamper
tliem so that many of them perish. For the
latter purpose the wash should be as thick as
can be got through a sprayer with a coarse
nozzle made especially for limewash. If cwt.
to 2 cwt. of quicklime to 100 gallons of water.
The lime should be gradually slaked, stirring
frequently, and not diluted more than neces-
sary until it is fully slaked. For Apples or
Phims affected with "brown rot lime-sulphur is
to be preferred as a possible though doubtful
check, and this is the wash to use on Plums
to prevent bud-eating by birds, immediately
after an abtaclc begins. Apart from its use
against bud-eating, the best time to spray is
when the buds are on the point of bursting,
and this is the case also for limewash. For use
while trees are dormant 12 gallons of lime-
sulphur of the strength usually supplied by
firms who make it .should be used in 100 gallons
of waiter. See answea- to Enqniirr.

Communications Beceived. — W Biuuli----^..
Mur-aii-A. .T.-R. Fairtr-A. O.-.T. ,T. M.-H. C-
!•:. L.-T McR.-W. F. F.-A. H.-W. C. G.-S. R.--
\ W — W L. B.— A. S. F.— B. Levitt— C. T.— C. H. M.
—A. D. H.— E. B.— W. R., New Yolk— F. W. M.—
C. D.

Fkbkiary 3. 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

(Continued from page ii.)

WTANTED. a WORKING HEAD GAR-

' ' DEJNEB (melig-ible for the Army), where two otheis
are kept ; Hardy Fruit and Vegetables a speciahtv ; must
be well reconimenJed.— Applv to E, MOLYXEUX, Swan-
more Park, Bishops Waltbam, Hants.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Woek-

' ' INQ) ; ineligible ; one under ; understand lamd and
stock ; cowman kept ; wife undertake ^mall dair}' ; house
in garden.— Write age, wages, famih", ic, c'OLOXEL
STRATTOX, Little Berkhamsted, Hertford Herts.

WTANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DESER, thorouglxl.y experienced, and, if possible,
with knowledge of stock ; man and wife or eon old
enough to act as Second, and attend poultry and pigs
preferred. — Write full experience, age, family, wages,
witi copies of testjmonaals (house, coals, wood, and
vegetables free). PRESCXiTT, Hlg'hlands, Woldiogham.

WTANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' • DEXER, where 3 are kept ; very little Glass ;
able to work electric light plant ; situation close to
?jmall town in Hampshire; good house. — .^pply, stating
experience and wages required, J. P., c/o Stanesby's
Library. 179, Sloane Street, S.W.

WANTED, by a Lady, a good HEAD
' ' WORKIXG GARDENja and four UNDER GAR

DENERS ; lady Gardeners mav apply. — MRS. POLE,
Beech Hill, Englefleld Green. Surrey'

"W'ANTED, a MAN to take charge of
' " Vineries and Peach-houses ; wa^es 303. per week
and Bothy. — Apply, C. ALLEN, Estate Office, Worth
Park, Crawley, Sussex.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

~ ~ HANDED), Vegetables and Flowers; about half an
aLTe ; 2 UJass-houses ; good wages to competent man.—
Apply, after 6, "" Went worth," Oarabalton Road. Sutton.
Surrey.

W'ANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

" " DENER ; married or single ; ineligible ; perma.
nenoy; help given.— State wages to MR. GROTRL\N, Pir-
ton Hall, Httchin, Herts.

W'ANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAK-

' ' DEXER ; wages 35s.— Apply, MISS HORNBY, Bden-
dale. CYeswick Boed, Aoton, W.

"WANTED, GARDENER (Si.vgle-

' ' HANDED) ; no glass ; Kitclien and Flower Garden ;

ineli^ble ; a-bstainer ; wages 228. to 25s., and tTitc'-.
roomed ooltage.— Apply, J. LOVELL PETERS, Obarlwo<d.
Oxahott, Surrey.

"WANTED, Single-handed GARDENER;
• ' permanency ; Flowers. Kitchen Garden, and

Fruit; no Glass; cottage in garden.— Apply. CHARLES
XOAKES, Heromlcn. Basingstoke.

W'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER, in

eligible, for Inside and Outside; alao to assist
with electric light plant; wages 25s., with lodge, fuel,
and light free.— Apply, ALFRED WILUAMS, WU
loughbys, Oxshott, Surrey.

W'ANTED, UARDENEK ; good all-round ;

must undiTstand Flowers under Glass; ineligible:
or woman would do; h<ip given. Stato wages i-e-iuirwi.
— Reterenoos to MR. BIRRKLL, Bemlev Heath. BarmI,
HerU

AV ANTED, GARDENER, during wai

experienced, capable man ; help given ; very
pretty place, Devonshire. Stat« terms.— Box 14, c/o
W. H. SMITH & SON, Kingswoy, London, W.C

"WANTED, GARDENER; used to Green-
house work, &c. ; Inside and Out ; wages 30s.
uoekly.— TAVLOR, 86. Hook Road, Epeom.

"WANTED, good WORKING GAR-
DENER ; not overr 60 ; must thoroughly underrtimd
Vegetables and Flowers.— Apply, Wheatsbeti'f Hotel, Vir-
ginia Water.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER;

one with knowledge of Grapes, &c. ; inelisrible for
the Arm.v ; 4roomed cottage, with coals and gas; wag*«
24«.— Apply personally, or bv lett«r, " L}^ldhu^3t," 48
Aldriiigton Road, SIreatham Park, S.W.

"W'ANTED, immediately, I'.NDKR (J.AR-

DENER at Rydal HflU, Ambleside; no Bothy —

Apply, sUtiiig age, expeiieli.-e, and w.ige- i-cpiireil t.,

CLAUDE BARTON, Ingleborough Estate Office, Olephom,

^orks.

"RANTED, UNDER GARDENER, for

Inside and Outside ; good wages to a competent
man; comfortable Botliv.— Repiv, stating exnerienoe to
A. BR.\DRURY, Bryn Lupus. Llaiidndno,

VyANTEl). GARDENKK-GROOM; tol-

tage 111 Sussex : discliaiged soldier or sailor pre-
feri«d; maiTied.— Write. HONBLE .MRS. MORRIS 56a
Elizabeth Street, Baton Square.

J ADY GARDENERS are wanted for

-*-• (1) Surre.v, as UNDER, large estate, some previous
experience essential. Head Man Gardener and 6 Under
Gardeners kept. (2) Herts, as UNDER. 20 acres. Head
Man. Gardener and 4 other Gardetners kept, some pre-
vious experience and gofxl knowledge of poultry essen-
cijal. (3) Two wanted to work under Head Man Gar-
dener for a military hospital, some experience. (4) Salop,
two wanted as Head and Under; large garden, with
grass amd fruit ; 3 Under Gardeners and boy kept. (5)
Wales, two wanted, to work under Head Man Gardener,
for a Market Garden, dig and use a mower, imd keep lawn
in order. Ladv Gardeners are suited entirely free of
charge.— MRS. "HUNT. LTD-. 86, High Street, M'arylebone.

WANTED, for Large Gardens in the Mid-

' ' lands, TWO LADY GARDENERS, one Inside
and one Out, to w'ork under Head ; must be ex-
perienced ; furnished lodgings, and 50s. per week
salarv.— Write. T. H., Box 18, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W.C.

"WANTED, Two WOMEN GARDENERS

Inside and Out ; must have practioal experience ;
12 Glass-houses - ParticuLars, wages, ic. with Bothy,
T. RIDLEY, The Gardens, Nidd Hall, Hanogate.

W'ANTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER

in Northumbeu'lamd (ineligible) : experienced In
side and Out ; good wages given. ; Bothy and usual allow
anoes. —Apply, stating age, experience, and particulars
with references, to X. D. COWANS, West Lilburn, Aim
wick.

VirANTED, good KITCHEN GARDEN

^ ' FOREMAN for gentleman's place in Suiirey ; ex-
perienced in all kinds of Vegetables, early and late
toroing, also saiads ; married man pi-eferred ; wages 30s.
m 32s. weekly, with cottage. — .\pplv, stating full particu-
lars, to W. GROOM, c/o Mr. Collyer, Dagnall, Great
Berkhamstead, Herts.

SITUATIONS VACANT eontlnued on piee vil

I STANDARD CURRANTS '

We can offer fine trees
with 4i ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without

stakes, at 5/- each. I

Extra stronii heads 7/6
each.

George BUNYARD

& CO.. LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

THOMSONS

VIME. PLAMT ^VEGETABLE

MANURE^

for over 50 Yiar..
i res succf'Ss In you^
•n ; }.oc mpounded 'rem
the fini st ingredient ■ procurable
as to combine STIMULATINQ
with LASTINC effects, producing
in ovirc crop vigorous, healthy and
fruitful growth.
Th direct result of LONG PRACTICAL
experience In gardening.
Used by Amateur and Professional
Gardeners the world over.

THOMSON'S SPECIAL

CHRYSANTHEMUM
AND TOP DRESSING MANURE.

, Pla

id V,

:■ Ma

l:

J

1 cwt., 20/ ,_„.,. ,,,,

141bs.,4,(i;71bs.,2,i-. . tins ■_■ ,;, i, ,;,ii.lGi

C«rr. paid anywhere on ,".(1 ll>s and up.

Special Chrysantheninm an I Top

Dressing Alanure .—56 lis, 20/- ■

■ 28 lbs.. 11/- ; 14 lbs. 6/- ;

■Jibs., i/8; tins. 1/-. Carr. pd

anywhere on 28 lbs. and up.

Soil! bit all Sfedsmtn

OR FROM

W^ TI10MSON650NS L^" CLOVf NTORDS.N.B.

^^

V^O* SOLE AGENT: ^0|/>

/ T. T. PASCOE, \

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

■ ■■■■HBUHHlia

TnE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 3, 1917.

IME A R K £: T S.

(■(JVEM GARDEN, January SI.
: cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotation-
do not represent the priceij on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week precedinf:
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
hut occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

Cut Flowers, &c.:

8.d.
Arums per doz. 8 0
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun. 8 0
Camellias, white

per doz. blms. 4 0
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 4 0-

- Carols (crim-
son), ex. large 5 0

Chrysanthemums,
white, per
doz, blooms., 4 0

Daffodils, single,
per doz, bun. 12 0

— doublj, p r
doz. bun. .. 12 0

Eucharis.per doz
bloom; .. 3 0

Freesia. per doz.
bun 3 0

Gardenia. per
box of 12 and
18 blooms .. ~

Heather, white,
per doz. bun. 12 0

Tjilium longi-

florum. long 8 6
short .. 6 6

10 0

Average Wholesale Prices.

a.d.i s.d.

Lilium -

l&ncifolium
album, long.. S 6

short .. 3 0

rubrum.

per doz.. long.. 4 0-

short .. 3 6-

Lily-of-the-Valle ,

per doz. bun. 24 0
Narcissus.
Grand Primo.
per doz. bun. 5 0-

— Pheasant Eye
per doz. • un. 12 0-

— Soliel d'Or,
Guernsey, per
doz. bun. .. 10 0-

Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 15 0-

— Cypripedium 2 0-

— Od on toglos-
8um crispum 3 0-

Pelargoniums, per
doz. bunches,
doublescarlet 1.5 0-

Tulip, white, per

doz. bun, ,. 30 0-

Violeta. single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 4 0-

-1.5 0
-15 0

18 0
36 0

Cut Foliage, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices

Adiantum (Mai- s.i
denhairFern)
best, per doz,
bunches .. 9 1

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails per

half-dozen .. 2 (

— - medium,
doz. bunches 12 (

— Sprengeri ,. 8 i
Bronze foliage .. 3 (
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 1
Croton foliage,
doz. bunches 12 I

s.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-

— common .. 8 0-
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
M OSS. gross

bunches .. 7 0-
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small-leaved 6 0

— French, per
doz. bunches 1 0-

Smilaz. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-

Freneh Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

1 11 one, double s.d.-.d.

pink, per doz.
bur

Narcissus con.

— Sol d'Or, per
doz. bur. of 6 4 0-46

Ranunculus, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0-80

— (Carmine, per
d z. bun. .. 8 0-90

— Romano,
scarlet. per
doz. bun. .. 15 0-18 0

Violets, single.

per doz. bun, 3 0-40

s since there was sucl
Covent Garden. Azaleas
(Arums), Lilnm
Lily-of.the-Valle\

3 6-46
— single, mixed

per doz, bun. 12 0-15 0
Lilac, white, per

doz. sprays . . 4 6-60
Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun. 10 0-12 0
Narci-s IS paper

white. perdoz.

bun 3 6-40

Rem.\rks.— It is many y
a .shortage of cut flowers
Carnations. Daffodils, Richard:
lonsiflorum, L. lancifolium alt
and a few Tulips are the principal flowers on sale
from home growers, and there is only a limited suppl,\
of these. Prices are again higher generally. There
is also a shortage of flowers from Guernsey and Scilly :
no flowers reached tlie market from these islands on
Monday last. Practically all the French flowers last
week-end and up to this morning reached the market
in an almost unsaleable condition. The majority of
I ho white Narcissus and Violets could be lifted out of
Ihe ba^^kets in a solid frozen block. French flower- ar*-
much in demand at this time of the ,vear, as Clirysan-
themums are finished and other home-grown fln\\-c]s
scarce White Tulips are almost unobtainable, and all
white flowers are realising almost record prices.

Plants In Pots, &e,: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s,d. s. rt. 8. d.

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. .. 6 0-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

Sprengeri

Plants in Pots, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0-36 0
Cacti. various,

per tray of 15's 4 0 —
— tray of 12's ,. 6 0 —

Cocos Weddelli-
ana, 48'8, per

doz 18 0-30 0

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
8 0-10 0 Croton per doz. 18 0-30 6

Erica gracilis .. 10 0-12

— melanthera.. 18 0-24

— hyemalis .. 12 0-15 0

— hyemalis, in
thumbs .. 4 0-'6;o

s.d.
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0-

— per 100. in
small and
large 60's .. 14 0-

— in 48's.per doz. 6 0-
'■>•' per

-_ 52'a

doz

— choicer sorts,
per doz. 48'8..

Oeonoma gracilis
60's. perdoz..

— larger, each..
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz.

larger, per

doz

— Forsteriana,
60's, per doz..

12 0-

4 0-
18 0-;

5 0-

12 0

36 0

Latania borbon
ica. per doz .

Lilium longi
florum. per
doz

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-

— — album .. 24 0
Marguerites, in

48's, per doz, 12 0
Pandanus Veitchii,

per doz. .. 36 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6
Roman Hyacinths

per box 24'B. 8 0
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0

s.d.
•30 0

42 0
30 0

48 0

21 0

10 0
15 0

■ing tu the culJ ■
this depaitment.

Im-

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices
s.d. s.d.

Artichokes.Globe,

perdoz.
— J erusalem,

per bag
Asparagus Paris

Green. perbun.
Beetroot, per bus.
Beans, English,

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting.per

bus.
Bnad Beans.

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts,

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally ..
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers. p«r

tally ..
Celeriac. perdoz.
Celery, per doz...
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz.

10 0 30 0
2 0-60
14 0 30 0

s,d. I
Leeks, per doz. .. 6 0-
Lettuce, Cabbage

perdoz. .. 16-
Mushrooms.perlb. 1 9-
Mustard and

Cress, perdoz.

punnets .. 1 0-
Onions. per bag 18 0-1

— spring, per
doz. bun. .. 8 0

Parsnips. perbus. 4 0-
Peas. per lb. .. —
Potatos. new. per

lb 0 8-

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 16-
Rhubarb. forced,

per doz. .. 16-
Savoys, per tally 8 0-1
Seakale. per doz.

punnets .. 24 0
Shallots, per lb, 0 5-
Spinach, perbus. 12 0
Swedes, per bag 6 0
Tomatos, Tene-

r i f f e, per

bundle .. is 0-!

Turnips, new, per

bag .. .. 11 6

— Tops, per bag 6 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 9-

Frult : Average Wholesale Pries.'',
s.d, s.d.

8,d

per

70 0 — '

Grapes: Almeria

per brl. .. 16 0

— Alicante .. 13

— Gros Colman,
per lb 14

— Muscats, per
lb 12 0

Almonds
cwt. .
Apples —

— Calif ornian
New towns,
per case .. 12 6-14 0

—English
Cooking, per
bus 11 0-12 0

— Nova Scotian
barrels .. 29 0-38 0

— Oregon, per
case .. ..14 0-17 0

Apricots, per box 4 0-60
Bananas, bunch—

— Medium .. 18 0 —

— X-medium .. 18 0 —

— Extra.. .. 20 0 —

— Double X .. 24 0 — - ,. .

— Giants .. 28 0-30 0 Oranges, per case 16 0
Red, per ton £25 0 — Peaches, per box 4 0

- Calif ornian 15 0
'V. 22 0-26 0 Plums, per box 4 0
Cranberries, per Tangerines, per

case .. .. 19 0-20 0 0°^ •• •• ^ °

Dates, per doz. Walnuts.

I oxes .. ..70-76 per cwt, .. 56 0

Grape Fr«it. per
case .. .. 16 0

KentCobs.perlb. 1 0

Lemons, per case 14 0

Nectarines, per
box .. ..5 0

Nuts. Brazils,
new, per cwt 90 0
- Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 31 0

— Jamaica, per

ton ..
Chestnuts, per

a,d.

■25 0

■ 2 6

■ 3 0
15 0

20 0

1 3

■25 0

10 0

32 0
42 0
10 0

85 0

Rir-nRKS.— There are fewer supplies of English Apples,
liut imported .'\pples are fairly numerous ; the over-
seas fruits are sent principally in boxes. Pears con-
tinue to arrive from (California. A consignment of
fruit is iliie to arrive from Cape Colony. Of black
IJrapes there are suflicient for the demand. Some good
samples of Teneriffe Tomatos are obtainable. Canary
Bananas continue to be a short supply. Vegetables,
hnth forced and outdoor, are scarce and expensive.
B. II. R., Corfiit Oarden Market, January SI. 1917.

Potatos.

Bed ford-

s.d.s d.

Lincoln.— con.

s.d.s.d.

King Edward.

10 6-11 6

Blackland

10 6-11 6

Arrn Chief .

10 6-11 6

Evergood

10 6-11 6

King Edward.

11 0 12 6

Arran Chief .

11 6-12 0

Queen .. .

. 11 0-12 0

I'lade is .about the same as last week. Few
rriving on account of the frost, conse-
s in lyondon are very small. Edward J.
ent Garden imd St. Puncras. January SI.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BRISTOL AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.-

iithly meeting of this .Association was held

St. John's Parish Ro
presiding. There wi
.Mr. B. T. Barker,
Apple." The prizes,
Smith, for two disbe
petition, and were w
^imi Mr. Bird (3).

the 25th ult., Mr. V. Barmud
s an excellent attendance to hear
M.A.. give a lecture on " Thj
kLndI\' g^ven by Dr. Sbingle^toai
of Apples, prod'uced a good com-
m by Mr. Scott d). Mr. Olark (2),

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr 'W Payne, for the pa,st 9 years CJiirdenepr to Sir
H. F. and Lady Donaldson, Wood Lodge, ShiKiters
HilJ, Kent, as G-ardener to Sir "William Cobky,
Bart., Norburv Park, Dorking, Surrey. [Tliajiks for
donation to R.G.O.F.— Eds.]

Mr. O. C. 'Walton, for the past seven years at The
Rookery Gardens, Westcott, Dorking, previously Head
(iardener at Collev Manor, Reigate Hejith, as Gnr-
dener tn Ool. 0. H. Oakes, Nowton CJourt, Bury St.
Edmunds, Suffolk.

Do Not

Forget the
Gardener-
Soldiers.

" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
Theodora Guest. You will see
that I am now in Mesopotamia.
The CHRONICLE is very
welcome to me out here ; it seems
good to read all the news in
the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers."

This letter was sent us by a soldier in the
Mesopotamia Force. YOUR soldier friend,
who was a gardener before he went to the
front, is a. gardener still in sympathies and
interests. HE longs to laiow what is going
on in the gardening world now, and has no
means of knowing unless YOU help him.
.Send him the GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.
Keep him in touch witli current gardening
affairs. He will be most grateful for such an
act of friendship. Send us a subscription
for half-a-year — 8s. 9d. — and we will taie all
the responsibility of .sending the paper regu-
larly to your friend, also reminding you
piii'ctually when the subscription is about to
exjiire.

Write to us now, and
give us his address.

41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND,
LONDON, W.C.

FZBBTJABT 3, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Vll.

Continued from page v.

WTANTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER,

* ' for large Gardens in the Midlands, to work
under Head; must be well up in Grapes. Peaches and
Chrysanthemums ; wages, 30s. per week and good
Bothy.— Write, S. M., Bos 19. 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

TITANTED, FOREMAN (Inside) ; in-

" ' eligible ; wages 35s. per week ; 1 p.m. &iturdflys.
— HE,\D GARDENER, Caldecote Towers Gardems, Bushey
Heath, Wattord.

\YAXTED, good PLEASURE GROUND

~ ' FOREMAN for gentleman's place in Surrey ; ei
periemoed iji all kinds of Shrubs and Herbaceous Borders,
Flower Beds, &c. ; wages, 30s. to 32s. weekly, with cot-
tage.—Apply, stating full particulars, to W. GROOM,
c;'o Mr. Oollyer. Dagnall, Great Berkhajnsteajd, Herts.

Y^ANTED, a YOUNG MAN with some

" " e^erience, for Inside eliiefly ; ineligible. — -Full
particulars to W. PHILLIPS, Leighton Hall Gawdem^,
Ironbridge, ShropsliiTe.

WANTED, Active Young MAN for Plea-
sure Grounds and Rockery ; able to take duty :
Wages 21s. per week.— Apply, C. HOWES, Court Street
House, Faverstiam, Kent.

VITA'NTED, strong YOUTH, about 17

' ' years; Inside; wages 203., Bothy, milk, vegetables;
33. duty alternate weeks ; 6d. per hour overtime ; 1 o'clock
Saturdays.— Apply. A. BALLARD, Glanusk Park Gardens.
CrickhowelL

WANTED, in good garden, 2 experienced
IMPROVERS, for Inside; age 17; wages 18s., rising
19a. weekly ; Bothy, milk, vegetables ; 6s. bd. duty every
fourth week ; 6d. per hour overtime ; 1 o'clock Saturday.
—Apply, H. LLOYD, Tewin Water Gajtlens, Welwyn.
Herts.

W/" ANTED, Three YOUTHS, about 16
^ ' years, for Inside work ; 18s. per week ; Bothy, milk,
and vegetables ; duty Ss. ; overtime 6d. per hour ;
12 o'clock Saturday.— Full particulars, H. OHAXDLEE,
Ooombe Abbey Gardens, Coveatxy.

WANTED. YOUTH, age about 16, as IM-
PROVER (Inside and Out); wages 17s. and Bothy.
— E. MORGAN, Wassand HaU Gardens, Hull

TyANTED, active YOUTH, for Houses ;

' ' wages to comment-e 15s. ; BotJiy ; Sunday dut\
paid; 1 o'clock Satuixlay.— Apply, J. HOW.\BD, Benhani
Park Gardens, Newbury.

Y^ANTED, Married Couple, as CARE-
' * T-\KERS ; maai Working Gardeiner. willdng to learn
charge electric light plant ; wife co<ik or housemaid ; goo.1
wa«es.— GLYNNE WILLIAMS, Esq . Berkeley House, Hay
Hill, W.

TRADE.

WANTED, MANAGER, for First-class
Florist and Fiuiterer's businens in the pro-
vinces ; must be good Salesman and thoroughly con-
versant with high-class trade. --State salary, experience,
age, 4c, to B., Box 22, 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. W.C.

"WANTED, as WORKING MANAGER of

'* small Nursery under Glaae; Tomato grower and

practical man ; wiiges 40s. per week and bonus ; per-
lUiWieut.— AppJy, KLMHL'KST NUIISEUY, LTD., Appleby
Jslreet, Cheahumt.

\Y A N TE D , FOHE M A N on Landscape

^ ' work, to work wifcli and look after his men. —
State a^, wa^^es required, referencee, and previous ex-
periemoe, to W. H., Box 3, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Gardemi. W.C.

l^XPERIEXCED CHARGE HANDS

■^-^ wanted for Palms. Fema and Vinee ; wflg>^ 308-
per week and 6d. per hour overtime; Sunday duty
extra.— THOMAS ROCHFORD & SONS, LTD., furaioixi
HaU Nurseriee, near Broxbourne, Hert»

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER; one used to Rosea. Clematis, Chry-
santhemums, and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc.. to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FlUIIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

ROSE propa(:;atou a- <;k< )\V'ER
under Gla.ss and O u Us ide.— STUART LOW &. CO.
have an npening for a capable man, consequent on their
preeent Foreman being called to the Colours. — Bush HiU
Park, Middlesex.

A\rANTED, for large Midland Nur.sery, an
' ' experienced Budder and Grafter, with a good
knowledge of Rhododendrons, Kt)Sos and Fruit Trees;
also two experienced KNIKEMKN.— Apply by letter,
stutiDg age, references, and wago.s required, X., Box 21,
41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C.

W/'ANTED, good KNIEE8MAN; well up

" '^ in Budding, Grafting, and Training of Fruit
Trees; permanent situation to reliable man; ineligible.
—Full particulars as to reforenccs. wages, &c.. to
JOHN PERKINS & SON. Billing Road Nurseries.
Northampton.

W

VyANTED, a cai-eful, WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER for trial grounds; testing amd saving
Seeds, growing Vegetables and Flowers, &c.— HARRISON
& SO\S, Seed Merchants, Leicester.

\\7'ANTED, MEN weU up in Tomatos and
' ' Ououmbers; cottages free.— Write, L. J., Box 2, 41.
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,. W.C.

VyANTED, LADY GARDENER, Tomatos,

' Chicory, Asparagus, kc, grown. — State experience,
.ige, refs.. wages, to MANAGER, Clifton Fruit Growers,
York.

ANTED, MEN, ineHgible, for Soft-
wooded stuff, Chrjsanthemums, Tomatos and
Cucumbers, &c.— G. BENNETT & SON, Hanwell, W.

YITANTED, capable MAN, for Market
' * Nursery; ineligible; used to Tomatos. Ferns, &c
State wages, age, with copies of refs,, EWART COOK,
Park Nurseries, Hutton, Essex.

\YANTED, 4 good HANDYMEN for

* ' Gardening, good Spademen, for Jobbing ; good
wages.— Apply, WALLACE & SON, 191. Clarkaton Road,
Cathcart.

CEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOPMAN,

^^ with a good knowledge of Garden and Agrioultural
Seeds. — Apply, stating age, where last employed, and
wages asked, to JOHN JEFFERIES & SON, LTD.. Oiren-
oester^

\\/'ANTED, ASSISTANT for busy shop

^ ^ trade ; well up in Seeds and PLanAs. — Apply, with,
full particulars, to E. PAUL & CO., Seedsmefn-, 6, Worm-
wood Street, E.O.

WTANTED, MALE or FEMALE, for

' " Seed and Florist shop.— State experdence and full
particuloj-s to CUNDY, NurserjTnan, Sudbury, Suffolk.

WANTED, YOUNG LADY ; must be good
Saleswoman.— CLEMENT LEROY, 153, Notting
Hill Gate.

PLORIST.— Young Lady ASSISTANT
-*- Wanted ; good references required. — Apply, G.
( I.ARKE. 54a. Rye Lane, Peckham, S.E.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 16, and 6d. for eaeh

succeeding Eight words or less.

(iardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give jull particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

PRIVATE.

f:jARDENEIl-BArLIFF; life exi^rience

^-^ all branches oi Gardeumg, Inside and Out; prac-
tical knowledge of stock and farm work ; age 44 ; ab-
etainer; married; stale wages.— CURD, Rowingtoa. War-
wick.

MISS ANSON, Pusey House, Faringdon,
Berks, highly recommends her llead Gardener,
C. Jones, to aiiy hwiy or geatlemaji requiring a tho-
rouglily ex[>eriunoed man a& Head m largo c«tablislmieut ;
has been with the late Sir W. R. Anson, Bt., and Miae
.\a30il., 11^ years as Head, and leaves only booaufie o<f
loose eipinng ; understasxls elevtrio light plant and stook
il required; age 43; ineligilile.— Apply, 0. JONES, aa
above.

f^ENTLEMAN recommends 'his GAR-

^-"^ DESEK (Head), hard working ; abstainer ; age 43 ;
one daughter (12 rears).— F FULLER. 2, The Lodg.-
Cottage, North Malvern Road, Gt. Malvem.

TTEAD GARDENER, Protestant, age 45,
■*- -*- m;uTied ; 18^ years in preeent situation ; disen-
gaged on Ist Maroh owing to breaking-up of establish-
ment; highest teetimonials Q& to charactor and efficiency
in all branches.— Address, JAMES LAW, Glenoarrig, Del-
gany, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.

^ JARDENER (Head), through breaking up
^^ tistablislunent, seeks rc-engagement ; 16 yoaiiB last

situation; good references; married. — D. BETTS, 8, St.

David Terrace, Exeter.

W HIGGS, HEAD GARDENER,
" V • Fetcham Park. Leatherhead, seeks re-engage-
ment; life experionce in all branches; successful exhi-
bitor.— Address a& above.

/^AJiDENER (Head) seeks Situation, e.x-
^J* perienced Glass, Flowers, Fruit, Vegetables (where
VcgotJiMes and Fruit is a speciality preferred) ; age 30 ;
maiTied ; finally rejected.- Apply, W. BINNING, 1, Kent
Street, Ohoddsir, Som.

(GARDEN EH, (Head, where 2 or 3 kept);

^-^ gif.j<l <'.\peiiencc Inside and Out; married; in-
eligible.—II. GREEN, Myrtle Cottage, Moadiiold lUnwJ,
Langlcy, Bucks.

QARDENEii (Head or Single Handed) ;

^-" experienced Inside amd Out; age 47; married (no
fcinuly) ; 8 and 7 years' excellent reifs. ; abstainer ; at
liberty wheu suited; good cottage. — Apply, - GAE-
DENER," 26, Eknswocd Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkeat

QENTLEMAN higlUy recommends his
^-" GAKDENER (Head Wohkinq); 2 or 3 kept; prac-
tical life experience; thoroughly reliable and trust-
worthy ; married ; age 40 ; ineligible. Please state wsutes.
—BARRETT, Hatfield Heath, near Harlow.

fl A RDENER (Head Working) seeks Situa-

^-^ tion ; good references ; age 34 ; ineligible. — 5, West-
brook Place, Ospringe, Favei-sham, Kent.

(jJARDENER (Head Worki.ng) ; 30 years'
^-'^ all-round practical experience in gentlemen's lairge
establisliments ; strongly recommended, management,
trustworthiness, ability ; temporary Head here ; 14 years'
Head previous; age 45; two cluldran.— E. KIRTLAND,
The Gardens, High Ashujst, Dorking.

QABDENER (Head Wobki.mg) seeks Situa-

^-" tion, where 3 or 4 are kept ; life experience Inside
amid Out ; age 46 ; married (no family). Please state
wages.— G. STEPNEY, The Cottage, Heron, Court, Bj'eint-
wood, Eesex.

QARDENER (Head Working); life ex-

^~^ perience in all branches; 12 yeans last place; good
references; age 43; married.— J. ISON, Ryeish Green,
near Reading,

Q.AEDENER (Head Working) seeks Re-

^-^ engagement ; thorouglily experieaced in all
branches, including Orchids, ' Oaraations, Herbaceous
and Alpines ; 17 years Head in present situation ;
highly recommended ; married ; age 43. — H. F.
WARREN, The Gardens, Higihtteld, Gainsborough.

/^ARDENER (Head Working, where

^-^ several are kept) ; life experience in all bnanches ;
age 45 ; married (no family) ; 13 years in present place ;
Kent or Sussex preferred ; disengaged Februaiy 17.
Please state wages.- W. BARNES, St. Leonard's Lodge,
Olewer. Windsor.

OARDENER (Head Working, where

^-^ several are kept) ; life experience ; excellent refer-
ences ; married ; ineligible ; age 35 ; 7i years in present
situation. — CLEMENT, Gardens, Elfoixi, Tamworth,
Staffs.

'yWO LADY GABDENERS require situa-

-•- tion in private country place. Glass preferred ;
good experience and references.- .A.pply, " GAR-
DENERS," Alchestcr, 30, Farnliam Road. Guildford.

T ADY de.sires Re-engagement, COM-
-■-^ PANION-GARDENEIt, or work with other ladies

under Head ; live in ; excellent references ; middle aged ;

Hampshire or Surrey. — MISS EGGAR, Longparish, Hants.

VOGNG WOMAN seeks Situation as

-■- UNDER GARDENER ; under esi>erienced Hea<l ;
some experience; South preferred. — E. BROOKS, 50,
Diamond Road, Slough, Bucks.

piOREMAN (General) in good establish-

-*- ment. — 1 will be pleased to recommend W.
FARMINER, age 31, who has been here over 2 years;
exempted from military service. — ^FulL particulaa«,
aicGKEADIE, Kiiigawiiod, Englefleld Green, Surrey.

IVf AN (ineligible), 30, seeks situation in
■*■'-*• Gardens, London district. Inside or Out ; some
experience ; understands duty ; willing ; good refer-
ences.— W. G. BRISTOW, 48. Dymock Street, Fulham.

QARDENER'S Son seeks Situation as IM-
^-^ PROVER ; ago nearly 16 ; 2 years' exi>erience Inside
and Out ; good character ; etato wages, with Botihy. —
WATKINS, Orange Ganlciuf. Lllainos, Worcester.

TRADE,

A DVEHTISEK, educated, would manage

-*■ *• developmeait laud for pi-oductdooi, farm, garden pro-
duce, intensive orope, pigfi, poultry, forage crops for
dairy cows. Fruit, Toniatoa, instruct disabled soldiers
or women workers ; could establish very profitable in-
dustry, employing woinem all year round.— Address,
Strathmore, Llanf-airpwU, AogJesey.

IVTANAGEll, life exj-)erience, seeks lle-
■^'-*- engagemeiLb ; full kn^jwlerlge of Glass Culture,
IVMiiatos, Ouoimibers, Forced Fruit, Ferns, Palana,
Flowers, &c. ; also Fruit, Vegetables, Salads, for out-
side growing and mai-keting same ; married ; age 44 ; iKii
eligible. State wages and pairticulars.— L. F., Bos 27, 41,
Wedlington Street, Oovejit Garden, W.O.

X^LORIST, as Manageress; high-class busi-
•*- nesa ; excellent references. — H. T., Box 1, 41,
Wellington Street, OoTemt Garden. W.C.

VOUNG MAN, ineligible, wishes Situa-
-*- tion ; 5 yeai-s' experience Inside and Out ; also
discharged Soldier, with one year's experience; market
gaMeniiig preferred. — ERNEST MITCHELL, Burroojgh
Hill, Meltoo Mowbray, Leicestershire. __^^_

''rWO LADY GATIDENERS (experienced)
*- require jobbing wf«k in Lojidoai and suburbs; Glas.s
work, Prunijig, and Vegotiables speciali'taes. — B., 7,
Oiown Office Row, Temple, London.

TRE GARDENERS' CffRONlCLE.

fFBBRUART 3, 1917.

W. RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of colt.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom te a<Jvise
and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photographic views of Horticultural

Buildings free on application.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. &c., supplied from

stock.

LONDON OFFICE:

BOILERS.

:; For House and Greenhouse. ::
Sectional, Saddle and other Patterns
:: for Replacement, &c. ;:

FROM STOCK.

R.H.S. COLO & SILVER MEDALS.

List a Post Free. 'Phone : Uop 37i.

C. p. KINNELL & CO., LD.,

65a, SOUTHWARK ST., LONDON, S E.

(Close to Hop Exchange.)

*f XShe BEST and Cheapesh

Stmtc quantlly .t c.ch ..i. rt,uir.a .nd hive ■ rjVti.,, „.,d ■

ffJCHARD SANKEVAtSOA/, LTf,

BulweilPolicries. NOtrrMCHiAM..

»| H^^ exterminates

KATS &MICE.

EVANS eOHB LESCHEBA WEBB

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronic'e."

x/6 net Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^ols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F. R.H.S. Ready.

per
Volwne.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN, V.M.H..
Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chai.man of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STF.VENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS.

V.M.H.

By GEORGE GORDON.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.RS
SWEET PEAS. By HOR.^CE J. WRIGHT.

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, w.th preface by Sir F. W.
MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published
on this subject).
ROSES (double volt
DARLINGTON, Joint

National Rose Society.
CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON
with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

2/6). By H. R
Secretary of the

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed *oir tlie Gandeners' Ohioniole, Limited, by Lon ahd Maloombok, Ltd., Dame Street. High Holborn, London, W.O., and Publislied weekly by the Gardeners'
Ohronlole, Ltd., «, WeIlin«:ton Street, Oovent Oarden, CSty of Westminster, Sathrdat, February 3, 1917. .\gent tor Manchester: JoHS Hbtwood.

No. 1572. Vol. LXI. {^SZ} SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1917. (Registered as a Newspaper. JPR'CE

SVBSCSIPTIOlf— Inland, »6,-/ fortign, »7/« {22fr. 1<ic.] [$4 2ec.\ per annum. Entered at New Tork Pest Office .
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telographic Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London."

3cl,

FRKE, i^d,

second-class matter.
Telephone— Oerrard 1343

For CONTENTS see page 57.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the eCTlier dispatch of the moTniiuj
trains from London the hour of going to prefn
hag again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received ajtrr 5 p.m on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

BAIIR'S SEED GUIDE, now ready, free.
Vegetable and Flower Seeds of finest Selected
Storms and Tested Growtti at moderate prices.
BARK & SONS, King Street. Ck)vent Garden, London.

tt A N D E R AND SONS,

^ Orolud Growers, St. Alt>iui&

OATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New lUus-

■■-' trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seede. with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be Pent post fret* on application. — (Dept- A), R. H.
BATH. LTD.. The Floral Farms. Wisbech.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIER,
DAKLUS, OllKYSAKTHEMUMS. and other flowers.

New LUustrat«d Catalogue of the l)Cst new and striindJrd
varieties \t- leiidv, aiui \\i\X be JK-nt post frt-e oii appli-
cation. — (Dept' A) U. II. BATH. LTD., The FloiiU
l-ainia. Wisbech.

WELLS' Catalogue o! Clirysanthemums
and Perpetual Carnationa now ready, post free
DO application.— W. WELLS & CO., Mersthjin, Surrey.

GUEENHOUSE PAINTING is: GLAZING
■' Vitrolite," Buperior lo Whte Lead Paint, 15a
per gall. '" I'lastlne " suiMirsedes putty, ISs. per cut.—
Full particulars from W. CAIISUN & SONS, Grove
Works, Batteraea. A^nta throughout tiie country.

CMSHUHST COMPOL ND has over half a
^ century's reputation for eflectiveneee in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider. Scale. Mealy Bug.
Thrip, American Blight. Green and Brown Flv. &c
Sold in boxes, about lib.. 31b., and 121b., by licaleis
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICES PATENT
CANDLE CO.. LTD., Battersea, London. S.W.

FEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS I'OK RICH CliOPS.

-^ Vou want exceptional results from 3rour garden

this yeai-. Write for our 1917 Seed List. We
oan give you the record erops you waiH.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

*^ men and Nuraerymen,

WEIST NORWOOD.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.

Kt;lway"3 beauliful blue Dclphiuiums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured Pliloies.
Kelway's Colour Bordera, ever in bloom.
KeJway'e new and choice hardy perennial plants of all
kinds.
NOW ia the time to ORDER for Spring planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrethrunis.
Kelway's gay GaiUardias.

NOW is the time to SEND for particulars to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Pl.int Department,

LANOPORT. SOMERSET.

s

s

sow NOW LSDBR GL.ASS TO OBTAIN E-\KLy
SUPPLIES.

UTTON'S FORCING DWARF BEAN.

The earliest and most prolific forcing variety.
per pint 2s.
SUTTON'S EVERYDAY CUCUMBER.

An aIl-s*eason's variety, per packet 2s. 6d.

surroNs selected ailsa craig onion.

The heaviest cropper, per packet Is. 6d.

SUTTON'S PRINCESS OF WALES TOMATO-

The earlif-st smooth variety, per packet Is. 6d.

Post free.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.
READING.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

" servjtories, GreeahoiLses, &c., and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street, Cheb-ea, London, S.W. Wii-e, 201,
Western London. Telephone: 201 Westero.

A^ATERER'S ROSES &i FRUIT TREES.

' ' Grand storks of the best varieties. Lists free. —
JOH.V WATEKER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nuneries,
Twyford, Berks.

WrU. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ~ LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
I'ortJible Buildings, &c Catalogues gratis.

C'OWANS NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^-^ — Tile best and jimch the cheapest.— .Full partieukirs
on application lo JOHN COWAN & 00., Gaieflcre Nur-
series. Gatoaere, LiverpooL

ULACKMORE .t LANGDON, Bath, wDl

-'-' Iiave pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &c.. &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magniiticcnt s.rong
rwitfi of our une*iualkd Delphiniums, in superb variety.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDINBURGH, wiU send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Giude to Gardening. 160 pagea, nearly 150
iUusLrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-

•*- TIONS, strong. healthy plants, now ready,
amongst which are the following varieties : Is. 6d. per
doz out of sand, Ss. 6d. per doz. in pots — Enchantress.
Snowstorm, May Day, Lady NorthcIifTe, Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantress; 6b. per doz. out of sand. 7s. per
doz. m pots— Enchantres.s Supreme, Salmon King. Gor-
geous, White Enchantress, Champion, Triumph. Price
Liflt of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nurseriea. Rayleigh. Essex.

■pERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns. Climb-
-*- \ng Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns. Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
.SMITH, London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Wd.ere and
In What Soils to Plant Them," witih Catalogue,
freo on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25. 6s. 5d. : 50, 128. 5d. ; 100, 25s, All different, named,
strong fftock ; please state position and soil. — 0. R.
rillPPS. Alpine Nursery, Barnham, Bognor.

FRUIT TREES, true to name, my speci-
ality. Trained Trees, in well-grown, extra-sized
sp._-cimen8. with fibrous roots. Cordon Pears, Grape
Vines. Orange Trees. Fig Tre<?s. in pots, for fruiting.
Catalogues.- WILL TATLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

Fop Advertisement Charges see page vl.
PIDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-

■■- LOGUE OF CHOICE GAKDEN SEEDS wiU be sent,
post tree, to any address on receipt of postcard. Write
at once tor a copy, it may help you to save 50 per cent,
on your seed bitl this season.- FIDLER & SONS, Roynl
Berkshire Seed Stores, Reading.

1 AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

-"-^ —New Catalogues of the ^iLove now issued gratis.
Grand New Early Pea, Laxtoii's Superb, &c.. Fruit
Trees. A lino stock to offer — may still bo safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of staimped enve-
lope,—LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford,

(CYCLAMEN SEEDLINGS, for potting up

^-^ of our choice strains. Giant White, Deepest Ke<L
Rose, Persieum, or Mixed, 2s. lOd. per doz. ; Salmon
Kln^, Cherry Ripe, 3-s. b4i. per doz., post fiee.— STU.AHT
LOW & CO., Bush Hill Park, Middlesex.

KEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliajit

-^*- Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery. —
For lists, with full particulars, apply GUKN & SONS,
Olion, Warwickshire.

WATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDBONS.— We cordially invite you to come
and select any plaints you require. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest collection in cultivation-
Catalogue tree. — JOHN W.VIERER, SONS ,& CKISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

A LPINES, BOG PLANTS, from collection

-^^ of 1.000 varieties, sold cheap. Choice plants ex-
changed. Send for list.— REV. ANDERSON, Glenn Hall,
Leicester.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dicltson's Improved Mii&liTOiim Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware,
house and Nurseries, Chester.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yaad in trucks; in
bags 2s. 6d. each, 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech L&af Monld,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out. Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 468. ; C.N. Fibre, 243. dozen bags ; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham. Middlesex.

RARE BOTANICAL BOOKS FOR SALE.
Cuitis's Bolanieal Magazine, scarce, original 23
first volumes, years 1787 to 1806. with 923 superb hand-
coloured plates, £11. A great bargain, being only
thrrepenco per plate. Also another set same publica-
tion, the scarce original 15 first volumes. 1787 to 1801,
with 548 hand-coloured plates, £7. Loddiges' Botanical
Cabinet, large paper edition, with fully-coloured plates.
100 original 5s, parts as issued, containing 1,000 most
exquisite hand-coloured plates. Cost £25. Accept hailf.
Extremely rare and practically unobtainable in this
state. Paxton's Magazine of Botany, Volumes 1. 2 and
3. numerous coloured and other plates. 30s. Maund's
Botanic Harden, Volumes 5, 6 and 7, containing 73
coloured plates. 97 to 169 inclusive. 30s. Loddiges'
Botanical Cabinet, 4 bound volumes, 1. 3. 4 and 6.
small paper edition, containing 400 partly coloured
plates, 30s. All duplica.tee from my private botanical
library, and very cheap.— W. C. G. LUDFORD. F.R.H.S.,
Four OakB, Sutton Coldfleld, Birmingham.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen. — Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears lik'e
leather; showerproof; 7 yards for 17s. M. Patterns flee.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00- (71). Bradford.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[pEBRn^iRY 10, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT.

A quantity of Narcissus and Polyaiitllus Narcissus. Dar-
win and May-flowering Tulips; also Anemones and
a seleotion of" Japanese LiJy Bulbs at 2 o'clock.

Cases of Japcinese Mlies, comprising L. speciosum Album,
Rubrimi. Magmflcum, &c., at 3 o'clock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell as above at tbeir Central Sale Booms, 67
and 68, Cheapsdde, London, E.C. On view morning of
sale and catalogues bad.

BROXBOURNE.

Two days' sale of weU-growm Nurserj' Stock, comprising
thousands of evergreem and flovrerlng Shrubs and
Goniifers, Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, Fruit Trees,
Roses, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MOREIS
■ are instructed by Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son (Wal-
tham Oi-oss), Ltd.. to sell the above by auction at. the
Broxbourne Nursery, Brosbuurne,
On Tuesday and Wednesday. February 20th and

21st, at 12 o'clock precisely each day.
On view. Catalogups had on the premises, at the
Royal Nursery, Waltham Cross, and of the Auctioneers
and Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London. E.C.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

reaei-ved Clearance Sale of the erections of 16 Green-
houses, Hot-water Piping, Pits and Light-s, Boilei-s
Staging and Brickwork, together with the Stock ot
Greenhouse Plants, and a further portion of the Out-
door Nuraery Stock, by order of the Trustee of Mr.
L. E. Russdl.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have been instructed to seU the above by auction
on the premises, the Tunbridge WeUs Nurseries, Tun-
bridge WeUs,
On Tuesday and Wednesday, Februa'-y 13th and

)4th, at 12 o'clock precisely each day.

Ma/ be viewed. Catalogues had on the premises, of

P Tllason, Esq., the Trustee, 54, Gresham Street, E.G. ;

of C Butcher, Esq., Solicitor, 32, Gresham Street, E.G.;

and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London,

.-E.G. .

MILFORD, SURREY.

(One mile from Milfowi Station, L. & S.W. Ely.)
Clearance Sale of 15,000 Rhododendrons, from layers,
named vaiieties and poniticum, 10,000 Hardy Heatbs,
■Privet, and other Stock ; also a quantity of Mamire
and Loam.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
h.Tve been instructed by the Tnistee of Mr. L. R.
Russell to sell the above by auotiom at the American
Nurseries, Milford, Surrey,

On Monday, February 19th, at 12 o'eloek.

On view. Oa.talogues had on the prMnises, at Mr.

Russell's Nurseries, Richmond; of P. Mason, Esq., F.C.A..

The Trustee, 54, Gresham Street, E.G. ; and of the

.\uotioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

M

SHORTLANDS, KENT.

Notice of Postponement.
ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

beg to announce that the sale of Nursery Stock,
Greenhouses, &c., advertised to take place at Mr. J. B.
Bryant's Nursery on the 10th inst. bas been postponed to
Saturday. February 24th, at 12 o'clock.
Auction' and Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET ; commanding posi-
tion ; five minutes from rail and trams ; 330ft.
Glass ; li acres land, house, &o.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheerness.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

FOR DISPOSAL, a High-class Florist,
Fruit, and Seed Business, doing a good trade in a
busy town ; through death of proprietor sole cause of
relinquishing; easy terms. — Y., Box 2, 41, Wellington
Street, Oovent Garden, W.O.

TOMATO GROWING AND OTHER
l''OOD CROPS.— Attractive Freehold Nurseries for
sale ; 4 acres valuable land and modeim Glass-houses ;
southern county. Price about £3,000 inclusive. — Particu-
lars, in strict oonfldence, from X., Box 9, 41, Wellington
Street. Oovent Garden, W.O.

PLANTS, 8lO., wanted.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, TUBEROUS BEGONIAS
and KENTIA PALMS, 3 to 41t.— W. & J. BROWN,

Stamford.

PLANTS, &o., FOR SALE,

1(\(\ f\Cifi LARGE GARDEN FERNS,
-Ivfi/ f\J\J\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London. S.W.

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—

-'^*- MORLE & CO. ofler magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, oJao Flowering Bulbs, crossed with mamed
sorts, at half usual prices. List free. 150-156, Finchley
Road, N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in
splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-
florum giganteum, 3s. 6d., 6s. and 9s. ; Speciosum Mel-
pomene and magniflcum, and Album Keitzerii (the
best), 5s., 8s. and 10s. ; Auratum, 6s. and 10s. ; Henryi.
4s. and 6s. ; all per dozen ; also others. List free. —
MORLE & CO., as above.

LILY-OF-THE-V ALLEY. — Extra special
large forcing Victoria orownB, extremely scarce,
offered at 10s. lOO ; planting ditJto, 66. 100 ; stock limited.
—MORLE & CO., as above.

SEED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scotch,
Myatt's Ash Leaf, Hebrons, Earlv Rose, Expres.«,
Royal Kidney, Up-to-Date, Sir J. Llewellen, Arran Chief,
King Edward, and others, per bush, or cwt. — MORLE &
CO.. as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-
cation.

FOR SALE, 7i Bushels of "TENDER AND
TRUE " Climbing Beans ; grown in England from
Guernsey seed. Price 603. per bushel, carnage paid.—
GEO. MONRO. LTD., Covent Garden Market.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

■p'OR SALE, so,,,! clean plants, Klnwii in tluml.lcs and
-■- UO s, well broken ready for potting on .

Coll en. Enchantress Supreme, White Enchantress,

White Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, Mayday, Scarlet Seedling,

Enchantress, Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.

4,'- per rforcii. Cash irltli ('nler.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

STANDARD CURRANTS

We can offer fine trees
with 4| ft. stems, stout
enough to stand -without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

George BUNYARD

"1

L

& CO.. LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE

J

VEITCH & SON,

Vegetable and Flower Seeds. — Special Introduc-
tions and Novelties in Asters, &c., for this
Season.

Fruit Trees. — Leading and profitable kinds of
Cooking and Dessert Apples, Pears, Peaches,
Plums, &c.

Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,
Rhododendrons. — (Sikkim, Hybrids and
Greenhouse.)

Roses. — Hybrid and Tea (all the newest). Alpines,
Herbaceous and Bedding Plants, &c.
Catalotjues of the abov:', separate, on appHcation.

VEITCH & SON, EXETER.

Do Not

Forget the
Gardener-
Soldiers.

" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
Theodora Guest. You will see
that I am now in Mesopotamia.
The CHRONICLE is very
welcome to me out here ; it seems
good to read all the news in
the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers. "

This letter was sent us by a soldier in the
Mesopotamia Force. YOUR soldier frieJid,
who was a gardener before he went to th«
front, is a gardener still in sympathies and
interests. HE longs to know what is going
on in the gardening world now, and has no
means of knowing unless YOU help him.
Send him the GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.
Keep him in touch with current gardening
affairs. He will be most grateful for such an
act of friendship. Send us a subscription
for half-a-year — 8s. 9d. — and we will take all
the responsibility of sending the paper regu-
larly to your friend, also reminding you
punctually when the subscription is about to
expire.

Write to us now, and

give us his address.

41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND,
LONDON, W.C.

Febri-arv 10. 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ORDER OUR CELEBRATED

FORCING
ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, etc.

Also Fruit Bushes.

IMuttratad CatailOBUt, eontalnlnc
PRACTICAL NOTES ON CROWING AND FORCING.

ESTABLISHED 1857.

MANN & SONS,

Whitton Road, Twickenham.

CHARLES TURNERS

Catalogue of GARDEN SEEDS

, FOR 1917

is now ready and can be
liad on application. .\lsn ol

ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS,
HARDY TREES, etc.

nz. Klass. which is no •
British Rolled Sh;et is about
i'„ in. (or equal to st"Ut ;;l .iz. i in thicliness. Can be
supplied to bu>ers' si/e-. :u fu\niii<tble prices, delivered
free and sound in the ciintiv in .juantities. "We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturer, of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND.'

ilixed ready for use. In Hlb.
tin; and 1 ^wt. wide-neck cans.

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Compute Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., ■

api

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JO'N STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.G.
And Blackfriars Wharf, Upper Ground Street, S.E.

(Jllote i;.\P.l'KXKKs' CUKONICLE.

ORCHIDS,

Cle

I cheap ; alsi

The Royal Nurseries, SLOUGH.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loain

K.ir VINE llOKDKKi, CAUN ATIO.N.S.
ROSES, MELON.S, CHK V.'IANTUEMIMS,
FRUITS UNDER OLA.SS, etc., etc.

Many Rare and Choice Varieiiea

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send fi>r Catalogue,

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Kxotlc Nurseries. CHELTENHAM.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

** Che BEST and CheapcsK

RICHARD SANK£YA SON, LTP.
Bulwcll Po^fcries. MOTTINOMAM.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

'"PHE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quahly First, — combined with efficient service has built the
World's Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee's Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book of 204 pages, in colors, and a Safe Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write lor it today.

W.ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early tor garden lovers to thinlc of
seeds, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of

qiMlity. It is a cardening axiom that

RYDERS SEEDS

are t'e lest, and despite the tact of a War Time
price of IJd. per packet, orders for these famous
Flower and Vegetable Seeds are daily growing in

' ' "'''r's of rmalily cannot now be supplied,

iers, in Peimj ~ '

■ Kyde

liny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryders 1917 Catalogue contains a large
number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.
" Britain's Best " Tomato. The finest Tomato

ev:r introduced.
Byders New Snow-tail Scarlet Radish.
A remarkable new Three-podded Pea —

" Thousandfold,'
A splendid New Oval-shaped Beet.
Novelties for 1917 include the New Pierce Sweet

Peas (Pink, Pale Blue and Violet).
A Wonderful new strain ol Hybrid Cinerarias.
The " Astermum " in four lovely colours.
New Cyclamen, Mauve Queen.
New Hybrids of TroUius,

Send a post-card to-day for your free copy of this
Catalogue. Rememlier the one and only address

and bi-warc of ilnitatitis — in, ii"ptit,«

RYDER & SON, Ltd.,

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Grow Your Own Food by Sowing Ryders
Famous Vegetable Seeds.

RIVERS'

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgreworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.H.R.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAi> FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

■ 9, Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, .W.C.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

ets there fi

and makes the Garden ^^.J ^\t«
gay all the year round .■^^^r;

■— ~^— > SoldcTerywhrreinTINSaied. Al9., andinBRANDEDASEALBD

BAGS: 7 lbs. .2a. ed.. I« lbs., <ts. «d. : 28 lbs .7a. Sd., S< lbs.. 12a. Sd. 1121b,. 20a. ~.
direct from lb* Works. C»rri»|e paid in the United Kingdom for Cash with Order (except ed. TIN SI

CLAY & SON. Manure Mfrsa Bone Crushers. STRATFORD. LONDON, E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

niK GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Fkuruarv 10, 1917.

THE NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLY.

MARROIATFAT PEAS

The Most Nutritious Vegetable

one of the finest substitutes
for beef, mutton, etc.

DELICIOUS PEAS

from

MAY TO NOVEMBER.

Sutton's
ecial Collections

Consist of some of the best varieties
which under suitable conditions of
culture should produce a succession
of the finest Marrowfat Peas.

Sutton's Early Giant \

Ideal

Centenary

Seld. Duke of Albany

Eureka

Peerless

Matchless

Selected Gladstone

Or other very choice varieties. /

COLLECTION of
2 Qoarti of
each, 48(.

COLLECTION of
1 quart of
each, 25i.

COLLECTION of

1 pint of

each, 14>. 6d.

SUTTON'S CENTENARY.

"The Collection of Garden Peas was everything
that could be desired for a season's supply. The
rows were magnificent, simply hanging with well-
filled pods, which were greatly admired by members
of the Ware Horticultural Society who paid a visit
to these Gardens."- Mr. F.W. MILES, Gardener
to A. E. CUMBERBATCH, Esq.

SUTTON £t SONS, the kings seedsmen, READING.

February 10. laiT.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

57

(Bavhmtvs* Cljrnnidr

Xo. U7-3.SATURDAY, FEHRUARl 10,1917,

American note -

Nephrolepis varieties . 64
Belgian Committee, the 62
Bulb - growing; on the

Pacilic coast .. ..63
Bulbs in cold storage .. 63
Cataloguei, old seed and

plant . . . . . . 6o

Divers, ilr. W. H. ..62
Farm, crop and st<jck on

the home .. .. 06

Florists, a Society of
Frost, the . .
Gardeners and natii

3, 65

serv

ngton, the late Lord

Kew, visitori to . .

Legacy to a gardener . .

Lime, the potash-liberat-
ing etfects of ..

Market fruit garden, the

Obituary —
Donavan, Richard J. . .
Hemsley, Alfred
Miller, Dr. N. H.J. ..
KoBs, Charles ..
Siimerford, Frank
T'juret, Monsieur E.T.
Witte, H

CONTENTS.

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Parks, food production
in Scottish

Plant notes —
Calceolaria Burbidgei .
Epaciis purpurascens
fl. pi

Potatos, manures for ..

Potatos, seed, from
County Councils

Potatos, wart diaease of

Snow, shovelling..

Societies-
Manchester and North
of England Orchid ..
Royal Horticultural ..

Societies, local

Streptocarpus orientalis

Surveyors' Institution ..

Trees and shrubs —

Veronica La Seduisante

Vegetables

War items .

Weather, the . . 63,

Week's work, the 60,

Wilson, Mr. E. H.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Leeks, a Hne bunch of

Onions, large bulbs of transplanted ..

Ross, Charles, the late

Streptocarpus orientalis

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

Fi:US'r.'< i.ccuncd on 20 nights m January at
my station, including every night aft-er
that of the 18th. Only once before the
23rd was there so much as 6° of frost ; but
after the 24lh the temperature fell to 8° to 10°
below freezing-point on five nights. The record.i
of temperature on the screen, however, gave no
ade<iuale representation of the coldne.ss of the
weather, particularly in the last fortnight of the
month, due to the strength and frigidity of the
wind, which blew from the north-eii.st or the
north-west most frecjuently. and le.is so from the
north. It was in one of these cold quarters on
27 out of the 31 days, and when it had the force
of a gale, as it had on three successive days
and nights, it was a veritable bliz7-aird,
when «now was driven before it. As usual,
there was comparatively little snow at my place,
not once as much as two inches on the ground,
though two or three miles further inland the
thicknefi.s was occasionally 4 inches, and in some
parts of the country it was very much deeper.
No rain fell after the 11th, and melted snow did
not amount to much in the rain gauge, so that
the total rainfall wa< only 1.18 inch. ' Sunshine
was less scanty than it often is in January, and
we had most of it after the very cold spell began.
Digging was not stopped until the 24th. although
the land was crusted with frost. After that date
the work was impracticable. For vegetables of
the Cabbage tribe. Celery, Broad Beans just out
of the giound, and Leeks the freezing wind has
been very trying, and Broccoli and Celery have
been cut severely.

M.4XCRIXG OrCH.\RDS.
The hardness of the land suited the finishing
of the work of carting manure into orchards and
wheehng it among the trees. The cost of apply-
ing 20 tons per acre is heavy at the present time.
The best cow manure costs 4s. 6d. per ton on
rail in Ix)ndon. and the railway rate for 50 miles
is 3s. 9<1. Adding Is. 9d. for carting from the
station brings the cost up to 10s. per ton, and
to this is to be added the expense of wheeling
and spreading, making the total over 12s.
'Iwenty tons at this rate involve an expenditure
of at least £12 per acre. Still, on my land, so
tar as my observations of results are to be
trusted, this manure is more economical than any
dressing -ivith artificial fertilisers. Unfortunately.
very few experiments in the manuring of frnit
trees or tushes have been carried out in this

country. The Woburu trials gave almost entirely
negative results for some years ; but after tho
issue of the latest report on the subject an in-
formal intimation of advantage derived in a
separate trial, particularly from farmyard man-
ure, was published. Whether the experiments
have been continued or not I cannot tell.

A Bulletin issued in 1911 by the New York
Experiment Station, entitled. " Is it necessary to
fertili.«« an Apple orchard?" gave the results of
manuring with farmyard manure and various
artificial manures, singly and in combination, for
eleven years. These results were discouraging
in the extreme; for no benefit was gained, as
tested by girths of trunks, sizes and lengths of
branches and shoots, sizes of foliage, or yields of
fruit b}- any of the dressings. But, incidentally,
it was stated that cover crops were grown and
])loughed in annually, so that the trial orchard
was in reality fertilised liberally, apart from the
manures. If the results show anything, it is
that an abundance of organic manure suffices to
make Apple trees flourish, as the trees grew and
fruited well.

Widely different were the results of a trial of
twenty years at the Massachusetts Experiment
Station, although the orchard was laid down to
grass, two crops of whioh for a few years, and
one crop later, were removed annually. The
second crop after the trees began to fruit was
cut and left to rot on the ground. The orchard
wae divided into five plots of one-third of an
acre each, five varieties of Apples being planted
in each. One plot was not manured at all.
while the others were annually dressed respec-
tively as follows per acre: —

9 tons of farmyard manure ;

1 ton of wood ashes ;

6001b. of ground bones and 200 lb. of nniriate
of potash.

600 lb. of ground bones and 400 lb. of low-grade
sulphate of potash.

At the end of twenty years the circumference
of the butt* of the trees ranged in average
from 27.9 inches where no manure was used to
58.25 inches where farmyard manure was ap-
plied, the intermediate measurements in inches
being 37 for ground bones and sulphate of potash,
33.25 for wood ashes, and 32.5 for ground bones
and muriate of potash. The trees did not
begin to fruit tiU the seventh year from the
planting, and in the thirteen bearing years the
yield of Apples on the unnianured plot was only
88 barrels, while it was 556 for farmyard manure,
488 for ground bones and sulphate of potash.
322 for ground bones and muriate of potash, and
286 for wood ashes.

At the Pennsylvania Experiment Station man-
urial experiments in eleven orchards for three
years up to the date of the latest report in my
possession showed excellent results for various
combinations of artificial manure applied annu-
ally, both in growth of trees and in yield of
Apples; but farmyard manure, 12 tons per acre
annually, gave the best results of all, giving
increa.ses of 138 to 178 per cent, in two years
over the unnianured plots. Nitrogen and phos-
phate gave increases of 51 to 78 per cent., nitro-
gen and potash 36 to 83 per cent., nitrogen,
phosphate and potash 31 to 67, and nitrogen
alone 81 to 104 per cent. It is curious that
nitrogen alone beat the combinations of this and
other manures. There were only 48 trees to the
acre, and the quantities of the several manures
and mixtures were liberal for that number of
trees, as they were applied annually. As already
stated, the quantity of farmyard manure was 12
tons per acre, and this would be i-t-O" P*"" t''«^-
The artificial manures were applied at the rates
per acre of 50 lb. of nitrate of soda, 100 lb. of
))hosphate. and 150 lb. of low-grade sulphate
(presumablv kainit), or muriate of potash. By
the wav, the .sulphate of potash did better than
the muriate. Lime alone. 1,000 lb. per acre,
failed to inci-ease the yield. The best result
on growth w.as 21.6 per cent, over that of the

unmanured plot, given by farmyard manure.
This w'as followed by 19.4 for nitrogen alone. 19.1
for nitrogen and potash, and 18.2 for nitrogen,
phosphate and potash. Other artificials made
slight differences, and lime gave an increase of
only 9.6 per cent.

Pruning in Cold We.^ther.

Although pruning is my favourite work, it
was not exactly enjoyable in January, and it was
given up as unendurable on the coldest days. No
injury to Apple trees has ever been observed
as the result of pruning in periods of frosty
weather. Some years ago a suspicion as to pos-
sible injury was raised in the case of Plums,
when it was noticed that the top bud over which
a cut was made frequently failed to grow out,
or grew into only a weak and useless shoot. But
the same defect has been observed in recent sea-
sons, after it had been made the rule to prune
Plums in the autumn, before frost of any account
occurred. This failure of the top bud to make a
good shoot, when it occurs, is annoying, because
it point.S' in the direction desired for extension,
whereas the second bud does not so point.

Sc.vB AND Canker ox Cox's Oh.\nge Pii'pin.

There is more scab on the wood of Cox's
Orange Pippin this season than has ever been
seen before. On the majority of the trees in
an orchard planted eleven years ago there is scab
on at least nine out of ten of last season's shoots,
and the affection is only less bad on older and
younger trees. As a rule, the scabby markings
show on the middle halves of the young shoots,
and rarely at their bases or tips. The result is
that multitudes of shoots desirable for leaders
have to be cut back severely, while not a few
require to be actually spurred, aJid some arc
cut back to fruit buds. This will lead to an
undesirable branching next season, making an
immense amount of work. There is practically
no scab on the old wood, because scabby shoots
have been carefully cut back for years past.
The work of pruning Cox's Orange Pippin this
season is extremely slow, as 20O to 400 cuts per
tree have quite commonly to be niade. Among
all the varieties of Apples in my orchards. Cox's
Orange Pippin is the only one to give this trouble
of scab on the wood, although six or seven com-
monly have more scab on the fruit. The disease
does not spread to other varieties growing next
to the one affected, so far as the wood is con-
cerned. In three orchards, taken together.
Beauty of Bath, Mr. Gladstone, Early Julyan,
Worcester Pearmain, Charles Ross and Allington
Pippin, are growing next to C«x's Orange Pippin,
aii<l yet are free from scab on the wcjod. In
ad<lition to scab, there is a great quantity of
canker on Cox's Oiange Pippin planted eleven
or more years ago, particidarly where the trees
are on land with a clay subsoil, closely drained
though it is. Tliere are big patches on trunks
and branches, and many fruit spurs and in-
dividual fruit buds are affected, although the
older injuries, most of which are now callused
over, have been attended to carefully in pre-
vious years. The worat of the cankered trees
will probably be dug up after the next fruit-
ing. They a,re too unhealthy to be top-grafted.
Probably Cox's Orange Pippin has caused
more loss to fruit growers as a body than
anv other variety of Apple. It should never
be' planted extensively unless a small trial of
it has proved that it succeeds on the particular
piece of land to be planted. But one of the
worst features of this variety is its deceptive-
ness. Frequently, as with me, it starts
well in healthy growth in the first few years,
and then goes 'to the bad. On the other hand,
to do justice to the variety, it is capable in
some cases of improvement after it approaches
mature age. In my oldest orchard, which is
on lightish land. Cox's Orange Pippin, after a few
fair returns, looked so hopeless that Plums were
interplanted among the trees with the intention
of digging up the Apples when the Plums began
to fruit. But when this sentence of death was

58

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Fkbhuary 10, 1917.

nearly due to be executed, there was such a
remunerative crop of Cox's Orange Pippin that
a reprieve was granted, and now it is a question
whether the Apples or the Plums will be re-
moved.

Birds and Bdds.
Up to the end of January, birds had not
begun to eat the buds of Plums. In the three
preceding winters it was necessary to spray
Monarch Plums before the middle of that month.
Possibly the severity of the weather has induced
the bullfinches to remain in the shelter of the
woods. At any rate, very few have been seen
in or near the orchards at jiresent. Southern
Giowir.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

■rWO KINE ODONTO(iLOSyUM«.
Mb. \V. H. White, who has charge of the
Orchid collection of Pantia Ralli, Escj., Ashtead
Park, Surrey, sends flowers of two remarkably
fine Odontoglossums of extreme types, showing
well the great work which the hybridist has
done in extending the range of form and colour
in thi.s favourite cool-house genus.

blooms with pure white sepals and petals and
rosy-mauve lip, having gold lines from the base.
The new C. Perenid (Percivaliana X Enid) raised
at Blenheim, which is an excellent improvement
on C. Percivaliana, has good large blush-pink
flowers with purplish-crimson lip. Other
noteworthy Blenheim hybrids in bloom are
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Eriata (S.-L.-C, Eros x
C labiata) with pretty Cherry-red flowers,
Cattleya Fabialiana (Fabia X Percivaliana), and
Laelio-Cattleya Gothaurea (L.-C. St. Gothard X
I)aviana anrea). Th.s large batch of Laelia
anceps is beginning to make a good show, and
a fine Sophronitis grandiflora with thirty sca-rlet
flowers is a perfect specimen.

PLANT NOTES.

EPACRIS PURPURASCENS FLORE PLENA.
This Epacris differs from the other species and
garden forms of tlie genus in its double rosette-
like blossoms, which are very freely borne. It
was introduced from Australia by the late Mr.
William Bull, of Chelsea, in ths seventies of the
last century, and was given a First-class Certi-

nier bedding, is also of considerable value for
its winter-flowering qualities. Where a green-
house or conservatory has to be kept gay at
all seasons this Calceolaria is very useful, espe-
cially as specimens from 4 to 6 feet in height.
As such it is particularly handy for grouping,
for most winter-flowering plants are consider-
ably less in stature than this. For blooming
at this time of the year the plants may b.3 struck
from cuttings early in the spring, or older ones
may be grown on for this purpose. They can,
during the summer, be grown out-of-doors ; in-
deed, if given much the same treatment as Chry-
santhemums, they will be well suited. This Cal-
ceolaria was raised many years ago at Trinity
College Gardens, Dublin, by the late Mr. F. W.
Burbidge, after whom it is named. It was re-
garded by the raiser as a cross between Calceo-
laria Pavonii and C. deflexa, which was formerly
known as C. fuchsiaefolia. Doubts have, how"-
ever, been expressed as to the correctness of this,
for though, judging by appearances, there can
be no question but that C. Pavonii is one parent,
the general aspect of the plant would suggest G.
amplcxicaulis as the other. In the Kew Hand
LUt of Tender Dicoti/ledoiis the parentage is
given as C. aniplexicaulis X G. Pavonii. W. T.

Odontoglossum Bronze Dragon, of unrecorded
parentage, has large, broad-petalled flowers of a
rich reddish-bronze colour, with slight white
margins and tips to the sepals and petals. The
lip is white with reddish-Tos.e blotches in front
of the crest.

Odontoglossum ardentissimum Johnsonii (Pes-
catorei x crispum) hae beautifully-formed flowers
4^ inches across, the ground colour benig
pure white, two-thirds of the surface bearing
deep, claret-red blotches, which in the petals
cover the inner half. The lip is white, with
ruby-red blotches in front of the yellow crest.

ORCHIDS AT BLENHEIM.
In the gardens of the Duke of Marlborough,
Hlenheim Palace, W^oodstock (Orchid grower,
-Mr. Jas. Smith), a large house of Cypripediums
contains plants plentifully supplied with flowers,
some of them being hybrids raised at Blenheim.
One of the prettiest is Cypripedium Arthirrianum
Blenheim variety (Fairrieanum X insigne San-
dera<>) quite distinct from ordinary forms and
with much broader petals. The large white
dorsal sepal is eff 'Actively marked with dotted
purple lines, similar markings appearing on the
Primrose-yellow petals and lip. Among the
Cattleyas is a fine specimen of C. Maggie
Raphael alba var. Queen Mary with five fine

;HO\\N FROM THANSPL.^NIEJI SEEDLINGS.

(See p 59.)

ticate by the Royal Horticultural Society on
March 1, 1876, under the name of Epacris onos-
maeflora flore plena. Owing to the working up
of a sufficient stock being a slow matter, it was
not distributed till the spring of 1883. Two
plants were originally received from Australia,
and in o^ie of them the flowers were slightly suf-
fused with blush, while those of the other were
pure white. The two were sent out in 1883 as
Epacris onosmaeflora flore plena alba and nivalis,
at a price of one guinea each. There was a good
demand for them, but nivali.s, being the better
of the two, was soon grov/n to the exclufiion of
the other. ApaH from its rosette-like blossoms,
which are closely packed for some distance along
the erect shoots, the flowers themselves have a
much shorter tube than the other species and
varieties. Owing .to the stout, almost succulent
c'haractrr of the main shoots, this Epacris cannot
be propagated from cuttings so readily as the
other kinds. In order to ensm" success the stock
plant or plants should be kept somewhat warmer
than usual in order to weaken the young shoots.
Witli this treatment they are not a"t alf difficult
to root.

VEGETABLES.

CALCEOLARIA BURBIDGEI.

Thi.s tall-growing hybrid Calceolaria, wlikli
iii as large specimens a good deal used for sum

SWEDE Tl'RXIPS.
Of late years some of the leading seedsmen
ha\e made selections from the Swede Turnip,
mostly grown for the feeding of cattle, quite
suitable for growing in gardens. Varieties with
white and yellow flesh respectively are obtain-
able, ,and are much hardier than the ordinary
garden Turnips. Seeds may be sown in drills
18 inches apart on ground that has been well
woi-ked; thin the seedlings out about 6 inches
apart. For succession sow at the end of May
and again the middle of July. I think this
particular vegetable has not found a home in
every garden, but it is well worth trying. When
peeled and cooked it has a most pleasing flavour,
which most persons enjoy. It is a vegetable
for anybody during the winter and spring : for
instance, the working man can have the best
substitute for Seakale that is grown by placing
a few Swedes together in a bed of soil or ashes
in a frame or shed and excluding the light, when
the roots will supply young shoots that will be
most ap]3reciated. There is no waste with the
garden Swede, and it is excellent food, cooked
or raw, for cattle, poultry, pigs and rabbits.
C. Dai-is, Holy Wells Park Garden.^, Ip.'iwich.

FKRRr.VKY 10. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

59

ONCE GROWN POTATO SEED.
Lv this neighbourhood some of the growers
contend thiat t'he best results from Scotch seed
are obtained the second yee.r. My experience
is that the first year from Scotland gives the
best result. In the selection of seed, as in all
matters connected with tihe land, there are ex-
ceptions to every rule. A cottager close here
grew Ringleader twenty years ngo, and has con-
tinued to do so ever since from his own saved
seed, and wit.h gCMjd results. He s^Leots the
tubers carefully as he digs them, greens them
thoroughly, and stores them carefully. E. M.,
Sis'/lops WaUham.

UNDER. CROPPING ORCHARDS.

WmLE the market grower makes abundant u.se
of all available ground under his standard fruit
trees, this opportunity is usually left unde-
veloped in private gardens. As tlie recejit corre-
spondence in the (hardeners' Chronicle on inter-
cropping shows, private gnirdieners as a class are
too given to the opinion that "one ^Aot, one
crop," should be the golden rule in gnjde-ning.
If space and labour were unlimit^ed this, no
doubt, would be ideal, but those conditions are
but Ta.rely found. Ri is also often contended
thr.t the digging needed to grow pi-ofitab'e crcj'S
in orrlh^ivds would advcTsely affect the fruit tress.
But if this were so the n arket grower would
cert-ainly ab.-indon the practice, and, moreover,
the great success which ai^'^ends under-cropping a
large Apple plpjnt.a.tion at Guntun Paj-k n-ay also
be cited to tfcow that it may be done in private
gf.'^ifdens without detriirent to fruit trees, for
these same trees have furnished many of the
di.=hfes of fruit with which, in the recent past,
Mr. Allan won so many prizes at the R.H.S.
Shows and elsewhere. A few autumns ago I
greatly admired the appearance of the large
breadths of "Winter Greens" — Kales, Savoys
and Broccoli — in this orchard at Gunton Park,
when yir. Allan remarked that it was his
general custom, and that it paid.

In the Plum orchards of Hounslow and Isle-
wni-'Hh under-cT. ippii'g is almost invariably the
rule, and while auoh ])ernianent crops as Goose-
berries, Eihuburb and Pa«onies, the latter for
supplying cut bloims or cut sjirays of bright
i'\-. r 5 earlier in the year, ar? most general, liter-
allv miles of Narcissi. Wallflowers and viarious
BrKS?ica3 which R-e annuplly planted may be
seen in their respective seisons. It is more than
probable that so far from the soil disturbance
being ibsiTnifn' to the fruit trees, the reverre is
the ca-e, and th:it the lo?s of roots inevitable
from the digging is amply repaid by the im-
provement of the surface soil and root action
consequent on aeration of the soil and the
manure added for the undercrop. .1. ('. JUnI
hll.

.SELECT VEGETABLES.

WUri.sT the cultivation of vegetiibles for the
no"ds of the country is engaging general atten-
tion, it will be well to consider carefully those
kinds and varieties which are not only the sim-
])lest to grow, but also most valuable as produce.
To assist this selection I will state briefly my
own experience. I am fully alive to the difficulty
of advising alike for all parts of the country,
for the reason that in .some districts it is
impossible to grow certain kinds of vegetables.
To these objections, however, thfre is but one
answer, and that is, " grow both the kinds and
varieties which are best suited to the particular
district."

PoTATOS. — There is no question as to Potatos
playing the most important part in providing
vegetable food for the nation. In spite of the
suggestion that Potato planting may be overdone,
my advice is to plant largely. The ground must
be well prepared. The varieties best for the
locality should be planted, and the sets should
be properly sprouted. Allow plenty of room both
between rows and sets, and for preference grow
earlv and mid-season varieties, rather than late

ones, as these are not so susceptible to disea.se,
and the ground can be cleared for other crops
in the autumn. My favourite varieties are Mid-
lothian Early, May Queen, Windsor Castle,
Dobbie's Prolific. King Edward VII., Great
Scott, and the Factor. Arran Chief, which does
well in many places, is not worth growing here,
the quality being of the worst.

Onions. — These will unquestionably be planted
in much larger quantities than has ever been
the case before in this country. Both the
land and the climatic conditions are suitable
if the right methods of cultivation are adopted.
My advice is, sow in boxes oi" cool frames early
in February. Scatter the seeds thinly, and,
when of sufficient size, plant them on well-
prepared ground of a line tilth. 4 to 6 inches
from plant to plant, and 15 inches from row
to row. If made firm and well watered in there
is little fear of failure, as the Onion is very
hardy, and, if properly prepared, no spring
frost will injure the plants after the first week in
April. By such a method as this the crop prac-

Kk;. 22. I.K.KKS (;IIOWN DV MU. \V. ROBINSON.
GOnXON. LANCASHIRE. THE STEMS HAVE A
t.ENGTH OF 22 INCHES AND A GIRTH OF 6
INCHES.

tically escapes the ravages of the Onion fly, a
much heavier crop is assured, the bulbs mature
earlier and keep better, and the ground is cleared
sooner for succeeding crops. A crop raised in
this manner is illustrated in fig. 21.

Carrot. — This is one of the few vegetables
which refuses to do well in many districts, espe-
cially the main-crops, and unless the land and
locality are suitable it is far better to employ
the ground for other purposes, but as this vege-
table is generally in large demand it should be
grown more extensively in those parts which are
favourable for it.

Cabbage. — As a green vegetable, the Cabbage
has no equal. It can be grown by anyone, in
any district, and by making various sowings
throughout the year, there is no day or season
when it cannot be had if required.

Parsnips are a nutritious and desirable vege-
tahle. They require a long growth, and should
be sown if posMble in February, on deeply

worked, and not too rich a .soil. The newer
and better varieties only should be grown, as
there is no comparison between these and some
of the older sorts.

Brussels Sprouts are one of the most hardy
and prolific vegetables for winter use, and should
be grown by all. Two sowings .should be made,
one in March and one at the end of April.
Early Dwarf Gem is quite the best variety I
know.

Celery. — A vegetable generally in great de-
mand. Nothing that I know of does the ground
more good, and inter-cropping can be carried
out. It is valuable both in a cooked and
raw state. For winter use select a good
strain of either a pink or red variety, which
varieties are much more hardy than the white.
There are many worthless varieties on the
market.

Celeriac or Turnip-Rooted Celery. — Cele-
riac is not nearly so much grown in this country
as it deserves. It should be treated in the
young state precisely in the same way as Celery,
but should be planted on the flat, the ground
being deeply worked and heavily manured. It
requires an a.bundance of water during dry
spells. Lifted in autumn, it should be stored in
s:ind or ashes, and will last good all the winter.
It is appetising and nutritious, and has a flavour
something between a Parsnip and Celery.

Beetroot. — Though perhaps not so important
as many other vegetables from a culinary point
of view, a small quantity should be grown in
every garden.

Borecole or K.^le. — Both the Scotch and
Cottager's varieties should be grown for winter
greens ; each of these is very prolific, hardy, and
<if delicious flavour.

S.ivov. — A very hardy vegetable which
should be grown by all. It is often sown too
early, and is spoilt before mid-winter. vSavoys
are certainly better cut after frost, and should
be at their best during .Tanuary and Febru-
ary.

Leeks. — We have much yet to learn from our
friends over the Border as to the worth of
Leeks as a vegetable. They should be grown
by everyone possessing even the smallest garden.
Well grown aJid nicely served, Leeks are most
appetising. The plant is extremely hardy, and
can be had in use from August to April. - Jlost
gardeners should grow more Leeks.

Mushrooms. — Wherever fresh hor.se-droppings
are procurable Mushrooms should be grown,
either under cover or in the open. The manure
is never wasted, and good Mushrooms are always
in request. They are a nutritious and extremely
palatable food, and will often take the place of
more substantial dishes.

Chicory.— Sow in spring on well prepaire.d
ground. Dig up and blanch in a cel'ar, or Mush-
room Hiouse, at any time during the winter. Use
both in a cooked and a raw state. This is a
vegetable largely grown on the Continent, and
di&sej-ves more extensive cultivation here.

Pumpkins are one of our most valuable vege-
' table.s, but they are much neglected. They
should be grown in a sunny position, and raised
and cultivated like Vegetable Marrows. The
Pumpkin may be trained up buildings and per-
golas, grown on the flat, or planted on rubbish
heaps in the summer. The fruits should be
exposed to the sun after tliey have begun to
swell. They should be cut and stored in a
dry, frost-proof room before winter, and used
as" required. If they are cut in much the same
way as a cheese, the same specimen, provided
it is properly ripened, will keep in a good
condition for a fortnight or three weeks.

Spinach Beet. — This is one of the most useful
and prolific gieen vegetables grown, and when
nicely cooked can hardly be told, except by ex-
perts, from ordinary Spinach. Sow early in the
spring, and when quite fit for picking the plants
will continue to supply fresh leaves for fully
twelve months.

60

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febkdary 10. 1917

Turnips. — Botlh Swedes and the white varie-
ties of turnips, though not fio nutritious as many
other vegetables, are, nevertheless, valuable as
ii food during autumn and winter, and the greens
in spring are much sought after. The best
Turnips for winter use should not be sown be-
fore the end of August or the beginning of
September.

ToMATOS. — Though frequently looked upon as
a luxury, a well-ripened Tomato with a very
moderate amount of cold meat, or even without
it, will often make a good meal in the hot
days of summer and autumn. Either under glass,
or in tihe open where the plants can be trained
against a building oi- wall, some should be culti-
vated. I have no hesitation in stating that
my favourite variety, viz., Sunrise, and for a
yellow one its golden sport named Golden Sun-
rise, is the finest all-round Tomato yet raised,
either for the open or under glass, winter or
summer.

Kohl-Rabi. — Some of tihe improved small
varieties of this plant, which is generally
cultivated on farms, are weU worthy of a place
in the gairden, especially on hot, dry soils, where
they do well, and make a siplendid substitute for
the Turnip. Sow at intervals during summer and
autumn for winter use.

Vegetable Marrow. — This fshould be grown
whip-iievea- possible. Endeavour to start the
jilamts early by planting them out on mild h;>t-
iieds in portable frames, removing the latter
when it is safe to do so, thus prolonging tihe s?.!-
son. Ripe fruits may be used much in the same
way as Pumpkins, a,nd they make e.xceiLIent jam.

.Iert'Saleji Artichokes. — A most profitable
crop to grow, as the plants need little attention
after the ground is once planted, will thrive in
any soil, and are well suited for making a
screen. The white variety is much to be pre-
ferred to the red one. ^

There are, of course, other \'egetables which
may b? grown accoirding to requirements, but I
have piurposely dwVl/t wi'ih those only which are
likely to be most servioeable in assisting us to
tide ovea' a possible period of food shortage.
K/lu'ln Bcrl-ctt, Ahlrii/iain Ho,,.,- a<,r<lonK Hcrt.,.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

VERONICA LA .SEDUISAXTE

The last few winters have been so mild that
the fact that this variety escaped injury when
planted in an exposed position, as referred to
by your correspondent, ./. /''., page 52, may be
thus accounted for. It yet remains to be seen
how it has fared during the severe weather that
we have so far experienced this year. While
the different garden hybrids of Veronica speciosa
are among the most handsome of autumn flower-
ing shrubs in the favoured parts of these
islands, they cannot be depended upon in colder
districts, indeed, in the neighbourhood of Lon-
don they are frequently injured, even if not killed
outright, should a moderately severe winter
be experienced. Some four years ago hist
autumn I saw several varieties doing well on
the slopes of Coombe Wood Nursery, but they
were expected to suffer severely in the event
of a sharp frost. Where they cannot be de-
pended upon to hold their own out of doors,
they are still extremely useful for the embellLsh.
ment of the greenhouse or conservatorv. The\'
are very readily struck from cuttings in early
spring, and if stopped when young, will make
neat flow-ering plants by autumn. Apart from
the variety La Seduisante, the following are
also very desirable for pot culture: Attraction,
deep violet ; Conquete, pale lavender ; Diamant,
bright crimson ; Gabrielle, rich pink ; !Mauvina.
lilac mauve ; Mont Blanc, white ; Splendens,
rich purplish mauve; and Valliere, blue. IF. 7'

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Propaqatino Beddinq Plants. — The

following plants may be propagated from
cuttings during the next few weeks ; — Alternan-
thera. Heliotrope, Verbena, Lobelia, Mar-
guerite, Coleus, Fuchsia, Ageratura, Tropaeo-
lum, Salvia, Lantana, Petunia, Iresine, and
Pelargonium. Insert the cuttings in well-
drained pans or boxes filled with light, sandy
compost. Make the surface smooth, and cover
it with a thin layer of sand. Make the cuttings
firm in the soil, and water them through a fine
rose. They should be rooted in a temperature
of 66° to 70°. The Pelargonium cuttings should
b? inserted around the rims of 5-inch pots.

Plantinq HEDOES.-The present is a suit-
able time for planting most kinds of -hedges.
Tha ground should be well trenched and
manured. Ligustrum (Privet), Hawthorn
(Quick), Beech, and Holly are all suitable for
making boundary hedges. Plant the Privet and
Quick in single rows at 6 inches apart, treading
the soil firmly about the roots. Cut the plants
down to within 6 inches of the ground after
they are planted. The common Holly, asso-
ciated with Quick, makes a capital hedge. Ever-
greens, such as Yew, Holly, Cupressus, Laurels,
and Thuya Lobbii, should be chosen for the
flower garden and pleasure grounds. They
should be planted 18 inches apart in single
rows or thereabouts, according to the size of
the specimens and the purpose for which the
hedge is required.

OveRGROWN<:8HRUBS.-01d, straggling shrubs
or trees of Laurel. Holly, Box, Yew. Ligus-
trum (Privet), Viburnum, Laurustinus, and
Rhododendron that it is not convenient to grub
up and remove should be sawn off close to the
trunk during the next few we?ks, in mild
weather. At the end of the season the stumjis
will be covered with young growths, and in two
years the plants will be again in fair condition.

Lawns.— Any necessary alterations to lawns
that were not finished in the autumn should be
completed forthwith. If new lawns are to be
made, get the ground dug in preparation for
sowing the seed next month. Should the soil
b"! of poor quality, enrich it with a liberal
amount of well-decayed manure. On no account
should the soil be brought to the surface from
a greater depth than 12 inches. Make the sur-
face firm and smooth by repeated levelling and
rolling. Existing lawns should be thoroughly
brushed with Birch brooms to distribute wo-rni-
casts. and the turf rolled during mild weather.
About the end of March apply a dressing of
lawn manure mixed with an equal bulk of finelv
sifted soil. Give two or three dressings of this
material in the early spring, using the compost
at the rate of 1 lb. to four square yards.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLUER. Gardener to .Sir .TeRemuh Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Reigate.

Dendhochilum.- Plants of D. glumaceum
and the variety validum will now be developing
new growths, and as soon as they reach a height
of 2 or 3 inches will commence to push forth new
roots, also their slender grass-like flower-spikes ;
any that require fresh rooting material should
receive attention at this stage." A suitable com-
post may consist of two-thirds Osmunda-fibre,
one-third fibrous loam with all the .small par-
ticles removed, adding some chopped Sphagnum-
moss and crushed crocks to render the soil
porous ; the plants .should be given a moist
position in the intermediate house.

DENDnoBiUM. - Many of the early-flowering
species of this genus and their hybrids that have
been resting in a 3iioub« of coinparativeily low
temperature, on Which the flower-buds are well
.'vdvanced. may now be placed in a warmer and

more moist atmosphere, but care must be taken
thialt neither too much heat nor moisture is al-
lowed, or they will start rapidly into growth,
causing the flower-buds to turn yellow and drop
off or produce flowers of inferior quality. Apply
water sparingly at the roots, giving just suffi-
cient to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling,
affording a little extra as the flowers expand, but
even then and until the flowers fade, and the
young growths commence to develop new roots,
watering must be done with great care. The
Cattleya house is a very suitable place to grow
the plants while the flowers are developing.
Keep a sharp look-ouit for slugs, which damage
the flower-buds as soon as the Latter begin to
develop ; traps of damp biian and Lettuce leaves
may be placed about the houses near the plants
hnd tihe pests searched for at night and early
ill the morning

SoPHRONiTis ORANDIPLORA. — This brilliant
winter-flowering Orchid has been blooming for
some time past, pi'oducing its flowers from the
)-,artly-developed pseudo-bulbs. The plants
should be kept sufficiently moist at the roots to
maintain the Sphagnum-moss on the surface of
the pan in a green and healthy condition, taking
care that the water does not lodge in the centre
of the young growths, as this would cause the
new pseudo-bulbs to decay. Plants requiring
fresh rooting materials should receive attention
when roots are seen to develop from the new
pseudo-bulbs. They are best grown in shallow
pans suspended well up to the light at the
warmer end of the cool house.

MiLTONiA. — Many of the Braz'lian Miltonias,
such as M. Morelliana. M. spectabilis, M. Lub-
bcrsiana. and M. Bluntii, will soon be developing
new roots. Any that require it should be re-
potted as soon as the young roots appear .above
the base of the leading shoots. It is impoi'tant
that the young roots be not injured. The plants
succeed best when grown in shallow pans in a
compost of Osmunda-fibre witih a sma.^1 quantit-y
of Sphagnum-moss, chopped up moderately short,
and a liberal amount of crushed crocks. Plants
that have grown from the middle and over the
sides of the pans should be divided. Remove the
old pseudo-bulbs, excepting for two or three
behind each new growth, and arrange the
iilants afresh into shapely specimens. If
th" roots are not sufficient to hold the
plants firmly in the pans, fix them to the
foil by means of small wooden pegs. These
plants should be given a shady position in the
intermediate house. Miltonia vexillaria and M.
Bleuana are now growing freely. Plants that are
well rooted will, from now on and until they h.ave
completed their pseudo-bulbs, require an in-
cveased amount of water ,at the roots. Each
plant should be watered thoroughly, and allowed
to become drv between each application. A
Erood preventive of thrips is to spray the
plants overhead once a fortnisht with a
solut:on of Quassia Extract at the strength
of half a pint of the infusion to three gallons
of rain-water. Thrins. if nresent. may be
cl-strovrd by immersing the leaves and yours
inowths in the insecticide.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Westoh. Gardener to Ladj NoRTHOOTB,
Eastwell Park, Kent.

The Palm House.- All Palms should be
looked over, and those needmg a sihift a^eijctted.
The others should be top-dressed with a little rich
compost. It is not necessary to give Palms very
large pots or tubs. As long as thiere is sufficient
room in the pot to apply regular top-dressings of
manure, and abundant supplies of water. Palms
may be kept quite healthy in the same pot for
several years. But when the receptacles are
crammed with roots watering must be very
thorough ; neglect in this respect will quickly
show itself in the yellow and starved appearance
of the leaves. Soot water and liquid manure are
of great assistance in keeping the foliage a deep
gre-'n. Much atmosnheric moisture should be
maintained in the Pa.^m house, as tending to
diminish in.«ect pests. Scale insects and thrips
are perhaps the most troublesome, and to keep
these in check the plant" mn«t be retrnlarlv
cleaned. Syr'nuing the plants with water hratcil

FEBRrABT 10. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

61

to 120° is an old and efficient method of killing
scale insects. Sponge the leaves afterwards with
an insecticide.

Kentia. — When potting the stronger-TOoting
Palms, such as Kentia, Phoenix. Corypha, and
Areca. the principal ingredient in the compost
shcuid be good fibrous loam, with the addition
of a little soot. sand, and charcoal. Good drain-
age is essential, as plenty of water i.'s required
when the plants are in full growth. The most
useful varieties of Kentia are K. Forsteriana, K.
Belmoreana. and K. australis.

Cocos Weddelliana and Geonoma
GRACILIS.— These two Palms are good examples
of the finer-leaved sorts, which should always
be grown for table decoration. When potting
tlwse more delica.te-rooted Pa'ms. peat should
be used in equal proportions with loam. Do not
over-water the plants when small. They
thrive best when plunged to the rim in a bed of
Coconut-fibre refuse in the warmest part of the
stove. Arrange them thinly, in order to preserve
the lower leaves in perfect health. The daily
syringing will probably provide sufficient water.

Phoenix Roebelini'.— This is one of the best
of ornamental Palms. Being somewhat hardier
than the majority of Palms, it can be used in
corridors and cool conservatories without fear
of injury by cold.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook. Gardener t/i the Hon. Arthur J.
DlVEY, Abbotts Wood, Godalming. Surrey.

Strawberries.— In plantations which have
ii''t been mulched the surface soil should now be
lightly forked u,p, and a good dressing of well
decomposed manure placed over it. Failing this,
a dusting of bouemeal and soot will be found
beneficial. Weeds should be carefully pickeO oft'
by hand. Pre|jare a plot of ground by trench-
ing it and adding manure, so that the soil will
be ready to receive plants next month. Plants
of Koyal Sovereign which have been wintered
in small pots will succeed well under this
treatment. A good system for producing an
early crop out«ide is to plant crowns on a south
border, and cover them with frames, about the
beginning of April. These fill up a gap between
those which have been forced and the general
main crop outside.

Cobnuts and FiLBiRTS.-IJobnuts and Fil-
berts shoidd bo pruned at once, standards, as
well as bushes. Thin the branches out well in
the centre of the trees. Xuts can be made a
paying crop, and there is a likelihood of good
crops this year, judging uy the abundance of
male catkins. A good dressing of old potting
soil over the roots act« as an invigorator ; old
Chrysanthemum soil will do, or any that h.iK
been enriched with manure.

Crab Apples.— It is not too late for intend-
ing growers of Crab Apples to plant trees. John
Downe, The Dartmouth, .Siberian and The
Langley are all good varieties.

Vines.— Vines should be pruned at once. Cut
the spurs back to one strong eye, and train the
extension growths. Well-trained vines are very
ornamental in the garden. Royal Muscadine
and Sweetwater are excellent for fruiting; these
should be planted on warm walls in well-drained
soil.

Apples.- If it is intended to plant Apples
before the spring, I would strongly advise „he
selection of a few really goo<l varieties, such ;is
are known to do well in the district. Some of
the old and well-tried varieties are hard to beat;
for instance, Dumelow's Seedling. This fruit
is about the best cooking Apple there is. and
lasts for over four months in excellent condition
when carefully gathered and properly stored.

Fruit Room.— Keep an eye on all fruits, re-
moving all unsound and blemished specimens;
admit a little air to the fruit room.

General Remarks.— Push forward the work
of pruning, tying and nailing trees on walls, and
clean any that may require it. When the weather

is unsuitable for work in the open, prepare all
kinds of stakes and sharpen and clean all tools.'
Spraying may be done now to kill insect pests
and inos's on the branches of fruit trees. Large
orchard trees will be improved in appearance by
spraying them with caustic alkali wash. Grease-
bands on the trunks of the trees should again
be greased. I have .=een many codlin moths and
other pest* caught quite recently from the third
application.

the plants on frequent occasions to prevent
damping.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DrXN. Foreman, Royal Cardns. Windsor.

Onions.- The plot on wihicih Onion seeds are
to be sown should be prepared as soon as the
stalte of the soil will permit. If the ground was
trenched and manured in the autumn a light
forking only is necessary, and the soil should
be made as hue as possible as this work proceeds,
after which it should be left until it is di-y
enough to cxunible under the foot. It is better
to leave tihe sowing for another month than to
sow before the soU is suitable. After the bed
has been tioroughly prepared, make drills at
15 inches apart and one incJi deep, and sow the
seeds thinly and e\-enly, making the surface
moderately firm after the seeds are covered. To
obtain very large bulbs sow seed in boxes foi-tih-
with to produce strong plant.s that will be suit-
able for transplanting in April. Fill the boxes
with rich soil, whicji nxay consist of two-thirds
loam and one-third decayed manure that has
been passed through a i-inch sieve. Scatter tihe
seeds thinly, and cover th<»m with fine soil.
Tliey sihould be germinated in a pit or house
having a temperature of 60°. When tl* seed-
lings are about 3 inches high they sihould be
transplanted carefully into boxes containing fine
soil, and the boxes placed close to the roof-
glass. When the plants begin to make
gi-owtlli admit air with coailion to h.arden the
plants gradually. They should be ready for
planting in their permanent quarters at about the
middle of April.

PSAS.— -A. hardy, quick-maturing variety of
Pea should be sown in a s.heltered position out-
of-doors, where the soil has been previously
prepared. Speed and The Pilot are two reliable
varieties for early sowing. The fia-.st-nanied sort
wa? sown at Frogmore last season on the same
date as Pilot, and the pods were ready to gather
several days in advance of that variety^ Clielsea
Gem is one of t/he best dwaivf Peas for early
sowing in the open. Those who prefer to sow
in pots or boxes for planting out in April should
sow the .seeds thinly, and gcrmina'te tihein eitlher
in gentle warmth or in a close, cold-pit, where
the plants can be fully exposed to the liglht.
Ventilation is an importaJit d.etail in their culti-
vation, as it is necessary to prevent them from
becoming drawn.

French Beans.— Make sowings of French
Heans in pots on frequent occasions throughout
the spring in order to maintain a supply. Plants
raised from .sowings made a month ago should
be top-dressed with fine soil, a.iid afford'jd the
support of a few sticks. Syringe the plants
freely on bright days in order to keep red spider
in check, antl water the roots with weak manure
water from the farmyard. This crop should be
grown in a house having a temperature of 60°.

Tomatos.- Tomato plants rai.sed from seeds
sown in .January are ready for sihif ting singly into
small pots. The soil for the purpose may consist
of tAvo-'t'hirds fine loam and one-third leaf-mould,
and it sihould n<}t be made very firm. Water the
plants after they are potted, and place them
ciloso to the roof-gIa,ss in a houjse having a tem-
perature of 70°. Make another sowing to raise
plants for successional cropping.

Lettuce.- Seeds of Lettuce should be sown
clo.se tn the glass in a cold frame in order to
{►btain sturdy plants tliat will be ready for plant-
ing bv the "beginning of April. Plants raised
from previous sowings should be traJisplanted
carefully in heated frames, allowing a space of
6 inches apart for small-gi-owing varieties, and
9 inches for the others. Autumn-sown Lettuces
growing in pits require ventilation when the
weather is favourable. Stir the soil between

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hcdsox. Gardener to Leopold db

Rothschild, Esq., C.V.O., Gunneisbury House,

Acton. W.

Vines in Outside Borders.— Where the

vines are not being forced, presumably the
borders will be still exposed. There is still time
to give attention to the soil; indeed, 1 prefer
this season of the year for lightly forking up and
adding either a top-dressing of fresh loam or a
mulch of cow manure. Should the surface of the
borders be somewhat below the ordinary level
the addition of about 3 inches of turfy loam with
a fair sprinkling of old mortar rubble would be
beneficial. Rather less rubble would be neces-
sary if the loam were of a calcareous nature. At
the same time, if the vines show symptoms of
weakness, or if the crop of the past season was
not all that could be desired, reliable vine
manure may be applied, but in no greater quan.
tity than is recommended by the vendor. Such a
manure should have a good percentage both of
phosphates and potash ; it should be applied
before the fresh top-dressing of loam is added.
It is better to do all this work when the soil is
fairly di'y ; then, after having added the essen-
tials, the border can be made fairly firm. A light
surface covering afterwards of stable litter, would
be advisable. But if a dressing of cowyard
manure is contemplated, I should not now add
the artificial. In this case it should be well
broken up, preference being given to manure that
has been taken from a stack ; this will be in better
working condition. A dressing about 3 inches
in thickness will be sufficient, and nothing else
need be added now. Examine the drainage system
wherever it is possible to do so, for a waterlogged
border would make success impossible. Vines
that are now starting into growth may po.ssibly
have their roots in outside borders. If so, a
fairly thick covering of stable litter' .should be
put over them. In most cases this will be ample,
but if it be known that the border is too much
on the wet side, then it may be covered with
one of the brown canvas coverings so much in
use in our gardens at the present time. If
this precaution be taken a heavy fall of snow
will, as it thaws, run off rather than into the
border.

Orchard Houses.- The spell of cold
weather has kept back the early varieties of
Peaches, Nectarines and Plums. This is an ad-
vantage where no early forcing is contemplated.

Straws zrries Another batch of Straw-
berries in pots should be brought under cover
as soon as possible. In frosty weather they
"ThSnId be first put in a cold orchard hou.9e so that
they may thaw gradually. When not frozen
they should be dipped in sulphur before placing
thorn in position for starting. Pay close attention
to the watering of those started earlier, and do
not let them suffer from drought. Two or three
batches may now be got into a cold house, being
drawn from thence as occasion may require for
succession.

Weather Conditions.- In no department
of gardening is the present severe weather felt
more than ill fruit culture. Those who cultivate
fruit in the neighbourhood of a large city or
manufacturing centre where fogs prevail, are at
a:i especial disadvantage. In such circumstances
it ,is a mistake to start too early, and better to
depend upon making up leeway later on. The
north-easterly wintls, bringing temperatures
frequently below freezing point, has neces-
sitated an unusual amount of fire-heat. This
has created an aridity in tlie atmosphere that
is not congenial to |)lant life. It is to be feared
that it will bring about an early attack of insect
pests, if a close watch be not kept. As soon as
a shower of rain occurs an effort should be made
to clean the glass on the outside, A fall of snow
will also sometimes assist in this res^)ect. In
either case a light brush passed up and down
the glass will clear it to a great extent. The
additional light will be an advantage. Take
every advantage of a sunny day to raise the
temperatures somewhat, but do not attempt to
do this by too much fire^heat,

62

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[FwiRUARY 10. 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to tE^e
PtTBLISHER, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W C

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondent k
vould obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save mt much time and
trouble, if they would kindlii obsene the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relatini/
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or rcferrinfj
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
mimed, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
uhen letters are misdirected.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 13—

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Ooms. meet. Annual meeMng of
Fellows at 3 p.m.

.\VERAGE Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from obsen'ations during the last fiftv
.years at Greenwich, 39.1°.
Actual Temperature :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 11, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden. London, Thursdai/, February 8
(10.0 a.m.): Bar. 30.0°; temp. 33.0°. Weather-
Bright.

■ALES FOR THE CNSUINS WEEK.

TrESDAY and WEDNESDAY—

Clearance Sale of Gieenhouses, Hot-water Pipin? and

Nursery .Stock at the Tunbridge Wells Nurseries, at

12 o'clock, by Pi-otheroe and Morris.
WEDNESDAY—

Bulb^, including Japanese Lilies at 67 and 68.

Cheapsi<ie, London, by Protheroe and Morris, .it

2 o'clock.

Gardeners of military

_ "^r^^"^'" . age have already re-

and National i j ^ ,, " i, r.

Service. sponded to the call ot

their country. Now

those of maturer years and those exempted
on grounds of physical unfitness are asked
to conti'ibute their share to the national
service. We are sure that the response of
the older men will be no less creditable
than has been that of the younger gar-
dener.s. Each man is called upon to ask
himself whether he is now spending his
working days in occupations of direct ser-
vice to the community.

In many cases tlie question admits of a
clear and certain answer, for in the large
majority of establishments work connected
with luxury gardening has been given up
altogether, and the depleted staffs are
spending their time in the e&sential work
of increasing food production, together
with the maintenance of rare and valuable
plants, the neglect and destruction of
which the President of the Board of Agri-
culture has pronounced to be undesirable.

Gardeners so occupied will have to ask
themselves whether by remaining in their
present positions they will be doing more
or less than they might do in other employ-
ments. For our part, we tliink the answer
which they arrive at ought to be deter-
mined by the answer to this other question,
Is the amount of intensively cultivated
land and glass under their charge so large
as to require their individual services? If
it is not, they will be answered out of their
own mouths. If it is — if they are airectly
engaged in the production of as much food
as it is possible for them to produce— they
will regard themselves a.s having already
voluntarily enlisted in the national service.

Head gardeners who have charge of
large establishments will have the grave

responsibility of once again revising their
judgment of what constitutes the irre-
ducible minimum of assistance they re-
(juire. Tliey should, and must, endeavour
to make use, even more largely than at
present, of women gardeners, and thereby
release such able-bodied men as may still
remain on their .staffs. Prejudices, if any
remain, must be thrown aside, and head
gai'deners must be prepared to utilise the
less skilful services of women who have
been hastily trained, or have received no
training at all. Such drastic changes,
which would appear absurd in peace time,
are a stark necessity now.

On the other hand, we trust that the
authorities, on their part, will understand
that it is a procedure of very doubtful wis-
dom to take a man engaged all his time in
intensive cultivation, and skilled at that
art, for another form of national service.
The productivity of gardens exceeds that
of the average farm three- or four-fold,
and where intercropping and snccessional
cropping are practised, the difference is
yet greater.

To ask .skilled men already engaged in
food production to exchange tlieir work for
general labour on a farm or in a factory is
not, we hope and believe, the intention of
tlie authorities.

Rather should it Ije their aim to see to it
that every gardener should lie an active
propagandi'st and assistant in the work of
cultivating vegetable food in the largest
area of land in his immediate neighbour-
hood in which such cultivation is possible,
-ill gardeners should give heed and full
consideration to Mr. Neville Chamberlain's
appeal, and everyone from the age of 18
to 61 wlio is not honestly convinced that his
enero-ies are at present fully engaged in
Avnrk of urgent national importance should
forthwitli liecome a volunteer under the
Koheme of the Director-General of National
Service.

Seed Potatos for the County of
London.— We are a.sked in state that the Loii-
diiii County Council is prepared, on behalf of
the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, to pro-
cure seed Potatos for small cultivators in the
County of London, and to arrange, as far as
practicable, for delivery. The price of the
Potatos will be U. lOd'. for 14 lbs., or Ms. a
cwt., and not more than 5 cwt. will be supplied
to any applicant. The supply, of any particular
kind of Potato cannot be guaranteed, and early
sorts are particularly scarce. Purchasers must,
therefore, be prepared to accept good, sound
seed . of any main-crop variety which may be
available. Forms of application should at' once
be obtained from the otBcer-in-charge of the
nearest of the Council's parks or open spaces,
or from the Chief Officer, Parks Department.
11, Regent Street, S.W.

The Late Lord Harrington .-The late
Earl of H.4RRINGT0N, of Elva,«ton Hall, Derby-
f;hiie, whose unfortunate death occurred a day
or tv/o ago, was greatly respected by all gar-
deners. For a quarter of a century or longer
Lord H.vreington's indoor fruits, as grown and
staged by his famous gardener, Mr. J. H.
GoODACRE, have secured most of the best prizes
at the larger exhibitions, the Elvaston produce
being always of very high merit. Moreover,
Lord Habrin-gton himself became a professional
horticulturist many years ago, when he opened
a shop at Charing CroKs for the sale of fruits
and flowers from the Elvaston gardens.

Society of Wholesale Florists.- On

January 17 last a meeting of wholesale florists
was held in the Essex Hall, Essex Street,
Strand, when it was resolved to form an Asso-
ciation. We are now informed that the secre-
tarial duties of the new society have been en-
trusted to Mr. C. H. Curtis, until recently
editor of the Gardeners' Maqazine ; the address
of the Association is No. 4, Tavi.stock Street,
Covent Garden.

The Surveyors' Institution. -The next
ordinary general meeting of the Surveyors' In-
stitution will be held in the Lecture Hall of
the Institution on Jlonday, the 12th inst., at
5 p.m. A paper, on the " Defence of the Realm
(Acquisition of Land) Act, 1916," will be read
by Mr. Edwin S.^vill.

Mr. W. H. Divers.- On the occasion of Mr.
W. H. Divers leaving Belvoir Castle, where he
held the position of head gardener for twenty-
three years, a pair of silver candlesticks was
presented to him by a number of local friends.

The "Potash-Liberating" Effect of

Lime.— Many of the soils in Southern Califor-
nia devoted to the cultivation of Citrus fruits
being of granitic origin, it occurred to Jlessrs.
Briggs and Breazeale to ascertain whether lime
produces upon these soils the effect usually
ascribed to it, namely, the liberation of potash.
The results* of the authors' experiments and
analysis are entirely negative, and they conclude
that the "availability to plants of the potash
in soils derived from orthoclase-bearing rocks is
not increased by the addition of lime or gyp-
sum."

Sale of Orchids at Walton Grange —

The sale of the Orchid collection which belonged
to the late Mr. Thompson, Walton Grange,
Stone, has been fixed for the 24th inst., at
Walton Grange. W^e understand that !Mr.
James Howes, who has had charge of this fine
collection, will shortly seek another appointinent.

Shovelling Snow.— To prevent snow from
sticking to the shovel it is recommended first to
give the tool a coating of paraffin. The paraffin
will adhere best if both the liquid and the shovel,
whether of metal or wood, are warmed, when
the oil may either be flowed on or applied with
a brush. If allowed to " set " before the shovel
is used one application of paraffin will serve for
a couple of hours' hard shovelling.

Legacy to a Gardener.— The late A. C.
Fkaser, of Mongewell Park, Wallingford, has
left a sum of £1,000 to his gardener, Mr. James
Pound. Mr. Pound was at one time secretary
of the Reading and District Gardeners' Society.

The Belgian Committee.— The Secretary
of the Belg'aii Agiicultural and Horticultural
Committee informs us that his office has been
tr.insferred fiom 6, Grosvenor Gardens, to 15.
Giojvenor Crescent, S.W.

Food Production in Scottish Public
Parks —Fifty additional garden plots have
been provided at ToUcross Park, Glas-
gow. There were one hundred applications,
but it is hoped that those disappointed
will be given ground at Belvedere Hos-
pital. Plots have also been provided at the
Alexandra, Newlands, Plantation, and Vic-
toria Parks, and all the applicants have been
provided for. In Dumbartonshire the Alexan-
dria, Boxhill, and Jamestown Parks will each
have plots provided for ratepayers wishing allot-
ments. It has been agreed by the committee
responsible to recommend to Edinburgh Town
Council that 20 acres of Saughton Park, 55
acres of Portobello Park, and 30 acres of the
Braid Hills Golf Course be ploughed and
cropped. Maxwelltown Parks Committee has
arranged for four fields for allotments. Dum-

" "Availability of Potash in certain Orthodase-bearinff
Soils as affected by Lime or Oypsuin," Journ. of Agrie.
Retearch, Washington, VIII., 1.

Fkbrfart 10. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

G:3

fri5s Town Council has secured nursery ground
lit Irving Place for garden allotments.

Streptocabpos orientalis (see fig. 23).
— This liandsomo species uf Streptocai-pus is
of considerable botanical interest, from the
fact that it is the only known representative
of th'e genus in Asia. It was discovered by
Dr. A. F. G. Kekr, growing on rocks by
streams on Mount Doi Sutep, near Chiengmai,
Siara, at an altitude of 1,800 feet above
iiw'a level. Dr. Kere sent seeds to Kew in
1912, and from these seeds plants -n-ere
raised which flowered in the following spring.
The flowers are borne on slender pedicels, on a
solitary, much-branched, erect stem, from 12
inches to 18 inches high. The corolla is purple
outside, pale within the tube, Ij inch to 2 inches
long, the limb being from J incJi to 1 inch
across. The ova.t3, toothed leaves are from Ij inch
U> Sj inches long, and from 1 inch to 3 inches
broad. The plant dies after flowering, but
seeds ripen freely, enabling a supply of young
plants to be obtained easily. The seeds should
be sown in Febniary, and the seedlings grown in
a stove temperatuiie. The plaJits commence to
bloom ithe following September, when (they
shouM be placed in a cooler and drier Sitimo-
ephere. In suitable conditions tlhey will con-
tinue to flower freely for at least three months.
As with other species of Streptocarpus, S.
orientalis thrives in a light, rich compost. The
plants should not be over-potted ; good speci-
mens may be grown in pots 5 inches in diameter.
During the summer the plants should be placed
in a shaded, moist |¥>sition near the roofglawi.
At this stage they should not be syringed over-
head, but they should be given a liberal supply
of water at the ront.s.

War Gardening Pamphlets.'— Those who
respond to the appeal to grow as many vege-
tables as possible will have no lack of guidance.
Besides the advice in the horticultural journals
and in the columns of the daily press, la.rge
numbers of e.xcellent pamphlets are being issued
from various sources, among others from firms
of seedsmen. Jlessrs. Sf ttox's pamphlet is terse
and clear, and describes in alphabetical order the
chief garden crops. The instructions are excel-
lent, and amateurs will in particular find the
table for sowing and planting of great assist-
ance. Messrs. AcsnN and MrAr.i..\N's pamphlet
is on similar lines, and has been drawn np
primarily for the use of Scotch amateur gar-
deners Besides instructions in the growing
of the several crops, it contains useful hints
on the choice artificial manures.

ViBiTOHB TO Ksw.- During the year 1916
713.922 peisnns visited Kew, the total receipts
from admission fees during the period January
17 to December 31— both dates inclusive-
amounting to £3,792 IBs. 6d.

Mr. E. H. WiL»ON.-Mr. Wilson is arrang-
ing a si.xth journey to the East for the pur-
poses of collecting plant'. On this occasion he
will explore the floras of Corea and Formosa.

War Item*.— Sergt. C. H. Andchson, of the
London Scottish, and formerly a member of the
garden staff at Kew, lost his life by an act of
gallantry. An ignited bomb fell in the dug-out
where he and others were gathered ; Sergt.
.■\nrebson picked it up and rushed to the door,
but Lefore he could dispose of it the bomb
exploded, causing injuries from which he died
an hour later. He enlisted in August, 1914, but
an accident during training necessitated an
operation, and he did not proceed to the Front
until November, 1916,

Captain Chaht.es Digov, an old student

of Kew, and of the French National School of
Horticulture, has been for a second time " cited
in the Order of the Army," and has received

• 7'/.« Culliiienf rvliiable Vegelablen t<i Small Gardent.
By .Sutton & .Sons, Keadin-;.

AUntmen't and Small Gardtnt in War-Time. Piililisheil
bv Austin & NfcAllan, OlasKOW.

the Cross of St. Anne of Russia for acts of
conspicuous bravery in the field.

The War Loan.— Amongst the subscribers
to the new War Loan we notice the firm of
Messrs. Edw.^ed Webb and Sons, STOrRBRiDGE,
Ltd., for the sum of £20,000.

The Frost.— The prevailing frost appears to
be more severe in the Midlands than in the
more northern parts of the country. Thus
6° below zero, 38° Fahr. of frost, were recorded
at ilarket Harborough during Sunday night.
According to a correspondent, Mr. (!. H. Steick-

olas, a temperature not lower than 34° or 35°
Fahr. is recommended. ....

BULB-GROWINO ON THE PACIFIC COAST.-

It is claimed* by ilr. J. W. Van Aalst, who
is engaged uu the bulb-growing industry in
California, that bulbs grown on the Pacific
coast are superior to those grown in Holland.
How much faith the writer has in this belief
is indicated by his statement that next yea'r's
planting in hi."; nursery is to comprise from
7,000.000 to 10,000,000 bulbs, of which number
only from 5.000.000 to 7,000.000 will be imported
from Hollnnd, the rest to be rai.^ed at hum?.

Fig. 23.— STEEPTorARi'U.s orientai.ts

liuinu.

LAND, the temperature at the Gardens, Aldecar
Hall, Langley Mill, Derbyshire, was 4° Fahr.
below zero on the morning on February 5th.
Mr. Kennedy, Norton Priory Gardens, Runcorn,
i-tates that on the morning of the 6th inst. the
leading there was 3° Fahr., or 29° of frost.

Bulbs in Cold STORACE'.-The temperatures
at which it is found best to keep "bulbs" in
cold storage* are for Lily of the Valley, 26-28°
Fahr., i.e., 4-6° below freezing; but for Hya-
cinths. Tulips, Cannas, and particularly Gladi-

• See Cold, a monthly paniplilet on cold stornt-e puliliahed
at Calcium, N.Y., and i|U0led in the Ih rialt Kxclian}r,
.fan. 20, ini:.

The Local Societies.- The Chester Pax-
ton Society has appointed a sub-committee,
consisting of Mr. N. F. Barnes, gardener
at Eaton Hall : Professor Robert New-
siEAD, Mr. A. W. Armstrong (Messrs. McHaitie
AND Co.), and the hon. secretary, Jlr.' G. P.
MiLN to advise allotment holders and others as
to the best and most practical methods of vege-
table culture. The society will offer cultural
certificates, and probably prizes, for the best
cropped and most neatly -kept garden allotrnents.
Mr. Barnes is preparing a pamphlet giyingpra^--

* American Florist, .Ian. 20, 1917.

64

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 10, 1917.

tical hints on gardening subjects, which will be
supplied free of charge to applicaxits.

Fruits, flowers and vegetables exhibited

a.t the meetings of the Twickenham Gardeners'
Afisociation in 1916 have been given, in almost
every case, to St. John's Hospital. The profits
of the annual exhibition, amounting to £5 5s. 6d.,
have also been handed to that Fund. The
society is arranging to hold a special vegetable
exhibition in 1917.

Lee and I.»ewisham Horticultural Society

has given the profits of the year's working,
amounting to £10 15s. lOd., to St. John's Hofi-
pital. The society has affiliated with the local
land cultivation society, and is in negotiation for
land to be let in plots at a nominal rental. The
society has lost, by death, a valued officer, in
th« late Mr. T. Alroy, who had been a member
for over thirty-five years, and secretary since
1911.

Publications Received.— TAe British
Dominions Year Book, 1917. (The British
Dominions General Insurance Co., Ltd., London.)
— The Cultivation and Manuring of the Kitchen
Garden. (Royal Horticultural Society, London.)
Price 3d.— Nuts : A Profitable Crop for Waste
Land. (Geo. Bunyard & Co., Ltd., Maidstone.)
Gratis.

AMERICAN NOTE.

neipheolepis varieties at the
brooklyjn botanic garden.

Ix your issue for December 18, 1915, p. 584,
you published an account of the Nephrolepis
collection at the Brooklyn Botanic Gar-
den, together witti a suggestion I made
for a meaufi of co-operation between the
ttarden and florists which would be of
mutual benefit. The offer made on behalf of
the Garden was to send out small plants of
named varieties fiom a list then published as far
as duplicates were available, the purpose being
to aid florists in building up collections and test-
ing new varieties. Second, the Garden offered to
act as a bureau of information regarding these
Ferns, and, in this connection, offered to send out
copies of a reprint of the Nephrolepis article
from the Xeiv Standard Cyclopaedia of Horti-
rulture. Florists were asked in return to send
information to correct or supplement the state-
ments in the article, and also to send plants of
varieties not on the list. The present fitatement
is in the nature of a report on the results ob-
tained, with a further offer of co-operation on the
same lines as before.

About two hundred copies of the Nephrolepis
article have been sent out, the great majority
to commercial grower's. Several hundred small
plants have been distributed in lots varying from
five to thirty different sorts, according to what
was available. Tliese have gone to all corners of
the United States, and applications have come
from Australia and New Zealand. A consider-
able number of florists have thus been able 1o
build up collerlions for e.xhibition purposes.

The Nephrolepis investigation work at the
Garden has also profited. The collection of
Nephrolepis forms has moi'e than doubled. The
list previously published included forty named
sports of N. exaltata bostoniensis. The present
list includes seventy. Of varieties of other
species, fifteen names were given before. Now
there are fifty names. It should be noted that
I pay " fifty names," not fifty varieties. Some of
these names are undoubtedly synonyms. The list
of .aetually distinct forms may not be more than
thirty, but it is yet impossible certainly to deter-
mine the proper names for these varieties or the
exact number of different sorts. The difficulty
in correctly classifying these forms is due in part
to carelessness and inaccuracy on the part of the
growers and others and in part to the fact that
the classification of the original species of
Nephrolepis is an unusually difficult problem

Besides the named varieties .at least fifty un-
named sorts have been sent in for experimental

growing. When full-grown plants of all varieties
are developed it will be found that some of these
unnamed forms are duplicates of varieties al-
ready in the trade. It is safe to say, however,
tha.t the present li\ing collection at the Garden
includes at least one hundred and twenty-five
distinct varieties of Nephrolepis.

About thirty of this increase of sixty-odd sorts
have been obtained by purchase from English
and French growers. The remainder have been
received through the co-operation of American
growers and botanic gardens. The Bm-eau of
Plant Industry, through its Office of ioreigu
Plant Introduction, is now co-operating through
its agents in all parts of the tropics, who are
collecting specimens of the wild forms to be
grown and compared with the types under culti-
vation.

The writer has continued his visits to com-
mercial establishments through the aid of a grant
of one hundred dollars from the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science. Growers
in Columbus and Springfield, Ohio, and in and
about Boston, New York and Philadelphia. ha\e
been visited, some of them several times. A
great deal of valuable information has been
gained in this way. A scientific report of
the. study of these plants has been published in
the May number of the Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, and reprinted as contributions
No. 15 of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Further
reports are in preparation.

In the meantime, the facilities of the collection
continue to be available for the benefit of florists.
Small plants of named varieties will be sent on
application so far as the stock of duplicates
allows. Definite applications for few and specific
varieties will receive preference over general
application, but aB will be served as far as pos-
sible. If general applications are made for the
purpose of building up collections of varieties,
the recjuest for specimens should include a list
of the sorts already being grown, to avoid dupli-
cation.

Not all the varieties listed here are available
for distribution, although there is a much larger
assortment than last year. Some have only re-
cently been received from England, and there
has been insufficient time for propagation of
small plants. Others, especially some in the
second group, are very slow" to propagate, or are
so large and require so much space that it has
not been possible to give them bench room. In
general, the varieties in the second group are
mostly of little commercial value in the United
States except for large collections.

Perhaps the collection can find its greatest
value for florists as a clearing-house of informa-
tion about Nephrolepis forms. How this might
work out was suggested recntlv by a well-known
grower, of the New York district. As president
of one of the local grower.s' associations, he bad
had occasional requests for an opinion as to the
value and distinctiveness of some supposedly new
form of Nephrolepis sent in by ."-ome flor'st of
the district. Tlie only means of answering such
a question would be bv reference to some prac-
tically complete collection of these forms. The
writer will be glad to answer questions along this
line and regarding anv other phase of interest
in connection with these Ferns. Visitors are
welcome at any time.

Nephrolepis exaltata and its Varieties.
Once pinnate forms.
exaltata. Wild species, tropics generally,
bostoniensis. F. C. Becker. Cambridge, Mass., and

others,
rhildsii. J. L. Child.s. Floral Park. L.I.
Dreveri. nre\er Brothers. Whitestone. N.Y.
Dw.irf Boston: F. R. Pierson. Tarrvtown. N.Y.
edmnntoniensis. H. B. Mav and Sons, Upper Edmon-
ton, Ensland.
falcata. Peter Wagner. Brooklyn, N.Y. (There is aisc

an Enalish falenta.)
Gretnai. B. M Wichers and Co.. Gretna. Louisiana.
Gialrasii. George Giatras We.st Hnboken. N.J.
Harrisii. Wm. K. Harris and Co.. Philadelphia, Penn.
New York. George Giatras. West Hoboken, N.J.
Randolphii. Randolph and .Sons, Verona, Penn.
Rooseveltii. American Rose and Plant Co., Spring-
field. Ohio.

Schultheisii. Anton Schultheis, College Point, N.Y.

Scottii. John Scott Estate, Brooklyn. N. i.

splendida.* Good and Reese Co., Springfield, Ohio.

Teddv, Jr. American Rose and Plant Co., Springfield,
Ohio.

viridissima. F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N.Y.

Wagneri. Peter Wagner, Brooklyn, N.Y.

Wanamakeri.* Robert Craig, PhiladelpnSa, Penn.
Twice pinntite forms.

.\nna Foster. Lucius Foster, Dorchester, Mass.

Baby Pierson. (Parentage uncertain.)

Barrow.sii. Henry H. Barrows and Son, Whitman,
Mass.

Clarkiit Clark ( ?).

Duplex bernsteili. (?)

Elmsfoidii. Scott Brothers, Elmsford, N.Y.

Fosteriana. (Same as Anna Foster.)

Kingessmg. Wm. K. Harris and Co., Philadelphia.
Penn.

MiUsii. Wm. K. Harris and Co., Philadelphia, Penn.

Piersonii. F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown. N.Y.

Piersonii " improved." Good and Reese Co., Spring-
field, Ohio.

rohusta. Robert Craig. Philadelphia. Penn.

Schllleri. J. L. Schiller, Toledo, Ohio.

Scholzelii. Herman Scholzel, New Durham, N.J.

splendida. Good and Ree.se Co. Springfield, Ohio.

superbissima. F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N.Y.

Three-pinnate forms.
Clarkii.* Clark (?).
elegantissima. F. R. Pierson. Tarrvtown, N.Y.

improved." F. R. Pierson, Tarrvtown,

Tarrytown,

N.Y.
elegantissima compacta

N Y.

elegantissima cristata. ( ') (English),
exaltata cristata. (?) (English).
Galvestonii. J. D. Pruessner, Galveston. Texas.
Ivcopodioides. Thomas Ruchford and Sons, Herts, Eng-
land,
muscosa. F. R. Pierson, Tarrytown, N.Y.
Piersonii compacta^elegantissima compacta.
Pruessneri. J. D. Prues-snor, Galveston, Texas.
Scholzelii. Herman Scholzel, New Durham, N.J.
superior. Superior Nursery. Los Angeles, Cal.
todeoides. Thomas Rochford and Sons, Herts. England,
todeoides compacta. Thomas Rochford and Sons, Herts,

England,
todeoides superba. Thomas Rochford and Sons, Herts,

England.
Verona. S Randolph and Sons, Verona, Penn.
Whitm.anii. Henry H. Barrows and Son, Whitman.

Mass.
Whitmanii Improved. Henrv H. Barrows and Son.

Whitman. Mass.
Whitmanii compacta. Henry H. Barrows and Son.

Whitman. Mass.
W:ehersii. B. M Wichers and Co., Gretna, La.
Wredii. Thomas Rochford and Sons, Herts, England

Four-pinnate forms.
Amerpohlii. Edward Amerpohl. Janesville. Wis.
dissecta. (English.)

Good:i. Good and Reese Co.. Springfield, Ohio.
" gracillima." (N'ot certainly the original gracillima

of Barrows.)
magnifica. Henry H, Barrows and Son, Whitman,

Marshall'ii. H. B. Mav and .Sons. Upper Edmonton,
England.

Marshallii compacta. H. B Mav and Sons, tipper
Edmonton. England.

Neubertii. Neubert.

pulcherrima. (English.)

Rochfordii. Thomas Rochford and Sons Herts, Eng-
land.

Smithii. L. — - Clark. Washington Botanic Garden.
Five-pinnate forms.

Craigii. Robert Craig. Philadelphia. Penn.

Willmottne. H. B, M;iy and Sons, Upper Edmonton,
England.

Nephrolepis Varieties and Species other than
exaltata.
acuminata.
acuta.
Barteri.

biserrata.

hiserrata (davaUioides) furcans.

biserrata furcans minor (dnvallioidc.i furcans minor).

biserrata var. (Undetermined form.)

canaliculata.

cordata compacta ~covd\io\i?i compacta.

cordifolia compacta.

cordifolia gigantea.

cordifolia elegans.

cordifolia tessellata.

crispata congesta.

davaUioides — biserrata.

davaUioides furcans — biserrata furcans.

Duffli.

exajtata ( = cordifolia).

"exaltata furcans " =hiserTata furcans

"exaltata grandiceps " — hiserratsi iiircuns minor.

" Golwigheriana " ( ^Zollineeriana').

hirsutula.

hirsutula tripinnatiflda.

Lonffii (=superba).

Mavii

Mayii cristata.

Mayii ornata.

pectinata.

philadelphiensis.

* Produces some 2-pinnat« leaves,
t As typically developed. 3-pinna

Febrvart 10, 191"/.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

65

pluma. sup«rba.

lecurvata, tuberosa.

rivularis. luberosa plumosa.

rufescens ( = hirsutula). washinstoniensis.

lufescens amabilis. Westnmi.

rufescens elegans. Witiboldii.

rufescens tripinnatifida. ZollingerianB.
splendens.

P. C. Benedict, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Xew

York.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
Manures fob Potatos.— Much interest is
being taken about Potatos at the present time
and much is being written about their cultiva-
tion and the most suitable manure for them.
Allow me to give your readers my experience in
the matter. Many years ago I read in an unpre-
tending shilling gardening book that the best
manure for Potatos is " soot, salt and lime." I
adopted it, and have kept to it ever since, and
found it excellent. It has never failed me. I
have good crops and plentiful, and, I may say,
practically no disease. 1 use at the rate of about
40 bushels of soot to the acre, 8 cwt. of lime,
and 4 cwt. of salt. No other manure is required ;
but if the addition of farmyard manure was
thought desiiiable. it should be put out well
rotted, and ploughed or dug in in the previous
fall, December or January, and not at the time
of planting the Potatos. E. <J.

Preparation of Land for Vegetable
Crops.— The season is advancing, and all out-
side work is at a standstill owing to .severe
weather, so a few thoughts on the best way of
making up time may be advantageous. Assuming
digging and trenching to be in arrears, and an
early chance of sowing such crops as Parsnips
should occ-ur, ])robably the best way to proceed
will b? to prepare the space in sections. Say,
we have a piece of land 50 yards square, in-
lead of taking out a heading or trench to
commence digg'ng the whole length of square,
divide in five sections, whe.eling the heading
from north of section one to south of section
five. Work each .section from alternate ends,
and leave the work in ridges 24 inches wide at
tihe base. Ridged land will dry sooner, and
may be planted when soil left in the flat would
not b? dry enough. A greater surface is
exposed to the beneficial action of air, sun. and
frost, and any dressing of concentrated manure
will better mix in soil. For Potatos, the tubers
could be planted at the base rtf the ridge, levelling
the ridge with a fork to cover the Kts wlhien
planted. By dropping i^eeds of Broad Beans
about 2 feet apart in the lines of late Potatos
a little extra return for labour will be forth-
rnming. in nutritious food, without interfering
with the Potato cro]). J. K.

Seed Potatos from County Councils.—
The sliitcmcnt in the I'.oard of Agriculture's
leaflet, printed on p. 36 of the tuirdeni'm'
Chronicle, that in Somersetshire last spring a
very successful scheme was carried out by means
of which nearly 200 tons of Scotch seed Potatos
were distributed, is incorrect. I have heard
bitter complaints from large numbers of allot-
ment-holders, farmers, and others, who ordered
seed Potatos from the Council and were dis-
appointed in one way or another. Large num-
bers of orders were, I believe, booked which
were never executed, and numbers of others sup-
plied so la.te in the season tliat tliosie wnho ap-
plied, having giveji up hopes of getting them,
purchased tiheir seed, tubers elsewhere. Then
again, the tubers supplied were in many cases
not of seed size, but hugo. and ojilv fit for culi-
nary purposes. /?. //. Corder. Tlnd.jwntrr.

Old Sefdano Plant Catalooues.— Having
been directly interested in the seed trade at
Messrs. Rollison's, I may possibly be in the
posil'on of knowing a little more about Tele-
graph Cucumber than .some others. It was on
a Sunday morning I first visited the private
garden in question, at the invitation of the gar-
dener, to see the Cucumber growing. As
Cucumbers were then, it was certainly a dis-
tinct advance on existing varieties. Eighty seeds
was the first year's supply from this source.
I''i(]in information gathered at the time, the

origin was given as a cross between Blue Gown
and Rifleman. I beg to thank E. for his news
of the present allocation of the famous nursery
so kindly explained in Gardeners' Chronicle.

ir. H. c.

The Weather. -We have had 17° of frost,
and the thermometer has remained below freez-
ing point for a week. This is the most severe
weather I have known since the great frost of
1895-6. It will be most trying to many of our
recently introduced plants, and unless the more
tender subjects have been well mulched I am
afraid the losses will be many. 11'. .-1. (.'nok.
trodalming, Surrey.

Protection from Frost. — It is surpris-
ing how effectivelv dry, littery material will
serve to ward off t'lie effects of frost. Here, in
the east of Essex, on Sunday last, men were dig-
ging with ease on grass land, while bare ground
close by was frozen solid for a foot or so in
depth. The grass, which was very thick and
dry, had served as a protection from the frost,
and the ground underneath was in splendid con-
dition for working. I noticed the same phe-
nomenon on other plots, where men were digging
under the lee side of a Quick hedge. This serves
to .show that very little protection is necessary
to counteract the effects of frost. 7'., Westdiff.

Award of Appeeciation.
(Jilunlioda Irene car. Glorita (Odu. Charles-
icorthii X Odiii. C ro..'<kinnrri), from R.
Ashworth, Esq.

Groups.

R. AsHWORTH, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr.
Davenport), was awarded a Large Silver Medal
for a group containing Odontoglossums of the
rrispuni section and other plants.

A. Hanmer, Esq., Chester (gr. Mr. Palin),
staged a group to which a Silver Medal was
awarded, Cypripediums being well represented ;
Cymbidiums of the Doris section ; Odontoglossum
.rdentissimum and others.

Jlessrs. Hassall and Co., Southgate, Lon-
don, staged Odontoglossimi ardentissimum, O.
Loochristens.?, Odontioda Gratrixiae, Miltonia
Bleueana grandiflora, and new hybrid Cym-
bidiums.

Messrs. J. AND A. McBean, Cooksbridge,
staged Odontiodas; a fine blotched variety of
Odontoglossum crispum, Cattleya Caroline, and
Cymbidiums.

'M^pssrs. Cypher .ind Sons, Cheliteivham, staged
Odontoglossum percultum, 0. Queen Victoria;
Cypripedium Leeanum Chardwar var. ; Cym-
bfdium Schlegelii, and seedling Odontoglossums.

SOCIETIES.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientiflc Committee.

.January 30. 1917.- /V, <>nt : Mr. E. A. Bowles,
M.A. (in the chair) ; .Messrs. W. Hales, W. C.
Worsdell, E. AJIard, and F. J. Chittenden (hon.
secretary).

Galanlhu.i Ehoe.ni var. Wliittallii.—^lv. Bowles
said he had examined a Snowdrop sent by Mr.
Chapman and found it to be a form of G. Elwesii
with very wide inner segments, .so wide that they
overlapped considerably at the edges, giving an
almost semi-double appearance to the flower.

Karcimus cyclamineus hybrid. — Mr. Bowles
also showed a Narcissus seedling from N. cycla-
mineus. but with broader leaves, paler corona,
and very pale .segments. The greenish inflated
spathe suggested N. praecox as one of the parents.

Il'oorf /''/ower.— Mr. W. C. Worsdell showe<l a
piece of a branch upon which a .species of Phora-
dendron had been growing. It showed the re-
markable grooved expansion produced by the
growth of the parasite, which has almost the form
of a flower (giving rise to the common name). It
came from the .Argentine.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

.January 18. — Committee present; The Rev.
J. Crombleholme (in the chair), Messrs. R. Asli
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, Dr. Cr.iven
Moore, J. Cypher, A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans,
P. Foster, A. R. Handley, A. Hanmer, D.
McLeod, W. Shackleton, S. Swift, H. Thorp.
and H. Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS.

FlRST-fLASS C'ERTIFIfATES.

l)drintoi/lo.'<.iiim eximitim var. Zenith a lai'ge
flower, well and evenly marked, with large flat
lip, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

O. crisinim ciir. Hindu, a round flower of
almost solid dark colour, with light tips to the
petals, from P. Smith, Esq.

.\\VARDS OF Merit.

ndontiiiiln .loan var. a-ihlundenfe, from R.
A.SHWORTH, Esq.

0. Joan Conynijhniii var.. from Dr. Craven
MoORE.

Laelio-Cnttleya Britannia car. I.ndy Bromley
W'ihon. from S. Gratrix, Esq.

Cypripedium Garland var. Lord S nrthboitrne ,
from the Hon, Robt. .James.

Odonlo,,lo.'<.-<„m Grand Diilr .\ ir/uda---, tram
\V. R. Lee. Esq.

odontioda Xcnohid cm. Yelloir S,irpr,.-c. Irom
I'. Smith. Esq.

WART DISEASE OF POTATOS ORDER OF
1914 AND WART DISEASE OF POTATOS
(INFECTED AREAS) ORDER OF 1914.

The varieties of Potatos described in the fol-
lowing list have all been tested experimentally
by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and
have been proved resistant to wart disease of
Potatos. 'The Board recommend all occupiers
of land infected with this disease to plant one
or more of these varieties, but they take this
opportunity of reminding all such persons that
it is illegal to plant any Potatos on land which
has been declared by a notice served by a duly
authori.sed inspector to be infected premises or
on land which has been declareel to be part of
an infected area by an order of the Board, except
Potatos authorised to bo so planted by a licence
granted by an inspector. The penalty for illegal
planting is a fine of ten pounds.

All persons who wish to obtain a licence to
pi mt should make application on a form, which
will be sent on demand, addressed to the Horti-
cultural Branch. Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries. Whitehall Place, London, S.W. Let
ters so addressed need not be stamped.
T TST HE V.ARTETIES RECOMMENDED FOR
1917.

Early Varieties.

1. .11. (Sutton).— An early with an upright
haulm and rather small, crinkled leaves.
Flowers are seldom, if ever, formed. The
tiib;'rs are round, of medium size, with a
white skin and yellow Hesh. Quality good.
It crops moderately well and is suited for
garden cultivation.

2 Besi.Hant Snowdrop (Dobbie).— An early
with a spreading haulm, not very vigorous.
The tubers are kidney with white skin and
white flesh. It crops well and its quality
is fairly good. The stocks of this variety
are verv small.

3. hid-cll Blue.— An early with a strong spread-
ing haulm. The tubers are round, skin
coToured, and flesh a pure white. It crops
well and the quality is excellent. Highly
recommended for gardens and allotments,
but its colour will probably prevent its be-
coming a popular market variety.
Second Early Varieties.

4 Conquest (Findlay). — This variety has a
el.roiig spreading haulm. The tubers an?
round, with a wihite .skin and white flesh.
Flowers white. The variety crops weiU.

5 Kind George (Butler).— A variety with a
fairly strong spreading haulm. The flowers
are 'white. The tubers are elongated vvith
shallow eyes. In many respects the variety
resembles' British Queen. It is a heavy crop-

66

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 10, 1917.

ping variety, but the quality is not very
good.

6. Great Scot (McAlister).— One of the best of
the second early varieties. It is later than
King George, and might even be regarded
as an early maincrop. The haulm is tall,
upright, and vigorous. The foliage is dark
green and glossy. The flower is white. The

• tubers are round with moderately deep eyee.
The skin and flesh are white. It is a very
heavy cropping variety, and the quality is
good. . , , ,

7. Sir Douglas Haig (Sands).— Indistinguishable

from Great Scot.
8 Southampton Wonder (Toogood).— Indis-
tinguishable from Great Scot.

9. The Duchess (Dobbie).— The haulm is mode-
rately vigorous and spreading. The tubers
are round, skin white, flesh white, and eyes
rather deep. It crops well.

10. The Ally (syn. The Allies).— Haulm vigorous
and spreading. Flower white. The tubers
are usually oval, but the shape varies. The
skin and flesh are white; eyes shallow. It
is a very heavy cropping variety, but the
quality is only fair.

Late or Maincrop Varieties.

Abundance Tvpe. Nos. 12 to 18 resemble

Abundance in most respects.

11. Abundance (Sutton).— An early maincrop,
with strong upright haulm and dark green,
glossy foliage. The flowers are white. The
tubers are round to oval, and flat. The skin
and flesh are white and the eyes shallow.
The cooking quality is good. The variety
crops well, but it is rather liable to the com-
mon PotafiO disease (Vhijtoiihlhora in-

12. Culdees Castle (G. R. Sharp).— An early
maincrop which resembles Abundance.

13. King Alliert (Sands). — An early maincrop
which resembles Abundance.

14. The Provost (Dobbie).— Of the Abundance
tvpe.

15. 'Crofler (Dobbie).— Of the Abundance type.

16. Jeanic Deans (Findlay). — Of the Abundance
type.

17. Fuvounle or Iinproied favourite (Dobbie).
— A well-known variety of the Abundance
type.

18. twentieth Centi/rij. — Resembles Abundance.

The Admiral Type. 19 and 20.

19. The Admiral (Dobbie). — An early maincrop
with a tall, strong, upright haulm which be-
comes more spreading towards the end of
the season. The flow-ers are white. The
tubers are flattish-round with shallow eyes.
The skin and flesh are white. The variety
yields a good crop of moderate size tubers.

20. Burnhouse Beauty. — This variety does not
appear to be so vigorous as the Admiral,
and the foliage is inclined to cui-1. The

flowers are lavender and white. The tubers
are round or pebble-shaped. The skin and
flesh are white and the eyes shallow.

21. Tlie Laird (Davie). — A maincrop with a
vigorous haulm and purple flower. The
tubers are round ; larger than Admiral. The
variety crops well on certnin soils in many
Midland districts.

Langworthy Type. 22 to 24.

22. Langworthy (Niven). — A late maincrop
with tall, vigoi'ous, upright haulm. The

leaves are slightly crinkled. The flowers are
mauve tipped white. The tubers are kidney-
shaped, often tapering at the " heel." The
skin and flesh are w'hite and the eyes shal-
low. It crops well on some soils, but it re-
quires a long season of growth and good
cultivation. If possible, the " seed " should
be sprouted. The quality is e.xcellent.

23. What's Wanted (Niven). — Resembles Lang-
worthv.

24. (rolden Wonder (Brown).— The haulm,
foliage and flowers are practically identical
with those of Langworthy. The tubers are
kidney-shaped, often tapering at the " heel."
The skin has a characteristic yellowish
russety-brown tinge. The flesh is white and
the eyes shallow. The quality is excellent.
The variety crops well on some of the soils
of Lancashire, and it is one of the best late-

keeping varieties. It requires a long season
of growth, and if possible the "seed"
should be sprouted. Not suited for heavy
soils.

White Round or Oval Section.

25. J/oh Boy (McAlister).— An early maincrop
with a tall, vigorous haulm, inclined to
spread. The tubers are flattish oval, with
very shallow eyes. In size they are medium.
The variety crops moderately well.

26. The Loch'ar (Farish).— Haulm of medium
height and vigour, upright, with fine
branches. The foliage has a characteristic
delicate shade of green. The tubers are-
round, with eyes of medium depth. The
skin is white, with a faint tinge of pink,
especially around the eyes. The flesh is
white. ■ This variety yields a heavy crop of
medium-sized tubers. Appears fairly re-
sistant to common Potato disease (P. in-
festans).

27. Heather Bountiful. — Resembles Lochar.

28. Leinster Wonder (Sands).— A very late
maincrop, with a tall, upright, vigorous
haulm and dark green foliage. The flowers
are white, borne on long stalks. The tubers
are round, with a white skin sometimes
showing a faint trace of pink. The eyes
are shallow. The flesh is white, tinged
lemon. The variety crops well and appears
to be fairly resis.tajit to common Potato dis-
ease {P. infestans).

29. The Templar (Wilson).— A late variety with
a very vigorous, tall, upright haulm and dark
green foliage. The flowers are white and
very numerous. The tubers are flattened
oval, with eyes of medium depth. The skin
is white and the flesh white. The variety
yields a heavy crop of medium-sized tubers
of very good quality. It appears to be fairly
resistant to ordinary Potato disease (P. in-
feslans).

Coloured Round or Ov.kl Section.
30 Kerr's Pink. — A late variety with a very
strong, tall, upright haulm. The flowers
are white and usually numerous. The tubers
are round, with a light pink skin. The
colour is so slight that it will not detract
from its market value. The eyes are usually
of medium depth, but on some tubers they
are deeper. The flesh is white and the
quality excellent. The variety yields a very
heavy crop of good-sized tubers. It also
appears to be fairly resistant to ordinary
Potato disease (P. infestaiis).

31. The Rector (Wilson). — Tall, upright, strong
haulm, with darkish green foliage. Flowers
rose-purple, tipped white. The tubers are
round, with rather deep eyes. The skin is
red and the flesh white. It yields a heavy
crop of medium-sized tubers which are of
excellent quality. The variety appears to
b? highly resistant to ordinary Potato dis-
ease {P.'infestans). Its colour will prooaLiIy
detract from its value as a market Potato,
but it can be thoroughly recommended to
growers who require a good-keeping Potato
of first-class quality.

32. Irish Queen (Sands). — A main crop, with a
tall, vigorous, upright haulm, and large
medium green leaves. The flowers are
purple. The tubers are round, with a pink
skin and very deep eyes. The crop is fairly
heavy, and the variety will keep late.

33. SJiamroch (Sands). — A very late variety,
with moderately vigorous, tall haulm, which
becomes spreading at end of season. The
foliage is dark green. The flowers are white
and usually numerous. The tubers round
rather rough in shape, with a reddish-pink
skin. The eyes are numerous and deep and
the flesh white.

34. Wh'ite City (Sutton).— A variety with tall,
vigorous upright haulm, usually with three
or four strong branches. The foliage is
darkish green. The flowers are lilac tipped
a lighter shade. The tubers are long, flat,
kidney-shaped, and tapering, with very shal-
low eyes and a russet skin. The flesh is
white and the quality good. The variety
crops well. Unfortunately many of the
stocks of this varietv are very mixed, gene-

rally with a smooth-skinned variety very
susceptible to wart disease.

35. St. Mdlo Kidney. — The haulm is tall, uji
right and strong, and the foliage dark green
The tubers are kidney-shaped and large,
with shallow eyes. The skin and flesh are
white. The variety crops well, but it is
advisable to sprout the "seed" before
planting.

36. Dominion (Poad). — A late variety with a
tall, vigorous, somewhat spreading haulm,
with dark green foliage. The flowers are
white. The tubers are flattened oval, often
elongated, in many respects resembling the
tubers of the Up-to-Date. The skin and
flesh are white and the eyes shallow. The
variety orops well.

There are several other immune varieties for
which approval may be obtained if desired, such
as

Second Early Varieties.

Aberlady early, Mr. Bresse, Border Queen,
Snowball, Entente Cordiale (Findlay).

Late Varieties.
Supreme (Sutton), Flourball (Sutton), Adiron-
dack.

Occupiers of wart disease infected premises
are reminded that it is illegal to plant any
Potatos on their premises, whether of the above-
named varieties or not, except with the licence
of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

The following varieties are highly susceptible
to wart disease of Potatos and cannot be planted
on infected premises : —

Early Puritan, Epicure, Midlothian Early,
British Queen, Duke of York. Sharpe's Express,
Sharpe's Victor, Sir .John Llewelvn, Evergnod,
Cora, Cigarette, King Edward VII.. Up-to-Date,
Dalhousie, Duchess of Cornwall, Arran Chief.
Factor. Prolific.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Poultry.

If all who manage a farm would keep a reason-
able number of fowls of the best breeds and
manage them sensibly poultry would be found
to pay very well. Too many persons think if
they cannot obtain a full supply of eggs during
November and December with very little trouble
and e.xpense the fowls are not worth looking after.
Close to where I write a village policeman last
year made £8 from his few hens, kept in the
backyard and a part of the garden attached to
his house. The common fault of inexperienced
poultry keepers is that of overcrowding. Far
better keep fewer birds and attend to them
prop&rly. For the winter production of eggs
the semi-intensive method of management is the
most satisfactory. Ten March or early April
hatched pullets, with one year-old male bird,
in a house 12 feet by 10 feet, will give Better
results than three times the number kept in un-
favourable conditions, such as too little space,
tainted soil, want of exercise, and indifferent
feeding.

Hatching Chickens.

For early February and March hatching in
quantity an incubator is a necessity, so difficult
is it at that time to obtain broody hens. An
incubator of the best make, properly managed,
ensures success, with good eggs, provided the
directions issued with the incubator as to tem-
perature and the manipulation of the eggs ai-e
coiTectly followed. With an incubator a foster-
mother is a necessity. Ducks and turkeys also
can be equally well hatched in an incubator.

Many are apt to think the hatching of chickens
under hens involves no risk. The nests should
be made with soil on the ground in the open,
protected from cold wind, wet, and hot sun
during May and June. Setting the hens on eggs
on the ground ensures a regular supply of mois-
ture to the eggs by the aid of capillary attrac-
tion, which dispenses with the necessity of
damping the eggs daily, as must be done when
the nests are made on a dry floor.

February 10, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

67

During a spell of dry weather in April or May,
a week before the date of hatching, the eggs
should be sprinkled with tepid water e^'ery
morning immediately before the hens retam to
their nest, after being off the allotted quarter
of an hour for food and water. Early in the
year twelve eggs are sufficient for a hen to cover
properly ; later, when the weather is warmer,
fourteen is not too many. A common mistake
is that of putting the eggs under the hen the
moment she shows signs of broodiness. All hens
do not take to the eggs at once — some will sit
on them two days, when, through no apparent
cause, they will leave the nest, and eggs so
treated are generally useless. The correct
method is to set the hen for three days on false
eggs before committing good eggs to her charge.
The hens should be taken off regularly each day
for food. If this detail is attended to irregu-
larly the hens, after a stated time, become rest
less, and often are found standing up off the
eggs waiting to be released. In this way, if
nothing worse happens, the outer eggs become
unduly cold, making the hatching irregular, and
may spoil the lot. As each hen is lifted from
her nest she should be tethered to a stick thrust
in the ground, a loop passing round one leg.
Scm? such method as this must be practised
where a number of hens are sitting together.
Seme person may say, What difference does it
make which nest a hen returns to ? All heus
are not of the same body temperature, and as
eggs require regularity of temperature it will
be seen how important it is that each hen has
her own nest continuously. Jlaize is the best
food for sitting hens, as it provides the most
warmth from food. Clean drinking water, too,
is important.

Beans fob Cattle.

The common Horse Bean (Faba vulgaris),
when split, is excellent for horses in hard work,
fed with Oats and chaff. Bean meal is capital
for fattening stock, as it is rich in nitrcgennus
as well as starchy foods. For cows in milk a
little with the cake rations adds richness
to the milk. For lambs fattening after they are
three months old split Beans give a great fillip
to other foods for putting on flesh. The best
Beans are grown on heavy soil, say following a
Wheat crop, and, if not wet. land should be
sown in October, and the crop is then ready for
harvesting sooner than the spring sown crop,
which is known as the S|)ring, or Lick Bean.
The winter Bean is smaller than the spring
variety. If the soil is light in character the
winter variety fihould be sown. The yield per
acre is uncertain ; five quarters is good ; adverse
weather — drought esjiecially — may reduce the
amount to six sacks per acre. Good Beans shoujd
give 64 lb. per bushel. 2i bu.shols per acre is
required for seed. The land should be deeply
ploughed in the autumn and well cultivated in
the spring for the summer variety. There are
many methods of sowing Beans. Broadcasting
is easy, but prevents hoeing afterwards. Drill-
ing the seed deeply 18 inches wide is the quicker
method. Dibbling the Beans two in a hole is
also a good plan. /'>'. Muhjn<'ux.

Spring Wheats.
The Koyal .Agricultural Society of Kngland, on
the recommendation of the War Kniergency Com-
mittee appointed in December last, has issued
a leaflet prepared by the Botanist of the Society
— Professor R. H. Biffen, F.R.S. — giving advice
to farmers in connection with the sowing of
spring Wheats. The society states that the
question is one of great importance in view of
the country's requirements in the matter of food
supply, and hopes that advantage will be widely
taken of the information which has been pre-
pared to assist agriculturists in maintaining the
maximum growth of Wheat. Copies of the
leaflet can be had on application to the Secre-
tary, Royal Agricultural Society of England, 16,
Bedford Square, London, W.C

©bituar^.

:Ch*rl=s Ross.— It is with regi-et tliat \\v
announce the ci?ath of the veteran gardener, ilr.
Chas. Ross, whose work in raising new fruits,
prijicipally Apples, has obtained for him wide
fame. He died at Westgate-on-Sea on the 4th
inst.. aged 92 years. Jlr. Ross was for manv
years gardener at Welford Park, Berkshire'
Ho was horn on the Dalmeny Estate, Midlothian,
where his father was head gardener to the then
Earl of Rosebery. He was employed in ejirly
youth at ilessrs. Dickson and Sons' nursery,
Edinburgh, and in sevc-ral private gardens,
notably that of Dalkeith. His first position as
head gardener was at Fairlawn, Tonbridge, Kent,
where he remained for six years. In 1860 he
went to Welford Park, where he remained
until 1908, when he retired. Deceased at-
tained wide fsme chiefly in connection with the
raising of new Ap])les. It was about 1885 that
his famous cross between Cox's Orange Pip-
pin and Peasgood's Nonesuch was effected, and
from that cross have been obtained several very
fine varieties, includinj Charles Ross, a beautiful
Apple, which wortliily perpetuates the raiser's

Cucumbers. He entered the R.H.S. Gardens
a;t Ohiswick in 1878, and was soon, pro-
moted to the position of foremaai plant
grower, and his skill as a grower and his
taste in displaying bis plants, both in the con-
servatories and at the shows, was generally ac-
knowledged. He left Ohiswick in 1882, and after
a short engagement at Carlisle, entered the ser-
vice of Mr. H. B. May, Edmonton, with wfhom
lie remained until 1899. His success there as »
Fern grower was well known in the trade. Mr.
Hemsley wrote articles for the Horticultural
Press for many years, and from 1903 he devoted
3iimself eaitirely to the literary side of his pro-
fession. Besides contributing to Eng'lisii jour-
nals, including the Gon/ettcrs' Chroiiick, he
wxcKte for the American Florist and Florists' Ex-
change, and was aaithDr of the Bool- of Fern Cul-
ture, of John I.«iJie's series of " Haaidbooks," and
joint author with Mr. Jolm Fiiaser of an edirtjon
of Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary, whiclh has
been publislied only a few days. About 1910
iliis health failed, and he aooompliehed little work
after tliat. He maa-ried in 1883, aaid leaves a
widow, tJhree daughters, and two sons, the
younger of whom is a second lieutenant in the
1/13 London Regiment. Mr. Hemsley was an
enthusiastic culti^'atoll of Carnations, and hiis
tamiliao'ity with the va-rious ba-anches of market
gardening was excteptional.

Richard J. Donavan.— 7' /ic Anvricnn Flo-
rist announces the death of Mr. Richard J.
Donavan, a Harist of Chicago, which occurred on
•Jaima.ry 3 last. Mr. Donavan wp.s born in Cork,
Ireland, in 1848, and was employed for a time
ill London nurseries. He settled in the United
States in 1871, at Philadelphia, and later moved
to Chicago, where he was first employed in the
Riisehill cemetery. In 1879 he started a com-
mercial establishment on Ravenswood Avenue,
where he built up a prosperoois business.

H. WiTTE. — M. H. Witte, whose death is an-
nounced in the Dutch Press, was born in 1829.
He became curator of the Botanical Garden at
Rotterdam, and was transferred in 1854 to Leiden
Botanical Gardens, where he remained till his
retirement in 1898. He was succeeded at Leiden
by his son, M. E. T. H. Witte, who is still in
office there. Dece:ised, who died on January 9
ult., in his 88th year, was a corresponding mem-
ber of several hortieultuiral bodies, including the
Boyal Horticultural Society (London). He
played a pironiinent part in the creation of mtiny
Dutch horticultural associations, and althougli
/he was deai and nearly blind in his later yeaa's,
he continued a. contributor to the luorticultua-al
Piess until a few davs before his deatlh.

THE LATK l.'lIAiiLKS ROSS, V.M.H.

name. Its original name was Thomas Andrew
Knight, under which title it received an Award
of Merit fi-om the R.H.S. Some years after the
name had been diiinged to Charles Ross it ob-
taiiued a First-class Ccj-tificate. Immediately be-
fore the granting of the latter award, the variety
received 1st prize foa- flavour in a cilass for
dessert Apples at the R.H.S. Fruit Show. From
the same cross csime The Houblon, RivaJ, and Re-
nown— three superb Apples. Other excellent
Apples raised by Mr. Ross are Paroquet, famed
for its beautiful colour ; Hector Macdonald, a
.seedling from Lane's Prince Albert ; Encore,
from Warner's King and Old Northern Green-
ing ; Excelsior, from Peasgood's Nonesuch and
Duke of Devonshire, a fine, roundish Apple, with
a small curl at the stem; and many others not
so well known. Altogether Mr. Ross obtained
for his .seedlings three First-class Certificates
and ten Awards of Merit.

Alfred HEMSLEV.-We regret to record the
death from cancer in the throat of A^lfred Hems-
ley, which occurred at. his residence, Wisteria
Road, Lowisham, on the 30th ult. He was horn
on January 7, 1851, so that he had completed his
65th year. He commenced his gardening career
in a geneitJ market garden nurS'ery at HassiockK.
Sussex, where his father w-as manager. He passed
tlm-ough the various depaj'tments, and became
well "-roujided in jiractical knowledge ajid speci-
ally in the forcing of Grapes, Peaches, and

Dr. N. H. J. Miller.— Dr. Miller, whose
death took place on January 12 at Harpenden,
had worked at Rothamsted for 30 years. One
of his main investigations, described in the
course of a -sympathetic obituary notice by Dr.
E. J. Russell, consisted in demonstrating, by
analytical measurements of the amounts of
ammonia in rain, the falseness of Liebig's asser-
tion that plants derive their nitrogen from the
ammonia brought down in rain. Dr. Miller also
made important contributions to our knowledge
of the quantity of nitrogen lost to the soil in
drainage water, showing that land loses nitrogen
in the form of nitrates at the rate of from 35-40
lb. per aniiiini.

Frank SoMERFORD.-We learn with regret
that Mr. Frank Somerford died on the 25th ult.
at Bromsgrove Cottage Hospital. Mr. Somer-
ford was a native of Kent, and he etartitd his
gardening career in a nursery at Deal. After-
wax'ds he was appointed foreman at Charlton
House, Kent. Later, for twelve years, he held
the post of gardener to the late Mr. Battle
Wrightson, Cusworth Hall, Doncastei-, and
from 1897 to 1904 was gardener to the Rt. Hon.
the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot at Ingestre
Hall, Stafford. In recent years he was engaged
in business on his own account.

Monsieur E. T. Touret.— Monsieur Eu-
gene Felix Touret, the w^il-known French
landscape gardener, died at Paris on January 29
aitea- a long illness. M. Tour.et's sion Eugene,
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, who follows
the same profession as his father, was for some
time a student of the R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley.

G8

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LFliliRUAHY 10, 1917.

m: iL R k: c: T s.

COVEXr G.IRTJB.Y. Vrhniarii ;'..
• cannot accept any responsibility for tlie sul)jninecl
reports. Thev are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, bv the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the wav in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

Cut Flowers, &c.: Average Wholesale Pplees.

Plants In Pots, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.— c^

B.d. s
Arums per doz. S 0 1

Azalea, white.

per doz. bun. 8 0-
Camellias. white

per doz. blms. 4 6-
Carnations. per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 4 0-

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 5 0

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz.
hun 12 0 1

— Henry Irving,
rer doz. bun. 12 0

— Princeps. per
doz. bun. .. 1! 0

— Victoria, per

doz. hun. .. IS 0- ;

— doubles per
doz.bun. .. 10 0-1

Euctiaris.per doz

blooms .. —

Freesia, per doz.

bun 3 0-

Gardenia per

box of 12 and
18 blooms .. —

Heather, white,
per doz. bun. 12 0

Lilium lonei-

Horum. long X 0
short .. 8 0

Cut Foliage, &e.

Adiantum (Mai- 8.
denhairFern)
best, per doz.
bunches .. 9

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen .. 2

— — medium
doz. bunches 12

— Sprengeri .. 8
I foliage .. 3

s.d. s.d.
Lilium -

1 a ncifolium
album, long.. 4 0-46
short .. 3 6-40

— — rubrum.

per doz.. long.. 4 0 4 6

short .. 3 6-40

Lily-of-the-Valle>-.

per doz. bun. 24 0-30 0
Narcissus.
(Irand Primo.
per doz. bun. 8 0- SI 0

— Pheasant Eye

per doz. i un 12 0-15 0

— Soliel d'Or.
Guernsey, per
doz.bun. .. 10 0 12 0

Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. IS 0-18 0

— (!lypripedium 2 0 3 0

— Od on toglos-

sum crisoum 3 0-40
Pelargoniums, per

doz. bunches.

doublescarlet 15 0-18 0
Snowdrops per

doz. bun. .. 4 0-60
Tulips, white. per

Ferns. in thumbs,
per 100..

— per 100, in
small and
large 60's

— in 48'8.per doz,

— in 52'8. per
doz

— choicer sorts,
per doz. 48's..

Geonoma gracilis
60's. per doz..

— larger, each.,
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz.

larger, per

doz

— Forsteriana,
60'3. per doz..

doz bun. .. 30 0

36 0

— yellow. per

d z. bun. .. —

—

— bronze, per

doz bun. .. 36 0

~-

— m u\e Parwins

per doz bun. 48 0

b4 U

Violets, single.

Princess of

Wales.. .. 4 0

- h 0

Bronz

Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12

Average Wholesale Prices.

g.d. s.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 5 0-12 0

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08

— common .. 8 0-40
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. ., 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 18 0-20 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small-leaved 6 0 —

— French, per
doz. bunches 10-13

Smilai. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-16

0-18 0
0-12 0
0-6 0

0-5 0
0-15 0

French Flowers, &e. : A vera ge Wholesale Prices.

Ane'vone, double s.d.=.d.

pink, per doz.

bun 3 6-46

— single, mixed

per doz. bun. 12 0 15 0
Lilac, white, per

doz. sprays .. 4 6 6 0
Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun 10 0 12 0
Narcissus paper

white. perdoz.

bun 3 6-40

Rem.\I!KS.— Owing to the i
flowers are coming from home growers, and prices re-
main very high. White flowers are cleared imme-
diately after the market is opened. Carnations show
a little increase in quantity this week, but prices
remain firm. Daffodils are heonming more plentiful.
The varieties now offered are Golden Spur, Sir Watkin,
Henrv Irving and a few fine blooms of Victoria. A
few boxes of Pheasant-Eve Narcissus are being sent
from the Spalding district, and are selling freely.
Small consignments are being received from the Ch
el I.slands in good condition. Daffodil

s.d.=.d.
Narcissus— con.

— Sol d'Or, per

doz. bup. of 6 4 0-46
Ranunculus, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0-80

— Carmine, per

d z. bun. .. 8 0-90

— Romano,
scarlet, per
doz.bun. .. 15 0-lS 0

Violets, single,

per doz. bun, 3 0-40
few cut

beg

ling to arr

of French flo
frozen and useless. Mimosa
affected for the present.

Cornwall.

V^cacia)

d Sno
Practically

s the" least

S.d. S.d.
5 0-60

Aralia Sieboldii

dozen ..
Asparagus clu

mosus nanus

per doz.

— Sprengeri ..
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0-36 0
Cacti. various

per tray of IS's 4 0 —

— tray of 12'b .. B 0 —

10 0-12 0
8 0 10 0

s.d.

0-36 0
0-8 0

liEMMll

eiuliiig
nipty."

;.— Ow

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz .. 12 0-30 0

Lilium longi-
florum. per
doz 36 0-42 0

— lanci folium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

- — album .. 24 0 30
Marguerites, in

48's. per doz. 12 0 —
Pandanus Veitchii.

per doz. .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6 21
Roman Hyacinths

perbox24'B. 8 0-10 0
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15

harp frosts growers are not

Erica gracilis .. 10 0-12

— melanthera.. 18 0-24

— hyemalis .. 12 0-15 0

— hyemalis. in
thumbs .. 4 0- 6'0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe

perdoz.
— J erusalem.

per bag
Asparagus. Paris

Green, perbun.
Beetroot, per bag
Beans. English,

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bus

I'li-rad Beans.

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts,

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally ..
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeriac. perdoz.
Celery, per doz...
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz.

s.d. s.d.

4 0-

6 0

6 0-
10 6

6 6

4 0-

5 0

6 0

-

6 6-
10 0

< 6

10 0-
12 0

15 0

12 0-30 0
4 0- 4 fi
!S 0 30 0

12 0-
4 0
7 0

44 0

24 0

4 0
47 II

8 0

Leeks, per doz ..
Lettuce. Cabbage

per doz.
Mushrooms. per lb
Mustard and

Cress, perdoz.

punnets
Onions, per bag

— spring, per
doz. bun. ..

Parsnips. perbuB.
Peas, per lb.
Putatos. new. per

lb

Radishes, per

doz. bun.
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz.
Savoys, per tally
Seakale. per doz.

punnets
Shallots, per lb.
Spinach, per bus.
Swedes, per bag
Tomatos. Tene-

r 1 f f e, per

bundle
Turnips, new. per

bag

— Tops, per bag
Watercress, per

doz

0 8-09
16-26

28 0 -
0 5-06

12 0 -
6 0 -

Fruit : Average Wholesale Priets.

s.d.
Almonds, per

cwt 70 0

Apples—

— Calif ornian
N ew towns.

per case .. 12 6-
-English
Cooking, per
bus. . . 11 0-

— Main States
barrels .. 38 6-

— Oregon, per
case ,. .. 14 0-

Apricots.per box 3 0-
Itananas. bunch—

— Medium ,. !•') 0

— X-medium .. 16 0

— Extra .. ..17 0-

— Double X .. IK 0

— Giants .. 20 0

— Red. per ton £25 0

— Jamaica, per

ton .. .. £18
Chestnuts. per

bag .. .. 22 0
Cranberries, per

case ,, ,, 19 0-

s.d.

Dates, per doz.

boxes ..
Grapes: Almeria.

per brl.

— Alicante

— Gros Colman.
per lb

Grape Fmit. per

case ..
KentCobs perlb
Lemons, per case
Nectarines, per

box
Nuts, Brazils.

new. per cwt

— Coconuts, per
100

Oranges, per case
Peaches, per box
Pears—

— Call f ornian

— Cape, per bo-\
Plums, per box
Tangerines, per

box
Walnuts,
per cwt.

II 0

7 0

1 0

s.d.s d.
7 0-76

16 0-20 0
10-13
14 0-25 0

31 0-32 0
16 0 42 0
5 0-80

15 0-22 0
4 6 3 0
4 0 10 0

10-56

56 0-85 0

REMARKS.- The market is well supplied wuli imported
.ippl'cs in barrels and bo.xes. Winter Nelis Pears nre aiTiv
in*' from Oalifornia. A shipment of Cape fruits to hand
this week consisted of Peaches. 'Nectarines. Plum? (Wjck-
s in) and Pears. Oros Colman and Black Alicante Grapes
are fairly plentiful for the time of year. Ti-nenlfe
Tom.itos have been a short supply during the past week.
There are onlv a few Canary Bananas on sale. Beans
S"3kale. Mufb'ronms. Oucumbers. New Potato?, and Eng-
li--h and French -\spar3gus are all available. Green vege-
tali'es anil roots are scarce owing to the wintrv
wnther. E. H. R.. Caient Gindfti Mnrlcct. Frhninnj 7,
I'll".

Plants In Pots, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d, 9 d.
CocoB Weddelli-
ana. 48's. per

dnz IS 0-.30 0

- 60'3 per doz. 8 0-10 0
Crnton per doz 18 0 30 6

THE WEATHER.

THE WEATHER IN SCOTLAND.

■• .\s the day lengthens the cold strengthens " is an
old saw which the weather of January, 1917, has
upheld, for the mean temperature of the last week of
the mouth was 6° below that of the first week. Rain
or snow occurred frequently, but there were no heavy
falls, the greatest being o!32 inch on the lOlh. Alto-
gether 1.52 inch was collected during the 23 days

Be,1fi'-l- s.dsd.

Ki--gEdwird,. 10 fi 11 6
\ r n Chief .. 10 6-11 6

Lincoln -
Arran Chief .. 11 fi-12 0

RUMMil-

;.— Trade ha» improved
those of last week.

; a difficulty in getti
the frosty weather.

coin. - en.
lackland
vergoo^
i--e Edward

The growei
g supplies
Bihrnrd J.
Frhriianj 7

There
the month, the total
average of 0.8 hour,
were 18 sunless days,
nches. with a highest,
id a lowest, of 29.269
temperature was 35°,
mum
highest inaxi-

wliich the amount was 0.01 i
was very little sunshine durinj
being only 26 hours, giving a
and a jiercentage of 11. There
The barometric mean was 30.001
of 30.546 inches, on the 23rd, i
inches, on the 8tli. The mean
with a mean maximum of 38° and
of 32°, giving a mean range of 6°.
mum, of 53°. was registered on the 2nd and 3rd. and
the lowest minimum, of 23°, on the 10th ; thus there
was an absolute range of temperature during the
month of 30°. On the 9th the lowest maximum, of
34°. was reached, while the highest minimum, of 42=,
occurred on the 1st and 2nd. On 24 days the tem-
perature fell to 32° or below, but never remained at
or below 32° on anv dav. On the grass the mean
minimum was 28°, falling to 16° on the 10th. There
were 25 nights of ground fro.st. At a depth of 1 foot
the soil t^mperatui-e fell from 38° to 34°. Snow fell
on 11 days and lay continuously from the 8th to the
31st. Hail was observed on 5 days. The prevailing
winds were northerly. James Malloch, St. Andrews
Training College Gardens^ Kirton of Mains, near
Dundee:

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

WINCHESTER G4ROENE.BS.- flic aiiuual n.cbting
of the above .\s.Kociat.on took place on January 25. X
cord.al reference was made to the work of the presi-
dent, Mr. J. A. Fort, who had occupied his position
for fourteen years, and was now on the poi,nt of leaving
WiuilK-ier. "a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Fort.
and lln- Key. A. G. Bather was elected president for
the 1 .nlHuiiiing year. The annual report of the Asso-
'■lat h'U and the 'statement of accounts were read and
adopted.

BURQESS HILL HORTICULTURAL.- At the
annual meeting of this society, which took place on
the 22iid ult., Mr. W. Goaimg, County Council Lec-
turer in Horticulture, gave an address on Onions and
allied vegetables. He gave full directions for cultiva-
tion. With special reference to local conditions of soil
and climate.

WARGRAVE AND DISTRICT QAROENERft'.-Th
first mu'etiug of tbe new sprung seseioin. took place on the
31et ult., Mr. H. Doe, of Parkwood Gardens, the newly
elected clwurman, presiding. The eveii.iag was given up
to ■' Questions and Answers," and discussions took place
ou such subjects os Gooseberry aaid Currant cuttiaigs.
Ants. Pea ajwi Bean sticks, pot Mignonette, blancihed
Vegetables, Tap-rooted Vegetables, Onioes. Tomatos, and
Oyoliunen. The draft rules for the I'otiato Omnpetition
were discussed and jsettlod, and will soon be in tbe
Imnds of members. Mr. Doe exhibited a well-fiowered
Cyclamen, and Mr. H Meredith staged fine Shallots.

11 0-11 fi
11 0-12 fi
11 0-12 0

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

(;.\hbai:k Hoot Flv ■ S. T. I'lhc c:ii-dbuard collui'
itsel!f will prevent the grubs from a-scending
the stem. It is not iiscessary .to smear the
cardboard with ;i sticky substance to trap the
grubs, but material you suggest, such as Stock-
holm t»r, will act as a pireservative to the
disc, and beilp to keep it from shrinking and
bending.

C'hrys.\nthemum ; O. If. L. The variety is that
known as Nagoya.

Food Chops for W.\ll : Ardm. There are other
food crops than sweet fruits you might grow
iigainst walls if you prefer them. For instance,
Runner Beans, Peas, and Tomatos ; but they
would only succeed well provided the aspect
of the wall permits of sufficient siinshine.

Kenth: F. (t. S., New Zealand. Thanks for
)ih(itoiriaph of Cocos Weddelliana. It is not
altogether unusual for Palms, including this
species, to produce inflorescences, even whilst
still of only moderate size.

XiMKS OF FBUIT.S : G. M. We compared the
sipeoimen you sent U6 with fruits of Chelms-
ford Wonder and Wadhurst Pippin, and de-
cided that it more resembled the latter
\ariety. When one fruit only is sent it may
lia|ipe'n that it is not exactly typical of the
variety, and in such a case a mistake in
identification is not impossible.—-?. T. T.,
Wahnll. Apple Dean's CodUn.—Cm-resimn-
diiit (tin letter enclosed) . 1. Brownlees'
Russet : 2. Stunner Pippin : 3, .Jolly Beggar.

.T. B R.

imiinicati''ri.s Received

\ ri— \ r B.— .T. F.-F. N.— A. S.— "One Wlin
.ii..s to Know "—.I. I. M.— Barimar— F. de H. B.—

S — W \ M.— W. T.. Kew— .T. McN.— G. W.— E. M.
■y^. F. C.-W H. C— B. L.— F. F. B.— C. T.— J. E.

FtBRUABr 10. 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

W.bbs Exhib;t at the

R.H.S. Vefetatle Exhibition. 1916.

whi:h obtained THE ONLY COLD MEDAL awarded at this Show

Gardenei:,' Mamzinc — " A very line displa.v ;ind •jre.itly admireiL"

The Garden. -•■ A musnianKnt culleclion of e.'cceptional quality."

WEBBS' HIGH-CLASS VEGETABLES.

Award d the R.H.S. and R.A.SE. GOLD MEDALS (Highest Honouri) in 1916

!•- Quick-Gr.«

Wcl.lis' Little .Marvel Pea

Welilis' Pioneer Pea

Webbs* Suri)rise Pea

W elilis' Ilarb iiRer Dwarf Bean .

Weh s' Keliaiicc (iloI.eBeet .

W ebbs' Earlv Fnune CauliHowe:

Webbs' Wonderful Carrot

1 6 ounce
10 pkt.
1,3 ounce

eccmme ded for Early Work.

Weblps' i;..\ ,: I .> " I ii-mntjer
Welibi' i:.i ' 1 i ■ innato

Webl.s' I !■• \ ■ ■ ■ i-e

Webbji' F;iv : l;

Webbs' llalf|..ii- K.
Webbs' Silver U;dl 1
Webbs' Forcing Gem Lettuce

Turnip

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Finest Quality and Best Value obtainable.

7,6 Collection contains 33 varieties.
12 1. Collection contains 43 varieties.
ir. - Ciillection contains 49 varitties.
L'l - Collection contains 6(i varieties.
4:,' - Collection contains 95 varieties.
03- loUection contains 110 varieties.
CAIililAGE FREE Contents on applii

WEBBS' MARROWFAT PEAS.

CoUecli nsto Produce a S jccessional Supply.

2i i|uaits of Pea=, 12 line sorts .. .. 38/-

12 iin.-irts of I'eas, 12 line sorts .. .. -.3/-

i; quarts of Peas, 6 flue sorts . . . , 2/-

12 i.ints of Peas, 12 flue sorta .. .. 12/0

li pints of Peas, 6 fine sorts .. .. (i/O

4 piiits of Peas, 4 fine sorts .. .. 4/U

CAI:RIAGE FREE. Onr s-lection.

WEBBS' ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE of

VEGETABLE SEEDS ^

SEED POTATOS
FLOWER SEEDS
LAWN SEEDS
GARDEN MANURES
Free on request.
Jlention •'Card. Chron,'

WEBB & SONS. Ltd.,

The King's Seedsmen,
STOUK BRIDGE.

^y^ ,^:i/l^m^ P^^ ifO^-^^rvJ*

CARTERS TESTED SEEDS

SOW VEGETABLE SEEDS

of the highest productive value.

" Wben It comes to production, every avail.-il>le square yard of land
mu.it be made to produce food " hlr. Lloiid Georijf. Dec. 19, 916.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE POST FREE.

Seedsmen to H.M. the King.

^d^-id^'M-lii;!;

RJkYNES PARK, LONDON, s.w.

(237 and 238, High Holboro, W.C.
Branches \ ^^^^ q^^^^ Victoria Street, E.C.

That Concave
Bottom

with the three channels, in " Cret "
Pots, takes all the water off, and lets
fresh air in! To this great advantage,
Crets add maximum root room, strength,
uniformity. New health and brightness
on your staging.

Two Specimen Pri
7i ini, 21/.. Car
over 20/-

FREE SAMPLE " CRET " will be sent you
on request — with explanatory Booklet, all
prices per 100 and 5 Special Assortment
Offers. Send a postcard now.

PETER BAILEV & SONS, LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LFeuruary 10, 1917.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

tUementi intended for insertion in the nex
. MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

.. per p«ge 10 10 0
12 12 0

Ordinary Fositiona

Facing matter and Back Page

Half and quarter pages, column aad half column
spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per inch, single column

Per inch, across 2 columns

Per inch, across 3 columns

£

3 0

7 0

14 0

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line apace,
[Headline counted as two lines.]

For discount* apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words. Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer

These Advertiiements mast be Drepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT,

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

Thb United Kingdom 15/- per

Abroad ... 17/6

Cheques and P.O.s o e made a'abU to "0AKDENER3'
CHRO.NICI.E," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring tlieir Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their cornviunications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials ordy, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to tht
Sender.

PRIVATE.

UNIVKRSITY L'ULLEUE OF .\URTH WALE.S.
DE1>AETMENT OF .\GRICULTURE.

'I'^WC) ASSISTANT INSTRUCTORS in

-* Horticulture required at oni,r s,.ip\ £!il0

per annum, rising to £150— Further | -i ■ i ix

111' obtained from the REGISTR.^R,. Tn 1 1 i i _

(Old Buildings),- Banijor, to whom ai'iin, - M

li' sent not later than Wednepday, Febiiuiiy 28ili.

^:\7'ANTED, immediately, - a . HEAD

' ' KITCHEN GARDEXER. to 'take over a piece of
land about 12Cft. wide h.v, 330ft. lone, which is to he
inepared for the growling f>f Vegetables .in connection
with a large industrial canteen in the: West London dis-
tvi.-t; must he able to control labour.— Write, stating
age, whether eligible, experience, - also wages- required,
to P. K.. Bo.^ 26. 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O.

\1/-ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DEN'ER tor a place in Sussex ; thoroughly under-
standing the routine of a gentlemaai's Garden and aibie
to take charge of electric light installation. — For par-
ticulars, address A. D., Box 5, 41, Wellington Street,
Covcnt Garden. W.C.

W/-ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' » DEXER: wages, 30s. per week, with housei. coaJ,
and g.%s. — Apply, STUART, Fetcham Estate Office,
I.e.atherhead.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' INGJ ; ine.ligible ; 1 under ; understand land and
sLuL-U ; cowniian kepi( ; wife undertake aniaJl diairy ;
cottage in garden. — Write, age, wages, faandly, &c ,
UOLOXEL STR.\TTON, Little Berkhamsted. Hertford,
Herts.

IITANTED, a MAN to take cltarge of

• Vineries and Peach-houses ; wages 30s. per week
and Bothy. — Apply, C. ALLEN, Estate Office, Worth
I'ark, Crawley, Sussex.

T^ ANTED, Single-handed GARDENER;

' ' permanency ; Flowers, Kitchen Garden, and
Fruit ; no Glass ; cottage in garden.— Apply, CHARLES
NUAKES. Heronden, Basingstoke.

NTED, Single-handed GARDENER,

lio can work small oil engine, electric plant,
willing to learn same.— A. LEE, BurnsMe, HatJield,

w^„

He

Ti^rANTED, GARDENER (Si.ngle-

HANDEl); ; Lawns, \egeta.bles, odd jobs; wages 25-=.,
bungalow cotlage, and 5s. war homis weeltlv. — -\ppiv,
SECliETARV. Cripples Home, Winchmore Hill.

\YANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

^ » DENER, with wife, Kent ; cottage foiin<l ; no Glass ;
10 act as caretakers in winter.— -\pplv, J. B., c/o SOOT-
TER & LAW. Belgrave Mansions, S.W.

XyANTED, SECOND GARDENER, in-

"' eligible, for Inside and Outside; also to assist
with electric hght plant; wages 25s., with lodge, fuel,
and light free.— .ipply, ALFRED WHjLIAMS, WU-
loughbys, Oxshott, Siu-rey.

T^ANTED, SECOND GARDENER for

' * Kitchen and Fruit Tree work; Outdoors; excel-
lent cottage ; wages £1. vegetables, ton coal. — .Apply.
HEAD GARDENER. Sir W.illlER PhilumoRE, The Cop-
pice. Henley-on-Thames.

TirANTED, GARDENER, e.xperienced

" ' man, cliieflv inside; ineligible; wa^es 24s. weeklv,
with Bovhy, ^-l-.— Apply, O. BAKNARD, The Lodge Gar-
dens. Effingham, Surrey.

^YAXTED, GARDENER, for private

' * GaixJen ; must, be experienced witli Vegetables ai.d
Kiiut; little Glass; bov kept. — Applv, srating age auwl
^^.ige6 reqimed, to A. GORDON SMITH. OaktieJd, Bewd-
le> Hill, Kiddermiuister.

WANTED, good WORKING GAR-

' » DEXER ; Flowers and Vegetables ; must be sober
and good character ; live in ; good wages and help given.
— KIRK, S'. Catherine's End, Ruislip, Middlesex.

\V^ANTED, GARDENER, or LADY

' ' GARDESEK, with help, for MonmoutJisliire.—
Apply, with references, SIR ARTHUR HERBERT, L
Hill Street, Knaghtshridge, London.

W^ANTED, immediately, UNDER GAR-

'' DEXER at Rydal Hall, Ambleside; no Bothy.—

-\piil\-, st;itirig age, experience, and wages r-equired, to

tl.ALIDE BARTON, Ingleborough Estate Office, Clapham,

Vorks.

WANTED, good UNDER GARDENER;

'' Fruit, Vegetables, Pleasure Grounds; ineligible;
live out.— .Age, wages, and references, MILTOX BODE,
Westdene, Caversham, Readiug.

(:;JARDENER (U.mher single) wanted,

^-^ chieflv Outside work; good wages, Bothv, coal, &■■.
—Apply, GARDEXER, Orkney Cottage, Maidenhead.

TirANTED, UNDER. GARDENER, for

' Fruit and Orchid Houses ; good wages and lodg-
ings.—Apply, J. WATSON, Home Farm, Bletchlev Park,
Bletchley.

T^T'ANTED, bv a Lady, 3 UNDER-

' * GARDENERS; Lady Gai-deners may apply.— MRS.
POLE, Beech Hill, Englefleld Green, Surrey

WANTED, for Large Garden.s in the Mid-
lands. TWO LADY GARDENERS, one Inside
and one Out, to w'ork under Head ; must he ex-
perienced ; furnislied lodgings, and 30s. per week
salary.— Write, T. H.. Box 18, 41, Wellington Street,
Covcnt Garden, W.C.

WTANTED, LADY GARDENER, ex-

' ' periencCKl. or man, unfit or .lisahled : help given.
—Apply, MRS, A. DE LAS CASAS, Worth, Tiverton.

TIT" -"^NTE-D, a good WOMAN GARDENER,

' " for the Houses, under Forewoman. State age and
experience.- Apply, A. FRESHWATER, Pains Hill' Gar-
dens, Oobham, Surrey.

WANTED,

' ~ GARDENER,

Young

w

oman

UNDER-

Outside wt

rk;

w^ages

25s. week; li^e

out —Apply, giving

full part

eul

jrs, G.

COPE, Manor

House Gaidens, N

orthfield.

Birminghar

1-

WANTED, a EOREMAN GARDENER,

" • for large Gardens in the Midlands, to work
under Head ; must be well up in Grapes. Peaches and
Chrysanthemums ; wages, 30s. per week and good
Bothy.— Write, S. M., Box 19, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

W'-^^'TED, EOREMAN (Inside); good

Fruit Grower ; wages 30s. per week. .Also Two
.'liarp YOUTHS, 16-17, for Houses; wages 17s. per week.
Bothy, milk and vegetables; full pay for duty; 1
o'clock Saturdays ; travelling expense,s paid. — BEN
ASHTON, Lathom Park Gardens. Ormskirk, Lanes.

ANTED, a WORKING FOREMAN ;

Garden Bothv.— MJiS. LAMBTON, Redfleld,

w

Wimlo

Tl/^ANTED, FOREMAN or JOURNEY-

" ' MAN (INSIUE) for Plant and Fruit Houses; good
wages; 1 p.m. Satui-days ; ineligible.— T. BIRKINSHAW,
Caldecote Toweis Gardens, Bushei,- Heath, Wa.tfoi-d.

\\r ANTED, Active MAN (single), over
^ ' military 4ige or ineligible, for Insitte •anid Out.
with good general knowledge of Tomatos, Fruit, &c. ;
take duty ; wiiges 30s. weekly. Also active young
woman, with some experience, for the Houses. — State
wages required to A. L. STATHAM, Tyn-y-Ooed Gardeaxs,
near Lland udno.

W^ANTED, Active Young MAN for Plea-

" ■ sure Grounds and Rockery : ahle to take dut.\- ;
wages 21s. per week.— .\pply, O. HOWES, Court Street
House, Faversham, Kent.

THOROUGH OF BERMONDSEY.— Good

-*-* Sp.ade Hand wanted (temporarily) ; ineligible ;
wagea 37s. inclusive.— W. H. AGGBTT (Supt.), Office,
Thurlajid Road, St. James' Churchyard.

WANTED, an IMPROVER, for the
' ' Houses ; to live in Bothy ; able to take duty, &c. ;
milk and vegetables fouird and woman to look after
Bothy.— T. DOWN. Basing Park Gardens, Alton, Hants.

\\rANTED, Youth, agy about 16, as
' ' IJIPROVER. Inside 4Uid Out; wages 17s. and Bothy.
— E. MORGAN, Wassamd Hall Gaidens, Hull.

WANTED. LAD, about 16, or discharged
soldier, fcir Kitchen Garden chieflv ; dutv. State
w.age, with good Bothy, &c.— H. BROOMFIELD, Elhs-
field Manor Gardens. Basingstoke, Hants.

TfSAO£.

WANTED, as WORKING MANAGER of
small Nursery under Glass; Tomato grower and
practical man ; wages 40s. per week and bonus ; ' per-
manent.—Apply, ELMHURST NURSERY. LTD., Appleby
Street, Che^unt.

WANTED,- Exjaerienced -Man, ineligible
for service, as FOREMAN of Alpine and Herba-
ceous Department. — Full particulars as to reference,
wages, &c., to KING'S ACRE NURSERIES, LTD..
Hereford.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, for
branch Nursery; Fruit and Forest Trees only;
house and gaaden provi^led ; must he iiielgible fcr
-Armv. — .\pplv. witli testimonials and state wages re-
ciuired. to .JOHN PERKINS & SON, 52, Market Square
Northampton.

EXPERIENCED CHARGE HANDS
wanted for Palms. Ferns nnd Vines; wages SOs.
per week and 6d. per hour overtime; Sunday duty
extra.— THOMAS ROCHFORD & SONS, LTD., Turnford
Hall Nurseries, near Broxbourue. Herta

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one used to Roses. Clematis, Chry-
santhemums, and General Nursery Stwk.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc.. to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

WANTED, good KNIFESMAN; well up
in Budding. Grafting, and Training of Fruit
Trees; permanent situation tn reliable man; ineligible.
—Full particulars as to references, wages, &c., to
.TOHX PERKINS & SON. Billing Road Nurseries,
Nnitbampton.

WANTED, Two Good KNIFEMEN, ex-
I.crionced in Budding. Grafting and Training
lit Fruit Trees; must be ineligiWe for service. Also
Twi. Exin-rienced MEN for Rose Department.— Apply,
with paiticulars a-s to wases, &c.. to KING'S ACRE-
XUHSERIES LTD., Hereford.

Tebbuabt 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

vu.

WANTED, for large Midland Nursery, an
experienced Budder and Grafter, with a good
knowledge of Rhododendrons. Roses and Fruit Trees ;
also two experienced KNIFEJIEN.— Apply by letter,
stating age, references, and wages required, X., Box 21,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, a PRUNER for Bush
Orchards, and later for Grafting, for two months,
or, if preferable, for a permanency ; age above 45 or in-
eligible ; good wages and cottage. — Write, A. B.. Box 10.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, an experienced, reliable MAN
for jobbing and nursery work ; permanency for
suitable man ; good wages.— W. H. SHARPE, Nuiaerymall,
Hythe, Kent.

WANTED, MEN well up in Tomatos and
Oucumbers; cottages free. — Write, L. J., Box 2, 41,
Wellington Street, Ooveoit Gawiell., W.C.

WANTED, MEN, ineligible, for Soft-
wooded stuff, Chr\-santhemums, Tomatos and
Cucumbere, &c.— G. BENNETT & SON. Hanwell. W.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOPMAN,
with a good knowledge of Garden and Agricultural
Seeds.— Apply, stating age, where last employed, and
wages asked, to JOHN JEFFERIES & SON, LTD., Oirem-
oeeter.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, ASSISTANT
or SHOPHAN ; used to retail Garden Seed trade.—
CARTF.R P.\GE & CO., LTD., 52 and 53, London Wall,
London.

WANTED, BOOK-KEEPER and IN-
VOICE CLBKK; ineligible. Slate wages required
and eni'Iose copies of refs— Apply to .JOHN PEED &
SON, The Nurseries, West Norwood, S.E.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1,6, and 6d for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give /ull particulars, othtrwise no
notice will be taken of their communication/:.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letter^
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as alt
Letters so addressed are opened by thi
Postal Authorities and returned to tht
Sender.

PRIVATE^

C GARDENER, GARDENER-BAILIFF ;
^ .ago 46; Ufc experience ail branches; thorough pia^
tituU knowledge Utm work, stock; son 17 availiibU-
KliwIIv state wages*. — WILLIAMS, 56, Lomlon Ko*cJ.
Ipawioh.

GJARDENER (Head).— The Earl of Abing-
" I>oir desires to stronglv recommend W. BROWN
as an experienced all-round WOKKIXG GARDENER,
Inaide and Out; has been 12 yeais at Wytham Abbey.
Oxford, with 5 men. under ; age 4J ; mairied (1 boy,
14); disengaged.— Write, W. BROWN, Oookham Dean.
Maifdeniiead.

MRS. L. SALOMONS Recommends her
HEAD GAEDENER. 20 years Norbury Park; life
ejcperience all branches; good in.in;igor. — Apply, G.
KENT. 15, Pixham Lane, Dorking.

/■"ENT'LKMAN recommends his HEAD
^-^ WORKING GARDENER, where several are kept;
has been with him 10 years; thoroughly experienced in
all branches ; disengaged ; age 45 ; married (1 boy).—
BALDWIN, 500, Edgware Road, London.

MR. A. VINCE (Head Gardener), Over-
thorpe House, Banbury, Oxon, is open to engage
,v a first -class V^-gotalilc Grower for the National FoofI
Supply, under Ooujicil or private ; Royal Hort. Society's
Silver Medal for the highest cultural skill.

G.VRDENER (Head Working), where 2
or 3 kept; life experience in all branches; 16 years
jircscnt pUce; married (no family); age 60.— BRUCE,
Vineyards, Ely, Oambs

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks Re-

^-^ engagement ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches, including Qichids. Carnations, Herbaceous
and .\lpiii/es ; 17 ye;irs Head in present situation ;
highly recommended : married ; age 43. — H. F.
WARREN. The Gardens, Highfleld, Gainsborough.

GARDENER (Head Working) seek.s
situation where 3 to 6 kept ; pr.ictioal life experi-
ence, Inside and Out ; married ; .age 46 : abstainer ; ener-
getic, enthusiastic ; full control ; good referenees. — M
T.iYLOR. The Gardens, Huntsham Court, Hampton.
N. Devon.

QARDENER (Head Working).- Life ex-

^-^ perience in all branches ; married ; ineligible ; age
35 ; 74 years in present situation as Head.— CLEMENT,
Gardens, Elford, Tamworth, Staffs.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept ; life experienee in all branches ;
age 45 ; married (no family) ; 15 years in present place ;
Kent, Surrey, or Sussex preferred. Please state wages. —
W. B-iRNES, St. LeonaKls Lodge. Olewer, Windsor.

pARDENER (Head Working) ;

^--^ thoroughly experietnced in all brancjies of Garden-
ing. Inside and Out; 13 years as Head; age 45; man-ied
(no fanuly). — HEATH, Hatfield Broad Oak, Harlow,
Essex.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
perience in all brancihes ; aged 46 ; married (3
children) ; 3 years pi-esent situatdon, 9 previous ; good
references.- 21. StatJon Road, Clayg;vte, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks
situation, where 3 or 4 are kept ; life experience
Inside and Out ; age 46 ; married (no family). Pkase
-late wases.— G. STEPNEY, The Cottage, Heron CViurt,
Herongate, Brentwood.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2
or 3 are kept ; thoroughly experienced Inside
.111.1 Out; married; abstainer; age 49; excellem refs.— W.
LAMP.ARD, The Gaixlens, Foxleighs. Holyport, Maiden-
head.

(GARDENER, Good Plain, where Wife
'-^ could assist as Under Gardener ; good poultry-
keeper, understands incubators ; no family. — Address,
U.VUDENEIt," Box 4, 41, Wellintfton Street. Covent
Garden, W.C.

'■pWO LADY GARDENERS require situa-
-'■ tion in private country place. Glass preferi-ed ;
(■Dod experience and references.— Apply, " GAR-
UENERS," Alchester, 50, Farnham Road. Guildford.

'■PWO WOMEN require Work in Private
-"- or Market Gardens; little experience.— MORGAN,
Hilltop Villa, Codicote, Hertford.

FOREMAN (Inside or Out) ; 42 ; single ;
jbstainer ; 25 years' experience in good establisli-
niciils ; good Propagulor, DecoraWr, Fruit, Vegetabloa ;
at liberty ; good refs. ; near Loadon prcfeirod ; make
best use of labour available. Slate wages.— O. FOX, 64,
Cumberland Street, PimMco, S.W.

JOURNEYMAN (Inside), age 22.— Mr.
MUNNINGS, AsMarby Park Gardens, Folkiinghiuii,
Lmcs, would be pleased to recommend .\. MoVauisii
.IS above; incligihlo for -Amiy ; Leicestershire prefeiTe<l.

\TAN (ineligible) seeks Situation, undei

i' A Glass or Outside ; Hoses, Rockery, Herbaceous
Borders ; no Lawn work ; London, south or southwest.^
W. U. BRISTOW, 48, Dyniock Street, Fulham.

TRADE.

POSITION l^uired as MANAGER of
Orchard ; many years' experience, and thorough
knowledge of i'ruit Growing, obtained both at home artui
abioeul ; ineligible.— B. A., Box 25. 41, Wcllmgtou Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

MANAGER or FOREMAN ; life experi-
ence Market or Retail ; Oucmnbers, Tomatos, Pot
Plants. &c., cut Flowers, Fruit, Vegetables, SailMUi ;
inairied ; age 44; good references; not eligible. State
particulars and wages.— P., Box 6, 41, Wellington Slrc<t,
Covent Garden, W.C.

GENTLEMAN would manage developnient
land for production farm-garden produce, inten-
sive croi>a. pigs, poultry, forage crops tor dairy c'ows.
Fruit, Tomatos, Mushrooms; could establish very profit-
able Industry, converting fruit, vegetable, and animal
products into unique artiolee of food. — Address. Strath-
more, LUantairpwU, Anglesey.

|^(_)Hi';.MAN (Working); life experience
^ Oucumbers, Tomatos, Vines. &o. ; a^e 54.— P. HAN-
SON, 3, Etoden Road, Bruce Grove, Tottenham, N.

lyTAN, 29, Ineligible, seeks situation as

grower Oucumbers and Tomatos ioi Market Nur-
sery ; 10 years' experience; country prefenred. — .\pplv,
G. HOWARD, o/o Mrs. Ad.ains. 2, Twyford Abbey Cot-
tages, Park Royal, near Wdllesden, London.

T ADY GARDENERS (Two) require I»qsts
-■--^ in Nursery or Head and Second in private ; would
consider post tmder good Head. State salary, &C.-7-P. A.,
Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, (Joverot Garden. W.C.

GENTLEMAN, educated but inexperi-
enced, seeks eniployinent in Nursery or Private
GaivJens ; reasonable remuneration: accepted. — CHARLES
LETT, Rectory,. Usk, Mon.

MY GARDEN SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Acting Ckaimaii o( the ScientiGc Committee ol th«
Royal Horticultuml Societ]r.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the Same Author.

Price 5/6 each post free from —

THE PUBLISHER,

THE "eARDENERS' CHBOHICIE." LTD..
U. WEIllNGTOtl ST.. COVENT GARDEN. UWDONi W.C.

THE HORTICULTURAL

DIRECTORY AND

YEAR BOOK.

We much regret that the publica-
tion of the Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 has been
delayed by unforeseen and unavoid-
able circumstances. First, the difii-
culties in regard to printing and
paper supplies have increased greatly
of late ; and secondly, the numiber of
corrections that have to be made this
year is altogether unusual, owing to
tlie fact that so many gardeners have
joined the Army. To those who have
already sent us prepaid orders we
offer our apologies for the delay, and
assure them that everything possible
is being done to expedite publication.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, Ltd.,

41. WELLINGTON STREET. COVENT GARDEN.

LONDON. W.C.

Vlll.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Februabt 10, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the ' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

By Ghas. Darwin.

By the late B. S.
Numerous Illustra-

Orchids, Fertilisation of.

Illustrated, is. lid.
Orchid Growers' Manual.
Williams. 800 pages,
tions. 16.S. 8d.
Pansies and Violets. Bv D. B. Crane. Paper,

Ls. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.
Pears and Plums, The Book of. By the Rev. E.

Bartrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.
Pinus, The Genus. By George EusseU Shaw.

Price £2 13«. 6d.

Plant'Breeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Domestic Plants. By Prof.
L. H. Bailey. Illustrated. 5s. 4d.
Plant Life. By C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.
Plants and Trees, Diseases of Cultivated. By

George Masses. Well Illustrated. 7s. lid.
Plants, A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.
By Dr. Paul Sorauer. Translated by F. E.
Weiss, D.Sc. With 33 Illustrations. 9s. 6d.
Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick

Keeble, F.R.S. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.
Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. The
Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the
Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.
PRESENTDAY GARDENING. Edited by R.
Hooper Pearson, Managing Editor of the
Gardeners' Chronicle. Each of the seven-
teen volumes following contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd. each.
Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition,
1914.) By Horace J. Wright, bte Secre-
tary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet
Peas for Exhibition," by Thos. Steven-
son.
Pansies, Violas, and Violets. By William

Cuthbertson and R. Hooper Pearson.
Daffodils. By the Rev. J. Jacob. With

Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.
Orchids. By James O'Brien, V.M.H.
Secretary of the Orchid Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.
Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late

Ale.xander Dean.
Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook,
Head Gardener at Sandringham ; James
Doughs, V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod,
Head Gardener to the late Mr. Pierpont
Morgan.
Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With Preface by Sir F. W. Moore, M.A.
(The first popular volume published on
this subject.)
Lilies. Bv A. Grove. With Preface by H. J.

Elwes, F.R.S.
Apples and Pears. By George Bunyard,
V.M.H., Chairman of R.H.S. Fruit
Committee.
Irises. By W. R. Dykes, M.A. With Pre
face by Prof. B.ayley Balfour, F.R.S,

Annuals. By Charles H. Curtis.
Rock Gardens. By Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer,
F.R.S.
Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson.
With Chapters by Charles E. Shea and
C. Harman Payne.
Tulips. By Rev. Joseph Jacob, member of

R.H.S. Tulip and Daffodil Committee.
Dahlias. By George Gordon, President of

the National Dahlia Society.
Roses. By H. R. Darlington. A double

volume, 2s. lOd. and 3s. lOd.
Climbing Plants. By WilUam Watson,
A.L.S. With introduction by William
Robinson, author of "The English
Flower Garden." 2s. lOd. and 3s. lOd.

Primula, Handbook of the Hardy. By H. M.
Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
Mode of Growth and Utility of Primulas.
Is. l^d.

Pruning. A Compendium of Outdoor Work, with
special chapter for Small Holders. Reprinted
from the " Fruit Trades' Journal." Illus-
trated. Is. Id.

Pruning, The Handy Book of. With Chapters
on Grafting and Budding. By James Udale,
with introduction by the Right Hon. Viscoui;t
Cobham. New Edition. Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rock and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley.
rockwork expert. A practical guide to tlie
making of Rock, Alpine, Wall and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
600,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Rose, The Book of .the. By Rev. A. Foster-
Mellier, M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
Ss. 5d.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, I'ropaga-
tion. Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations.
5s. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other-
wise. 2s. 2d.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper, Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W. Irving and
R. A. Malby. A practical work on the
Culture of Sa.xifrages. Well Illustrated in
Colour and Half-tones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc-
tion to the Scientific Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. 5s. 5d.

Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta.
tion. By Prof. Hugo De Vries. Second
Edition. 21s. 6d.

S)tra\vberry Culturist, The illustrated. A Book

wortuy ol tue aileution ui ttaisers of New
Varieties, as of the General Cultivator.
Is. 7a.

Stravvoeny, The Book of the. With Chapters
ou the Raspberry, Blackoerry, Logauoerry,
Japanese VVineberry, and Allied Fruits. i>y
£.awiii Beckett. Illustrated. 'As. 9d.
Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition.) By
Horace J. Wright. Contains 8 Coloured full-
page Plates. With Chapter on bweet Peas
for Exhibition by T. Stevenson. Is. lOd.

Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums. By WilUam

Cutlibertsou. Is. 3d.
Teratology, The Principles ol Plant. By W. C.
Worsdell, F.L. S. Containing a large amount
of new and interesting information. Illus-
trated. Price 25s. 8d.

tomato Culture for Amateurs. By B. C.
Kavenscroft. Illustrated. New Edition. In
[.aper. Is. 3d.

Tomato Cutture for Market. By J. Stoddart.
Is. Id.

Topiary, the Book of. By C. H. Curtis and W.
Gibson, of Levens Hall. 2s. lOd.

Trapping of Vermin and Birds, Practical. By
W. Carnegie. Is. 3d.

Trees: A Woodland Notebook. By the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert .Maxwell, Bart., F.R.S., LL.D.
22s.

Trees and Shrubs, Beautiful Flowering, for
British and Irish Gardens. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Planting,
Pruning, Propagation, etc. Coloured Illus-
trations. 3s. lOd.

Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. By
W. J. Bean, Asst. Curator of Kew Botanic
Gardens. In two volumes, with Illustrations
and Index. 43s.

Tropical Gardening and Planting. By H. F.
MacMiUan. Second Edition. Revised and
Enlarged, with many new features added.
14s. Ud.

Variation, Heredity and Evolution. By R. H.
Lock. 5s. 4d.

Vegetable Culture for Amateurs. By Trevor
Monmouth, arranged alphabetically with a
calendar of operations for the year. New
Edition. Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Vegetable Garden, The. By Henry de VUmorin
and W. Robinson. New Edition. 15s. 7d.

Vegetable Gardening, The Principles of. By
Prof. L. H. Bailey. 6s. lid.

Vegetables and Flowers, the Culture ol, from
Seeds in Tropical, Semi-Tropical, and Tem-
perate Climates. By Sutton & Sons, Read-
ing. 320 pages. With numerous Illustra-
tions. 5s. 6d. England; 5s. 9d. Abroad.

Vegetables, The Book of. By Geoi-ge Wythes,
V.M.H. 2s. 9d.

Villa Garden, My. Bv S. Graveson. Illustrated.
2s. lOd.

Vines and Vine Culture. By the late Archibald
F Barron. V.M.H. New Edition. Revised
and Enlarged. Illustrated. 5s. 5d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41, Wellington Street, Co vent Garden,

W.C.

Pnnted for the Gardenera' Chponicle, Limited, by Love and Maloomson, Ltd., Dane Street, Hiprh Holborn, London, W.C, ajwi Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Ohronicle, Ltd.. 41, Wellingion Street, Govent Garden, City «>f West-Tninigter, Saturday, February 10, 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Hbywood.

iVlAR 1 4 |c

Afifrlotaltu

Established 1541

N9 3973

No. 1573. Vol. LXI. C™} SATCJEDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1917. {Registered as a Newspaper./ PR ice 3d.

I (.Post-free, 34d.

SVBSCBIPTIOy—Inlani, tB-i Fortign, »7/« [22fr. fOc) 1*4 26e.] per annum. Entered at Ketv York Pest Office as second-class matter.
Postal Address— 41, WellioetOQ 3treet, Covent Qardea, W.C. TeUgrapbic Address— "Qardctaron, Rand, London." Telephone— Serrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 69.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the cailii:r dispatch 0/ the morning
trains from London the hour of going to presi
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisenmnts received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

w

EBBS' HIGH - CLASS GARDEN

PEAS.
The foUowiiig have acquired great i"eputa-
t)i0U6 amongst gardeners throughout the
ntry for remarkable productivciieee and

delil

flav

w

Webbs Ultle Marvel ..( First I 3/~ quart.
Webt>B' Pioneer .. ( Early / S/- tjuart.

\\'el>l»8' Stourbridge Marrow / Second ( 3/0 quart.
Webbs* Deflance M.irrowfat\ Karly /y/-iiuart.
Webbs' Senator .. ../ Main 1 3/- quart.
Webljs' King George ..\ Crop / 2/6 pint.

Webbs' M asterpiece . . 1 I>ate t 3/- quart.

Webbs' Selected Gladstone I Crop /a/- quart.
Post free. For particulajrs and tesUiuonials
■ee WEBBS' G.\RDES CATALOGUE, post
tree.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seeds-

srOURBRIUGE.

DICKSON'S HOUTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-olaas Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushirooni Spawn. Priced circulars
free on opplioation to DICKSON'S. Itoyal Seed Ware,
house and Nurseries, Chester.

WATEllEK'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—We cordially invite you to come
and select any ploaits you re-juire. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest ooUeotion in oaltdvation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN W.V'IEKEU. SONS it CKISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Bugshot, Surrey.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant

'^~*- Flowers in all sliadee, now ready for deJUvery. —

For lists, with full particulars, apply OUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

(CYCLAMEN SEEDLINGS, for poUiiig up

^^ of our choice strains. Giant White, Deepest Hed.
Rose, Peraicum, or Mixed, 2s. lOd. {jcr doz. ; Salmon
King, Cherrv Ripe, Js. M. per doz.. posi free.— STUART
LOW & CO., Bush Hill Park, Middlesex.

F IDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS will be sent,
post free, to any address on receipt of postcard. Write
at once for a copy. It may help you to save 50 per cent.
on your seed bili this season.- FIDLER & SONS, Royal
Berkshire Seed Stores, Readmg.

"TkOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,

-■--' EDINBURGH, wiU send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening. 160 pages, nearly 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

"DLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

■^-^ have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Oa-tal<^ue oi Begonaas and Deaphiniums, &c., &o.,
free, if this paper i« mentioned. Magtiiflcient strong
roota of OUT unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

A N D E R A N D S O N S,

Orobid Urowcrs, St. Albana.

s

s

sow NOW UNDER GLASS TO OBTAIN EARhY
SUPPLIES.

UTTON'S FORCING DWARF BEAN.
The earliest and most pi^olific forcing vaariety,
per pint 28.

surroN's everyday cucumber.

.\n all-season's variety, per packet 2s. 6d.
SUTfONS SELECTED AILSA ORAIQ OXION

The heaviest croppeir, per packet Is. 6d.

SUTTON'S PRINCESS OF WALES TOM.VIO.

The earliest smooth variety, per packet Is. 6d.

Post free,

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.

READING.

rjJREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^~^ " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint, 15s
per gall. " IMastinc " supersedes putt\', 18s. per cwt. —
Full p:irliculars from W. CAltSON & SONS. Grove
Works, Battersea. Agents thioughout tlie country.

ELLS' Catalogue of Clirysanthemums
and Perpetual Cariuitions now ready, post free
application.- W. WELLS & CO., Merstliam, Surrey.

w

LAX'TON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.'
— New Catalogues of the above now issued gratis.
Grand New Early Pea, Laxton's Superb, &o., Fnnt
Trees. A fine stock to offer- may stiU be safely plant<^d.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.—LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bidtord.

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS. —New lUiis-
trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application. — (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH. LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, TANSIES,
DAHLIAS, 0HRYSANT1LE.MUMS, and other flower.^.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standurd
varieties is ready, and wiU be sent post free on appli-
cation. — (Dept. A) VL. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbech.

s

JAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
aervalories, Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street, ClieUea, London, S.W. Wire, 201,
Western London. Telephone ; 201 Western.

WATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.
Giaml stocks of the beat . varieties. List* free. —
JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD:, The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berka

ERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-
TIONS, strong, healthy plants, now ready,
amongst wliich are the following varieties : Is. 6d. per
doz. out of sand, 5s. 6d. per doz. ia pots — Enchantress,
Snowstorm, May Day. Lady Norlhclifle. Mikado, R<xse
Pink Encliantress ; 6s. per doz. out of sand, 7s. per
doz. in pot«— Enchantress Supreme, Salmon King, Gor-
geous. White Enchantress. Champion, Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNBR.
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayleigh, Essex.

"PERNS! FERNS !!— .Tree Ferns, Climb-
-^ ing Ferns, Ba,9ket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hard.v Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — ^J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

rjJERANIUMS, strong July, struck, Cram-
'-'' pel, Denmark, Jaoobv, Pollock. M'Mahon, Whites.
Raspail, Turner, Orouase, 12s. 100.— PARMENTEB &
CORNEy, Basildon, EsMx.

For Advertisement Charges see page il.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

IZ^ELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS

■^*' PAEONIES.

Kelway's beautiful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured Phloxes.
Kelway^s Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new ajid choice hardy perennial plants of oil
kinds.
NOW is the tune to ORDER for Spring planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrethrums.
Kelway's gay Gaillardlas.

NOW is the time to SEND for p.xrtioulars to

KEILWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Department,

LANGPORT. SO.MER.SET.

PEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

You want exceptional results from your garde'n
this year. Write for our 1917 Seed List. We
can give you the record crops you want.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's^^-

men and Nurserymen,
WEST NORWOOD.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-" and Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. .Scientifically-controlled Trials at
Wisley, 1914-15. Sold by' Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT CANDEE-C0.7 LTD
Battersea, London, S.W. ■

"KARU'S VEGE^IABLE and : FLOWER

SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growth
at strictly moderate prioes. Descriptive Catalogue free.

BARR'S Beautifiil LILIES, GLA:DI0LI,

Oaiuios, Montbrelias, Tigridias, Anemones,
RanuucuJus, «ic., for Spring- Planting. Catalogue free.
BARR & SONS, King Street, Covent Garden, London.

r^OWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

^^ — I'he beat and much the cheapest. — ^FullpartdcuLare
on application to JOHN COWAN & CJO.', Gateacre Nur-
series, Gateacre, Liverpool. .

Y^M- DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

'* LTD., Lawrence Roaxl. South Tott.eiiham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gawlens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

IJERBERIS AQUIFOLIA (MAHONIA)

-*-* WANTED, any quantity.— Write, ROBINSON'S,
Upper Broughton, Melton Mowbray.

GENUINE OLD YORK STONE
PAVING for Rose Walks, Terraces, Lily Ponds.
&c. ; rectangular or crazy ; delivered in large or small
quantities.- H. BROOK, Quarry Owner, 40, Valley Road,
Streatham, S.W.

(ARCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :
^' Brown Peat, IDs. 6d. per yaaid in trucks; in
bags 2s. 6d. each, 30s. dozen ; 0.^k and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out. Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 45s. ; C.N, Fibre, 24s. dozen bags ; Ytii
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, P.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen. — Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed : wears utw
leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns frc«.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00. (71), Bradford.

TJIE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17. 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY NEXT.

Spring flowering and other Bulbs, Herbaceous. uiwJ
Rock PiMits, Rhododendrons, Roses. Fruit Trees, PaJiiis,
Lily-of-the-Valley. Carnations, &c., at

12 o'clock each day, and on Wednesday at

3 o'clock.

Japanese Lilies in coses, and other Bulbs for the Triide.

MESSKiS. PBOTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooans, 57 and 68. Cheapside, Loudon, E.C., al
12 o'olock each day.

On view mornings of sales and catailogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

ME.SSRS. PROTHEROE & JNIORRIS
will sell b> auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.C., on, Thursd.ay.
Februarv 22nd, and every succeeding Thursday M 1
o'olo<-k, ■ eoiisignments of well-grown EOSES, especially
lotted to suit all buyers.

On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

MILFORD, SURREY.

(One mile from MiUord Station. L. & S.W. Ely.)
Clearance Sale of 15.000 Rhododendrons, from layers,
named varieties and pomtioimi, 10,000 Hardy Heaths,
Privet, and other Stock; also a quantity of Manure
and Loam.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have been instructed by the Trustee of Mr. L. E.
Russell to sell the above by auction at the American
Nurseries, Milford, Surrey,

On Monday. February 19th, at 12 o'clock.

On view. Catalogues had on the premises, at Mr.
Eussell's Nurseries. Richmond ; of P. Mason, Es<:i., F.C.A.,
The Tiustee, 54, Gresham Street. E.O. ; and of the
.\uotioneers, 67 and 68, Olieapside, London, E.G.

BROXBOURNE.

Two diays' sale of well-grown Nursery Stook, comprising
thousands of evergreen, and flowering Shrubs and
Oooiifers, Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, Fruit Trees,
Roses, &c.

ESSHS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

are mstrucbed by Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son (Wal-
I Cross), Ltd.,, to sell tlie above by auction at the
Broxbouriie Nursery, Broxbourue.

On Tuesday and Wednesday. February 20th and
21st, at 12 o'clock precisely each day.

On view. Catalogues harl on the premises, at the
Roval Nursery. Waltham Cross, and of the Auctioneers
and Valuers. '67 and 68. Cheapside. London, E.G.

M

tham

SHORTLANDS, KENT.

Unreserved Sale of well-grown Xui-serv Sto<-k, coni
priMijg 2.000 Border Shrubs. Golden Privet, J5tan»hir(l,
Halt ,sia]idar.l and Dwarf Boses, 5,000 Herbaceous
Flaiits 1,000 Fruit Trees and Bushes; also 30 Fowls,
3 (Jicc'iiliouses, Piping, and Sundries.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE ct MORRIS

-'-'-■- are instructed by Mr. J. B. Bryant to sell the
above by auction at the Nursery, Bromley Eoad. Shurt-
laiids.

On Saturday. February 24th. at 12 o'clock.

On view. Catalogues on the premises and of the
.\netioiieeiis, 57 a.nd 68, Olieapside, London. E.C.

PARKFIELD, HALLOW.

About 2 miles from Worcester.

IJENTLEY, HOBBS & MYTTON have

-■^ been favoured with instructions from the E.xecu-
tors of the late Mrs. "Wheeley Lea

to sell by auction at Parkfield,

On Thursday and Friday, February 22nd and

23rd, 19.7,

coiunii ti' iiij . I. h <hiy at 11 a.m. punctually.

The vain, ii of GREENHOUSE PLANT.S.

Orchids in. i^-. _ I,..., anceps, Vaiida tpre.', Oituitn-
Klossiuil VL\;...ii.uni. L.u-lia pnr]>iir:tt:i. r'aft!ry:i V.nv. -
lingiaiia, L)attlu.\a Triaiiar, cm-i, sI'i!;i,i "r ,, i,,,

dium iiiisigne, &c. Lar^'e ■-[■■ u iiin,- i - i, i

Imn, Poinsettia, Orol<iii-. l u ni, ini-, \-|i.i,mii-
Plumosus. Davallia, CvcUuir-ii, Oarms, .Mirpid.Mipn^
Lilium llarrisii, Glo.'iima, Aialeas, Camellia. Euchar.si
-\rujn Lilies. Hydrangeas, &c. .^Iso the Pure Bred Held
of THfRTY-SEVEN .JEESEY CATTLE, including Pmlisiee
Imported Bull. " Bergere's Diike." 4 Oows with tlieir
Calve.x, 10 Okls ill milk, 12 Cows and Heifere in calf, 3
Barrens, and 2 Yearling Heifers.

Catalogue.'! can be obtained of Mr. W. S. Hurlstone.
Parkfield OaixleiLs, Worcester; or of the Auctioiiecis,
WorOl:Sl'>r.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET ; commanding posi-
tion ; five minutes from rail and trams ; 330ft.
Glass; H acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Eoyal Hotel,

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

T ONDON, N. — Market Nursery, near
'^ station, to be Let; 11 Greenhouses; total length
710 feet ; all well heated ; rent £62 ; no stock ; imme-
diate possession. — Particulars of PROTHEROE i
MOREIS, 67. Cheapside, E.C.

PA R TNERSHIPS.

r^ENTLEMAN desires a PRACTICAL
^-* PAETNER in small farm; about 1 aore of Glass
aiKl 12 acres of land in Esses ; within mile of main line
station; about 35 miles fi-om London; laage and modern
house.— Write, B. H., Box 11, 41, WedJington Street.
Covent Garden, W.O.

PLANTS, Sto., WAMTSSS.

A\/^ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' " old plaints suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisenieuts ; cataiogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughboroug-h Junction, London,
S.W.

V\rANTEr), Koatecl Cuttings of Paul
^ ^ Crauipel and Nightingale Heliotrope, in ex-
(liange fur about 10 beat varieties Malmaisuns. — F..
WliUe Bear liut<?l, Mashani, Ripon.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

\ (&0 i\i\i\ LARGE GARDEN EERNS,

JLVf V7 t\J\J\J 20s. 100; Fahns, Begonias. C^-oloii«,
lincMunas. Ko,-.,. Ericas, Glo.xinias, Lil.es, Hidrangeajs,
\c. ; cataJogue.- free.— J. E. SJIITH, London Fei-n .\ul
serifcs, Loughboiough Junclaou, London, S.W.

p]NGLISH YEWS.— Tiie cleanest ami
^-^ healthiest lot in England ; every plant a perfect
■pci.-)iuen and splendidly rooted; 2ft to 2ift., 60s.
per lOO; 2ift. to 31c., 90s. per 100; 3ft. to 3ift.,
120s. per 100; 3ift. to 4ft., 160s. per 100; 4ft. to 4ift..,
24s. per doz. ; 5ft., 30s. per doz.— HINTON BROS., LTD.,
The Warwick Nursei^ies, Warwick.

■' fgOCK GARDEN PLANTS, Wi.ere and
"■"•^ In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
^5. 6s. 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 25s. All different, named,
strong stock ; please state position and soil. — G. R.
I'llIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barnham, Bognor.

,\ MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—

-^ *- MORLE & CO. ofler magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, also Flowering Bulbs, c^rossed with nanieJ
sorts, at half usual prices. List free. 150156, Finchley
Eoad, N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in

^^ splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-
florum giganteum, 3s. 5d., 65. and 9s. ; Speciosum Mel-
pomene an.J magnificum, and Album Keitzerii (the
best), 5s., 8s. and 10s. ; .\uratum, 6s. and 10s. ; Henryi.
4s. and 6s. ; all per dozen ; also others. List free. —
MOELE & CO., as above.

CEED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scotch,

>^Myatfs Ash Leaf, Hebrons, Earlv Rose. Express,
Royal Kidney. Up-to-D.ate, Sir J. Llewellen. Arran Chief.
King Edward, and others, per bush, or cwt.— MORLE &
CO.. as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-

TILY-OF-THE-V ALLEY. — Extra special

-*-^ large forcing Victoria crowns, extremely scarce,
olTered at 10s. 100; planting ditto, 5s. 100; stock limited.
MORLE & CO., as above.

PPUIT TREES, true to name, my
-^ s-iiecialit.v. Trained trees, in well-grown, extra-
sized specimens, with flbi-ous roots ; Cordon Pears, Grape
Vines, Orange Trees. Pig Trees, in pots for Iruiting.
Cataloguvf. .-. WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

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PRIVA TE.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH WALES.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TWO ASSISTANT INSTRUCTORS in
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per annum, rising to £150.— Further particulars niav
be obtained from the REGISTRAR. University College
(Old Buildings), Bangor, to wliom applications should
be sent not later than Wednesday, February 28th.

WANTED, immediately, a HEAD
KITCHEN GARDENER, to talie over a piece of
limd about 120ft. wide by 330ft. long, which is to be
prepared for the growing of Vegetables iu connection
with a large industrial canteen in the West London dis-
trict ; must be able to control labour. — Write, stating
age, whether eligible, experience, aUo w.iges required,
to P. K., Bet 25. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.O.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on page vi.

Febriary 17. 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

BENTLEY'S

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strength 1 to 80.

Double Strength I to SO.
Patent Powder: 1 to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

FOR SALE, gooii clean plants, grown in thimbles and
«0 s, well broken ready for potting on .
Colleen, Enehaiitress .Supreme, White Enchantre.ss,
White Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, Mayday, .Starlet Seedling,
Enchantress, .Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.
4/- per dozen. Cash with order.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

Pot Buying
Made Easy

When you buy the properly drained,
root-roomy Cret Pots you have not to
worry about the number of pots to a
" piece " or " cast,"

Crets are sold on the definite per-
hundred basis — you get just what
you want- reliable, uniform, healthful
pots too.

FREE SAMPLE " Cret " Pot, and interesting
Descriptive Boolilet giving all prices, anil
5 Special Assortment Offers. Cariiage Paiil
on all orders over 20/-. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD,

2, Heaton Meriey Pottery, near Manchester.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

"T^HE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
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World's Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee's Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
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W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

ir^iV^ H>l^ai^^t'^,

SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early tor garden lovers to think of
seeds, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of
rjiidlity. It is a sardening axiom that

RYDERS SEEDS

are the best, and despite the fact of a \Var Time
price of Ijd. per packet, orders for these famous
Flower and Vegetable Seeds are daily gruwint: in
volume. Seeds of quality cannot now be supplinl,
even by Ryders, in Penny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryders 2917 Catalogue contains a large

number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.

Ryders offer in l^d. packets such
standard novelties as : —
Tomato Side's Becruit, 8 seeds for IMd.
" All the Year Bound " Cauliflower.
The New Chinese Celery-Cabbage " Pe Tsai."
Kychnis Arkwrightii.
Calceolaria Veitchii.
New Double Cosmos, pink and white.
Such Sweet Peas as Jean Ireland, r resident,

Fiery Cross, The Lady Eveline, Yarrawa,

and over 200 others.

Send a post-card to-day for your free copy of this
Catalogue. Rememlier the one and only address

nitators — no agents.

Ltd.,

RYDER & SON,

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Grow Your Own Food by Sowing Ryders
Famous Vegetable Seeds.

VEITCH 6 SON,

ex:eteic.

Vegetable and Flower Seeds. — Special Introduc-
tions and Novelties in Asters, &c., for this
Season.

Fruit Trees. — Leading and profitable kinds of
Cooking and Dessert Apples, Pears, Peaches,
Plums, &c.

Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,
Rhododendrons. — (Sikkim, Hybrids and
Greenhouse.)

Roses. — Hybrid and Tea (all the newest). Alpines,
Herbaceous and Bedding Plants, &c.
Calahujuea of the abov; separate, on applicatin n.

VEITCH & SON, EXETER.

ORDER OUR CELEBRATED -'^

FORCiisixa

ROOTS

Seakale, Asparagus,

Mint, Rhubarb, etc.

Also Fruit Bushes.

PRACTICAL NOTES OH CROWING AHD FORCING.

■ -Mann.

ESTABLISHED 1857.

MANN &SONS,

Whltton Road, Twickenham.

THE GARDEN rRS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17, 1917.

TO REPLACE

SPRING CABBAGES & LETTUCES

destroyed by the exceptional
severe weather

SOW AT ONCE UNDER GLASS

Sutton's Earliest Cabbage,

The quickest g-rowing- variety, per pkt. 1/-

Sutton's Commodore Nutt Lettuce,

A eompact early variety, per pkt. 1/6

These will then be fit for use almost as
soon as those planted in the Autumn.

Sutton's Collections of Cabbage.

The finest varieties for Spring and August sowing,
8 ounces in 8 sorts, our selection.
8 half-ounces, in 8 sorts, our selection.
4 half-ounces, in 4 sorts, our selection.

SUTTON 6 SONS, the kings seedsmen, READING.

BUTTONS EARLIEST.

SANKEYS^^^^'^POTS

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Many Rare and Choice Varieties

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send fi.r Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

THOMSONS

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THOMSON'S SPECIAL

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Pnces :— ^ ine, Plant and Vegetal.lo AEannre

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Carr. paid anywhere on 66 Ihs. and up.

Special Chrysanthemum and Top

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> 28 lbs., 11/- ; 14 lbs. 6/- ;

7 lbs., :;/0; tins, 1/-. Carr. pd.

,ny where on 28 lbs. and up.

Sold by all Seedevun

OK FSOM

W^ THOMSONgSOMS L™ CLOVEMrORDS.M.B.

LETHORION ::
Fumigator

VAPOUR
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Introduced 1885.

The marvellous effect of this
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" TENAX

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It is a much required "HOME-MADE" article

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It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

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Purposes.

In Tins, each ed., 1;-, 2,'-. 4,-, 6/-. Also in bulli at

redu

To be obtained thr

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chemical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON. S.E.

February- 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

m

©ariim^rs' Qlljrnnirlr

Xo, 15 ; J. -SAT URDA T. FEBR UA Rl I7\ 191 7.

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of—
Cyclopedia of Horti-
culture
Calceolaria Burbidgei . .
Dutch flowers, impoitsof
Frost at Kew
Galloway garden, notes

Grevillea Banksii

Home farm, crops and
stock on the . .

Honours for agrii;ulluie

Hybridisation notes

La Mortula, the weatlier
at

Moles and frust . .

Obituary —
Oliver, Joseph . .
Treseder, Edward J. ..

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

•' On;hid Review," the..

Orphan i'uud, Koyal Gar-
deners' ..

Palms, potting ..

Potash from seaweed . .

Potatos, seed

Primula,the\vild Chinese

Rosy Apple aphis

Societies-
Horticultural Club ..
National Chrysanthe-

Royal Horticultural ..
Societies, local ..
Vegetables

War items.

Week's work, the 72,

Yorkshire, educational

gardens in

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Grevillea Banksii ^1

Hemsley, portrait of the late Alfred . . . . . . bu

Laelio-Caltleya Trident 75

Vieris japonica 70

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.

CUNTKIVANCES for the dispersal of
seed are so manifold, so ingenious,
and so effective in most plants, that
ciiiu cannot but be puzzled by the
mechanism in the various species of
Cyclamen, which alniost seems t« have been
devised as a hindrance to dispersal. No
sooner does the flower fade than the
peduncle coils itself spirally, tucking away
the fruit tightly against the spherical root-
stock. As tlie said root-stock often in-
creases to a breadth of six or eight inches,
most of the ripe seeds are discharged on its
flattened top, germinate there in a crowded
clump, and, if left alone, generally die of
congestion. Is it possible that in the
.Mediterranean region, whence most of the
hardy species have come to us, Cyclamens
depend for the dispersal of their seeds on
the intervention of ants or other insects?
Swine are said to be very fond of tlie acrid
root-stock (whence the Englisli name "sow-
bread "), and no doubt they scatter tlie
seeds when routing out the roots; but tliis
seems an auxiliary too fortuitous to be
trusted for sure propagation of the plant.
Wlictlier in flower or in leaf, tlic beauty
of botli .spring and autumn Cyclamens is so
fascinating that it is strange that they are
so comparatively seldom rrrown. No one
who has seen the autumn display under tlie
trees at Westonbirt, or the spring bloom on
the roadside banks at Treniough, but must
have envied the owners of these places. It
is in the power of any owner of a garden
to enjoy the like, for all that these hardv
little plants require is goori drainage, some
lime in a poorish soil, and freedom from
romiietition with rank vegetation. Even
rats and mice leave the roots alone. It is
certain, however, that much disappoint-
ment has been incurred in planting pui-
diased roots. Rootlets are thrown out
chiefly from the upper part of the tuber-

like stock, wherefore one is very apt to
condemn the plants to a lingering death by
planting tlieni upside down. I speak feel-
ingly, having sacrificed many Cyclamens
to this blunder years ago. To-day I have
been saving the lives of scores of seedling
C. eirropaeum, the offspring of flow-ers that
bloomed in the autumn of 1913. Eacli of
them consists of a tiny, translucent globe,
with a few root fibres and a miniature leaf.
All would have perished had they been left
clustering on their parent's corky bosom ;
but, being pricked on the barish ground
under a Pine tree, with some sifted lime
rubbish added to the soil, they may.: be
trusted to make a pretty display a couple
of autumns hence. I have described this
species as C. europaeum; we used to call it
hederaefolium, a most appropriate name, r
so near is the resemblance of its leaved to
tho.se of some forms of Ivy, and I know not
how to distinguish it from neapolitauum.
Most of our plants have rose-coloured
blooms, descended from parents which I
grubbed out of a loose stone wall near
Kagusa, in Dahnatia; but a seedling with
pure wdiite flowers sprang up at the edge
of a gravel walk, and has produced a
numerous progeny of the same colour.
Cerard traduced this innocent plant, de-
claring that it was most injuriou.<. to
women in delicate health. " About the
place where it growetU in my garden," lie
says, " I have fastened stickes in the
ground, and some other stickes 1 have
fastened also crosswaies over them, lest any
woman by lamentable experiment find my
words to be true liy their stepping over the
same."

I had written so far before the mercury
tumbled down at the end of January with
the severest frost that we have experienced
since 1895. In that memorable winter a -
thick mantle of snow protected vegetation ;
there is none now, and the danger to ten- '
der thing.s is aggravated by splendid sun-
shine, wliich thaws frozen shoots aiul re-
doubles the risk; so we must prepare to put
up with .some loss.

The mischievous effect of sunshine upon
frozen plants is well shown to-day (Feb. 1)
by Rhododendron barbatum. This fine
species protects itself against frost by
rolling its leaves backwards upon their
midrib so tightly that they look like a lot
of very dark-green pencils. That was the
aspect presented by a fine bush about nine
feet high at 9 a.m. ; it had then little re-
seml>Iance to an evergreen ; but now, about
midday, the sun has beguiled it, the leaves
are as broad and green as tliey are at mid-
summer, and the whole process has to he
gone over again Others of its kiml. jiro-
tected by trees or a north exposure fr<m\
the sun, remain in an attitude of defence.
Moral — plant the clioicer carly-flowpring
Kliododendron.s where the sun of February
will not strike them.

It is interesting to note the attitudes of
defence against cold adopted bv diffoient
evergreen species of the ircnus Rhododen-
dron. Taking two of the largest-leaveil
species, R. Hodg.sonii presents a most singu-
lar appearance, rolling back its magnifi-
cent leaves, eight to ten inches long, into
narrow cylinders, whereas R. Falconeri

folds tlieni not at all, but simply hangs
them vertically. R. Smirnovii, caucasicum,
ponticum, pachytrichum, also hang their
leaves uncurled; R. Tlionisonii and ar-
boreum depress them also, but \vhile the
former curls them moderately backward,
the latter advances the outer margins. Of
the smaller-leaved species, R. cinnabari-
num behaves like R. barbatum; but R. in-
dicum, ciliatum, glaucuni, hirsutum, and
ferrugineum do not alter the position or
form of their leaves with the mercury at
18° Fahr.

Pieris (Andromeda) formosa meets fiost
by depressing its leaves and curling the
outer margins forward; while Myrtus
Luma, strange to say, sets its leaves up-
right and contracts the margins.

There is no more beautiful oljjeut in the
garden at present than Pieris japonica
(see fig. 24), thicldy set with
clustered racemes of ruddy flower-
buds, whicli in the bright sunshine
are nearly as showy as the alabaster
blossoms which they contain will be
presently. It is a pity that this |hrub is
not more commonly planted, for it is in-
finitely more lovely than the pallid P. floii-
bunda, which one meets constantly. P.
japonica, however, demands choicer
lodging than the other, for it is impatient
of cold winds.

This frost has i)Ut an end, U)V the nonce,
to the flowering of Abutilou vcxillariuin
(by the by, we are enjoined now, for soma'
occult reason, to speak of it as A. mega-
potamicum). Of all shrubs known to me.
this is, I think, the most persistent
bloomer. Give it a place against a warm
• wall facing south — if it is the wall of a
greenhouse or stove-house, so much the
better — and this Chilean beauty \vill never
be without some of its scarlet and yellow
tassels, except when these get frozen to
ilcath. I saw it first in '^Tv. Gerald Loder's
iifarden at Wakehurst Place, and retain a
lively sense of gratitude for the cuttings he
bestowed on me. It is one of the nunierous
.Vmerican plants which produce scarlet
flowers, a colour, so far as I know, confinetl
in tlie Rritish flora to the Corn Poppy and
common Pimpernel (Anagallis arven&is),
both of them probably weeds of cultivation
im|iorted from sunnier climes. Our sun-
shine seems to be too intermittent and
watery to light up the scarlet flame; we
have plenty of good pink wild flow-ers, but
in tlie stronger tones of red there is always
an admixture of blue, bringing them par-
lously near magenta. We have nothing to
match the hues of Desfontainca, Lobelia
cardinalis, Dclpliiniuni nudicnule. Salvia
splendens, CastilU-ja ininiata. Riavoii
gominiflora, and a host of others that could
l>p named. Neither is orange to be found
in the corolla of any of our native flowers,
except some spla-slies of that brave tint on
the standards of Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus
eorniculatus). There is, indeed, an orange
form of the AVelsh Ponpv (Meconopsis cam-
lirica), but that is probalJy a garden sport.
Luckily, the exotics which flv tliese gay
colour.s and can thrive in our climate lose
nothing of their splendour iiiidoi- our
cloudy firmament. Uii-hnt Mannll. )h,ii-
reith, Wigtonshire.

70

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND CLEANINGS.

LAELIA JESSICA.

A PRKTTY caJiaiy-yellow hybrid, Laelia Jessica,

is sent by Eustace F. Clark, Esq., Evershot, Doa--

set, who is uncertain as to the exact parentage.

The pollen proved U-ue Laelia, and the probable

tion -with iieaily equal segments. Th« criniped
labelkun i.s rsfle.xed at the tip.

ODONTOGLOSSUM LADY EOXBURGH.

This little known Odontogloesum was raised
in the gardens of Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.,
Gatton Par'k, Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier). It is
now in flower, and although there is some varia-

of 0. cijrhosum iji the sudden contraction of tlie
broad petals, forming a short apiculate terinina-
tion. Through 0. ardentissimum and O. Rolfeae,
O. 'Pescatorei enters twice into the composition
of 0dm. t/ady Pioxbui'gh,, and O.'Ha.n-yanum and
O. crispum once each. Both parents can be
readily traced, and it would, be interesting to
note the resnlts of further crossing.

Fig. 24. — iueris jai'Onica : klowers white.

(See p. 69.)

parentage iis L. Coronet X L. Jongheana. Laelia
Coronet resulted from crossing L. harpophylla
with L. cinnabariiia; and in the flower sent
L. liarpophylla has succeeded in suppressing the
scarlet of L. cinnabarina even more ithjan it did
in L. Coronet, while its fh-m texture is also
transmitted to the hybrid L. Jessica. Tilie
flower is a compact specimen of the smaller sec-

tion in the colouring of the blooms, all are
most attractive. The parents were 0dm. cir-
rhosum x Odm. percultum (ardentissimum x
Rolfea«), and the segments of the flowers are
proportionately broader than any of the twenty -
five or so hybrids of O. cin-hosum. They show
the heavy purple blotching of O. percultum, but
also display the elongated form of the segments

HYBRIDISATION NOTES.

CHIiNFSF iSPECIES OF PRLMULA.
Very little progre.ss has been attained by
crosses between these si^ecies, which do not seem
to lend themselves readily to hybridisation. A
great niunber of crosses were made, but
the results are very limited. P. pulveru-
lenta crossed with P. Cockburniana is the
only one amongst the many that proved a
success. This hybrid was exhibited at the
Temple Show, May, 1907, under the name of
P. Unique. It received an Award of Jleri,t, and
wa« figured in the Gardeners' Chronide the fol-
lowing week. This was considered the most in-
teresting hybrid exhibited. Since then the re-
verse cross produced a variety named P. Unique
Improved ; it has proved to be a better grower
than the former. The flowers of both are a rich
rosy-red, intermediate between the parents. The
following crofses, made at the same time, pro-
duced seed. They were sown, and, plants grown
on. All bore flowers similar to those of the
seed parent.

P. Cockburniana x with Veitchii
*, I, X ,, obconica

,, ,, X ,, jiiponica

i> ,> X ., Kewensis ■

,, doflexa y ,, Cockburniana

,, ,, >■ ,, liulverulenta

,, ,, X ,, Veitoiiii

,, pulverulenta x ,, langutica

,, tangutica x ,, Cockburniana

,, ,, X ,, jajronica

,, Veitchii x ,, Cockburniana

,, ,, X ,, pulverulenta

,, ,, X ,, vittat.'i

,, vittata X ,, deflexa

,, ,, X ,, pulverulenta

,, ,, X ,, tangutica

,, ,, X ,, Veitchii

I. I. X ,, japonica

,, japonica x ,, Cockburniana

,, ,, X ,, deflexa

,, ,, X ,, tangutica

,, ,, X ,, vittata

,, ,, X ,, Veitchii

,, „ X ,, Kewensis

,, Kewensis x ,, obconica

,, ,, X ,, japonica

In the reverse crosses P. japonica, obconica,
pidverulenta, and Kewensis only produced seed.
Tliese bore flower.s similar to those of the seed
parent. P. sinensis, when crossed with the other
species, did not give seed. The improvement in
this species is due to careful selection and hybri-
disation, and when the colour's are well fixed they
come true from seed. Great strides have been
made, both in size and colour, especially in the
giant strain.

April and May are good times to sow seed for
autumn and winter flowering, and July and
August for flowering in spring. Sow in
5-inch pots or pans, well drained, in soil
consisting of two-thirds Kght loam, one-third
leaf-mould or peat, with silver sand added.
Only a very slight covering of soil or sand
is recjuired. Water the soil well and keep
it moderately moist ; cover with a piece of
tiffany or other light material until the seed
germinates, then gradually give air. As soon as
sufficiently strong prick the seedlings off and pot
them on as required. When established, place
them in a cool house and grow them on. Winter

February 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

71

temperature 40° to 45° at night, 50° to 65°
during the day.

P. obconica does not lend itself to hybridisa-
tion, but the strain has been greatly improved.
The grandiflora strain has flowers as large as
the ordinary P. sinensis, and is most useful for
cutting purposes. Some have an idea that the
size is due to crossing them with P. sinensis,
but this is unlikely. The size and colour are
produced by selection. At present there axe eight
or nine distinct colours, which are now fixed and
come true from seed. The colours include

lavender-blue, pink, rose, carmine, reddish-crim-
son, blush, mauve, and pure white. P. obconica
is of easier cultivation than P. sinensis. It can
be induced to bloom from spring to autumn, and
the flowers last a verv long time. John Hfal,
V.M.H.

GREVILLEA BANKSII.

The genus Grevillea, a member of the Pro-
teaceae, includes upwards of 150 species, which,
if we except half a dozen, are aU natives of
Australia. It is surprising that so few of the
plants are in cultivation, as many of them are
remarkably handsome, in respect either to the
foliage or to the flowers. G. Banksii (see fig. 25)
is a robust plant, forming a tall shrub or slender
tree, from 15 feet to 20 feet high. The foliage
is ornamental, and young plants are of a very
decorative appearance, although scarcely equal in
this respect to the better known G. robusta.
It flowers, however, much more freely. The
bright red blooms are produced in dense, terminal
racemes, from 2 inches to 4 inches long. The
silvery leaves are deeply pinnatifid, and measure
from 4 inches to 9 inches. The plant succeeds
in a sunny position in a cool greenhouse ; but
in summer it should be placed out-of-doors to
ensure thorough ripening of the wood. The
compost for potting should consist of equal parts
of peat and loam, with sufficient sand to render
it porous. As with all hard-wooded plants.
car« in watering is essential, as the roots must
never be allowed to become drv.

SELECT VEGETABLES.
-Mr. Beckett's vemarlis on p. 59 are of special
\alae at the present time. Rather than plant
early and mid-season Potatos, I would recom-
mend the planting of early and late varieties in
alternate rows. Those who have not the con-
venience of a cold frame should plant Onion sets,
which will escape injury by the maggot of the
Onion fly. Growers of Cabbage, or any of the
Brassica" family, must remember to apply lime, or
the crop will be likely to be affected by club-root
disease. It is especially necessary to apply lime
to new land ; in fact, almost any soil is benefited
bv a dressing of lime. Scotch and Cottas:ers'

VEGETABLES.

SELECTION OF POTATO Tl'BERS FOR
PLANTING.

During the time of the Potato boom in
1903-4, when the variety Northern Star was
sold for more than £200 a ton, my then
employer purchased two pounds of the tubers.
These were planted early in April, and pro-
duced 120 pounds of Potatos, nearly all of
which were large enough for planting. The
following season we had a heavy crop of
much larger tubers. I found Northern Star
the most prolific variety I have grown, a good
keeper, being in its best condition from Christ-
ma.s to mid-February. Our method of selecting
the seed tuljers may be useful to others. When
lifting we gathered the tubers into trays, being
careful not to bruise them. They were then
placed in a cool, airy shed facing north,
and from thence removed into an underground
root-hous?. which was well ventilated and cool,
fresh air being admitted when the weather per-
mitted. We considered that plenty of fresh air
was essential to the health of the tubers, as it
prevented the spread of disease ; it prevented
the seed from becoming heated, provided more
natural conditions, and was an aid to disease
resistance ; it prevented the seed tubers from
making growth until required for planting ; and
it gave the maximum strength to the tuber,
enabling the young plant to grow freely. We
found that seed Potatos treated in this way, if
any which .showed signs of disease were removed
before Christmas, often gave us better returns
for several years than did seed tubers from fresh
sources. J. E.

Beckett did not mention the value of Peas,
Broad Beans, Dwarf French, and Runner Beans.
Scarlet Runners are grown on the roofs of houses,
garages, stables, and in back gardens in London.
The surplus po<ls may be salted down for winter
use. It is to be hoped that better methods will
be found to preserve vegetables for next winter
than those in general use. I should like advice
as to where reliable seed of Haricot and Butter
Beans may be obtained, and the best varieties
to grow of these legumes. /.

" ONOE-GROWN " POTATO SEED.
ilT own small experience with saving seed in
tubers is limited to Golden Perfection, and was

ll'liotoiiiaph hi/ C. P. Raffill.

Fig. 25.— orf.villka banksii : flowers red.

Kales are both good vegetables, but I prefer
Asparagus Kale to either, on account of its
greater productiveness and lasting qualities.
Dandelions may bo used in the same way as
Chicory. Manure used for Mushroom beds has
two values ; (1) To grow the Mushrooms, and (2)
the preparation of the manure fixes the nitrogen,
which would otherwise be driven off by the heat
of fei-mentation. Those residing near cavalry
camps should make the best u-se of the horse drop-
pings. A good substitute for Spinach is Mercury,
or Lincolnshir* Spinach, Chenopodiuni Bonus-
Henricus. The plant is perennial, and may be
propagated by division of the roots, or from seed,
but old seed does not readily germinate. This
crop will succeed in almost any corner. Mr.

not a success. From the second lot that I had
from the Arm I saved seed three successive years ;
a-s. the crop was very uneven, perhaps one plant
in ten giving a yield, I made a very careful
selection from those plants which gave a good
number of even-sized tubers from the second
crop. The result was little better than nothing.
The third was made from tubers which were left
in the grojnd till planting out, to see if this
might make a difference, as thorough greenmg
and exposure had possibly had a bad effect. The
result from a dozen plants was that there was
not a Potato for the table. The inference I
make is that the stifEsh soil and conditions in
my Herefordshire garden are not suited for seed
saving. H. E- D.

72-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17, 1917.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv J. Coi.MER, Gardener to Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park. R*igat.e.

CVPRIPEDIUM. — The winter flowering sectinii
nf this Orchid will now be passing out of bloom,
and as soon as the flowers are cut any necessary
repotting may be done. If it is not desired to
increase the stock, the plants may be transferred
into pots two sizes larger. The pots should be
(illed to about one-third of their depth with drain-
age material, covering the crocks with rough
jiarticles of the potting soil. The plants should
be placed' in the pots with the roots spread and
the compost carefully worked in between them.
Press rather firmly, "and fill up to near the rim
of the pot, taking care not to break the roots.
By giving these iplants a fair amount of pot-
room, better flowers, with longer stems, can be
obtained than from specimens that are in a pot-
bound condition. Plants that have been newly
potted will be benefited by rather more heat than
ig required' for established specimens. If the
potting material is already moist, the plants will
not require much water, but should be sprayed
overhead two or three times daily until they de-
velop new roots. Specimens already in large pots
may be resurfaced with new compost, first pick-
ing out some of the old soil from between the
roots and replacing it with new mat^riaJ. A
suitable potting medium consists of three parts of
good fibrous loam and one part peat or Osmunda-
fibre broken up rather roughly. Remove all the
small particles, and add some crushed crocks and
silver sand to ensure a free passage of water. The
compost should be allowed to become warm before
using. The night temperature most suitable to
these plants is from 55° to 60°, with a rise of
5' or 10° on sunny days. Tire above remarks
apply to such Cypripediums as C. insigne and its
varieties Harefield. Sanderae, Laura Kimball,
and Sanderianum. and the hybrid Leeanum ; also
O. Sallieri, C. Thompsonii, 'C Eurvades, C
Mons. de Curte, C. G. F. ^lonre, C. Thalia. C.
elatior, C. Hitchinsiae. C. Beeckmannii. C.
Waterloo, etc.

ZvQOPETAUUM.— When the plants of Zygn-
petalum Mackayi, Z. Wiganianum. Z. crinitum
and others of that section pass out of -.ower they
may be repotted. These Orchids resent frequent
disturbance at the roots, therefore they should
not be repotted until it is absolutely necessary.
They produce large roots like those of Cattleyas,
and require more rooting space than is generally
necessax-y for other Orchids ; the pots should be
at least two sizes larger than those they formerly
occupied. Let the pots be well drained with a
double layer of crocks over the bottom ; the
method of potting should be similar to that for
ordinary greenhouse plants. A suitable compost
consists of equal parts good, fibrous loam and
Osmunda-fibre chopped rather roughly, with a
liberal addition of crushed crocks, crushed bones,
charcoal and Sphagnum-moss. Zygopetalum

Ballii, Z. rositratura and Z. Roeblingia.num are
best grown in shallow pans and suspended from
the roof rafters in a moist, shady position in
the intermediate house. Employ as a rooting
medium for these a mixture of Osmunda-fibre.
A 1 fibre, and Sphagnum-moss chopped rather
short. Z. Perrenoudii, Z. Clayi, Z. leuco-
chilum and Z. Protheroeanum are best grown
in pot« in a similar compost. The more scan-
dent-growing species, such as Z. Sanderianum,
Z. maxillare. and its variety G-auta.si. should
be given attention as soon as the new growths
begin to develop. These plants succeed best
n'hien fa.stenfd to portions of the stems of f-z"
Ferns, to which the roots will adhere. Do not

disturb the roots unnecefisarily. Tbe plants
that have outgrown their spaces should be given
a new piece of Fern st*m fastened to the one
on which the roots are already clinging ; the
young roots will soon adhere to the added por-
tion. The plnnts should be grown in a moist,
shady part of the intermediate house close to
the roof-glass.

Pleione.— P'knts of Pleiooe macula.ta, P.
Wallichiana; P. praecox and P. lagenajria that
are passing out of flower will soon be developing
new roots from the base of the young growths,
and at that stage they require repotting. The
plants should be removed from their pots, and,
after shaking away the greater portion of the
old soil and separating the pseudo-bulbs, potted
afresh, care being taken not to injure the roots.
Pliice several plants together according to the
size of the pan, allowing a space of about 1 inch
between each pseudo-bulb. These Orchids are
best grown on a shelf near the roof-glass or sus-
pended from the roof rafters in an intermediate
house. Afford water sparingly until the new
roots have grown, well in fresh compost, after
which they will require copious supplies of mois-
ture until the new pseudo-bulbs are fully
matured. Syringe the plants overhead on bright
days in order to ward off attacks of red spider.
A suitable compost consists of good fibrous loam
and peat or Osmunda-fibre in equal parts, mixed
with a little powdered cow manure, crushed
crocks and silver sand

Shading.— If the outside blinds were removed
at the end of last summer they should be fixed
again in position without delay, for in bright
weather shading will be necessary for a short
time during the middle of the day. This applies
especially to houses containing such plants as
OdontoglosBum crispum, O. Pescatorei. and their
many hybrids ; Masdevallia and Phalaenopsis ;
Dendrobium, Cattleya, Laelia and their hybrids
will be safe without shading until a later period.

Hot Water System.— Exercise great cau-
tion in stoking the fires in the furnaces, taking
care that the pipes are not unduly hot on bright
mornings, as sunshine would cause the tempera-
ture to rise too high. Economy in fuel should
at all times be considered, and it is more im
portant than ever now.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jambs Hudson, Gardener to Leopold db

Rothschild, Esq., C.V.O., Gunnersbury House.

Acton. W.

Early Melons. — Those who sowed their
first batches of Melons in January will do well
to watch the progi-ess that is being made. If
not very satisfactory it will be well to sow again.
In doing this, still keep to Ringleader or any
other reliable and favourite variety. Ringleader
will thrive w-ell in a slightly lower temperature
than many others. Those who have a good,
healthy, early stock should now set about pre-
paring a bed for them, if planting out is contem-
plated. Bottom heat will be desirable. This may
be produced by good, sweet horse manure and
leaves, and can be combined, if desired, with
warm pipes. I advise those who have not tried
pot culture to do so, still depending upon bottom-
heat. If ordinary flower-pots be lacking, make
iifie of Seakale pots. In every case press the loam
firmly.

Vines in Pots.- Those who rely on vines in
pots for the earliest bunches, and who raise vines
for the purpose, should start a suitable number
of the plants Whic'h w-ere pnme'd hard back in
November or thereabouts. Early pruning
will have induced the buds to plump up to some
extent. Let these young vines have all the light
possible, and do not grow them in a very wa'i-m
tempei'ature at the commencement of forcing.
A minimum temperature of 55° will suffice,
rising 10° to 15° in the daytime. Before the
present month has expired the vines should be
transferred to their fruiting pots, those 13 inches
in diameter (6's) being suitable. I prefer pots
of this size to those of 12 inches diameter (8's).
which is the usual size adopted by trade growers,
but to those who raise their own vines I recom-
mend the larger size. The soil should consist
of rich, yellow, fibrous loam of a calcareous
nature, which is easily obtainable. Mix with it
well-crushed mortar rubble and a small quantity
of ch.nrcoal about the size of nuts. Do not add
a concentrated fertiliser until growth is well ad-
vanced. If the pots are new ones let them be
well .soaked before they are used. The compost
will be in a suitable condition for use when it
does not cling to the hands if pressed. Pot

firmly, and allow room in the pot for a sui-face
dressing later.

Grapes in Store.— Give eveiy attention to
Grapes in the store, and see that no decaying
berry remains even for one day. Some of the
water in the bottles will have evaporated, and
must be replaced. I find that a new oil-feeder
can is the best thing to use as a filler See
that the temperature of the room is maintained
as nearly at 45° as is possible. Late Grapes do
not keep satisfactorily in an ordinary fruit-room
with Apples and Pears.

Early Vinery.— The earliest vines have made
good growth, and the laterals should be stopped
at two joints beyond the bunch to be retained.
Do not stop all the shoots at the same time,
but pinch first those that are gaining strength
most rapidly. All the shoots will be stopped,
probably, in about three operations. Guard
against an excess of atmospheric moisture in
dull, cloudless weather, and when but little
ventilation can be given, for too much moisture
at such times favours the development of warty
excrescences on the under sides of the leaves.
This complaint will often occnr on leaves that
are not fully grown and wUl stop their growth.
Continue to disbud the vines as growth proceeds,
but leave at least two shoots where there appears
to be any doubt as to which is the better of
the two. A week's time will decide this ques-
tion, and no harm will have been done nie.i.n-
while.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Guise, Gardener to Mrs. Dkhpbter. Keele
Hall. Staffordshire.

Dahlia.— If tbe> I'eniaind*!' of tihe old Daililia
tubers are placed in a light compost on stages-
in a warm house or pit, plenty of cuttings will
soon be available for propagating. Spray the
roots daily, but on no account should they be
saturated with moisture, or the young growths
will be soft and sappy, eventually turning yel-
low. Select short-jointed shoots for cuttings, and
insert them singly in small pots filled with a light
composlt. Root the shoots in a brisk temper'a-
tiu'e,, and afterwa-iids remove them to a cooler
liouise, shifting them into larger pots as Te-
quired. The present is a suitable time to sow
Daliilia se^ed thinly in pans or boxeis fiiUed with
a rich compost, covering them lightly with fine,
.sifted soil. Directly the seedlings are large
enough to handle, transfer them singly to small
pots, and treat them as advised for cuttings.
The stronger seedlings will not necessarily give
the best flowers, and the less robust ones should
not be discarded.

Begonia.— The tubers of Begonias which
have been stored through the winter should be
placed in boxes in a compost of leaf-mould and
fand. A similar position to that advised for
C'annas will suit them. Do not start them in a
high temperature. The largest bulbs may be
divided to increase the stock, if necessary, and
this should be done directly a little growth has
developed.

Cannas.— Old stools of Cannas that were
lifted last autumn and stored for the winter
should receive attention. Shake the old soil from
the roots, and place them in boxes or pots, using
a light compost. A fruit-house that has just
been started for forcing is suitable, as only a
moderate amount of heat is necessary. To in-
crease the • stock divide the roots into single
crowns, and pot them directly they have made a
little growth.

Carnations — Carnations that have been
wintered in cold frames may be planted in mild
weather, but if the soil is %vet or sticky defer
the work until the ground is in a more favour-
nhle cou'dition. Plants t.hiat were feit out-of-
doors last autumn should be examined after
frost to .=ee if they are loose, in which case they
need pressing in the soil firmly with the foot.

Fremontia californic*.- This deciduous
flowering shrub is not difficult to grow, and is
much hardiej' than is generally supposed. The

February 17, 1917. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

73.

undersides of the thick, heart-shaped leaves are
covered with dark brown hairs, and the young
shoots have a, rich brown^ wooUy appearance.
The trusses of yellow flowers- develop in April,
and the plant continues in flower for -a long
peiiod. The flowers are often 2 inches in
diameter, and they wiU keep fresh for a long
period after they are cut. The plant grows best
in a rich, sandy loam, aJid established specimens
make rapid growth. Plants may be raised
either from seeds or cuttings ; the latter should
be inserted in the spring.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DcNN, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Cucumbers.— Plants o£ Cucumbers rais)?d
from seeds sown early in January will soon be
ready for planting. Let the house in which
they are to be grown be cleajised thoroughly,
the walls- whitewasihed with 'hot lime, and, if
Cucumbers have been grown in it recently,
fumigated with sulphur to destroy red spider
and thrips. When the fermenting material has
been preipaved, mak? up a hotbed to within
2 feet of the trellis and tread the materials firmly
to prevent the bed from sinking. The soil may
consist of equal parts of good turfy loam and
leaf-mould, which should be placed on thp bed
a few days before the plants are inserted. Exer-
cise great care in planting, so that the roots
may not be broken. If the temperatune of the
bed is too high bore a few holes in each mound
of soil to aUovv some of the heat to escape.
\VTwn the roots appear through the surfac* top-
dress them lightly with rich soil and a light
sprinkling of bone-dust. Promote a moist atmo-
sphere by the fre(iiieiit use of the syringp. The
r.ight temperature should be 70°, rising to 85°
by day with sun. Very little ventilation is
iiecessan-y for some time, provided the fines are
.stopped daring sunny wentlwr. Plants in
fruit should be thinned carefully of superfluous
growth, and the shoots tied in position. Do
not allow the foliage to become crowded, but
remove all worthless .shoots and rough leaves,
wlhidh harbour insecit pesKs. Top-drees the
roots with light, rich soil aa often as they grow
through the surface. A sowing of Cucumber
.•:eeds should bo made to raise plants for suc-
cessional cropping. Sow thi seeds singly in
small, clean pots and germinate them in a "tem-
perature of 70°. Every Day and All the Year
Round .are suitable varieties for present sowing.

Onions.— As soon as the frost is at an end
jiiid the soil is in a workable condition autumn-
.sown Onions should be transplanted. If the
ground was trenched and manured in the
autumn the recent frosts will liave acted bene-
ficially on it. Where suflicient plants are avail-
able a large plantation should be made, as home-
grown Onions will be very valuable. Plant in
rows made 16 inches apart and allpw from
6 inches to 9 inches between the plants in the
row, according to the size of th-? bulbs required.
Lift the plants from the seed bed with great
care, and make the soil firm about the bulbs
in planting. Water the roots copiously with
clear, soft water. When growth commences
stir the soil lightly with the Dutch hoe and
give frequent dustings of soot during the grow-
ing season, choosing showery weather for its
time of application.

Chicory.— Fresfh batches of Chioory roots
should be placed in a temperature of 55° or 60°
in order to maintain an unbroken supply. Per-
fect darkness is necessary to produce thoroughly
blanched heads. The atmosphere should not be
excessively damp, as the tender young shoots
aid harmed by too much moisture. A small
supply of Chicory may be produced from roots
forced in pots in a ^Iushroom-house or similar
structure. One copious watering at the time of
potting should suffice.

Celery.- Make a small sowing of Celery
with a view to producing plants for autumn sup-
plies. Sow the seeds in pans filled with finely
sifted .loil. and cover them very lightly
with soil. When t\vi seedlings appear place
the pans close to the roof-gla.ss, and never allow
th^ roots to suffer from want of water,

Roots in Store.— Beet and other roots in
store should ^be examined and all young growth
removed. Keep the roots as cool as possible,
without, allowing them to become frosted.
Onions should be examined and all decaying
bulbs removed ; bulbs showing signs of growth
should be selected for present consumption.
Potatos in store should be picked over during
inclement weather, and seed tubers selected
and placed in single layers in a frost-proof shed
whsre light aiid air can be admitted during
favourable weather. Jluch depends on the
proper selection and care of seed Potatos, and
no time should be lost in securing the necessary
Quantity.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Wkstos, Gardener to Lady Nobthcotb,
Eastwell Park, Kent.

Winter - FLOWERING Begonias. — The

beautiful Begonias are deservedly popular, and
should be grown in all gardens to produce
brightly-coloured flowering plants in mid-winter.
Plants "in flower now can be maintained in good
health by keeping all the old blooms picked off
and giving the plants a little liquid manure-
water weekly. The plant* should not be over-
watered, but" must not be allowed to become ex-
tremely dry. A fairly dry atmosphere is best
for pliints'in bloom, ventilating a little each
dav. if possible, with a t^emperature of 55°
to "60°.

Begonia Gloire de Lorraine.— This is

the oldest of winter-flowering Begonias, and still
one of the most satisfactory for general decora-
tive purposes. If propagated early in the sea-
son, and grown without a check, plants will
come into bloom early in the autumn, and by
propagating a later batch a continuous supply
of flowering plants can be maintained for at
least si.x months. Plants that are now past
their prime should be removed from the flower-
ing house or conservatory, and the healthiest
plants reserved for the production of cuttings.
All the flowering growths should be cut off, but
the plants must not be pruned too severely, or
they will fail to start again into growth. Place
the plants in a warm, light house, near the glass,
so that the cuttings may be sturdy and vigorous
when the time for propagating arrives. Very
few root waterings will be necessary at this
stage, but maintain plenty of atmospheric mois-
ture by spraving the plants every day in bright
weather. Other varieties of this type, such as
the white flowering Turn ford Hall, will require
.■iimilar t4-catni«'nt.

Begonia Gloire de Sceaux. Tln.s variety

forms a contrast to the one named above,
and is well worthy of cultivation. The beautiful
bronzed foliage, of perfect shape, shows up the
panicles of rosy-pink flowers to perfection.

Grown in ordinarv' conditions, this Begonia
is at its best in the spring, and plants coming

into bloom now should be assisted with a little
artificial manure or other stimulant, such as soot
or liquid manure. By propagating early, and
getting strong plants of firm growth ready to
place in a little extra heat in autumn, a batch
of plants may be forced into bloom by Christ-
mas. Well-grown and shapely plants are first-

cla.5s subjects for decoration in warm, light
rooms, but these Begonias must never be placed
in cold and draughty corridors.

Begonia nitida and B. nitida alba.— These

Begonias, with the varieties named above, make
a selection that will bloom nearly the whole year.
They succeed in similar conditions, well-cultivated
jjlants in pots re<Lching a height of 4 or 5 foet
when trained to pillars iu the .s-tove nr warm
plant house.

Tuberous Begonias.-TIic newer hybrids
obtained by crossing B. socotrana with the sum-
mer-flowering tuberous Begonias should be kept
somewhat drier after the flowering period is
over. Stand them in a warm, light place, re-
ducing the water supply gradually, but avoid
drving them off suddenly. Some of the best
va'rietles arc Optima, Mrs." Heal. Ensign, Elatior,
Winter Cheer and Emita.

THE HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Abbotts Wood, Godalining, Surrey.

Mulching Fruit Trees.- Tlie mulching
of fruit trees has great value, and especially to
trees growing in light or shallow soils. Mulching
may be done at two seasons ; at the present
time, for strengthening the flowers and early
growth, and when the fruits are swelling and
approaching maturity. Well-decomposed cow or
farmyard manure forms the best material for
mulching trees. Tlie dung should be used libe-
rally— say to the depth of 1 inch and a half
over all the surface of the rooting area, ajid
it sliould be well beaten to pieoes with a fork
before it is spread. Do not apply a mulch of
this nature to newly planted trees, but place
a sprinkling of strawy litter over the roots. All
bush fruits, and especially Gooseberries, Rasp-
berries and Currantsj are much benefited by
araiual dressings of animal manui'e.

Standard Trees of Apple and Pear.—

The present is a suitable time to overhaul the
orchard, pruning where iieoessary, to relieve the
trees of superfluous wood, dead and decaying
branches, and weak growths. Trees that are
sprayed with caustic alkali wash will not show
much foreign growth upon them, but scrape any
lichen growth there may be present on the stems.
The frost has probably destroyed many insect
pests — we recorded 20° of frost on several morn-
ings. But do not trust to the frost to clear
the trees of pests, which hide in crevices and
other sheltered places.

Arrears of Work.— Work of all kinds has
leen retarded by the wintry weather, and espe-
cially the pruning, tying, staking, and planting
of tlie trees. The days are lengthening fast, and
every month in spring brings important work
to b"e done. Make up for the loss of_ time by
increased efforts, remembering that it is our
serious duty to grow as much food — of which
fruit is an important item — as possible.

General Remarks.— Prepare stakes for use
when required, also shreds for nailing, and place
them in bundles. Overhaul all netting and make
repairs where necessary. Materials used for
shading should be put in order, to save time
later in the busy season.

Rosy Apple ApHis.-The Rosy Apple aphis,
the life-history of which bas been described re-
cently by Messrs. Baker and Turner,* attacks
the foliage of Apples, and deforms the growing
tree as weU as the fruits. The authors conclude
that the proper name for this aphis is A. mali-
foliae, of which name A. sorbi is to be regarded
as a synonym. The species occurs both in Europe
and in North America. Eggs are found on the
Apple in winter lodged generally on small twigs
under buds or in crevices of the bark. TTie eggs
begin to hatch early in April, and the stem-
mother wanders about the twigs till it reaches a,
bud, where it settled and feeds, crowding into
the bursting bud After their last moult the
stem-mothers begin to reproduce, and an indi-
vidual may produce 260 young in the course of
twenty days. The length of life of a stem-mother
is at the most forty-five days. Several generations,
in which both wingless and winged forms appear,
occur on the Apple, the proportion of winged
insects increasing with the successive generations.
Migration to the Plantain begins towards the
middle of May, and most of the insects have left
the Apple by June 20. So many as fourteen
generations of the summer form of the a.phis
occur — practically all wingless. The autumn
migrants become adult in September, and remain
in tlie trees until after the beginning of Novem-
ber. Oviparous females begin to be produced in
mid-September, but their numbers are greater
later on— in October — at which period males are
numerous. Oviposition begins in the middle of
October and continues until all the oviparous
females are dead.

• " Rosy Apple Aphis." Joiirn. of Agric. Keiearch, VII., 7
Dept. of Agric, Washington,

74

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PtTBLISHEB. 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.C

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
uoiild vbiiate delatj m obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they woald kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relatinrj
to financial matters and to advertisements shoahl
be addressed to the Pueusher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
dcjjnrtments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
mill much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
uln-n letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/ic Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flouers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY. FEBRU.\EY 27—

Ro.v. Hort. Soc.'s Corns, meet.
Hort. Club's annual meeting, t

AVERAGE Mean Temperature for the enBuing week
deduced from observations during the last flit.v
years at Greenwich, 39.6='.

Actual Temperature:— ,„„._. c^ »

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,

Covent Garden, London, rhursday. February 15

(10.0 a.m.) : Bar. 29.8° ; temp. 38.5°. Weather-

Brieht.

SALES FOR THE ENSUINQ WEEK.

MONDAY— . , ,,. .

Rhododendrons, Hardy Heaths, &c., at the Ameri-
can Nurseries. Milfurd, Surrey, by Protheroe and
Morris, at 12 o'clock.

TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY—

General Nursery Stock, Fruit Trees. &c., at the Bi-ox-
bourne Nursery. Bro.xbourne, by Protlieroe and
Morris, at 12 o'clock each day.

WEDNESDAY-

Henbaceous Plants, Roses, Fruit Trees, Bulbs, 4c. .
at Protheroe and Morris's Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, at 12 o'clock. Lilies in cases at 3 p.ii

THURSDAY—

Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, at Protheroe
and Morris's Rooms, at 1 p.m.

FRIDAY—

Herbaceous Plants, Roses, Fruit Trees, and Bulbs.
at Protheroe and Morris's Booms, at 12 noon.

The fifth volume of this
A Cyclopedia comprehensive 'n'Ork is

of • 1 i ■ -1

Horticulture,* carried out on similar
lines to those explained
in tliese pages on June 17 last. Primarily
the book is written for the benefit of Ameri-
can readers with a vast continental country
and a great variety of climates, in which
they cultivate very varied plants that suc-
ceed in one or other of the I'espective areas
embraced. In the matter of cultivation
only broad and general instructions can be
given, SO that there is room for a number
of smaller books to be written by local
cultivators who are conversant with the
peculiarities of their particular part of the
country. Special lists of treas', shrubs,
and climbers, suitable for different lati-
tudes and climates, however, will help the
uninitiated to plant their estates suit-
ably. Hints are given under the
descriptions of species whether they are
likely to succeed in the north, south, east
or west, or in any particular part of the
area embraced by the work as a whole.
Readers in this country will find much to
interest them, for constant reference is
made to European works, including
British, whether the plants cultivated are
native or introduced. The origin of the

• 7;i« .'Standard Cvelopedia of Hnrticvlture. By L. H-
Bailey. Vol. V.— P-R. Papes 242S 3041 ; figures 2894-361.";
(The Ma.-millan Company, New Y'ork ; Macmillan & Co.,
Ltd., London.) '259. net.

Shirley Poppy, as described by the Rev.
W. Wilks, many years ago, is recorded,
and the characters and range of variation
or limitation of admissible colour are as
accurately defined as a florist's flower. It
is a remarkable type of concentric varie-
gation, and the albinism may be regarded
as centripetal, for it commenced at the
margin of the petals and proceeded to the
centre of the flower.

The intention throughout is to confine
the Cyclopedia to the plants that are actu-
ally in cultivation, though a few doubtful
ones are included, and some that have not
even been introduced. Apparently there
is a field for the cultivation of Primulas
in America, for Mr. Bailey himself has
described no fewer than 200 species.
Though these are in cultivation at present,
it is unlikely that a tithe of them are
likely to attain the popularity of P.
sinensis, P. obconica, P. Auricula, the
Primrose and the Polyanthus.

Incidentally, it is interesting to note
that Platanus occidentalis is, perhaps, the
tallest deciduous tree in America, attain-
ing a height in exceptional cases of 170
feet. It is not so reliable a tree to plant as
P. orientalis, because liable to be much in-
jured by the disease Gloeosporium nervise-
quum, whereas the oriental species is not.
The suitability of the London Plane for
street planting is commented upon, lie-
cause of its amenabilitv to pruning and
transplanting.

The important genus, Prunus, is
divided into four groups or sections,
namely, (1) Plums and Apricots, (2) Al-
monds and Peaclies, (3) Cerasus, and (4)
Padus or raoemo.se Cherries. Though
Plums and Apricots have much in com-
mon, the downy skin of the fruit of the
latter, not to mention other characters,
might have been sufficient to warrant a
separate class for them. The mature
fruit, whether raw, boiled, or canned, is
as distinct from a Plum as from a Peach.
The purple-leaved Plum is recognisable
under the name of P. cerasifera var. Pis-
sartii, the latter being the best-known
garden name; and P. divaricata has
been reduced to P. cerasifera var.
divaricata, Bailey. The systematic posi-
tion of many of the common Plums has
often been the subject of contention, and
this is largely due to matters of opinion
rather than oT"fact. P. insititia, Linn.
(Bullace), is here recorded under the name
of P. domestica, Linn., var. insititia,
Bailey, and is made to include the Dam-
son, Bullace, probably also St. Julien, and
other Plums. Some of the reasons
adduced for thi,s opinion are that the Bul-
lace is a form with small leaves, small,
firm, oval, or ovoid fruits borne mostly
in clust-ers, and " when the Plum runs
wild it usually reverts to this form." Now,
the Bullace has globular fruits, with an
ovoid stone, and a downy peduncle, pro-
duced singly or in pairs, and this latter
character applies to all Plums. Only the
buds from which the fruits arise are
crowded, for the flowers are never in um-
bellate clusters. Damsons were cultivated
at Damascus before the Christian era and
introduced from thence to this country.

It is quite reasonable to assume that seed-
ling Plums, escaped from gardens and
orchards, revert to degenerate types, re-
sembling the Damson. lu like manner P.
Cerasus (Wild Dwarf Cherry) is made to
include P. acida^ the origin of which is
unknown. Would it not be better to re-
tain the old type under the name P.
Cerasus, Linn., than to say P. Cerasus
var. typica, Schneid. '! It would certainly
l>e more conducive to simplicity. P. aoida
is rendered by P. Cerasus var. frutescens,
Schneider. The latter is distinguished by
its dwarfer habit, smaller leaves and a
longer stone. Each of tTiese types of
Cherry has varieties that can be ranged
under them.

The numerous and important species of
Pyrus have also been grouped in sections,
which are commendable, Ix-cause they re-
tain the identity of Pears and Apples.
The Ornamental Crab, well known as
Pyrus floribunda, has its name changed to
P. pulcherrima, Achers and Graebn..
who evidently consider the better-known
one a nonien conf%isum, because Lindlev
had u.sed P. floribunda for a member of
the section Aronia. The hybrid P. Sohei-
deckeri has been reduced to a variety of
P. puloherrima, from which it ■«-as a seed-
ling, possibly as the result of. a cross, or
pointing to the hybrid origin of P pul-
cherrima itself.

The u.se of such names as Pelargonium
diimesticum, to include the hybrid race of
show a-nd fancy varieties, and Pentstemnn
gloxinioides for the florist's varieties, is
peculiar. Pelargonium vitifolium is said
to diSer from P. cordatum by its ere.>t
habit and less deeply cut leaves. This is
an ob'vious mistake, for the leaves of P.
cordatum are usually merely den-
ticulate. There is but a remote com-
parison between the two, and the writer
probably meant to compare P. vitifnlium
with P. capitatum, for that is where ilie
comparison lies. Apart from this, errors
of fact are evidently few, and the editing
has been carefully carried out.

Honours for Agriculturf. — We are

gkd to observe that the Colonial Office
list of honours contains the names of two
gentlemen who have rendered conspicuous service
tr> agricultural or botanica.1 s'cience. Dr. Feancts
Watts, Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for
the West Indies, becomes K.C.M.G., and a
like honour is conferred on Leonard Rodwat,
Esq., Government Botanist to the State of Tas-
mania-.

HORTtCULTURAL CLUB ANNUAL MEETING.—

— The annual general meeting of the member.i of
the Horticultural Club will take place in the
Clab Room, Hotel Windsor, Westminster, on
Tuesday, the 27th inst., at 6 p.m. There will
be a dinner at 6.30, and afterwards Mr. J.iMJCs
Hudson, V.M.H., will §peak upon "Select
Varieties of Water Iiili?s," illustrating his
remarks W'ith a series of slides showing these
gorgeous flowers in their natural colours. Tlie
president, Sir Frank Ceisp, Bt., will preside.
[Members intending to b? present are asked to
coinmunicate with the hon. secretary, Mr.
HOOPKR Pe.\rson.

Imports of Dutch Flowers.-A deputation
from the British Wholesale Florists' Federation,
consisting of Mr. George Monro, jun. (chairman),
W. H. Page, George Shawter, W. A. Sherwood
and C. H, Curtis (secretary), together with Mr,

FEBRnART 17, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

75

G. H. Bakr, who represented the Hortieiiltural
Trades' Association, attended at the Offices of the
Imports Restrictions Committee (Board of Trade)
a few days ago, and was received by H. J.
Philxips. Esq., secretary of the committee. The
matter under consideration was the importa,tion
of flowers grown in Holland from bnlbs whith
were excluded under the Order prohibiting the
importation of Dutch bulbs. Tlie tonnage now
occupie<l and which would possibly be occupied
in the rear future; the fact that the imports of
Dutch flowers would mean the sending of con-
siderable sums of money out "of this country ;

The Weather at La Mortola.— Mr.

Benbow, superintendent of Lady H.\nbiry's
gardens at La Mortola, inform* us that the
weather in the closing months of 1916 was very
wet, and that the heavy rains were accompanied
by boisterous gales. These culminated on Decern-
ber 13, about midday, in a storm of cyclonic
violence, which lasted about an hour. The area
visited by the gale wa« very restricted, but it
did much damage, stripping away branches and
uprooting many specimen trees. Outside the
gardens Olive trees were torn from their roots
and many houses of the village had tbeir roofs

would takf place on the 24th inst., whereas the
dates that should have been pi-inted are April
24. 25 and 26.

The Wild Chinese Primula. -In the con-
servatory (No. 4 greenhouse) at Kew is a group
of some fifty plants of the Chinese Primrnse.
Primula sinensis, the majority being in 5-)nch
pots. The plants are very decorative, with their
light green foliage and dainty, pale lilac flowers.

Cultivation of Vacant Land.-Iu answer
to a question in the House of Commons, Sir
E. Winfrey sta.ted tliat the number of plots

that su(h import* would very seriously affect
home flower-producers who had purchased
British grown bulbs at enhanced prices; and the
injurious effect all this would have upon the
future of the British bulb growing industry, were
points put forward by the Deputation for the
consideration of the Imports Restrictions Com-
mittee.

Weather at Kew.- It is interesting to
compare the Kew records of the hard frosts of
February, 1895, twenty-two years ago, with the
sanrs dates on five consecutive days of the
present month, the degrees of frost registered
beingi as fit)llowe :— 1895. February 5. 12^" ;
6, 24i° : 7. 27i° ; 8. 28J,° ; 9. 27°. 1917. Feb-
Tuarv 5, 16° ; 6, 10° ; 7, 25° ; 8, 20° ; 9. IT".

Fig. 26.— i.aelto-catti.eya trtdent.

(See \\\:uiU hy th.- Ort-hid rnmniittw, p. 77.)

blown off. The amcnmt of rainfall iu 1916 was
the heaviest recorded at La Mortola, the total
being 1357.9 mm., of 53.7 inches. The previous
i-ecord year was 1907, when the rainfall was
1192.2 nim.. nr 47.9 inches.

Potash from Seaweed.— According to the
Srrd World. I'.S.A., plans are completed for
harvesting the seaweed in the Sar^as^o i-,i.a to
obtain potash. The plant is said to have a
capacity of 200 tons of ash per day and a storage
capacity for two weeks' supply. The .s?av.e?l
is said to contain 9 per cent, of potash.

The Walton Grange Orchids. -By a mis-
chance it was stated in these pages last week
that the .sale of the Walton Grange Orchids

known to the Bo.-ird that have been already
taken up under the rultivation of l-ands Order
(1916) is 6.682.

Educational Gardens in Yorkshire.— At
Stainland, near Halifax, a complete scheme of
educational gardens has been in existence for
several years, and has been found very success-
ful. The elementary education authoi-ities pro-
vide the first plots, on which the children in the
schools begin their training ; land, tuition, tools,
manure, seeds, and all other material's are p'-o-
vided free of charge, the chil-di-en only supply-
ing the liibour, and working during school hours.
The products of the gardens are, however, sold
to defray a part of the expenses. There are also

76

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 17, 1917.

plots for evening school students, the conditions
■being the sarrne as for the day scholars, except
that here the produce becomes the property of
the student. Beyond this, there is a set of plot.s
for adults, on Avliich everything is paid for by
the holder of the allotment, all the profiit being
Ms own. Tlhe whole scheane has been found a
success, and has liad a consider<abIe moral in-
fluence, especially on adolesceiiit youths, to wlioin
the plot is the only alternative to the street
corner.

War Items.— vSccond-Lieutenanl Douglas
CiTBUSH, Middlesex Regiment, son of Mr. and
Mrs. \V. H. CtiTBTTSH, of the Nurseries, Barnet,
ha.^ been awarded the Military Cross for brave and
distinguished conduct in the field. In January,
1916, he received a bullet wound in the thigh,
(und was in hoa))ital.

Lieut. E. L. Bexbow, son of Mr. Benbow,

of La Mortola, has been awarded the Military
Cross for brave conduct. He volunteered at the
heginning of the war, joining the Royal Field
Artillery, and was granted a commission in
October, 1914. He is a pilot in the Royal Flying
Corps, where he earned his distinction.

The "Orchid REViEW."-The twenty-fourth
volume of the Orchid Biuiew is dedicated to
0. 0. Wriglet, Esq., Bridge Hall, Bury, " an
enthusiastic and highly successful amateur of
Orchids for a period of over half a century,"
whidh neminds us that tlie Ifrvirw has flourisjied
for a period nearly equalling that for
wliiclh tihe R.ei'clienhaichiaji Hierbaarium was
sealed up. The interest is well maintained,
this and the two later numbers contain-
ing articles on Albinism and Colour in
Orchids, by R. G. Thw.utes, Esq., and M. Ch.
Maron ; a Parasitic Orchid Fungus which has
been identified from Gla&nevin ; the Glympton
collection of Orchids, in which the experiences
of an amateur are detailed ; a review of Dr.
Lotzt's recent work, " Evolution by Hybridisa-
tion " : Orchids fifty years ago, based on records
in oiu' own pages of that period ; and numerous
other interesting notes and figures. We con-
gratulate the Editor on his continued success.

The Local Societies.— The Executive
Council of the British Gaixleners' Association is
asking the Government to release skilled gar-
deners at present serving in the Anny and Non-
Cnmbataait Corps, and who are not in classes A
or B, in order that they may assist in tbe work
of speeding up the cultivation of food crops.

• Lidget Green Horticultural Society is

sending a petition to the Board of Agriculture
on the question of the refusal of the local Parks
Committee to entertain a suggestion made by the
society, aaid in ignoring the claim to use the
Corporatiooi land adjoining the present aUot-
ments at Lidget Green, and instead using land
for allotmente which, in the opinion of the
society, is unsuitable for the purpose.

The third lecture of a series of twelve on

vegetable production was delivered by Mr. E. R.
.T^xEs, at the 'Hall of University College, Read-
ing, on the 7th inst. The lecturer dealt
with methods of sowing Peas and Beans under
gla.ss or in cold frames in order to compensate
for the loss of time occasioned by the severe
weather. The cultivation of Parsnips and Jeru-
salem Artichokes was also described, and
methods suitable for different types of soil were
given.

A public meeting, under the auspices of

the Town Council of Dalbeattie and the Urr
and Dalbeattie Horticultural Society, was held
in th:e Town Hall, D,-.lbe<ittie, on the 6th inst.
.Addresses were delivered by Provost S. Aenott.
.MaxweUtown, and ^Ir. William Hutchinson.
Tiernegles Gardens, the latter dealing with the
ciiHivation of vegetable's. Ait a meeiting held
aft.erwards it was agreed to form a food produc-
tion society for the district.

Publications Received.— T/ieFruif, Flower,
and Vegetable Trades Year Book and Diary.
(London : The Lockvvood Press, Mitre Court,
Fleet Street.) Price la. net.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the ojnnions expressed by correspondents.)

Calceolaria Burbidqei.— Inreferejice to the
note by H'. ?'., on p. 58, res(i>ecting tlie pta.nent-
age of this usrful decorative plant, I am able
to say tliat Mr. Burbidge's statement is correct.
In 1913 I crossed C. fuchsiaefolia with pollen
of C. Pavonii, raising n number of seedling.s
identical with C. Burbidgei. (The recijH'ocal
cross gave me no good seied.) Like the original,
my plants were all sterile when crossed inter
se, or with their parents ; neither have I been
able to effect a cross with it and any other
species or variety, of which I have tried many.
Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening gives the
coimecit parentage, but if it is intended to be
iiindtersltood ttoat the first name is that of the
fenialie parent, the original C. Burbidgei was
made in the reverse way. As 11'. T. points out,
the A'cw Hand-List gives the parentage of C.
amplexioaulis and C. Pavonii, and it was tlies.e
conflioting statements whicb led me to try to
settle the matiter definitely. E. J. AUard.
Mcrton.

Potting Palms.— Mr. Weston, on p. 60, gives
sound advice on the potting of Palms. As he
states. Palms may be kept in a healljhy condition
in the same pot for years, provided they are
watered properly and given an occasional stimu-
lant. There comes a time, however, when it is
necessary to repot them, for most of the stronger
growing Palms, such as Kentias, the different
kinds of Plioeoiix, Corypha., and Clhamaerops, .send
many of their stout roots right to the bottom
of the ball of earth, where they coil round, and
in time lift the entire mass. The difficulty, then,
with pots of ordinary make, is to get one deep
enough to take the ball witbout being too wide
for the welfare of the plant, which so treated
looks what is commonly termed over-hatted. To
avoid this difficulty I induced the potters to make
the pots intended' for Palms of this class deeper
in proportion to their width than those Tor
ordinary purposes. This proved in every way
satisfactory, and greatly simplified the work of
potting. "Another point to be considered when
the Palms are employed for decorative purposes
is that these narrower pots, containing as they
do less soil, are lighter to lift about than those
of ordinary shape. They, too, contain as much
of the potting compost where it is needed as do
the wider ones. This difficulty with regard to
pots is not so marked in the case of the rnore
delioatie rooted sonts. 11". T.

Change of Seed Potato ' A^pvopos of
the renrark of E. M. regaaiding the cot-
tager who lias continued saving his own
seed of Potato Ringleader fw twenty wars
with good results, I grew Pink Beauty of
Hebron for a number of years firom my own saved
seed, originally procamied from a cottager in the
same neighbourhood, w\ho had saved it from his
own crop for several yveains. The results were
good, but I ceased growing that variety some
time ago in favour of a sligbtly earlier sort.
The practice of .greening has been making head-
way, eveir among cottagen-s, although tlie seed I
obtained from the cottager had not been
greened, bat kept in baskets under his bed '.
.S\ A., Dumfries.

Moles and FROST.-On the 3rd inst. I was
in Epping Forest sprinkling food for the benefit
of tihe wild birds, and in the course of my
wanderings came across a little grassy sfiot
amongst bushes on the outskirts of the wood, and
theiie I was astonished to see two or tliree fresh
molehills amongst several others of older date,
tihe latter, of course, being white with frost or
snow, and the brown soil of the fnesh ones con-
trasiting strongly theiiewith. Mairvelling at first
tliat moles should be able to throw up theii"
hillocks — one of these, by the way, was very
large, and undoubtedly the nest, or so-called
"fortress" — tlu-ough six or more indues of
frozen soil, I afterwards cam© to the conclusion
that probably the grass, altliough not dead and
dn\ afforded some protection from the frost,
and so the depth of frozen foil was not so great.
I am glad to siee in, your current iss^ie (j). 651
so oppoiit.iuie a cnnfii'mation of niv conclusion.
C. .v.. Hah End.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

February 13. — The one hundred and thirteeiuth
annual meeting of the Society wais held at 3 p.m.
on Tuesday last, in the Council Oliamber in the
Vincent Square Hall. The exhibition took place
in the Drill Hall of the London Scottish, Buck-
ingham Gate, and was much smaller than usual
for an annual meeting.

The Floral Committee recommended two
Awards of Merit to novelties, and four medals
to groups.

The Orchid Committee recommended one
Award of Merit and one Preliminary Commen-
dation to no\'e!ties, and two medfels to groups.

The only award madle by tlie Fruit and Vege-
table Committee wae a Silver Knightian. Medal to
a collection of Apples.

The Narcissus Committee met for the first
time this season.

Floral ^Committee.

Present: Mesisrs. E. A. Bowles (vice-chair-
man), W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, G. Paul,
W. J. Bean, John Green, W. B. Cranfield, G.
Reuthe, G. Harrow, .J. W. Jloorman, J. Heal,
E F. Hazelton, C. R. Fielder, J. Jennings, W.
Howe, H. Cowley, J. Dickson, A. Turner, C.
Dixon, W. H. Page, Chas. E. Pearson, R. C.
Xotcutt, and G. W. Barr.

Awards of Merit.

Frec.fia La France. — A variety with large,
open flowers, of soft lavender coloiu', borne on
long, branching stalks. The interior of the
thi-oat is faint yellow, with a few Itues of
lavender colour. The individual blooms meaisoire
I5 inch across, and were not unlike those of a
small Streptooai'pus. The variety is a notable
advance in this useful bulbous plant. Shown by
Messrs. H. Chapman, Ltd.

Primula malacoides alba plena. — A pale
variety, \vith a double row of petals, pix>duced
by splitting of the original petal-iiidiments.
The petals are not dead white, but .show a
faint trace of colour, and there is a little
yellow in the eye. The foliage is pale green,
and of tlie " Fern " type. The plant is very flori-
forous, and makes a highly decorative subject.
Two other varieties of the sajne breed were
sihown, named lilacina and Mauve Queen respec-
tively. E.'chibited by Messrs. W. and .1. Brown,
Stamford.

Groups.

Mr. J. MacDonald, Harpenden, exhibited
dried and herbaj-ium specimens of grasses, the
latter being some of tlie finest examples of
pressed and mounted plants we have seen. There
were in all about 100 species and varieties, many
of them being rare gra^sses. Some of the raone
interesting were Mihora vernii,, the smallest grass,
with spikes tinted violet ; Aira oaryophyllea,
taller than A. piaecox, and with more elegant,
laxei' spike; Festuca amethystina, a fine-leaved
species ; the rare Lolium temulentimi ; Pola bul-
bosa var. viparia ; P. alpina, which is also
viviparous, these mountainous species relying on
Ithis means of reproduction owing to the disad-
vantage in high alt^itudes for seed production ;
and P. nemoralis, that grows well in the shade.
(Silver-gUt Fltora Medal.)

Mr. J. Simmons, The Nurseries, Hounslow, was
awarded a Silver Flora Medal for a group of
Hyacinths, Tulii>s and Daffodils.

Messa-s. H. Chapman, Ltd., Rye, were awarded
a Silver Banksian Medal for hybrid Freesias and
seedlings of King Alfred Narcissus.

A collection of Perpetual-flowering Carnations,
exhibited by Messrs. Allwood Bros., Wivels-
field, Hay wards Heath, was awarded a Bronze
Banksiaji Medal.

Otlier exhibits were winter-flowering Sweet
Peas of Messrs. Morse's strain, shown by Messra.
DoBBiE AND Co.. Edinburgh, and Perpetual-
flowering Carnations, exhibited by Messrs.
Stuart Low and Co., Enfield. The Sweet Peas
represent the best of the w-inter-flowering type
grown in America, and included the varieties
Early Heatherbell, soft rose, with deeper
coloured edge ; Early Morning Star, a large
flower, with carmine-coloured standard, paler
wings; Early Snowflake, white, the biggest

FjiBRiTARr 17, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

77-

blooms ; Early Spring Maid, cream, ground
pink; and Early Melody, blush pink, similar in
colour to Elfreda Pea.rson. The Howers wfire
much frilled and the foliage distinct, from th;i,t
of ordinary Sweet Pens.

Orchid Committee.

Present : Sir Jeremiah Coiman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (Hon. secretary), Walter Cobb, William
Bolton. R. A. Rolfe, Frederick J. Hanburv,
R. G. Thwaites, Pantia Ralli, E. R. Ashton,
E. H. Davidson. Arthur Dye, C. H. Curtis, J.
Charlesworth. R. Brooman White, and T. Arm-
strong.

AWARDS.
Award of Merit.

Laelio-Caitleya Trident [L. Diana x C.
Trianae Backhou.^iana (see fig. 26) fi-om Messrs.
Flory and Bl.\ck, Orchid Nursery. Slough. A
remarkable and showy hybrid, disclosing in a
very interesting manner the effect of heredity.
The flowers are equal in size to those of C.
Trianae. and the petals develop in a very effec-
tive manner the mauve-purple feather on the
petals of C.T. Backhousiana so that the colour-
ing takes up three-fourths of the area of the
petajls (the i>haded portion of the figure), leaving
tJre upper third and margin white. The lij).
whidh is deep ruby-crimson with ohrome-yellow
Ijase, shows the influence of Laelia Dayan?. —
whicih, with L. pui-puiraAa, produced L. Diana —
in the tubular focm of its Iwjse and in the raised
lines running into the disc.

Preliminary Commekdation.

Odontoijlos^uiii Alrihiades (exiinium X hybrid
unrecorded), from .Messrs. Armstrong and
Brown. Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A
large flower of perfect form, white, with the
inner halves of the segments closely blotched
with light claret colour.

Cultural Commendation.

To Messrs. Armstono and Brown for a fine
specimen of Epidendrnm polybulbon, and
another still larger of the variety album which
has pale yellow sepals and petals and pure white
lip. Each plant bore over 100 flowers. The
plants were imported from Jamaica about
fifteen years ago.

Geniuial Exhibits.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
Medal for a group containing a fine selection
of their new hybrid Odontoglossums, together
with some of their stock plants used for hybridis-
ing, one of which^O. iUustri.ssimum Orchidhurst
variety — bore a fine spike of reddieh-daret-
coloured flowers with a gold tint, the tip of the
lip only being white. The best of the hybrids
were Odontoglossum Fabia (Aglaon X e.ximium),
.1 charming dark flower, showing the 0.
\'uy!stekeae, obtained through O. Aglaon, in
the lip; and 0. Ancre (Mars X ardcntissimujn),
the flowers of which are dark chocolate-purple
with white margins and bases to the segments.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Hay wards
Heatli, were awaa-dcd a Silver Flora Medal for a
group whicih included .s(i*!lendid e.xajnples of vaa'ie-
ties of Odontoglossum. of whicJi one Wotclied form
was equal to the best dhown. TheJ'e was also a
.selection of brightly-coloured Odontiodas, two
good forms of Bras.so-Laelio-Cattleya .Toan, one
i>f them of a deep yellow colour, fine forms of
Laelio-Cattleya Serbia. L.-C. Daphne (L.-C.
(iottoiana X C. Trianae), a snowy, blush-white
flower with ciimstMi lip ; L.-C, Bella albn a.nd the
new and pretty L.-C. Miramla (Dominiana X
St. Gothard), a rose coloured flower with purple
lip changing to lilac towards the margin, and
having fine geld lines fi-om tlie base.

Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough, showed a
selection of hybrids, including their new Sophro
Laelio-Cattleya Myra (L.-C. Myra x S.-L.C.
Althea), the copper-tinted light-rose-coloured
flowers having a neatly-formed ruby-crimson lip
with yellow base.

Dr. Miguel Lacroze, Roehampton, showed
Laelio-Cattleya Santa -Fe (L.-C. Copia X C.
Enid), a large blush-white flower with fine purple
lip crimped at the edge and having gold lines
at the base.

C. B. Haywood, Esq., Woodhatch Lodge,
Reigate (gr, Mr, J, Harris), showed a hybrid
Cj-pripedium Mary of unreooiidefl pn.rent?jge.

showing the influence of C, Harrisianum super-
bum in the dorsal sepal,

J. Ans.ildo, Esq., Rosebank, Mumbles, South
Wales, ex-hibit«d a Cj-pripediimi of the C. Baron
Sdhroder class, which had dcYeiloped three per-
fect flowers from a united base produoed from
the centre of the growth, and each borne on a
separate stem, as is the case when only one
flower is produced.

Messiiis. Sander and Sons, St. Albans. showeJ
a good fni-m of their handsome Laelio-Cattleva
Sir Douglas Haig, for which they had previous'h
secured an Award of Merit.

Narcissus Committee.

Prrsent : Messrs. E. A. Bowles (chairmani,
W. Poupart, J. Jacob, P. R. BaaT, F. H. Chap-
raa-n, W. B. Cnajifield, G. Reuthe, and C. h,
Cui-tis.

Messrs. H. Chapman, Ltd.. Rye, showed plants
of Tulip Kaufmamiiana under the varietal name
ryensis. They were flowering with freedom, and
sia.id to reproduce freely. The Committee re-
garded them as i-e-preseating the true type, and
recommended a Botanical Certificate.

Fpult and Vegetable Commlttea

Prf.^nt: .\Iessr.«. J. Cheal (vice-chairniiin). \\ .
Wilks, H. Markham. A. Bullock. J. G. Weston,
W. Hnmphrevs, W. H. Divers, J. C. Allgrove,
P, C. M. Veitch, E. A. Bunyard, F. Perldns, E.
Beckett. W. Bates, H. Somers Rivers, W. Pou-
part and John HaiTison.

Messrs. J. Cheal and Sons, Crawley, were
awarded a silver Ivnightian Medal for a collec-
tion of Apples, of which the more notable varie-
ties were : Bi-amley's Seedling, Encore, Annie
EliTinbet.h. Hambling's Seedling, AMxiston, Blen-
heim Pippin, and Crawley Beauty.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The one hundred and thirteenth annual general
meeting of the Koyal Horticultural ftocieiy
was held at 3 p.m. in the CoaincLl ( Ihanibei-
of th» Vincent Square Hall. Sir HjUTy .J,
Veitch occupied the chair, and there were
about eighty Fellows present. The secre-
tary apoilogifed for the inconvenience caused
by the necessity of meeting in so small a room.
which the membei-s would understand was due
to the occupation of the hall by the military
authorities. He then proceeded to read the
minutes of the last annual meeting, and moved
tJie election ( f nijietesn new Fellows, These were
unanimously elected, and the minutes adopted.

Before presenting the aimual report of the
coiuicil Sir Harry Witch stated tliat the presi-
dienit, Field-M«rsihRil Lord Grenfell, mux-h rc^
grebted his inability to be present, owing to in-
disposition. In regard to the report for the pafil
year, it showed lw>w vei-y diflScuit a year tJie
Society had passed tlirough. On a review of the
year's work, liowever , the Council felt muclh
trrtisfiiction in being able to point to the con-
Itimied pivgress, increased activity and extended
influence of the Socioty's work.

During the year the Society had been called
upon to widen its role in assisting the horticul-
tural activity of the country. The changed con-
ditions of shipping had gradually made themselves
felt, and the call for increased production of
home-grown food-tuffs had made itself more antl
more loudly heard.

The letter addressed to the Fellows, and sent
out with the IxHik of a.rr.ingements, showed thai
the Council anticipated the food conditions of
to-day. A deputation, urging the adoption of
measures to meet these conditions and offering
the assistance of the Society, waited upon the
Board of Trade and the Board of Agriculture in
November last. The Oiidin- in CJouncil of Deoem-
Iier 8, autlujrising Local Authorities to acquire
land, bi-eak it up into plots, and di.stiribute it
amongst the inlhabitante for the cultivation of
vegetables, wa.s due to the visit of thj)t deputa-
tion.

The Society's war pamphlets had met a wide-
felt need for simple information and instruction
on matters of gardening, no fewer than 90.000
copies having been issued last year.

It had come to the Conncil'.i Icnowledge that
the Societv was being misjudged by both hellows
and non-Fellows alike. References in conversa-
tion and in letters which reached Vincent Square

suggested in some cases inactivity and in others
e.xtravaganoe. Both these criticisms admitted of
complete answers. If any truth existed in either
charge its germ was to be found in the relation
of one to the other, the Societv having been
as active as its financial conditions allowed. The
country had this year made greatlv increased
National demands on the Society, but without
supplying one penny of financial support through
Government chaimels.

The Council was grateful for the loyial support
the Fellows of the Society had given, and was
confident it would be continued. "At the close of
the year the list of Fellows showed a falling
off of only twenty-six. That the Fellowship of
the Society could be thus sustained through the
most difficult of all periods in our national his-
tory was a marked proof of the Society's strength
aud usefulness. He explained, however, tha.t
tJiiere were great numbers of Fellows on active
service whose siibe^'riptions were for the time
being in suspension, involving a loss of £900.

In the earlier part of the year the Council
was called upon to fill two vacancies in its own
body, caused by the death of Mr. J. Gurney
Fowler, and the resignation of Baron Bruno
Schroder. To fiU these two Vacancies the Council
co-opted Sir David Prain, the eminent Director of
the Royal Gardens at Kew, and Mr. Frederick
Hanbury, a well-known amateur gardener of
great knowledge and experience. Later in the
year they received the resignation of Sir Daniel
Morris, who found it more and more difficult to
get up to the meetings from Bournemouth.
The Council accepted his resignation with very
great regret. Sir Daniers connection with the
Society in au official capacity dated back to the
time of the Society's leaving South Kensington
and turning to the old Horticultural policy. In
those far-away days Sir Daniel did yeoman's ser-
vice as treasurer, and he would ask those present
to piiss a vei-y hearty vote of thanks to Sir
Daniel for his long and constant service. The
Council had e'ie.ctied Sir Daniel a vice-pnesidieait
of the Society.

The Council had co-opted the Rt, Hon. James
Lowther, M.P., Speaker of the House of Com-
mons, to Sir Daniel's seat on the Council. Mr.
Lowther was an ardent garden lover, hardly ever
missing one of the meetings, and in thieee diffi-
cult days the Society was most fortunate in
.sieouring his co-oper'atiim and pjasistance.

Some statement relative to the Hal! would
doubtless be expected. When the demand for
large buildings became acute, as it did last
summer, and it came to the knowledge of the
Council that the Military were seeking in all
directions for large buildings, the Council felt
there would be no reluctance whatever on the
part of the Fellows to the Society's building
being surrendered if arrangements could he made
to protect the interests of the Society in so far
as the urgent needs of the war would permit.
The Hall was .accordingly offered, the War Office
met the Council gratefully and generously, and
promised that the Society's Work should suffer
as little inconvenience and interruption as pos.sible
if the Hall were handed over to them. They
further promi-wd that another building should be
provided for the fortnightly meetings, and asked
if the Council had any preference in the matter.
The H.iU of the London Scottish Volunteers in
Buckingham Gate having been the home of the
Society's meetings from 1888 to 1904. it was felt
that no better selection could be made as a tem-
porary measure. In due course formalities were
completed, the Drill Hall was given to the
Society, and then, ajid not till then, did the
Australians, who had acted most honourably
throughout, think of entering into occupation.
A® regards terms for the occupation, the War
Office promised that the Society should be left
in identically the came position financially in
respect of the building as it was in 1915. At
the clase of the occupation, the Hall would be
handed 'back with compensation for dilapida-
tions.

The Red Cross Sale held in June had
proved a greater success tihrfin oouild have bp.^n-
anticipatect, and £2,203 had been sent to the
Red Cross Societv. The Counril was deenly
grateful to all the Fellows and friends of the
society who supported it. and especially to those
who had so genei'ously purchased at the sale.

78

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febkuaey 17, 1917.

The new laboratories at Wisley had been com-
pleted during the year, and work, with such
staff as was available, had commenced. The \v<jrk
in the gardens had naturally been very much
handicapped for want of labour. They were,
however, quite as largely visited as usual.

In deciding to .suspend for this year the
shows at Chelsea and Holland House the Coun-
cil had responded to what they plainly saw to
be a sacrifice demanded of the society on na-
tional grounds. The Council felt sure they
would have the support of the Fellows in so
doing. It was, therefore, regrettable that a few
letters had recently reached Vincent Square in
a somewhat complaining tone on this score. The
suspension of the spring and summer shows, and
the transference of the fortnightly meeting to the
Drill Hall were only temporary measures during
the war, after which it was hoped to resume the
usual programme, so that Fellows might con-
fidently look forward to a return of their full
privileges.

The Dry Bidb Show was a maj-ked success.
It was hoped that it, and the Conference held
on the same day, would make their influence
felt in a greatly increased home-grown bulb in-
dustry in the future.

During the war the Council felt that a certain
measure of curtailment in the building-up of
the Lindley Library was necessary, as economy
must be brought to bear upon every branch of
the society's work ; for one reason, amongst
others, that there was a certain falling off in
the society's income, both from subscriptions
and dividends, and that the increased work
thiKiwn Urpon the diffea-ejii diepia'rtmenlts, both at
Viiuient Square and at Wisley, as a result of
war conditions and war needs, was involving
extra e.xpenditure which previously did not tall
u,pon the society. No rare ot valua.bl« book
woidd, howeviea", be allowed to go by if offered
at a reason aible price.

The Council felt sure that the Fellows and the
trade would support their action in suspending,
for tlie time of the viair, the iasiue of furtihier
Gold Medals in the actual metal in view of the
Government's requirements that it should be
used as little as possible. The Gold Medal
would continue to be awarded as heretofore, and
!\Iedal Cards would be issued to recipients, but
not the medal itself.

It had been found necessary to put a check
upon the indiscriminate use of the vases by
asking ot all exhibitors a small deposit when
boirrowing them. At the close of the meetings
exihibitors wene asked to return the vases to the
attendant in charge, wlien the deposiit money
would be refunded, less t/he value of any viases
broken or lost.

It would be hafd to imagine a severer blow to
t.lie Society than that so uaiexpectedly sustained
by the siiddeii death of the treji surer, Mr. ,T.
Gorney Fowler, at the beginning of the year.
He had for miany years been a familiar figure to
all associated with the fo.rtnig'Mly meetings, and
especiaJiy those of the Orchid ' Committee , of
which he was ohairman. As a member of the
Council for 18 years," his strength of character
and his unwavering decisions were a great sup-
port. He handled the finances in a manner which
contributed very largely to the stable position
which the Society now held, and the heavy work
which fell upon him in connection with the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1912 will always keep his
memory green in horticultural circles.

Major C. G. A. Nix, a member of the Council,
and Ohairma.n of the Fniit aind Vegetahle Com-
mittiee, had accepted the office of ti-easurer as
Mr. Gurney Fow-ler's successor. Major Nix was
at present absent on military duties, and, in the
interim, the speaker (Sir Han-y Veitch) was act-
ing in his place. .

As a'lready stated, owing to ma.ny of the siih-
soriptions of Fellows on active service beinp' in
suspension, there was a decrease of income under
this head of nearly £900. TJie impending mili-
tary occupation of the ha'I liad p..l,so interfeiped
with the income from lettings to the exteait of
about £1,000. In these circumist?.nces the balance-
sheet was awaited witih a certain measure of
anxiety. It was with no little relief that a cash
balance of ahout £1,700 remained, but it was
only right to remark that at the beginning of the
year the balance in hsnd was £2,700, so that
there had really been an actiral decrease of £1,000

in the twelve months. £8,000 of the income had
been devoted to the building of the Wisley Lab-
oratory, which is now completely paid for except
the comjjaratively small amount of £870 called
"retention money," which would fall due in May
next.

Tliioiigh the Society stood to-day a.bov© high-
water mark, it would not be long before an ad-
veiise balance would a(ppea.r if, yiear by year, the
income thus continued to decrease.

He formally moved the adoption of the report,
and called upon Dr. F. Keeble to second it.

Dr. KeeWe said that he was glad to liave tJiLs
opportunity of giving some account of the activi-
ties of the Royal HoTticuOtun-al Society daning
the past yea.r. It would be recognised tfliat the
work had been, carried out under very difficult
oonditioinsu Of the Wisley staff, every member
of mUitary age, except one, the vegetable and
fmuit foreman, whom they regarded as indish
pensa.ble, had been released for military service.
Still, even with their deplleted staff, they had
been able to carry on not onJiy the routine' work
of flhie gardens, but also a oea-tain amoruit of re-
seairch. Mr. Bamsbottom, who had been re-
jected for militai-y service, was investigating tlie
diseases of Narcissus, and for the informa-
tion of any Daffodil entlhusiasits who might be
present he would say that three distinct diseasies
had already been discovered.

The seriousness of the situation as regai'ded
food supplies had been recognised by the Society
at an early date, and the record of their activi-
ties in this direction was one of wlhidh they
might well be proud. On the outbreaJc of war,
propaganda foa' the increased production at home
of all kinds of vegetable foodstuffs was trndier-
taken, and work in this direction was extended
until the iSbciety received evidence that the
Government itself was taking up the work. He
regretted, however, that Government action
fell sliort of wliat the situation appeared
to demand, but the excuse might be urged
that this overworked officials of the State could
hiandly be expected to take the same detailed
interest in such work as thosje -who coidd have
devoted their whole energies to the task. He
could olaim that the present far-reaching scheme
for the use of uncultivated land n^hich the Gov-
ernment had instituted all over the country, was
thie outcome of a deputation sie.nt by the Society
to wait upon the authorities. 'The Society
further imdertook and carried out with the
greatest success the issuing of a .-aeries of
simply w-ritten and useful pamphlet..s. each deal
ing with vegetable culture; and much advice has
also been given to enquirers, both at Wisley and
at Vinicent Square.

In further reference to the scheme foai the
cultivation of waste land, a second deputat.ion
w^aited upon Sir Sydney Olivier at the Board of
Agriculture with an ofifer to supervise the
thorough and eflicient cultivation of all waste
land appropriated to the pur-pose. He regretted
that thev were sitill awaiting a renly to their
offer. ^ They had, however, Siemselves made a
move in this direction by issuing an urgent ap-
pe-al to all professional " gardeners to do what
they oiuCd to help and advise allotment holdiers
in their own districts, «md to place at their dis-
posal surplus ee^edlings .of such crops as Bras.sicas.
Another piece of work which the Society had
oairried out waiS the supplying of plants,' vegie-
t'.ble and flower .«eeds and bulbs to militia"ry
oampsin France, and tihey were now awaiting tlh?
d?ci,'5ion of the War Office as to whether the
Society .=thould be enabled to cortimie this use-
ful work durina; the coming season. He bad
great pleasure in formally seconding the edoption
of the report.

At this stage of the proceedings the chairman
announced the names of the recipients of the
Victoria Medal of Honour. They were as fol-
lows : —

The Hon. Vicarv Gibbs. W. Watson

■R. A. Bowles, ■ W. Slocock.'

P. C. M.^ Veitch,

The chairman invited comments on the r»Dort,
and the Rev. .Tos=ph .Tacob said he would ask
tlie members of the Council whether thev did
not consider the time had arrived for a revision
of the charter and by-laws. He urged that thev
b? altered so as to give greater power to the
various committees, to which some of the work
now done by the Council might be delegated.

He suggested that the procedure at the annual
meeting be amended so as to give the members
rather more voice in the decisions come to at
these meetings. For instance, he himself was not
.satisfied with the expenditure upon books for the
library, which he considered too small ; but
there was at present no opportunity for members
to control the policy adopted in this or any
other matter. Seeing that the Library Com-
mittee only met once hi&i year there had
been very little opportunity for them to consider
the purchase of any books they might require.
He suggested that the Council might consider
the advisability during the coming year of ac-
quiring more rare and valuable book's, many of
which were at present leaving these shores.
Again, Daffodil growers had been disappointed
that the Council had made no provision for
money prizes at the Daffodil Show. He also re-
gretted that the DaflFodil Year-book had not been
published in 1916, and asked that that publica-
tion might be resumed.

Mr. Oak, Southampton, rose to support Mr.
Jacobs in his remarks on the subject of the
library, and suggested that the society should
announce in its publications the names of books
needed for the library, as this might result in
many cases in gifts of such books by Fellows
who possessed more than one copy.

Mr. R. W. Wallace regretted that there was
no indication in the report that any money had
been invested in the War Loan. ' (The acting
treasurer. Sir Harry Veitch, replied to this that
it was proposed to invest £10.000). Mr. Wal-
lace, continuing, said he considered this sum
inadequate, and that the amount should be at
least £25.000. in view of the fact that the in^
vestments of the society amounted to more
than £42,000. It was reasonable to suppose that
on th.e securities now availahile the bankers of the
society would place at their disposal the sum
he had mentioned at a favourable rate ; .and he
would answer for it that such an action on the
part of the Council would be approved by every
Fellow of the society. He proposed that the
following resolution be submitted to the Coun-
cil : — " That in the opinion of this meeting the
Council would be well advised to increase the
societ.y's investment in the War Loam from
£10.000 to £20.000."

Mr. Thomas Lewis supported Mr. Wallace's
contention, and urged that to invest every avail-
able shilling in the War Loan was the patriotic
duty of the society.

Mr. Oak proposed an amendment : — " That
the matter be left to the discretion of the Coun-
cil." This was negatived, and the resolution
was_ adopted after further discussion.

Sir Harry Veitch proposed the election of the
president, vice-presidents, members of the
Council, and officers, as published in the list
of nominations, which was agreed to.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.

FEBRtr.tRY 5.— The annual general meeting of
the National Chrysanthemum ^Society was held
on the 5th inst. at Carr's Restaurant, London.
Mr. Thomas Bevan presided.

The annual report of the Executive Committee
was presented, the following being extracts : —

EXTR.4CTS FROM THE REPORT.
After the successful experiment of 1915 the Committee
were able to make arrangements for a Show in 1916
adjusted to the requirements of w.ir-tim6 and yet en-
suring an exhibition which should be a worthy suc-
cessor to those of, previous years. Her Excellency
Countess Chinda. wife of the .Japanese Ambas.sador
opened the Show with a few well-chosen remarks after
an introductory speech by the Pre.sident. To commemo-
rate this unique occasion the Society's medal, suitably
engraved, was subsequently presented to Countess
( hinda. and to the President. The entries at the Show
were slightly lower than in the previous year, but the
quality of the blooms staged certainly showed no decline
Seven meetings of the Floral Co'mmittee were held
and 90 new varieties were staged, as compared with
102 during the 1915 session and 103 during the 1914
season. Of the 90 varieties which were staged 24 were
awarded First-class Certiflcat.es. 10 were Commended
1 was Commended as a Market Varietv, 3 received the
Award for Colour, and the Committee desired to see
several varieties again. During the season there was
not a single new variety of an Incurved Chrvsanthe-
"'Z'^ *'S,r'' ,'"'' ""' consideration of the Comm'ittee,

Ihe Floral Committee decided to recommend the
Executive Committee to include a class in the next
Schedule for Undisbudded Pompons, and this recom-
mendation has been adopted. The Floral Committee

Februakv 17, 1917.]

TJIE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

^9

further resolved that Pompons for Exhibition purposes
must not exceed 2i inches in diameter, and this limita-
tion will in future be included in the Society's Classifi-
cation.

On March 20 Mr. P. X. Cragg read a paper on " How
to Raise Seedling Chrysanthemums," and on April 17
Dr. Keeble, Director R.H.S. Gardens, lectured on " The
Scientific .\spects of Plant Breeding, with special refer-
ence to Chrysanthemums." Both lectures were well
attended. On November 8 Mr. C. Harman Payne.
Foreign Corresponding Secretary of the Society, deli-
vered a lecture to the members" of the Japan Society
on " The Chrysanthemum." The members of the Japan
Society attended in considerable numbers, the chair
being taken by our President, Lieut. -Col. Sir Albert
RoUit, LL.D., D.C.L., who was supported by the Japanese
Ambassador and his wife. Invitations were extended to
the members of the Committee of this Society, who
attended as the guests of the Japan Society.

The balance at the bank on current account at the
close of the year was £18 17s. lid., and the excess of
assets over liabilities amounted to £119 7s. 2d.

The meetings of the Executive Committee for 1917
have been fixed as follows : September 24, October 22,
November 19 and December 17.

Meetings of the Floral Committee have been pro-
visionallv fixed for the undermentioned dates :—

September 24, October 8, October 22. October 29. Novem-
ber 6, November 19, and December 3. Members will be
notified as soon as the' arrangements are finally settled.

The Committee is arranging to hold a Show during
1917.

The president and officers were re-elected.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

Febkuaby 9. — The annual general meeting uf
the supporters of the Royal Gardeners' Orphan
Fund took place on the above date at Simpson's
Restaurant, Strand. In the absence of tflie ohair-
nian, Mr. H. B. May, fioni indisposition, the
chair was occupied by Mr. W. Poupant. The
secretary, Mr. Brian Wjnine, read tlw notice con-
vening the meeting and the minutes of the pre-
vious annual meeting. The cliairnKiii then intro-
duced the report of the committee for 1916, and
the balance-sbeipt. duly signed by the auditors.
He referred briefly to certain items ijn tlie re-
jK^rt, notably to the laimenited death of Mr. N.N.
Sherwood, and concluded by moving the adop-
tion.

In presenting the Twenty-ninth Annual Report the
Committee feels that, conwidering the extremely tn'iiig
times tlirough which all connected witii horticiOture
are passiTtg. it in justified in offering the supporteirs
of tho Fund some measure of gratification, inasmuch
as the accounts presented herewith, apart from tempo-
i-ary help obtained from the Bankers, show a modest
increase over the figures of the previous year, while
tliere hag also been a reduction in expenditure.

Tho Committee has every reason to believe that manv
annual contributions, the payment of which hae cca.sed,
have only been suspended imtil more normal economic
c-onditions obtain.

At the commencement of the year one huiwlred and
eighteen children were receiving the full benofitj* of the
Fund, and sixteen were added to the list at the annual
meeting, all of whom had been assisted by the Fun<l
while awaiting election. The amount disbursed in
weekly allowances was £1,716 lis, the total nmmmt
distribute<l in allowancce since the Fund was established
being £33,800.

Your Committee again desires to express its grateful
thanks for moat generous financial assistance given bv
Messrs. Hurst and Son (£1001. Sir Frank Crisp, Part.
f£74 14s. 5d.). Messrs. Rothsohild and Sons f25 guineas),
Me.^^rs. Sutton and Sons (£25). Mr. R. R. Rohbins (£20).
Mr. R. B Leech 07 guineas), Mr. W. Nutting OR
guineas), and Mr. .Inthonv Waterer. Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher, and Mr. T. Smith' V.M.If. (10 guinea.s wiclii;
and akso gratefully acknowledges its indebtedness to the
Local Secretaries for much good work carried out under
very adverse circumstanoej;. It also acknowledges the
Fund's indebtedness to the members of the Dulwi"h
Chrysanthemum and Horticultural Society, the Brad-
ford Chrysanthemum Society, the Bradford Paxt/yn Gar-
deners' Association, the Spen Valley Paxton Society,
the Dumfries Horticultur.al Society, and last., but nnt
lea.st. the Altrincham and District Oardeneini' Improve-
ment Societv. the members of wliich society have up 'to
<late been instrumental in raising for the Fund the
handsome Bum of £405.

The Onnmittee has for some time had under cfui-
sideration the necessity for ciu-tailing expenses to the
utmost extent, compatible with efflciencv. and, as a
measure of economv. has decided to ask the subscribers
at the aninual meeting to pass a resolution authorising
the secretary to suspend the publication of "an annual
sf.itement of the n.imes of subscxibers and the amoun.t
of their subscriptions," as provided for in Rule H
until further or<leir, the intention at present being (o
include all contributions received in 1916 and 1917 in ii
list to be published in the spring of 1918.

Your Committee has again the melancholy <lutv of
recording its sense ot the heavv los-ses which the Fun 1
lias s\i.stainp<I during the year by the deaths of old aii^l
(lenermis friends and supporters. From the inception of
the Fund there have been no more generous supporter-,
none more keenlv interested in the welfare of the Fund
than the late Mr. Sherwood and his tamil.v. Mr. Sli<-i-
wood, who had long Iwan a vice-president an<I twice
chairman of Annual FestivaJs. was for several years

treasurer of the Fund, an office which he resigned owiil^
to having broken down in health, and in which he was
succeeded by his younger son. At the first
annual meeting of the Fund Mr. Sherwood placed one
child on the Ftmd at his own expense, and has since,
in conjunction with his daughter and sonis, provided
endowments in perpetuity to pay the sura of '£13
annually to three orphan children. In April last, on
attaining his seventieth bixthday. he sent a cheque for
£250 in commemoration of the event, together with a
warm expression of his good wishes for the continuetl
prosperity of the Fund. That he should have parsed
away so soon afterwards was deplored by all who knew
him, and by none more than your Committee, which has
since been informed that the Fund will be benefited
by a legacy of £500, which will still further help to
keep his memory green. By the deatll of Mr. John
Wright, V.M.H.. "there has p,T.reed away one who played
a most useful part in establishing the Fund.

Others whose names will be misses! from the roll of
subscribers include Mr. .1. Gumev Fowler, who presided
at the annual festival dinner in 1906; Mr. Robert. Tait (ot
the firm of Messrs. Dickson, Brown and Tait, of Man-
chester), a pioneer in Lancasliire in tlie early days of
the Fund, and from whom a legacv of £50 is gratefully
acknowledged ; Mr. Vf. T. Baker. Sir Thos. Boor Orosbv.
Mr^ ComeUus Hanbury, Mr. Fred W. Jones, Mr. V/.
Instone, and Mr. George Schneider.

The members of the Committee who retire by rotation
at this meeting are Mr. George H. Barr. G. H. Outh-
bert, W. Howe. C. R. King. G. E. Messer, W. Pouparf.
T. W. Sanders, and W. P. Thomson. aJl of whom
offer themselves for re-eltH-tion. Your Committee keenlv
regret to state that, owing to long-continued ill-health,
their old friend and coHe-ague, Mr. George Ca.selton
(for manv vears garden supeiintend»nt at the Oi-ysta.1
Palace), has felt compelle<i to temier his resignation.
which has been verv reeretfuUv nccejited. as during hi'^
long period of service Mr. Oiiselton was ever a devoted
and helpful worker, and a mort amable colleague. To
nil the vacancy thus ci-ented. the Committee b^'s much
n'caeure in recommending the election of »'r. W. H.
Divers, for 25 vears Gaidener at Belvoir Castle. Grant
ham. and for manv years honoraTV local secretary to th"
Fund in Lincolnshire.

The Committee again desire to exP'-ess fheir gi-stelul
thanks to the auditors. Messrs. Prter R. Barr aiKl Fran's
Reader, for their exhinstive examination ot the recounts.
Mr. Barr is the retiring nuditor. acl in considerat-on
of his valued services, in the past *he Commi'tee h-'
the greatest pleasure in nominoting him for re-election.

CASH ST .VI B VENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER Jl, 1916.

ItKCKIPTS.

£ s d. £ s. i!

To Subscription,-: General 185 7 0

LoKd Seoictaries 43 7 11

£J8 14 10

.. D;»nations : General 152 14 8

Local Seci'Staries 8 6 1

ifii 0 R

. Ue.-i>on*c to Special Api>eal M5 5 10

Seventieth Birthdav Gilt by the late Mr.

X S. Sh!>rwoc<l. J.P 2^^ 0 "

.»dvert scmcn'.s in List of Subrcribers .... 20 7 0

.'. Dividends on Stock 381 9 3

.. Income Tux retiuned 26 8 3

.. Mk'cellaneous Bcceipis 2 0 11

.. I/oan from Bankers' 450 0 0

2,175 5 10
.. Balance last Account (£300 of this amount
was owing to the B.lnk on December
31. 1915«) ibi 2 5

£2 538 8 3

F.xPENunuuK.

£ «. d. '£ s. d.

Bv \lk,wance« to Orplmns 1.568 15 0

,". Gran«s in .\id 108 16 0

■ F.nwua Sherwno'l Memorial " 13 0 n

„ '• Mavbud Campbell Fund " . . 13 0 0

,, ■■ .Tallies Campbell Fund" .. 13 0 0 ^ ^

.. .Secretarv's Snta-y .■ 200 0 0

Printing and Posting List ot Subscribers IB ^ ^

„ K"nt. In-urance, Firing, and

Lighting, &c 47 16 9

., Printing and Stationery 48 11 7

., Advertising 2 16 0

„ .Annual General and CJommit-

tee Meetings 18 8 5

.. Postages 45 9 10

Banik CJharges. Interest.. &c. 31 1 <!

■; Petty &ish : Sundries TIB 0 ^^^ ^ ^

2,168 14 11
B dance- ' Ca4i at Bank .... 375 17 8

Cash in hand .... _^JL5_8 ^^^ ^^ ^

£2.538 8 3

out of the report, Sir Harry J. Veitch moved
that the secretary be authorised to suspend
the publication of an annual statement of the
names of subscribers and the amount of their
subscriptions until further notice. This was
carried, on the understanding tlutt all contri-
butions received in 1916 and 1917 would be in-
cluded in a list to be published in 1918.

Mr. J. F. McLeod moved tlie re-election of
Mr. Edward Sherwood as treasurer. This was
seconded by Mr. D, Ingamells and carried with
acclamation. On the motion of Mr. J. W. Moor-
man, Mr. P. Rudolph Ban- was re-elected auditor.
T!ie retiring members of the Committee were
re-elected, and, on the motion of Mr. W. Howe,
Mr. W. H. Divers was elected to fill the place
rendered vacant by the resignation of Mr. Geo.
Caselton. The secretary, Mr. Brian Wynne, was
then unanimously re-elected on the motion of the
chaiiTuan. The meeting then preceded to the elec-
tion of candidates to the fund. Mr. R. Hooper
Pearson moved that all the sixteen candidates be
placed on the funds by resolution, stating that
th2 committee had carefully considered the cir-
cumstances in which the Fund was iplaced, and
had come to the conclusion that on this occasion
it was possible to SBYie tOie Fund, and the rela.-
tives of the condidates the e.vpenses attaclhing
Ito the ordinary .method of election. The' motion
wias seconded by Mr, C. H. Cm-tis and carried
unanimously.

Tlie following is a hst of the candidates : —
Jessie Beatrice Belts Edith Joan Gandy
Florence Alice Biggs Herbert Clayton Gandy
Winifred Mary Blay Ivy Hilda Ireland
Gladys Browii Daisy Primrose King

Minnie Grace Dew Muriel Ivy Knibb
James Douglas Drew George Paterson
Margaret Gertrude Edwin George Saddington

Drew William Stewart Smith

Elizabeth Oiutts Troup

Hiving inspected the Securi-ties and examined the
Books and Vouchera supplied to us, we hereby certify
t he above .Account to be correct.

PETER H. BAKE. \ Auditors
FRANK READER. I
January 19. 1917.

The chairman's motion for the ado))tion of the
rp|ort and balance-sheet wa.« seconded by Mr._ J.
McKerchar, and carried unanimously. Arising

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Chalking the Land.

Thk continuation of severe frost has stoppetl
all work on the land, and as the public roads
are in a slippery condition the difficulty of
utilising the horses to advantage increases. I
have twenty to keep fit and to exercise profit-
ably. The carting of manure and the littering
up "of the cattle yards are useful jobs, but they
do not last long.

Ill a district where chalk .is available chalking
the land will provide enployment for the horses
and men, for the chalk is a valuable addition
to the land, eS|P3cially if the soil is heavy and
difficult to work. Pure ohalk is of the same
chemical composition as pure limestone, botli
being forms of carbonate of lime, and differ
only in .physical properties, limestone being hard,
while chalk is softer and easily weathered into a
powder when spread on the land — frost, wnid
and rain all having a pulverising effect. The
quantity per acre required varies according to
the soil in its demand for lime.

T'wenty tons ,per acre is a good dressing for
stiff soil, ten more would be beneficial to clay
soil. Spread evenly over the surface from the
tail of the cart is the best way to apply it.
It is surprising how long tlie soil will display a
ti-'iieficial effect from the application of chalk,
not only in the crops produced, but in the easier
manipulation of the soil, correcting as it .does
the acid and adhesive tendencies present. As a
preventive of fiiiger-and-toe in Swedes chalk is
valuable.

From the huge clialk pits to be ?i3en in many
southern counties it is clear that our forefathers
were more convinced of the virtue of ohalk than
is the present generation.

Oats.

Oil farms, large or small, the Oat^ crop
is one of the most important from the point of
view of food for cattle, and especiaUy during
the war for Army horses. For home consump-
tion only Oats are mucli in demand by those
who appreciate the feeding properties of Uus
ceiml. For horses they provide the best of aJl
food. Crushed Oats for cows in milk add con-
siderably to the yield. Given whole to laying

80

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Fkbeuakv 17, 1917.

lieus tlie grain increases egg-pxoduction ; ground
fine, husks included, they form one of the most
iuiix>rtant fattening poultry fooJs. E\vi-js in
milk show their appreciation of oats by giv'.ng
increased yield for the benefit of the lambs.

Directly "a change in the weather takes placv-
und the land is dry enough, sowing should com-
mence, as the early-sown plots are much more
certain of success than those sown in ApTil or
.May. for the roots obtain a firmer hold of the
soiK and thus withstand drought, which is all too
often experienced in June and July.

The preparation for an Oat crop is purely a
question of circumstances. On large farms where
a. definite course of cropping is the rule,
the rotation for the Oat crqp is a settled problem.
On small farms, or where a few acres are at-
tached to the garden, the circumstances an'e
entirely different ; the Oat and other crops have
tu Ije managed with unusual care.

If tli-^ previous vear's Wheat croii was success-
ful, and ihe land'is clean, Oats will follow ad-
mirablv, and so thev will aft-r sheep-fed lurnips
<,r Swedes. A Mangold or Potato crop is also
a t;ood preparation for Oats.

A stale fallow, autumn-ploughed, is an advan-
tage, as the seed "goes in" well! the wrtace
tilth being so satisfactory after a spell ot trost
and a .^ood seed bed is of great importance.
When the seed is "muddled in," ovving to an
unsatisfa<}tory preparation of the soil perhaps
occasioned by showery weather, a bad sUrt is

'"cjo'^od seed should weigh 401bs. per bushel, and
oi a deep black colour in the Tartarian variety.
The corn should be short and thick, not long,
narrow, and light in colour and weight.

There are various methods of sowing Oatb.
Drilling is pea-hafis the best ; the seed is bui'ied
at a umform depth. Where a large acreage has
to be sown, a broadcaster i-s employed, which
covers from 16 feet to 20 feet of ground. A
JIasscv- Harris cultivator, with a seed-box at-
tached', is also a good method of sowing the
seed is dropped evenly in front of the cultivatoi
tines, which bury the seed effectively.

By this m-thod of sowing the land does not
require so much hai rowing afterwards Iron
ur wood harrows should be drawn over tlie plot
at least three times if the soil is fairly dry, as
it should be, to effectively bairy the seed and
r.-nder the surface fine, taking care to hmah on
the furrows thoroughly to, ensure their "ot oenig
left too deep to interfere with the self-binder
at harvest time. If the sui'face soil is cloddy
a roller should be used to make a fine surtace :
th'i Oat plant emerges from the soil so m-acn
more evenly bluough a fine surface, btift soil
should not be left in a rolled-down condition.
It is so liable to bake and callus on the surface
during an immediat- spell of dry weather which
hinders even gi-owth. Always finish oft such
soil with the harrows.

Sugar Beet.

Last yeaj I grew several acjies of this root
for siugar production, but owing to shortage of
labour or some other cause, tli-e factory to which
I initended to send the roots was closed. I am
now feeding the roots to fattening cattl© with
satisfactory .results ; tlie roots apparently contain
much saccharine or feeding matter, aiding con-
siderably the putting on of flesh. So encourag
ing was tills cirop that I hope to ex-teJid it in
tiliie future.

A fairdy heavy bulk of roots can be grown
with no more trouble or expense than Mangold.
Soil thp.t will grow the latter root will gi-ow
Sugar Beet. Soil containing few sftones is an
adviantage, as the roots grow more shapely, have
fmweir fangs, the aim being to get one tap-root.
Loam of medium texture, heavily manuiied and
deeply p^ouglied in tihe autumn, would he an
ideal '.site and a good preparation. To obtain a
gnod tilth in th.e ."ipring, which hastens the ger-
mination of the sieed. the cultivator should be
freely usied. 8 lb. of seed per acre, dirililed as
Mangold, and at the same, time, is sufficient
E. Molyneux.

*«■• New Postal Rates. — Cnntrihutom ami
cnrrexvondents are reminded that wider the new
pii.ittd rnte/i. letters hearinfj n fiemvti stamp
rtiiisf not weiqh. more than one niinre. The postal
rliar<io fnr letters exceedinn one ounce, hut not
r.rreedina two ovnres. is twovenre. and there-
alter at the rate of ^d. every two ounces.

©bttuat^.

Edward J. Treseder.— We regret to learn
that Jlr. Edward J. Tresedcsr, only son of Jlr.
J. Treseder, late proprietor of Heath and Son,
nurserymen, died at Cheltenham on the 3rd inst.,
of oaiicer, aged 42 years. Mr. E. J. Treseidea-
for many years represented Messrs. Harrison
and Sons, seed merchants, Leicester, and latterly
was employed by Messi's. Watkms and Simpson.

Joseph Oliver.- We learn with regret that
ilr. Joseph Olivea-, a w.ell-known Northumbrian
gardener, died a fortnight ago, aged 80-1. He
retired from the duties of bailiff at Estington
Pan-k in 1910, h;ivuig been appointed gardener
there in succession to his father, who filled tihe
position from 1825 to 1882. In 1882 Mr.
Oliver commenced work with his father, and
never left Estington ; liis brother William also
speiiit Ihis life on the samie estate. In hi® early
dla.ys Mr. Oliver was a keen loveo- of florists'
flowers, and when an apprentice lie cultivated

THE LAIF. ALFRED 1IEM.SLEV.
(,See Obituniy notice in last issue.)

Dahlias in his leisure hours. Vegetables wepe
also well grown by him, and he possessed old
and very estimable strains of these. Long before
Antirrhinums became popular bedding plants,
tihesB flowers weoe largely used in the flower
garden at Estinajton.

ENQUIRY.

1 shall be i.bliged if any reader will inform
me where I can obtain Alilbaten, a composition
fni- |>ainting trees to prevent rabbits from injur-
ing the bark N.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Cow AM> HoBSE Manures : J. M. C. You ask
what is the growing power of one ton of horse
manure compared with one ton of cow manure.
The question does not admit of a definite
answer, for, as you ar? doubtless aware, the
effect of the respective manures varies accord-
ing to the character of the soil. For example,
cow manure would be most beneficial on light
soils, b-cause of its value in holding inoisture
and giving the soil a greater consistency.
HoT.se manure would be most valuable on
heavy land, as it would tend to lighten the
texture, enabling air to enter more fr?ely.
With regard to the manurial value of horse

and cow dung, apart from tlieir physical effect
on the soil, the following table, from Griffitlis'
Treatise on Matnires, shows that horse dung
is the richer in plant foods : —

Slieep dung gave 244 lb. of barley

Pig dung gave 233 ,, ,,

Horse dung gave 225 ,, ,,

Cow dung gave 167 ,, ,,

Gardener's Illness ; A'. Y. Z. Gardeners in
penmanenit eanployment ai-e usually paid their
wages during temporary illnesses. In respect
ito what you say about exceiitionaJ circum-
stfliiiceSi, it is, of ooui'se, posisible that in isolated
cases the privilege miay be abused,, but the
employer seldom lacks means of informing
liimseli of such instiances.

HoESB Chestnut Failing to Flower : C. 0.
Without seeing the Horse Chestnut tree it is
diflScult to account for its non-flowering. Non-
flowering is, however, often the result of the
tree growing in an unsuitable soil or position,
and insect attacks usually follow the unhealthy
condition. In two cases of non-flowering in
northern London good results followed substi-
tuting fresh loam for the poor, exhausted soil
in which the trees were growing. In another
instance an escape of gas in the soil kept the
trees in a sickly condition, when they were
attacked by the wood leopard moth, and rarely
pinoduced flowers. The trees, five in numbea-,
are now in a sound, healthy condition, and
flower fi-eely.

Names of Punts : A. E. L. 1, PhyUanthus
nivosus : 2, Dracaena Godseffiana ; 5, AMa-
manda Hendersonii ; 4, pi-obably Hibiscus
Rosa sinensis. All require warm-house ti-eat-
meoit in winter, but may be placed in the con-
servatory or gi-eenhouse in summer if neces-
sary.

Peaches Suitable for a Clay Soil in Hunting-
donshire : F. de U. B. Tlve following vaaue-
ties are aU suitable for your clay soil : Alex-
andra Nobk'sse, BaiTingtoii, Goshawk
Noblesse, Prince of Wales and Royal George.

Seed Pot.\tos for Planting One Square Rod
OF Ground : Jieginner. The quantity of seed
tubers will vary according to whetlier the varie-
ties are early, mid-season, or late. Early varie-
ties ar© usually planted in rows made 2 feet
apant,, and 1 foot apart in the rows, and you
would require a little more Uian one peck of
seed (18 lb.), taking tihe average weight of the
individual tubers at 2 oz. For mid-ssasou
varieties li gallon (lOi lb.) will plant one
rod of land; whilst for late or main-crop
varieties ratlier less than that amount (7i lb.)
would suffice.

Silver Leaf and Scab Diseases : A. S. No cer-
tain cui-e for silver leaf is kmown. Some who
ha.ve made the disease the subject of careful
invesiUgation have ti-ied the injection of
sulphat* of iron into the roots, stem, or
branches of the tree, or mixing it with the
soil ; but, unfortunately, though in some cases
an improvemeait was noted, it was not com-
pletely established that it was due to the ,s(ul-
phate" of iron, and the only point on wliich all
were a.oreed was tliat, whether it was a remedy
or not, it could in no cincumatances be con-
sidered a ouire in the sejise that it rendered
the ti-ee inunime from future attacks. Spray-
ing has been fouiiid oomptetely unsatisfactoi-y,
eveai with strong Bordeaux mixtiu-e. Most
gnowea-s find that the only mean« of checking
the sl^read of the disease is to cut back the
.affected trees well beyond the first discolora-
tion of the wood, and bua-n the cuttings ; but
this is scarcely a solution of the problem. Pear
scab is caused by the fiuigiis Venturia pirina.
Spray diseased 'trees with dilute Bordeaux
mixture, not more than half strength, when
the buds aa-e beginning to open, repeating the
ODisJiatioii wheji tihie peta.ls are falling fro'n the
blossoms, and again wlien the young fruits
have attained tlie siz-e of Peas. The trees
.<ihorfd also be s\inn.ged thoroug'hly in winter
with a solution of sulpJiate of iron.

Coninmnicatlons Beoived '•' fi- ChIIiI'tIsihi.
San Franrisen— IT- V. II. O. IT.-Miss .7 — H. S —
W D — T>r. W. B. H.— B. IT. M. fThnnks for plan)—
B F \ — \. W.— .T. .T. B.— B. T.— H. E. D.— W. .T. .T.—
R p B — D B. A.— Mrs. M— E. M.— E. F. H.—
A. D W.— S. A.— S. H. A.— A. O.

KhBRl-AKY 17. 1917.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1M[ A R K: K T S.

'■OVF\r i:.lRUr\. Frhl

ni r,

Cut Flowers, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Arums, per doz. 7 0 8 0
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun. 8 0-90
Camellias, white

per doz. blma. 4 6-50
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

varieties .. 3 0-36

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 5 0—

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz
bun.

— Henry I

10 0 12 0

s.d, s.d-
Lilium —

la ncifolium

album, long.. 4 0-46

short .. 3 6-40

rubrum,

per doz,, long.. 4 0-46

short 3 6-40

Lily-of-the-Vallev,

per doz, bun, 24 0 30 0
Narcissus,
Grand Prime,
per doz, bun. 8 O-IO 0

— Pheasant Eye

per doz, I'Un- 6 0 7 0

- Soliel d'Or,
Guernsey, per
doz. bun. .. 10 012 0

er doz, bun, 10 0-12 0 Orchids, per doz.:

Princeps, per

doz. bun. .. 10 0-12 0

per

.. IS 0- 21 0

per

— Victoria,
doz bun.

— doubles
doz. bun.

Eucharis.per doz

bloom i
Freesia, per doz.

10 0-12 0

— Cattleya .. 15 0-18 0

— Cypripedium 2 0 3 0

— Odon toglos-

sum crispum 3 0 4 0
Pelargoniums, per

doz, bunches,

doublescarlet 15 0 18 0
.Snowdrops, per

doz, bun. .. 4 0-60
Tulips, white, per

doz bun. . 30 0-36 0

— yellow. per
d'z, bun. .. — -

— bfonze. per
doz, bun. .. 36 0 -

— m iuve Parwins
per doz bun. 36 0 42 0

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 4 0-50

bun.
Gardenia per
box of 12 and
18 blooms .. — —

Heather, white.

per doz, bun, 12 0 —
Lilium longi-

Borum, long 5 n- 6 0

short .. 5 0- n 1

REMARKS. — High price.s are still maintained for whit.-
flowers, with the exception of Lilium loneifloruni and
Kichardias (.^rums), which appear to be liecominR
cheaper. There is a fairly good supply of Lily-ofthe-
Vallev. and the quality is much improved. Carnations
are als<i more plentiful and cheaper. White Camellias
are scarce and dear. White Azalea.* and white Nar-
cissus are likely to remain dear for some time. Home-
grown Daffodils" are becoming more plentiful, with an
improvement in quality. There is also a good supply
of Narcissus poeticus from the .Spalding district, and
litnited quantities of variou.s cut flowers are still arriv-
ing from the Channel Island.*. White Narcissus.
Fresias. Violets and Siailax are s/ion cleared, and prices
are high. Daflodils and yellow Narcissus are cheaper,
and are arriving in excellent condition. A few boxes
are arriving from Cornwall in good condition, includ-
ing a few Snowdrops, which are selling freely. Manv
enquiries are ma<le for Tulips, but very few of these
blooms are obtainable. \ few blooms of the mative
Darwin William Copeland are selling freely. Other
fine Moo.iis arc of the variety Prince of Austria.

Veitetables : Averace Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d
Artichokes. Globe.

per doz. .. 4 0-60
— .leruaalem.

per bag . 24 0 ~

Asparagus Paris

Green. perbun. 6 0-66
Heetroot. per bag 10 0 —
Beans. English.

per lb. . .'i 0 —

Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag .56-

liroad Beans.

French, per

pad .. ..(10 —
BruBselsSprouts,

per bus, -.7 0 —
Cabbage, per

tally ., ,.11 0-I.'> 0
Carrots, per bag 12 0 -
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. 15 0-20 0
Celeriac. per doz. 5 0 6 0
Celery, per doz .. 36 0 72 0
Cucumbers, per

doz 12 0 24

Endive, per doz, 4 0-
Qreens, per bag.. 6 0-

RknuKK.S.— A few Eligll.sli
chiefly Bramlcy's Seedl

S.d, R.d,
r.eoVa perdni. .. 8 0-10 0
Lettuce Cabbage

per doz, .. 2 0-26
Mushrooms.per lb. I 9 2 0
Mustard and

Cress. perdoz.

punnets .. I 0- 1 r,
Onions, per bag IS 0 20 0
— spring, per

doz. bun. . 8 0 —
Parsnips, per bus. 6 0-80
Peas, per lb. .. — —
Pntatos. new. per

lb 0 8-09

Radishes, per

doz, bun. .. 16-18
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz, , . 1 6- 1 !l
Savoys- per tally 10 0 15 0
Seakale. per doz,

punnets . 3H 0 -
Shallots, per lb. 0 5-06
Spinach, perbus. 12 0 —
Swedes, per bag 6 0 —
Tomatos. Tene-

r i f f e. per

bundle .. •'iO 0-32 0

AppW.'s are stJll available.
Imported varieties

of Nova Scotian, United Slates, Californian, and Oregon
Newtowns. The principal Pears available are Winter
Nelis. Doyenne du C^mice and Easter Beurr6. Cape
Pears chiefly consi.st of Clapp's Favourite and Williams'
Bon Chretien. The other fruits are Apricot*. Peaches.
Nectarines and Plums, Black Grapes are less plentiful,
and consist principally of Oros Colman. Supplies of
Canary produce (Tomal^js and Bananas) are ILmited.
Devonshire, Middlesex and French .\sparagus is now
available, but French Beans. Seakale. Mushrooms ami
Potatos are to be had only in limited quantities.
Outdoor vegetables and roots continue to be limited in

supply.

E.

H. R.

Covent Garden Market

Fel

rnarij

1',.

1017.

Potatos,

Bed fore

—

B,d.3 d.

1 Lincoln. -c-

n.

sd

sd

KingEdw

1r,| .

li n n (1

Blackland

12 n

1? 6

A '-ran

Ch

ief ..

12 013 0

1 Evergool

n II

12 6

Lincoln

1 KingEdwr

rd..

12 6

y^ 0

Arran

Ch

lef ..

12 0-n 0

1 Oueen ..

12 6

13 0

Kh.MU

KS.

-Trad

e is gowl.

at llrrn pi ires.

Su

ipli...

;n •

\<r\ light.

Kdward J. \<

ii'lmrn. Coient

(in

■drv

(iiid

.S7, I'un

. Feb

uary 1!,.

1917.

D

STANDARD CURRANTS

"1

We can offer fine trees
with 4| ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

George BUNYARD

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbrldffeworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

L

& CO.. LTD..
Royal Nurseries, NIAIDSTONE.

'J

CHARLES TURNER'S

Catalogue of GARDEN SEEDS

FOR 1917

now ready and can be

h.iil on application. .Also of

ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS,
HARDY TREES, etc.

Sectional,
Tubular &
Saddles.

R.H.S. Gold Medal

C.P. KINNELL

& Co., Ltd.

SOUTHWARK ST.,

LONDON, S,E.

The Royal Nurseries, SLOUGH.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

■ 9, Bedford Chanibers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

■ ■ ■

^
^

^tvd Pontybere^

SfSS^ SOLE AGENT . C'A

/ T. T. PASCOE, \

York Chambers, •

SWANSEA.

1048 Central.
PaBCOc, Swansea.

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best OuaUtv.

Lowest Prices.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Februahy 17, 1917.

(Continued from page ii )

/ GLAMORGAN COUNTY COUNCIL.

^-* HORTICULTURAL DEMOSSTHATORS AND
ADVISERS.

Tlie Glamorgan Coiuity Oouncil Invite Applicntiuiis
fur the Appointment of a Horticultural Demonstrator
ami Adviser for assisting the Occupiers of Oott-ige
Giiwlens, .allotments, and Small Holdings in such areas
as will from year to year be selected within the .adminis-
trative County of Glamorgan.

•Applicants must possess an Examination Certificate
of the Royal Horticultural Society, and have served as
apprentices to gardeners, and have held situations in
whiili thev were in. oharge of and responsible as Fore-
men or Head Gaixleners for flowers, frnit, vegetables,
and hotliouse work.

Experience as journeymen in vegetable gaaxlens will
be <leemed an additional qualification.

.Applicants must provide ajid be able to ride a bicycle.

Salarv, 45s. per week, with ,tji allowance at tlie rate
of £5 per annum in addition for the upkeep of a bicycle.

The appointmefnt will be for one year, subject to one
nmnth's notice on either side, and will be renewable
annuaUy.

The person appointed will be required to give his
uhule time to the service of the county, and reside
where from time to time directed.

.\pplicatioQS, stating previous experience and age, with
copies of three recent testimonials, must be i-eceaved
bv tlie Chief Education OfBci;a, Glamorgan County Hall,
Cardiff, on oi- before 10 a.m. on the 7th day of March,
1917.

T. MANSEL FRANKLEN,

Clerl: of the County Council,

Glamorgan Countv Hall, Cardiff.
12th February, 1917.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER and
UNDER GARDENER (ineligible); used to Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegeta.bles ; good wages to practical man ;
house and vegetables found, — Write wages requixetl and
full particulars, F. L. R.WVSON, BarweU Court, Ohessiug-
ton, Surrey.

w

ANTED, HEAD GARDENER, for

all Garden ; good cottas^e : wages according to
■. — Apply. REV. P. ARMITAGE, Nettlebed
Henlev-on-Thames.

^17ANTED, GARDENER (Head) : ..ne
' * other kept ; fanipact place ; miu^t be a worker and
tlici-oughJy understand Vegetables, Vines. Pruit Trees,
;in'rl Ferns; comfortable b&use, 5 i-ooniP, heated by radia-
icTs. fuel, light, and vegetables; good references; state
\v;*ge--.— MRS. J. H. MOORE. Hilliield. Leatherhead.

W'ANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-

* * DENER, of 4 or 5 (temporary) ; must be tiaomugJily
(■ompetemt with. Glass and Outdoor work. — Write, statiaig
full particulars, to MRS. C. FHIPPS, Ohalcot, Westbury,
Wilts.

\VANTED. HEAD WORKING GAR-

"* DENKR; also SECOND; good references; experi-
enced in all branches ; state salarv ; cottage supplied.
Give fuU particulars.— Apply. C. H." VIGERS, HoUydale,
Ke;>ton, Keat.

^Y^NTED, GARDENER (Head Wokk-

*' ING), for duration cif war; must he fully exiwu-
eiiced in ;U1 duties. Inside and Out.— State wages ex
lircted and full p,artioulars to MRS, C'ROZIER, WesthiU,
■larinouth, Isle of Wight.

'^^^T'ANTED, iramediatisly, GARDENER
' ' (Head Working) ; experienced, and 2 UNDER
GARDENERS (ineUgibles only to apply) for girls' school;
cottage for Head Man; gotxi wages— .\pply, by letteJ",
s'atiiig age. experience, and qualifications, to MISS
EERN'ON, St. Monica's. Burgh Heatli, Tadworth, Surrey.

WTANTED. SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' * DENER ; bov kept to give lielp.— C. H. CAVE, Rral-
«ay Hill House, Mangotsfleld. near Bristol.

WANTED, by a Lady, a good S.INGLE-
' ' H.iXDED G.ARDENEH, with 'help occasionally; in-
eligible for -Army.— MRS. POLE, Church Speem Lodge,
Newbury, Berks.

^^/"ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

' HANDED), boy assists ; small Greenhouse, large
Garden. — X., Priorr House. Godstone.

TyANTED, GARDENER, for permanency
'^ (SiNGLE-HANiDED) ; private Gaixien ; -ineligible
An'ny ; wages 30s. or 26s. and cottage. — Apply, The
Lawn, Colnbi-ook.

WANTED, SINiiLE-HANDED GAR

*' DENER; reniiaiifiK v ; Kiichrn and FloBrr Car-

.1 11 ; taas^; help given «prin<; and siiiiiiiH-r ; s 1 waiji^

I" cinipctent man.— C'lU'RCHlLL, C'laieiiiont, I're-eent
Knad Enfield. .

W^'A.NTED at oncie. Experienced SINGLE-
'' HANDED GARDENER (male or female); garden
^ acres ; 2 houses ; very good w-ages to suitable pei-son.
— Write, making appointment, to Grove End, Grove
Park, Cluswick.

W^ANTED, GARDENER, Man or Lady;

' ' SlNGLE-HANUED ; cottage; Sg acres Glass. State
full particulars, BRIG. -GENERAL GIBBON. Hughenden,
Peteisflnger, Salisbury.

W'-'^^'TED at once, SINGLE-HANDED

' ^ GARDENER ; over military age or discharged from
Army ; Outi?.de only ; strong and active ; good Vege-
table and Fi-uit grower. — State wages and full particu-
lars, COLONEL PARRY, D.S.O., Pengwem, R'buddlan,
Flints.

W'-^NTED, WORKING GARDENER ;

* ' Flowers. Shrubs, Roek Gaiden, no Kitchen ; good
assieitaiice ; 263., with cottage and wood, — MRS. JOHN-
STONE, Bigiior Paa-k, Pulborough, Sussex.

W'ANTED, GARDENER, ineligible;

'^ ' Flower and Vegetable Garden ; small Greenhouse ;
willing to be useful ; boy under ; cottage and garden. —
Crowcombe Cottage, Taamton, Somerset.

MIDDLE-AGED, Handy Married GAR-
DENER wanted for small place in Berks; ZZs. a
week, with cottage ; would have to bring wood and
coal into tlie house amd attend to the pumping engine
daily before breakfast ; must, be a good Vegetable grower
and understand Trees .and Shrubs ; no Glass and very
little Flower Garden ; wife must look after house when
empty. — Address, by letiter, MRS. A. F. WALTER,
St. Catherine's, Bear Wood, Wolringham.

W^'ANTED, GARDENER; good vegetable
' " grower ; help given ; small cottage and garden
close to work.— Pai-ticulars to MES. BROOKS, Keyford
House, Frome, Somerset.

ASSISTANT GARDENER. .Wanted, at
-^^- White Oak Schools, Swanley, Kent ; wages accoixi.
ing to qualifications ; war bonus ; men on Government
worker eligible for H.M. Forces need not apply.— -\pply
to the MATRON.

W^ANTED, GARDENER OUnudk

"' Single); chiefly Oirtside work; good wage.*; ineli-
gible.-State age and references to WIGGINS. Holly Hill,
Ba:iste.ad, Sui'rey.

"WTANTED, UNDER GARDENER, for

' * Kitchen and Pleasure Garden ; if married rooms
provided.— Appl.v, H. R. INMAN. The Grange, Hampsteid
Heath, London.

W'ANTED, experienced HEAD GAR-

' ' DENER (lady), to take charge of GardeliB ; no
Glass ; Vegetables and Fruit grown in quantities to sup-
ply large establishment ; also able to organise installed
labour and to instruct classes of boys and girls in prac-
tical horticuhm-e; salary starting £150, or £100 resident.
— Apply, stating qualifications and experience, J. H.
BADLEY, Bedales School, Petersfleld, Haaits.

W^ANTED, immediately, HEAD WOMAN

' ' GARDENER and 2 ASSIST.INT WOMEN GAR-
DENERS for girls' school ; furnished cottage pro-
vided ; salaries £100, £70, and £60 respectively.— .\pply
bv letter, stating experience and qualifications, to MISS
BEBVON, St. Monica's, Burgh Heath, Tadworth, Surrey.

T ADY GARDENER wanttxl at the Cbil-
-■^ dren's Home, Hanwell. W. (under the Metroixili
tan -Asjdums Board) ; about 3 acres, including 2 acres
Vegetables; no Glass. — Applv, stating age, experience,
and wages required, to the CLERK TO THE METRO-
POLITAN .\SYLUMS BOARD, EmbanJunent, london,
E.C,
10th February. 1916.

WANTED, for Large Gardens in the IMid-
lands, TWO LADY GARDENERS, one Inside
and one Out, to w'ork under Head; must be ex-
perienced ; furnished lodgings, and 30s. per week
salary.- Write, T. H., Box 18, 11, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

W'-^NTED, LADY GARDENER, with

' • some experience, for the Houses ; no Bothy. — State
wages and experience to R. .\LLD-\Y', Chancellor House,
Tiuiibridge Wells.

W'-'^NTED, WOMEN GARDENERS, In-

"' aide and Out; Bothy, coal, light, and vegetables;
half-dav Saturdavs ; dutv paid. — Wages and particulars
to W. E. WRIGHT. The' Gardens, Ashbv Saint Ledgers,
Rugby.

"ITITANTED, LADY UNDER - GAR-

~ DENER ; work luider Lady Gnrdener and sliare
furnisdied lodge with her. and lemm electric light engine.
— HOX. MRS. HAMILTON RUSSELL, Yarlington Ho-use,
Winoaniton^, Somerset.

W"ANTED, FOREMAN GARDENER, in

Northumberland ; ineligible ; experienced Inside
and Out; good wages given, as may be agreed upon;
Botliv and usual allowiyices — .\pplv,* stat-;ng age and sill
particulars, to N. D. COWANS, V^est Lilburn, Alnwick.

WANTED, FOREMAN, of good experi-
ence to take charge of Glasshouses ; Bothy ; gooil
wages.— A. HENDERSON, Mabledon, Park Gardens, Ton-
bridge, Kent.

WANTED, good FOREMAN for Pleasure
Grounds, Shrubs, Flower Bed.s, Herbaceous Bor-
ders, i;c. ; must have good experience ; wages 32s.
weekly, with cottage.— Apply, with full particulars, to
W. GROOM, The Gardens, Upper Gatton Pai'k,
Merstham, Siu-rey. Will former applicants please apply
again?

WANTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER,
for large Gardens in the Midlands, to work
under Head ; must be well up in Grapes. Peaches and
Chrysanthemums ; wages, 30s. per week and good
Bothy.— Write, S. M., Box 19, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W,C.

W'-^^^'TED, good KITCHEN GARDEN

' ' FOREM.AN ; experienced in all liinds of Fruit
and Vegetables, early and late forcing, salads; wages
32s. weekly, with cottage.— Apply, with full particulars,
to W. GROOM, The Garden®, Upper Gatton Park,
Merstham. Will former applicants please apply again?

W^'ANTED, GARDENER, as Foreman or

^' Journevmans "ineligible; Glass; experience;
character. — Apply, W. COPLEY, Thorntonhough,
Cheshire.

"W'^ANTED, JMAN for Pleasure Ground :
' » ineligible or discharged soldier ; wages 24s. per
weei.— Apply. WM. HOWE, The Gardens, Park Hill,
Streatham Common.

W^ANTED, a MARRIED MAN, experi-

' ' enced » ith Carnations and Fruit luider Glass ;
good cottage near garxlen. — -Apply, with particulars of
experience, wages expected, to H. ROGERS, Rendlesiham
Gaixiene. Woodbridge.

WANTED, good MAN ; Inside and Out ;
take d^ty ; good wages and oventime paid ;
hours 7 to 5, 1 p.m. Saturdavs ; fare paid. — Apnh-, with
references, to J. M. MCH.ARDS, Brocthamptoii Park
Gardens, Andoversford, Glos.

WTANTED, an IMPROVER, with .sonje
' ' experience ; age about 17 ; wages 17s. per week ;
Bothy, milk, and vegetables ; as. 6d. for Sunday dut.i'.
—Apply, W. WENJIAN, Hickleton, Doncaster.

W''ANTED, IMPROVER (Lnside), under

* ' 18 yeai's; 17s. per week, 2s. wax bonus; good
Bothy, nuik, and vegetables ; half da\' on Satuixiais ;
travelling expenses paid. — .\pply, with copies of refer-
ences, to JAMES B. -ALLAN, Osberton Gardens, Work-
sop, Notts.

W^ANTED, a good, strong Youth as IM-

* ' PKOVER. for general Inside work ; good wages,
with Bothy, milk, and vegetables.- Apply, stating wages
and experience. W. H. ALLEN, Minley Manor Gardens,
Famborough, Hants.

W'-^^'TED, IMPROVER (16), for Inside;

* * wages 18s. per week ; Bothy, milk, vegetables ;
alternate duties ; duty, overtime, and fare paid. — D.
ROBERTS, Prestwold,' Loughborough.

W'ANTED, IMPROVER for Kitchen

' ' Garden ; able to take light duty.— Applv, with
particulars and wages required, to HEAD GARDENER,
Blenheim, Woodstock, Oxon.

\\r ANTED, liAlPROVER; Inside the

' ' Houses and Out ; age about 17 ; wages 17s. and
Bothy.— E. MORGAN, Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WANTED, TWO YOUTHS (16 to 17) for
the Houses ; wages IBs. and Bothv ; duty and
overtime paid ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.— C. GARRATT. Oan-
well Hall Gardens, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham.

W^ANTED, YOUTH, age about 16, for
' ' Kitchen Garden chiefly ; 18s. per week ; Bothy,
milk, and vegetables and attendance.— .ipplv. J.
SHENXAX. Holdenby, Northampton.

W'^ANTED, LAD, about 16, or discharged

*' soldier, for Kitchen Garden chieflv ; duty; state
wage, with good Bothy, &c.— H. BROOMFIELD, Ellis-
field Manor Gardens, Basingstoke, Hants.

W'^ANTED, strong, active YOUNG
WOM.AN for the Houses ; with some knowledge of
Tomatos. Cucumbers, wreath-making, &c. ; good wages
to suitable peison ; no Botliv. — State wages expecte^l,
with particulars, to A. L. STATHAM, Tyn-y-CJoed Gar-
deois, near Llandudno.

w

ANTED, TAVO YOI^NG WOMEN for

Department ; good modem Bothy. — ipartieu-

Pebruakt 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, MAN or WOMAN to look
after two cows anjd poultry ; fill up^time^
Garden.— Reply, stating wages, " . ,. . «™,

Feltham Lodge. Feltham.

to G.\RDEXER.

TRADE.

T\7'ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, for

' ' branch Nurserv ; Fruit and Forest Trees only ;
house and gajden provided; must be ineligible for
irmv— ipply. with testimonials and state wages- re-
quired, to JOHN PERKINS & SON, 52, Market Square
Northampton.

WANTED,- Experienced -Man, ineligible
for service, as FOREMAN of Alpine and Herba
ceous Department.— Full particulars as to reference,
wages, &e.. to KING'-S ACRE NURSERIES, LTD..
Hereford.

w

WT'ANTED, experienced PACKER for

' ' Orohid Nursery, in the neighbourhood of London.
—Write "ORCHID." Box 17, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

TpLORIST wanted for Ireland (male pre-
-*- fei-red) ; must be a thorough artist in maldng-up
dioice floral designs, bouquets, &c- ; good salar.v. — Write,
•• Alpha," Bo.\ 12, 41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden.
W.C.

■pLORIST and FRUIT.— Young Lady
-*- wanted, March 14 ; must be quick at maliing-up ;
goi'd wages.— E. COX. Aldwick Road, Bognor.

FOREMAN for Fruit Trees and Roses.
Please state wages required, age, and send refer-
ences-—WILL TAYLER. Hampton, Mlddllcses.

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one used to Roses. Clematis, Chry-
santhenmnis, and General Nursery Stock-— Apply, with
particulars, wagea, etc., to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

WANTED, good KNIFESMAN ; well up
in Budding, Grafting, and Training of Fruit
Trees ; permanent situation to reliable man ; ineligible-
— Full' particulars as to references, wages, kc. to
JOHN PERKINS & SON. Billing Road Nurseries,
Noribampton.

WANTED, Two Good KNIFEMEN. e.\-
pcrienced in Budding. Grafting and Training
uf Fruit Trees; must be ineligible for service. AIku
Two Experienced MEN for Rose Department.— Apply,
with particulars as to wages, &c., to KING'S ACRE
NURSERIES, LTD-, Hereford.

WANTED, for large Mulland Nursery, an
experienced Budder and Grafter, with a good
knowledge of Rhododendrons, Roses and Fruit Trees ;
also two experienced KNIFEMEN-— Apply by letter,
stating age, references, and wages required, X., Box 21,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, a PRUNER for Bush
Orchards, and later for Grafting, for two months,
or, if preferable, for a permanency ; age above 46 or in-
eligible; good wagea and cottage.— Write. A. B., Box 10
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

ANTED, Two or Three MEN (inelig-
bli) as JOUUINO GARDENERS.- HIBBEN, Nur-
aer,viiian, Littlcliampton.

HANDS Wanted for Market Nursery ;
Ouctimbera and Tomalos, imJer Glass ; wages 33s. ptr
week and overtime extra ; previous experience prcfoned,
but not iniiierative.— State age, \c.. ANDREWS. 84, Ctobs
brook Street, Waltham Cross, Herts.

WANTED, 3 CUCUMBER HANDS;
32.S weekly; sixpence hour overtime; 1 o'clock
Salurday.i. — H. ' Wll.VrELEY, Spring Gardens, Kenil-
wortb.

WANTED. MEN, ineligible, for Soft-
wooded stuB, Chrvsantliemuma, Tomatos and
Cucumbers, &c.— G. BENNETT & SON. Hanwell, W.

WANTED, MEN well up in Tomatos and
Cucumbers; cottages free.- Write, L. J., Box 2. 41.
Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, MAN for smaU Nursery;
I'liiefli- for Cut Foliage and aU-rouml experience ;
wages 33s- "per week olid overtime.- OHIPPEBFIELD,
Hampton Hill. Middlesex.

WANTED, SEEDSMAN, well up in
Seeds, Plants, and Sundries. Used to bus.v
counter trade.— Apply, with full particulars. B., Box 18.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

UEED TRADE. -Wanted, SHOPMAN.

^^ with a good knowledge of Garden and Agricultural
Seeds.— Apply, stating age, where last eniploied, and
wages askc-d, to JOHN JEFFEEIES & SON, LTD., Ciren-
cester.

UEED TRADE— Wanted, TRAVELLER;
^^ experienced and energetic ; good position for
sui'uiblc man.— Apply, with full jiarUcukus. WATK1N.S
4 SI.VIPSO.V, LTD, 27/29. Diury Laue, Loudon, W C.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wo"ds for 1,6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Eigitt words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Xame and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them.
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE,

IVfRS. L. SALOMONS Recommends her

■'■'-■■ HEAD GARDENER, 20 years Norbury Park ; life
experience all brunches ; good manager. — Appiy, G.
KENT, 15, Pixham Lane. Dorking.

(^ARDENER (Head of 2, or with help);

^-* thoroughly experienced Inside and Out, csix-ci-
iilly Veget^ibies and Fruit; age 49; married; excellent
reterence* ; Surrey preferred ; please state w agxri-. —
.M. A.. Box 17. 41, "Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

/.JAltDENER (Head); life e.xperieace In-

^^ dwiti aii<l Out, gained in good esUbiisIunLms ; pic-
viou&ly head of 6; good ' rufei encet^ ; niuiried; iiieligible.
— U. M., Box 14, 41, Welliaglon Street, Ooveiit Garden^
WO.

CiKNi'LEMAN recommends "his HEAD
'' WORKING GARDENEK, wheie aevwol are kept ;
lias been with biin 10 yeuj-s; thoroughly expei-jenced in
all branches; disengaged; nge 45; muriied (,1 boy).—
BALDWIN, 500, lidgware Uoud. London.

GJENTLEiMAN recommends his HEAD
^ VVOUKING GARDENER; 2 or 3 kept; pnictiLnl
life experience in rrivule Gardens; i-eliable and truH
woithy ; married ; age 41 ; ineligible.— BARREIT, U«t
Held Heath. Harlow.

(^AKDEXEK (Hkad VVouking), where 2
^-^ or 3 are kept , ; thoroughly experienced Inside
and Out ; married ; abstainer ; age 49 ; excellent refs.— W.
I>AM1*ARD, The Gaixlens, Foxleigh*, Holyport, Maiden-
hecbd.

rjARDEXEH (Head Working); life ex

^-^ perieiK-e in all broaches; married; ineligibi

55; 7i \ears in preseaU situation ae Head. — CLEMENT

Giuxk-ns". Eltord. Taniworth, Stuffs.

ge

r_JAK.DENEH (Head WbRKiNc) ; tlio-

^^ roughly exi>er.enced in all branches; 17 years Hea<l
jnesent situation ; liighly recommended ; disengaged ;
married; age 43-— H. F. WARREN, Highfleld Gardens,
Gainsborough.

|[^AHDEXER (Head Working); well used

^-^ to supplying large quantities of high chi^s Fruit,
Fiowej-s, Plants, I'otaios, SaJads, and VegetiiiJjles from
limited spo.cc; seeks re-engiagement in good private
"ir i»ublic institution ; 9 vears in present situation ; dis-
cng.iged shortly.— A. SHAKELTON. Forde Abbey, Ohajd.
Soin.

QARDENER (Hiun Working), where 2

^^ or 3 kept; life experience ,n flU branches; 16
years last place ; age 50 ; married (no family) ; disen-
gaged.—BRUCE, Gardener, Ely, Oaillb*.

rjARDENER (Head Working) ;

^-^ thoroughly exiierieiiced in all branches of Garden-
ing. Inside and Out; 13 years as Head; age 46; married
(no family). — HEATH, Hatfield Broad Oak, Harlow,
Essex.

QARDENER (Head Wokkino) ; 28 years'

^-^ expeaience Inside and Out ; 4 vGiirs pieseut situa-
tion; good references; age 44; niu'i ritxl (no faniilv).—
C. DOM AN, 55, Agamemnon Road. W. Hainp-tead, i(.W.
No circulars.

rf^J^AKDENER (Head Working) ; practical

^^ experience in all branches; ver\- higlUy recom-
mended.—J. BROWN, The Gardens. Treberfydd, Bwloh,
Brecon&hire.

(^"|.AR.DENER (Head Wobki.ng), wlieie

^-* several are kept ; 13 years' experienue in all
br.uiches ; age 30 ; single ; Army disoliarge ; excellent
references; wouJd undertake Vege'Uible gixKwing for
Xatjomal Food Supply.— A. HENLEY, Maixleri Ooftages,
toad. Horlev.

Ohiu-ch Road, Horley.

QARDENER (Head Wokking). wheie

^-^ 3 or more are kept; married (no faniil\); age 46;
experienced Inside and Out ; good references ; leaving
through breaking up of establishment; 14 yeai's with
present employer ; disengaged March 26.— F. \V. BUSSON,
Wispers, Stedhani. Midliua-st. Sussex.

\"OUNG MAN (26), ineligible, seeks situa-
-^ tiou as GARDENER (Single handed) ; good refer-
eiK-u.— E. L., 1, Poiiitei-'s Cottages, Ham Street. Hiuu,
Suii-ey.

QARDENER (Swede); aged 27; has been

1 year in England ; abstainer ; seeks re-eaigage-
nieut as SINGLE HANDED or UNDER GARDENER;
8 years' experience in all branches of Uai-deniiig PJease
state wages.— Apply, K. E. ANDERSON, Scandinavian
Sivilore' Home, Piidar, London, E.

(J-'-^HDENER; 10 years' experience Inside
'-^ and Out, where several kept, as Second; ineligible;
ago 24 ; married (no familv).— R., Box 15. 41, Welling
ton Street, Ckiveiu Garden, W.C.

POREMAN (l.NsiDE); 29; ineligible; lite

experience Viiigs, I'eaolles. Pliiuts, &c., bouse aiid'
table decorations; disengaged. — .\. BAKER. 7 The
Uhaiubei's, ShafUv-ljury Estate, Batlcrsea, S.W.'

1,\/<JMAN, no exijei'ience, wants work as.

UNDER GARDENER in private garden ; South
preferred.- State wages, &c.. .VIcGOL'GH. 188. Gassic
Hoad, Tooting GraVBiiey, London.

TRADE.

IVf ANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN ;

■•• (lualiHed to take entire respon-.-ibilily ; gi.M.if nh j
enceti irum up-to date London and Provincial Nui^iic^.
— W. H., Box 20, 41, WelliJigton Street, Covent liaixlen,
W.O.

lyTANAG'EH or FOREMAN ; Market oi-

■^'■*- retail NurM ry ; thorouglilv lUiidor-sUuids all gBuenU
culture, Inside and Out; 17" yea is' guud reference;
married ; ago 45 , abstainer ; uoL eligible ; disengaged
when suited.— FOSTER, The Nurseries, Cemetery Iload,
liolbeacb.

ILTANAGER or WnnKINC h ( >l! K.M A.\ ;

■^*-*- thoroughly practK;iI, rln. ih-l inm , I inn c\-

perieuice with up-to-date iiiiii>, In^i-li- .>uA din, liipjljlo
organiser; exccptionul icteieiu-cs a« al.oic, partiiBiship
entertained ; age 46.—" RELl.ABLE," Box 16, 41. WeUilig-,
toai Street, Covent Garden, W.C

MANAGER or FOREMAN ; life e.vperi-
ence in growing Cumimbei-s, Tomatos, Pot Pla.nts,
Vegetables, in large quantity, for niaiUct ; good orgiui-
iiser; age 45. Stale wages.— P. W., 16, Dacre I'ark, Lee,
S,E.

MANAGER or GENERAL FOREMAN
in o-ood Trade or Market Nursery ; fully quali-
Hcd; over military age.— A. B., Box 20, 41, Wellington
.Street. Co\-ent Garden, W.C.

FOREMAN ; over 30 years' experience
wholesale and retail Market Nurseries; well up in
Uhrys-iiitliemuma, Tomatos, Cucumbers, Potatos, Plimta,
Out' Blooms, Forcing; over military ^^ge ; single; 6 years
present place. — E. WOODS, Hopwas Nurseries, Tani-
worth, Staas.

VOUNG MAN (ineligible) wants Engage-
-*- inent in Nursery office; experienced typewriter;
knowledge about expo'rt hiMiness.— Apply, A., 718, Post
I mice, Updown Hill, Windle8hani.

TnE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[FebRuart 17, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His Majesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, Ltd

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still In a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have It done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— 121, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (Hegistered Oice and Works)— Baicarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present'Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor. " Gardeners' Chronicle."

■L I %} net Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^ ''"•

pcy with E'ght Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Nozv

Volume. graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M H.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.
Chairman of Committee of the Midland
Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. MA.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H., and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
srr.VENSON.with chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. Py A. GROVE, F L.S., with

preface by H. J. ELWES, F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER, with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS.

V.MH.

By GEORGE GORDON,

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., wiih preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.RS
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H,. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES fdouble volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WNL WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

I'mted for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love and Maltomsoh, Ltd., Dane Street, Hi?h Holhorn. T.nndon, W.C, and Published weelilv h\- the Gardeners'
Ohronide, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, Ojly <i< WestnHn-ster, Saturday, Febiuaiy 17. 1917. Agent for Manchester: John HevwooD.

No. 1574. Vol. LXI. {.Xsl SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 1917. JRegistered as a Newspaper.! PR'ce 3d.

SUBSCRIPTION— Inland, IS -I P'ortign, f7/S [22fr. tOc] [$4 2»c.l per annum. JSntored a( Xtw York Post Office as second-claaa tnatter.
Postal Address— 4I1 Welllagton Street, Covent Oardea, W.C. Telegraphic Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 81.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dupatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 0 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Oardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, ic. Oatialo^es gratis.

BARK'S VEGETABLE and FLOWER
SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growth
at strictly moderate prices. Descriptive Catalogue Iree.

BARK'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI,
Oannaa, Moiu-bretias, Tigridias, Anemones,
Ranunculus, &c., lor Spring Planting. Catalogue tree.
BARR & SONS, King Street, Oovent Garden, London.

FEEDS' SEEDS.

IHEEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

-^ The last ounce is required from Kitchen

Gaixleas this year. Write for our 1917 Set*!
List. We can give you the bumper crops you
look for.

TOHiN PEED & SON,' The King's Seeds-

^-^ men and Nurserymen,

WEST NORWOOD.

S

ANDER AND SONS,

Orobid Qrowers, St. Albans.

"OLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, wUl

^-^ have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
G;italogue ol Begonias and Delphiniums. &c.. i:c-,
free, if this paper la mentioned. Mug'niiicent strong
rooU of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening. 160 pages, nearly 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

IriDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-
LOGUE OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS wiU be sent,
poet free, to any address on receipt of p*jsteard. Write
at once for a cop\ . It may help vou to save 50 per cent,
on yciur seed bill this season.— FIDLER & SONS. Royal
Berkshire Seed Stores, Reading.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant
Flowers in all sliades, now ready tor deUvery.—
For lists, with fuU particulars, apply GUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

WATEREK'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—Wo cordially unite you to come
and select any plojits y*ni ri-<]iiire. We have over 60
acres, comprising; the fineut collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN W.VrKKKlt, SONS k CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Ra^hot, Surrey.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
.MANURE and other high-clasa Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mualirooin Spawn. Priced circulars
lie« on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware,
houso and Nurseries, Chester.

T^O replaca Spring Cabbages and Lettuces

destroyed by the exceptional severe weather

Sow at once under Glass

SUTTON'S EARLIEST CABBAGE.

Tlie quickest growing variety, per packet Is.

St'ITON'S COMMODORE NUTT LETTUCE.

A compact early varietv, per paoket Is. 6d.

These will then be lit for use almost as soon as those

planted in the autumn.

CUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.

'^ RE.*DING.

WTATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.
' ' Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists free.—
JOH.V WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berks.

CMSHURST COMPOUND has over half a
' century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale. Mealy Bug,
Thnp. American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, ic
Sold in boxes, about lib., 31b., and 121b., by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London, S.W.

THE GRAND NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA, A.M., R.H.S.,
1916. Other new Chinese Primulas, &c.
BEHBEKIS, NEW CHINESE SPECIES,
LILIKS. GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS,
are a few of the items offered and described in our
SPRING O.VTALOGUE,
l*ost free on application.
R WALLACE & CO., LTD..
Kilnlleld Gardens, Colchester, Essei.

rf^'i MISSIONS and Failui'fls made good by
^-^ purchasing Storrie's Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct dates for be«t possible le-
sults; all popular Greenhouse plants. Summer Bc<lding.
and Hardy Border Flowers, &c. Grand lot of Cyclamen
now reMly. Write for caUlogue.— STORHIE & STORHIE,
Flower Seeds' Specialists, Glencarse, Perthshire.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, WJiere and
In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. .Special selections. 12, 3s. 6ti. ;
25. 6s. 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 253. AU different, named,
strong stock ; please state position aaiid soil. — 0. R.
PHIPPS, Alpme Nursery, Barnbam, Bogrnor.

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—
■^*- MORLE & CO. offer magnifioent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, also Flowering Bulbs, crossed with named
sorts, at half usual prices. List tree. 150 156, Finchley
Road. N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in
splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-

tlorum giganleum, 3s. 6d.. 6s. and 9s. ; Speciosum Mel-
pomene and iiiagnificum, and Album Kcitzerii (the
best), 5>., 88. and 10s.; Auratum, 6s. and lOs. ; Henryi.
48. and 6s. ; all [ler dozen ; also others. List free.—
MORLE & CO., as above.

SEED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scotch,
Myatfs Ash Leaf, Hebrons, Earlv Rose, Express,
Royal Kidney. Upto-Date. Sir J. Llewellen. Arran Chief.
King Edward, and others, per hiiah. or cwt— MORLE &
CO.. as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-
cation.

BEKBKRIS AQUIFOLIA (MAHONIA)
WANTED, any quantity.— Write. ROBINSON'S,
Upper Broughton, Melton Mowbray.

For Advertisement Charges see page 11.
1 AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

"^ — New Catalogues of the above now issued grotis.
Grand New Early Pea, L.axtoa's Superb, 4o., Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to offer— may still be safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.—LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford

QATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New lUus-

■*-' trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

"DATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,

-■-' DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
New liltistrated Catalogue of the best new and standard
varieties is ready, and will be sent post free on apph-
calion. — (Dept. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms. Wisbech.

TAiMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

^ servatories. Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. Wire, 201,
Western London. Telephone : 201 Western.

GJKEENHOUSE PAINTING >^' GLA/ING
" " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint, 15a
per gall. " Plastine " supersedes puttv, 18s. per cwt.—
Full particulars from W. O.^JISON & SONS. Grove
Works, Battersea. Agents throughout the country.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.

Kelways beaunful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured Phloxes.
Kolway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's now and choice hardy perennial plants of oil
kinds.
NOW is the time to ORDER for Spring planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrethrums.
Kelway's gay Gaillardias.

NOW is the time to SEND lor particulars to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Department,

LANGPORT. SOMERSET.

"PIERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-

-*- ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :

^^ Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks ; in
bags 2s. 6d. e.ach, 30g. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand ;
4-toQ lots for 468,; O.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen bags; Ij.t
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham. Middlesej

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen. — Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears ul-o
leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 178. 6d, Patterns free.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00. (71), Bradford.

FOR SALE, Larch Poles, suitable for rus-
tic work, &o. ; 10 to 25ft. long.— OEOIL TURNER,
Welwyn-

W ANTED, by a Gentleman, to BOARD
ill family of Horticulturist in Broxboiinio or
Clieshuiit district; not too far from station.— Full par-
ticulars to O. V. H., Box 1, 41, WeUingbon Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 24, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY NEXT.

A Choice oolleetion of Herbaceous and Rock rhiiits,
RhododendronB, Roses. Fruit Trees. Lily-of-tlie Val]e\ ,
Oarnationis, Lilies, aud Gladiolus in v.inet\-, and
other Bulbs.
At 12 o'clock each day, and on Wednesday at
3 o'clock.
JAPANESE LILIES in eases, including 25 eases of

LILIUM AURATUM,

just ariived in the finest possible condition, also J.OOO

Eucharis .\mazonica, very fine bulbs, and others for

the trade.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the abore by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 58, Cheapside, London, B.C.
On view mornings of saJe and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.G.. on Thui-sday.
March 1st, and cverv succeeding Thursday at 1 o'clock,
cooi'Signmeuls of well-grown ROSES, especially lolrted to
suit all buyej-s.

On view moitiing o< sale and catalogue* had.

FRIDAY NEXT.

A choice collection of Established Orciide from various
sources, together with many in flower and bud. Also
a beautifullv carved CHINESE TWOFOLD SCREEN
and a superb and finely carved JAPANESE JUNK.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
wiU sell the above at their Cen^tial Sale Rooms,
57 and 68, Cheapside, London. EC,

On Friday, March 2nd at 1 o'clock.
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

GHISLEHURST.

One mile from Oliislehurst Station (S.E. & 0. Ry.).
Second Annual Sale of Nursery Stock, compnaing 1,500
Bnghish Yews, 2,500 Golden and Green Privet, 1,500
Laurels, Standard and Trained Fruit Trees. Orna-
mental and Flowering Shrubs, Standard and Dwarf
Roses, Climbing Plants, 5,000 Alpine and Rock Plante,
and 3,500 Herbaceous Plants.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by Messrs. Whitelegg & Co. to sell
the above by auci.ion "at the Nurseries. Willow Grove,
Ohislehur.st,

On Thursday and Friday, March 1st and 2nd,

at 11.30 o'clock each day.
On view. C.italogues can be obtained on the ]>remri(*
and of the Auctioneei-s, 67 and 68, Oheapside, Londiii.
E.G.

BlfSINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET; commanding p^r^i-
tion ; five minutes from rail and trams ; y^Clt.
Glass; li acres land, house, &c. — MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheer nees.

BARNES, SURREY,
npO LET, NURSERY ; 8 Gieenliau-y.:;, ICO
-■- ieei long, heated, and one acre of lanil ; r.'i.^oii-
able offer accepted.— Apply MESSRS. RIC^HARDS ^ CO..
62, Church Road, Barnes, Surrey.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

''r'O BE SOLD, as going concern, Biisines.s
-*- of Nurseryman, Florist, and Seedsman. E tablished
36 jears. IJ acres Leasehold ; 360ft. runof Grcenl;ouses (all
heated) ; 400ft. run of Brick Frames ; and 75 Li.i s^ Lights.
Also Stock, and together with good 6-r"(.:iicd House.
7 minutes' walk from railway station.- ipply, JOHN
ELLIS & SON. Vale Vie\y Nursery, Olitihcroe. Lanos.

/"<OMPACT NURSERY; 4 Acres Fruit

^-^ and Garden, 500ft. Glass; local trade; good bouse;
low rent and ingoing ; good opportoinity. — PERRY, Hill
Grove Nursery, Kiddermanster.

NOTICE.

(^HESTER HORTICULTURAL COL-

^-^ LEGE —Chairman of Cmnmittv.,-, Her Highness the
Duchess of Teck, providee PRACTICAL TRAINING of
women in the production of VegcL-blu.^ and Fruit, &c..
thus enabling them to a.ssist tli-ir country by in-
creasing the food supply.— Pro^p.ctus, with full par-
ticulars, on application to the Ih n. Secretary, MRS.
E. D. DICKSON, 16. Sunny Bank, galea's Park, Chester.

PLANTS, Ao„ WANTED,

VyANTED, 1,000 Larye ASPIDISTRAS,

' ' old plant* Buitablft for ftL'^U ; cash or cvcfcawge
See other advertitements ; caLilegues free. — SMITH,
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B.W.

PLANTS, Ao,, FOR SALE,

20s. 100 ; Palms, Begonias, Orotoais,
Dracaenas, Roses. Ei-ioafi, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hvdrangea^,
&c. ; cataJogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Femi Nur-
series, Loughboi-ough Junction, Londooi, S.W.

GERANIUMS, strong July struck, Oram
pel, Denmark, Jacoby, Pollock. M'Mahon, Whites.
Raspail, Turner, Orousse." 12s. 100.— PARMENTER &
OORNEY, BaBildon, Essex.

rpRUIT TREES, true to name, my
■*- speciality. Trained trees, in well-grown, extira-
BJzed specimens, with fibrous roots; Gordon Peais, Grape
Vines, OriUige Tiees. Fig Trees,, in pots for fruiting.
Catalogues.— WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

PEKPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-
TIONS, strong. healthy plants, now ready,
amongst which arc the following varieties : 4s. 6d. p<_-r
doz. out of sand, 5s. 6d. per doz. in pots — Enchantress,
Snowstorm, May Day, Ludy Northcliffe, Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantress ; 6s. per doz. out of sand, 78. per
doz. in pots— Enchantress Supreme, Salmon King. Gor-
geous, White Enchantress. Champion. Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayleigh, Essex.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

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(Vol. in of PlIKSKNT UAV (iAlt-

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SEEDS FOR 1917.

It is none too early for garden lovers to think of
seeds, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of
quality. It is a gardening axiom that

RYDERS SEEDS

firs ti.e lest, and despite tlie fact of a War Time
price of lid. per packet, ordeis fur these famous
Flower and Vegetable Seeds are daily growing in
volume. Seetis of quality cannot now be supplied,
even by Ryders, in Penny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryders 1917 Cafalooue contains a large

number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.

" Britain's Best " Tomato. The finest Tomato

ever introduced.
Ryders New Snow-tail Scarlet Radish.
A remarkable new Three-podded Pea —

" Thousandfold."
A splendid New Oval-shaped Beet.
Novelties for 1917 include the New P erce Sweet

Peas (Pink, Pale Blue and V olet).
A Wonderful new strain of Hybrid Cinerarias.
The " Astermum " in four lovely colours.
New Cyclamen, Mauve Queen.
New Hybrids of Trollius.

Send a post-card to-day for your free copy of this
CataluKUe. Rememlter the one and only address
and beware of hnitators — no agents.

RYDER & SON, ud.

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Grow Your Own Food by Sowing Ryders
Famous Vegetable Seeds.

A. F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

Strung- lloueriiig plants in .")iii. pots.

Ill (i i^ood Standard varioties,

1.")/- per doz., iHi/- per 100.

Ill li good Novelties,

20/- per (loz., 128/- per 100.

Pocked free for cash, carr, forward.

The Niirserie.s,

IVEH, lUTC'KS.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridg^eworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LFkbruauy 24, 1917.

SOW SUTTON'S SEEDS

but not in the cold soil. Wait till the frost is completely
gone, then sow immediately on your warmest borders.

SUTTON'S EARLY GEM.

%J(llj5k/^Ck4

The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

Sutton's Little Marvel.

Ati extraordinary cropper .. .,

Sutton's Hundred-fold.

\'cry prolific, good flavour .. ..

S-jltoa's Early Giant.

A popular early variety..
Sutton's Up-to-Date.

One of the largest uf the giant-podded varieties
Sutton's Selected Duke of Albany,

" The Amateur's Pea par excellence "

CARROT.

Sutton's Early Gem.

Quality Hrst rate, very tender ..

ONION.

Sutton's Improved Reading.

An extra good keeper

PARSNIP.

Sutton's Tender and True.

Of white flesh and delicate flavour

Per pint 21-
Per pint 2/6
Per pint 1/9
Per pint 2/6
Per pint 1/9

Per pkt. 1/-

Per pkt. II-

Per ounce lOd.

Webbs' Exhibit at the

R.H.S. Vesetablc Eihibition. 1916,

led THE ONLY GOLD MEDAL awarded at this Show.

Iraidfm) Mdqa^me — A very fine (iisplay aiirl ftreatly admired."
The GanI n — A mv'iuhcent collection of evception.al quality."

hich obta

WEBBS' HIGH-CLASS VEGETABLES.

rd;d the R.H.S. and R.A.S.E. GOLD MEDALS (Highest Ho

^Jtr- QuickGrcwi

Webbs' Little Marvel Pea

W^ebbs' Pioneer Pea

Webbs" Surprise Pea

Webbs' Harbinger Dwarf Bean ...
Webi'S' Reliance Globe Beet
Webbs' Early Frame Cauliflower
Webba' Wonderful Carrot

ng Strains specially

3/- quai-t.

ecommended for Early Work.

Webbs' Royal Favour Cucumber
Webbs' Early Favourite Tomato
Webbs* First of All Cabbage
Webbs' Favourite Radish
Webbs' Half-long Forcing Turnip
Webbs' Silver Ball Turnip
Webbs' Forcing Gem Lettuce ...

1/6 pkt.
1/6 ..
1/6 ounce

WEBBS' COLLECTIONS

of VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Finest Quality and Best Value obtainable.

7/6 Collection contains 33 varieties.

12/6 Collection contains 43 varieties.

15/- Collection contains 49 varieties.

21/- Collection contaius ti6 varieties.

42/- Collection contains 95 varieties.

63/- Collection contains 110 varieties.

\HRIAGE FREE. Contents on applicatii

WEBBS' MARROWFAT PEAS.

Collections to Produce a Successional Supply.

-.3/-
12/-
12/6
6/6
4/6

'24 quarts of Peas, 12 fine sorts

1"2 quarts of Peas, 12 fine sorts

ti quarts of Peas, 6 fine sorts

12 pints of Peas, 12 fine sorts

6 pints of Peas, 6 fine sorts

4 pints of Peas, 4 fine sorts

CARRIAGE FREE. Our selection.

WEBBS' ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE of

VEGETABLE SEEDS
SEED POTATOS
FLOWER SEEDS
LAWN SEEDS
GARDEN MANURES,
Free on request.
Mention "Gard. Chron.'

WEBB & SONS, Ltd.,

The Kiriifs Seedsmen,
STOURBRIDGE.

FlCBRUAKV 24, 1917.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

® axbtmx^* C Ijrnittrlr

Xo. ISy^.SATURDAY, FEBRUARY S4. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Anemone vitifolia

Belgi&n gardening at
Letchworth

Board of A^culture
appointmenti . .

Cypripediums, hylirid ..

Farm, crops and stock
ou the home

France, agricultural or-
ganisation in . .

French note—
Fanyau, Mods. Oscar. .

Hong Kong, State horti-
culture in

Laud cultivation, nie-
cbanical

Lilies in 191«

Manures, artificial

Melons in pots, early . .

Moles

New Year Honours, the

Obituary—
Fanyau, Oscar . .
Gale, John
Massee, George
Sinclair, George
Walpole, Edward

Palms, potting ..

Paris Spring Show . . &*.i
Plant notes—

Burchellia capensis .. 84
Potato in 1800, the . . 87
Potato prices , . . . S7
Potatos and disease . , 86
Potatos and prejudice . . 88
Pruning in frosty weather 88
Railway line-side gar-
dens . . . . . . 86

Scotland, allotments in 87
Seeds, prutection of ..88
Societies —
Manchester and North

of England Orchid . . 90
National Chrysanthe-
mum Si)

Royal Horticultural . . 89

Scottish Horticultural 89

Societies, the local . . 88

Strawberry, White Wood 88

Trees and shrubs —

Bamboos in shade .. b3
Vegetables .. .,83
Vegetables, food value

of different .. ..86

Vegetables, select .. 88
Week's work, the Si, 8o

ILLUSTRATIONS.

vVuemone vitifolia 87

Lilium, a new, from Western China 82

Lilium Henryi 82

Lilium, seed capsules of 82,83

Massee, George, portrait of the late 91

LILIES IN 1916,

AS far as the southern half of Euglaiid
is concerned, 1916 was born and
nurtured in rain, wliile in
ailnlescence and decay its footsteps were
tlogged by lowering clouds and leaden
skies. Under the circumstances, no

amateur of Lilies is likely to have shed
anv tears over the passing of such a de-
pressing year, and the memory that can
recall anything like it must be a tenacious
one. It is, perhaps, needless to say that
the season was an exceptionally trying one
for a genus that rejoices in the sun, and
includes in its ranks no single species of
ai|iiatic tendencies.

Kxcept for a nip of frost in November.
I'Jlo, last winter proved as mild as any of
tlie cycle of which — -if we are to judge by
our experience of the harsh weather of the
past few weeks — it may turn out to be the
last. Ushered in by the phenomenal
rainfall with which 1915 ended, the
beginning of 1916 was remarkable for tiie
extraordinarily precocious condition of
vegetation, and the little bulbous friends
one begins to look for once tlie sun re-
sumes his upward course w'ere in miicli
iMure of a hurry to show themselves twelve
months ago than they have been of late.

Not only were Snowdrops, Aconites,
and the other first-comers from three to
four weeks ahead of the average time-
table, but thev remained in bloom far
longer than usual, so that for the first time
for many a year the Yellow Crocus and
Iris reticulata were crowding on to tlic
stage before the early-comers had done
tlieir turn. In every direction signs of
i|iiickening life came thick and fast,
aii<l staid old Elms that had seen a
century go by were cozened into bloom be-
fore St. Hilary's Day. Even the birds

fell under the warm and wondrous
spell, and, all preliminary pipings
finished weeks before, thrush and blackbird
hailed the New Year with full-throated
song. Wiseacres wagged their heads and
prophesied disaster, but, though the pace
st«med too good to last, the first seven
weelvs passed witliout a trace of frost.

Then came a change, for, with a rain-
fall that has seldom been equalled in tlie
third month during the past forty years,
March mothered the damp and chilly air
\vhich was so insistent a feature of last
year. As if that were not enough, the
second half of the month saw the country
treated to every sort and kind of noxious
weather: snow, rain, haii, frost, and
thaw followed each other with bewildering
rapidity, the wliole culminating on the
■28th-29th in a blizzard that tore the face
of the land to pieces and littered the
countryside witli fallen trees.

Up to about tlie beginning of the vernal
equinox, Lilies shared in the general
hurry-skurry and made unusually rapid
progress; L. Hansonii outgrew all
others, and was in such uncommon
hurry that by Marclj 25 scores of stems
had overtopped the three-foot mark, and
so completed more than half their upward
growth. The fact that four days later,
during the blizzard, every one of these
Lilies was prone upon the ground, weigheil
<lown by snow and frozen where it lay,
may seem to point tlie moral, but
L. Hansonii is the hardiest of plants,
and makes light even of treatment as rough
a.s that.

For the rest of the season the record wa.s
a dismal one, brightened all too seldom,
as at the end of May and the middle of
July, by short bursts of summer. Even
August failed us, and though September
brought relief, of which, to be sure,
L. Henryi took full advantage by flower-
ing more bravely than the writer has
known it flower before, the change came
too late to save tlie situation.

Such seasons are a trial to the most
jihilosophically minded grower of Lilies,
for. even if skilled in all the arts and
artifices of the cultivator, he finds himself
and his treasures helpless wlien Providence
casts a misty and jjersistent veil 'twixt sun
and eai-th. But, after all, dour and drip-
ping summers arc few and far between;
they damp enthusiasm, no doubt, and are
the undoing of tlie chicken-hearted
gardener, but they have their uses, and it
were churlish to complain.

It is pleixsant to be able to record that
nothing our climate can do seems sensibly
to affect the stream of new-comers to the
Lily world, and it rolls on in placid, if
.somewhat sluggish, fiishion. Few are tlie
years now that do not bring some new
species or variety to light, help us to eluci-
date some doubtful point in nomenclature,
or make us acquainted with some species
that has hitherto been no more than a
name, perhaps, or a minlljei- attached to
a hcrliarium specimen, dried and difficult
of identification or description to a degree
th.-it would cause even the s])irit of Fran-
cliet to .shudder.

To the first pn+pcrory Ir innffs a little

laly collected by Forrest in Western
China, which has been wrongly identified
as L. apertum var tibeticum (Fr.). The
bulbs, originally received from Prof.
Bayley Balfour, as well as,' from Messrs.
Bees, three years ago, began to bloom last
last summer, and these, together with a
specimen kindly sent by Messrs. Wallace,
will, no doubt, provide ample material for
critical examination and description
during the coming season. Mean-
while, as the illustration (fig. 27)
shows, the Lily is distinct in leaf and
flo^ver from any other known to cultiva-
tion. The bulb, too, of which, unfortu-
nately, a photograph is not yet available,
is unique in that the length is' more than
three times the diameter, the latter
being about an inch; it is composed
of a few long, fleshy, leaf-like scales
loosely folded one on to the other, white in
the lower part and tinged with purple at
the apex. It approaches that of L. poly-
phyllum in general outline, though a good
deal longer.

A consideration of this species, which
falls into the Notholirion group, and of
some other Chinese Lilies, renders it diffi-
cult to understand how the accepteil
technical distinction between Lilies and
Fritillaries is to be maintained.

During the year it has been possible to
set at rest all doubt as to the specific dis-
tinction between two Western Chinese
Lilies, L. Thayerae and Willmottiae, con-
cerning the relationship of which there
has been a good deal of doubt since Wilson
put them into" Western hands some years
ago.

Though there has never been any difti-
culty in distinguishing typical plants one
from the other, a general and s'uperficial
family resemblance is probably responsible
for the notion that the two plants are but
forms of the same thing. If all else failed,
iiowever, it seems clear from an examina-
tion of the capsules, of which Mr. Malby
has made such excellent photograjihs
^fig. 28), that the two Lilies should be kejit
apart.

L. Thayerae originally came into culti-
vation from Messrs. Veitch's nursery as
L. sutchuenense (Franchet), under whicli
name it is grown at Kew, and it has
always been a little difficult to understand
how the robust and floriferous plants one
may see in bloom at Kcw ever came to be
regarded as identical wifli Hooker's dwarf
and lax-stemmed L. sutchuenense of tlic
/foL Mac;., t. 7715.

Tlie identity of L. Willmottiae (Wilson)
is even now not certain, and Wils'on iii-
oliilcs to the view that it may be the (nie
L. sutchuenense of Franchet, not fn lie
confused with L. sutchuenense of the /loi.
M'l;/. around which a fog of uncertainty
and doubt lias gathered. The jioint will
doubtless be cleared up ere long, and, liow-
evei' that may be, there is no question Iml
that Tj. 'Willmottiae, a.s we must continue
to call it for the present, is a remark.alily
fine garden plant, distinct from any otlieis
of the ]iseudo-tigi'inuiu section which
have couie under our notice np to the
present.

Reference has already been made to L,

82

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 24, 1917.

Fig. 27. — a new species of lilium fkoji wesi-

ern china. petals white, dotted with rose,

anthers yellow.

Heiiryi, wliicih quite outdid itself last year.
Though one of the first of the Lilies to spear
through the earth in spring, it is a great deal
more leisurely about the business of life above
ground than most, taking quite seven months
about it. It has, however, such a tough consti-
tution, when soil and other factors are to its
liking, as to be independent of climatic con-
ditions that prove too much for many other
species ; indeed', it can be said with truth that
not only did L. Henryi come through the ordeal
of last season unscathed, but, while many other
species were giving up the fight, it grew and
grew till at last it was able to look over a wall
8 feet high ; not satisfied with that, during a
blistering fortnight in early September it burst
into the mass of blooni pontrayed in the photo-
gmi>h (fig. 29). So florifeix>us was it that nume-
rous examples were to be seen carrying two
flowers on a pedicel.

And this is the Lily Dr. Henry never saw
more than 4 feet high, or bearing more than four
flowers, on the limestone bluffs of Ichang.

The bulbs of these astonishing plants have
been in tliie> grtiund no more than five years, and
Mia now lititle less than the span of a 'hjan,d in
diaraiieter. Tlhiey are in thin and hungry cal-
careous grtund in whicih one would luesitate to
plant ajiything exoept sonie of the Wiesteiini
("hinese Bliododendtpoiis, which, at; experience
has shown, thr-ive in it.

Several correspondents have written about a
form of L. giganteum that has cropped up here
and thea-e of laite yeajrs. aoid is not identical
with L. giganteum of gardens, a familiar friend
and originally a plant of Nepaul and the Hima-
laya.

The form in question has been dubbed L.
giganteum yunnanense, apparently on the
authority of Max Leichtlin, who distributed
seed of it to a few correspondents in 1908 ; but.
even if Leichtlin was responsible for the name,
it is doubtful if at that time he could have been
in a plosition to express a definite opinion as to
the, identity of the plaait.

Moreover, in aending seed to the writeir,
he labelled it " cardiocrinum from Yunnan, pos-
sibly cordifolium." Leichtlin had a penchant
for L. cordifolium, a species by no means always
easy to come by, and seldom passed on seed he
received from his missionary correspondents of
ihe cardiocrinum section of Lilium without
hazarding the . suggestion that it might be L.
cordifolium.

A general review of the Lily season is not the
place for a critical exposition of any particular
species, but one may perhaps be a.Uowed to ex-
press the opinion that, on the evidence before
us, the so-called L. giganteum yunnanense leans
more to L. cordifolium than to giganteum. At
any rate, the capsules of the two are very dif-
fea'ient (see fi,gis. 30 and 31), and ,thej-e is no dif-
ficulty in finding oa.psules of the newcomer from
which the figure of tliat of L. .coa'difolium in the
Monograph of the Genua Lilium might have
been drawn.

Broadly speaking, and apart from the marked
difference betwieen the capsules of the two.

Fig. 28. — seed capsules,
above, lilium thayerae.
below, l. willmottiae.

the fcjrni under notice may readily be dis-
tinguished from tihe Himalayan Lily by
a con^ijarative waait of ' statmie — it reaohes
to the sJiouldea-B only of the fetteir — a far
moa-e erect position of t!he flowers, for
they are almost horizxmtal, and the fact tkit
it comes into bloom about three weeks before the
other. The paucity of foliage on the lower part
uf the stem is a marked characteristic of L.
cordifolium, and this Lily of Leichtlin's shares
the peculiarity.

Ano'ther noticeable feature of this stra^ngeir, as
grown in Great Britain, is thiat the stems are
very dark in colour, almost black, in fact, and
while, to be sure, a specimen with more or less
(lark stem is to be found wherever giganteum
congregates, it is the exception and not the rule.

Some day, pei'haps, when the flora of the wild
country that stretches for more than 500 miles
east of Sikkim has been systematically investi-

gated, it may be possible to study step by step
the changes that locale and climatic conditions
have imposed on L. giganteum on its way from
India through the heart of China till it turns
up in Japan, more than a couple of thousand
miles away from the Eastern Himalaya, in the
forms known to botanists as L. cordifolium and
L. Glehnii.

During tlie year specimens were received from
Messrs. Bees of what appeared to be L. mirabile,
an addition to the small section of Lilies with
heart-shaped leaves. According to Franchet, the
distinguishing peculiarity of the species, and one
on which he seems to have founded it, is the
centrifugal habit of flowering. The single speci-
men the writer has had under observation un-
doubtedly possessed this peculiarity in a regular
and marked degi-ee, so much so in faci that the
petals of the uppea-m:o>sit flowers had fallen before
the lower had properly expanded. Messrs. Bees,
too, who raised the Lily from seed sent home
by Forrest, noticed the same character in the
plants that flowered last year at Sealand. No
definite conclusion, however, on a point of this
kind can be arrived at from the examination of
a few specimens, and time alone can show if
this unusual habit is fixed.

In A Naturalist in Western China .VJiUon
refers to L. mirabile as common about Wapeng,
on the Hupeh-Szechuan frontier, and tells the
pa^senit writer tliat it is a distinct species. Com-
parison of the capsule of this Lily with that of
L. giganteum seems to bear out this view.

L. Duchartrei has never been more than a bird
of passage in this lountry, possibly because of
the difficulty of obtaining bulbs of it, but, thanks
to the good offices of Mr. Wilson, the species
flowered in the writer's garden last summer,
and, it is to be hoped, may come to maturity
in due course and furnish that meed of seed
without which it is so difficult to raise Lilies
from regions far away. L. Duchartrei is a most
desinable Lily. .4. Grove. Kentoris. Henleij-on-
Thames. Feb. H.

29. — LILIUM HENRYI BEARING 33 1
AND DOUBLE-FLOWERED PEDICELS.

Febrtjart 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

BAMBOOS GROWN IX SHADE.

F.^iLiNG to come across anyone who had had
any experience of Bamboo-growing in shade, and
finding here conditions otherwise ideal, I deter-
mined to make the experiment, and it has been
nn unexpected success.

The collection is only a small one. comprising
some seventeen species — and those mostly such
as are common, and seen to advantage at Kew.
The only uncommon ones are ATundinaria
Fortunei, Phylloataahys mitis, P. aiistata., and
Measre. V. N. Oa-untlett's new Arundinajia in-
signis.

The Bamboos grow in a small valley or dell
three hundred yards long by one hundred
broad, sheltered from every breath of wind, but
completely overshadowed by tall Beech trees
so drawn that they ha^ie developed no boandhes.
The soil is deep, black leaf-mould, watered by
two small streams. '

The entire collection has grown normally
exoept P. mitis and P. viridi-glauoescens. The
foiiner grows noTmaUy.but th.e culms fail to
rijW'n., and are cut down by the firsit frost : the
latter responds sensitively to shade conditions;
in dense shade it refuses to .send up any culms,
in shade less dense it grows freeily ; in ^semi-
slliflde, viz.. ait the north end of the dell, wihere
it gets sun for an hour a day at midsummer, it
grows rampantly. In the densest shade, whiare it
is, in fpct, almost dark in summer, P. Quilioi
giroiws splendidly amd is 10 feet high. A.
Simonii glows better in shade tlian in the sun.
P. japonic<i and P. aristata have both put out
fresh foliage right through the frost, which has
reached 10° to 14° night after night.

The question arises as to how all these Bam-
boos ripen their last year's culms so as to be
aible to resist the frost. One ans^veT is ihai
perhaps they do not ripen them but tliat the
overhanging trees keep the frost off. Only one
last year's culm has been cut down, and that
belonged to a plant of P. fastuosa — ^the halr'diest
Bamboo there is ; but it was nf)t a. fully de-
\'eloped calm ; it had not developed its top leaf,
which is, I believe, not a tme leaf. In the
other cases, even in thi?.<t of A. insignis, which
has no ovei^heiad sihelter, n'A the lust year's cii'ms
had developed the terminal leaf, and with the
exception of P. niiti.*, when they reach that teir-
minal growth they seem quite hardy.

A. insignis is oertaanly the gloTy of aill Bam-
boos. For the man in thie street it might be de-
scribed as a glorified A. nitida^ — but vnry glori-
fied ; it has thinee times the grace of A. nitida ;
it grows tihrfe times as feist, it is appairenitly
hardv if Pihelteii^d from tJh© least suspicion of
wind, and its foliage is a most brilliant lagtht
grfen.

The many Rhododendron species now grown
in the temperate house at Kew must be much
li;irdier th:in supposed — anyhow, if sheltered
from wind ; R. ai^boreunv R. Ca-mpbelliae. .~.nd
even R. grande, syn. aTgwiiteum, have weathered
the fr.-st unc^hncernedlv. TInxif T.rrclt. Xfirh/.
Wlmhonir.

83

FlU. 30. — SEED CAPSULE OF THE SO-CALLED LILIUM

GIGANTBUM YUNNANENSE.

(See p. 82.)

|>lace th?m in a box, well packed witli fine
soil, and start them in a cold frame, or a
frosrt-piroof building.

After hardening them, plant them in April
in well-pi-eparcd, heavily-n;?.nured gn-ound, at
a distance of 1 foot 6 inches from row to row
and 1 foot from plant to plant. Insert the roots
with the use of a dibber, and make the soil
about them very firm. Place a few fine cinder
ashes round each plant.

Beyond reducing the number of growths to
one, and hoeing the surface frequently, no either
attention is needed. Immediately the summer
growth is completed, and the foliage dies down,
the whol-> of the crop should be lifted, trimming
off and saving the rootlets for the following
year's supply. These rootlets may be pref>ared
and stored in a cool place ready for starting
in early spring. Store the crowns in ashes
under a north wall, and introduce them to t/he
forcins pit for l>l.n,f)chinj as reqiiiivd S<..-i K.nle

^>'.

VEGETABLES.

SKA KALK.

This u.'ceful and delicious vegetable sihnuld
h(> grown hy everyone possessing a kitchen
garden, as it is one of the simplest crops
to produce, and is available at a saalsnn
w-hen oiher vegietables are scarce. Its wnopa-
gation is quite simple, as every small rootlet, if
properly treated. wiU form eyes and produce
crowns, during the spring and summer, suitable
for forcing in winter.

The present is the b?st time to select the
root cuttings from plants which are being
lifted. The cuttings are made from the smaller
I'oots. and should be from 4 to 6 inches long.
T'f> them in small bundles of from 15 to 25,

fn;. 31.— .-iked capsule of lilium oiganteum.

{of gardens).

(See p. 82.)

is easily blanched in a cellar, or an outside
liuilding, if care is taJtein to exclude the liglht.
Those who possess a warm, dark building may
easily obtain a supply of forced heads during
the winter. Seeifig that all liardy green vege-
tables have been injured by the severe frosts
and cold winds. Sea Kale s^hould pa-ove of especial
NWlue this season.

E.ARLY POTATOS.

TsDiRE is little doubt that a shortage of
Potatos will occur before the end of the sea.son,
aud every possible means should be taken to
inci-ease the supply.

Potatos can be grown in pots, pans or boxes
of all sorts ; indeed, almost any receptacle. They
may be started into growth in any warm place,
even if it is quite dark ; but immediately young
growth appears above the surface of the soil
they should be brought to the light and gradu-
ally hardened. Later on they may be placed
at the foot of the south side of a wall or build-
ing, protected when necet^ary from frost.

Ordinary garden soil, sand or leaf-mould can
be. utilised, and very little is required to start
with, more being added later on to prevent the
new young tubers from gi-eening. There are
other methods of production which can be
adopted by most people who possess a certain
amount of ground, although only a back yard.
A temporary skeleton pit may be built, with
rough boards, turfs, or by driving into the
ground a double line of stakes 4 inches apart,
and with a height above ground of 3 feet at
the back and 2 feet 6 inches in front; filling in
the space between the stakes with the kind
of material most easy to obtain, such as long
litter, old straw, rough hay, bracken, or the
trimmings of evergreen shrubs and trees.
Firmly put together, such skeleton pits will
last many years.

Portable frames are invaluable for the pur-
pose, and many which have previously been
occupied witli more ornamental subjects should
now be utilised. Well-d'ecayed leaf soil, whea'e
cosily obtainable, should be used in preference
to any other mould.

With regard to varieties, those should be
grown which mature early and produce the least
amount of haulm, such as Sharpe's Victor, Ex-
press. Harbinger, and May Queen. Wherever
possible, use greened tubers, with stout green
.'ihoots of about 2 inches in length. E. Berhptl.
RUNNER BEANS,
To gain time Runner Beans may be sown about
the middle of April in boxes filled with light
soil and germinated and grown on in a cold
frame. The seedlings will be ready for planting
early in May, the aiCtual date depending on the
weiather, a« it is obviously unwise to jdant
when nig'hts are frosty. The end of April is
early enough to make a sowing outx>f-doo.ii.s im-
less the situtution is exceptiinially siheltered.

Overcrowding is responsible for many partial
failures, and inevitably results in a smaller crop.
For this reason single rows are desirable, and
plants allowed a distance of 3 feet apart will
soon fill their allotted space with luxuriant
growth, bearing pods superior in quality to
those produced in crowded rows. A single spe-
cimen planted in deeply-cultivated, well-enriched
.<oil will develop into a column of growth several
feet in diameter.

The best distance apart for ordinary purposes
is from 1^ to 2 feet, and the plants should be
pinched when they have reached the top of the
supports. If pods are required for exhibition
retain only two of the straightest on each truss.
The pods are frequently allowed to remain on
the plants too long ; and apa.rt from stiringy
pods of poor flavour being sent to taWe, the
prattice results in a permanent we-akeninig of,
the ciro-p. The plants will furnish miany mWre.
pods of superior quality if they are gathered
while quite young. If the pods are not urgently
requiiied the plants will gain striengrtJi if the
fiiiist triLSSes of bloom are removed. E. U. Janvf.

84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Feeruart 24, 1917.

FRENCH NOTE.

M. O.SCAR FANYAU.
Onh of the Paris daily papers, the I'riil
I'arisini, gave, on February 9, the following
account of the tragic death of JI. Oscar Faiiya.u.
well known in the north of France for his love
of horticulture, and whose glass-houses, particu-
larly rich in rare Orchids, were famous through,
out tihe ooiuiiryfiid'e. The " Kommandantuir " 'if
Hellemmes seized M. Fanyau's house and grounds
some time ago, leaving, with chai'acteristic
graciousness, the underground floor of the house
in the occupation of the proprietor, his grandson
and an old servant. M. Fanyau was seventy
years of age. When copper was requisitioned at
Hellemmes, he refused to make the prescribed
declaration, and instead addres.'ied the Command-
ant thus : " For two years you have occupied
my house. You know its contents. If it pleases
you to take away my copper ornaments and
works of art I cannot prevent it ; but expect
from me no declaration, nor any obedience to
a (icrman command. I aJn an old officer of
1870, and I refuse to betray my country by
oiving over to the enemy material for the manu-
fruture of shells to kill my countrymen." For
having thus -"resisted" aaithority, he was
imprisoned at Loos, to await depoi-tation to
rjermany. On. the following day he wa« found
dead in his cell, and only after much supplica-
tion was his grandchild allowed to make the
necessary funeral arrangements. M. Fanyau's
services to horticulture were great ; among the
heist of his Orchids were Odontoglossum Bosa,ti,
0. Alexajidlrae, Tninmph^ d'Hellemmes, atnd
Odontioda Cleverlyanum. At the last Horticul-
tural Exhibition held in Lille, in June. 1914, the
Oi-and Prix d'Honneur, a gold medal offered by
the King of the Belgians, was awarded to M.
Flinyau for his ■e.xlhibit of Orchid-s and gr.eflii-
liou'e plants. A. M.

ThcWcck'sWork.

PLANT NOTES.

BURCHELLIA CAPENSIS.
This tiborougihily good oJd-fiashioned pliant is
much less frequently met with than was at one
time the case. Its usual season of blooming is
in itihe spring moiitlus, at which i»riod it forms
a. brig(h/t and atfcraotive feature in the wao^n
gr«?enhou6e, Tihis Bujchellia, wlhiicli is a native
of South Africa, is a freiely-branohed, sturdy
shnib, clothed with ovait«, oppositely^airaiaaiged
lea.\ies, about 4 inahes long, ajid of a. deep gi'e^n
tint. The fiowi;n-s, w.hidh are borne in. dlusit.&rs
on the points of the preceding year's sihoots,
are tubular, a little over am. indh long, and
of a deEii orangje-tscarlet coloiu'. ThLs tint
is pajlicularly effective against the daa'k giieen
litickgax>und of leafage. The cultural require-
ments of this Biu'chellia au-e not great. lib re-
.si|>onidis to a little more heat bettei' tihan many
othejr natives o.f South Africa, and succeeds
in a wai-m gTeenSvouse 'oir inteTmedialte temperas
tuTe. Some gn-nw it as a stove plant, but this
exti-a heat is not meieded. In the s.tove the leaves
:ire somewhat liable to be attacked by tlirips —
]ira»tically the only insect pests to give
any trouble. Puttings of the half-ripened shoots
strike root without difficulty if put into well-
drained pots of sandy soil and placed in a close
propagating-case in a warm house. If the cut-
tings liave la little bottom heat so much the
V:i?tte;r. T^he yoMJig plants should be stopiped
once or twice during their earlier stages, in order
to ensure a bushy habit. A suitable compost for
established .specimens may be made up of two
parts loam to one part peat, and a good
.sprinkling of silvea* eaaid. It is a> member of the'
K.ubiaoei'e, which contains many beautiful
fi'owering plants, such as the different membei-s
of the aeniis Binuvardia. Gardenia, Ixora, Ma-
netti?;. Bondeletia, and others, as well a« many
of cjreit ecouiomic value. W. T.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Royal Gardens. Windsor.

Turnips in Pits.— Make a sowing of Early
White Milan Turnip in a cool pit at once. Riiii
soil is necessary for this crop, and should be
])laced to within 18 inches of the roof-glass. Sow
the seeds thinly, and keep the pit closed until
the seedlings are well through the surface, after
which admit air in sufficient quantity to keep
them from becoming drawn. Thin the seedlings
.OS soon as they are ready for the operation, and
give the crop liberal supplies of water to pro-
mote a quick growth.

Beet.- Sow a few seeds of Early Globe Beet
in a slightly heated pit, or in a cold pit where
frost can be excluded by a covering of mats or
long litter. Use light, rich soil, and sow the
seeds in shallow drills. Thin the seedlings to
9 inches apart as soon as they are large enough
for handling. Warter the seed bed liberally with
soft water, and keep a sharp watch for slugs.

Carrots.— Carrots should be sown in cold
pits to prm'ide l^x>ts foir a succession. Make
the soil as fine as possible, and raise the bed to
within 15 inches of the roof-glass. Sow the
seeds thinly, covering them lightly with fine,
sifted soil. Damp the sui'face of the bed on
siumy day.^ with clear water. Carrots raised
from seed sown early in January are well
through the surface, and will require careful ven-
tilation As soon as the plants aa'e large enough
they should be thinned, and the bed watered
with dear, soft water. If slugs are troublesome,
dust the edges of the bed with soot or lime.

PoTATOS.— All available pits should be
planted with Potatos as soon as possible. A good
depth of soU should be provided, and, if avail-
able, a quantity of manure from a spent Mush-
room-bed incoirporai'ed with it. Allow plenty of
space between the sets for the full development
of the plants : 2 feet between the rows and at
least 1 foot between t/he plants in the row ace
necessary. Cover the seed tubers with loose soil,
and earth up the plants when the haulm is
6 inches high. Give the roots a plentiful supply
of water as growth advances. Admit air freely
in order to promote stockv growth. May Queen.
Early Puritan, Duke of York, and Sharpe's Ex-
press are good varieties for growing in pits as
well as in early borders.

Brussels Sprouts.— The main sowing nf
Brussels Sprouts may be made forthwith. At
Frogmore we sow this batch in a cold frame, ;nnl
transplant the seedlings m a sheltered border .as
soon as they are large enough for transference.
By this means we secure a sufficient number of
stocky plants to form the principal plantation.
A later sowing may be made in the open for late
supplies. The bed for this crop should be pre-
pared thoroughly, and plenty of space allowed
between the plants. Those transplanted in
strong soil should be allowed a space of 3 feet
between. the rows and 2^- feet between the plants
in the row. Ideal, Dwarf Gem, and Darlington
are reliable varieties.

Cauliflowers.- A sowing of a main crop
variety of Cauliflowers may also be made now
in order to produce heads for use in August and
September. Early London, Walcheren, and
Early Autumn Oiant are suitable for the pur-
)K)se, as they will be fit for use after the earliest
plantations are over. VentUate Cauliflower
plajits in pots which have been wintered in cold
pits freely, in order to keep the plants stocky,
and never allow them to suffer from want of
water at the roots. If pots and space are avail-
able, some of the more forward plants may be
potted inio large pots with a view to producing
early heads. Pot the plants in rich soil, and
always keep the roots moist. If the stock of
plants include the vaiieties Magnum Bonum or
<Treat Dane, they will answer this purpose better
than the small, early varieties, as the heads are
larger and of better quality.

Mint, Tarragon, and other Herbs.— A

supply of Green Mint and Tarragon may be pro.
duccd easily now by placing a suitable number
cif roots over a mild hotbed and covering them
\\\i\\ fine leaf-mould. Chervil seed should be
sown thinly in a cold frame ; cover the seeds
lightly with fine soU, and keep tlie frame closed
until the crop is well through tha surface. Make
frequent small sowings of this herb. Chives may
be lifted from the garden and treated in the
.same manner ; the plants will soon make
luxuriant growth, and will be useful for salading
during the spring.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J- Collier. Gardener to Sir Jeremuh Colman,
Bart., Gattfln Park, Reigate.

The Cool House.— The majority of plants in
the coul Orchid house, including Odontoglossum
crispum, 0. Pescatorei, and their many hybrids,
and Odontiodas, are in vigorous growth, and
many have nearly completed the development
of their new pseudo-bulbs. The greatest care
.should be exercised to have the pseudo-bulbs
well matured. The plants should receive the
fullest possible exposure to light, short of sub-
jecting them to injury by scorching. As the
flower-spikes develop, care should be taken that
tihey are not injured by slugs. As sooaii as tlie
inflorescences are a few inches long it is a good
plan to wrap a piece of wadding around the
base of the leaf that shields the spike : while
moderately dry this will prevent the slugs
from creeping up from the surface of the com-
post. Slugs may be trapped by placing damp
bran or Lettuce leaves on the stages near the
plants, searching for them at night and early
morning. When the flower-spikes have attained
a sufficient length they should be tied to neat
sticks and placed facing the light in such a posi-
tion as to cause them to grow in a graceful,
arching shape, which greatly adds to their
beauty. Plants of Odontoglossum citrosmum liave
commenced to develop young growths from the
base of the new pseudo-bulbs, but they should
still be kept dry at the roots, and the treat-
ment continued until the flower-spikes make
their appear-ance from the centre of the young
growths, when the compost should be wjitei-ed
copiously and the plants placed in the warmer
paj-t of tlie hO'Uiii?. 0. grand.? and 0. Irs'eayi
leopardinum should still be renting, and require
but vei-y little water at the roots until growth
again becomes active. If th<se plants are not
afforded a long season of rest they will not flower
satisfactorily.

Oncidium.— Winter-flowering Oncidiums. such
as 0. concolor, O. Fovbesii and 0. varicosum,
are passing out of flower, and s.liould be afforded
only sufficient water at the roots to prevent the
pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling. The plants will
soon begin to grow afresh, and any that require
fresh rooting material may be attended to as
soon ,is young roots push from the base of the
new growths. These plants are best grown in
shallow pans suspended from the roof-rafters, in
a house having a temperature ranging from 55°
to 62°, allowing the temperature to rise as the
season advances. The pans should be only just
large enough to accommodate the plants, a.', they
grow best when the roots are in a restricted space.
In potting, press the compost moderately firmly
between the roots, placing the base of the young
slioct weU down into the soil. This method
minimises tKe danger of damage by slugs, which
are particularly fond of the root^ of Oncidiums.
A suitable rooting medium for these plants con-
sists of a mixture of Al fibre, half decayed Oak-
leaves, rubbed through a ^-inch sieve, and
chopped f?phagnum-moss in equal proportions,
adding ciiished crocks to keep the compost
porous. O. Papilio, 0. flexuosum, 0. Krameria-
num, and 0. Cavendishianum require a higher
temperature than those mentioned.

CoELOGVNE cristata. -Plants of Coelogyne
cristata are developing flower-spikes, and should
be afforded sufficient water at the roots to keep
the pseudo-bulbs plump, or the flowers will grow
weak. Do not syringe the plants overhead, for
it might cause the flower-spike,s to decay.

Febrtjart 24, 1917.]

TKE GARDENERS' CHROWICLE.

86

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bi W. J. GulBE, Gardener to Mrs. DgMPeiER. Keele
Hall, Staflordshire.

Anemone and RANUNCULUS.-Anemones
should be planted directly the ground is in a
■friable condition. The soil for these planits
should be well prepared, and of a rich, moist
nature. The St. Brigid and fulgens types are
commonly cnltivated. The Bride (white), His
Excellency (scarlet), and Blue Ciown (pale blue),
are other fine Anemones which may be raised
from seed sown now, in boxes, or in a cool
frame. Fire must not be employed at any stage.
Ranunculuses do much better planted now than
in the autumn. Plant tlie roots 2 inches deep
and 6 inches apart in well-prepared, rich loam.
Place the claws downwards and cover the whole
with fine soil. During dry weather liberal sup-
plies of water must be given. Directly the
foliagie is dead lift the root tubers and sitoo*
them in a cool shed.

MoNTBRETiA. -Plants of llontbretia that
were lifted in the autumn should be re-
planted as soon as possible. Select the best
cnrms, planting the smaller ones in open spaces
in shrubberies. Montbretias thrive exceedingly
well in old potting soil enriched with a Liberal
amount of leaf-mould and a little sand. Brit-
annia (scarlet), Etoile de Feu (vermilion). Rosea
(rose). Rayon d'Or (yellow), and St. Botolph
(yellow), are all excellent varieties.

Hardy Annuals.— Autumn-sown annuals and
biennials should receive attention occasionally.
Take the first opportunity in favourable weather
to run the hoe between the plants. The work
of transplanting or removing them to their flower-
ing quarters should be done during mild weather.

Verbena. If not already done. Verbena seed
should be sown forthwith. It is hardly worth the
trooible to j>n)i>agti.te V'en-beaias from cuttings as
seedlings are generally much stronger, and give
a wide range of colours. Sow thinly in pans
or boxes filled with a rich compost ; cover the
seeds lightly with fine sandy soil, and germinate
them in a temperature of 55°. Transier the seed-
lings to small pots when they are large enough
to handle, shifting them into pots a size larger
us this becomes nec^itsaTy, Riemove the pleint*
to co'iler quarters giadually, but on no account
should growth be hurried by too much warmth.

Dklphinium.- Seedling Larkspurs are often
very disappointing, the colours generally being
very poor ; to ensure success the seed should be
from a specially good strain. For decorative or
bedding purposes there are few annuals to equal
the Delphinium, and certainly none that gives a
inx>re charming effect for so small an amount of
labour. Sow the seed thinly in pans or boxes,
filled with a C(>nipo.st consisting of loam, leai-
mould. tand, and a little decayed manure. A
temperature of 50° to 55° is sufficient to germi-
nate the seed. Directly the seedlings are large
enough, prick them out into cold frames at 4
inches apart. The tall varieties are suitable
for planting in mixed borders and shrubberies,
and the dwarf varieties for small beds. Last
year the seedlings were planted in their flowering
quarters direct fmom the seed boxes with exce'l-
lent rteBulte.

Pruning and Training —Assuming that the
trees were carefully disbudded, but very little
pruning is necessary beyond shortening some of
the longer branches and the weak wood to per-
haps a couple of eyes, for growth from these buds
may be necessary to fill a bare space. At the
same time as much of the old wood as can con-
veniently be spared should be taken away, as
both the Pea.oh and Nectarine fruit on the wood
of the previous season. Nail or tie up the centre
branch perfectly straight, using soft tarred string,
then tie the branches left and right at the bottom
in a- horizontal manner. Regulate the main
branches at different angles and let the others
radiate from these to fill up blank spaces. The
shoots should be trained about 6 inches apart,
until a perfect fan shape is made. Twisted raffia
is strong enough for securing the smaller
bitandhies. The branches of smaller maiden,
neiwly-plantied trees should be shortened cion-
siderably if a' perfect specimen is to be formed.
Strong shoots must be checked or the
liottom of the tree will never beoome fur-
nislied with suitable growth. Material for
pi^otecting the blosisoms should be got in iieadi-
ness. If blinds are used, these should be
adjusted so that they can be easily manipulated,
and need only pulling down at night when the
trees are in flower. The trees are backward this
season, but with increased .sunshine they miay be
pxpeofed t-n develop very rapidly. The borders
should be made tidy and afterwards top-dressed,
taking care to make the ground firm.

Qeneral Remarks.- The pruning of all kinds
of fruit trees shoidd be pushed forward and the
work finished as soon as possible. Owing to
stress of weather much work is in arrear, but
with extra energy delays may be caught up.
Prunings required as grafts later should be in-
serted a few inches in the goil, in a cold, shel-
tered spot.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Uon. Artucr J.
D»VEV, AbliottB Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

Peaches and Nectarines on Walls.—

After the trees have been nailed to the wall lor
a number of years the bricks may need rep ji:it.
ing to fill up the numerous holes that the nails
have made. The nail-holes offer lurking places
to iiiistct peats. Get some good fresh lime, and
slack sufficient to fill a good-sized pail, and
add to each pail of lime 1 lb. of sulphur, 1 lb.
of soft soap, 1 lb. of soot, 1 quart of paraffin
or petroleum, and thoroughly mix the ingredi-
ents into a fairly thick paste. Unfasten the
branches, tie them in bundles and sling them
up with a string out of the way of the workman.
Pu.?h the lime material into the wall by means
of a stiff brush, filling up every crevice. The
petroleum makes the material cling to the wall
and also has a good effect on the early and
critical stages of the young growths.

kept considerably drier at the root.s, but not
to such a degree as in the case of Poinsettias.
Stand the plants in a light house, and do not
allow the temperatiu-e to fall below 55°, or many
losses will occur. When the foliage has ripened,
cut the tops down to firm wood, and, as the
days lengthen, spray them occasionally to encour-
age the development of shoots for cuttings.

COLEUS.- Cuttings of Ooleuswill root readily
ihiW in the propagating house. Wlhen rooted,
they should be removed from the fra^me, aind
i^radually exposed to fidl siuishine. They should
then be potted into 60-sized pots, using a light.,
.smdy soil for the first potting. Return them to
a. shelf in a hot house, and, after sliaiding them
for a day or two, place them in fuU exposure
to the sun, with plenty of ait-mospheric moisture.
Plants intended to be grown as large spiecimens
.shoxild never be allowed to become rootbound.
but sfliould be shifted into larger pot-s by stages.
Use a rougher and ridier compost for tJiese
plants. When they have been in large pots for
some time, the rtoots need regular and constant
f<<eding ,to Iceeip the plants in good health. Pinch
the ix)ints of the silioots at all stages of tlie
■|ilants' development before tliey grow too long.
This is neoessairy to lay a good fouirdatiom for
a well-grown pJatoitt

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. 0. WiSToii, Gardener to Lady Northooti,
Eaatwell Park, Kent.

Calceolaria Clibranii.— Young plants of
Calceolaria Clibranii propagated last autumn and
wintered in 60-si/x>d ]i(,ts should \k- placed in
their flowering pots, eitlieir 48's or 32's being
suitable for the first year. Two and three year
old plants that floweied last May, cut down
aftei'wa.rdHaiid paced in a cold frame, will make
splen^lid specimens. Having been afforded a
liberal shift in the autumn in a fairly rich com-
post, bhey njliiy bo expected to do well. Tliis
Calceolaria is very impatient of dry fire-heat,
and will not even tolerate being placefl on a
dry stage. It thrives lieft in a cool hoitfi? or pit,
on a damp bottom, with foliage close to the roof-
glass. A minimum temperature of 40° is suitable
ill winter, and the house shovdd be ventilated in
favourable weather. When the plants commence
to grow in the spring, give the root* a little rich
top-d reusing, ajid s<'cure the shoots to neat green
l>amboo " points.'' For large specimens ca.nes
2i to 3 feet long will be necessary, tying the
flower-apikoo as they elongate. When in full
growth the roots must never be allowed to suffer
for want of moi.sture, or growth will be stunted.
The atmo.sphere should be kept moist until the
ptanits ;ir« coirmu'niing to flower. Let tihe jila-nts
have plenty of space, to keep the lower leaves
perfectly healthy. ,

RiCHARDiA Elliotiana.- After a period of
rest these plants should be shaken out. potted
into new soil, and placed in a warm house to
start into growth. The yellow spathes and hand-
some flowers are very effective, and a few plants
should always be found in a good collection of
flowering plant*.

Euphorbia pulcherrima. — The foliage of
Poinsettias, as these plants are usually termed
in gardens, having turned yellow, the plants
should be given a complete re.st in a cool house.
Keep the roots quite dry for the next month or
two. If there ui a danger of moisture from
"drip," place the pots on their sides until it is
re-quired to start the plants into growth again.

Euphorbia jacquiniaeflora — As plants of
tliis Euphorbia pass out of bloom tliey should be

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson, Gardener to Leopold db

Rothschild. Eiq., C.V.O., Qunnersbury House.

Acton, W.

Peaches and Nectarines in Borders.—

'Pliero is but little gain in tlie fruits of
ti'ained PetLches and Neotaiines sotting very
ea.Tly, and the risk exceeds tlie advantage.
During tli« past month there has been an
almost continuous fix>st, and experiericied
growers will realise that where much fire heat
is required green fly puts in an appearance
early. It will be necessary to keep a sharp
waltoh for tihis trouMesome insect wHtem tlie
earliest leaves are unfolding. If, however, the
house was fimiigated just before the flowers
opened, aphis should not cause much trouble.
Do not wait until the presence of the pest is
detected, but rather anticipate it and take pre-
cautionary measures in good time. Trained trees
near the roof-glass are much better, on the
whole, for early crops than those trained against
back walls, and, where there is sp.ice to' pass be-
tween the front trellis and the lights, this per-
mits of an easier manipulation of the trees.
Those who still depend on a rabbit's-tait or
camel's-hair bru-sh for pollinating the flowers are
thus enabled to get at the blooms easily. The
atmosphere should be dry during the flowering
period ; we damp the bare spaces as usual, but
discontinue overhead syringings. During this
period a little ventilation may be permitted
almost continuously, except when cold east
winds prev.'iil, it being only necessary at such
times to open the ventilators a little when the
sun is shining. With regard to temperature,
50° to 53° at night when the trees are in flov^cr
is suitable ; this allows of a 5° fall by the morn-
ing, and a rise of 10° to 15° in the day may be
permitted. Increase the heat in the pipes at day-
break, but slow down the fires as soon as this
has been attained. I damp down at nightfall
with the pipes fairly warm. It is not advisable
to hasten the development of trees in later
houses. The object now is to save all the firing
possible whenever and wherever it can be done.
If the trees are on the move, keep the houses
cool for another week or two, with a night tem-
perature of 40°.

Peaches and Nectarinfs in Pots.— We
rely on pot trees for our earliest crops of these
fruits, and they almosit invariably suooeed.
Our earliest trees are just about to flower, and
in anoth-etr week's time a hiv« of bees will
bo introduced into the house. Our earliest
Nectarine is Cardinal, and I do not know of a
better early sort. Our earliest Peaches are
Duchess of' Cornwall and Duke of York. Plum
trees in the same house are starting into growth,
and will be in flower a few days later. Very
clo.se attention should be paid to watering the
roots.

86

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 24, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER. 41. Wellingrton Street,
Covent Garden. "W-C-

Editors and Publisher- — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in ohtainmg answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to' advertisements should
be addressed to the Pxjblishejr ; and that aU com-
municatians intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The tivo
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations-— r/ie Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of re
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or iUustrations, or to return itnused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by theJr
correspondents.

Local Ne-ws- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events liJcely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
phint>i for luiviivq, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Welling-ton Street, Covent
Garden. London- Commvyiications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not he
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

kable
respon-

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY. FEBRUARY 27—

Royal Horticultural Society. Exhibition of Flowers.
Plants, Sec. 1—5. Lecture at 3 bv Mr. John Dickson,
on "Hardv Plants for the Flower Garden." Lon-
don Scottish Drill Hall. Buckingham Gate.
Hort. fhib's annual meeting, dinner and lecture.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from ob.servntions during the last fiftv
years at Greenwich, 40.2°
Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle OfHoe, ^1, Wellington Street.
Oovent Garden, London, rhursday. February 22
(10.0 a.m ) : Bar. 30.25° ; temp. 11.5°. Weather-
Cloudy.

SALES FOR THE KNSUINQ WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Herbaceous and Rock Plants. Fruit Trees, Rbodo
dendrons. Lilies, Eucharis amazonica, at 67 and 68
Cheapside, by Protheroe an<l Morris, at 12 and
3 o'clock.

THURSDAY—

Standard. Dwarf, and Climbing Roses, at 67 and 68
Cheapside,' by Protheroe and Morris, at 1 o'clock.

THURSDAY AND FRIDAY—

Sale of ; Nursery Stock . at Willow Grove Nursery
Chislehurst, by Protheroe and Morris, at 11.30 o'clock

FRIDAY'-

Fruit Trees. Roses, Rhododendrons, Herbaceou-
Plant.'*, at 12 o'clock. Orchids in variety at 1 o'clock
at 67 and 68. Cheapside, by Protheroe and Morris.

The Relative

At tlie present, time.

Different
Vegetable Crops.

are undertaking the
cultivation of vege-
tables, and even more are offering advice
on the subject, it is important that the
public should understand the relative food
values of the chief garden crops. At first
sight it -would seem an easy matter to make
preci.se and definite statements on thi.s
subject, for the crops have been anah'sed
cliemically many times, and the amounts
of the .several food constituents — proteins,
sugars, .starch, and oil — are known.

There are, however, two ways of esti-
mating food values. One way is to de-
termine how much protein and how mucli
carbohydrate (.starch or sugar) or fat art'
required by the avera.ge man or
woman. Both protein and carbohydrate

or fatty foods are required, the former tu
repair waste of muscle, and the latter
to produce heat and to provide energy for
work. Another way in which food values
may be estimated is in food-units or
calories, which indicate ■^^•^ amount of
available energy contained in food.

If it may be assumed that the average
man i.s fed on a mixed diet, and that this
mi.xed diet supplies sufficient protein to
repair the tissues and make good waste,
the value of any vegetable constituent of
the food may be estimated by the latter
method — that is, by determining the
number of food-units (calories) in a given
weight of the foodstuff.

Looked at from this standpoint, it
ought to be fairly easv to state which
vegetables are the best : but to do this,
another factor must be taken into
consideration — namely, the j'ield of
each crop per unit of area. Unless this is
done, altogether wrong conclusions are
bound to be drawn. For in.stance, it has
lieen stated recently that the food-value of
I'nrsnips is three-quarters that of
Pdtatos. This iii true in the sense that the
food-units (calories) in a pound of
Parsnips are about three-quarters of those
in a pound of Potatos. AMien, however,
we ask the essential questions, how many
calories are produced by a rod of ground
under Potatos, and how does this number
compare with that provided by an equal
area of ground under Parsnips, we shall
discover that,- owing to their higher
yield, the number of calories (food-
units) produced by Potatos per unit of
area is considerably more than a quarter
as much again as the number yielded by
Parsnips. Another consideration which
lias hitherto escaped the notice of the
chemical analysts of foodstuSs is that dif-
ferent varieties of the same vegetable
differ widely in feeding value.

It is much to be desirefl that this in-
teresting aspect of the food question
should receive more attention tlian it has
yet had, and we hope that it will be pos-
sible for the Research Station at Wisley,
which, as we understand, is engaged in
this subject, to investigate thoroughly and
systematically the relative food value of
different varieties of vegetables.

In the meantime, it may be stated with
confidence that of all crops grown in gar-
dens the Potato gives the largest return
as measured in calories per unit of area.
Next and almost equal to the Potato comes
the Beet; well below these is the Jerusa-
lem Artichoke; and below the Artichoke
the Parsnip and autumn Cabbage. Among
the lowest are garden Peas. So
tliat, when intensive cultivators are urged
to grow Peas, they are being told to grow
what, in fact, is a luxury crop. It is true
that it contains per pound of dry weight
far more protein than is contained in an
eijual weight of Potatos, but when the re-
latively low yield of Peas is taken into
consideration, the far greater value of the
Potato becomes apparent.

Whether Haricot Beans would be a
|nofitable crop from this point of view we
liave not the data to determine. It is
probable that it would; but in the mean-
time it is evident that the Potato should

occupy in these times a large space in any
.scheme of cropping, and that garden Peas
and Brussels Sprouts, which give a low
yield per acre, should be grown only on a
restricted scale.

There are, of course, other factors to be
taken into consideration in estimating tlic
food values of vegetables. One of these is
the richness of vegetables in what are
known as accessory food bodies — bodies
the special function of which is to stimu-
late and regulate growth.

The relative values of different vege-
tables from this point of view have not
been determined^ but it is probable that
the instinct which leads men to eat vege-
tables so relatively low in the scale of
food values as Onions, Carrots, and
Tomatos indicates that these vegetables
are rich in the essential accessory food
substances.

Board of Agriculture Appointments.—

The Hon. E. G. Strutt and Mr. A. D. Hall
have accepted, for the period of the war, the
unpaid posts under the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries of Additional Agricultural Adviser
and Scientific and Technical Expert respectively.
The Duke of Marlboeough has been appointed
Joint Parliainenta.ry Secretary (unpaid) to the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and wiJl
represent that Department in the House of
Lords.

The New Year Honours.— In addition to

the recognitions recorded last week the Honoui's
List contains the announcement that a knight-
liood has been bestowed on Dr. Jagadish
Chandra Bose in recognition of his contributions
to botanical physiology. Dr. BosE has for many
years devoted his remarkable abilities to the in-
vestigation of plant-sensdtiveness, and even
those who are not able to agree with the con-
clusions which he has reached admire and appre-
ciate the wonderful skill of experimentation
which he has shown in his researches. Dr. BosE
has, moreover, demonstrated his devotion to
science by founding at Calcutta a Research In-
stitute for Indian post-graduate students en-
gaged in physiological and medical investiga-
tions. We congratulate the Colonial and Indian
Depairtments of Sitate on setting so good an ex-
.ample to the home dep.irtments.

Aqricultural Organisation in France.—

Monsieur Clementel. the new French Mini.ster
of Agriculture, is making vigorous efforts to
organise agricultural labour in preparation for
the spring. To this end arrangements are being
concluded with General Lyautet, the War
Minister, to release cei'tain classes of soldiers for
woi-k on the land, where possible at their own
liomes. Aa'rangemeiits are being made for gene-
i-ail Government dii-ection of aJl aigriculiural
lalboiir, military or civilian. To tihis end a new
Minister lias been appointed, to be known a« the
Director-General of Agriculture, in bhei peo-smn
of Mlonsieiu- Fernand David, Deputy for the
Haube-Savoie, wllio was fonr.iea'ly Minister of
Agriculture. Monsieur le Rouzic, Deputy for
Morbihan, is in diarge of the' work of increasing
the production of Potatos.

N.E. Railway Line-side Gardens. — The

N.E. Railway is acting with great energy in pro-
viding line-side gardens. No rent is charged
except in the case of fenced allotments, and
from the published list * it appears that nearly
all the sites have been taken. Seed Potatos
Arran Chief and King Edward are being supplied
at 15s. per cwt.

Potato Prices.- Tthe revised miaximum
prioeis for the siaie of Potatos will be given in. an

♦ y.E. Raitwaii Magazine, Feb., 1917.

February 24, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' JHRONICLE.

87

Order to be issued fortJiwith. The revised
pi-ioes — if reliance may be pJaioed on repoi-ts —
will enable grower, deaier, and retailer to oaiTV
on their busanesses without one or the other in-
curring Loss.

State Assistance to Horticulture and
Forestry in Hong Kong.— The South Cli'ina
Morning Post, a daily paper published in Kng-
lish at Hong Kong, pubHshes in full the budget
of the Colony, which includes small sums pro-
vided under the heading of ''special expendi-
ture" for clearing brushwood at Mount Kellet.
and for laying out the grounds of the Ellis Ka-
doorie School for Indians. This constitutes an
increase of nearly $3,000 in this department.
Special attention was drawn in the report to
the efficiency with wihidh Mr. Tutcher and his
statf carried out their duties.

Allotments in Scotland. The demand
for and provision of garden allotments in Scot-
land is growing rapidly, and there can be no
doubt that in the future the garden allotment
will form a great feature in the life of com-
munities for the town artisan and those em-
Ijloyed in shops and offices. The provision of
allotments by the municipality of Glasgow,
begun last year at Tollcross, has extended with
the most encouraging results. Plots have been
secured in different parts of the city, aoid a
comprehensive system established under the
charge of Mr. J^vmes Whitton, the Superintend,
ent of the Parks Department. The movement
in Exlinburgh is ably supported by the Town
Council and their Superintendent of Parks, Mr.
.1. W. irH.ATTiE, who has done much to further
the scheme. It is expected that 3,000 allotments
will be in cultivation in the city of Edinburgh
this year. Hamilton Town Council has applica-
tions for 300 allotments and additional applica-
tions are being received.

Potatos and Disease.— It is often supposed
t'lat <li.*ca.-.c iif (ultivatwl crops is a penalty
which has to be paid for high cultivation. In
the case of the Potato the statement is not in-
frequently met with that disease is due either
to varieties running out or to heavy manuring.
Without a doubt, any condition which is un-
favourable to the plant itself is likely to render
it a more ready prey to disease. But the experi
meiits recently carriecl out by Mr. O. A. Pr.ij i
in planting clean seed in new land ii
South Dakota* indicate that even whi-i
tubers free from disease are planted ii
land which has never carried a crop "f
Potatos, disease makes its appearance. In
order to make as sure as possible that tlic
tubers used as "seed " were free from disease.
thej' were cut and disinfected by treatment for
Ii hour with a solution of corrosive sublimate.
Notwithstanding the.«e precautiors, the cr<ip was
by no means free from disease, and although it
may be admitted that even with the most care-
ful selection and disinfection the seed may still
liave harboured germs of disease, we think that
the conclusion reached by the author is correct,
and that disease which attacks the Potato, lik'-
misery, " <loth walk about the orb of the world ;
like the sun it .shines everywhere." No less in-
tonesting is the furtlhpr conclusiira reached in
the cours? of these investigations that other
crops. Lucerne and grain, appear to clean the
land ; for less disease of Potatos was noticed
on land .so cultivated th;in on raw virgin or desert
land. The test would have been more conclu-
sive, however, if Potato seed taken from a seed-
ba.ll and irais;d in st.erili.'-icd .soil had been
planted out on the virgin ground.

MscHANiCAL Aid to Land Cultivation.—

\ correspondent emphasises the need for a small
motor cultivator, on the lines suggested iiy
Smillicrn Crnivr and others in these pages, as
an aid in cultivating ground for vegetable grow-

of Agric,

ing, and especially in large gardens dotted with
fruit trees. He encloses a cutting from The Scots-
tnan, in which a correspondent suggests a motor
plough two and a jialf or three feet long, w:ith
a plough and steering gear at either end. Such
a plough wjuld not require to be turned on reach
ing the end of its journey, it being simply neces-
sary to reverse the gear on the backward journey.
Hybrid Cypripediums.— In addition to the
Or.ihids mention»?d in these pages last week aiS
-shown at the R.H.S. meeting, Messrs. H.^ssall
AND Co., Southga.te. staged a selection of hybrid
r%'mbidiums, including several varieties of their

risk Potatos at prices so ^-educed as to afford
great relief to tlip industrious pmn- . . ."

Belgian Gardening at Letchworth.—

Soon after the outlirf.ik of tlie war a nnniber of
Belgiins. amongst whom were many discharged
soldiers, settled at Letchworth, to be employed
at tlie munition factory established by their
countrymen, Messrs. Kryn and Lahy. Including
women and children, several thousand Belgians
are now living in the Garden City. In order to
increase the food production and to improve the
oinditions in which those munition workers
are living, the Belgian Minister of Agriinlture

ll'hotoiiraph b.i/ C. /'. Hnl/ill.

FlO. 32. — ANEMONF. VITtKOI.IA

(S..C I

new C. (''orona (Bo«-itrice) and C. Sybil, with ('.
Alexanderi and otlier Cymbidiunis, and a brig'ht
form of SojAi-o-Csittlieyia Saxa.

The Potato in 1800.— The curious may
find in London's finll nf Fame. — a compilation
recording the names of those who have received
the Freedom of the City— the following entry : —
" 1800. No. 4. Ro.iolved at the Court of Common
Council that the Freedom of the City be givej^
to Mr. William Adams [the .\dams wore always
agricultural !] in testimony of the high .sense the
Court entertains of t.he siervicc* he has i-endeired
the public by vending iipon his own account and

A NKW FL,\NT FROM Till'. HIMALAYA.

has appointed a r|ualifieil liortieulturist who will
act as an instructor for the cultivation of their
gardens. The directors of the metal works have
taken this instructor in their employ, and one
of them, M. Lahv, is to be the honorary presi-
dent of a gardeners' association. Lectures are
organised, and demonstrations on gardening
given; seeds will be bought co-operatively, and
plants for distribution raised in a central gar-
den. Funds are .supplied by the firm and by the
Belgian Board of Agriculture.

Paris Spring Show. -The Council of the
Societe Nationale d' Horticulture de France has

88

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 24, 1917.

decided to hold a Spring Exhibition, the pro-
ceeds to be devoted to war charities. The ex-
hibition will take place at the Society's head-
quarters, rue de Crenelle, from June 1 t« 5-
No money prizes will be paid to exhibitors.

Th e Flora of the New Notes.—" Full
many a flower is bom to blush unseen" in the
n«^w )iaper mioney whioh is jusrt. issued. Tire
Uos.e and the Tftiisitle, the Sdiamrock and tJie
Daffodil may aiU be discowred thie-re. Tlh.e
.^artliy appeau-ano© of St. G«org«; arid the Dmgion
suggests as a. motto foi' the note ;
" Dosit thou think it a vain thing
Tha/t ' Gieoxges ' crowned for vanquishing ^^
SIhoxild bear some du*t from out the ring? "

Artificial Manures. - In -fiew ol the
scai'citv of artificia.1 manures, the attention of
growers is directed by the Board of Agriculture
to the advantages of applying small quantities
of lime in localities in which it can readily be
obtained. Lime is itself an essentiiil plant food ;
it will also unlock some of the stores of nitrogen
and potash in the soil, especially heavy soils,
and, as a temporary measure, may therefore
take the place of part of the manures which
the land would otherwise require. The
Board also advises, in view of the difficulty
of securing delivery of basic slag, superphosphate
land other phospliatic mainuTes, the withlholdmgof
lihosphates from meadows <".oiid pastures during
the remainder of the present season. All avail-
able suppUes should be reserved for other crops,
especially for roots and Potatos. Having regard
to the short supplies, it is not advisa.ble to apply
more than three-quarters nf the usual dressings
of these phosphatic manures, since better re-
sults mav be expected from the same total weight
of manure if the whole area under any particular
crop is manured lightly, than if a part is heavily
dressed and the balance left without artificial
manure.

The Local Societies. -A Parish War
Society has been f.ormied at Wendy, Hertford-
shire, "its objects being to promote the produc-
tion nf mfflie food, the profitable s«le. of mem-
bieirs' produce, the puix-hase of their reqnire-
ments the pro.vision of cheaper credit for produc-
tive purposes, the welfare of those who are now
with the Co^Iours or have been discfc-mged from
service, and bo encourage thrift and saving.

The Norfolk and N-m-wich Horticultmtil

Society has inaugurated a League, to be known
as the Noi-wich Food Prodirction Leag^ie, tor
the purpose of emcouraging the growing of
Potiatos and other vegetables. It comprises
some 500 members, all of whom are engaged in
cultivating allotments around Norwich. It is
expected that tihe League will shortly become
soilrf-smpporting.

ANEMONE VITIFOLIA.

This Himalayan plant (see fig. 32) in many
respeets reeembles the well-known .Japanese
Anemone (A. japonica). The woolly foliage,
how6^'el•. is thickeo-, larger in size, and
less divided,, having more of the appear-
ance of Vina leaves, from which resemb-
lance it obtains its specific name. The
floweire are of good substance, large size, pure
white, and ajie very freelly produced during
the summer mioinths. It is a handsome plant,
but appears to be lees hardy than its Japanese
relaltiive, although it wili survive our hardtar*
winteiis in slheltered situations. This fact may
aooount for its rarity in gardens, although it
has been in cultivation for nearly a century.
Thie plant illustrated is grtwing in an open
bord^er, in light, sandy soil, and has been there
for .Sievieral years. It is a native of the Eastern
Himalaya, including Bhotan, where it has ne-
oeaitly been found by Mr. Cooper when collect-
ing for Me.'ssrs. Bees. Ijtd. W. I.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(Hie Editors do not hold themselvet responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Protection of Seeds.- vSeeds will shortly
be sown in various out-of-the-way places, and
will be much exposed to the ravages of smaU birds
and mice. To prevent these pests from destroy-
ing the crop the seeds should be dressed with
paraffin and red lead. Put just the amount of
seeds required for sowing into a flower saucer
and wet them with sufficient paraffin to make
the seeds clog together, add sufficient red lead
to part the seeds again and then shake them
well up. All Brassica seeds — these, of course, in-
clude Turnips — also Peas, Radish and all hard
shelled seeds, may be dressed. The paraffin does
not make any difference to the germinating of
the seeds. Soot or lime may be used instead
of lead, but they do not stick so well to the
seeds in wet weather. Unfortunately, this dress-
ing will not prevent the Brassica species from
clubbing as I once saw stated. Thus. B. Archer,
The Hazeli Gardens, Prescot, Lanes.

PoTTiNO Palms.— Referring to the note by
]V. T.. on page 76, on the above subject, I
was interested in the details of the special pot
he designed for Palms, but getting special pots
made for a limited number of Palms might not
be practicable in many cases. I quite appreciate
the difficulty of keeping large specimen Palms
for a number of years in moderate-sized nots.
and in the Calendar notes on page 60 I omitted
to mention that I have for some years use<l
collars of zinc sheeting to avoid such large
shifts. As the roots fill the pot and render
tihe important matter of sufficient waiter some-
wlhat difficult, a' strip of zinc is neatly fitted
round the top of the ix)t, cutting it sufficiently
deep to press in the soil inside the rim of the
pot. This will allow ample room for plenty of
water and regular top-dressings to be given,
and the plants can be kept in the same
sized pot tor another year or two. Any-
one using large Palms for decoration will
appreciate the advantage of keeping such plants
in receptacles of moderate size : Oak tubs (made
on the same principle as W. T.'s special pots)
I have used for some years, and consider them
quite suitable for specimen Palms, as being much
handier for moving about. W . T.'s mention
of the roots of the stronger growing Palms lift-
ing the plants out of the pots, recalled to my
mind that the grower of some of the finest
Palms I have ever seen told me that he prevented
this by ramming the soil, when potting Palms,
as hard as he would for a specimen Erica. Cer-
tainly his Palms were beautiful specimens, and
none were pushing out of the pots when I saw
them. /. G. Weston.

Qrowing Early Melons in °ots (see
]). 72). — I was interested in Mr. Hudson's re-
marks on the growing of Melons in pots. It
is an excellent method for growing the very early
and very late Melons. The roots of the plants
and the body oi' soil are better under control
than when the planting is done in mounds or
borders, and this is a great gain, should the
plants prove a little unsatisfactory in growth —
as early and late specimens sometimes do. With
the main crop, or summer batch, there is little
or no difficidty, and heaps of soil in a house or
frame will usually suit the purpose admirably.
It w.as in a Herefordshiie garden that I saw
and had practice with the pot method, and very
successful it proved. Bottom heat from pipes
was employed, and the pots were stood on slates
about 2 or 2^ feet above, with hot-bed material
of leaves and manure placed between. Tlie
latter surface, by the way, provided good stand-
ing for pots and boxes of cuttings of bedding
plants, r. Turner. Ken Vierr Gnrrlen. Hlr/li-
fjate.

Pruning Fruit Trees in Frosty
W?«TH^R.-On page 57, .^otitheni Grower states
thnt he h.Ts never known injury to result from
pruning Apple trees in frosty weather. If this
is an established fact, it is a piece of gardening
information worth knowing, and should receive
wide publicity. The statement is really nothing

short of remarkable, inasmuch as it re-
futes the belief held and taught by the
majority of gardeners, old and young. A
reference to accepted authorities in books, calen-
dar writings, and other occasional writers, will
.show that most of them advise leaving fruit tree
pruning in abeyance during severe frosty weather
— presumably to prevent any possible hui't to
the uppermost buds, or even the wood. Person-
ally, I have always followed this practice, so
cannot support nor deny the assertion of Southern
Groiver. The opinion of other readers who have
made observations on this subject would be
valuable, and help to give settlement to this
debatable operation. T. O.

Potatos and Prejudice (see p. 53). —
The origin of the Potato seems wrapped in
mystery. In a paper read by Mr. J. R. Baker
before the Linnean Society in 1884, it was state^l
that Solanum Maglia, closely allied to S.
tuberosum, and, like it, a native of Chili, pro-
duoed simillar tubers Hybridisation trials were
afterwards made at Messrs. Sutton and Sons'
groimds at Reading, where S. Maglia was found
to produce tubers as llarge as oa^dinary Potatos,
and of good qnality when cooked. Were the
trials carried out to a logical conclusion 7 If
not, someone might carry them out. S.
Maglia, S. Commersonii, S. Jam<esii mig^ht all
be oi-ossed with S. tuberosum, the lesuiltant
hybrids re-orossed together, and by selection we
might get Potatos of a hjirdier constitution and
less subject to diseases. This should be worth
t.lie doing, as Potatos are now litei'a^iy in every-
one's mouth, though when fii-sit introdiuced they
were onnsidefred as "fit only for swine." C E.
nridqett. The Gardens, si. Helens, Hampton
Wick.

Moles.- The war is giving the mole its oppor-
tunity. and in some parts of the country the
acti\ity of these animals is converting pasture
land into a. miniature model of the Somme front.
Their earthworks are extending continuously,
and the d.image which they are doing must be
very considerable. A. A'.

Select Vegetables. — I welcome J.'s
friendly remaa-ks on the above, on p. 71. iiela-
tive to my ruotes of the previous %veek in the
Gardener.s' Chronicle. My reason for suggest-
ing early and mid-Season varieties of Potatos
was that eai'ly tubers aa^e bound to be' in Ijirge
demand, and the giround can be cleared of them
in good time to accommodate some othier crop
this season, and mid-season varieties, owing to
their early maturing, are more free from
disease than the late varieties. I am entirely
in accord with J. as to the value of lime
where the soil is deficient in that substance.
Scotch and Cottager's Kale have proved their
worthy during the severe spell of cold weather
this year. They have come through practically
unharmed, whilst the majority of other greens
are almost ruined. Asparagus Kale is. unfortu-
nately, much subject to disease, and fails to do
satisfactorily in many places. Mercury is one
of the easiest vegetables to grow, but the flavour
is not always appreciated. I did not wish to
ignore the value of Peas and the various kinds
of Beans. My object was to mention particularly
those vegetables which would give a more or
less continuous supply throughout the year, and
especially during the winter. Edwin Beckett.

White Wood Strawberry.- f'an any of

your reoiders tell me an\-tli,ing of White Wood
Strawberries? I came across the mention of
tills variety in Jane Austen's Emma, which
novel was fiinst publislhed 101 years ago. Readie -s
of .Jane Ausiten, will remember the page devoted
to the Strawberries growing in Mr. Knightly 's
garden. " Strawbei'ries, and only Str'a wherries,
could now be thought or spoken of. The
best fiiiit in Engliand — everybody's favourite
. . . every sort good — 'liautboy infinitely
superior — no comparison — ^hautboys very scarce
— Chili preferred — White Wood finest flavour
of all . . ." Wiaa the "White W'ood Straw-
berry " only a cultivated variety of the wild
Stirawhisn-y ? If not, what was it? The Straw-
bemry which so appeals to the rare taste of Jane
Austen would be well worth growing, .i. A'.

February 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

89

S O C I S T IS S .

ROTAL HORTICULTDRAL.
Scientlfle Committee.

February 15.— Present : Sir Everard im Thurn
in the chair; Mesers. W. Hales, E. A. Bowles,
\V. C. Worsdell, J. Riarasbottom , R. H. Pearson
and F. J. Chittenden (hon sec).

Tulipa Kaufmanniana. — Mr. J. H. Chapman
pxliibited flowering plants of Tulipa Kaufmaji-
iiiana, a species introduced to cultivation about
1877 and awarded F.C.C. 1897. The plants
shown were dwarf, bright rose in the back
of the exterior segments, yellow at base
inside, with a carmine spot about midway
down the segments inside, and margined with pale
cream or white. They were thus somewhat dif-
ferent from the four certificated and from those
fisinred in the (harden or the Bot. Mag., and
were, further, easy to propagate, which some
forms of this species are not. The whole of Mr.
Chapman's stock had been derived from one
bnlb.

SHpules of Hawthorn. — Mr. W. C. Worsdell
showed specimens of leaves from Crataegus
.■iiniaca, showing intermediate steps from leaf
segments to so-called stipules and demonstrating
that the latter belonging to the leaf blade, not
to the leaf-bafie. as true stipules do.

Leaves of hyl/rid Orrhiil.<.— "Sir. J. Ramsbottom
exhibited a series of .slides showing the characters
fif leaves of liybrid Orchidfi. The series in-
iluded sections "of the leaves of thirteen primary
hybrids and their parents : —

o (J Hybrid.

Cochlioda Noezliana x Ada aurantiaca

(Adioda).
Cochlioda Noezliana x Miltonia vexillaria

(Miltonioda Harwoodii).
Cochlioda Xoezliana x Odontoglossum cord-

atum (Odiontioda
Craveniana).
Cochlioda Noezliana X 0. Harryanum (Odon-

tioda Charlesworthii).
Cochlioda Noezliana X Oncidium incurvum

(Oncidioda Charles-
worthii).
Cochlioda Noezliana x O. macranthum

(Oncidioda Cooksonise).
Laelia cinnalwrina X Epidendrum prismat-

ocarpum Epilaelia).
L. tenebrosa x E. prismatocarpum

(Epilaelia).
Odontoglossum Edwardii X Cochlioda vulcanica.
Odontoglossum Edwardii X Rossii (0. Antiope).
0. Uro-Skinneri x Miltonia

Schroederiana.
0. Uro-Skinnori x 0. Edwardii

(O. Grogoniae).
Vanda teres X V. suavis

Also two secondary h ybrids : —
Odontioda Charlesworthii X Odontoglossum Har-
ryanum
(Odontioda Brewii).
Odontoglossum I'ro- X Odontioda Charles-

Skiimeri worthii

(Odontioda Irene).

Tliey had been prepared by Mr. Charleeworth,
who was studying the structiu'e of hybrid Or-
chids, and it was found that where a structure
existed in both parents, but developed to differ-
ent degree.."! in them, the hybrid usually showed
the same structure developed in an intermediate
fashion ; when a structure wa« present in only
one of the parents it might or might not be
present in the hybrid, and if present was usually
lass well developed than in the parent possessing
the character.

A /jfirr/e lllioilodcndron. — Sir Everard im Thurn
exhibited photographs of a tree of Rhododendron
arhoreum, growing in the rain forest of Ceylon,
to call attention to the huge size of its trunks
— of which there were several — each almost as
large as a man's body, and .showing great burrs
and twists freely develnjipd along them.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

February 19. — The Executive Committee of
tliis Society held a meeting at Oarr's R.estauraoit,
Stiiand, on this date, Mr. T. Bevan pre.siding.

The seca'etai-j- i-ead the coiTetspondence between
himself and tlie R . H . S. relative to the sliow that
the N.C.S. will hold next autumn at the Drill
Hall, and the terms weaje considered satisfactory.
Details of the cJa&ses, etc., will appear in the
new Bohedide which the Sub-Committee n-ea-©
authoa-ised to prepare and issue at a.n early date.

The i-eport of tJie Finance Comniittee was ooai-
sidered encom-agiog- It was recommended that
prize-monej' to the extent of £45 be offered a,t
the next show, without counting the amoimt of
sj>ecial prizes.

The election of committees then followed. Of
the Floral Committee one-third retire by rule
ainnnally. The new members, wiho will hold
office tiU 1920, a.re Messrs. Ballantine, Cuirtis.
Emberson, Pricketit, H. Wells, and T. Stevenson.
There being a vacancy in the third retiring next
year, Mr. A. Robertson was elected to fill the
place till then.

The election of members to fUl the places in
the Finance, Schedule and Publication Com-
mittees resulted in no change being mvide.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

PRESIDEJCT'S .\DDRESS.
Fkbru.\ht 6. — The first ordinary monthly meet-
ing for the se<ision of this Association was held
in the Goold Hall, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edin-
burgh, on this date. Mr. Pirie, the retiring
president, occupied the chair, and introduced
his successor, Mr. John Phillips, who delivered
his inaugural address, taking as his subject,
"Horticultural Topics and Post- War Problems."
Mr. Phillips' remarks were as follows : If I am
nh\e to read the signs of the times aright, it
we are to continue to make good progress in
the future, v/e shall have to aidapt oui-selves to
greatly changed circumstances, and bring our
machinery completely into line to meet the new
requirement*; of the country. All industries will,
it goes without saying, be greatly influenced
and modified by the conditions which will result
from this gieat war. To take one instance, it
is doubtful if we shall see in our day a resuscita-
tion of large Chrysanthemum bloom growing for
exhibition purposes, and without these how, for
example, is it possible to hold a great Chrysan-
themum show such as we have been holding for
the last thirty years? Every industry has been
more or less disorganised, and when horticulture
comes into its own again, as no doubt it will,
we may be quite certain that the conditions will
have vastly changed. At first there will be the
labour question. Many of our young gardeners
who liave gone to fight for King and country,
and freedom and right, will, alas! never return,
and many more will come back broken men
There will also be a financial diflSculty. The huge
cost of the war will cripple the nation for many
years to come, and many who have hitherto spent
large sums on the upkeep of great horticultural
establishments will be so severely taxed that
they will he unable to do so, and without such
establishments great horticultural exhibitions can-
not exist. But this does not mean that horticul-
ture must take a back seat. On the contrary,
I believe that horticulture will receive a great
stimulus from the war, and that it will come
mor» to the front than ever after it is over,
hut it will be a somewhat different horticulture
from that of pre-war days. The gi'eat cry at
present is to increase the food supply of the
cxjuntry. In normal times we heard nothing of
this cry. WTiy? Simply because we were quite
content to take things as they came, and this
laissez-faire, or let-alone i>olicy held sway in
•almost everything. Now, under the pressure
of war conditions, and especially on account of
the German submarine menace, things have
changed in this respect. We now realise, as
we have never realised before, what it means
to be dependent, on overse.as countries for the
hulk of our food supplies, and when we are faced,
as we are at present, with the risk of their being
greatly curtailed, or perhaps cut off altogether.
we begin to put our house in order. It wakes
us ")i to the importance of our home resources

in food production, and how they have been
neglected, and if we cannot afford to neglect
them in a time of stress like the present, how
can their neglect be justified in times of peace?
And there is no doubt that in many ways
they have been neglected. Take fruit-
growing for example. It would, of course, be
absurd to try to grow fruits here under glass
which can be grown out-of-doors in other coun-
tries at a minimum of expense, and which can
be brought to our doors at a price with which
we could not compete. But in many parts of
the United Kingdom hardy fruits like Apples
aJid Pears, Plums, etc., can be grown quite as
well, and in some parts of the coxmtry even
better, than they can be grown abroad ; while
the small fruits can be grown anywhere. To
take an example for illustration. Why is it
that so many Apples are imported into tliis
country every year while so many of our own
growing go to waste? It is simply because the
imported fruit is properly graded and more
carefully packed than the home-grown article,
and therefore the bulk can be sold from the
sample. It is not because th.e imported fruit is
of finer quality ; it is simply because ours is
not graded, and it is improperly packed. The
outcome of this is, of course, that the buyer
prefers the imported fruit, because he knows
lie is geting uniformity of quality, and that he
can depend on this uniformity when he buys
from the sample. It seems a very simple differ-
ence, but it makes all the difference between a
remunerative price and an unremunerative one
to the grower. And while I am on the subject
of fruit, I woidd like to make a few remarks on
another aspect of the matter, namely, the pre-
servation of such fruits as Plums, Cherries,
Gooseberries and small fruits generally, as well
,as certain vegetables, in the fresh state by
sterilisation. It is painful to I'ead, in a time
of great stress like the present, of tons of good
Plums rotting, as was the case last year in
orchards in some parts of England, for the
want of sugar to preserve them with, when by
this simple process of preservation by sterilisa-
tion, requiring nothing but a few comparatively
inexpensive appliances, and no preservative
whatever except plain water, the whole of this
waste could have been avoided, and a substantial
addition made to our food supply. And it is
not only in a case of this sort that tlie process
would have its use, for fruit thinnings, most
of which are wasted in ordinary course, might
be preserved in this w,iy ; while by judicious
thinning a substantial addition would be made
to the weight of the fruit left to mature on the
trees or bushes. One could multiply instances of
neglect of our resources, both in fruit and vege-
table growing, and even in the case of the
Potato, a food plant which has bulked more in
the public eye recently than any of the other food
plants except the cereals, we find from statistics
prepared by Professor Middleton, of the Boavcl
of Agriculture, that when we compare our pro-
duction of the pi-eciouK tuber with that of Ger-
many we are a very long way behind.

Then there is the question of allotments, re-
garding which so much is being done just now,
but in this also we are merely following the lead
of oth<'rs, for far more food is pniduced from
small patches of land in other countries than in
this. The growing of vegetaibles on allotments
is undoubtedly a great aid to the food supply
of many people when it is properly conducted,
and under suitable conditions, especially in times
of stress and high prices for articles of food.

Before leaving this important question of food-
producing plp,nts, I would like to say a few words
about another a,«.pect of it which is bound to
claim a good deal more attention than it has
hitherto done, but it is one exclusively for scien-
tific investigation, namely, the sterilisiition of
soil for growing purposes. As you are aware,
the object in .•soil sterilisation is to kill out all
the injurious organisms, and to leave unharmed
those which are beneficial to the plants. This,
it has been conclusively proved, can be accom-
plished : lint, unfortunately, it can only be done
on a comparatively small scale in practice, and
is, therefore, only applicable to soil used in the
cultivation of plants grown under glass. What
is wanted is a. simple and inexpensive method of
treating soil in the open over large areas, and

90

TRE GARDEN FMS' CHRONICLE.

[Feeri-ary 24. 1917

the discoverer of this will no doubt reap a
rich reward. For inside work, the commonest
in<'thod i.s by means of steaming, which is quite
n simple process, but one whicli involves con-
siderable initial expense, a.s a steam boUer and
accessories are necessary for its accomplishment.
This pi'ocess hue been advocated by many grow-
ers, but belief in its efficacy is by no means univer-
sal, as may be peeii from the following statement
hy a "Market Grower," in a recent horticultural
trade journal. "For several years," this grower
states, " I have used steam in sterilising soil,
liut always failed to see any good result from
the process, which, with the labour involved,
was distinctly expensive. Whenever I met a
grower who lised. or had used, the steam method,
I made careful enquiries as to opinions and re-
sults. One gentleman who grows Tomatos on a
fairly large scale, the crop of which is his sole
means of living, has a steam boiler for sterilis-
ing, but the last time I saw it the chimney had
fallen away and the whole thing was derelict,
plainly showing he had lost faith in steam. He
gives the soU a. rest by using boxes for the plants
for a year, and treats the eoil with creol. An-
other grower near by who has about 30,000
Tomatos (and nothing else) does not steam.
Another fairly large grower, who has done a
lot of experimenting with various methods of
.sterilising, says that he believes steam to be
positively harmful. He limes his soil well, and
after tha't is dug in, uses a fmigicide. and covers
the ground with fresh soil from the field. These
are the reasoned opinions of men who have
worked hard for the money and position they
have, and who throw away no chances of success
if they can po.ssibly help it."

Tliere is one other matter which will occupy
much attention after the war, and that is etluca-
tion. Already the subject is receiving a good
deal of attention from educational authorities in
anticipation of post-war conditions, and, of
course, it is to the technical aspect of it that
the greatest amount of attention will have
to be given if we are to hold our own in the
commercial and industrial, as well as the scien-
tific world. We are fortunate in Edinburgh in
having a well-equipped agricultural college, in
which there is an excellent curriculum in horti-
culture, and I trust that whatever developments
may take place in connection with it the in-
terests of the practical gardener will not be lost
sight of, and that means will be adopted, not
only to enable him to take full advantage of
the instruction provided there, but to remove the
financial disabilities which at present beset him.
The importance of imparting technical instruc-
tion to the practical man has not, I think, been
so fully grasped by those in authority in educa-
tional matters as we could wish, and 1 am sure
we all hope that it will receive m.ore attention
than it has done hitherto. But there is no royal
rnad to learning, and in horticulture as in other
things sound technical knowledge of the subject
can only be acquired by strenuous effort and
close application. In gardening, as in everything
else, success invariably goes to those who show
the greatest determination to overcome the
obstaclefi which lie in their paths, and the gar-
dener who understands the scientific principles
which underlie the multitudinous operations that
go to make up the cycle of his year's work will
have a better chance to overcome them success-
fully than those who are merely guided by
rule of thumb methods. My advice, therefore,
to all young gardeners, is to embrace every
opportunity which presents itself to acquire know.
1 dge of the technique of the subject.

In recent years gardening has made great
progress in almost every branch, and in many
establishments there have also been great changes
in tbe class of plants grown. In many cases
plants like Crotons and Dracaenas and other old
favourites of our vounger days are finding their
way to the rubbish heap, and there is a dis-
tinct tendency generally to a freer use of hardy
subjects for outdoor decoration. Such plants
as Sweet Peas, Antirrhinums, and other an-
nuals, now take a much more important part in
garden decoration than they ever did before,
and the new types of Roses have almost revo-
lutionised decorative gardening. Bnt in no
branch of horticulture perhaps bas more pro-

gress been made than in our knowledge of scien-
tific manuring, and iji connection with this I
would like to refer to the valuable and extremely
lucid paper by Mr. C'hisholm on this subject,
which was read at one of these meetings last
session, and which appears in the last volume of our
Transactions. It is sometimes said that our
gardeners are not so good as they used to be.
With that I do not agree. I think we have
better growers than ever we had, and I am
quite sure that the Scotti.sh gardener will always
maintain the deservedly high reputation as a
cultivator which he has held in the past.

I cannot bring these remarks to a close with-
out a reference to the part which women are
now taking in horticulture- . The employment
of women in gardening is no innovation, for
they have been so employed, in both horticulture
and agriculture, for centuries, if not from the
very first. But the lady gardener, as we know
her, is very different from the mere worker
who was formerly employed in gardens, whose
function it was to .perform certain, operations
which could not "be classed as anything else tha.n
mere drudgery, and which she had to do for a
living. Now we have the educated woman
coming into the field, and her aims are quite
different. She wants to take her place with
men gardeners, and to compete with them, and
we all welcome her advent. But if the lady
gardener is to succeed, as men have succeeded,
she must be prepared to go through the mill
in the same way as thev have done ; otherwise
she will fall behind in the race.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

Febru,\hy 1. — Cmniinttce present: The Rev.
J. Crombleholme (in the chair). Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, Dr. Craven Moore, J.
Cvpher, .1. Evans, P. Foster. A. R Handley,
D". McLeod. W. Shackleton, H. Thorp, and H.
Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS
FiHST-rL.\ss Certificates.

Cjipripccliiim Lloyd George (aureurti Hyeanum
X heik-iiianii), a fine, well-formed flower, with
broad petals, the dorsal sepal with a broad mar-
gin of white ; C. Alcihiai/es nirnpuficum. Wfi'f
Point var., similar in form and colour to Alci-
biades lUustris, from S. Gratrix, Esq.

Brass(r-C(itlle,ia Aslnxorthirie (ll:-C. Th<'
Baron X 6'. Mr.ni/elii). a large flower of good
form and rich colour, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Odnntiudn Linrhi (Oda. Diana X 0dm. aiiia-
hile). OdontOf]lossum waltoniensis Conyng/tnin
i-ar. (polyanthum. X crispiim), and Cymbidiuin
.Uexanderl vrir. Knchnntress {ehiirn''o-Lnirii x
insliiiie). all from Dr. Craven Moore.

Oil:ii(l'i'i!".'.-iiin rrispian aurevm. stiperhinn. and
()r/iiiilii'il(i Madeline var. euperbum (Odin. C.
Ilritiiniiiri X Odd. Charlesworthii), both from
P. Smith, Esq.

Sop/iro-Ca/tleya .i.^hwortliinc {Doris x
Ijlnehii}. from R. Ashworth, Esq.

Awards of Appreciation.

Odontoglossum Peerless var. The Buff {Ossu!-
stunii X eximium), and '''. Mer.tcij Star
le.rimliim 'X King Emperor), both from P.
S.MITH, Esq.

O. rrispini, Dr. Andreu- Angel {(). hunana x
?, ofirteherletisr). from S. Gra'trix Rsn.

Odontiodn Armstrongii (0dm. Armstrongae X
0:la. Vuylsfekii), and Odontoglossum Dori.-<
lOssidstonu X crispum), both from Messrs.

.\i?MSTR0NG AND BrOWN.

Publications Recfived.- TAe Cultivation
of Parsnips. Special Leaflet No. 70. Board of
Agriculture and Fislieries. Whitehall Place, Lon-
don.— Potato-Growing in 1916 on the Univer-
sity Farm. (School of .Agriculture, Cambridge
University.) — Symons's Meteorological Maga-
zine^ February, 1917. Price 4d. (London :
Edward Stanford, 12-14, Long Acre.) — Finger
and Toe. Leaflet No. 2, Rastern Counties School
of Agriculture, Cambridge.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

P.\rsnip.s for Stock.
l"'on cijws in milk, iind for sows, Parsmiijs are
useful ; tile roots contain much valuable food.
Where butter is made they must, however, be
fed in reasonable quantity with other foods,
such as Mangolds, bay and meal. A deep,
medium loam, as free from stones as possible, is
the most favourable soU for Parsnips ; it should
lie deeply ploughed in the autumn and again in
February, choosing dry weather, this time cut-
ting the soil across, cultivating and haiTowing
freely to obtain a good tilth. Seven pounds of
seed per acre, drilled in rows 18 inches apart,
as early in March as possible, is suflBcient.

Brussels Sprouts.
For cows in milk during Mair«h and April,
wihen the Cabbage crop has come to an end,
Brusels Sprouts are valuable, as they pro-
vide much green food. A tall, strong-growing
variety like Sutton's Exliibition should be
selected for its length of stem, afi it is not merely
tile size of the sprouts tlrat are a gain but the
greatest bulk of gi-een food sbould be the aim.
Deeply ploughed, heavily manruied, stiff soil
are the cultural conditions niecessairy. Sow the
seed early in March thinly in a cold frame, en-
couraging a sturdy growth. From there the
plants can be put out into their pemianent quar-
ters in rows 2^ feet apart, a similar distance
from plant to plant in the rows. Raising tihe
plants in a frame affords extra time for growth,
which means larger plants and more food. Fre-
quent stinring of the soil about the plants accele-
rates growth, as will also an occasional sprink-
ling with sulphate of ammonia or soot.

F.iTTENING C.'VTTI.E.

At the present time there is such a de-
mand for homi^ grown beef to meet the
requirements, that it behoves all who can to
assist in producing more cattle. The more is
grown and fattened at home, the greater likeli-
hood there will be of a lowering of prices. Steers
from two to three years old should be fatteiii^d
as quickly as possible. The longer they are in
becoming fit for the butcher the more expen-
sive thry become. Parsimony is not economy
in feeding. Liberality with 'best food shortens
the period of fattening.

I do not agree witb the fattening of heifers
for food, except in the case of barrenness. Heifers
have a quite different function to perform.
There are three methods of housing cattle for
fattening in winter — shutting them up singly
in pens, tying them up in stalls, and allowing
them to run loose in a strawyard where they can
have shed-protection from inclement weather.
Any of these methods can be made satisfactory,
if absolute quiet for the animals can be obtained.
The food rations should be varied. Mangolds
and Swedes, either separately or together, in
equal parts, are tliie salient winter food. Add
to this ?j sanlall quantity of sugar Beet and
a little finely cihaffed Hiay or Oat straw,
with Barl?y and Bean meal in small quantities.
The roots should be cleaned and cut into slices,
or pulped smaller, and mixed together with the
chaff in a heap, but not more than one day's
allowance should be given as a greater bulk
would quickly become sour, and that is vei-y
undesirable.

In addition to the food akvady mentioned, oil-
C3.ke, with an equal quantity of cotton cake, is
also required. The first feed in the morning
should be the cake, starting with 2 lbs. per ani-
mal, increasing this gradually until the last fort-
night, when 6 lbs. daily should be given. After
the cake is eaten the root mixture should be
given, 2 bushels in the morning, the same in the
afternoon, and for the last month increase the
quantity to 6 bushels per day ; for the last two
weeks give the feed four times daily. As long as
■ they clear up the whole, continue to give a little
extra. With such a quantity of roots some
animals will not drink water, others will ; all
should have the opportunity. Th^e feeder will
quickly know the peculiarities of each animal
and should act accordingly.

In the evening a handful of long hay shcrald
be given the animals for amusement. Plenty of

Flbrl-arv 24. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

91

straw should be given fur bedding, rsmembei-
inc tlie more thev have tlie greater the quafitity
of"' manure made. No ma.nure can be of higher
\-a.lue thaai tha.t fro.m cattle so highly ted.
Clover fok Hay.

Now that so much Otover is required for
Vrmv horses, in addition to that needed tor-
home coosomrption, it behoves all who have the
opportmiitv to produce as much as possible.

VVlia,t is'known as ckiaii Cloveo- hay— Red oi'
Broad Clover— Is prefeired by some persons tor
horses and sheep. When Clovea- alone is gpovvri
the second crop in the season (August) can be
utilised for seed if of a good straiii, fr^ t^om
objectionable weeds and paTaisites, as JJoddea-.
(."lover seed iiii a favooraiile season is iiemunera^

A greater bulk of hay can pei-haps be
ob(ta.iiied from a mixture of Broad Clover and
Italian Rye Grass, or Hamipshire or Devon
Bents, in the place of the Italian Rye Grass.
Tv.-o tons per acre of most excellent hay from
such a mixture can generaJJy be reckoned upon.
The objection to Italiaji Rye Grass is that it
is such a robber of the soil, and as Wheat or
Oats are generallv the succeeding crops, the
best results cannot be expected without addi-
tional stimulating food for these crops. Hamp-
shire or Devon Bent* do not grow so vigorousl.\ ,
therefore they do not rob the soil ao much.
Clover is usually sown with Oa.ts or Barley in
Mairah, or amtmg aiutumn-sown Wheat m April.
i2 lbs Clover seed and 1 bu.shel Italian Kye
(;™ss or Bents aire ample. Both .sliould be sown
eeparaitely, with the hand seed Ixirrow wlheeJed
evenly over the land at the same time thiit
the corn is sown, if possible, and harrowed in
iulong with the cemuls. Sometiir.es these crops
aire sown in February or early in. Maivh, whidh is
too early for the Clover, as injury to the youn-
ii'iant-from frost mav occur. T'lie. first week m
\pril is a good time to sow the aeed anion-
the Oats and Barley, drawing 'ight hanxiws
over the plot, finisiliing off with the rolier it
t,he weatiier is diry. Onoe harrowing wiH n.|t
injure the co^ni, and effectively bujnes the. seed.
In sowing Clowr along with autumn .sown
Wheat in April, wlieire the soil is stiff the sur-
face usually is Tiard ajid calloused, owing to
winter rains, iron harrows should be drawn
over tllije Wlitat crosswiee to the drills before
sowing the Clover, thus ensuring a tilth for
thei seed, and once aftar finishing off with the
roller to make the soil firm about the roots.
H. Miilijntnij:.

On the death of their father, George, Tliomas.
and Edward Walpole entetred into possession of
Mount Ushor, and developed it. As spiiw be-
came limited the grounds were gradually e.x-
tended. until the present considerable dimen-
sions were reached. TIhe broth^OTs Walpole
quickly realised the great possibilities of Mount
UAer, especially as regards the oultiviation of
what are generally known as half-terdy plants,
and they made many and interesting expeaiments
in that direction, iioiuit Uslher is at present tlie
most irrteresting and edifying garden of its size
in Ii-eland. George was the first to die, and
Thomas followed not long afterwards. Jlr.
Edward Walpole was a man of the kindliest dis-
piosition, of sound common sense, and of great
enterprise. His early days wea-<e passed in
Wa.terford. All Irish gardeners will r-ejoice to
know tliat Mount Tsher is to be kept up by the
new owaier. Mr. E. H. Walpole.

George Massee.— We i-ecord with doeiji
i-egret tlie death of Mr. George Edward
Massee, who, from 1893 unt.il 1915, held the
post of Principal Assistant in tlie Herbaii-ium at
Kew. Mr. ^Iassee, who achieved a wide and

©bttuar^.

John Gale.- Jhirlirutliirc, C.S.A., records
the d<<ath of Mr. John Gale, nurseryman, of
Chicago, and a specialist in Asters. He was a
native of this country, and settled in America
.as a young man nf 24 years.

Georqe Sinclair.— We hiea.r with regret of
the de<itli, on tllie 18th inst.,, of Mr. George Sin-
1 lair, markiet giardencr. of PrestonkLrk, East
Ijothian, at tilte age of 70. Mr. SincLiir was a
leading member of the Edinbui-gh Market Gar-
deiitirs' Aiwooiation, and for many yeare was on
the Fruit Committee of the Rojvil Caledonian
Horticultural Society. He was also a lecturer
at the Heriot-Watt Sohooil, Edinburgh, for
SP\'.ei'a.l sessions.

Edward Walpole.- Our wwitemijorary, Irish
linirlniiii'/. in annonnfing the death of Mr.
Edward \V.-,l!,<,h>, „f Mount Usher. Co. Wicklow,
at an adv.inced age, offers the following tribute
to his memory : Jlr. Walpole's death will evoke
genuine feelings of regret in the hearts of
many who had the privilege of enjoying his
friendship. He was the la.st of the three
brothers who created the beautiful garden at
Mount lusher, and filled it with rare and
beautifnt plants, and wlio made it an easy
matter for all interested in gardens to see,
learn, and enjoy. Mount Usher was st?jrted very
many y«irs a.go as a emeill counituy reBideoice to
which the luiyjtlneTs Wialpole were brought bv
their parents to aipend iliolidays in t/be country.

m: A R k: :r T s.

COVEXT i;M;/)E\. Frlntnaij 22.
Cut Flowers, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Arums per doz.
Azalea. white,

per doz. bun-
Camellias, white

per doz blms.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties
— Carola (crim

a.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

4 C 5 01 Lily-of tlie-Vallev.

per doz. bun. 30 0-36 0
80-i)0 Narcissus.

*irandPrimo.
3 6 4 0 per doz. bun. 8 0-10 0

— Pheasant Eye

per doz. I'un- fi 0- 7 0

- Soliel d'Or.
2 6 3 6 Guernsey. per

doz. bun. .. 10 0-12 0

sonV BT. large 3 6-40 Orchids, per doz.:

Daffodils. Golde
Spur, per doz.
bun. . .. 12 0 15 0

— Henry Irving.

Tier doz. bun. 10 0-12 0

— Princeps. per

The Latb George Massee, V.M.H.

well-deserved i-6|)Uitation by his contributions to
our knowledge of fungi— ;ind particularly of the
fungous parasites of cultivated plants— was born
alt Scampston. in East Yorkshire, in 1850.
Destined to follow liis fatiher's career— ^liait of
farming — Mr. Ma«se« showed in Ivis. early yeurs
a, decided bent for drawing and nature. Sent
U) situdv art at the York School of Art, he
became acJiuainted with Dr. Spruce, tluj botanist
and traveller, who was related to Masste's
mother. As ho records in the .louriial of the
Kew Guild, Mr. Massee da-ew most of the illus-
trations for Dr. Spruce's work in HepaAics.
After his .sta.y in York, Mr. Massee went to
the West Indies and South Americoi to study
plants and colle<* Orchids. On his return he con-
tinued his Ixitanical studies, co.nbining them wiUi
farming, Subsef|uently Mr. Maasee proceede*!
to Kew, aiTd in 1893 succeeded the late Dr. M. C.
Cooke in the headship of the Jlycological De-
partment. Since his retirement, Mr. Massee
had livpfl at Park Place, The Common, Seven-
oaks. His death followed on a short illness ; he
was buried at Richmond Cemetery on Wednes-
day, February 21. Of his books on fungi,
those which dealt with pests enjoyed a wide
circulation. They embodied a vast amount of
personal observation, and were written in a
direct and clear style. Mr. Massee was remark-
,able in personality as well as distinguished in
.science: of caustic turn of speech, "but tci
those mori that loved him sweet as summer,"
and the numbers of those who loved him were
many.

Cattleya .. 15 0-lS 0

— Coelog\ in, per

doz. blo.jms . 2 0-26

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— Od on toglos-

sum crispum 3 0-40

doz. bun. .. 10 0-12 0 Pelargoniums, per

— Victoria, per
doz. bun. .. 18 0- 21 0

— doubles, per

doz. bun. ..12 0- l."i 0
Eucharis.per doz

bloom-

Freesia. per doz.

3 0-40
Gardenia per
box of 12 and
18 blooms .. — — I
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Lilium longi-

Borum. long 4 0-46

short .. 4 0- 4 6|

lancifolium

album, long.. 3 6-40

short .. 3 0-36

— — rubrum.
per doz.. long.. 3 6-40

short .. 3 0- .i 6

Cut Follaee, &c. : Average Wholesale Prlees

doz. bunches,
doubleacarlet 15 0-18 0
Rosi>8 -

— Richmords.

per doz. blms. 8 0-12 0

— Pink Queen.

rer doz. blms. 12 0-15 0

— .Sunburst, per
iloz. blooms.. 10 0-12 0

Snowdrops, per

doz. bun. . . 4 0-60
Tulips, white. per

doz. bun. .. 30 0-36 0

— yellow. per
doz. bun. .. — —

— bronze. per
doz- bun. .. 36 0 -

— mauve Darwins
per doz, bun. 36 0-42 0

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 4 0 5 0

Adiantum (Mai- s.d. a.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 9 0-10 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails per

half-dozen .. 2 6-50

— - medium

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

- Sprengeri .. 8 0-12 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0

:i 0-6 0

s.d. s.d.
Cycas leaves per

doz. .
Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08

— common .. 5 0-40
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 9 0 10 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small-leaved 6 0 —

— French, per

doz- bunches 10-13
Smilai. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-16

French Flowers, &c- : Average Wholesale Prices

Anemone, double
pink, per doz.
bur

B.d.s.d.

3 0-3

Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun
Narci'sus. paper

white.perdoz.

bun

Stock, white, per

d z bun
— pink, per uoz.

bun

Violets, single.

per doz bun.

s.d.-.d.
8 0-10 0

6 0-70
3 6-46

2 6 3 0

fl Lilii

— single, mixed

per doz. bun. 10 0-12 0
Lilac, white, per

doz. sprays .. 8 0-66
Marguerite, yel-
low, per d-z.

bun 4 0-46

Ui:.\naKS.— With the excr
in the supplie-s of Carnatio
■general conditions of tlu' uiimU'I ai- ii
given last week. All aniall wlni- lln\^, j ;
and dear. E.specially wa.s (hu m, .innn-
on aociiLint nf the uncorlain arrival li' h
sey. Scillv, and Fronch flowers. llii:li I'l
arc being' paid for French papi^r-whii. \,
seems almost ov<>r for this season. \
(Acacia Baileyana). and Anemones .im
plentiful. A few baskets of white Stock
hand. There is a good demand.

Plants In Pots. &c.: Averaga Wholesale Prices.
B.d.s.d. . .„ s.d. s.d

Aralia Sieboldli. . „ Vetns in 52 s. per

dozen .. ..60-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

in 11.1/ II I jpnnnni^ ifmuiiiB.

6 0-80

very scarce
; last week.
111.- CiK'rn-
. llM.^ week
II wll-!h

coming to

doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts.
„, perdoz. 48's.. 8 0-12 0

per doz ..' 10 0-12 0 Geonoma gracilis.
-Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0' 60'8. perdoz

Aspidistra, per

doz. green
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0 —

— tray of 12'« ..6 0 —
Cineraria. 4»'3, ,„„,.„

perdoz. .. 12 O-la 0
Cocos Weddelli-
ans. 48'3. per
doz .. .. 1» 0-30 0

- 60'B per doz. 8 0-10 0
Troton. per doz 18 0-SO 6
Cyclamen. 48

per doz.

""^T^^Xo,.. *''': 12 0-iri 0

Ferns. in thumbs. .„„,,.„

per 100.. .. 10 0-15 0

— per 100. in

small and ,,„,,„
large 60's .. 14 0-24 0

- in 48'

larger, each.. 2 6-76
24 0-36 0 I Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

larger, per . .„ „

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana.
60'8. per doz.. 5 0-80

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz .. 12 0-30 U
Lilium longi-

florum. per

doz 36 0-42 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

— — album . . 24 0 30 0

21 0 24 0

« n. 7 0

'I'Ik

need. I''lowcring plants

Pandanus Veitchii.

perdoz. .. 56 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6-21 0

Snir-e» por doz 12 0 I'i 0

pnl, plants has afcain ('"iii
con-sist chiefly ut Cyclanicn.

92

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febhuary 24, 1917.

^i!

Cinerarias. Ericas, Hyen.alis and Daffodils. Prices are
l.iffher than usual, no doubt on account of the limited
.'apply. There is the usual stock of Ferns and other
Inliage plants.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

5 0

s.d.s.d.
Artichokes.Olobe.

per doz. .. 4 0-60
— J erusalem.

per bag .. 24 0 —
Asparagus. Paris

Green. perbun. 6 0-66
Beetroot, per bag 10 0 —
Beans, English.

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag . ..60-
Broad Beans.

French, per

pad .. .. 10 0 -
BrusaelsSprouts,

per bus, ..7 0 —
Cabbage, per

tally .. ..10 0-1.5 0
Carrots, per bag 12 0 —
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. 10 0-lS 0
Celeriac, per doz. 5 0- fi o
Celery, per doz... 36 0 72 0
Cucumbers, per

doz 12 0-24 0

Endive, per doz. 4 0 —
Greens, per bag.. 70 —
Garlic, per cwt. 44 0 —
Herbs, per doz.

bun 4 0-80

Horseradish, per

doz. . . 42 0 -

s.d. s.d
Leeks, per doz .. 5 0-l» 0
Lettuce. Cabbage , .

per doz. . ■ 2 6 I "
Mushrooms. per lb. 1 b- i 0
Mustard and

Cress. perdoz.

punnets .. 10-16
Onions, per bag 20 0-'i5 0

— spring, per

doz. bun. ..8 0 —
Parsnips. perbua. 8 0 —
Peas, per lb. .. — —
Putatos, new, per

lb 0 6i -

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 1 6- 1 -S
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz. .. 1 6 1 H
Savoys, per tally 12 6 17 6
Seakale. per doz.

punnets .. 30 0
Shallots, per lb. 0 5-06
Spinach, per bus. 12 0 -
Swedes, per bag 7 0 —
Tomatos. Tene-

r i f f e, per

bundle .. 30 0-34 0

Turnips, new, per

bag .. .. 11 0 —

— Tops, per bag 6 0 —
Watercress, per

doz .. ..09-10

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prlcts.

s.d. s.d.
per
.. 70 0

Almonds,
cwt. ..
Apples-

— Calif ornian
New towns,
per case .. 12 6-14 0

— English
Cooking, per . ., „
bus 12 0-14 0

— Main States
barrels .. 38 6 45 0

— Oregon, per
case .. ..16 6-18 0

Apricots, per box 3 0- .5 0
Bananas, bunch —

— Medium .. 15 0-16 0

— X-medium .. 16 0 17 0

— Extra.. .. 17 0-18 0

— Double X .. 18 0 20 0

— Giants .. 20 0-25
- Red. per ton £25 0 -

— Jamaica, per

t(in .. .. £18 -
Chestnuts, per

bag . . . . 30 0 -
Cranberries, per

case .. ..16 6-17
He.marks.— The Englisli Apples now available consist
iif the following varieties: Newton Wonder. Dumelow -
S^edlin^ and Bramlcv's Seedling. Imported Apples and
I'cara are to hand in" fairly large quantities, but Grains
are now limited in supply. The market is pretty well
supplied with Spanish Oranges, but quantities of Seville
are limited. New Brazil Nuts are now available. Forced
Strawberries are expected next week. Teneriffe Tomatos
are scarce and expensive. The following forced vege-
tables are now obtainable : Mushrooms, French Beans.
New Potatcui, Asparagus, Seakale and Broad Beans. Out
dbor vegetables and roots are fairly plentiful. E. H. K..
Covent Garden Market, February tl. 1917.

Potatos.

Rl-makks.— There is a good demand for Potatos, bill
very few arrivals. The Government has fixed the price
for Potatos at £10 IDs. per ton, plus carriage, until the
end of March. Edward J. Newborn. Covent Garden ami
St. Pancran. February S2, 1917.

S.d. s.d'
Dates, per doz,

boxes .. ..70-76
Grapes: Almeria,

per brl. .. 18 0-30 0

— Alicante .. 2 6-50

— Gros Colman.
per lb 3 0-50

Grape Frait. per

case .. .. 24 0 —
KentCobs.perlb. 10-13
Lemons, per case 16 0 25 0
Nectarines, per

box .. ..46-80
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt 100 0 —

— Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 31 0-32 0

Oranges per case 16 0-50 0

— Sevill Sours
per half chest 45 0 —

Peaches, per box 5 0-80

— Calif ornian 15 0-22 0

— Cape, per box 4 6 5 0
Plums, per box 4 0 10 0
Tangerines, per

box .. ..5080
Walnuts.

per cwt. .. 56 0-85 0

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

WARORAVE ANO DISTRICT QARDENER8'.- A

well-attende<i meeting of tlir A-- r;,i: lm :..k i.tace on
February 14. when Mr. «', ( l.irk. -.n.l.n.i to Miss
Clioate. Bear Hill. Twyfor.l. gav, l.i- -..n,,,! paper on
■■ \egetabl6S," this time dealing with Kidney and Run-
iiir Beans, Beet and Carrots. He treated each subject
\.iy exhaustively, referring to the necessary soil, cul-
I nation, sowing" seed for succession, manuring, and
"oneral treatment during the time of growth. The pests
r.f the various crops were mentioned, and he gave a. list
of the be.st varieties which he had cultivated. The rules
Tor the Children's Sweet Pea Show were settled, and
entries taken for the member.s' Potato growing com-
petition. The secretary reported the death, at. the
front of a iioonher. Mr. W. Cox. of the Royal Berks Be-

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

East Anglian Horticultural Club, rules ami
arrangements fi.r 1917. and list of prizes for competition
in spe'cial classes at the monthly meetings.. Secretary.
Mr. G. R. Todd. 12, Roval Arcade. Norwich.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Frank Thompson, for the past 21 years Gar-
dener to the late Mrs. DOHERTY Waterhouse,
Wellhead. Haliia.'s, as Gardener to W. G. Groves,
Es'l., HoleliuxJ. Windermere. [Thanks for donation
lo K G.OF. bo.\.— Eds.]

Mr- James Humphrey, for tbe past 6^ years Gar-
<lener to Dr. Roberts. The Gables. LiTLslade. Bucks,
as Gardener to Mrs. E. D. Lee, Hartwell Houee,
.\ylesbur}'.

Mr. Thos. Wearing, for the pa.st 6 months Gar-
dener to Mrs. Fenwick, Witham Hall, Bourne. Lines.,
as Gardener to the same ladv at Liscover Grange.
Duddington, near Stamford Rutlandshire.

Mr li. M. Day. lale of Mount View. Holyport, Maiden-
rdener to Geo. L. Wigg, Esq., Rockshaw.

.Mer

Sur

Mr. M. S- Peck, for the past 5^ years Gardener to
E. L. Heseltine. Esq., Ashmans Hall. Beccles, as Gar-
dener to Sir Thomas G. Fermor-Hesketh, Bart..
Easton Neston, Towcester. Northamptonshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Sbbds.
Pbtgr Henderson and Co., 35-37, Cortlandt Street. New

York, U.S.A., (whole-sale).
Carter. Page and Co., 52. 53. London Wall, London.
Charles Turner, Slough.
M. H. Sinclair, Union Street. Aberdeen.
British Seedtapb, Ltd., 1415, Cockspur Street. London.
DoBiE AND Mason, 22, Oak Street, Manchester.
E. P Dixon and Sons, Ltd., Paragon Square. Hull.
Sutton and Sons, Reading (farm seeds).
The Yokohama Nursery Co., Ltd.. Graven Houfe,

Kingsway, London — Japanese and Chinese Vegetable

and Flower Seeds.
K. Andrews. 179, Casewick Road. West Norwood.
H. Cannell and Sons. Eynsford, Kent.

Miscellaneous.
C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden.

flowering Carnations.
R. Wallace and Co., Colchester.

Gladioli. Shrubs. Seeds, &c.
Foreign.
Hexuy a. DreeR. 714-716. Chestnut Street, Philadelphi;

U.S.A.
L. Ferard 20. 22, Rue de la Pepiniere. Paris.

Essex.— Peri«?tual-
-Lilies. Begonias.

Mr

liLUE Hydr.\nge.4.s : ir. A. M. Pot the plants
in peat, adding two-iii'tihis leaf-nouJd and one-
fifth sand, 10 per cent, of powdered slates, 3
p«r cent, sulphiate of iron — or a larger quantity
of iron alum — and 10 per oent. oi anmioniuni
sulphate. The plants must be prepared a year
in advance of flowering, and all traces of the
ordinary soil in which they have grown re-
moved. Lime should not be used, and it is
necesiarv to employ rain-water for the roots.
Water the plants twice a week during their
growing period with wabT containing i ounce
of sulphate of iron to the gallon.

Climbers: .1. James. The majority of the
climbers flientioned in your list do not require
pruning in the usually accepted sense of the
term, but should have the weak growths thinned
out and the remainder properly trained ni
early spring. The exceptions are Abelia chm-
fiisii, Buddieia Oolvi^ei, Ceanoifchus Gloire de
Versailles, and C. Ceres, all of which
flower on shoots of the cuiTent season. These
plants should be pruned to within two or three
eye.s of the base of the previous year's wood,
except where tho shoots are required for exten-
sion. Ceamotlms Vieitchiamus flowers in spring
un the old wood, and any thinning of the
growths that is necessary should be done
immediately after the flowers are over.

CccKOH.\FER Grubs ; ','. II'. It is not an easy
matter to destroy sucli ground pests as wire-
worms, leather-jackets and cockchafers at this
time of the year. Gau-lime is the best cure,
but .you - cannot ilea gas-lime in spring,
because it would harm the crop even more
than would the pests. At least six weeks must
elapse before ground treated with gas-lime can
be planted or snwn. We are informed th;it
stick napthaline, powdered ami applied in tlio
tivMiches at digging will destroy such pests
as wireworms and cockchafers, and it is well
known that superphosphate, nitrate of soda,
and other fertilisers of this character act as

deterrents to pests underground. Soot, lime
and wood ash have also a value in this re-
sjjeK't. Agricultural iult at a I'a.te of 2 cwts.
to the aciie is said to be particuiarly useful
for tihis pua'poBc.

Dkstuoying T'rke Roots : d". F. Tree routs can
be blown to pieces by the use of coarse blasting
powder, or tonite or dynamite cartridges.
Tonite cartridges are considered safer than
dynamite cartridges, and for butt blowing are
very effective. 2 ounce, 3 ounce, or 4 ounce
I artridges may be used according to the sii^e
of the butt. Bore slanting holes from the side
to the centre of the butt large enough to take a
cartridge. A cap and fuse must then be
attached to the cartridge and the hole around
the fuse filled in firmly with wet sand. The
fuse must be long enough to allow the operator
to reach a safe place before the explosion. It
is as well when purchasing cartridges to pro-
cure proper instructions at the same time. A
3-ounce cartridge might be tried on a butt at
fii'st, giving a, 4-ounce one if the first does
not appear to be sufficiently powerful. When
using blasting powder a hole an inch in dia-
meter should be bored to the centre of each
butt. Place a time fuse in the centre and fill
round with powder to within 3 inches of the
top of the hole. Press the powder firmly with
a piece of stick, then over the powder ram some
paper firmly down, filling the mouth of each
hole with clay. Light the fuse and get to a
safe distance before the explosion. It is diffi-
cult to advise a place for obtaining e.X) lo>si\cs
at the present time, and you would probably
do best by ordering what you want through a
local gunsmith.

Market Measures : R. .1. ('. "Bags" of Beet-
ii'oot, t'laau'O'tiS, Onions, Swedes, and Turnips
weigh 1 cwt, each. " Btags " of greens weigh
eadh about 40 lbs., filling the 1 cwt. liag t«
its utmost cujxic.ity. Oelea-y, CeLeiiaC;, and
Leeks are sold by the dozen. C'ucumbers in
lots of frtom 2 to 4 dozen, accoTding to their
si/ye.

Medinilla MaGmifica : W. S. .¥., Bdiiihaij.
lledinilla nxagniiica is a tropical evergreen
plain, and in the spring and summer months
requires a moist atmosphere, and temperature
ranging from 70° at night to 90° by day in
sunny weather. Durilg this period the plant
needs a. hberal supply of water, both at the roots
and overhead. In winter the minimum tempera,
ture should be 60°, and less water is required,
but on no account should the plants be allowed
to become so di'y as to cause the foliage to flag,
or the leaves will fall prematurely. To pro-
mote a natural, free development of flowers
the growths should be ripened thoroughly,
therefore a light, sunny position is necessary ;
m very bright weather the plants .should be
.shaded lightly for a few hours during the
middle of the day. Medinillas are free rooting
subjects, and when grown in pots or tubs are
benefited, during the growing season, by fre-
quent applications of manure water. Starving
them m small pots is not favourable for the
development of flowers. They succeed best in
a compost of fibrous peat, leaf-mould and loam
in equal parts, with sufficient sand added to
render the soil porous.

Names of Plants : G. C, An-erley. Aziailea Mrs.
Cai-michael. — .4. A'. 1^. 1, Codiaeum (Croton)
trilobum ; 2, Codiaeum Weismanii ; 3,
Codiaeum Johannis ; 4, not recognisable from
the bruised leaves sent. Send when in flower.

Onion Bulbs : A. S. Onion bulbs which arc in-
tended to produce seed should be planted at the
earliest possible moment, when the ground is
in a suitable condition, and put in a good,
sunny position. The bulbs should be three-
parts buried, and a small quantity of finely
sifted cinder ashes placed over the e.\puscd
part.

Conimunications Beceived-— W. E. B.— T.. s. nt
L.— E. B.- II.. Ll.l., Chaster— W. .T. S — T. f.-\V. &
1). G. M. I. A.— S. .& S.— T. B.— L. & M — Enquhc'r-
Chick. Hoins«y— J. C. B.— W. L.— C. D.— B of A.—
E. M.— W. I.— S. & Co.— J. T. W.— T. MacPh —
C. \V. F.— A— J. T.— B. I. r.— W. B.

FiiBRUARr 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Free Booklet

about the New Pot

Every head gardener is invited to see
the exceptional root-room, porosity,
and drainage of the new pot — the
CRET. The

FREE SAMPLE and interesting
Booklet with prices (and 5
Sp>ecial Assortment Offers) will
show you many advantages of
Crets for all pot plants. Write
for same to-day.

Two Specimen Priceii-3J {ns., 5 -per 100:
7i inn., 21 -. Crel prices are all per 100,
and include carriage on orders over 20-.

PETER BAILEY & SONS LTD.
Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

A SI HSIIl'L'TK f.ir ..rilimiiy it ■•/. i;l.i--, "lii'li is nu -
^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet Id about
,'., in. (or ciiual (to stout 11 oz. ) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at fiivonrable prices, delivered
fi-ee and sound in the country in ipiantitieB. We also olfer
ordinary 21 oz, British Sheet Claes, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturera of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

•BLACKFRIARS BRAND.'

irly f"

id 1

idenccl< i

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

(■onipliti- Pri'
Paints, Coiours, Varnishes, &c

i'M'l

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Blackfrlars Wharf, Upper Ground Street, 8,E.

Quote GARDKNKlW C11UmS1':1.E.

STANDARD CURRANTS

"1

We can offer fine trees
with 4^ ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

Gedrge BUNYARD

& CO.. LTD..

Loyal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE. ■

[ THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER
,1 THATMADETHE

'^CHELSEA NURSERIES FAMOUS

fiigd/BuLCs Punt Food Gt 536.Kincs R? Chelsea.

,y

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

Kor VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON.

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

urpee s

"T^HE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality First, — combined with efficient service has built the
World's Greatest Mail-OrderSeedBusiness. Burpee's Annualt
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book ol 204 pages, in colors, and a Safe Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write tor it today.

W.ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

^W ^i/l^m^ 9^4^ ^a^^^t-^-

<J9ic/L

-^^£4^^'

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

ets there |»|

I and makes the Garden tr^S*""
gay all the year round r,^:;^£rp

_ _ Sold.Tfrywllf.EiriTlNSaied.Al».,i.n<iinBRANDK01SF.ALED
BAGS-. 7lbi..2«. «d.. 14II1V.4S. 6<1, , 28 lbs .7». •<•. . 5* 'hv. las. Sd. 1121"^
direct from Ih» Works, Cirruft pa") >" tbf United Kingdom to. Cish with Ordf f

i.i»v.»:»j.i.'MMjiiJj.iijVu.i,»JaawJ*Hifci.»i.i^iawwi!l

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

VI.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[February 24, 1917.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line-

(iai'deners desiring their Advertisements repeated

III Hit fjive full particulars, otherwise no
iinticti will he taken of their, communications.
Xame and address alone are insufficient.

(rurdeners writintj to Advertisers of Yininit
.'Situations are recommended to send t/iim
copies of testimonials only, retaininy Iht
originals. Un no account should they enter
into convmunication with unknown corre-
ypondent-i who require a fee beforehand.

All ri iti.<ers are cautioned aijainst having Letters
Ill/dressed to Initial.-! at Post-offices, as all
Letters so aildressed are opened by the
1'osto.l Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

"fJEAD GARDENER'S Situation at

-■--■^ Pek'ham Part.— On beb.alf of CapUlm. G. B, Hau-
KEV. J.\MES Stuart 1ki.s to thaJilc all applicants for tJie
past, 'and to inform tliam tihat it js now flUed.

QLAMORGAN COUNTY COUNCIL.

HORTICULTUR.'lL DEMONSTRATORS AND
ADVISERS.

The Glamorgan Counl\- Council Invite Applications
for the Appointment of a Hurficultural Demonstrator
aiid -Adviser for assistiiig the Occupiea-s of Oottage
Gardens, Allotments, and Small Holdings in such areas
as will from year to year he selected within bhe Adminis-
trative County of Glamorgan.

Applicants must possess an Examination Certificate
of the Royal Horticultural Society, and have served as
apprentices to gardeners, and have held situations in
whii^ they were in. charge of and responsible as Fore-
men or Head Gaixleneps for flowers, fruit, vegetables,
and 'hothouse work-
Experience as journeymen in vegetable gaavlens will
be deemed an additional quaJification.

Applicants must provide .and be able to ride a bicycle.

Salary, 45s. per week, with an allowance at the rate
of £5 per annum in addition for the upkeep of a bicvclc.

The appouitjnent will be tor one year, subject to' one
month's notice on either side, and will be renew.a.ble
annually.

The person appointed will be required to give liis
whole time to the service of 'the county, and reside
where from time to time directed.

-Applications, stating previous experience and age, with
copies of three recent testimonials, must be received
In the Chief Eduoation Official, Glamorgan Countv Hall,
Cardiff, on or before 10 a.m. on the 7tli day of 'March.
1917.

T. MANSEL FR.ANKLEN,

Clerk of the County Council.
Glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff.
12th February, 1917.

wanted! head WORKING GAR-
DENER for gentleman's country place. WilWiire ■
1 labourer undei- ; Vegetable Gaiden, "small Flower C<ir'
;ien ; practically no Glass: good cottage.— O. H, Box 23
41, Wellington Street. Covent G-irden, W.C.

WANTED, HEAD -WORKING GAR-

DEXER, 2 under. Vines, O.ch rd House, good Fruit
.111,1 \egetables essential; ooltage.— Apply, stating a»e
^^ages. exi>erience, E. H. B.\TBS HARBIN, Newton Sur-
in.nille, Yeovil, Som.

w

ANTED. SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER : boy kept to give help.— C. H. CAVE, Rod-
Hill House, Mangotsfleld. near Bristol.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

DEN'EH ; gootl wages.— Applv, St. Augustine's, Tot-
tciidge, Herts.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed, with assistance) for Gunley Hall, Shiop-
siiire; Lawns; must be experienced Vegetables, Fruit
little Gl-ass; active man, willing be useful; well recom-
mended; state age, situations; good cottage free; wages
25s. and 6s. war bonus weekly.— E. S. MOSTYN PRYCE.
E.-^l , 6. Mtinson Place, London, S.W.

\yANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR^

DENER, small Vegetable and Flower Garden and
Lawn ; no glaa' ; boots, knives, and a few poultry ; wa^cs
24s. ; good six-room cottage — Apph-. DAVIS^ Enilvn
Lotlge, Cobhani, Surrew

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAU

' ' DENER for March 3rd ; ineligible ; experience
»illi Vegetables, Fruit, Flowers, and Lawn; w-illing i
learn running of electric light plant ; 2 acres ; n
tLige ; wages 355. to 40.s., according to experie
MRS. ROSSENDALE, The Manor Cottage Ge
Ci-oss, Bucks.

•ed

:d¥

WTANTED. by a. Lady, a g«X)d SINGLE-
' ' HANDED GARDENER or Experienced LADY
(iARDENER; small Vinery and Conservatory.— MRS.
I'.'UE. Cluiich .SpeiMi Lodge, Newbury, Berks.

MIRTH SIRREY DISTRICT SCHOOL. ANEELEY, S.E.

Second G-ARdener.
''S^'HE ■Managers require a SECOND GAR-

-■- DENEii for tiheir Branch School at South Norwood ;
wages 34s. per week.

Apply peraonally any morning before 12 o'clock, or
by letter, to the Superintendent at the North Surrey
School, Anea'lev.

H. J. OH.ALDBCOTT,

Olerk to the Manager

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER, to

" ' take charge of Kitciien Gai-den, &c. ; also one for
Pleasure Grounds ; rooms provided for both. — Stat* wages
and experience, R.\WSO.V, Barwell Court. Chessingt-on,
Surrey.

W^'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER; mar-

ried ; good experience. Inside and Out : ineligible ;
wages 32s.. with cottage; for situation near Majdenhea<i.
—Apply, W. HIG<3S, Fet<;ham Park, Leatherhead.

W'-^-^'TED, SECOND GAR.DENER; mar-

' ' ried or single ; ineligible ; principally out-of-
doors ; Fruit, Roses, and Pleasure Grounds. — Apply,
with full particulars, to W. J. FENTIMAN, Great Chal-
field Manor, Melksham, Wilts.

W^ANTED, Man as SECOND; married or

' s.iigle ; used to Inside aii-ci Out. State age, wages.
&c.— F. SALCOMBE, Ticehui-st. Susses.

"YV^ANTEID, GARDENER. ; • MidLaiuls :

well up OiL-liids, Crotons, Oalaidiuins, dhiysan-
themujns ; help given ; wrag-es £2 and 6s. war bonus
for gcKxI man.— Apply H. GREEX, Amberley House.
GraveM\' Hill, Birmingham.

W^^-^TED, a well-trained GARDENER

' tall the enti of the war; tirat-class clioracter e;seJi-
tiaJ. — MISS HOtlU. Berry Head House, Brixliani.
S. Devou.

^WANTED, GARDENER, imdln-standing

Vines; lodge provided ; wages 26s. week and vege-
tables.—State age, fiuiiily, exp^neiiee to DEERSWOOD.
Orawley, Sussex.

W'A^'TED, middle of March ne.xt,
' ~ UNDER GARDENER ; ineligihle ; married ; good
cottage and garden ; good character. State wages. —
Apply, M. SCOTT WILLIAMS. Es<|., WooUand House,
near Blandford, Dorset.

W'ANTED, UNDER-GARDENER (In-

' ' SIDE AND Odt) ; wilding and able to take duty ;
good wages.— C. BBAYSHER, The Gardens, Osidge.
Southgate, N.

T ADY HEAD GARDENER Wanted at

-*-^ once, Orowhurst, near Lingfleld.— Apply SECRE-
TARY, Duchess of Marlborough, Sunderfatid House.
Ourzon Street, W.

W^^NTED, at once, e-xperienced HEAD

» » GARDENER (lady) to take charge of Gardens ; no
Glass ; Vegetables and Fruit grown in quaniities to sup-
ply large establishment ; also able to organise unskilled
labour and to instruct classes of boys and girls in prac-
tical horticulture; salary starting £150, of £100 resi-
dent.—Apply, .stating qualifications and experience, J. H.
BADLEV. Bedales .School. Petersfleld. Hants.

W''ANTED, for Large Gardens in the Mid-
' » lands. TWO LADY GARDENERS, one Inside
and one Out, to work under Head ; must be ex-
perienced ; furnished lodgings, and 30s. per week
salary.— Write, T. H., Box 18. 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

W^ANTED, 2 g.>o<l practical WOMEN
^ ^ G.ARDENERS ; one for the Gla;-s department undrr
Forewoman, and the other for Hei-haceoiis and Rock Gar-
den, &c. ; Bothy and usual perquisites.— .\pply, stating
age and experience, to A, FRESHW.ATER, Pains Hill
Gardens. Cobham, Surrey.

W'ANTED, several LADY GARDENERS,

with some experience ; to work under (man) Head ;
wages £1 per week ; comforta.ble rooms.— Write. SMITH,
Bedgebury Gardens. (3oudhurst. Kent.

WANTED, at once. Two LADY GAR-

^ ' DENERS with experience ; assistance given in
digging: good cottage in the grounds; Kent, near Seven-
oaks.— Write. MRS. NEAME, 6. Egerlon Terrace, Lon-
don. N.W.

W'ANTED, LADY UNDER - GAR-

^ ' DENER ; work under Lady Gardener and shaie
furnished lodge with her. and learn elei-tric light engine
—HON. MRS. HAMILTON RUSSELL, Yarlington House,
Wincanton, Somerset.

W'^NTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER

' • for large Gardens in the Midlands, to work
under Head ; must be well up in Grapes. Peaches and
C'hrysantbemums ; wages, 30s. per week and good
Bothy.— Write, S. M., Box 19, 41. Wellington Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, FOREMAN GARDENER, in

Northumberland ; ineligible ; experienced Inside
and Out ; good wages given, as may be agreed upon ;
Bothy and usual allowances —Apply, stating age and all
particulars, to N. D. OOWANS, w'est Lilburn, Alnwick.

WANTED, FOREMAN GENERAL or

good FIRST JOURNEYMAN ; ineligible : wages 30s
per week and Bothy; duty and overtime paid.— Apply,
with full particulars, to H. A. PAGE. The Gardens, Bel-
size Court. Hampstead, N.W.

l^^ANTED, an e.xperienced FORE-
' WOMAN for the Glass department (Fruit and
Plants) ; also mn .Assistant for general work ; comfortable
Bothy ; good wages.— Full particulai-s and references to
J. G. WESTON, Eastwell Park Gardens, Ashford, Kent.

W'^NTED, MARRIED MAN for the

HOUSES, with good general knowledge of the cul-
tivation of Fruit and PUuits ; must be thoroughly re-
liable, active, and energetic ; good wages, with duty and
overtime paid ; excellent cottage provided, with 'everv
convenience; one o'clock Saturdays.- State full particii-
lars to J. BROWN, Burfoixi Gardens. Dorking, Surrey.

WANTED, YOUNG MAN, for the Houses,

or for Inside ajid Out; BoMn-, milk, and vege-
tables; good wages and overtime' paid.— T. DOWN.
Basmg Park Gaixlens, Alton, Hants.

W'ANTED, an IMPROVER, with some

experience ; age about 17 ; wages 17s. per- week ;
Bothy, milk, and vegetables; 2s. 6d. for Sunday duty.
—Apply, W. WENMAN, Hickleton, Doncaster.

WANTED, IMPROVER. Inside; stime ex.
perience; ineligible; wages 20s, a week and bonus
4s. ; with Bothy and attendance.— S. POPE, Hohnewood
Gaixle.1115, Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells.

W'ANTED, good Strong Youth as IM-
PROVER for General Inside Work, or discharged
soldier ; good wages. Bothy, milk, and vegetables ; over-
time and duty paid ; 1 o'clock Satuzxlavs.— State age. e.v-
perience. and references to HE.U) G-ARDENER King's
W.alden,. Bury, Hitc.hin.

WANTED, TWO Y'OUTHS (16 to 17) for

the Houses; wages 18s. and Bothy; duty and
overtime paid ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.- C. GARBATT. Oaii-
well Hall Gardens, Sutton Ooldfield, Birmingham.

W'ANTED, .strong YOUTH, about 16 <u-

17, for Houses; 18s., Bolhy. milk, and vegetables-
duty paid.— H. PAGE. Stoke Place Gardens, Slough.

W'^^^'TED, Three YOUNG WOJIEN for

msde and out, with a little knowledge of gaixleu-
ing jirefeiTed; Bothy.— Please state wages, &c., to R.
LEAR.MONTH, Sherfield Manor Gai-dems. Basingstoke.

W'ANTED, Young WOMEN for the Glass

department; lodging provided; state w-ages and
experience.— Apply, C. BROWN, Ponsbourne Park Gar-
dens, Hertford.

WANTED, COWMAN for Small Herd of

Pedigree Jersey Cows, for private gentleman's
place in Surrey, to fill up spare time in garflen ; good
wages and cottage. &c., provided. — Apply, with full par-
ticulars, to G., Box 13, 41, Wellingtori Street. Oovent
Garden, W.C.

"ITIT^ANTED, Cowman ; 2 oows, little poui-

try ; assist in Garden ; ineligible ; single ^MRS.

TYND.VLE, Mea<:lowcroft, ChisJehurst.

TRADE.

W'ANTED, FOREMAN for Market Nur-
sery ; Tomatos, Cucumbers, Olirysanithemxmis, &c. ;
2,100ft. Glass; single man preferred. — Applr, stating
wages asked, SMITH, Hopwas Nursery, Tamvvorth.

TITANTED, Experienced Man, ineligible
' ' for service, as FOREMAN of Alpine and Herba
ceous Department. — Full particulars as to reference,
wages, &c., to KING'S ACRE NURSERIES, LTD.,
Hereford.

W'^NTED, a WORKING FOREMAN.

used to Oucumher, Tomatoes, Chrvsant-heniums,
and general run of Market Pl.^nt« ; one able to take
charge in, principal's absence.— Please state wages re-
quired, with copies of references, to B. Box 27
41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden,, W.C.

W'^NTED. a good PROPAGATOR and

* » GROWER ; one used to Roses, Clematis. Chrv-
santheniuins. and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc.. to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

Febbuabt 24. 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONrCTLE.

Vii.

'l^T'ANTED. a PROPAGATOR and

' • GROWEH. used to Geneial Nursery Stock.— Please
state \vag«s required, with cop.v of testimonials, to J. M.
LE.\THEE, Eastfields, MitchaiH, Surrey.

VyTANTED, MEN expeiiencefl in Growing
' ' Tomaios, Ohr>"santhemums, and Veget-aibles ; in-
eligible for serviL-e.-^tate full particulars as to refer-
ence, wages, &c.. to JOHXSOS. TYLER & CO., Market
Gardeners, Park Royal. T\v\furd Abbey, near Willeeden,
N".W.

"Y\rANTED, for large Midland Nursery, aji
' ' experienced Budder and Grafter, with a good
knowledge of Rhododendrons. Roses and Fruit Trees;
also two experienced KNIFEMEN. — Apply by letter,
stating age, references, and wages required, X., Box 21,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

TITANTED, Two Good KNIFEMEN, ex-

' ' perienced in Budding, Grafting and Training
ol Fruit Trees ; must be ineligible for service. Also
Two Experienced MEN' for Rose Department. — .^pply.
with particulars as to wages, kc. to KING'S ACRE
NURSERIES LTD., Hereford.

WANTED, Two or Three MEN (inelig-
ible) as JOBBING GARDENERS.— HIBBEN. Nur
seryman, Littlehampton.

■WANTED, Strong YOUTHS, or experi-

* ^ enced MAN, for General Nursery apd Garden work ;
good wages and opportunitv.— KEELING & SONS, West-
gate Hill, Bradford.

WANTED, ASSISTANT SHOPMAN for
the Wholesale Trade.— Apply. NUTTING & SONS,
LTD. 1C6. Southwark Street, S.E.

"lyANTED, experienced PACKER for

' * Orolijd Nurserv, in the neighbourhood of London.
—Write ■• ORCHID.'' Box 17, 41, Wellington Street,
Corent Garden, W.C.

THEORIST wanted for Ireland (male pre-

ferred) ; must be a thorough artist in making-up
choice flornl designs, bouquets, &c. : good salary. — Wrile
■ Alpha," Box 12, 41, Wellington Street, Covent (Jarden,
W.C.

WANTED, LADY FLORIST ; competent
—.\ge, experience, &"., I>, THOMAS PERKINS &
SONS.. 34, Drapery, NoHhainpt.in.

■pLOlUST and FRUIT.— Young Lady

-*- wjinttMl by Man'h 17th; must be qniok at making
up; good wagM.— E. COX, AWwick R*ki<I, Bognor.

T^ANTED, expeiienced ASSISTANT for
^^ ilorul designs; liberal remuneration. — QBIFFIN.
Florist. Brighton.

TITANTED, LEDGER and INVOICE

"' CLERK ; ineliKibk' : a, gtxxl opening for a really
siiurt iiuin.^I'U'iue stale* Jge, experience, uiui salary rt-'-
.|uire»i. iiiwl eni-Ioee copies of references to JOHN PliKI)
& SON, The Nui-serie«, West Norwood. S.E.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Eight words or less.

(iardeners desirin); tbeir Advertisemsnts repeated

iiiufi yivc /ill! iiarticularis, ofherwist no
notice will be taken of their communication'.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

(wordeners writing to Advertisers of Vacun:
fiitxtatians are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retninimj thi
onyinnls. On no account should they enter
into communiralfon with unknown corn-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post offices, as all
Letters «o addressed are ojxned by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

rj ABBEY, Aston Rowant, Walliiig-

'-" • ford. Oxnn.. o|>on tn re-engageinent tor similar
position or management of estate, combined nr separate.

INSTATE STEWARD or GARDENEH-
■^-' BAILIKI'', in good oBtablislunrait : 15 .veors' cJic-elk'iit
references ; life axporience in all braneJiC6 of fanning,
gardening, and estate management ; married ; over mili-
tary age ; disengaged.— H, WOODGATR, Ivy Villa, Uunton
Grosn, Se^«BiKoakB.

QARDENER (Head). — Lady Victokia
Daw.vay very bighly recommends W. Elsworth
as above : 7 \eai-s here. 6 Under ; leaving through estate
being sold ; age 48 ; no tamUv ; North preferred.— W.
ELSWORTH, Gardens, Beningbrough Hall, York.

TVfRS. L. SALOMONS Recommends her

-^'-»- HEAD GAEDENER, 20 years Norburv Park; life
experience all brandies; good manager. — Apply, G.
KENT, 15, Piiham Lane, Dorking.

QARDENER (Head), F.R.H.S., Gold and

^-" Silver Medallist ; 10 .vears List place ; knowledge of
estate work ; life experience in Im-ge estabJishment-s ;
active ; good manager ; highest references for character
and abilities; age 45.— A., Box 26, 41, Wellington Street,
Covenjt Gardcin, W.C.

C^ARDENER (Head) requires Situation

^-^ where 4 or 5 are kept ; 24 years' practical experi-
ence in all brandies of the pi-ofession ; married (no
children); ineligible.— ROGERS, Church Cottage, Durley,
Bisliop's Waltham, Hants.

rj. HY. SHOEBRIDGE seeks Situation as

^-" HEAD GARDENER, in good est.ablislmieiit ; life ex-
perience all blanches; 14 ye;u-s' Heiid (5 present); in-
chgible ; disengaged end March. — 1, Park View, Nunnery-
list,Lte, Braddon, l.O.M.

QENTLEMAN recommends his GAR-

^-* DENER (Head WoBlulfO); practical life experience
in private gardens ; reliable and trustworthy ; married ;
age 41 ; ineligible ; near London preferred. — B.iURETT.
HatJield Heath, near Harlow.

(^JENTLEMAN recommends his HEAD

^-^ WORKING GARDENER, where several are kept ;
has been with htm 10 years ; thoroughly experienced in
all branches; disengaged; age 45; married (1 bov)^ —
BALDWIN, 500, Edgware Road, London.

OARDENER (Head Working) ; practical

^-^ experience in all branches; verv liighlv recom-
mended.—J. BROWN, The Gardens. Tr'eberfydd, Bwlcli,
Breconshire.

(QARDENER (Head Working) : 28 years'

^-^ expcrteuce, Int>ide and Out ; 4 years preecnt situa-
tion; gt>od rcfereucee ; age 44; married; no family. — C.
DOMAN, 55. Agamemnon Road, W. Hamiwtead. N.W. No

circulars.

i^AHDENEU (Head Working); weU used

^-^ to Bupplying large quantities of high class Fruit,
Flowers, Plants, Tolatos, SaJade, and Vegelflible« from
limited space ; seeks re-engxigeinent in good private
or public institution ; 9 years in present situation ; dis-
engaged shortly.— A. SHAKIiLTON, Forde Abbey, Oliard.
Som.

QARDENER (Heau Wokking). wheie 2

^-^ or 3 are kept ; life experience in Vines, Peaches,
Mdonfi, Stove, and Greenhouse plants, Kitoheu and Plea-
sure Gardens; 10 vcars prejseiit situation ; tige 44 ; married
(1 child).- A. BASS, The G-irden^. Titohweil. King s Lyim.

/"JARDENEK (Head Wouking) re<iinre-s

^-* permanent situation; life experience; tboix>ughly
practical in all bi;uL.-lies ; early an<I late forcing, also
Cariiatioiiii ; married; age 45,— GAKDENER, c, o Mr. San-
ders, Greengrocer, lli^h Street, Tring.

(QARDENER (Head Working, where

^^ several are kept); lifo experience in all branches;
ai,'c 44 ; married ; iircsent situation 6i vcars ; can be
luitlilv iec..mmcnded.-KINC, 5, Portland Teriace
llarle.v Street, Bath.

C^ARDENER (Head Working); 2 or 3

^^ keiit ; life experience; 16 years in last place; nge
50; married (no familv) ; please state wa^os ; disengaged.
— BRUOK, Gardener. Ely, Cambs.

/QARDENER (Head Working) requires

^-^ perniancnt situatioa where more are kept ; life ex-
perience in all branclwjs ; excellent refs. ; gtnid org;ijiiiser ;
age 49.— G.VRDENER, 24, Ueath .Street, Hainpatcad. N.W.

f.;* ARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or

^-" 3 arc kept ; 13 jears' experience in all hraiiclica ;
single; discjiaiged; ago 30.— HENUSy, 2, Mardeai Oul-
tjges, C'liurcli lloati, Horlcy.

(.JARDENER (Head Working) ; tho-

^-" roiiglily cx|M?ricnced, practical, and up-to-date in

all branches, including Orchids; 17 years Head at

Hiylifield ; di-sengaged ; married; age 43. — H. F.
WARREN, Highfield Lodge, Gainsborough.

QARDENER (Head Working) : 6 or more

^^ are kept in normal time; life experience in all
branches: age 47; married, no family; excellent refer-
ence from present and previous employers.— BEALE,
New Cottage, Llanwern, Newport, Mon.

(QARDENER (Head Working) in

^^ suhurtid ; life experience, Iris-ide and Out ; married
(1 child) ; ago 46 ; would not object to superinlemt wloi-k ;
good referenc«6,— 8. HIGGS, Mclkwuald Road, Liglitwateff.
Bagshot.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-

^^J2 Situation ; e.vpeiieiiced in management of large
^late, man led; age 35; ineligible.-WM. WARREN 48
Hanworth Road, Houiislow, Middlesex. '

QARDENER (Head Working), ,vlier<=

seveaal are kept; life experience in aU branches-
age .5; married (no family); 13 years in last place as
Head, Kent, burrey, or Sussex preferred; disengaged-
please state wages.-W. BARNES, 74, Grove Road Windl

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks re

^^ engagement with lady or gentleman in good es
tablishiiient ; life experienoe in aU braiK-hes ; oge 48-
vvages 35s house and tiring. -J. SKRIMPTON, 353, Norton
Way, Letchworth, Herts.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-

perieiltre all branches; thoroughly understands
stock; can mdk if required; excellent referen-oes ; ate 46-
son 17, available.— WILLIAMS, 55, London Road, Ips-
wich. *^

QARDENER ELECTRICIAN (Head

^ WORKIHG), seeks situation ; life experience to all
brandies of gardemng; take oliaige, and do ruraung
repairs to electric installation; iige 45; aibstainei;
married, one in family ; highest possible references —
Wage, i-c, to M. J., Box 26, 41, WeUingtou Street,
Covent Garden, W.O,

QARDENER (Single-handed or Second) ;

experienced. Inside and Out ; good references ; in-'
eligible ; age 32 ; married ; no family. Please state wages.
— IvlLLICK. The Lodge. Hohnefleld, Wonersh, Guildfoid,

QENTLEMAN wishes to recommend GAR-

^-" DENER and STEWARD, of piwed ability ; well up
111 all his work ; married, tJiree children ; age 45 • gooil
organiser of labour; excellent reasona for leavung.—
RICHARDSON, Toplars Green, Hertford.

QARDENER seeks Situation as good

^-" plain GARDENER, as CaieUUter, or any pUice of
trust ; 16 years in present place ; married ; ineligible.—
Apply, G. E. WOOD, Daylesford, Chiiiping Norton, Oxon,

■pOREMAN, Inside or General: life ex-
perience gained in good establisliments in Fruit,
riauts. Carnations, and house decoration ; excellent refer-
ences ; married ; age 27 ; ineligible.— A. ORIPPS, Moretou
Gardens, Bideford, N. Devon.

P'OREMAN (age 27) requires Situation ;

■"• good experience ; disengaged.- E. WYNNE, 3, New-
bury Street, Kintbury, Berks.

VOUNG MAN seeks Situation as JOUR-
NEYMAN (Inisidc) ; good experience up to oirbbreak
of war ; now discharged (roiii Army ; iige 24,— S. WRIGHT,
CopsWy Ludge, Outwood, Redhill.

''rWO LADY GARDENERS, exceUent ex-

-■- perieiico (two and three years) both Inside
anil Out, require Situation at once, where only
two are kept, under good Head; furni.shed cottage or
Bothy. -E. A., Box 3, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.

'■pWO YOUNG WOMEN, no exjierience,

■*- want work together in Gardens; Hertfordshire pre-
ferred.- Apply, stating wages, to M.WSBY. The Grove,
Market Drayton, Shropshii-e.

TRADE,

lyfANAGER or SHOPMAN.— Advertiser

^^ requires situation ; over 25 years' experience in
all branches of Seed iind Nursery Trade aJid Floral work ;
over military age.—" OMEGA," Box 2, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

"IYUR8ERY FOREMAN or GROWER;

■^^ general; life experience (near Hampton); over
mililary age; state wages. — Write. K. E., Box 24,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.O.

t^OREMAN ; ovter 30 years* exj^erience

-*- Wliolesalc and Retail Market Nurseries ; well up
in Chrj sant-heniums, Tonialos, Cucumbers, Pot Plants.
Cut Bloom, Forcing; over military age; single; 5 years
present place.— E WOODS, Hopwas Nurseries, Tam-
worth, Staffs.

PROPAGATOR of Hard and Softwooded

' Nursery Stock ; 18 years Foreman in leading Nut-
srries abroad ; open fur eaigtigenient.— " ERICA," Box 22,
41, WeUiiigton Street, Covent Garden, W.O.

IVTAN (42) seeks permanent Situation; ex-
"^ -*■ perienced Vines, Toma-toa, Chrvsanthemunis ; t«otal
^.ibfltainer. Kimidly state wage*. — WINGIIAM, 54, Frith
Road, Leytonstone, EBsex.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Febeuart 24, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the '' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Alpine Flora: for Tourists and Amateur Bota-
nists. By Dr. Julius Hoffmann. Translated
by E. S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp). 7s. lid.

Alpine Flowers for Gardens. By W. Robinson.
Revised Edition. With Illustrations, lis.

Alpine Plants, Dictionary of (see " The English
Rock Garden "). By Reginald Farrer.

Alpine Plants of Europe. By H. Stuart
Thompson. With Cultural Notes. 64
Coloured Plates. 7s. lOd.

Alpine Plants, Sub.. By H. Stuart Thompson.
Including Coloured Plates by G. Flemwell.
Price 8s.

Asparagus, The Book of. By Chas. Ilott.
With sections on Celery, Salsify, Scorzonera,
and Seakale. lUustratetl. 2s. lOd.

Bacteriology, Agricultural. By J. Percival, M.A.
7s. lid.

Banana, The : Its Cultivation, Distribution, and
Commercial Uses. By W. Fawcett. With
Preface by Sir Daniel Morris. 7s. lid.

Bee-Keeping, Book of. A Practical Manual on
the Proper Management of Bees, especially
written for Beginners. By W. B. Webster.
Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Bees, for Pleasure and Profit. By G. Gordon
Samson. With chapter on " Bee-keeping in
Hot Climates." Illustrated. Is. 2d.

Botanic Terms, Glossary of. By B. D. Jackson.
7s. lid.

Botanic Names, Dictionary of, and their
English Equivalents. By G. F. Zimmer.
2s. 9d.

Botanist, the Young. By W. Percival Weston
and C. S. Cooper. Excellent for young
people commencing to botanise. 3s. lOd.

Botany, Agricultural. By J. Percival, M.A.
7s. lid.

Botany, A Practical Introduction to the Study
of (Flowering Plants). By J. Bretland
Farmer, F.R.S. 121 Illustrations. 2s. lOd.

Botany, A Primer of. By Sir J. D. Hooker,
F.R.S. Is. 2d.

Botany, A Textbook of. By Dr. E. Stras
burger. Translated by H. C. Porter, Ph.D.
Revised. Fifth Edition. 779 Illustrations.
18s. 6d.

Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and
School Use. By Francis A. Kitchener. With
195 Illustrations. Ss. 4d.

Botany, Elementary. By Dr. E. Drabble.
2s. lOd.

Botany, First Course of Practical. By G. F.
Scott Elliott. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Botany, Lectures on Plant Physiology. By Dr.
Ludwig Jost. Translated by J. Harvey
Gibson. Morocco back, gilt top, 24s. 6d. ;
cloth, 21s. 6d.

Botany, Practical Plant Physiology. By
Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S. Recom-
mended for use in colleges and schools.
36. lOd.

Botany, Structural. By D. H. Scott, M.A.

2 Vols.

Part I. — Floweelnq Plants. 3s.. lid.

Pakt 11. — Flowerless Plants. 3s. lid.

An excellent introduction to the Anatomy

and Life Histories of Plants.
British Plants, List of. By G. C. Druce, M.A.

A detailed list of Species and Varieties.

2s. 9d.
British Plants, The Uses of. By Prof. Henslow.

4s. 9d.
Cambridge Manuals of Science. Cloth Edition,

Is. 5d., post free.

Bees and Wasps. By 0. H. Latter, M.A.

Earthworms and their .Allies. By F. E. Bed-
dard, F.R.S.

Insects, The Life Story of. By Prof. G. H.
Carpenter.

Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. By
Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S.

Plant Life on Land. Bv Prof. F. 0. Bower,
F.R.S., Sc.D.

Soil, The Fertility of the. By E. J. Russell,
D.Sc.

The Atmosphere. By A. J. Berry, M.A.

The Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting,
F.R.S.

The Story of a Loaf of Bread. Bv Prof.
T. B. Wood, M.A.
Carnations, Picotees and Pinks. By John Fraser.

Fully lUusitrated. 8d.
Coco-nut, The. By Edwin Bingham Copeland.

lOs. 6d.
Cottage Gardening ; or, Flowers, Fruits, and

Vegetables for Small Gardens. By E.

Hobday. Is. 9d.
Cucumber Culture for Profit. By W. Dyke. A

Practical Guide to the Cultivation in Frames

and in the Open. Is. 2d.
Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs, Potter's. By

R. C. Wren, with additions by E. M".

Holmes. Containing the Names and Pro-
perties of all the Herbs employed medicin-
ally in this country. 3s. lOd.
Cyclopiedia of Horticulture, The Standard. By

L. H. Bailey. In 6 vols. Fully Illustrated

in Colour and Halftone. A valuable book of

reference. Each part, 26s.
Date-Growing in the Old World and the New.

By Paul P. Popenoe. Illustrated. 9s, 6d.
Dictionary of Hardy Flowering Plants (see

"The English Rock Garden," by R. Farrer).
Diseases and Garden Pests, Book of Plant.

Bv R. Hooper Pearson. 214 pages. Over

65 Illustrations. Cloth. 2s. lid.
Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees. By

George Maissee. 7s. lid.
English Rock Garden. By Reginald Farrer,

author cyf " My Rock Garden," " Among

the Hills," etc. This work contains up-to-

dato monographs of the Plants suitable for

culltivation in the Rock Garden.. The text

consists of 500.000 Woi-ds. 300 Plants are

Illustrated in Half-Tome Plates. In 2 Vols.

Price £2 2s. lOd. (in the Prose).

Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.

Bentham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.
Seventh Edition. 9s. 5d.

Flora, British, Illustrations of the. By W. H.
Fitch and W. G. Smith. 1,315 Wood En-
gravings. Revised and enlarged. 9s. 5d.

Florist's Bibliography, The. By C. Harman
Payne. Second Edition, with Supplement
and Index. Cloth, 5s. 4d.

Flowers and Flower Culture. By H. W. Ward

Flowers, The Book of Hardy. By E. H. Jenkins.
A Practical Guide to the Cultivation of
Hardy Flowers. Illustrated. Cloth, 2s. lid.

Flowers, The Book of Old Fashioned. By Harry
Roberts. 2s. lOd.

Flowering Plants, Classification of. By Alfred
B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 1. Gymno-
sperms and Monocotyledons. 400 pages.
Illustrated. 10s. lOd.

Forestry, English Estate. By A. C. Forbes.
Copiously Illustrated. 328 pages. 12s. lid.

Forestry, The Development of British. By A. C.
Forbee. Illustrated, lis.

Forestry, The Practice of. By Percival T. Maw.
A voluminous and practical manual. It
deals also with the financial aspect of
Forestry. 17s. 6d.

Forestry, Webster's Practical. Fourth and En-
larged Edition. Illustrated. 5s. 4d.

French Market Gardening. By John Weathers.
With practical details of "Intensive Culti-
vation " for English Growers. Preface by
W. Robinson. 3s. lid.

Fruit Growing, Profitable : for Cottagers and
Small Holders of Land. Bv John Wright,
V.M.H. A Gold Medal Essay, written for
the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.
Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fruit, Hardy, Culture for Amateurs. By S. T
Wright, with notes by W. D. Drury on Fungi
affecting Fruit Trees. Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fruit Ranching in British Columbia. By J. T.
Bealby. Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Fruit Trees and Their Enemies. With Spraying
Calendar. By Spencer Pickering, F.R.S.,
and Fred W. Theobald. Cloth. Is. 9d.

Fruit Trees in Pots. By Josh Brace, twenty-two
years Foreman for Thos. Rivers and Son.
lUustrated. 5s. 4d.

Fruit and Vegetables, Packing and Selling : for
Cottagers and Small Holders of Land. By
R. Lewis Castle. A Gold Medal Essay, writ-
ten for the Worshipful Company of Fruit-
erers. lUustrated. Is. 3d.

Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. By Dr
M. C. Cooke. Many Coloured Plates. 5s. 6d.

Garden Craft in Europe. By H. Inigo Triggs.
£1 15s. 6d.

Garden Pests and Plant Diseases, Book of.
By R. Hooper Pearson. 214 pages. lUus-
trkted. 2s. lid.

Garden Flowers for Town and Country Gardens.
By John Weathers. Colouired Plates. 5s. 4d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
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W.C,

Prnted for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Liniit€>d, bv Love and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Streot. Hiph Holboro. London, W.C, and Published weekly bv the Gardeners'
Ohronicle, Ltd,, 41, Wellington Street,' Oovent Garden, Oity oS Westmineter, Saturday, February 24. 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Hetywood.

No. 1575. Vol. LXI. {■

SATURDAY, MARCH 3, 1917. | Registered as a Newspaper. |PR'CE 30.

I iPOST-FRfE, 3J<1.

SVBSCRIPTION—Inland, IBi-i Formign, f7/S I22fr. fOe.] [$4 26e.] per annum. Entered at N»w York Hnat O/Jii
Postal Address— 41, Welliagton Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telegrapblc Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London."

Telephone— Gerrard

For CONTENTS see page 93.

V^

YOUR GARDEN NEEDS FOOD:

To obtain the Fine;?t Vegetables und FlouefS, use

/"EBBS' GARDEN FERTILISEIIS.

rEKKEOT I'LAXT FOODS. Used by tlic
Leading Growers and Exhibitors. Manufac-
turwl at Webbs" Manure Works, Sal-tney,
Chenler, 6 acres in extent. *

PO'IWTO M.INUEE, 10». 6d. i cwt., 20s. cwt.
TOMATO MANURE, 13s. 6d. i cwt., 25s. owl.
GENERAL M.^NUEE, 10s. 6d. 4 cwt., 20s. cwl.
VINE MANURE, 12s. 6d. per i cwt., 218. cwt.
LAWN MANURE, 12s. 5d. per i cwt.. 21s. cwt.
H<>he, Carnation, Chrysantherauin. and Sweet

Tea Manures. Carriage Paid.
Fur paj^culars, see Webbs' Garden Catalogue.

post free on request.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seeds-
men. STOIKBKIDGE.

w

THE GRAND NEW CHINESE

pRI.MULA HELODO.KA, A..\l.. R.H.S.,

-■- 1916. Other new Chinese Primulas, ic.

liERBEHlS, NEW CHINESE SPECIES,

LILIES. UL.iDIOLI, BEGONIAS.

are a few of the items otIere<i and described in our

SPUING aWALOGUE,

post free on application,

K WALLACE & CO., LTD..

Kilnfleld Gardens, Colchester, Essex.

GJKEENHOUSE TAINTING & GLAZING
' " Vitrolite." superior t« White r.*ad Paint.
" PIa.stine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agcnto
throughout the country.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Crm

" servatories. Greenhouses, &c.. an<l Heating Engi-
neer, Danrers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. Wire, 201.
Westera London. Telephone : 201 Western.

TJATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,

*-* DAHLIAS, C1IKVSAXTHE.MU.MS, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the l)est new and stantTard
varieties is readv, and will be sent jtost free on appli-
caUon. — (Dept. A) R. H. BATIl, LTD., The Floral
Farms. Wisbech.

DATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New lUus-
■'-' trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH. LTD.. The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER A SONS.

" * LTD.. Lawrence Road. South Tottenham. Con-
aervatones, Winter Gardens, Vineriee, Peaoh-bouses,
Portable Iluildingrs, &c. Oabalogruee graUB.

T\0BBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN.

-■-^ EDINBURGH. wiU send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening. 160 pages, nearly 150
illustratioHB, free, if this paper is niotttion«d.

/^MISSIONS and Failures made good b>
^^ purolia«ing Storrie's Seedlings, just rr^ady for prick-
ing out or potting on at currect dates for boat possible re-
sults; all popular Greenhouse plants. Sunnner Bedding,
and Hardy Border Flowers, &c. Grand Wt of Cvclajmen
now ready. Write for catalogue.- STORRIE & SfORItlE.
Flower Seeds' Speciali«te, Glenoarse, Perthsshire.

YlTATERKIi'S KdSKSA: KIJUIT TREES.
^ ' Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists tree. —
JOHN W.\TERER, SONS & ORISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twylord, Berks.

'T'O replace Spring Cabbages and Lettuces

destroyed by the exceptional severe weather

Sow at once under Glass

SUTTONS EARLIEST C.iBBAGE.

The quickest growing variety, per packet Is.

SirrONS COMMODORE NLTT LETTUCE.

A i!ompact early variety, per packet Is. 6d.

These will then be fit for use almost as soon as those

planted in the autiunn.

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen.
READING.

s

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

KELWAY'S Gladiolus Bulbs (all British),
if you wish to have a glorious display of flowers
in the autumn wlien blooms ore scarce.

Kelwai ■*, the champion growers of Gladioli, iireotfering
a wide selection of beautiful vaiietits in all cM>lours
ut greatly reduced prices during the war.

Write at once lor their illusbrnted caUilogue, and make
a selection that will enable you to seu<l flowers to the
Wounded Soktiers in Hospitals and Nursing Homes from
Jufly till the frosts come. Gladioli are invaluable for cut
ting, as every bud opens in water. Tliey last for o fort-
night, ajid are so bright and cheerful that they nve par-
ticularly well suited to Invalids. For decoration of a]l
kinds the Gladiolus Kelwayi is pre-eminent.
Carriage paid and packing free for pni)aid order.
KELWAY & SON,
Retail Plant Department, Langpoit, Somerset.

DICKSON'S HOliTICULTUUAL
MANURE and other high-clasB Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushro^jm Spawn Priced rjrculars
free on application t*^> DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware.
bouse and Nurseries, Chester.

B

ARR'S VEGETABLE ajid FLOWER

SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growth
strictly mo<lerate prices. Descriptive Catalogue free.

TJARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI,

-^-^ Oannas. Mombretias, Tigridiaa, Anemones.
Ranunculus, \c., for Spring Planting. Catalogue free.
B.\liR & SONS, King Street, Oovent Ga.rden, London.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticifl •

^-^ and Fungicide— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. .Scientifically-controlled Trials al
Wisiey, 191415. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD..
Battersea, London, S.W.

BUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Orders
are now being booked for those plajits for delivery
in Maroh. List, with full directions and priixss, on ajj-
plication.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nur-
series, Miaidstone.

PEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunyard's
Medela has been proved by liundrwis of practical
Gardeners a ceirtain cure (or this ti-ouble ; to be applied
in j\l«rch and April ; 2s. per quart, 5s. 6d. per gallon, in
ran-s.--GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone.

XT'ERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Cli'mb-

^ ink' I''i'fiis. Basket Fenis, Stove and Greenhoii.se
I'Vrns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughboiuugh .Jliinclioii,
London, S.W.

SEVERAL Sashes, suitable for Green-
house.s, lor sole.— WHITBYS, 29, Kagile Street, Hol-
bom. W.O.

Fop Advenisement Charges see page vl.

WATERER-S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—We cordially invite you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 60
aL-res. comprising the finest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATEREIi. SONS ,V CUISl',
LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

NEW PHLO.XES.

A GRAND STOCK of tJiese Brilliant
■^^ Flowers in all shades, now ready for deiivory.—
For lists, with full particulars, apply GUNN & SONS,
Oiton, Warwickshire.

fPIDLER'S NEW ILLUSTRATED CATA-

-■■ LOGUE OF CHOICE GARDEN SEEDS wiU be sent,
poet free, to any address on receipt of postcard. Write
at once for a copy. It may help you to save 50 percent,
on your seed bill this season.— FIDLER & SONS, Royal
Berkshire Seed Stores, Reading.

TJLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

■'-' have pleasure in sending a ooiiy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniimis. &<•., ie ,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magnificent strong
roots of our unequalled Delphindums, in superb variety.

CANDER AND SONS,

^^ Orchid Growers, St. Albans,

PEKDS' SEEDS.

WEEDS' SEEDS FOR. RICH CROPS.

•^ The last ounce is rB<iuircd from KitcJicn

GaMens tliis year. Write for our 1917 Seed
List. Wo can give you the bumper crops yuu
look for.

TOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

*^ men and Nurserymen,

WEST NORWOOD.

MACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited,
Hothouse Builder.') and Heating Engineers,
London. Edinburgh and tJla.'^gow. Bv special Appoint
nient to H.M. the King. London 'offlce, 8. Camden
Hoad, N.W.

1 AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

-^-^ —New Catalogues of the above now issued gratis.
Grand New Early Pea, Laxteii'a Superb, &c., Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to oiler— may still be safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.—LAXTON BROTHERS. Nurserymen, Bedford

COWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.
— The best and niiicli the cheapest. — ^Pull partiouku-s
on application to JOHN COWAN & CO., Goteacre Nur-
series, Gatoacre, Livonxiol.

QRCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. jier sack :

^-^ Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per y^txi in trucks; in
b.iKS 2s. 6d. each, 30s. dozen ; Oak aii.l Deceh Leaf MouUl,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Cut. Silver Samd ;
4-ton lots for 45b.; O.N. Fibre, 243. dozen ba«?8; liji
free.— J. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Felthnm, Middlesex

SPORTSMION, Farmers, Horsemen. — Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcoixl Tweed ; wears iiAc
leather ; ahowerpr'xvf ; 7 vapda for 17s. 6d. Patterns fre®.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00. (71), Bradford.

BOXES. — Large quantity of One and All
SEED TRAYS, size 23in. by "llj by 4J, FOR SALE.
— Applv, SANTO & CO.. 4, Stonecutter Street, E.G.

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

HIGHLY IMPORTANT SALE OF ORCHIDS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS beg to announce that they are favoured with instructions to dispose of the

Collection of valuable Orchids

formed by the late WILLIAM THOMPSON, Esq.. of

WALTON GRANGE, STONE, STAFFS.

The entire Collection will be submitted to auction upon the premises on

Tuesday, April 24th, 1917, and two following days.

The following is a condensed list of some of the more
Odontoglossum hybrid Hercules.

„ „ Atheltum.

„ „ Helius.

„ „ Mirandus.

„ „ A. E. Thompson.

„ „ Red Monarch.

„ „ John Robson.

„ „ William Thompson.

„ „ Papilium.

„ crispum Palatine.

„ „ Alabaster.

„ „ Virginale Madonna.

„ „ Queen Empress.

„ „ Solum.

„ eximium Xanthotes.

„ „ Rubrium.

„ „ Excelsior.

„ amabile Royal Monarch.

Walton Gem.
Cattleya Gaskelliana alba.

„ Trianae Queen of the Earth.
„ Fabia Rex.

„ Iris Walton Grange variety.
„ Lady Veitch.
Catalogues (when ready) may be obtained from

iluable plants : —

Odontioda Charlesworthii.

„ Walton Grange Variety.

„ Irene.

Red Wing.
„ Thompsoniae.

„ William Thompson.

Cypripedium Desdemona.
„ Mirum.

„ Waltonensis magnificum.

,. Mrs. Carey Batten.

„ aureum Goliath.

„ Alcibiades Illustrious.

„ Carola.

„ Shogun.

„ Thunderer.

„ Royal George.

Laelia-Cattleya Numidea variety

„ Queen Marie of Roumania.

„ Britannia variety Melanie.

Miltonia Charlesworthii superba.

n » variety papilio.

„ William Thompson.

Zygopetalum Sir Trevor variety Brewii,
many others.
the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

and

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

A Choice oollection of Herbaceous and Rock Plante,
Rhododendrons, Roses. Fruit Trees, Lily-of-the-Valley,
Oarnationjs, Lilies, and Gladiolus in variety, aiid
other Bulbs.

and at 3 o'clock,

JAPANESE LILIES,

In cases, and other Bulbs, for the Hade,

lyrESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

"^ -*■ Will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.O.
On view mornings of sale and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

lytESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

^^*- will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G.. on Thursda;-.
March 8tli. and every succeeding Thursday at 1 o'clock,
comsigninente of well-grown ROSES, especially lotted to
suit fill buyers.

On view morning of sale and oatftloguee liad.

SALES BY AUCTION,

SALE OF TOPIARY WORK

JAPANESE DWARF TREES and Miniature Gardens,
ANTIQUE AND MODERN GARDEN ORNAMENTS.

Garden Furnitin-v. cnniprisaig Seats, Tables, Tubs, &c.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

^^■^ will SELh the above at their Central Auction
Rooms, 67 and .68, Cheapside, London, E.C.

On Friday, March 16th, at 1 o'clock.

On view two days prior and morning of sale. Cata-
logues on application to the Auctioneers.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

IV URSERY TO LET ; commanding posi-

■^' tinn ; five minutes from rail and trams; 350ft.

Olass; H acres land, house, &C.— MILES. Royal Hotel,
She^mess.

BARNES, SURREY,

'T'O LET, NURSERY ; 8 Greenhouses, 100

-*■ feet long, heated, and one acre of land ; leiisou-
able offer accepted.— Apply MESSRS. RICHARDS & 00.,
62, Ohurcb Boad, BameB, Surrey.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSERIES, MARKET GAR

DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let

or Sold, Published by

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■*■ every month. Copies may be obtained post free
on application.— Est-ate Offices, 67 and 68, Oheapside,
London, E.C.

PLANTS. Ao.. WANTED.

"WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

^ ' old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See ot^er advei-tLseineuLa ; catajognaes free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursen", Loughboroug-h Junction, London,
S.W.

S^ECONDHAND Motor Lawn Mower
*^ wanled; 24 incih&s; must be m first-class condi-
tioii. State make, price, and how long: in use. — COPE-
MAN, Cliveden, Shenfleld, Essex,

Mabch 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

1 00 000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-M.\j\j t\7\j\j 20s. 100 ; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaen;is, Roses. Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hvdrangeas,
&c. ; ratalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

" "DOCK GARDEN PLANTS, Wi.ere and

-^*' In Wliat Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25, 6s. 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; lOO, 2Ss. AH different, named,
strong stock ; please state position and soil.— O. R.
PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barnbam, B<^nor.

AMARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).-

■^ ■»■ MORLE & CO. offer magnificent named sorts
from Mr. W. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, alBo Flowering Bulbs, crossed with named
sorts, at half usual prices. List free. 150-156, Finchley
Road, N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in

" splendid condition ; large, firm Bulbs, Longi-
florum giganteum, 3s. 6d., 6s. and 9e. ; Speciosum Mel-
pomene and magniflcum, and Album Keitzerii {the
best), 5s., 8g. and 10s. ; Auratum, 6s. and lOs. ; Henryi,
4s. and 6s. ; all per dozen ; also others. List free.—
MORLE & CO., sue above.

CEED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scotch,

*--' Myatfs Ash Leaf, Hebrons, Earlv Rose, Express,
Royal Kidney, Up-to-Date, Sir J. Llewe'llen, Arran Chief,
King Edward, and others, per bush, or cwt— MORLE &
CO., as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-

QERANIUMS, very strong, autumn

'-" struck, Crampel, 12s. 100.— V. GEO. THOMSEN

London Road Nurseries, Croydon.

OFFERS WANTED.— 100 Aspidistras, 50

^-^ being variegated ; 3 years old ; avenaging 20 leaves ;
F-uitable for stock only. Accept £12 to clear.— n\MS-
UETN, Brandy Oarr, Wakefield.

rjIANT Asparagus, strong, 2 years' roots,

3s., 3 years 4s. 6d. 100. "

Please order early.

Blooming Bulbs, White Madooiiia,

Lilies, dormant, fresh dug, 2s. uoz., 15s. 100.

Plmvers pay well for market.

JOHN FLOWER,

.\sparagu3 Grower,

Moresteaxi, Winchester.

jVfARGUERITES.— Single White and

Yellow, 3s. 100; Mrs. F. Sanders (double), 7a. 100-
Liilceolanas, Golden Gem and Dark Brown, 3s. 100;
strong, well-grown plants; cjirriage jwid on orders of
10s. and upwards. -ENGLAND & FURNESS, Freelands
Road Nurseries, Bromley, Kent.

PAUL CRAMPEL.— 3,000 for Sale ; one-
year old stools; real good plants; ready for 4-inch

J!"-"";^^"'',"""'''^'*- ^- B"» 5, 41, WelliijiVton Street,
Covent Garden, W.O.

PRUIT TREES, true to name, my special-
ity; trained trees, in well-grown, extra-sized speci-
niens, with fibroua roots; Cordon Pears, Grape Vmee
Orange Trees, Fig Trees, in pots for fruiting. Catalogues'
-WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex. "'('""Kues-

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-

riONS, strong, healthy plants, now ready,
amongst which arc the following varieties : 4s. 6d. pir
doz. out of sand, Ss. 6d. per doz. in pots-EnchantrS
Snowstorm May Day, Lady Northclifle. Mikado S

rinrin""'^'''''u' *'■ P*' ''°^- ""' °< sand. 79. per
doz. in pots-Enchantress Supreme, Salmon Kin2 Gor-
geous, White Enchantress, Champion, Triumph Price
L.St of Late.t Novelties on application.-J. C. JENNER
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayl ' ' - -■^iiiiciv,

BENTLEY'S

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strength 1 to 80.

Double Strength 1 to SO.
Patent Powder: 1 to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.
BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.
BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.
BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd..

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

▲ LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbrldg^eworth, Herts.

(TiTIOl : HARLOW, G.E.I.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on I lie cultivation and man;ij,'e-
ment of Rock (iardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Cmtaine S plates in colour. />,.,(.« ///o ,,mt free.

THE PUBLISHER.

The Gardeners' Chronicle. Ltd., 41. Wellington

Street. Covent Garden, London. W.C.

HE truth of (his famous slogan I's proved by thousands of
p eased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality F,rst.-comb,ned wiU efficient service has built the
Weld s Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee's Annual,
I he Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is
bright new book of 204 pages, in '
Success in the garden. M

ilors. and a Safe Guide to
lied free. Write for it today.

W.ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,] .^

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia. Pa.. U. S. A.

NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK
FOR 1917.

The first two thousand copies
of til is work are now beine
distributed. Owing to the
paper shortage, an unlimited
number of copies cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.

Orders will be dealt with
in strict rotation.

The 1917 ctlition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given ^is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing lj4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

/.M.uitH 3, 1917.

SOW SUTTON'S SEEDS

therefore

SECURE YOUR SUPPLIES

at once

of the following popular & profitable vegetables :

DWARF BEAN

RUNNER BEAN

BEET

BROCCOLI

C4BBAGE

SAVOY . .
CARROT..

CAULIFLOWER

StffOTtAtd

THE KING'S SEEDSMEN,

READING.

ONION

TOMATO

Sutton's Early G'ant. A popul ,r early

variety I'cr pint 1/9

Sutton's Selected Duke of Albany. Tlic

Amateur's Pea par excelence .. .. Per pint 1/9

Sutton's Selected Canadian Wonder. A

great favourite V^r pint 1/3

Sutton's Al. A very prolific bearer . . .. Per pint 2,6

Sutton's Globe. 'Valuable for frame sowing Per pkt. 1/-
Sutton's Superb Early White. Heads of

purest white Per pkt. 1/6

Sutton's All Heart. The name is a literal

description of the plant .. .. .. I'cr pkt. 1/-

Sutton's Best of All. Early solid heads .. Per oz. 1/-

Sutton's Early Gem. Excellent type for

borders Per pkt. 1/-

Sutton's New Red Intermediate. A type

for general cultivation Per pkt. 1/-

Sutton's Magnum Bonum. Solid pure

whiteheads Per pkt. 1/6

Sutton's Improved Musselburgh. A very

popular variety .. .. .. .. Per pkt. 1/-

Sutton's Selected Ailsa Craig. The

heaviest cropper .. .. .. .. Per pkt. 1/6

Sutton's Tender and True. Of white flesh

and delicate flavour Per oz. lOd.

Sutton's Princess of Wales. .'\n early

smooth fruited Per pkt. 1/6

I THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER
\i THAT MADE THE

>v CHELSEA NURSERIES FAMOUS

i!i«BuLi:s Plant Food G 536,|i;iNcs R^Chelsea.

ll QT

STJNDtRD CURRANTS

We on offer fine trees
with 4J ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

"1

George BUNYARD

& CO., LTD.,

L

Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

More
Root Room

on the same amount of staging. That
is one advantage Cret Pots offer.
Add the exceptional porosity, perfect
drainage, uniformity, cleanliness, and
" healthiness" of Crets and — you'll write
now for

FREE SAMPLE " Cret " Pot, with interesting
Booklet giving all prices per 100. and 5 Special
Assortment Offers.

Two Specimen Prices— 2} int., <•/- per 100;
II ins., 75/-. Cariiase Pail on all orders
over 20/-

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

SEEDS FOR 1917.

Itisnune too eiiily for garden lovers to think of
seeds, but be sure the seeds you buy are seeds of
quality. It is a Rardeniiig axiom that

RYDERS SEEDS

are the best, and despite the fact of a War Time
price of Ijd. per packet, orders for these famous
Flower aud Vegetable Seeds are daily growing in
volume. Seeds of quality cannot now be supplied,
even by Kyders, in Penny Packets.

Ryders Illustrated Seed
Catalogue Free.

Ryders 1917 Catalogue contains a large

number of choice varieties not found in

other lists.

Ryders offer in \Hd. packets such
standard novelties as : —
Tomato Side's Becruit, 8 seeds for l^d,
" All the Year Bound " Cauliflower.
The New Chinese Celery-Cabbage " Pc Tsai."
Lychnis Arkwrightii,
Calceolaria Veitchii.
New Double Cosmos, pink and white.
Such Sweet Peas as Jean Ireland, President,

Fiery Cross, The Lady Eveline, Yarrawa,

and over 200 others.

Send a post-card to-day for your free copy of this
Catalogue. Remember the oue and only address
and beware of imitators — no agents.

RYDER & SON, m.,

Seed Specialists,
ST. ALBANS.

Grow Your Own Food by Sowing Ryders
Famous Vegetable Seeds.

Makch 3, 1917.J

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

93

^avhmtvs dljvonith

Xo. U7d.— SATURDAY, MARCH J, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Aldenham in winter .. 93
AniericaD note —

Gardeners in America 100

Squirrel, the American

grey 100

Australia, note from —

Phoenix canariensis . . 95
Books, notices of —

Field Notea on Sweet
heas 100

Bu

tti(

gistration of
Clematia vedrariensis ..
Conifers, notes on —

Cupressus glabra
Farm, crops and stock

on the home
Galanthua Imperati At-

kinsii

T-gardening

101

Hei.

at .

the

Herbs, medicinal, cul

tural conditions for ..
Horticulture und

food crisis
llorticultuial college,

new
Leeks, the value of
New Zealand Hora
Obituary —

Bowden, John \i.

In3

Salomon. Etienne .. :
Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Pruning in frosty weather :
Potato and cereal crops
Potatos, pilfering of

*' seed "

Rock garden, the
Societiea—
British Wholesale
Florists" .. .. ]

Unnean ]

Manchester and North

of Eugland Orchid .. ]
Norfolk and Norwich

Horticultural .. ]

North of England Hor-
ticultural ,. .. ]

Royal

Koyal Horticultural . . ]
Tnited Uort. BeneHt
and Prov. . . . ]
Societies, the local . . ]
Strawberry, the White

Wood 1

Under-cropping in or-
chards I

War items .

Week's work, the 96,

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Clematis vedrariensis . . . , . . . . . . . . II4

Cupressus glabra, branch of 9*1

Cyinl>idiuin insigne album yu

ALDENHAM IN WINTER,

AI.DKNHAM gardens are interesting at
all seasons, and some of the winter
Lffects are as cliarnnng aa those of gay
.siiiuiiR'i-. Mucli planting liajj been done by
tliu Hon. Vicary Gibbs for the purpose
of i)roviding colour in winter from
tlie barks of certain trees and shrubs. In
many cases such plants have been massed,
jriving the effect, from a distance, of large
jiauels of colour. To those who have never
si'eu the best use made of this aspect of
gar<len decoration, the results would
a|)pear astonishing; it is most effective
when done on a large scale. This is possible
at Aldenham because the whole estate has,
so to speaJv, been brought within the pale
of the garden. It appears as though every
spot that offered a suitable place for some
rare or interesting tree or shrub had been
put to the purpose, making the whole place
■ ■no vast aiboretum. Nor i.s this all; for
miles beyond the purlieus of the estate
choice trees have been planted by the road-
side, in field and meadow, and wherever
flse oi)])ortunity has Ix'en afforded thus to
iiiiprovp the landscape or beautify the vil-
lages. Sometimes a natural feature in the
country, such as a sheet of water or gra.s.sy
knoll, has offered an o]>poitunity for Mi\
<;il)l)s and his capable jrardener. Mi', Kd-
win B<-ckett. to introduce n s].ccial kind
of planting for .securing particular effects.
It will be readily undei.stood that in a
■..'■nrden containing such a wealth of ar-

bore^il vegetation, azid abounding witlij
evergreen species of all kinds, many pos-
se.ssing variegated foliage, it is not
only the coloured barks that are beautiful
ill winter. The Hollies, Yews, Eleagnuses,
Ivies, Conifers, and such plants are
most attractive, and give fine colour effects
in their golden and silver forms. There is
much natural dignity, too, in the winter
contour of trees and shrubs, such as is pre-
sented by a tall group of rugged Scots Firs
outlined against the sky or a background
of woodland, graceful weeping trees,
massive avenues of Cedars and Yews, rows
of light and graceful Silver Birches, and
russet undergrowths.

Some of the finest garden and park
scenery is found in association with water,
and Aldenham is fortunate in this respect,
for it includes ponds, moats, streams, and
a large lake. The lake is situated in about
the centre of the park, and has been con-
verted into one of the finest examples of
its kind, forming a piece of ornamental
water that is as interesting in win-
ter as in summer. The best view is from
the ornamental stone and red brick bridge,
the architecture of which is in keeping with
the house. The bridge carries the drive,
that stretches for three-quarters of a mile
from the Elstree road to the mansion, pass-
ing over the centre of th-> Ild^c. From the
gate to the bridge this broad, well-kept
drive is bordered on either side with a
double row of Horse Chestnuts, each tree of
perfect symmetry ; and from the bridge
to the house the curved drive is
astonishingly beautiful in winter with
the stem colouring of various low--
growing shrubs. They are planted in
large, irregular shaped beds, the principal
species being Salix rosmarinifolia (red-
dish-brown). Spiraea Douglasii (hazel-
brown), Cornus alba sanguinea (scarlet),
Kosa rugosa (silver-grey), and Spiraea
ulmifolia.

The lake has been made fiom a pond
and a piece of swampy land. Thousands
of loads of soil were removed, the sides
were concreted and set with rockwork to
pi event displacement by wash and burrow-
ing by rats, and the bottom puddled,
u'aking it absolutely watertight. Rising
ground at one end has been transformed
into a cave for a boat-liouse by the use of
rugged masses of rock. It is approached
liy a winding grass path, anu overhung by
plants of pendulous and creeping habit.
The movind ovei- the cave has been
planted as a rockery, with a great variety
of shrubs and small trees. The most
striking objects as we appi-oach this
planted mound are Salix cardinalis anil
S. vitcllina, the stems showing scarlet and
gold from afar. Other beautiful patclies
of colour are provided by the dark-red
st«m.s of Cornus alba sanguinea, the dark-
brown leaves of Spiraea confusa; a
l)ig bush of Vibuinum Opulus
(llie Guelder Rose), with light-brown,
crinkled bark; and here and thei'c a
Golden Privet. In contra.st witli the
liiighter colours is a big clump of the ever-
green Berberisslenophvlla and the Ancuba.
covpreil with noble foliage, splashed witli
<roId. Crowning the mound is a Lorn-

bardy Poplar, tall and dignified in out-
line, and well suited to such a position.
One of the rarest and most interesting trees
at Aldenham is a Weeping Oak, planted
near this spot. It is about .30 feet high,
and has a clear, straight bole some fifteen
or twenty feet before it branches. Another
plant not often seen is the Weeping Privet.
The dependent shoots carry the foliage very
late, and the leaves turn almost black
before they drop.

The weeping character of trees is best
seen when the branches are defoliated, and
Willows' of this nature have a special grace
and charm in winter, especially when
reflected in the clear water beneath
them. Amongst other plants that were
contributing to the winter glory of
the lake were Cotoneaster micro-
phyUa, the lo-n-, spreading evergreen
branches sweeping the stonework almost
awash with the water; Osmanthus ilici-
folius, like a miniature Holly; Coton-
easter bacillaris, some of the black
fruits still hanging on the branches ; Ber-
beris Wallichiana; Alders hung with their
dark-brown catkins, the cut-leaved variety
retaining a few of its deeply incised leaves ;
the fastigiate form — Alnus glutinosa
])yramidalis; Quinces, Weeping Elms, an<l
bare, golden Poplars on tlie bankside ;
Rhamnus Alaternus, making a most
perfect-shaped pyramid; Stranvaesia un-
dulata, w'liich might easily be mistaken for
a Cotoneaster, witli shoots of adpressed
habit, and gay with clear, scarlet berrie.s ;
and the Mahonia, which gives a warm
touch of colour along the stream side. The
lake is fed at one end by a winding wood-
land stream, and the water is discharged
at the other end by a miniature cataract
which tumbles down large boulders oyer-
hung by iJerberis stenopliylla and similar
.shrubs'.

Srnxr ('oi,ouiiiN(j in the Wii.nKHNKss.

Leaving the lake, we will next desci'ihc
the part of the gardens known <is Thi'
Wilderness, where the best examples of
stem colouring are to be seen. The Wilder-
ness covers many acras. It is a g<HHl
example of a " wild " gaiden on a large
scale, consisting of a piece of sparse Oak
woodland, carpeted with grass, in which
are vast numbers of bulbs. The
ground is sheltered on tlio north side by a
belt of woodland. The Scots Pin,e

grows here in all stages ; some tall trees of
this Conifer fringing the wood are e.xceed-
ingly picturesque in winter, one old tree,
th.it .seems to loan against its fellows, bring
such as a painter might select as a subject
for his canvas. Grass jjatlis I'lm .
in botli directions, crossing each (jflier at
riglit angles, bordered bv rare trees and
shrulis. Huge, irregular shaped beds
are planted for producinq' winter effects in
coloured barks. Many of these plants are
massed, giving the effect of large patclies of
colours on the landscape, such as S.olix
vitellina (yellow), S. cardinalis (red).
Coi'nus sanguinea (scarlet), Rhus t\'phina
("warm brown), Ijevcesteria foniiosa (one nf
tlie finest plants for screen colonringV (lie
eoiiiiiinn Ras|>bcrrv ('Riibu^' Idaeus), Popii-
li:s Bolleana (white). Rosa rii-'osa

94

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3. 1917.

(grey), rSpiiaea. Douglaaii (reddish-brown), Spi-
I'aea, canescene (brown), and the Snowberry
(greyish-brown). Others selected for this pur-
pose are Pyrus arbutifolia (Aronia floribunda)
(almost black), Spii-aea ulmifolia, Rubus Giral
diaiia, K. lasiostylus dizygos, R. phoenico-
lasius (the Japanese Wineberry), Paulownia
imperialis and the Golden Elder, most of which
are cut down annually to make them produce a
dense mass of their coloured shoots. There are
large beds of Euonymus europaeus, that produce
masses of scarlet fruits in autimm and eaJly
winter; Hippophae rhamnoides; Rosa rubrifolia
(the blue-stemmed Rose), ForsytJiia suspensa,
Loganberries, Rubus polytrichite (a beautiful
new Chinese species), Cotoneaster Simonsii, C.
horizontalis, Exochorda grandiflora, Berberis
Wallichiana, B. purpurea, and the new B. Sar.
gentiana, all of which contribute colour from
berry, lea.f, or stem in winter. Further variety
s provided by clumps and beds of Rhus glabra

the left were a sheet of colour in tones
of red and brown from the withered rushes
and grasses, with here ajid there a clump
of silvery Pampas Grass. A large bush of
the evergreen Veronica Traversii was pro-
minently se«n from the spot where we stood and
looked along the water. The shoots were tipped
with light green, and contrasted with those of
itfi companion, a Golden-leaved Box. Close by,
the gi-aceful, arching culms of Phyllostachys
Quilioi swayed witJi the slightest movement of
the wind, which was bringing down the few re-
maining leaves of the neighbouring Cornus. At
the back, and almost overhanging the Bamboo,
was a Weeping Larch, the old branch bases
looking like yellow buttons, a few only
retaining the straw-coloured slioots of last
season. LTnderneath this tree is planted the
new Rubus irenaeus, making a perfect carpet
of greenery. The leaves of the Water Lilies
had their edges seared by fro.st, and would

Fig. 33. — clematis vedrariensis

tiigraph hy E J Wa!lu.

MAUVE.

laciniata, Fuchsia Riccartonii, Rhododendrons
in variety. Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora,
Rhus Cotinus, Arundinaria japonica, Hypericum
calycinum, Spiraea arborea grandis, Buddleia
variabilis in variety, Berberis Aquifolium, and
Rubus fruticosus fi. pi. A new plant that will
be valuable for growing in the shade, and espe-
cially under trees, is the Gbinese Rubus, R.
irenaeus. Tlie grow-th is like that of the Ivy,
and forms a dense mass of foliage.

Beautiful as is this wild garden in winter, the
fihrubberies by and near the moats are equally
intei«sting at this season. Our visit was
made before the recent severe frost, and much
in berry and leaf was lingering from autumn,
Init the Birches in the Avenue were completely
defoliated, and their bark showed milk white;
the blanches, like filigree work, seeming too
frail and slender to resist the gales of winter-
The rows of Yews, avenues of 'Lombardy Pop-
lars, and lines of Hawthorns looked of ».
sterner nature. The banks of the moat on

soon be gone, but Typha, the Reed Mace, stood
out in full dignity above the water, its velvet
brown pokers arising from a mass of pale brown
ribbons. The red-barked Willows on the bank
had lost their leaves, and the huge foliage of
Gunnera hung round the stalks like a tattered
shroud on a pole. Under a tree of Pyrus flori-
bunda was a carpet of Euonymus radicans, in-
tensely variegated whera the sun reached tlie
leaves. A narrow stone pathway leads to a tree
of .Quercus coccinea Waterer's variety, en-
circled by a seat. The scene was en-
chanting enough to tempt us to rest. Ber-
beris yunnanensis had lost its red leaves
and appeared formidable in its aggi'essive-
looking spines. Epimediums, encroaching

over the flagstones, were most bronzed
\vhere most exposed to cold. The broad-
leaved Bambnsa palmata made a charming
corner plant, whilst Diplopappus chrysophyl-
lus revealefl its golden undersides as the
shoots moved. Euonymus radicans variegata

seemed quite a pygmy conipaired to the tall
tree of Acer palmatum near by, whose deeply
cut leave® wei-e a russet brown before they
dropped. The path is bordered with Periwinkle,
small bushes of stone Lavender (Santolina in-
cana), colonies of Saxifraga cordata, the foliage
of which is too sheltered to turn ruddy, mossy
cushions of other Saxifrages, Rock Roses,
Ericas and the like. A few solitary fruits
hung on tlie red Chestnut, which had plumped
up its buds, but had not coated them with
resan for protection, as the Horse Chestnut.
-\t the foot Off a waterfall in the stream was
a big plant of Lomaria Spicant, whose fronds
had collected a deep store of fallen tree leaves,
which would protect the crown of young leaves
from injury by frost. The shrubbery border at
this spot makes an intricate bending, following
the irregular course of the stream, and a blufl
that .juts into the water is crowned with the
new Jasminum Beesianum on a pole, looking
very like a Smilax. and promising to retain its
handsome foliage all though the winter. On
another bend of the bank is a tree of Cupressus
Lawsoniana aurea, its branches reaching almost
over to the water, leaving only a narrow path-
way to reach the next bluff, where a pendulous
tree of Gleditscliia triacantha grows. -\t this
spot the view opens on the avenue of Cedars,
with rows of Berberis subcaulialata amongst
them. Here the brown and russet of the water
plants in the moats toned well with the golden
and red stems of the Willows amongst them.
The silvery Pampas Grass, along the banks, with
the Bamboos of gi-een and gold ; Salix lanata,
which has turned from grey felt to mahogany
brown ; and tiny colonies of Euphorbia. Cyparis-
sius, with stems of coral-red and ruby-tinted
leaves; all combined to make a charming winter
scene.

CLEMATIS VEDRARIENSIS.

The hybrid iClematis C. vedrariensis (see fig.
M), is of French origin, ,the result of a cross be-
tween C. chrysocoma and C. montana rubens,
both these species being natives of China. C.
chrysoooma has creamy, pink-tinted flowers,
and was fLi'st discovered in Yunnan by the Abbe
Delavay in 1884, whilst C. montana has rosy-i-ed
flowers.

The flowers of the hybrid are a delicate mauve-
pink of pale rosy-mauve colour, clianging with
age to a lighter tint. The individual flowers
are IJ inch in diameter. The photograph, from
which the illustration is reproduced, was taken
on June 6, the plants being at their best during
that month, though they carry blossoms during
nearly the whole summer. The growth of the
Kew plants suggests that in an open, limy soil
C. vedrariensis will prove a showy and useful
climber of moderately strong gi-owth. A. 0.

THE ROCK GARDEN.

FROST AND RO-CK PLANTS.

One eft'ect of a peiiod of frost is to lift small
plants, such as rock plants, either partially or
whoUy out of the ground, and thus leave the
roots exposed. This is especially the case with
plants that have been recently transplanted.
Roots of the " star-fi.sh " description, consist-
ing of a central bud from which fleshy rootlets
diverge, are particularly liable to suffer in this
way ; such are the St. Bruno's Lily (Anthericum
Liliastrum), and Ranunculus acouitifolius.

As soon as the soil is in good working condi-
tion, all small plants eliould be carefully exam-
ined, and where the roots ai'e exposed they
should be pressed firmly into the ground and
top-dressed with a mixture of gritty soil and
lleaf-niould. ^\^lero this is insufficient, they
sliould be taken up and transplanted. H. E.

March 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

95

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT KEW.

A WEEK or so ago. when the outdoor depart-
ments were iu the firm grip of frost and snow,
it was pleasing to find so much of interest in
xh" Orchid houses. Se\"^ral gi-oups of C'alan-
the.* were conspicuous, and numta-ous species
and hybrid CVpripediums attracted attention.
Among a number of Cymbidiums, C. Gottianum
was showy, and the deliciously fragrant Platy-
clinu.s glumacea was well represented. Cyon-
orchi.« Lowiana, Stenorhyncus speciosus, Lycaste
lasioglossus, Odontonia Longowoyi and Phaius
Sanderianns were other noteworthy subjects in
flower. It is interesting to see women gardeners,
with supervision, in charge of the Kew collec-
tion and doing good work, the whole of the
Orchid staff having enlisted in His Majesty's
Forces.

BOTANICAL ORCHIDS.

.V LIST of rare and little-known Orchids in
(lower at Kew during the early days of February
will be of interest to readers who delight in
uncommon plants. Eria trilamellata. E. pa.nicu.
Ifitaand E. .=itricta. Leptotes bicolor, Epidendnmi
Allemanii. and E. Wallisii, Xylobium leonto-
1,'Iossum, and X. rorrugatum. Cyonorchis X kew-
ensis. Spiranthes australis. Oncidium barbatum.
Amblostoma cemuuni. Polystachya laxiflora, and
Plpurothallis Scapha.

HYBRID ORCHIDS.

(CorUinued from Dec. 23. 1916, p. Wd.)

NOTE FROM AUSTRALIA.

PHOEXIX CANARIENSIS.
I.v tlie Gardrnri-f' Chmiiide of September 9,
1916, p. 122, .Air. J. H. iMaiden, of the
Sydney Botanic (Jardens, writes about Phoe-
nix canariensis growing .in the Garden
Palace grounds. He states : " ItJ history is
not clear, but it was over thirty years old.
and where it originally came from I cannot
ascertain." This information is not accurate. a.«
its history is well known. When I had charge of
the beautiful Garden Palace grounds, miuh of
which I designed and laid out, I suggested to
tlifi late Mr. Charles Moore, Director of the
Botanic Gardens, Sydney, that a group of Palms
would <add charm;n,» variety to the surroundiiigs
if planted on the plot of ground on which there
were then growing a number of varieties of the
showy .■\niaranthu5 salicifolius and .A., tricolor,
and a few species and varieties of Ganna. I
told Mr. iloore about tho fine group of Palms
I jiiinted in the Eotanic Gardens, Brisbane,
Queensland, and he sanctioned the work being
carried out. There w?.s considerible controversy
about the wisdom of planting in the open certain
species, including Phoenix ca.naricnsis, but even-
tually Mr. Moore gave me a free hand I had
the ground thoroughly prep?.red, and the plant-
ing was proceeded with in due course. Most of
the Palnii I nlinted were vigorous specimens,
well established in 6 and 8 inch flower-pots. Mr.
Moore informed me that the seeds of most of
these Palms, including Phoeni.x canariensis, were
obtained from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ,
then under the directorship of Sir William

Parentage.

Exhibitor.

llrasso-Laelio-Cattleyn Rumania .. .. B.-C. Dicbyann-ifossine var. Qiiecn Alexandra X

L -C. Canlinmiana nl^ a

Cattleya Blanche (Lamax) labfata x maxima

Y\oTy and Black.

J. A. Carbone, Es*]., Snn

Francisco.
Dnke of Mailborough.

.. Sir.TeremiahCnlnian.Bart.,

A Duke of Marlliorough.

Messrs. Mellean and Uul<e

of Marlborough.
Duke of MarlborouRii.
.. Charleswortb and Co.
H. Worsiey, Esq.
Sander and .Sons.
.. (i. Hamilton Smith, Esq.,
and Hassall and Co.

eliumeum x Pauwelsii Hassall and Co.

Gaston Bult^l X Hera Euryades A. Warburton. Esq.

The Baron X insigne Ilarelleld Flail J. Cyptier and Sons.

Clio X Rossettii .Sander and Sons.

Cyprlpedium Marshal llaig Clio x O. F. Moore T. Worslcy. Esq.

Cypripedium Nigeer Mrs. Cary Batten x Bceckmonii P. Smith, Esq.

Cyprlpedluni Verdun Clio x Lceanum Cllnkolicrryanuni .. ^. T. Worslcy. Esq.

Cattleya Caroline (Perenid) Percivallana X Enid

Oattleya Fabialiana Fai>ia x Percivaliann

Cattleya Monarch Trianae Monarch x Empress Fiede

Cattleva W. H. Evans i Mantinii x Mrs. Pitt

Cynibidium Chaftinch I flottianum x Doris.

•Cymhidium Corona Lowianum x Schlegelii

Cymbidlum Sybil
Cypripedium Alethea
Cypripedium Baron Ilarelleld
Cypripedium Cha

Laello-Cattleya Actaeus
Laelio-Cattleya Arcturus ..
Laelio-Cattleya Canhalabia . .
Laelio-Cattleya Daphne
LaelioCiittleya Eniphylla ..
Laelio-Cattleya Gothatirea ..
Laelio-Cattleya Leonora
Laelio-Cattleya Linda
I.aelio-Cattleya Miranda
Laelifi-Cattleya Prince Edward
Laelio-Cattleya Santa-F«
Laelio-Cattleya Schulglossa
Laelio-Cattleya Sir David Beatty .
Laelio-Cattleya Teneniilmar
Laelio-Cattleya Triariel
Laelio-Cattleya Trident

L. C. Charlcsivorthll X C. Schri'dcnic Sander and Sons.

L -C. Smilax x I. anccps Schroilcriana . . •!. and A. McBean.

L.-C. Canhamiana X C. labiata Duke of .Marlborough.

L -C. Gottoiana x C. Trianae Charlcawoith and Co.

C. Enid X L. harpop' ylla Duke of Marlborough.

L.-C. St. Oothard x C. Dowiana nurca Duke of Marlborough.

C, Fabia X L-C. Canhamiana " Fire Kinu" .. Duke of .Marlborough.

L.-C. Arachne X C. Dowiana amx-a .1. and A. McBean.

Charleswortb and Co.
Duke of Marlborough.
Dr. Lacroze.
Duke of .Marlborough.
H. Worsley, Esq.
~ ■ ;of Marlboio

ugh.

Dominiana x St. Oothard.

T>.-C, Canhamiana x C. Prince Edwa

L -C. Copia X C. Enbl

Scbulzeana x callistoglossa

Dominiana x Wellsiana

L. tenebrosa x L.-C. Miller Martin

C. Trianae x L C. Ariel Sander and Sons.

C. Trianae Backhouseana X L Diana Flory and Black.

Odontioda Bermelie Oda. Cbarleswortbii x Odni. Her Majesty .. .. c. . I Phillips. Es.i.

Odontioda Cookso-Elsie Cooksoniae x Elsie P Smith, Esq.

Odontioda Linda Oda. Diana X 0dm. aninbile .1. and A. McBean.

Odontioda Waltioda 0dm. Waltoniensc x Oda. Brndsbawiae

Odontoelossum Alcibiades .. .. .. eximiiim x unrecorded .. Armstrong and Brown.

Odontoglossum Ancre -Mars x ardentissimnm Armstrong and Brown.

Odontoglossum Felicia Thompgonlanum X crlspum Charleswortb and Co.

Cidontoglossum illustworth i illnstrissinium x Aireworth Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoglossum Shortii
Sophro- Laelio-Cattleya Eriata
Sopbro-Laelio-Cattleya Orion var.

Fahinippe
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Myra
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Raniilles . .

cirrhosum x tigrinuni i G. Short, Esq.

8. -L.-C. Eros X C. labiata Duke of Marlborough.

C. Fabia X S..L.C. .Menippc I P. Smith. Esq.

S.-L.C. Altbea X L.-C. Myra Flory and Black.

8.-C. Warnhamiensis x C. Empress Frederick .. R. O. Thwaites, Esq.

Hybrids of Cattleya l>owringtnna n
epresents C. Bowringiana and the oth

Epicattli

nied by Mr. T. L. Meade Oviedo Florifla. In the composition of the names *' boa '

r parts are made up of syllables of the parents.

ra Adbna(C. Bowringiana x Epidindrum advena).
Epicattlcya p]i(;aboa (C. Bowringiana x Epitlendrum plicatum).
Cattleya AnimeboafC. Bowringiana x C. interglo.'tsa).
Cattleya -Mclodboa (C. Bowringiana X C. Cla

iilillboafC. P.o»iin/i:oiri ■ C. Dapbrei.
tLaelir, f .r. :■: V..'u\< , ir r, .H,;i _;:,i,,i x L. Perrinii).
Laelin ( , i I, i.uia X L -C. leucoglosaa).

Laeli..-i «■ ' I ■ ' i ' I I nia x L.-C. Issv).

Laelio-Ciii '. 7^ I'lir.i !■ .« I in_i:iii:i X L.-C. elegans).

• Shown by Messrs. Hassall and Co. as Cymbidium Beatrice.

t Laelio-Cattleya Corona previously recorded In Gardeners' Chronicle list.

Jaolison IHooker. It was thu.s I planted the
first Phoenix canariensis in the open in Aus-
tralia. Near this group of Palms in the Garden
Palace groimds is growing a fine specimen of
Phoenix dactylifera. which I planted. This
.specimen belonged to my collection {which had
been awarded a gold medal) of the most valu.
able commercial plants ever exhiliited in Aus-
tralia.

The group of Palms which I planted some
years ago in Hyde Park, Sydney, h.as recently
been referred to in the leading Australian news-
papere as the princi|xal feature of the Park
Fn</ run„r. ClialMfn,,,! . Si/c/„r„.

NOTES ON^ CONIFERS.

XVI.— CUPRlvSwr.S GI.A1JRA.
-Uthough this Cypress w;i& first found on Pine
Creek, Central Arizona, more than twenty years
ago* it was not distinguished from its near
ally, Cupres'sus arizonioa, until 1910, when
Profea^sr -Sudworth, of Washington, described
it+ from a grove of trees discovered bv Mr. A. H
Zachau, on the northern slope of a small tribu-
tary stream on the west side of the Verde River
Canyon, Arizona. The history of this new
Cypress i?, given at considerable'length bv Sud-
vvorth in his recently published account of the
<",//«•,,<« „„fl J„,ii/)er Trees of the Horh/ Muiitr
loin Ifei/inn.X He notes that in general appear-
ance the foliage of the smooth typress resembles
that of the Arizona Cypress (Gupressus ai'izonica,
Greene), though the former species can be dis-
tinguished from the latter by the compact,
narrowly oval, or .somewhat pyramidal, crown.
The branches of smooth Cypress, particularly
of younger trees, are strongly upright. Old tree's
grown ill the open develop long, lower branches,
which from their great weight are less upright
than tho;e of trees of the same age in a clc*e
stand. In height, the trees range from 25 to
30 feet, and in diameter from 10 to 14 inches,
though much larger trees probably exist. The
most di.stinctive characteri.stic of this tree is its
thin, smooth, dark, purple-red bark. Each
season's growth of bark, from l-16th to ^th of
an inch thick, breaks irregularly into small,
curled, scale-like plates, which fall away during
the succeeding autumn and winter, leaving the
trunk smooth. The foliage is a bright blue-
green, and the minute, scale-like leaves are
thickened and keeled on the back, where iii
practically every case there is a comparatively
large resin gland, a characteristic which distin
guishes the leaves from those of C. arizonica.
The mature cones are conspicuously wrinkled.
and covered with a deep, blue-grey bloom, which
when rubbed off reveals a rich, dark brown
colour beneath. They may remain on the tree
unopened from 14 to 18 years.

Both species grow together in the mountains
of Arizx)na, but Cupressus glabra is much more
I'estricted in its range. In the Verde River
Canyon it grows abundantly in gravelly and
shelly soil', at elevations between 3,700 and
5.500 feet. At lower elev.ations it is associated
with Piiuis monophylla, Pinos edulis, Querc\is
chrysolepis, and Rhus laurina.

If the foliage character mentioned above is to
be relied upon for distinguishing Cupressus
glabra from C. arizonica, all the trees grown
under the latter name in England, which I have
examined, would seem to belong to C. glabra
rather than C. arizonica, of which I have seen no
typical example from an English garden. Most,
if not all, oiu- cultivated trees have conspicuously
glandular foliage. § In Messrs. Hillier's

• Garden arid Forett. VIIL, 22, 1895.

t Airnrican Porestrii, XVI., 88, 1910.

J U.S.A. Dept. Agric. Bull. 207. 1915.

i Prof. Sudwortb, however, stated in a letter to me a
year ago that, judging from specimens received from Prof.
A. Henry, the plant we have cultiv«,ted as Cupressus
aritonica seemed to be quite different from C. glabra as
known in America ; hut Henry is of the opinion that this
specimen, whi.:h, he thinks, came from Lough Cutra Castle,
Ireland, comes under C. glal>ra. Moreover, he is not con-
vinced that there are twu distinct species of Cypress in
Arizona.

96

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Maech 3. 1917.

mirsery at Winchester I saw large nnmbers
of young trees grown as C. arizonica, but a
specimen from one of those sent to Professor
Sndwortli last year was referred by him to C.
glabra. A tree in Sir John Ross's collection at
Rostrevorll and three small, but well-grown
examples in Mr. William Arkwright's

a tree of Cupressiis arizonica will send me a
specimen branch, as I am anxious to know if
this species, as defined by Sudworth, is really
in cultivation. Jlr. Wallis's photograph repre-
sents a branch from a young tree in Hillier's
nursery at Winchester, which bore cones in
1915, A. Bruce Jarkson.

FiC. 34. — BR.\NCH OF CUPBESStJS OL.\BR.'

{Photograph hy E. J. WalU,

WITH rKM.\LE CONES.

garden at Sutton Scarsdale, last summer, are the
same thing. Several treeis I have seen labelled
C arizonica have also the thin, smooth, dark
purple-red bark, and the upright branches of
C. glabra, I shall be glad if anyone possessing

II Figured .as C, glabra in Gard. Chron., .Tune 6, lOT.'i

A New Horticultural College.— .V

women's horticultural college lias just been
established at Chester, for the purpose of pro-
viding students with a short course of training
in the cultivation of vegetables and fruit. The
college is under the control of a committee, nf
which the Ducihess of Teck is cshairman.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. CnlsE, Gardener to Mrs. DlMPBTlR, Keele
Hall, Staffordshire.

Pruning Shrubs. The severe weather liar,
delayed all work outside, and now that the frost
has broken, alterations or planting not finished
in the auitmniii, and the pruning and iiegulalting
of ev-ergreen .sJuirbs m.UKt. be concluded with as
lit.tlle delay as jTOssible. Thei saw may be used
freely on overcrowded specimens of Portugal
Laurels, the common. Jjaiurel, Yew. aJid HoUy.
Do not usis sheairs oir tlhe laxge-lieiaved varieties ;
the knife, or tree^pranor, is better.

Herbaceous Phloxes.— Now is tihe time
to plant new varieties of lierbaoeous Phllo.';
and divide and re|)!lant, old ones. The^ soil
must be dug deeply amd tlhe manure well
pushed down, in addition to putting some in
the liolita wihien planitin.g. Plartt 2 feet apart.,
with the crowns 3 inches below the surface,
applying a light mulching of leaf-mould and
majiiirre in eqwal proportioms. Old ciro.w];i;;
9 inches to 12 inohes across ma,y be out
into four pn-itis or more witji a long-bladed
knife ; tho iioots oling too firirtly togetber to
be separated by hand. Even small pieces
should not be discarded, but pilanted in a
well-prepaa-ed jieserve! bed : they will pro\ade
a succe.ssion of flowers at a later period. Should
the stock be limited, propagation may be effected
in spring by detaching small pieces a.b<Hit
3 inches in length iind inserting them singly in
small pots or in a frame, using a light, sandy
compost.

Hollyhocks.— Young plants in reserve quar-
ters should be lifted and placed in their perma-
nent positions directly the soil is in a friable
condition. The Hollyhock is a strong, deep
rooting plant, and the soil sihould be well pi'e-
pared previous to planting Tlliose, however, wiho
have wintered their plants in pots in frames
.sihould be in no hum-y to plant them out before
the hitter eaid of the inontJli, as a returai of the
ie;ent severe weat.her would oe(ntainly injnie
til en I.

Sowing Flower Seeds.— If these are sown
at intervals of a week or so it will allow time
to deal with the young seedlings in rotation
before they become drawn and weakly, a hot
infrequent occurrence where large quantities are
required. Petunia, Aquilegia, Pansy, Ageratum,
Nicotiana, Heliotrope, Polyanthus, Salvia,
Pyrethrum (Golden Feather) and Salpiglossis
should be sown now.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By James Hudson. Gardener to Lbopold di

Rothschild, Esq., C.V.O., Gunnersbury House,

Acton. W.

FiQS IN Pots.- The earliest and by far tlie
most reliable varieties of Figs are St. John's and
Piiigo de Mel. In ju'e-wair times, when we force*!
them early, these were now a^esting, prior to
tlie last swelling and ripening of the fruits.
Trees that are now gax)wing freely sihould be
stopped at about the fourth leaf. Do not do the
tlhinning too quicJcly, or nemove many sihoots at
one time., but riatheir tajte off a few one day and a
few another until it can be seen that the crop
is a fairly safe one. These eaa'liest trees
in pots .siliould be top-dressed. For this pui'pose
we use a mixtua'i? of hop manure, manure
from a spent Mushi-oom-bed. and tuify loam in
.'■bont equal quantities. We form a ring arormd
the top of the pot with some of the compost,
the ring resting, ,so to speak, on the top of the
pot rim. The i-oots will enter the fresh soil
within ten days. Guard stiU against an excess
of moisture, more especially from the syringe
than the evaporating troughs.

Cherries in Pots. — Cherries grown in pots
are well worth any extra care bestowed upon
them. They will remain in health and vigour

March 3, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

97

for an almost indefinite number of years. We
have had some in pots for nearly twenty years ;
they are still thriving, and promise well for this
spring. Before long they will be opening their
earliest flowers, if fairly fine weather comes to
their aid; the buds are even now swelling freely.
The custom with us now is to syringe at least
once every day, and twice in bright, sunny
weather. So far, our Cheri-y house is closed at
nii^ht, but we shall soon allow a little night
ventilation both at the side and at the top, except
in keen, frosty weather. This almost constant
ventilation is "congenial to the Cherry when in
growth, and it strengthens the flower-buds. A
fumigation will be given in about a week, to
keep in check the insect pests to which the
Chei-ry is liable. This fumigation will carry the
plants" safely over the setting period. No fire-
heat is given when it can be avoided. A tem-
perature of 40° is ample, and 45° when in flower.
The beet and earlie.'it Cherry with us is Guigne
d'Annoimy; it is nearly ten days before Early
Rivers, in the same ho'use. This year we are
,1 little late in starting into growth, but I esti-
mate that we shall have ripe fruit by June 1
under fair conditions. We .shall introduce a hive
of bees when the trees are fairly well in flower,
no not let the trees get dry at the roots, but
keep a constant watch upon them. On the other
hand, avoid an excess of water. Whilst in flower
keep a dry, buoyant atmosphere, merely damp-
ing over the surface upon which the pots stand.
8TRAWBEtt»-E8 IN PoTS — In .some instances
the plants will be pushing up their flower-spikes.
Where this is the cose keep the pots as near
to the glass as possible, and do not so syringe
overhead as to encourage leaf growth at the ex-
pense of the flower. Do not over water at the
period of flowering. Pinch off any adventitious
runners as soon as they appear, and place the
plant*! so that the flower-spike-, are facing the
light. Tiitrofhice another batch into heat so as
to keep up the succession. Sometimes the first
parlies fail, and care must be taken to avoid :i
break in the supply. See that the later plants
do not get too dry if in a cold frame or pit.
Txiok over the pots to see if the plants have been
lifted or loosened by the late frost, and, if so,
make them firm again in their pots. Sometimes
the pots are cracked during a hard fro«t ; these
must be replaced at once.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

Rr T nuwiT, Foreman, Royal Oardenfl. Windsor,
Spuing r!»BB«o«'.- The recent severe weather
has liad ;i, Kid effft\ on plantations of young
Ciibbage, and it is to \h: feared that bhe oeaSOTi
for cutting will be eonxwhat later than usupjl.
In some cases it wild be neic^seon'y to plajit again
{IS sooji as sniitablie plants can be piocured.
fJrowens who h^ve a stock of plants in reserve
.thiould fill in gape at the 6a,rliesit opportunity,
after which the surface of the bed should be
lightly Iwokin up with a fork or other imple-
ment, at the same time working the soil lightly
towa^rda thio stems of tllie planrt.s as a protection
from rough wind. Further assistance may be
a.(Torded by light a.pplicationfl of soot during the
spring. A .sowing of some quick-maituring
v.iriety sliould Ive made« at once in oixler to pi-e-
vent a brc.ik in the supply. Sow in gentle lieat
and giV>w the plants under glass until lan'gie
enough to ha,iidl6, wOien, they must be gi-aduaJily
hardened and plaiit^-d on a good, rich plot.

Winter Spinach. -This crop should be given
early attention, so that a supply of green leaves
may be applied Sow Summer Spina/Ji as soon
all "decuying plants and foliage and hoe th^ sur-
face of the bed as soon as dry enough in order
to promote new growth. Jjight dressings of soot
may be applied. Sow Summer Spinach as soon
as possible, in case the earliest sowing has been
injured by frost.

Forcing -The roots of Seakale, Asparagus
and Rlmbarb should be placed in gentle heat as
it becomes necessary in order to maintain an
unbroken supply, and all Seakale roots which
are intended for forcing in pits or houses should
be lifted and placed in very cool quarters until
itMpiired. Seakale crowns for forcing in the open
nh(iiilrl have a few inches of sifted ashes placed

over them as a protection from light ; if left
unprotected until growth commences the colour
of the produce will not be satisfactory, Sea-
kale forced in the ground by means of pots and
fermenting material is heavier and of better
quality than that forced in strong heat, espe-
cially late in the season. If a piece of ground
can be entirely devoted to it. this is the best
means of furnishing late supplies. The fer-
menting material should be prepared for the
purpose and placed round the pots in sufficient
quantity to ensure perfect darkness. Enough
warmth should be provided to promote steady
growth.

PLANTS UNDERCLASS.

By J. G. WiSTOF, Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwell Park, Kent,

EuPATOBiUM.— Greenhouse species of Eupa-
torium, such as E. Weinmannianum and E.
ripaJ'ium, remain in flower for a long tim/e, and
are useful for supplying cut blooms in winter, and
for conservatory decoration as flowering plants.
Wlien they are past their best, remove them
from the flowering house, reserving only the
cleanest and healthiest specimens for stock plants.
Cut these over and place them in a frame,
reducing the supply of water at the roots, but not
completely drying them off. They will soon
start again into growth, and, wlien the shoots
are sufficiently strong, the cuttings should be
taken for next season's batch of plants. The
cuttings will strike readily in a pixipagating pit
or warm frame, dibbled in pots of light sandy
soil.

The Rose House.- Presuming that the
Roses were pruned and cleaned and the house
closed a few weeks ago, tlie temperature may
now be slightly raised as the days lengthen and
growth becomes active. Ventilate as soon as
the temperature of the house rises above 55°,
allowing it to run up 10° by sun-heat before in-
creasing the air. Be very careful to avoid
draughts of cold air on the young and tender
shoots of forced Roses, or mildew will quickly
appear, with all its attendant evils. Close the
house fairly early in the afternoon to conserve
the sun heat as much as possible. Fumigate at
regular intervals to destroy green fly.

Pot Roses,— Where no special Rose-house
exists |K)t llosc-s may be srtartcd in fruit-'hoti.ses,
such as vineries and Peach-houses. The con-
ditions in these houses, when closed for starting,
.suit the R .ses admirably. Prune the plants,
cleiin the pots, and if necessary give a top-dress-
ing of rich loam before placing them inside. Give
a good watering, which will suffice for some time.
Spray the plants lightly on sunny days.

FucHSiAS.-Voiuig plants struck last autumn
and grown gently on in a warm house all the
winter will now require a shift into larger pots.
Use a compost consisting mainly of good turfy
loam, with a moderate proportion of leaf -soil or
spent Mushroom-bed manure and sand, and pot
the plants firmly. Plants to be potted should
have been watered the previous afternoon ; they
will then have drained well before being handled
for potting. Never pot a plant when the ball
is very dry. Avoid disturbing the roots of the
young Fuchsias too much ; stake if required, and
return the plant* to a light, warm house for the
present. Old plants which have been wintered
in a cool house should be pruned hard back and
placed in a mo<lerately warm hou.se to start.
When commencing to grow, turn them out of the
pots, reduce the ball, and pot again into some-
what smaller pots. Cuttings taken off as soon
as the shoots are sufficiently strong will make
a good batch of plants for blooming in late
summer and autumn. Standard Fuchsias are de-
servedly popular, and well-grown specimens are
excellent subjects for grouping with dwarf
plants in the conservatory or greenhouse. Plants
last fo.r years, and old statidards sliould be
pruned and started as recommended above. If
voung plant.s are to be grown on for f=itand8rds
this .season they must be encouraged to grow-
quickly in a warm house, exposed to full light.
All side-shoots should be removed .'is they appear
unt'l the desired height is attained. Pinch the
top out th'jn, and a break of 4 or 5 shoots will
be obtitincil. These must be afterwards pinched
reoiihirly to ensure a well-shaped head.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Aethtir J.
DiVBV, Abbotu Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

Gooseberries.- Complete the pruning of
bush and cordon trees as soon as practicable.
If they have been damaged by birds during the
late frosty weather leave a little more growth to
ensure a crop. If large fruits be required the
bushes must be well thinned and pruned back
to two or three eyes, but if quantity is the main
object do not prune so hard, but well thin the
shoots and leave the remaining branches nearly
the whole of their length. Some of the fruit can
be gathered for bottling ; bottled GoosebeiTies
are a great acquisition when other fruits are
scarce. They should be bottled whilst green and
tender. The pruning of Gooseberries trained on
wire and in cordon form should be severe. All
shoots should be reduced to two or three buds
except the terminal one, which should be left for
extension, or, if the terminal shoots have reached
the top of the allotted space, these also should
be reduced to two eyes each. As soon as the
pruning is finished and all the prunings cleared
away some slaked lime should be sprinkled over
the trees. If Lichen is present, spray with alka-
line solution or with lime-water in which some
petroleum has been mixed. If this is carefully
strained the bucket-pump syringe will do the
work very effectually in a short time. It will,
moreover, act as a deterrent to birds. When
this has been done fork the soil lightly, and
mulch with some good manure.

MoRELLO Cherries and all trees on north
walls should be pruned. The shoots should be
tied or nailed quite straight, not too close to
gether, as, unless plenty of room exists between
the branches the fruit will be of poor quality,
and the leaves will be more difficult to keep free
of pests. All pi-uning should be finished as soon
as possible, as the sap will soon be on the move.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. rou.lBR. Gardener to Sir JBKBMIAH Cor.MAN,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate.

CvMBiDiUM 1N8IQNE.- Since the introduction
of Cvmbidiuni insigne the decorative qualities of
Cym\>idiums have been greatly enhanced. Be-
fore C insigne was brought into use by the
liybridist the colouring of the flowers and the
habit of the plants were not nearly so attractive.
('. Traceyanum, a supposed natural hybi'id,bore
flowers of a dull brown colour ; the colours of
C, Lowianum ranged from greenish-yellow to
brown: C. eburneum had white, wax-like flower.s
with short inflorescences. But since the advent
of C. insigne as a parent we find fine, rich
colourings, varying from white and yellow to
shades of the deepest pink, and the arching habit
of the flower-spikes adds to the beauty of the
pi'ants. The season of flowering, kite wiiiticr
ajiid early sprin.g, also adds to the u«efulin«»s of
the genus for decorative purposes. The hybrids
are easily raised from seed, and have been known
to develop flower-spikes in four years after the
sowing of the see>d. Among the best of the
known hybrids from C. insigne are C. Gottiannm,
C. Alexanderi, C. Coningsbyanum, C. Pauwelsii
and C. Queen of Gatton, Many of the hybrids
mentionied are in bloom or aire devieJoping
their flower-spikes, and will now require a liberal
f/upply of wot^- at tlie roots. Wh.en> water-
ing these pla-nts soak the compost through,
but aililow it to becotme moderately dry be-
tween eaicih application. C. Traceyanxmi will
now be passing out of flower. This Orchid, like
many other Cymbidiums, resents root disturb.
ancej therefore, if there is sufficient room in the
pot for the plant to complete its new growth it
will be better to defer repotting for another
season. Any plants that are to be repotted
should receive attention at once, but do not give
more pot-room than is absolutely necessary, as
all Cymbidiums flower nio.'rt. freely when in a ixrt-
boun'd condition. Use a comjxist similiM to that
recommended for Cypripediums on pape 72. All
Cymbidiums succeed best when grown in a moist
.atmosphere, with a night temperature ranging
from 52° to 55°, with a rise of 5° or 10° during
the day. Cymbidium grandiflorum should occupy
a position near the glass at the sunny end of
the house, or it will fail to develop jts flowers
in a satisfactory manner.

98

TRE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ABVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER. 41, W^ellington Street,
Covent Garden. WC-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial ' matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that aU com-
municatio-ns intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
u'hen letters are misdirected.

Illustrations-— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, frees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local New^s. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plantf' for naminq. should he addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

■WRITTEN ox ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the icriter. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR MARCH.

nd Orchid Soc. mwt.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the last fifty
years at Greenwich, 40.8°.
.Actual Temperaturb :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office. 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, March '
(10,0 a.m.) : Bar. 29.9° ; temp. 44°! Weather-
Cloudy.

SALES FOR THE BNSUINQ WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Herbaceou.s Plants, Fruit Trees, Rhododendrons.
Roses and Bulbs, at 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C., at
12 o'clock; Japanese Lilies in ca.ses at 3 o'clock, bv
Protheroe and Morris.

TFIURSDAY—

It lookis as; though the

Horticulture State coach had at

and the State, last come to fetch the

Cinderella of Hoiti-

cultui'e from her modest abode, and
although the fairy tale does not
tell us how the maid beha.ved in after
life, we may be coitfident that Horti-
culture will prove worthy of the promin-
ence into which it is now being brought.
The duty of the gardening world at the
]>resent ci'itical time is clear. Mere ob-
structive criticism is useless. Every
pound of food that can be produced will
be wanted, and therefore it is every gar-
dener's plain duty to look upon himself as
an unofficial officer enlisted in the service
of the Director-General of Food Produc-
tion. Many of those who are cultivat-
ins' gioiiiid are inexperienced. A little

friendly counsel will often go far to con-
vert a prospective failure into a success.
Gardeners can, from the store of their
knowledge, give that counsel. Iii some
jjlaces the ground is not very suitable for
growing crops, but before discouraging
the amateurs of the spade, let the gardener
reflect that, even though a crop of Potatos
taken from such land be a very light one,
yet unless the ground is sour and abso-
lutely infertile, late summer-sown crops —
Turnips, Beets, and Brassicas — may in
many cases' be made to compensate for tlie
lightness of the first crop. If every
gardener makes himself into a discreet
and persuasive missionary, and not only
gives advice but offers practical help, he
will be doing a national service. Further-
more, gardeners and owners of gardens
must face the present position. With-
iiut sacrificing plants of real value and
variety — for such a sacrifice would lie
an irreparable blow to horticulture — they
.should make up their minds that for
the present luxury gardening should l>e
reduced to the lowest limits. There is no
reason why easily-grown annuals should
not continue to be grown, nor why Rose
beds should not be allowed to remain, bi'+
energy devoted to the frequent tending of
lawns and paths, the raising of conserva-
tory and other decorative plants, the early
forcing of luxury fruits, ought not to
divert any gardenei' from the urgent duty
iiF raising vegetable food. Tlie quantity of
such food raised in gardens and never ac-
counted for in the market returns is enor-
mous', and can undoubtedly be increased.
If in every district the gardeners will
become members of the Royal Horticultural
Society's Panel of Patriotic Gardeners, or
put t}ieir lei.sure time at the disposal
of local organisations engaged in encour-
ae;ing food production, they will be at once
discharging a duty and rendering a real
service to the State.

Nor is it too much to hope that gardeners
who can show that they are doing the
maximum possible in the cultivation of
food crops, and in helping their neigh-
bours as well, ■will be recognised authori-
tatively as doing work of national import-
ance.

The Royal Society. —Among the jiames
of biologists nomiii.ited by the council for elec-
tion to the fellowaliip of the Royal Society, aie
those of Profes,sov Weiss and Dr. E. J. Russell.
Professor Weiss, who occupies the chair of
Botany in the University of Manchester, has
made importajit contributions to the knowledge
of fossil pla-nt«, and Dr. Russell is well-known
not only for his remarkable work in soil sterili.
sation, but <iilso as a most competent and ener-
getic Director of the Rothamsted Exji^riment
Station.

Horticulture and the Food Crisis.—

On Tuesday last the Council of the Royal Hor.
ticultural Society agreed to release Dr. F. W.
IvEEBLE, F.R.S., for service with the new
Director-General of Food Prod'uction, Sir
Akthttr Lee. Gardeners will learn with in-
terest that a. separate horticultural section is
to be established under Dr. Keeble's direction,
with a view to assisting the increase in
the production of food in gardens ajid the

smaller uncultivated area*. The official address
of Sir Arthur Lee's Department is 72, Vic-
toria Street, Westminster.

Pilfering of Seed Potatos.— Purchasers
of seed Potatos are advised to insi>ect carefully
consignments at the time of delivery. Judging
from reports which we have received, pilfering
during transit appears to be frequent. .In a
case which has come to our notice of three bags,
two had been opened and some 20 113. of seed
abstracted.

The Surveyors' Institution.— A meeting
of the Surveyors' Institution will be held in the
Lecture Hall of the Institution on Monday, the
12th inst., at 5 p.m., when the adjourned dis-
cussion on the pa.per on the " Defence of the
Realm (Acquisition of Land) Act, 1916," read by
Mr. Ed\\tn S-\vill (member of council) at the
last meeting, on February 12, will be reopened
by the Right Hon. the Lord P.iemook or Freith,
P.C, K.C.V.O., K.C.

Schoolboys in Agriculture.— We learn
from oui' contemporary, the Eeviie Horticole, that
tlie French Ministry of Agriculture has just
formed a service, to be known as the Service
of Schoolboy Labour. It has been created with
a view to encouraging school children all over
the country to render practical a!sistance to
those engaged in vegetable cultiu'e. There seems
every prospect of success in the appeal thus be-
ing made, and many growers will probabl.y
gladly avail themselves of the assi.'itance of these
young workers.

Potato and Cereal Crops.— The Inter-
national Agricultural Institute estimates that
the .production of Potatos for the current season
in France, United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands,
Canada, United States and Japan is 564,219,000
cwt., or 21.4 per cent, below the average crop
in the years 1909-1913. The Australian Wheat
crop is 76,863,000 cwt., an increase of 58.5 per
cent, on the average production in 1909-13. The
areas sown with Wheat and Rye in France are
10.569,000 acres and 2,046,000 acres respectively.
Tlies« estimates, cnmpiar>ed with last year's acre-
ages, represent decreases of 15 per cent, in the
case of Wheat and 10 per cent, in the case of
Rye.

Cultural Conditions for Medicinal
Herbs. — A little while ago a British horticul-
turist of repute received a letter from a planter
asking which artificial manures were best calcu-
lated to increase the yield of oils, aromatic
oils, latex, resins, and such-like plant pro-
ducts. Needless to say, the person appealed
to was •unable to give the information.
Beyond making the appropriate and inade-
quate general stateimente on the action of
different kinds of maniu-es on the several parts
of plants, he was obliged to confess that neither
he nor anyone else knew anything worth know-
ing on the best cultural conditions for producing
these different plant products. The interest lies,
therefore, in the question, and not in the answer,
and anyone who is conversant with the great
importance of drugs and other commercial pro-
ducts of plants cannot but realise how much to
be desired is the kno-wledge of the conditions
under which plants yield these products most
lavishly. Among the not too numerous attempts
made to arrive at this knowledge the most recent
is that made by Mr. Fr.\nk Rab.^k, with
respect to the .production of peppermint oil by
Mentha piperita.* Tke results of the experiments
carried out by the author do not appear to be
very decisive. Ee inclines to the belief that the
oil is produced rather more copiously on light,
sandy, or loamy soils, than on heavier soils,
altihough he also makes the statement (p. 2, op.
cit.) that only very slight differences are noted in
the yield of oils obtained from plants grown in

* The Effect of Cultural and Climatio Conditions on the
Vitld and Qua'Utii of Peppermint Oil. Bull. 454, U.S.A.
Dept. of Afiric.

March 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

99

different soils. Tlie yield from dried plant
material is lower than that from fresh plants,
and more oil occurs in the Mint during its
fruiting state than in its budding or flowering
state. It is the leaves which contain most of
the oil, the stem containing but very little.
Plants grown in partial shade, at all events in
the author's experiments, yield as much oil as
is obtained from plants grown in the sun. The
chief conclusion to be drawn from this, ag well
as preceding investigations, is that a rich and
promising field awaits exploration. At present
our ignorance in these matters is verj' great, but
liaving regard to the vast commercial importance
of many of the therapeutic and industrially-used
plant products, there is no reason why in course
of time knowledge should not replace that
of ignorance.

War-gardeninq at HARROW.-Harrowon-

theJIill, Middlesex, was one of the first places
in which war gardening wa6 taken up on a large
scale. Ever since the outbreak of war, the
municipality, and especially Councillor J,\MEf
O'Brien, the vice-chairman, has devoted much
time and energy to the production of food, chiefly
from waste land. Tlie Council has provide<l
land for about 600 allotments. The experiment
has been begun of keeping pigs on the Council's
Sewage Farm, and many large breeding sows
have been purchased. HoiU';eholders are keep-
ing edible refuse separate from other refuse ;
this hac been used for feeding the pigs, which
have so far cost nothing to keep.

War Items. — We learn from our contempo
rary Le Jardin that Monsieur Alfred Nomblot.
the Secretary of the Societe Nationale d 'Horti-
culture de France, now serving in the Army,
has been favourably mentioned for the second
time in dlespatches. Hia i-ank is that of " cjief
de bataillon," and the despatch states that he
" has fulfilled every mission entrusted to him
with remarkable zeal and capability. Thanks to
his clear-.sighted energy and his infectious enter-
prise, he has obtained from his battalion the
maximum of service, even in the most dangerous
conditions."

From the same source we learn that the

Company commanded by Monsieur Chari.es
DiGOY, a former contributor to these pages, ha.s
received the following encomium: "The 5th
t'ompany of tihe 14tli Infaoitry Regimjent, on
July 11, 1916, displayed great gallantry on open
ground, and succeeded, in spite of heavy mitrail
leusc fire, in reinforcing the first line, which was
in danger. On the following day, placed at the
extreme left of the same line, the company
heroically resisted a strong attack, maintaine*!
its position, and took a number of prisoners."
Monsieur Digoy, already Chevalier de la Legion
d'Honneur, has now been awarded the Croi.x de
Ste. Anne de Rusaie.

Among the French prissonere of war re-
cently returned from Germany, we notice that
the son of M. Pierre Pa.9sy, the eminent pomo-
logist and lecturer at the Griijnon School, is one
of the number.

Lf Jardin, in giving a further list of

killed and missing Old Students of the Versailles
School of Horticulture, point.e out th.it it brings
the number up to 76 out of 459 who joined —
over 16 per cent.

The Edinburgh Market fJardeners' Aseo-

ciation has decided to reserve 10 per oeiut. of
their produce for the Army. This is in ajooord-
ance with a proposal of the military authorities,
which has met with a favourable response from
market gardeners and farmers in other parts
of Scotland.

New Zealand Flora.- Volume XLVIII. of
the TransacAwnn and Prorprdini/.i of the New
Zealand Institute, for the year 1915, issued in
October, 1916, contains a number of interesting
bot:iiiicaI papers, some of which have nlreadv

been summarised in these pages. It is a volume
of some 600 pages, illustrated by twenty-nine
plates, of which eleven represent local botanical
subjects. A considerable number of new species
are described, mostly belonging to the larger
genera, such as Epilobium, Veronica, Aci-
phylla and Celmisia. The Kermadee Islajids
Palm is described as a species distinct from

other features of the great natural Show, exhi-
bited at the Colonial and India Exhibition at
Kensington in 1886, was sold at very moderate
prices before news of the colossal disaster reached
this country. This volume of the Trajisactionx
also contains several noteworthy biological
papers by Dr. L. Cockayne, and some " Observa-
tions on the Lianas of the Ancient Forests of

[Photograph by C. W. Cole.

Fig. 35. — CYMBiDrcM insigne album.
(See Awards by the Orchid Committee, p. 8'

the Norfolk Island Rhopalostylis Baueri, and
named R. Cheesemanii, Beccari. An instruc-
tive description of the vegetation of the Tarawera
>rountains. the scene of the great volcanic erup-
tion on June 10, 1886. by B. C. Aston, is illus-
trated by eight characteristic landscape views.
In this connection it may be mentioned that a
collection of paintings of the pink terraces and

the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand," by
J. W. Bled. Tbe locality in vWhioh tih.e
investigations were made was Riccarton Bush,
tihie last remjiant of the ancient foirests
of the Canterbury Plains (now strictly pre-
served), the bulk of which consists of Podo-
carpns dacrydioides, many of gigantic dimen-
sons, with n. sprinkling of P. sfiicatus and P.

100

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[xMarch 3, 1917.

Totara and two species of Elaeocarpus. The
vegetation of the forest comprises sixty eight
species of vascular plants, consisting uf 35
species of trees and shrubs; 12 lianes ; 2 para-
sites ; 12 herbaceous plants and 7 Ferns. The
intermingled stems of the various lianes often
form impenetrable masses, very different from
anything we see in our native forests. It is com-
|iut-ed t'hait New Zealand contains no fewer than
fnrty-seven species of liane, belonging to tw-enty-
two genera and sixteen families.

The Local Societies.- On February 13, the
,Newca.stle and District Horticnltural Society
held a, public meeting, addressed by Mr.
T. A. L.4WRENS0N, on the subject of home food
culture. The lecture chiefly consisted of advice
to those cultivating allotments, and the lecturer
urged ihe members of tihe society to assist
those engaged for the first time in vegetable
gi-owing by giving them practical help and
counsel.

Publications Received.— //mfs on Potato
Growing. By A. J. Allsop, Superintendent of
the Leeds City Parks. (Published by the Round-
liay Allotments Association.) — The Ceylon Agri-
cultural Society's Year Book, 1917-1918. By
C. Drieberg. (Colombo: The Colombo Apoth.
Co., Lid.)— Journal of the R.H.S. Gardens
Club, No. IX., 1916. (Colchester: Benham &
Co., Ltd.)— Journal of the Kew Guild, Vol. III.,
No. XXIV. (London : Taylor and Francis, Red
Lion Court.) — University of California publica-
tions: Bulletin No. 270. A Comparison of
Annual Cropping, Biennial Cropping, and
Green Manures on the Yield of Wheat ;
Bulletin No. 272. Commercial Fertilisers.—
Transactions of the Royal Scottish Arbori-
cultural Society, Vol. XXXI., Part I. (Edin-
burgh : Douglas and Foulis, Castle Street.) —
Notes on Medicinal Plants. By A. Hosking.
Bulletin No. 78, The West of Scotland Agricul-
tural Society. (Glasgow : Robert Anderson,
142, West Nile Street.)— ATofes from the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Nos. XLII.,
XLIII., XLIV., XLV. (Edinburgh: Neill &
Cii., 212, Causewayside.) — Reports on Crops,
Live Stock, &c. Crop Bulletin No. 94, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Immigration, Manitoba.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Field Notes on Sweet Peas.*

Very many Sweet Pea enthusiasts will re-
member the visit paid by iMr. Lester L. Morse,
of San Francisco, to the National Sweet Pea
Society's great exhibition of 1912, and the sur-
prise he showed at the wonderful flowers staged
in the Royal Horticultural Hall by the most
skilful of British growers. Some will also re-
member the good-humoured chaff Mr. Morse
received concerning a certain " Bible," which
rumour said never left him either by day or
night. It was a volume of notes on Sweet Peas.
culled from all sources. These notes, and a
vast amount of industry on the part of Mr. Frank
Cuthbertson (now the supervisor of the
SHveet Pea work oarried on at Messrs. 0. C.
Moi^se a.ud Oo.'s seed farms in California), have
been joined to produce a book of surpassing
interest to Sweet Pea lovers all over the world.

Tlie classes or ty^ies of Sweet Peas are re-
viewed, and then follows a. brief historical
sketch of each section. Here the notes on Early-
Flowering Sweet Peas become particularly fresh
and interesting. Unknown amateurs have not
.seldo^i been the means of enriching our gardens,
and so, in this case, it appears that the 'variety
Blanche Ferry was found in the garden of a
quarry man's wife in northern New York, where
tlie good lady had practised careful selection
for many yeans. Mr. Ti'acy discovered the
variety in its humble home, and Messrs. D. M.
Ferry and Co. introduced it in 1889.

The " cordon system " of cultivating Sweet
Peas for exhibition purposes is dealt with at
some length, and this chapter is peculiarly in-
teresting to British cultivators, as it records fhe
e.xcie.Ue.ii|t results oibtained by tlhe Messrs. Morse in
the grounds of the Panama-Pacific international
Exposition of 1915. Capital hints regarding the
packing of Sweet Pea flowers and their arrange-
ment at an exhibition are given, and Mr. G. W.
Kerr (who, like Mr. F. Cuthbertson, was trained
in this country, and was a pupil of Mr. Andrew
Ireland), gives a brief note on the geYieral culti-
vation of the Queen of Annuals.

To me, however, the most valuable part of
the book is the list of names of Sweet Peas.
with descriptions. This list contains the names
of 1,658 Spencer and grandiflora varieties, 201
early-flowering varieties, and 29 Cupid varieties.
Having had a good deal to do with the produc-
tion of the National Sweet Pea Society's lists
of names, as well as the compilation of the
Royal Horticultural Society's lists of Daffodil
names, I am perhaps able to appreciate the
labour Mr. Cuthbertson has put into this new
list, which is certainly the last word on the
matter up to the end of the year 1916. " To g^t
the list together and alphabetise it has meant
much labour, but I trust it may prove of in-
tere^t if not of value to those associated with
th? Sweet Pea," is the compiler's modest
observation. It is ■>. splendid work, and as
SpencerlR are differentiated from Grandifloras.
date of introduction and name of introducer
siven. and the varieties considered to be obso-
lete distinctly marked, the list should prove
invaluable alike to growers and seedsmen, who
may add their own notes on the alternate blank
pages and so keep the list up to date.

The illustrations showing the various types and
for.rs are good, but the one intended to indicate
the " infallible distinction between ordinary or
Ora.ndiflora Sweet Pe.as and new Spencers" is
pnor. and has apparently suffered greatly in the
process of reproduction. But, anyway, the 220
larf^e octavo pages of "Field Notes" are cheaii
at a dollar and a-half, both for their general
interest and value to the specialist. One could
wish that there were such valuable lists of other
floi'ists' flowers. C. }T . Curtis.

* Held Holes tin Swttt Peas. By Lester L. Morse and
Frank O. Cuthbertson. (PubHshed bv C. C. Morse & Co.
Siui Fraiicl.sro, Cat., U..S.A., 1»17.) $1.50.

AMERICAN NOTE.

THE AME.RIOAN GREY SQUIRREL.

The note in Oard. Chron., vol. LIX., p. 224,
on the grey squirrel, which has been acclima-
tised in Great Britain, interested me. The
animal is pretty and interesting, or wEat Ameri-
cans term " cute," but after an a<:quaintanceship
with it of over 26 years I have failed to find
that it is of any economic value, while it has
many bad traits.

It digs np and destroys bulbs, having a
special fondness for Crocuses ; it is also particu.
larly destructive amongst Pears and our popular
vegetable Sweet Corn. A few squirrels will
soon ruin a large corn patch nnless effective
measures are taken against them. These squir-
rels make nesting places in the attics of houses,
in barns and other outbuildings, ' shingles and
cupboards being easily burrowed through. In
spring, while the young growths (Ui Elms and
other trees axe young and tender, the squirrels
simply riddle them, cutting them off in squares,
so that the ground is perfectly covered with
them.

While the foregoing are serious faults, the
most serious one is that these squirrels, or as
they would be better termed, "tree rats," de-
stroy immense numbers of young birds ; this
la«t offence to me is quite unpardonable, for
here in New England the birds are of supreme
economic value in helping to hold in check
hordes of destructive insects. We are told

that squin-els have an economic value in that
they help to disseminate nuts and seeds, but I
consider the good they do is but the veriest
fraction of the harm done to birds, buildings
and crops, and I sincerely hope that this pretty,
interesting, but destructive pest will not be
allowed to spread in Great Britain.

GARDENERS IN AMERICA.
As no young gardeners have come to America
since the European war opened, there is a
marked scarcity of assistant gardeners, more
particularly those accustomed to greenhouse
work. The same is tnie of garden labourers,
many of whom have gone into occupations which
are more remunerative, in spite of the advance
in gardening wages. Of head gardeners there
is no shortage at any time, owing to the fact
that young men coming here feel that after
one or two years in the New World they are
fully competent to taJ<e charge of any garden.
Not only is labour dear, but fuel and all kinds
of supplies have advanced in price tremendously,
in some cases more than in Great Britain. Cut
flowers have sold particularly well during the
present winter, prices averaging better than a
year ago. Vegetable prices have never been
equalled in my experience. Of the more common
varieties, l'<itata=; are retailing .at lis. -12s. per
bushel; Cabbages, 5d. per lb.; Onions, 4d.,-
7d. per lb. ; Carrots, Turnips, Beets and Paxs-
nips. 3d.-4d. pier lb. William A'. Crniij.
Faulkner Farm, BrnohVinp, Mmf.. V.f!.A.,
.Janiiai'}/ ol.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

IThe Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correi^pondents.)

The Value of Leeks.- I was glad to see
the timely advico of Mr. Edwin Beckeittt (see p.
59) to grow moTe Leeks. I have i-epeatedly
pointed out the gi-eat value of the Leek and
urged its mo^re extensive culture in southern
pants of England. Here, in France, it is grown,
extensively in every garden. My ignorance of
the French language has prevented me from
asoertainiuig the methods of oiditure, but appear-
ances point to their being sown in drills, like
Onions, and thinned, for they are usually 4 to 6
inches apart in rows 1 foot asunder. The plants
are quite .small even now, and presumably they
are pulled and used for soups. In only a few
oases have I seen any attempt to earth them
up. I am not here .-.dvocajtinig the French method
of culture, but put my observaitions on record to
sJtow tJiat our Frencli friends liighiy Aialue the
Leek as an article- of food. I get tlie Gardeners'
Chronicle regularly and read it witli eager in-
terest. Tl''. F. finwles, British Expeditionary
Forre^ France.

Under-cropping in Orchards.— Much more

might be done to economise in land by under-
cropping orchards with vegetables. I have in
mind sevea-al sparsely planted orohards which
have b'3ein laid down tO' grass, presumably to save
labour. It would have been better for the trees
if the ground had been planted v;ith vegetables.
Luxuriant grass, in an orchard where the trees
are all standards, may be comparatively harmless,
■TJid the grass vialuable for feeding purposes or
for hay ; but where the trees are a mixttu-e of
sitanida.rd6 and bushes, under-eultivation is a
more economical method of producing a double
crop. The manuring of the vegetable crops tends
to produce freedom of growth in the fruit trees.
F. Molynevx, Swnnmore Farm, Bishop's Walt-
ham.

Galanthus Imperati Atkinsm.- Atkins'

Snowdrop is one of the most beautiful varieties
of this popular flower. This year, like all other
Snowdrops, it is much later than usual. It came
originally from the garden of the late Mr. At-
kins, of Painswick. Another fine Snowdrop was
later sent out undeir the name of Atkinsii in
enT)ir. This one is tall, and is subject to a auri-
ous petaloid malformation', apparently a tend-
oncy towards donbleness, as an additional peta.1

Makch 3, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

101

or two are prodiwed. \Vh.en the flowers aTe fully
open they thus present a singular appearance.
Although this " pseudo-Atkinsii " is worth a
place in the garden, the true G. Atkinsii far
excels it in beauty of form and general appear-
ance. The stems are tall and stout, the flowers
perfect in form and of great ]>urity, and the green
markings are without a fia.w. It is not at all
common, either in private gardens or nurseries.
It is different from G. Melvillei, also ascribed to
O. Jmperati, which is, in itself, only the
southern form of G. nivalis. I have never seen
finer flowers of G. Atkinsii than some sent me
by Mr. E. A. Bowles, of Myddelton House,
Wailtham Cross. S. Arnott. Max^vdUown, Dum-

The White Wood Strawberry (see p. 88.)
— The following quotation from the Fruil Culti-
vnlor, by John Rogers. 1837, gives the informa-
tion required by A^ N . .•—"This (the Red Wood)
and it.s congener the White Wood (the later but
an indifferent bearer) are natives of this country,
and sometimes introduced into gardens by those
who relish their sweet, tartish taste. These
sorts are readily raised from seeds sowed as soon
as ripe, and cleared of pulp, and in the following
spring the seedlings may be be<ided out wlheire
they are to stand for good." t'redk. Bostorh,
Springfield, Cliftonvilfe, Xort/iamplon.

The Wood Strawberry referred to 'by

A. .V. is tile white form of Fra/ga-ria \iesca. It
was very popular in the early days of last century,
.ind is referred to by Abercrombie and other
authors of that perio<i. The flavour of the berries
is excellent, and a handful of the fruits added to
ordinary Strawberries in jam-making will notice-
ably improve the flavour. I shall be pleased, in
honour of the Immortal .Jane, tu .send a few
jilanls later to A. .V. E. A. Bunyard.

Prunino Fruit Tree* in Frosty

Weather (see pp. 57 and 88J.— There are some
statements which are handed down from genera
tion to generation, or which are copied from one
author by another, the authority for which is lost
in obsc;urity ; there are othei-s in which " the wisli
is father to the thought." May it not be pos-
sible that the question of pruning in frosty
weatfher \b one in which tlie comfort of the ope-
rator is more considered than the ill-effect upon
the trees? No one would choose to go pruning in
a blizzard, but on a quiet, frosty day a man can
prune in comfort, provided he is warmly clad.
Again, one would not think of pruning Peaches,
Apricots or Clierries in severe weather, but
Apples and Pears may be pnined with all safety.
Some draw the line at Plums, but we have been
pruning young trees, standards, bushes and fan-
trained, for the past month with 20° to 25° of
frost at night, and freezing slightly during most
of the day. I remember that during a very severe
winter in the eighties, when our knife men were
:cll under cover, the foreman, who had charge
of the trained trees, and who disliked being shut
ut) in a close and overheated building, wrapped
his feet up in bags over his iboots and sallied
fortih into deep snow. For a week or two he
cut down young trees and pruned trained trees.
It wa« said that the results would be disastrous
an.l plainly seen. The latter was the only true
forecast, for the trees cut down during the frost
made an early start in the spring, and were
plainly superior to those cut down later. In fair-
ness it should be added that after a long frost,
work being hindered, the execution of orders is
delayed, and the pruning of trees left is somewhat
later than is desirable; still, since the experiment
above mentioned we have never hesitated to prune
during fro,itv weaibher, if agreeable to the
pruners, and, like Southern ^roi/'pc, have .seen no
bad pffert*. .-I. ff. Pcar^nv, T.otrdhnm.

Reqistration op Business Names.— May

I seek the hospitality of your columns for the
purpose of calling attention to the obligation
imposed by the Registration of Business Names
Act on shopkeepers and other trade&men, and, in
fact, on everyone carrying on a. businesfi or
profession in this country (except limited lia,b-
ility companies and other corporations). This
Act provides that on and after March 21 next,
.tU persons caiTving on business in this country
must trade under their own true names or else
must be registered. The object of the Act

is to enable everyone to know with whom they
are trading, and if persons are trading under
their own names with no additions except their
Christian name or names (or the initials thereof)
it is not necessary to register, but if anything
is added to the true uaJne, or 'f a business is
carried on under a fancy title, registration must
be effected between February 21 and March 21,
on pain of heavy penalties. A simple instance
will serve to show what is required. If, for
instance, John i^mith owns a business, he may
trade as "John Smith," or "J. Smith," and
need not register ; but if he trades as '* Smith
and Ck).," or adopts a fancy title, such as " The
General Drapery Stores," registration must be
effected. And, in addition to registration, all
business letters, trade catalogues, trade circu-
lars and fihowcards which are issued or sent to
any person in any part of His Majesty's Domin-
ions must show in legible chai-acters the true
name or names of the proprietors of the business,
and the present nationality or the nationality
of origin, if other than British.

The individuals and business trrms who are
not trading under their own name or nnjnes
(v^■ith no additions thereto) aje liable, if not
registered .by March 21 next, to a penalty up to
£5 per day for every day of the offence, or if
such individual or firm enters into a contract
while not registered, such contract oannot be
enforced by the law if the other party sliould
want to get out of it. It is also open to any
private individual to set the law in motion
against a defaulter, except in regaixl to section
18 (puhlioiition in trade catalogues, etc.), where
the consent of the Board of Trade must be
obtained. It is understood that the forms for
registration will be obtainable on and after
February 21, from the principal post offices, and
the offices of the Regi.strar for England and
Wales are at 39, Russell Square, W,C, ./omc.f
Mar/in, Chairnwn of the Parliamentarii and
Cnmmerrial Law Committee, London Chamber
(if Commerce.

soci£:tie:s

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL

Febru.\by 27. — The usual fortnightly meeting
of the Royal HorticultuRiil Society was held
on Tuesday last in the Drill Hall of the
London Scottish, Buckingham Gale. There was
a slight increase in the number of exhibits com-
pared with those of the two previous shows, but
they were not sufficient to fill the hall. In the
floral section. Perpetual-flowering Carnations
formed the chief exhibits. There were also a few
CjTciaraens, a goiKl group of FernB, and some
early- flowering Alpines.

The Floral Committee recommended an Award
of Merit to a new variety of Cyclamen, and seven
Medals to groups.

The Oroliid Committee awarded one Finst-
claSB CVxtificate, three Awards of Merit, a Pre-
liminary Conunendatioin, and two Medals U>
groups.

The Narcissus Committee awarded a Silver
Banksian Medial to an exliibit of Daffodils.

The only group before the Fruit and V'egetable
Committee oonsi-sted of seven vaaieties of
Savoys from the Society's trials at Wi.sley, being
those which showed least injury finm the recent
severe frosts.

Floral Committee.

Present: Mr. H. B. May (cliairman), and
Messi'S. G. Harrow, G. R«uthe, .1. G-necii, .1. W.
Moorman, J. Heal, W. Howe, R. W. Wallace,
0. Elliott, C. R. Fielder, J. .lennings, A. Turner,
J. Dickson, C Di.xon, T, Stevenson, H. Cowley,
C. E. Pearson, W. P. Thomson, and E. H.
.lenkins.

AWARD OF MERIT.

Cyclamen Cherry Hipe. — The merit of this new
variety lies not in the size of the blooms, which
are not very large, but in the brilliant colouring,
a glowing cannine, resembling the lone cochinpal-
carmine No, 3 in the Efpertoire des Cuulmrti,
The plant foirnis a sma.ll, compaot specimen., and
till' leaves arc pleasingly but not oonispicuousHy

maa-hled. It is very floi'ifei-ous, and makes a fine
subject for indoor decoration. From Messas.
Stuart Low and ( o,

Giioui's.

The following medals were awarded for collec-
tions : — ■

Silver Flora Medals to Messrs. H. B. Mat and
Sons, The Nurseries, Edmonton, for Ferns,
Cyclamens, blue-flowered Cinerarias, and the
handsome scarlet Colmnnea magnitica. The latter
plant was used as a. centre-piece, and the front
was furnished with a .semi-circulai- row of
Richardia®, overhung by plants of Lomaria
gibba, a small ti-ee-Fern ; and Mesaj'S, Allwood
Bros., Wivelsfield, Haywards Heath, for Per-
petual-floweriog Carnations.

Bronze Flora Medals to Messrs, J. Cheal and
Sons, Crawley, for boxes of coloured Primroses,
pot plants of Rhododendi'on Jacksonii, and R,
praecox (the former feeing particularly well
flowered), and specimens of choice and rare
Conifers ; Mr. J. C. Jenner, Rayleigh, for Per-
petual-flowering Carnations.

Silver Sank^ian Medal to Messrs. Stuart
Low- AND Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield, for a
group of Perpetual-flowering Carnations, and one
of w-ell-flowiea-ed Cycdamenis, including a niimbei"
of the new variety Cherry Ripe.

Bronze Banl-xian Medals to Messrs H. J, Chap-
man, Ltd,. Rye, for a group of their beautiful
Iris Cantab, with flowers of lavender-blue; seed
lings of Cyclamen ibericum, including some with
crimson flowers; a number of hybrid Freesias,
and Daffodils in pots; the Misses Allen -Brown.
Henfield, Sussex, for Violets of the Princess of
Wales variety.

Other exhibitors were Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston,
Kent, who showed Al])ines and flowering shrubs,
including Hamamelis arborea and H, japonica var,
zuccariniana, which has broader but paler yellow-
flowers than H. arborea; Mr. G, W, Miller,
Wisbech, who shovi-ed spring bulbous plants; and
Mr, C. Elliott, Stevenage, who showed a batch
of Saxifrsvga Bursei-iana, plants of whicili, in small
pots were flowering freely.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremia,h (:oljna.n,, Bart, (in tlie
ohair), Messrs. .las. O'Brien (hon, seia-etstry) , W.
Bolton, S. W, Flory, Arthur Dye, W. II.
Hatdiier, T. Armslroiig, Frodej-ick .1, Hiwibury,
E, R. Ashton, R, A. Rolfe, and R. Broomanr
White.

AWARDS.

First-Class Certificate.

/'Julophiella Bolfei {Elis'ibethae X Peeferninnn),
from Messrs. Charlbsworth and Co., Haywaa-ds
fl'eath. This i.s one of the most remarkable hybrids
of recent times, and intennediate between the
w-hite E. Elisabetliao which w:i» the seed -bearing
parent, and llie i-osy-^nauvo K. Peetersiana,
whoso colour pivdnniin itrs ill I'!m- now h-^'brid.
We are infurinc i :liil I In- I nib-, iiniii tlio fortili-
sation of the 11 -u.-i- In tl..- .I.Mlcpiiirint of the
ripe capsule ajid tlu' -.ii i min-il i.m of tlie seeds
was three months, wlm h |ir.il,;i.lily constitutes a
record. The stout irill.m sc-nn' is 3 feet high,
dark in colour after the female parent, and it
bore 12 flowers, eaK-h more than 3 inches ac-i-oss
and wax-like in texiture, an.d four bnds. Tlhe
seiplals and pota.ls n-ne of deep rosy-mauve;
t.he lip is white with a yellow crest and miau\"e-
linted ap'SX. In its scandent hahit and nefirly
erect in-flopeecenoe the plant resembles E.
Peetersiana.

Awards or Merit.

Miltonin Venus [vexillaria x Phalacnopsis),
from Messirs, (Jharlbswouth and Co,, Haywards
Heath. M. vexUlaria. was the seed-beareir, and
the pretty new hybrid approaohes tliat species in
habit and the ma,niner in whidh the i-ose-tinted
sepals and petals are displayed. The lip indi-
c«ites M. Ph.ala6niopsis very stn-ongly. Tlie base
is yeUow, with nayed, crimson lines extending to
the ruby-orim.son spotting with which its white
front lobe is doconaited.

Cymbidium insit/ne album (see fig. 35). from
Messrs. Armstrong and Brcvvn, OrchidhuTSt,
Tunhi-idge Wells. Of the l.im. iuiiiiIm-to of C.
insignre ira.ported, this is iJi ■ In si .illiino .sub-
mitted befoTiei the R.H.S. (ninniil l«-c I'nr aw^ard.
Its value as a white- floiwered ( In-liid in the hiainds
of tlhe hybrid i.wr can soarcely be over-estimaifed.

102

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

The spike bore 11 white flowers, of fine form and
substance, ajid withoiit any sign of the viiiuous-
|iiirple lines ajid spots on the petals aad lip. as
ill the many forms of the sj-jecies which h,a\ie
already appeared.

Odontioda Joan Broadlands variety (Oda.
ChnrUsworthn x 0dm. ardentijssimum), from
E. R. AsHTON, Esq., Broaxllandij. Camden Park,
Tiinibridge Wells. A hajidsorae flowea-, and the
dai-ke.'it van-iety of the cross. T'he sepals, a.nd
vietals are deep olaret-red, with a chocolate tint.
The lip is mottled and flashed with ruby-red.
lightest in front. The crest is yellow.

Preliminary Commendation.
Odontioda Madeline var. Opal {Oda. CharJes-
woithii X 0dm. crispum), from Messns. Arm-
strong AND Brown, Tunbridge Wells. A ridhjy
coloured hybrid, of fine size and sliape, flowering
for the first time. The sepals an'd petals are
glowing niby-clai-et colour, with a slight gold
shade. The lip is blotched with deep rosy-mauve
colour.

General Exhibits.

.Vfe-ssiis. Charlesworth and Co. were awarded
n. Silver Flora Medal for a fine group, consist-
ing principally of red Odonitaodas and purple
and white Odontoglossum.s. Specially note-
worthy were a handsome blotcliied Odonfcoglos-
siim crispum, a magnificent 0. Aglaon, tlie new
O. Nortia (.Ta&per x Phoebe), finely blotched, a
(ino form of Odontioda Sensation (Oda.
Viiylstekeip.e x 0dm. crispum), good white Cat-
tleya Enid alba, and a. fine form of Bra-sso-Cait^
tleya Cliftonii.

Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a group of
Cym,bidium Pauwel&ii. C. Gottianum, C. alba-
ne;nse. varieties of Miltonia Bleuana, a selec-
tion of pretty species, till© niew hybrid Laelio-
Cattleya Secre (L.-C. bletcihleyensis x C. Perci-
valiana), with pale rose-coloured seipals and
])et.als tinged with yellow and deep purple lip ;
and Bi'asso-Cattleya Andre Marxm var. amabilis
(B.-C. Mrs. J. Leemann x C. Schroderae) of
good shape and delicate colour.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhuret,
Tunbridge Wells, showed a good selection of new
Odontoglossums and Odontiodas, the best of
Which were Odontiodia Amistn'ongii var. Jupiter
(Oda. Vuylstekeae x Odm. Anrstrongiae). a
charming flower of a. deeip reddish-cerise tint,
with white tap to the labellum and slight white
margin to t.lie otheir segments; Odontoglossum
exirailhis finely blotched, t'he new Soplhro-
Laelio-C'attleya Iris (L.-C. Thyoue x S.-C.
Doris), a pretty floweir, shaiped like Cattleya
Percivaliana, with light cows.lip- yellow sepa.ls
and petals and soft riosy-magemta lip with yellow
lines running from, the base; Sophro-Cattleya
Atireus gkiirio.sia (C. Lawrenoeaua x S. grandi-
fiora), a profuse flower, and differing from the
ordinary mau\i&-co'loureid fcmms in having the
si^jxiils and petals deep scarlet ; and Cattleya
Clotho magnifica (Trianae x Enid), laa'ge, and
of fine eihape and colour.

Messrs. Flory and Black, Orchid Nursery,
-Slmigh, showed Cattleya Blackii alba (Mendelii
alba X Gaskelliana alba), a fine white flower,
nearest in form to C. Mendelii alba, and the new
Brasso-Laelio- Cattleya Haiirisonii (L.-C. Juno x
B.-C, Mrs. J. Leemann), a very interesting and
)n-etty rose-tinted cross, in which L. majalis,
obtained through L.-C. Juno, shows plainly in
tiHe broad, flatly-displayeid lip.

Messrs. Stit.art Low and Co., Jarvisbrook,
Sussex, sent BrassoCattleyia speciosa. (B.-C.
Pigbyana-Memidelii x C. Sohroderae), blush
white, with yellow disc to the lip ; a good B.-C.
Menda, ajid Laelio-Caittleya Calabria (L.-C.
Myra x C. Schi-oderae), a pretty primnose-
oo'loured flower, with orange-coloured disc to tlie
lip.

Narcissus Committee.

Prrxpnt: Mesisr.s. E. A. Bowie.'; (chairman).
-Miss E. Willmott, Messrs. W. Poupart. James
Hudson, F. H. Chapman, C. Bourne, P. R. Barr.
('.-. Reuthe, iuid C."H. Curtis.

The only award made by this Committee was a
Silver Banksian Medal, for howls of Daffodils
shown by Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech.

The varieties included Sir Watkin, Golden Simr,
Victoria, and Narcissus odorus rugulosus fl. pi.

Fpuit and Vegetable Committee.

/'le.H-eH^.- Messrs. J. ( 'heail (vicp-chairman). W.
Wilks, E. A. Bunvard, A. Bullock, J. G. We.ston,
A. R. Allan, J.'C. AUgrove, P. D. Tuckett,
A. W. Metcalfe, W. H. Divei-s, E. Beckett, W.
Bates, Owem Thomas, and W. Poupart.

The following were the varieties of Savoy
exhibited from the Society's gardens : Ormskirk
[Hawknark Selection), Ormskirk Late Green
(R. Sydenham, Ltd.), Late Dnmnhead (W. and
■J. Nutting), Selected Green C'urled (Dobbie and
Co.), and New Year (Sutton and Sons).

NORFOLK AND NORWICH
HORTICULTURAL.

February 10. — Tlie annual meeting of the
Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society was
held at the Guildhall, Norwich, the Lord Mayor
(Mr. G. M. ChamberlinJ presiding.

The statement of accounts showed a balance of
£130 9s. lid.

Mr. J. E. T. Pollard, the acting hon. secretary,
Jtad the annual report. Tlue mrnibeo- of miem-
beoB was 204. The report referred to the-
establishment of a herb-growing association,
and reccminiended tliat the expenses of tJhe
preliminary meeting and of the initial propa-
ga-iida work in connection with the herb move-
ment in the county should be borne by the
.■society. Since September 26 the association had
been quite distinct from the society, and nowihad
a council, executive committee, and offices of its
own. The committee recommended that the
society should suspend it,s exhibitions during 1917,
and that its president, vice-president, committee,
and officers should continue in office for the year.
The attention of members was drawn to the
appeal made through the Press and elsewhere by
Lord Beresford, president of the Vegetable Pro-
ducts Committee, for gifts of fresh fruit, vege-
tables, jams, and preserved fruits throughout the
winter months. A local committee had been
formed in Norvfich for receiving and collecting
goods. The report was adopted.

On the pi-oposition of tJie Sheriff (Mr. G.
Ernest White), it wia.s decided to make a gi-ant
of £10 t;> the Norwicili Food Production League.

LINNEAN.

The general monthly meeting of this Society
was held on February 1, 1917, Sir David Prain
in the chair.

Mr. C. E. Salmon made a communication on
" Some Plants that might occur in Britain,"
showing specimens of the plants considered
likely to occur, and their allied forms possibly
to be mistaken for them. Some undoubtedly
native species would seem unlikely from their
European distribution to occur here, such as
Sagina Reuteri and Lloydia alpina, whilst it is
manifesltly uncei'tain what species may be ulti-
mately found in Britain. He had theiiefoa-e
'choisen the ten following s^jecies, all well-defined
plants, .anid recognised on the Continent, leaving
out consideration of micro-specie-s for the present.

Ranunculus ololeucos, Lloyd, allied to R. tri-
partitus, DC. ; Cerastium brachypetalum, Desp.,
close to C. glomeratum, Thuill., especially its
subvariety elongatum ; Alsine dunensis, Cor-
biere, distinguishable from A. tenuifolia,
Crantz ; Spergula Morisonii, Boreau, closely
allied to S. pentandra. Linn., found in Ireland
by Di\ William Sherard, and recorded in Ray's
"Synopsis," ed. 3, p. 351; Veronica opaca.
Fries, very near V. agrestis, Linn., and V.
polita. Fries; Rhinanthus hirsutus, Lam., com-
parable with our R. major, Ehrh. ; Ruppia
brachypus. Gay, very near R. rostellata, Koch ;
Heleochai'is mamillatus, Lindb. f., between H.
palustris, R. Br., and H. uniglumis, Schultes.
distinguished by their fruits, as shown in the
diagram exhibited by the author; Carex frigida.
All., previously reported from Scotland, but the
plant found is now known as C. binervis var.
Sadleri, Linton ; and lastly, C. laevirostris.
Fries, nearest to C. rostrata of our British
species.

The last communication was by Messrs.
(.'-harlesworth and J. Ramsbottom, " On the
Stnicture of tJhe Leaves of Hybrid Orohidis."

Mr. R. A. Rolfe, A.L.S., contributed further
remarks, and showed leaves of Orchids in illus-
tration.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

February 15. — Connnittee prCtnif: The Rev.
•T. CsromblelliO'lmo (in the chair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, Dr. Craven Moore, J.
( 'ypher. A. G. Ellwood, J. Evanis, P. Fositer,
A. H. Headley, A. J. Keeling, D. McLeod.
W. Shackleton, H. Ttorp, anid H. Arthur (siecre-
tan'v).

Groups.

R. Ashworth, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr.
Davenport), was amairded a Large Silver Medal
for a gi'oup of Odontoglossums, Odontiodasi, Cat-
/leyias, Brasso^Cattleyias and otheir plants.

Messrs. Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham, were
awarded a Sih-er JMedal , for Cypripediums,
Liaelia anceps HiUii, Calanithe Bi-yan, C. Wm.
Murray, MaKdevallia gargantua, a fine vai'iety of
Cymbidium Wiganianium, and Coelogyne inttei--
niedia.

Other exhibitors were Mrs. Gratrix, Whalley
Range ; Messrs. J. and A. McBean, Cooksbridge ;
Mesisrls. Sander and Sons, St. Albans; Mr. W.
Shackleton, Bradford.

AWARDS.

First-class Certificates.
Odont^glossum crispum -bw. Mrs. E. W. Tlionip-
■^on. The flower is of good shape, with browui
blotches on the sepals ; petals serrated, solid red-
dish-bi'own in colour with white ma-Tgiiii; Odon-
tioda Piana magnificmn, ai large, finely-coloured
flower, both from P. Smith, Esq.

Rra.sso-Laclio-(kiWei/a Joan var. Mr.s. Gratrix,
a well-formed flower of a^pricot-yeUow colour,
from Mrs. Gratrix.

Ci/mbidium Alexawtrri exguisitnm, , a large,
well^shaped flower, lip bearing small crimson
markings, from Dr, Craven Moore.

Awards of Merit.

OdontOfflossum. Jasper var. Ashwort/iiar, O.
Moonlif/h't, Cattleya Mahel (0. Warnfiri all/a x
(J. Su.ianne Hye de Crnrn), and Brasso-Catlhtja
Bianca var. Daphne, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

0do7it0(flos.?um Cerc.<i Sir Trevor Lnwrcnrf's
var. {Rolfiae x Fossil), and O. Cohhiae var.
.Mars, from P. Smith, Esq.

Cattleya Enid var. Mrs. Gratrix. from Mr.s.
Gratrix.

Odontoglossum ardentissimtim var Caroline
from Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoglossitm. amahlle Gilroyd var., from
John Hartley, Esq.

Cultural Certificate.
Mr. Davenport, gardener to R. Ashworth,
Esq., for Odontoglossum Jasper Masereeliana.

NORTH OF ENGLAND HORTICULTURAL.

February 16. — The annual general meeting of
the North-of England HorticuUur.al Society was
held at the Law Institute, Leeds, Mr. J. S. Brun-
ton (chairman) presiding.

The statement of accounts, presented by the
secretary (Mr. J. C. Jackson), showed a balance
in hand" of £70.

The chairman outlined the proposals by which
the Council hoped to assist in food production,
by organising a panel of lecturers on vegetable
and fruit culture. The society's leoturei's would
be available to plot-holders in any part of the
North of Eniglaii'd, the local societies to pay ex-
]ienses, which in all cases would be nominal.
Local societies could becomje affilia.ted with the
N.E.H.S. on ija.ymemit of 10s. 6d. or £1 Is., amd
such societies woidd receive N.E.H.S. silver and
hronae medi^iils to award to the owners of the best
cultivated \-egetable gardens or plots in their
area.

Earl Grey was re-elected president, and Mr.
Brunton, chairman. Mr. Jackson, who resigned

March 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

i03

the secretaryship, was elected a member of the
Council, and' the secretarial work will be resumed
by the Rev. J. Bernard Hall, of Farnham Vicar-
a£re, Knaresboroagh.

BRITISH WHOLESALE FLORISTS

The cjimmittee appointed at Esse.x HaU, on
January 15. to arrange for the establishment
of the "British WTiolesale Florists' Federation,
has now so far advanced with the iw^iiminary
business that a general meeting will be held at
Essex Hall, Essex Street, Strand, W.C., on
Tuesday, March 13, at 5 p.m., for the purpose
of presenting the proposed rules, and elect-
ing a president and committee for 1917. A
statement of work aJready accomplished and
progress made will be given on this occasion.
The signatories at the original meeting are re-
ceiving a personal invitation to attend, but all
wliolesale flower gix)wers and salesmen who
are interested in the formation of a strong
fedei-ation for mutual help znd protection
will be welocmed. Offices have been talwn at
35, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
Ijnt until these are ready for occupation all
(x)rrespondence. including applications for mem-
Viership. should be sent to Mr. Charles H.
Curtis (fiecreUvy), c/o Mt. Gl«OTgi? MonTO, jun.,
4, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT AND
PROVIDENT.
Kkiiri'.vrt 12. — The monthly meeting of Uii.s
Societv was held in the Royal Horticultural
Society Hall, on the 12t.h ult., Mr. ('has, H.
Curti-s" presiding. The sick j)ay for the
month on the ordinary side amounted to £64
16s. 2d., and on the Sta'te Section to £28 14s. 2d.,
and Maternity benefits to £16. The Trustees
ie|)orted that they had invested £600 in the
new War Tyoan, which, with conversion, made
a totaJ of £3,200. The new i-uJes for the Juvenile
Section were ordered to ue printed for adoption
at the annual meeting, which will take place at
.he P«val Hoi'ticultural Society's Ha,ll on Mon-
day, Mp.rch 12. at 7 p.m.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Maizk.

Kou cows in milk green Maize is a. Uxjn dur-
ing dry weather in SejJtember and October, as
at that time the grass supply often fails, and
in the lack <jf ;l substitute tjie milk yield
diminishes. It is oommoidy cut and strewed
oyer the pastures once daily, or fed in the cow
house aA milking time. All kinds of stock do
we>H on green Maize. The White Horse Tooth
variety is m'o.stly grown. One and a half bushels
of seed per acre is .sufficient, and it should be
plaiite<l 3 inches deep. If sown shallow, rooks
(|uickly find it and s))oil the prospect of a. crop.
'I'he lanid should be well manured and deepjy
ploughed in the autunu). The first week in May
is early enough to sow the seed ; if earlier a cold
siiell hindej's gi-owth ; even excessive rains
(■ou[)le<l with cold ei>H will cause the seed to rot.
Sow the seed thinly by hand in the furrow
following the plough, thus ensuring its
security.

Trkfoil, or Hot' Clovkr.
Where sheep are kept mainly on arable land
a continual food supply has io Ije maintained
throughout the year. A mixture of Trefoil and
Italian Rye Grass at the rate of 8 lbs. per acre
of the former and 1 bushel of the latter, sown
in April, along with Oats or Barley, provides
much useful green food in June the following
year. If not required green an extra crop
of hay is assured.

TuK Ma.n'agkmknt of Chickens.
I'iarly in March is a good time to prepare for
hatching chickens in quantity for stock purposes.
Cockerels in November and December sell readily

if they are pm^e in bi-eed adid strong, vigorous
birds. Pullets are even more profitable during
the same period in egg production.

There are many types of incubators to choose
from. The higher-priced machines are not
always the more expensive in practice, as they
are economical in their consumption of oil.
Constant attention is tim main factor in
success. Full instructions in the mianagemeut
gienierally accompany each macliine, and if tliese
are carried out no trouble need be anticipated in
obtaining a successful hatch. A room free from
floor vibration is necessary, and the incuba-tor
must staaid level on a firm base. The thermometer
in the egg drawer should register 101° for two
or three days, to ensure that all is in order
before putting in the eggs. Some persons put
in more eggs than tJlie prescribed mimbefr.
Tliis I do not advise. Th,e eggs should be
perfectly fresh, of good size, of ncrrmtil sjiapes
and thin shells. As the eggs are placed in the
drawer, on one side should be written in pencil
tJie date, and on tire opposite side a cross.
This method of marking the eggs facili-
tates their being turned twice daily, to preveu.t
the contents sticking to the shell 'and to cool
the eggs for, say, ten minutes. There are various
methods of turning the eggs in the drawer:
some lake out a fe-.v in the centre and roll the
others over into that space. A more expeditious
plan is to wet the tip of the index finger and
roll over the eggs until the underneath mark is
uppermost. The eggs should not be turned after
the eighteenth day, but they should be cooled
in the same way. The thermometer in the
drawer should cegujarly register 103° ; some
prefer 104°, but not more.

When setting eggs under liens it is
»;i£» to put down two hens at the same
time. If one is sitting alone, she occupies a
w-Tiole coop, and may onJy produce quite a few
chickens; whereas if two hens are put down at
the same time, the two hatches, if not too large,
can go with one hen. who can easily look after
sixteen chickens. All the eggs in the two nest-
need not be of the same breed ; but do not give
a hen strange chickens after she has had her
own for several days, or she may kill the aliens.
As the chickens hatch, remove the empty shells,
or they may become encased over the" end of
hatching eggs. In such a case the emerging
chick might be smothered. Leave the chickens
under the hen until they are quite dry. Tliey
do not require food fo"r the first tw'enty-four
hours. The coop should be new, or newly white.
washed, and be placed on a board floor on grass,
in a sunny, sheltered spot. In very dry weajther
this board floor is not required.

First put the hen in the coop, giving her a
little food. She will coDect the chickens under
her wings at once, where they will obtain the
desired warmth. Four times daily after the
first twenty four hours the chickens should be
fed with just as much as they will eat.

There are two kinds of chicken food — the dry
and the wet. The former consists of prepared
diry food mixed by the vendor, and it forms an
easy and efficient method of feeding. The wet
food consists of hard-boiled eggs, soaked bread
scrap.s or biscuit meal, mixed with oatmeal or
middlings. The latter may be cheaper, but the
dry method lias its tidvaintages. Ttoo much egg
food is liable to cAuse dia.rTh.oea. Upon tme
slig'htest sign of this oompalint, add powdore<l
ch.xlk to the food and reduce the amount of eg'.;.

When the coops are upon grass they should
be moved several times daily, as tainted ground
is fatal to chickens. For chickens fed upon
soft food, water is not necessary until they arc
six weeks old. At no time is it wise to give them
too much. To the lion in the coop water should
be given daily. Maize should be her principal
food. It is not economical to feed her with the
chicken food. The drinking vessels and the
water should be quite clean.

SiTo.ui Beet.
In ,a renent note I spoke in. favour of
this root for fattening cattle. Here theipe a;re
two acres still in the ground, and after the
recent frost — 19°— I find the roots are quite
sound. They bury themselves in the ground
even more deeply than Parsnips, and the ample
foliage affords .protection. Horses and pigs eat

them with avidity, and if used reasonably they
Should prove a valuable food.

KoHx Rabi.

Where a difiiculty is experienced in obtaining
good crops of Turnips, Kohl Rabi is a good
substitute. The plants are also not so liable
to insect pesits or mildew. Champion Short Top
variety is the best for an early feed for fatten-
ing lamhs, giving a greater bulk of food.

The Hardy Green variety is later, and is very
nutritious, but should be used before the roots
become too old. The cultivation is much the
same as that of Turnips following a straw
c.ix>p. Drill 3 lb. of seeids per acre, and trans-
plant the aeedUngs in June to fill gaps, to make
an extra plot, or to fill vacancies in the T'iiriii]i
or Swede wop. E. Molyneiix.

©bttuar^.

John H. Bowden.— We regret to announce
that Mr. J. H. Bowden, formerly head gardener
at Tolvean, Redruth, died on the 20th ult., at
the advanced age of 89 yeaa-s. He was borii at
Helston, and sisi-ved liis aipprenticeship ill tlie
gardens of Miss Smedley in that town. Later,
he was gardener at St. Erth and in Worcester.
In 1867 he took control of the gardens at Tol-
vean, in the service of tlie late Mr. Alfred
Lanyon. For forty years he was one of the most
successful cultivators and exhibitors in the West
of England, his specimen stove and greenhouse
plants being remaa'kalxly good. At the age of
79 he retii-ed, and spent his last ye:irs oulti\at-
ing the flowers in liis own smadl garden.

Etienne Salomon. — We regret to learn
from the pages of the French horticultural prebs
of the death, on .January 27, of the celebrated
French vine grower. Monsieur Etienne Salomon.
He was born at Saint Ciers in 1847, and early
took up the occupation of Grape growing. He
settled at Thomei-y, where lie. estaiblislhedi a vine-
yard of wliicili the neputation has become almost
universal ; his wonderful arilection of vines will
long be remembered by horticulturists who
visited his establishment. His activities were
not confined to the growing of fruit, and lie
studied exhau.stively such subjects as the pre-
servation of Grapes and their transport abroad.
He obtained a number of distinctions, being an
Oflicer of the Legion of Honour, Chevalier du
Merite Agricole, vice-president of the Societe
Nationale d'Horticulture de France, and presi-
dent of the Syndical Central des Primeuristes
Fran^ais. He leaves a widow and one son.

Charles Henry Robinson.— We regret ti;

lecoid the recent death of Mr. C. H. Robinson,
for the past 23 years gardener to Mr. H. L.
Williams, Chichester Road, Croydon. Ue-
O'-'ased was only 49 years of age, but had been
suffering for some itime from an affection of the
nerves. He leaves a widow and young son.

REPLIES.

I'lldlKi'TlVE COMPOSITIONS FOR
TREES.

Rki'lvi.ng to iV. (p. 80), the composition he
refers to is Ahlbottn's tree protective composition,
for probectiiiig trees fiix>m insects. The materiail
is .lold in tins at 4s. 6d. aard 9s. 6d., and in i cwt.
kegs at 22s. 6d. Stewart and Co., 13, South St.
.indrew Street, Edinburgh.

It may be interesiting to stii-te that we use

a mixture composed of 2 ounces each of black soap,
sulphur, and soot dissolved in water to the rmi
sistency of paint. The specific is usually a|i|iliccl
with a brush, but for shrubs it is strained ami
applied by means of a syringe. The composition
has proved effectual against rabbits and mice, and
it retains its deterrent powers for two or three
years. It iJoes not injure the tendcrcst bark or
hud, and it is also a powerful iii.sccticidc. Barn-
cluith.

104

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

IVI A R K £2 T S.

COVENT GARDEN, Felirunrii 38.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.
Cut Flowers, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

B.d- 8.d , s.d. B.d.

.\rums. per doz, 3 0-4 0 1 Lily-of the-Valle- ,
Azalea, white. I per doz, bun, 30 0-36 0

per doz. bun. fi 0-70»i. ,.„; = =,„ =

Camellias, white ^ Vr^.nH Primn

per doz. blms. 3 0- 3 6 ^ '^^""-^ P"^-'""'

Plants In Pots, &c,: Averags Wholesale Prices.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

Carnations

doz. blooms,
best American
varieties . . 2 3-30
— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

Daffodils, Golden
Spur, per doz.

per doz. bun,

— Pheasant Eye
per doz. t un-

- Soliel d'Or,
Guernsey, per
doz, bun.

0- 9 0
10-60

3 0-40

9 0-10 0

per

12 0

bun,

— Barrii,
doz, bun.

— Emperor, per
doz, bun, .. 12 0-15 0

— Henry Irving.

per doz. bun. 6 0- 7 0

— Princeps, per

doz, bun ,. S 0- 9 0

— Sir Watkin,

per doz, bun. 8 0-10 Oi

— Victoria, per

doz. bun, ,. 15 0 —

— double per

doz, bun. .. 12 0-15 0
Eucharis.per doz

blooms .. — -

Freesia, per doz.

bun

Gardenia. per
bo-\ of 12 and
18 blooms .. - -
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
L ili um longi-

florum long 4 6-50

short .. 4 C- 4 6

lane ifoliuin

album, long.. 3 6-40,

short . , 3 0- 3 6 I

r u b r u m.

per doz.. long..
short . .

3 0-40

Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 15 0-18 0

— Coelcgyne. per

doz. blooms 2 0-26

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— 0 d 0 n toglos-

sum crispum 3 0-10

Pelargoniums, per

doz. bunches.

doublescarlet 15 C-18 0
Roses -

— Richmord.

per doz. blms. 7 0-90

— Pink Queen.

per doz, blms. 12 0-15 0

— Sunburst, per

doz. blooms.. 10 0-12 0
Snowdrops, per

doz. bun, .. 2 0-30

I 0-36 0

0 -

Tulips, white per
doz. bun. .. I

— yellow,
d'jz, bun. per

— bronze. per
doz, bun, .. ;

— Darwin in
\ariety. per
doz, bun. .. 30 0-36 0

— mauve Darwin
per doz bun. 30 0-36 0

Violets, single.
6-4 0 Princess of

0-3 6 Wales.. .. 4 0-50

Cut Foliage, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices

s.d. s.d

9 0-10 0

Adiantuni (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— medium.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Spreneeri .. 10 0-12 0
Bronze foliage . . 3 0-60
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0

s.d. s.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern. French, per

. doz. bunches 0 t- 0 8
I\y leaves, per

doz, bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss, gross

bunches ., 9 0-10 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —
- French, per

doz, bunches 10-13
Sniilax, per bun,

of 6 trails ,. 13-1.

French Flowers, &c.

s.d.

Average Wholesale Prices.

Anemone, double
pink, per doz.

bun

— single, mixed
per doz, bun.

Lilac, white, per
doz, sprays ..

Marguerite, yel-
low, per d ,z.
bun

3 0 3 6
10 0 12 0

4 0-46

Mimosa (Acacia)
per doz, bun

Narci'Sis paper
white, perdoz,
bun

Stock, white, per

doz, bun
— pink, per i-:oz,
bun

Violets, single,
per d' z. bun.

3 6-46

4 6-50

Remarks.— Larger consignments of cut flowers are
arriving, and for most kinds the prices have fallen con-
siderably. Carnations are much cheaper than la.st
week. Roses are improving in quality ; very fine
blooms of Richm<mrt. Sunburst, and Pink Queen are
"Ifered for sale. In addition to William Copelanrl
(mauve) and Clara Butt there are a few other varietie.s
iif Darwin Tulips. Home-grown DafTodils are arriving
in much finer condition, and consist chiefly of Em"-
peror. Golden Spur. Princeps, Sir Watkin, and Victoria.
There are also abundant supplies of Snowdrops and a
few English Violets, which find a ready sale. A much
larger consignment of Guernsey and Scilly flowei^
reac-bed C'ovent Garden last week-end. con.sisting chiefl\
iif vell.iw and white Narcissi. Daffodils. Preesias. a few
ccmsignments of Anemone fulgens. and Allium (Star of
Bethlehem), which sold freely. High prices are still
realised for foliage such as Asparagus plumasus. A.
Srrengeri. Adiantuni Fern (Maidenhair), and Smila.x.
Hardy foliage is more plentiful. The arrival of French
Ilowers is veiv uncertain.

Aralia SieboUlii,

dozen . .
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz.

- Sprengeri ..
Aspidistra, per

doz. green ..

Cacti. various,
per tray of 15' s
tray of 12's ..

Cineraria, 4i('s
per doz.

Cocos Weddelli-
ana. 48's. per
doz

- 60's per doz.
Croton. per doz.
Cyclamen. 48's

per doz.
Daffodils. 48'B.

p r doz.
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100..
- per 100, in

small and

large 60's

- in 48's. per doz.

s.d. s.d.
5 0-60

i 0

12 0-15 0

18 0-30 0
8 0-10 0
18 0 SO 6

21 0-24 0

12 0-15 0

10 0-15 0

s.d.
Ferns in 32's. per

doz 12 0-

— choicer sorts.

per doz, 48's,, 8 0-
Geonoma gracilis,

60's,pertioz... 6 0-

larger, each.. 2 6-
Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz. 4 0
- - larger per

doz 18 0

— Forsteriana.
60's. per doz. 5 0

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz . . 12 0-

L i 1 i u m longi-
florum. per
doz 36 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-

— - album .. 24 0-
Marguerites in

48's. per doz. 12 0
Pandanus Veitchii

per doz. . . 56 0
Phtpnix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-

s.d
18 0
12 0

8 0

7 6

- 8 0
36 0

8 0
SO 0

21 n
15 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Artichokes. Globe.

per doz. .4070

- ,T er u salem.

per bag . , 24 0 -
Asparagus, Paris

Green. per bun. 6 0 6 6
Beetroot, per bag 10 0 -
Beans. English.

per lb. ..4 0

Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bag .. ..5 0-
Broad Beans.

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts.

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally .. .. 10 0 12 0
Carrots, per bag 13 0 -
Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeciac, perdoz.
Celery, per doz.

bundles
Cucumbers, per

doz.
Endive, per doz
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per
Herbs, per

bun. ..

9 0
10 0

Ifi 0 20 0

,36 0-72 0

18 0-24 0

5 6-

6 0-
44 0 -

4 0 8 0

Horseradish, per

doz. .. 42 0

Leeks, per doz. .. 2 6
Lettuce. Cabbage

per doz. .. 2 6-
Mushrooms.per lb. 1 3
Mustard and

Cress. perdoz.

punnets .. 10-
Onions. per bag 33 0
- spring, per

doz. bun. .. 8 0
Parsnips, perbus. 7 6-
Peas. per lb. . . —
Potatos. new. per

lb 0 6-

Rad is hes. per

doz. bun. . . 16-
Rhubarb. forced.

per doz, . . 10
Savoys, per tally 13 0
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 24 0-
Shallots, per lb. 0 5
Spinach, perbus. 12 0
.Swedes, per bag 7 0
Turnips, new. per

bag .. .. 10 0

Tops, per bag 6 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 9

18 0
30 0

Frutt : Average Wholesale PpIc»s

sd. sd

70 0

A 1 monds.
cwt. . .
Apples -

— Calif ornian
N e w t o w n s.

per case . . 15 0 16 0
—English
Cooking, per
bus 12 6 17 0

— Main States,
barrels . . 38 6 45 0

— Oregon, per

case .. 18 6 20 0

Bananas. Red. per

ton . . . . £25 —

— .Tamaica. per

ton .. .. £18 —
Chestnuts. per

bag .. ..28 0-40 0
Cranberries, per

case . . .. 17 6-18 6
Dates, per doz.

boxes . . . . 8 0-86
Grapes: Almeria.

per brl. . . 22 6 30 0

s.d.

Grapes, con.
Gros Colman.

per lb 4 0

Grape Fruit, per

case . . . . 32 0-
KentCobs.perlb. 1 0.
Lemons, per case 16 0
Nectarines, per

box . . ..4 6-
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 100 0
- Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 31 0
Oranges, per case 21 0
Seville Sours,
per half-chest 48 0-
Peaches. per box 5 0-
Pears —
I Call f ornian 15 0
I — Cape, per box 3 0
Plums, per box 2 6-
I Tangerines, per

box .. .. 26 0
I Walnuts, per
per cwt.

33 fi
■ 1 3

25 0

56 0

30 0
85 0

Remarks. — Supplies of English Apples are limited, but
the market is well supplied with imported Apples in boxes,
and a fairly plentiful supply of Nova Scotian a.n^'i
United States barrelled fruits. Pears from California
consist principally of the variety Winter Nelis. A
shipment of Cape fruit-s to hand consists of Pears,
Plums. Peaches, Nectarines and Melons. Supplies of
Grapes are decreasing, pointing to the closing season.
Forced Rhubarb is very plentiful, and there is a fair
quantity of Seakale. Mushrooms are a better supply,
but Cucumliers are only a moderate quantity. Of
.\spaiagu.s there are fairly large supplies available.
Tlie iiiaiket is nearly deaied of Teneriflfc Tomatos.
niitilnnr vegetables ami iiK.ts are lipcoming scarce.
/■;. ;/. R.. Cnrenl a,mlrn Murlet, Fehniaiii »S. 1017.

Potatos

Rejiahks.— There is a good demand for Potatos. but
there are not sufficient stocks in London to meet re-
ouirenients. Edward J. Nevhm'n, Cuvent Garden and
St. Paiicrn.f. February 2S. 1917.

BRISTOL AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'.— The

usual monthly meeting of this Association was held on
Thursday, February 22, Mr. G. W. Harford presiding.
The lecturer was Mr. Loader, representing the Reading
.\ssociation. who read a paper entitlefl " The Value of
Observation to the Gardener." Mr. Loader's remarks
were followed with much interest. The two prizes,
which were given by Col. Cary Batten, for two Cypri-
pediums, were won by Mr. Jennings and Mr. Sc«tt. Mr.
Blanchard was awarded a Certificate of Merit for two
pots of Freesias.

BATH GARDENERS'.- The monthly meeting of
this Society was held at the Foresters' Hall on Febru-
ary 12. Mr. T. Parrott presiding A paper on " Orchids "
was read by Mr. R. Jennings, of the Bristol Gardeners'
Association.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

r F W Busson, for the past 14 years Gardener
to Col. R. Bar( i.AV, as Gardener to C. P. Parsons,
B.sq., Wispers. .Stedham. Midburst. Sussex. [Thanks
for donation to R G.O.F. box.— Eds.}

Bleeding of Vines : W. J. S. Nothing you can
do now will stop the bleeding of your vines, but
it will cease soon after growth commences. You
were too late in pruning, and kept the house too
warm after the roof was repaired. Frost will
not injure doi'inant vines provided the rods
are well ripened.

Lf:aves from Ro4DS: J. T. The presence of
eitlier petrol or tar in the material you have
obtained from the road will certainly be in-
jurious to the crops, and your suggestion to
remove the leaves from the ground had better
be carried out. Since the smell of tar is appa-
rent in the leaves, they must be impregnated
with it. You couild burn the leaves aiiid use
the asheis, which will ooiitain potash, burning
out the tar and petrol in th)6 process.

Names of Fruits: /''. G. T. Cucurbitaceous
fruit. Unable to trace ; send leaves and flowers
when in bloom. — Shrojishire. Apples, (1)
Winter Greening ; (2) London Pippin ; (3) Bax-
ter's Pearmain.

Names of Plants : 7?. i/., Surrey. Billbergia
nutans. — A. H. L. The imperfect flowetrs sent
are pi'obably Caja^nthe Veitohii. After flower-
ing place the plants on a siheilf in au intiea--
mediate house and keep tliem perfectily dry
until growth sitarts again, wh«n they should
bo re-potted and wateried sparingly until
root action develops. — H. P. P 1 and 2,
forms of Cypirepideiuu ActaiOus {insigne x
Ijeeanum) ; 3, Cypripedium Calypeo (Boxiallii
X Spice-rianum) . All the others are forms of
Cypripedium Dicksonianum (Hena Euiyad'es
X villosum). A ba»toh raised at Langley and
named Countess of Carnarvon showed all tiie
variation seeji in the flowers you send. —
Rolyat. 1, Meitrosidei-os floribunda; 2, Aoacia
armaita ; 3, Ardisia crenulata ; 4. Azalea
amoena ; 5, not recognised, send whien in
floW'er.

PLANTiNf; Potatos : T. C. The variety Up-to-date
still suooeeds weill on certain soils, but imless
you know that it is suited to your district you
would be better advised to select a more recent
variety. Ascertain which sorts succeed well in
the district, in similar soil to that in the beds
y»ni are going to pdant. In ordiiiaj'y districts
tilie best time for pla.n.tLn;g is about the end of
March ; if late frosts occur after the sprijut-s
are through the soil, draw a little earth lightly
over the tops to protect them. The trench in
which the tubers are planted should be 5 inches
deep, or 7 inches if manure is placed in the
liottnm. The rows should be 3 feet .apart, and
the tubers 18 inches apart in the rows.

Counnunications Received —H. L.. stoke Poges—
F. J. H.— J. Heal~G. P. B— W. A. C.— O. H B.—
Courtnev. P.— T. B.. Leicester- Sir F. W. M.— G. A —
E. B.— J. T. W., Manchester.

Mau( H 3, 1917.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

>5AKIT»3'*

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

leaflet and Free Samola
with instructions free.

6d.& T/-TinS& I5/-per Cwt.(l.or. London)
of all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal a I Royal HorticuUural
Exh:h:lwi. \t)ll.

A. F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

Strong flowering plants in .'>in. pots.

In ti good Standard varieties,

15/- per doz., 96/- per 100.

In li good Novelties,

•20/- per do/.., lis/- per 100.

Packed free for cash, carr. forward.

The Nurseries,

IVER, BUCKS.

LETHORION ::
Zr Fumigator

lutroJuccd 1885.
The marvellous effect of this
simple and cheap method of
Fumigating Greenhouses is
fully borne out by the
enormous increase of sales
year by year.

Only a match required

fnr starting the Cone. Full

^ for use on each

nils of testimonials
K,.ji.>tor ~i T xi, M rkr ,: irreivta trom all parts.
Prices. No 1 6(j<) to 1,000 cubic tt., 6d. ; No. 2, 1,600
cubic ft , 8cl , No. 3, for 2,000 to '.i.aOO cubic ft. 1 -.

" TENAX

»» T H E NEW
AND MOST
SUCCESSFUL

Grafting Wax

It is a much required "HOME MADE' article

to meet the requirements of all Nurserymen and

(hardeners.

It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

other preparations for all Grafting and Budding

Purposes.

In Tins, each 6d., 1/-. 2,-. 4 -, 6/-. Also in bulk at
reduced ratea.

To be obtained through the Nursery and Seed
Trade generally.

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chemical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON. S.E.

AutunMl Sow

PLANTS

OUR GREAT SPECIALITY.

-■lowtT sl.,>iil,l st-nil fcM
90 Varieties in-
list- art- a Selectior

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our NEW LIST. It eoul

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there has never been ofFered as plants

such a comprehensive Collection of

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Everyone who has a grreenhouse, how-
ever i-niall, shouhl aim at tlowering these as early as
pnssihle. Tomato Crop eail follow
No HEAT is REQUIRED. PLaNT or POT now.

We Hiel '

h'i'i

so >,ffer 6 plants each, iii \aiieties. our selectior
3 3 J 12 ditto, 5,9 J 2J ditto, 10,6 i iO ditto, 18,6.

TOMATOES— A strong line of which we oft'er a? follows :

Trans-
SeedliDgs. planted.

.Seeds.

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id Buck's ^

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1 la-i/. 12-1/6

|_ 25—1 6 25— '2/6

j S0-'>« 50-J/-

J iiiii_4;« too-; i;

■ 0 ■

^O*' SOLE AGENT . C^>

/ T. T. PASCOE, %

^ York Chambers, *?

SWANSEA.

.-,. t phone 1048 Central.

i grams .. Paecoc, Swanvca.

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch.

Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

tisements intended for insertion

MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not 1

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Poiitloni _. _. ... per p»g« 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column aad half oolumn
spaces, pro rata.

t, s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column «. ... 7 0

Per inch, across 2 column* .« ... 14 0

Per inch, across 8 columns ... .. .,, ... 110

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space,
[Headline counted as two lines.)

For dlaconnti apply to address below,

SITUATIONS WANTED.
26 words. Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

Tliese AdTcrtiiements mult be prepaid, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The Ubitkd Einsdoh 1 S/- per annnni.

Abeoad ... 17/6

Cheques and P.O.s 'o le made jimjable to "Gardeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams : 1543 " Gardohron, Eand, London."
Telephone : 1643 GERRAJis.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Hardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must ijivc full iiaiTicuIars, otherwise, no
notice will be taken oj their, coniniunications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situtitians are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
unginuls. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents wlio require a fee beforehand.

Advertisern are rautionrd lujainst having Letters
addre.-"<ril to luitial.^ at Po.<l. offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Autlioritirs and returned to the
Sende r.

PRIVATE.

\17'ANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-

' ' DENER where 2 are kept ; Surrey Hills— Apply.
dialing age, e.\peri€nce. wages and family, to C. A. C
I/O Chas. Knight & Co., Ltd.. 227-239, Tuoley Street.
S.E.

WTANTED, MAN, to take charge of Glass

» » Department ; also one for Kitchen Garden ; ineli
uit>le or over iniJitarv age.— Wages required, with full par-
ii.iiUus, to E. SIMS, HoUy Lodge, Highgate. N.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER : buv kept to give help.— C. H. CAVE Eoil-
way Hill House, Mangotsfleld, near Bristol.

w

ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed), boy assists ; small Greeuihouse, laTg«

iitlen.— X.. Prii

Ho

e, Godstone, SuiTev.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' » DENER ; ineligible ; experienced with Vegetables,
Flower Garden and Lawn; little Glass; boots, knives,
ke. ; wages. 32s. per week.— Apply, stating age, ex-
perrence. and references, to MRS. SMAILE. Donhead
LoGge. Edge Hill, Wimbledon, S.W.

'WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER ; help given df avadla-ble ; 5-rooni eottage
on plaoe; wages 32is. inclusive. — MRS. WBGABTIN,
Coombe End, Kingston HiM, .Surrey.

"WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ' DEXER; able to work electric oil engine plant, oi'
willing to learn same.- Apply, ARTHUR LEE, Burn-
side, Halfiekl, Herts.

TirANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER, for small Garden, or Man and Wife (as
cook) ; no children ; good home and wage-s to suitable
applicants ; 2 in family.— SMITH. Briarwood, King.sbury.

w

ANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR.

DENER; one who underetands the work in all
■hes; a good all-round man.— The HolUes, Elphin-
Road, Hastings.

W^A^TED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER ; good wages.— Apply, St. Augiistine'e, Tot-
teridge, Herts.

"WANTED, a good SECOND GAR-

• ]H:Ni;K ; several others kept; good wages and cot-
tage. .VpiiK, HE-iD G-\RDENER, Sedburv Park Gar-

■ leiK, Clu-pstow.

Tl^ANTED, competent GARDENER ; good

cotbige and garden provided. State experience,
age, and wages asked.— REV. A. PHILLIMORE, Willesev
Hall, -Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

"WANTED, GARDENER, at Great Barr

^ ' Hall, near Walsall.— Written applications only, wr.th
|).iiticulars (if previous experience, wiages required, ajKl
collies of two testimonials, to be sent to MR. \. 11.
W.\RD, 22, Lombard Street. West Bxomwich.

"WANTED, GARDENER, during war;

wages, 30s. a week inclusive ; some Glass'; helii
given.— Apply, PROFESSOR WHITE, Betley Hou'.c
Lyth Hill Road, Shrewsbury.

QARDENER.— Good MAN wanted for In-
'-* SIDE and Outside; 30s. per week; Bothv, vege-
tables, and attendance; take dutv; also YOUNG MAX.
Out and In, 25s., and Bothv, ic"; must be ineligible.—
SIMPSON, Wemyss Castle Gardens, Ba6t Wemyss, Fife.

"WANTED, WORKING GARDENER,

' » 2 under him — CAPT. RHODES. Wvton Manor,
Huntiiigdoii.

"VyANTED at once, good WORKING

'' GARDENER; Flowers and Vegetables; must be
sober and good character ; live m ; good wages and help
given —KIRK. St. Oatherine's End, Raislip, Middlesex.

yiTANTED, GARDENER (Working),

• » thoroughly experienced in all branches.— Apply,
giving particulars and wages e.\pected, to H.. Box 15,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

"WANTED. GARDENER (Working), at

mice; hoy to help and odd man sometimes —
Apply, ED. POWELL, Esq., Oakhank House, Chester, stal-
ing wages, references, &e. Must be ineligible.

"WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER,

• • Head of 3 ; Inside and Out ; good cottage.— COL.
PALMER, Prospect, Trowbridge, Wilts.

"WANTED, GARDENER, for Vegetables,
T » Fruit, iKjultry, and pon.v ; experienced.— Write full
particulars, age, and wage (no board) to RING, 9. Spring-
field, Upper Clapton, X.

POOR LAW SCHOOLS, COWLEY. O.XFORD.
ANTED immediately, for the periotl of
the war, an UNDER-GARDENER. ineligible for
military service ; Indoor resident preferred.— For further
particulars apply to THE SUPERINTENDENT.

"WANTED, at St. Leonards School

» » for Girls, St. Andrew.?, Fife, a fullv qualified
and well-eilucated WOMAN, to act as HEAD GARDENER
and INSTRUCTOR in, GARDENING: knowledge of the
growth and sale of Vegetables and 4he care of Gratis
IS essential, and some experience in teaoliing desirable.
—For further particulars apply to the HEAD MISTRESS.

w

"WANTED LADY GARDENER, to take

entire charge of small Garden, mostly Vege-
tables, also able to drive and wash car occasionally ;
live with family ; salary. 25s. per week.— Apply.
HEATHERY EDGE, Ferndown, Dorset.

"WANTED, TVo LADY GARDENERS,

to take entire charge Inside and Out ; help given
with digging; state salary required; nice cottage and
garden.— ROLLS, Ely, Cardiff.

T ADY GARDENERS are required for

-"-^ a) Wills, as Head; understaiul Vme and Peach
Stoves ; usual Inride and Outside work ; Vegetables. (2)
Leicester, as Under ; good Head Man and another Lad\
Gai-dener kept. (3) Beiks, as Under, Head Lady and
severaJ Under Lady Gardeners kept. ; understaaid Peoches
and Caniations. (4) Kent, Two Wanted, Head, Under,
large estate. Kitchen Gaixien, Orch.ird, some Glass. (5)
Somerset, as Head, considerable amorovt of Glass and
Vegetables; 3 Women' Under Gardeners, man. and
boy kept.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street. Marrle-
bone. No engagement, no fee.

"REQUIRED, TWO LADY GAR-

-■-*' DEXERS ; experienced ; good Bothv, with c-oal,
light, vegetables, milk.— Apply, witi full particulars, MISS
T., The Gardens, Easthampstead Park, Wokingham.

"WANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS,

some experience ; to work under Head Man ;
salary 25s. per week ; furnisihed cottage and vegetables.
— Wnte, MRS. G. DAVEY, L.vston, Herefoixi.

T ADY GARDENER (for Inside and

-"-• Out) ; two other Lady Gai-denei-s kept ; furnished
house, coal, light, and vegetables; wages 18s. per neek,
2s. war bonus ; comfortable place. — GEO. BENFORD,
Hartham Park, Corsham, Wilts.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, some

experience ; Vegetables, small Greenhouse ; fur
nished rooms and gas.— Apply, stating salary. MISS
WIGRAM. Watling House, St. Albans.

"WANTED, for Kitchen Gardens, Two or

» » Four LADY GARDENERS ; furnished accojiuno-
dation.— Apply, stating wages required and with infer-
ences, to PERCY DUDDING, Shrubland Park Estate Offlie,
Baylhain House, near Ipswich.

"WANTED, an ASSISTANT LADY GAR-
DENER for Dovecot Horticultural School for
Feeble-minded Girls ; salary, £40, board and lodging.—
Apply to MISS PILKINGTON, The Hazels, Prescot,
Lancashire.

"WANTED, LADY UNDER - GAR-

' • DENER at once, Orowhurst, near Lingfield.— Appiv
SECRETARY, Duchess of Marlborough, Sunderland
House. Mavfair, W.

"WANTED, FOREMAN GARDENER, in

Northumberland; ineligible; experienced Inside
and Out; good wages given, as may be agreed upon;
B.ithy and usual allowances —Apply, stating age and oil
particulars, to N. D. OOWANS, West Lilburn, Alnwick.

"WANTED, KITCHEN GARDEN FORE-
MAN ; married ; good bouse found ; state wages.—
Apply t« J. HYGATE, The Gardens, Tylney Hajl, Winoh-
field, Hants.

"WANTED, Several MEN, for Garden

work ; chiefly Inside ; wages, with Bothv, accord-
ing to experience. — Apply, with particular's, slating
wages expected, to 0. H. WHEELEE. S-wimton Gardenis,
Mosham, Ripon.

"WANTED, MAN (or Woman), chiefiv in-

' ' side ; Fruit and Plants ; ineligible ; half -day Satur-
days ; duty and overt,ime paid ; good wages. — References
.and full particulars to J. BLACKWOOD, Sefton Park,
Slough, Bucks.

WANTED, YOUNG MAN, rejected or

discharged Army ; take oharge small amount
Glass; Bothy, milk, and Tcsetables provided. — Write
fully, stating wages required, and previous experience, to
H. 0. DURNFORD. Broadhanger Gaideus, Petersfield,
Hants.

WANTED, YOUNG MAN, for Fruit and

Plants, Inside; Bothy, vegetables, and liberal
wages paid.— Particulars to HEAD GARDENER, Sid-
bury Manor, Sidmouth, Devom.

"WANTED, YOUNG WOMEN for the

• » Glass depaatment; Bothy provided. Stale wages
and experience.— W. BUTLER, Wilton House Garriens,
near Salisbury, Wilts.

"WANTED, IMPROVER, able to take

duty; about 17; wages £1 per week and Bothy;
dut.\- and overtime paid.— Apply, with full particular, to
H. A. PAGE, The Gardens. Belsize Court, Hiampstead.
N.W.

Makch 3, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

vn.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside the
Houses and Out) ; age 16 ; wages 17&, and 2s. war
bonus; Bothy, vegetables, and mUk.— E. MORGAN, Was-
sand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside), under
18 years : 18s. per week and 3s. war bonus ; good
Bothy, milk, and vegetables ; half-day on Saturdays ;
travell.ng expenses paid. — Apply, with copies of refer-
ences, to J. B. ALLAX, Osbcrton Gardens, Worksop,
Xotts.

WANTED, LAD (16-17) or DIS-
CHARGED SOLDIER, lor Kitchen Garden work
chieflv; dutv. State wages, with good Bothy or lodg-
ings.—H. BROOMFIELD, EJlisfiold Manor Gardens,
Basingstoke, Hants.

WANTED, strong, active LAD, for the

Houses ; wages to commence 16e. ; Bothy, &c. ;

Sundays eitra ; 1 o'clock Saturd».v8.— J. HOWARD, Ben-
ham Park Gardens, Newbury.

TRADE.

WANTED, near Manchester, energetic
WORKING FOREMAN (ineligible); must tho.
roughlv understand the growing and cultivation ot
Vines, ' Tomatos. Cucumbers, and forcing Bulbs; state
age. wages, and references, wifh photo, if possible. —
H. N.. Box 4, n. Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C.

WANTED, for our Seed Trial Grounds.
WORKING FOREMAN ; ineligible.— Full particu-
lars of abilities, and wages required, to DICKSON i
ROBI.NSON. Seed Merchants, Manchester.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for Fruit Trees
and Roses. Plow "tate wages required, age, and
send references.- WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

PALM-GROWER WANTED, to take
charge ot Palm Houses in London ; good poeition.—
Apply, ROBERT GREEN (1911). I-TD., 28, Orawlord
Street. London, W.

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one used to Rosea. Clsmatis, Chry.
santhemums. and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, wages, etc.. to THE DEVON ROSERY AND
FRUIT FARM. LTD.. Torquay.

WANTED, Two MEN, with some Gar-
dening e.\|ii'rifnoe, for Jobbing Work; perma-
nent ; n«'iiiral nationality not objected to.— F. HARDING,
4. Wood Lane. Highgat«. N.

■\\7'ANTED, Strong YOUTHS, or experi-
' ' enced M.\N, for (General Nursory and Garden work ;
good wage« and opportunity.- KEELING t SONS, West-
gate Hill, Bradford.

WANTED, experience*! PACKER for
* * Orohid Nursery, in the neighbourhood of London.
—Write ■OROHID." Box 17, M, Wellington Street,
Covcnt Garden, W.O.

SEED TRADE.— ASSISTANT WANTED
immediately (Midlands), male or female.- State
age, experience, and wage cxpect<'d, to " SEEDS," Box
17, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, LADY FLORIST ; competent.
— .\ge, experience, kc. to THOMAS PERKINS &
SONS.. 34, Drapery, Northampton.

t^I/JRlST (must be experienced) wanted

-*■ at once; Young Lady who thoroughly understands
the buHine.ss; g<jod Maker-up and Sale-sw'onian.— Apply
in confidenoe. with full particulars of previous ex
perience and wages wanted. L. 1).. Box 18. 41. Wel-
lington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

"WANTED, ASSISTANT (Male or

* ' Female) for Seed and Floriat shop. State ex-

I»orience and wages expected.— W. TROUGliTON, Florist.
PreMton.

FLORIST AND SEEDS.— Young LADY
ASSISTANT wanted in Vork^hiro market town;
able to make up ; bome knowledge of Sci'ds neoeesary ;
Mate ago. and wage required.— L. D., Box 12, 41, Wel-
lington Street. Covent Garden, W.C

\VANTED. steady, strong LABOURER.

** ijs Greenhouse St-uker ; previous experience not
ab8<jlulely necessary ; wage.s. with week -end duty.
39s. 3<J. ; other oppfiptiiniities "f overtime during hut^y
seaiHjn ; ko**^1 houeie mav he h:wl elosie to work.— Applv
1o THOMAS KOCHFORD & SONS, LTD., TurafoKl Hall
?ar Brosbourne, Herts.

YITANTED, LEDCER and INVOICE

CLERK; iiieligihle; a gdixl opcninig for a really
smart man. — Please state uge, c.xpenonoe, and salai'y rc-
(juired, and enclose copies of referencee to JOHN PEED
^ SON, The Nurseries, West Norwood. S.E.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words tor 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
succeeding Eigiit words or less.

PRIVATE.

f^ ABBEY, Aston Rowant, Walling-
^-^ • ford, Oson, open to re-engagement for similai
position or management of estate, combined or separate.

MRS. L, SALOMONS Recommends her
llEXD G-iHDEXER, 20 years Xorbur.T Park ; life
experience all bra.ncbes ; good manager. — Apply, G.
KEXT, 15. Pixhani Lane. Dorking.

rjARDENER (Head). — Lady ViCTORi.-i

^-^ Dawsay ver\- highly recommends W. El,flWORTH
Oii above ; 7 years here, 6 Under ; leaving through estate
being sold; age 48; no famiiv ; North preferred— W.
ELSWOETH, Gardens, BeniDgbrough Hall, York.

GENTLEMAN recommends his HEAD
G.\RDEN"ER for permanent situation; age 45;
no family ; first ^^la.'^s references from pa.'^t and present
employers ; thoroughly efficient in all branches ; dis-
engaged any time; Surrey preferred.— J. W.\TSON.
The Garden, Eastcott, Kingston Hill, Surrey.

rjJARDENER (Head), F.R.H.S., Gold and

^-^ Silver Medallist ; 10 years last, place ; knowledge of
estate work ; life esperienoe lq large establishments ;
active ; good manager ; highest references for character
•■uid abilities ; age 45.— A., Box 25, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

GARDENER (Head), where 6 or more
kept (noiinal times); thoroughly experienced
Flowers, Frui' and Veger.ibles ; Inside and Out; in-
eligible.—A. R., Box 14, 41, Wellington Street, CovcnT
Garden, W.C.

GHY. SHOEBRIDGE seeks Situation
• aa HEAD GARDENER in gcwd establishment;
life expericnoo in all branches ; 14 years aa Head (5
p«>scnl); ineligible; disengaged end of March. — 4, Park
View. Xunnerv Estate. Braddon, I.O.M.

BELGIAN, married, two children, re-
quires situation OS OARDEN'ER (Head); Diplomas
of tlio Government School of HorlicuUure ot Vilvorde,
m Belgium ; 10 years' practical expexicnoc in all branolies
of tho profcwion ; 2 vears same place in England. -
ANDRE KAVENBEROH, Spring Grove House. Ulcwortb.
W.

GENTLEMAN recommends his GAR-
DKNER (Head Wokkino) ; practictd life experience
in privale gardens ; reliable aild trustworthy ; married ;
age 41 ; ineligible ; near London pretcrrol.— BARRETT,
Hatfleld Heath, near Harlow.

GARDENER (Head Wobking), private
service or public inetituliou, Gentilcman strongly
rccoiumciids highlv skilled and qualiUed man ; 5 years
with him; capable niaiiagor ; life's pi-actiwil expcrieaicc
(44); bolder o( Natiouiil Diploma ia Horticulture, aUo
K.ll.S. CertiHeate ; where Fruit and VegetabloB required
ill quantity ; cxperitnced uuukcting.— Particulars,
GARDENER, Dauiitso}- Park Gardens, OhippcnJxam, Wills.

C^ ARDENER (Head Working), where
^ several ore kept ; 24 years' practical experience in
all branches, liisidu and Out, including Orchids; 2 years
111 last situation as Head; good rcfs. ; age 38; married;
disdiarged.- F. MAKSHMAN, 16, SoutMeld Street, Wor-
cester.

'ARDENER (Head Working) requires

^-^ situation where 1 or 2 kept ; life experience all
Ijrauches, including Orchids, Oainalioiis ; ineligible; good
refs. ; marrii-d (no f.unily) ; disengaged.— T. P., Box 9.
41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.O.

GARDENER (Head Working), wherfe 2
or J arc kept; age 49; 27 years as Head in
present pla(«.~-S, WRIGHT, Copsley Lodge, Oulwood,
Rwlhill. Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-
engiigement with l.idy or gentleman in good estab.
lushment ; life e.xiienence in all brandies and stwk ; age
48; wages 358., hoiis,^ and firing, -J. SHRIMPTON, 355,
Norton Way, L(-tchworth, Herts.

G^

GARDENER (Head Working); life ex-
jjerieiice in ;i'll branches. For many years foreman
at Charlcpote Park, Warwick ; age 45 ; married (no
faniilv).^R. RODGBIR, The Cottage, All<wley, Coventry.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; 28 years'
e.v|K-rieMcc, Insidt and Out; 4 years lircsc-nt situa
tion ; gotxi references; age 44; married (no family). — C.
DO.VIAN, 55, Agamemnon Road, W. Hampstead, N.W. No
circulars.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life e.\-

"^-" perience in all branches; married; ineligible;
age 36 ; 7J years present situation as Head ; disengaged.
-CLEMENT. Gardens, Elfoid, Tamworth, Staffs.

ARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
perience in all branches; age 44; married; pre-
situation 6J years. Head of 5. 74 years previous ;
be highly recommended.— KING, 3) Portland Ter-

•. Harley Street, Bath.

G

QARDENER (Head Working or good
'-" Single-handed, wuh help); practical exper-ience
Inside and Out ; highes.t references; married (no famil\) ;
age 49.— PEARCE, " Woodleigh," Siinninglull, Berks.

QARDENER ELECTRICIAN (Head

^-" Working), seeks situation ; life experience in all
branches of Gardening; take chai-ge. and do rumiing
repairs to electric installation ; age 45 ; abstainer ;
married (one in family); highest possible references.-
Wage, &o., to M. J., Box 26, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden., W.C.

G

Q.ARDENER (Single-handed or Head

^-" Working) ; life experience Inside and Out ; over
military age ; wife good hand laundress if required ; no
children ; boti good references.— H. W„ Box 4, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Ga«len, W.C.

ARDENER, as Second, seeks re-engage-
ment ; experienced. Inside and Out ; good refer-
ences; ineligible; married when suited.— .Apply, T. CUESS-
WELL, The Mount Gardens, Bishopstoke, Hants.

(?1 ARDENER seeks Situation as good plain
^-" GARDENER, as caretaker, or any place of trust ; 15
,\ears in present place ; married ; ineligible.— Apply, G. E.
WOOD, Daylesford, Chipping Norton, Oxon.

rjNDER-GARDKNER, Head Working, or

*-^ GARDENER-BAILIFF; well up in all requirements
of good establishment; thoroughJy experienced Outside
and under Glass; good manager of' labour ; aged 48; wife
dairy, |)oultry if required —W. CHANDLER, Oransford,
Framlingham.

T ADY GARDENER desires post as joint

'-' HEAD GAUDENER with Lady, or post as
rNDEU GAlaiENKIi. Iiut must be under Ludy H 'ad
Gardener. Full pariiiiilars to A., Box 7, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

T ADY GARDENER, trained ; one year's

-^ experience in Houses, willing to work in Kilclieii
Garden under experienced Gardener; recommended. —
M. S.. Box 13, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden,
W.C.

q^WO LADY UNDER-GARDENERS re-

-*- tiuire Situation together, within 50 miles radiiw of
London ; jobbing experience.— Write, LANE, 4, Ckmrtfleld
Gardens, West EaliJig, W.

"POREMAN or SECOND (Inside) requires

•*- situation; good e.\pLTienL-e with Fruit :ind I'huils ;
single; age 27; ineligible; disengaged.— U. GRKENLV,
1 la I'd wick Dilwyn, Uerelordahire.

HOUSE AND ESTATE CARPENTER
requires Situation ; thoroughly experienced in
all brancli<?ti of Estate Work, Oil and Petrol Engines,
«:c.— Box 10, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

TRADE,

FOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser seeks
managerial position ; intensive crops, pigs, [wultry,
forage for cattle, Fruit, Tomatos, conversion raw pro-
ducts into unique articlea of food.— STEATHMOBE, Llan-
fairpwll, Anglesey.

MANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN ; life
exiierieiioe; capable of piiniucing everything re-
qiiiierl for Market or Shop sale; good references; Lon-
don.—Box 16, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.C.

MANAGER or SHOPMAN.— Advertiser
requires situation ; over 26 years' experience m
M br.anchc9 of Sped ui-l Nursery Trade and Floral work ;
.vcr military age.—" OMEGA," Box 2, 41, Wellington
Street, Oovcnt Gaidcii. W.C.

ORCHID GROWER wishes Re-engage-
menl ; life experience in all varieties, including
Seed Raising ; ineligible : llrsf .class references ; age 39.
--ORCHID. Box 11, 41, WeUington Street, Covent Gard.u,
W.O.

MAN (42) seeks permanent Situation ; ex-
perienced Vines. Tomatos, Chrysanthemums; total
abstainer. Kindly state wages, — WINGHAM, 54. Fritb
Boad, Leytonstone, Essex.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 3, 1917.

W. RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of cost.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom to advise
and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photographic views of Horticultural

Buildings free on application.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. &c.. supplied from

stock.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown ami cheap ; also

Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catal»ffue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

»* H ^ axtermlnates

if M T S & MICE,

with bait : for Rats 2/6 & 6/
forMicel/6. Of all Chemists.
particuUt

EVAKe'SOni LISCHEBAWEBB

SQESaiBSZBd

ISANKEYS^^^'^POTS

•7 ths BEST and CheapesK

, i<t.tc quantity of each sir. requ^r.d and have ' r.^pri... anid '■

RICHAftD SANK£y A SON, L 7P.
Bolwell Po^^c^ies. NOTTINGHAM.

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle."

X jo net Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated H i^ols.

pgy with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

Volume graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.s. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of tWe National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB,

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS, MA.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. Py A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON.
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSiES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V:M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.

Author of "The English Flower Garden."

(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

:mted for the Gardeners' Ohroniole, Limited, by Lote and Maloombon, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holhorn. London, W.C, and Published weekly by tlie Garde
Ohronicle, Ltd.. 41, Wellinirton Street, Oovent Ganien, Oity oi Westmiaster, Saturday, March 3. 1917, Agent for Manohetter : John Hhywood.

THE

Established iS4l

N? 3976

i%\xr

< Registered as a Newipaper. J PRICE 3d .

( I POST-FREI

No. 1576. Vol. LXI. {3™} SATURDAY, MARCH 10, 1917.

I IPOSTFREI, S^d.

aVBSCBIPTIOS— Inland, 1B,-i Fovign, 17/8 [22fr. 10e.\ ($4 2»c.l per anrtum. Entered at New Tork Peat Offloe at tecondcloMs matter.
Postal Address— 41, WelUnKton Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. TeUgrrapblc Address— "Oardcbron, Raa4, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 105.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Giving to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
wilt be held over till the following week.

w

YOUR GARDEN NEEDS FOOD!
Tu ubuiin tbe Finest Vegetables and Flowers, use

EBBS' GARDEN FERTILISERS.

I'EKFEOT PLANT In-' ■ ' M- Uie

Leading Growers an.l ' Mjnufac-

No. lb I b lias failed to ai-rivc.
Same will be mailed a.s soon as
l)ossil)le.

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SUTTONS FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

;UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

' READING.

FEEDS' SEEDS.

►BEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

The last ounce is re<juired from Kitchen
Gardens this year. Write for our 1917 Seed
List. We can give you the bumper crops you
look for.

JOHN PEED^&^ON^The King's Seeds-

made good by
it rei\dy for prick-
er he^ possible re-
Summer Beddiiifi.
i Jot o( Cvclaineu
tRIE & sfORRlE,
'erthsihire.

JS beg to an-
at they wiU not
. any more orders

rather, they have
inj extent wiih
lis ithey are in
diffloulrty in deaJ-

tlio iiet'ei*ary ex-
;i'<'eptin^ orders,
till- rre»8.
Sturea, Hea«din(j.

^ Me<lela has been proved by hundreds of practical
(J.irdeners a certain cure for this trouble; to be applied
in M<irch and April; 23. per quart, 58. 6d. per g'allon, in
cam*.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO-, LTD., Royal Nui^eriee,
Maidetone.

"OUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Ordei-s

-^^ arL- now beinj? booked for these plants for delivery
ill M^rch. Liflt, with full fliroetious and prices, on ap-
plication.—GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nuj-
serie«, Maidstone.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ <.<^miiri'[. reputation for effectiveness in pre%"ent-
ine and destioyinK Red Spider, .Scale. Mealy Bug,
Tlirip. .\nieri(yin BUg-ht, Green and Brown Fly, &c.
.Solil n\ boxes about lib., 31b., and 121h,. by Dealer*
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PJVTENT
CANDLE 00., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W.

B

ARR'S VEGETABLE and FLOWER

SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growth
triotly moderate prices. Descriptive Oatalo^e free.

IJARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI.

*^ CuntKis, Moutbretius, Tigridias, Anemones,
lt.iiuinrnilus, &c.. for Spring Plantijig. OataJogue free.
BAKR & SONS, King Street, Ooyent Garden, London.

lese Brilliant

Iv for delivery. —

OUNN & SONS,

lAL RHODO-

ite you to rniiio
. . .iM.» inatiKu iou ictjuiic. A'c have over 60

11-, I I'liiinitdug the finest' collection in cultivation.
Cataluffiio free. — JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The .Vurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

JAMES GRAY. LTD.. Builder of Con-
servatories. Greenhouses, &c.. and Iloating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street. Chelsea, London, S.W. Wire, 201.
Western London. Telephone : 201 Western.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Cr<rss. Ltd., beg to offer a fine stock of all the
bewt \-arieties, new' ajid old, for prescnjt planting. Price<l
i-ataloguc on application. — P.\UL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES. Waltham Cross, Herts.

POWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL,

'^ —The br-.st an.l niu.-li tbe cheapest.— Full particu-
lars on appli<ation to JOHN COWAN & CO., Gat*acre
Nur^riefl, Gateaore, Liverpool.

CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT.

A sure reine^l.v against this pest; cheap, pr.act.i-
cal, effecfive; tarre<l f&lt discs will protect your Ca,b-
b-agea and C.iuliflowers from maggot attacks; 8s, per
1.000, Is. pir 100 (postage eitra. M. for 1,000, 4d. per
100); full instructions supplied; cish with order, — FRED.
ROBINSON. 13, Langdale Road, Viotoria Park, Man-
chester.

For Advertisement Chapges see page vH

TyATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

' » Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists free.-
JOHN W.\TERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berks.

■r)ICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL

-*^ MANURE and other high^lass Fertilieers; also
Dickson's Lnproved Mushroom Spaw-n. Priced ciicukirs
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

"TkOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN.

-^-^ EDINBUR(;H. will send a copv of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to drdening, 160 page«, nearlv 160
illustr.itions, free, if this paper is mentioned.

"WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenhajn. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houees,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

"RATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,

-■-'DAHLIAS, CH11Y.SANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standaixl
varieties is read}', and will be sent post, free on appli-
cation. — (Dept. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., 'l-he Floral
Farms, Wisbeoh.

TJATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illius-

■*-' traied Oatalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultiu-al notes, is now ready, aiKl will
he sent post free on application.— (Dept. .\), R. H,
B.^ITl, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech,

(GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-^ '■ Vilrolite," superior to White Lead Paint,
■* Plastiue " Fuperse<les puttv. Ftlll particulars from
W. OAHSOX & SONS, Grove "Works, Battersea, Agents
throughout the country.

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
P.\EONIES.

Kclway's beautiful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured PUoies.
Kclway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new and cJioice hardy perenniia] plants of aJJ
kinds.
NOW is the time to ORDER (or Spriug planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrebhrums.
Kelway's ga.v Gaillapdias.

NOW is the time to SEND for partioulara to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Department,

LANOPORT, SOMERSET.

WALLACES NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA. A,M,, R,H,S.,

-■- 1915. Other new Chinese Primulas, &c,

BEKHEUIS. NEW CHINESE SPECIES,

LILIES, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, &c.

Our SPRING CAT.ULOGUE post free on application,

R, WALLACE & CO., LTD., Kilnfleld Gardens, CWcheeteT.

OPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Tr^-

^^ our splendid York.shire Whipcord Tweed ; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns free.
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradford.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks; in
bags 28. bi\. each, 303. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Moul<l,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silveir San<l ;
4.ton lots for 45s.; O.N. Fibre, 24s. doiem bags; list
free.— J. HANDSCOMBE, P.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Makch 3, 1917.

W. RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of cost.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom to advise
and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photographic views of Horticultural

Buildings free on application.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. Ac. supplied from
stock.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an^i cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

LlVER^/gSs

J^H^^ exterminates

tlMTS & MICE.

with bait ; for Rats 2 6 & 6 -
forMicel/6. OfallChemKt?

tssBmsESBom

BOILERS

For House

FROM STOCK.

Sectional,
Tubular &
Saddles.

R.H.S. Gold Medal

C p. KINNELL

& Co., Ltf

SOUTHWARK
LONDON, S

.'*'ZHz BEST ond CheapesK

( 5l«tc quantity of each, sirtreqwrta and h»« ' zartimgt pmd •

Prcscnt'Day

Edited by R. H

1/6 net

per

Each
with ]

Volume. S'^P^

ORCHIDS. By JAMES

Secretary of the Orchid

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB,

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS, V.M.H., and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. Py A. GROVE, F L.S., with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON.
V.M.H.

aWI:.!^! fILAi). tiy HUKACtL J. WKlUHl,

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on "Sweet Peas for

Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSiES. VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By
WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V:M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON,
Author of "The English Flower Garden,"
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

nted for the GardenerB' Ohroniole, Limited, by Love ahd Maloombon, Ltd., Dane Street. Hijrh Holbom, London, W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardenera'
Ohronicle. Ltd,, 41, Wellin^i^n Street, Oovent Garden, Oity oJ Weetmineter, Saturday, March 3, 1917, Agent for Mancbeiter : John Hbywood.

om

THE

Established 1341

N§ 3976

No. 1576. Vol. LXI.

■j Registered as a New»pap6P.'| " R'CE 3d .

SATCJRDAY, MARCH 10, 1917.

(POSTFRM, Sid.

aUBSCBIPTIOK— Inland, IBfi Formiffn, >7/« [22/r. tOe.] [$4 29c.) per tmnum. Snttred at lf»w York Past Offiee at tecondclats matter.
Postal Address— 41, WelUnittan Street, Covent Qardea, W.C. Telegraphic Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— (fcrrard 1543.

Fop contents see page 105.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

w

w

YOUR G.UIDES NEEDS FOOD:
To obum the Finest Vegelablefi and Flowers, use

EBB.S' GAlU)E-\ FERTILISERS.

rEKFECT I'LANT FOODS. Used by the
L,eading Growers and Exhibitors. Manufac-
tured at Webbs' Manure Works, Saltney,
Chester. 6 acres in extent.
POTATO MANURE, lOs. 6d. i cwt., 20s. cwt.
TOJIATO MANURE, 13?. ed. J cwt., 25s. CWI.
GENERAL MANURE, lOs 6d. 4 cwt., 20a. cwl.
VINE MANURE, Us. 5d. per i cwt., 218. cwt.
LAWN MANURE, 12s. 6d. per J cwt.. 21s. cwt
Rose, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, and Sweet

Pea Manures. Carriage Paid.
For partieuhus, see Webbs* Garden Catalogue.

post free on request.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seeds-
men, STOURBRIDGE.

s

ANDERS, O re hid Growers,

St. Albans.

13LACKM0RE & LANGDON, Bath, will

■'-' have pleasure in semling a copy of their 1917
CUU.Io(rut_* o( Beg<onui3 and Delpbiniums, &o., &c.,
free. j( this paper in iiicntioned. Magnificent strong
HKits of uur unequuUed Delphiniume. in superb variety.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

■^-^ —New Catalogues of the above now i««ue<l gratis.
GrWKl Kew Early Pea, Laxton's Superb, &c., Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to offer— may still be sKifely planted.
I*aniphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve
I'lpe.— LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford.

PEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunvard's
He<lela has been proved by huiKlitxls of pnu'tiral
(i.irdeners a oortain cure for tliis trouble; to be applied
in March and April; 2a. per quart, Ss. 6d. per gallon, in
cans.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseriee,
MAidstone.

"DUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. ~ Orders

-'-' are now being booked lor these plants for deliver}'
in March. Lifit, with iull directions aJid prices, on ap-
plication.—GEO. BUNTAKD & CO., LTD., Royal Nur-
series, Maidstone.

f^JISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ .-eiitiir^'s reputation (or effectiveness in prevent,
ing an.i destroying Red Spider, .Sr'.nle, Mealy Bug,
Thrip, .Vnierioan Blight, Green and Brown Kir, (cr.
Sold in hoses about lib., 31b., and 121b,. bv Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE and FLOWER

*^ SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growth
lit St riot ly moderate prices. Descriptive Catalogue free.

TJARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI.

■*-^ CuutKis, MoDtbretius, Tigridias, Anemones,
ftanun-.nilus, kc. (or Spring Planting. Catalogue free.
BARR & SONS, King Street, Covent Garden, London.

GUTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

*^ SUTTOSS EXOWER SEEDS.

The Best.

eUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

'^ READING.

PE£DS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' SEEDS FOR RICH CROPS.

.•- The last ounce is rcjuired (rom Kitchen

Gardens this year. Write for our 1917 Seed
liist. We can give you tile bumper crops you
look lor.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

^^ men and Nursemnen,

WEST XORWO'OD.

^MISSIONS and Failures made good by

^^-^ piircliAsing Storrie*s Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct date^ for best possible re-
sults; all ]>opular Greenhouse plants, Summer Bedding.
:in<l Hardy Border Flowers, &c. Grand lot of CvclamcJi
now ready. Write for catalogue.— STORRIE & sfORRlE,
Flower Seeds Specialists, Glencaxsc, Perthshire.

]Vf ESSRS. FIDLER & SONS beg to an-

i."A n'Mince, with sincere regret, that they will not
bt? able to accept, at the present time, any more orders
t'>r Seeds or Sec<l Potatos.

Sin(« the break-up of the frosty weather, they have
been inundated to such an astouoiding extend with
oivll.'rs, tJiat, severely handica<p|>ed as they are in
redjwct to labour, there is considerable difflouMy in <ieuJ-
ing with the accumulation.

A-s soon as arrears have been mot U) the necessary ex-
tent, they lioi>e lo again commence occeptin^c orders,
wlien the fact will be announced in the Press.
FIDLER 4 SONS. Royal Berkshire Seed Stores, Reading.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant

^~*- Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery. —
For liste, with full particulars, apply GUNN & SONS.
Olton. WarwickdiLre.

WATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
I)ENDIiON.S.-We cotxlially invite you to como
and Hclei-t any plant:) you require. We have over 60
acres, euinpriHijig the finest, collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

JAMES GRAY, LTD.. Builder of Con-
servatories. Greenhouses, &c.. and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street. Chelsea, I.ondon, S.W. Wire, 201.
Western London. Telephone : 201 Western.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, W^altham
Cross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine slock of nil the
best varieties, new and old, (or present planting. Pricerl
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES. Waltham Cross, Herts.

POWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL.

'^ —The br.-t anri much the cheape«t.--Full ]>;iriicn-
lars on application lo JOHN COWAN & CO., Gat«icre
Nurseries, Gateaore, Liverpool.

pABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT.

^~^ .\ sure remedy against this pest ; cheap, pr.ictii-
cal. elfcctive; tarred felt discs will protect your Cab-
bages and Cauliflowers from mnggot attacks ; 8s. per
1.000, Is. per 100 (postage extra, M. for 1,000, 4d. per
100); lull instructions supplied; cash with or<ier.— FRED.
ROBINSON. 13, Langdale Road, Viotoria Park, Man-
chester.

For Advertisement Charges see page vll
"WATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

* » Grand stocks of the best varieties. Lists tree.—
JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries.
Twyford, Berks.

T) I CK SON ' S HORTICULTURAL

•■-' MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced ciicuku-s
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

FkOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN.

^-' EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening, 150 pages, nearlv 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

\UU. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

• » LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houees,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

"OATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,

-■-' DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, .nnd othCT flowers.
Nevy Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standar-d
varieties is ready, and will be sent post free on appli-
cation. — (Dept. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., 'ITie Floral
Fiums, Wisbech.

flATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illus-

-*-' trilled Catalogue of Choice Vegetoble and Flowei"
See<ls. with full cuUiiral notes, is tnow ready, aiul will
be sent post free on ajiplicaition. — (Dept. A), II. H.
B.\1H. LTD., The Floral Fftrms, Wisbech.

r;jREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^^ ■• Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
"PlHSti-ne" superse<les puttv. Full particulars from
W. OAUSON & SONS, Grove Works, Biittci'sea. Agents
throughout the couatry.

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.

Kelway's beauliful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantl.v coloured Phloxes.
Kelway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new and choice hardy perennijal plants oS aJl
kinds.
NOW is the time to ORDER lor Spring planting.
Kelway's famous Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyrefchrums.
Kelway's gay GailLardias.

NOW is the time to SEND for partioulars to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail rhmt Department,

LANGPORT. SOMERSET.

WALLACE'S NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA. A.M., R.H.S.,

-■- 1916. Other new Chinese Primulas, Jic.

BEKIiKRlS. NEW CHINESE SPECIES,
LILIES, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, &c.

Our SPRING OAT.U,OGUE post free on application.

R. W.VLLACE & CO.. LTD., Kilnfleld Gardens, Oolohester.

CPORTSBIEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Try

^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears like
leatlier ; showerproof ; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns free.
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00. (71), Bradford.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 78. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yard im trucks; in
bags 2s. 6d. each, 309. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Freah Out, Silver San<l ;
4.t<Hl lots for 46s. ; C.N. Fibre, 24s. doien bags ; li..it
free.— J. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY, at 1 o'clock.

A Ohoioe collection of Herbaceous and Rock Plants,
Rhododendrons, Roses,

1.500 FRUIT TREES
and Bushes, Lily-of-the-Valley. Carnations, Lilies,
and Gladiolus in variety and other Bulbs.
and at 3 o'clock,

JAPANESE LILIES,

In cases, and other Bulbs, for the trade.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and. 68, Cheapside, London, E.O.
On Tiew mornings of sEile and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their CentraJ Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Obaapside. London, E.G., on Thursday.
.March 15th, and every succeeding Thui-s<iay at 1 o'clock
consignments of well-grown -B.OSES, especially lotted to
suit all buyers.

On view rooming of sale and oatalogues had.

SALE OF TOPIARY WORK

JAPANESE DWARF TiiEES and Miniature Gardens,
ANTIQUE AND MODERN GARDEN ORNAMENTS.

Goi-den Furniture, Seats, Tables, Tubs, &c.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

•'■'•'■ will SELL the above at their Central Auction
Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.G.

On Friday, March 16th, at 1 o'clock.

On view twi) days prior and morning of sale. Cata-
logues on application to the Auctioneers

MARESFIELD, near UCKFIELD.

Shurr Xorice.— Unreserved sale of Stock on certiiia lands
where the tenancy expires on March 25 nest.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
(ill conjuiii.-'tiou with Messrs. Wm. Wood, San &
Gardner) will sell by auction at the WoocHands Nur-
series, Maresfield, Susses, by order of Messii's. Wm. Wood
& Son (Maresfield), Ltd.,

On Tuesday, March 13lh, at 12 o'clock.
;i large quantity of Nursery Stock, comprising 30,000
Condfers, Shrubs, RhodoiJendronj?. Fruit Trees, Roses,
Deciduous Trees, and numea'oas othex items.

May be viewed. Catalogues ihad on t-he premises; of
Messrs. Wood, Son & Gardner, Land Agents, Crawley ;
and of the Auctioneers, 67 aind 68, Chenpside, Ix>ndon,
E.C.

LOWER EDMONTON.

Cleaaanoe Sale of 25 Greenliouses, in all about 3,000ft,
run of glass, 11.000ft. of 4-inch, and 1,000ft. of 5-iiich
liot water piping, 2.000ft. of cold service piping, 7
Tubular Boilers, Brickwork, &c., 1.000 casts of Flower
Pots. 30,000 Bamboo Danes. Corrugattd Iron, 3 Hoses,
2 Tanks, 86 Brass Taps and Sundries.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
are instructed by Mr. J. Oroudi to sell the .ibove
by auction on the premises, Hoimdeiield Nursery, 407,
Hertford Road, Lower Edmonton,

On Wednesday, Mach 14th, at 12 o'clock

precisely.

Mac be viewed. Catalogues had on the premises and

of the ■\ui-ti0]leen5, 67 and 68, Cheapside. linden, E.C.

BUSINESSES WANTEO.

'Y^ANTED to Rent, near London (Surrey
' * or Middlesex). Glasshouses, with or without cot-
tage, and some land; near station.— G., Box 17, 41, Wel-
linglnn Street, Covent tUrden, W.C.2.

at SINESSES TO LET.

NURSERY TO LET ; commanding posi-
tion ; five minutes from rail and trams ; 330ft.
aiass; li acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Royal Hotel,

TENDERS.

BY Order of the Board of Trade.—
For sale by tender, for cash only, FIEST-OLASS
COURT FLORISTS, in West-End of Londom ; an excellent
going concern ; average annual turnover last six years
about £8,900. — For forms of tender ajnd anv further inr
formation apply to the Controller, A. H. KNIGHT, A.C.A.,
146, Bishopsgate, E.C. or to H. E. Foster & Cramfield,
-\uctioneers and Surveyors, 6, Poultry, E.C.

TO BE SOLD BY TENDER.

THE ROYAL NURSERIES, FELTHAM.
MIDDLESEX.— The Receiver for the Debenture
Holders invites Tenders for the above Freehold Nurseries
and Contents (formerly the Property of Messrs. Jas.
Veitch & Sons, Ltd.). To be sold as a going concern.—
Full particulars can be obtained oai application to the
Receiver at the NriTseries, or from Messrs. Orawfords &
Marchmont, 7, Soutbamptoa Row, W.C.

PLANTS, Sto., WANTED.

TITANTED, a large Plant of BANANA

' » Musa Cavendishii. — State size and price to CALD-

WELL & SONS. Knutsford.

TM/'ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

* ■ old plants suita'ble for stock ; cash or excluiinge.
See other advertisemenits ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nur&erv, Loughborough Jiuictioni, London,
S.W.

WANTED, PONY LAWN MOWER,
Ransome's or Green's; 30 inch; must be in, first-
clasi condition. — Apply, giving lowest price, to SUPER-
INTENDENT, Ropnex Park, Sfockton-on-Tees.

w

ANTED, Cyi3ripedium Leeanum

Cliukaberryanum, C. insigne Harefield Hall, and
gne Sanderae.— Offers to D. B., Box 18, 41, Wel-
1 Street, Govent Garden, W.C.

WANTED, COPIES of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, No. 1,254 (January 7, 1911).— State
qua.ntiity and price to X. Y. Z., 41, Wellington Street,
Covent GaMen, W.C.

PLANTS, &o., FOR SALE,

IVfARGUERITES.— Single White and

-'-'-■- Yellow, 33. 100 ; Mrs, F. Sandere (double), 7s. 100 ;
Calceolarias, Golden Gem and Dark Brown, 3s. 100 ;
strong, well-grown plants ; carriage paid on ordea's of
10s. and upwards.— ENGLAND & FURNESS, Freelands
Road Nurseries, Bromley, Kent.

ion Onn large garden ferns,

■^y^^ 'yJ^y^ 20s. lOO; Palms. Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Glo-xiniaa, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free —J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series. Loughborough Jimction, London, S.W.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
111 What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
fi-ee on application. Special selections, 12, 33. 6d. ;
26, 5s. 6d. ; 50. 12s. &d. ; 100, 25s. All different, named,
strong stock ; please state position and soil. — G. R.
PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Barnham, Bognor.

AMARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata).—
SIORLE & CO. offer magniflcent named sorts
from Mr. \V. Bull's celebrated Gold Medal prize col-
lection, also Flowering Bulbs, crossed with named
sorts, at half u^ual prices. List free. 150-156, Finchley
Road, N.W.

JAPANESE LILIUMS, just landed in
sx-ilendid condition ; lai^e, firm Bulbs, Longi-
floruni gigaiiteora, 3s. 6d.. 6s. and 9s. ; Speciosuni Mel-
pomene and niagnificum, and Albmn Keitzerii (the
best), 5s., 8s., and 10s. ; Auratum, 6s. and l(fe. ; Heiiiryi,
4s. and bs, ; all per dozen ; also ollhers. List free. —
MORLE & 00.. as above.

^EED POTATOS, Lincolnshire or Scokh,

^^ Mvaifs Ash Leiif, Hebrons, Earlv Rose, Express,
Hovnl kidnev, Up-to-Date, Sir J. Llewellen, Arran Oliief.
Kiiig Edward, and otJiers, per bush, or cwt.— MORLE &
CO., as above. Our Seed and Plant List sent on appli-
cation.

■piRUIT TREES, time to name, ray special-

•*■ ity ; trained trees, in well-grown, extra-sized ppeci-
mens, with fibrous roots; Cordon Pears, Gntpe Vincis,
Orange Trees, Fig Trees, in pots for fjuiting. Catalogues-
—WILL TAYLER, Hampton. Middlesex.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA-
TIONS, strong, healtihy plants, now ready,
amongst which are the following vairiebies : 4s. 6tl. per
doz. out of sand, 5s. 6d. per doz. in pots — Enchajntre&s,
Snowstorm, May Day, 'Lady NorthoHtfe, Mikado. Rose
Pink Enchantress ; &s. per doz. out of sand, 7s. per
doz. in pots — Enchamtj-ess Supreme, Sahiion King, Gor-
geous, White Enchantress, Champion, Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nui^series. Rayleigli, Essex.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of S'--arlets, Queen of Whites, Lovely Blue
(lavender blue). Princess of Wales (purple) ; strong,
clcau, well-rooted stuff from boxes, 50 for 5s. ; Ss. per
100; carriage paid for cash.— H. DUDDERIDGE, The
Dorset Nurseries, Blandford.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Gi^een'house
Ferns. H:ux]y Garden Ferns; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Jun-ction,
London, S.W.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full par'ticulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

TITANTED, HEAD GARDENER, where

• ' 5 kept ; near Guildford ; Herbaceous Border's
speciality; Bog and Rock Gardens; some Glass; good
cottage; wages 35s.— LADY PONSONBY, St. James's
Palace, S.W.

\Y^NTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

" ' DENER ; careful manager, having first-class ex-
perience, where 3 or 4 are kept ; undeniable reference
required ; ineligible ; good wages, cottage, and garden. —
Fu!!! particulars to G. HAMPTON, Norton Manor, Sutton
Scotney, Hants.

WTANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

'* ING); man ur lady; duration of war; Vegetables
chieflv, some Glass ; cottage. — State wages, expei'ience,
&c., to S. GASK, The Hill. Westby, near Kirkham, Lanes.

T^ANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

" * ING) ; ineligible ; experienced Inside and Out ;
wages 30s. a week.— MRS. REID. The Oaks, Hanworth,
Middlesex.

WANTED at once, SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER for private house in Boston ; Con-
servatory, Greenhouse, and Kitchen Garden ; good wages
to suitable man.— Apply, W. W. JOHNSON & SON,
LTD., Boston, Lines.

WANTED, by a Lady, a SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENER or experienced LADY
GARDENER ; small Vinery, Fi-uit, and Vegetables.— MRS.
POLE, Church Speen Lodge, Newbury.

rjJARDENER, Single Handed ; Bachelor

^-* or Widower; no Glass; in Surrey; wages 25s.,
with board and lodging.— Apply J., 23, Pall Mall, Lon-
don^ S.W.

VirANTED, at once, Good SINGLE-

» ' HANDED MAN or LADY GARDENER for Chisle-
hur-st.— Call, MRS. DE BECIK, Hotel Waldorf, between
10 and 11.

■pklSCHARGED SOLDIERS and

-■-' SAILORS WANTED as GARDENERS ; Head,
Single Handed, and Under; all suited entirely free, and

valuable presents given. HEAD GARDENERS. i

South Wales ; £70, house and garden ; last man theire 10
.\ears. (2) Cheshire; 2 Under, Inside and Out; £70 and
cottage. (3) Herts ; 1 Under ; cottage found ; Vegetables,
Fruit, and simple Flowers. SINGLE HANDED.— (4)
Higtogate, N. ; 35s.; live out; I acre Lawn' and Kitchem
Garden; 3 small houses; last man there 5 ye^irs. (5)
Herts ; 30s. ; live out ; cottage easy to obtain. UNDER. —
(6) Wilts ; Second of 5 ; wife attend to lodge gates ; cer-
tain privileges attached. (7) Surrey ; 2 kept ; 25s. weekly ;
share cottage. — Call, write, or 'phone. Office hours, 9
to 9; Saturdav, 9 to 2.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, Higli
Street, Marvlebone. Tele. : Mayfair 6200.

W/-ANTED, SECOND GARDENER, ex-

' ' perienced Fruit, Flowers and Vegetables ; single
preferred. — Age, wages and references to A. DICKSON,
The Gardens, Wyclifte Hall, near Barnard Castle, N.R.,
Yorkshire.

TITANTED, a good SECOND GARDENER

' ■ for Inside, well up in Fruit and Plants ; good
wages ; duty and overtime paid for. — Full particulars
to BLACKWOOD. Feston Park. Slough.

WTANTED. a SINGLE MAN or Married

* * without family, as Second, for Glass Houses,
having good experience, including Orchids and Oaaiia-
tions ; excellent references required ; ineligible ; good
wages, — ^FuU particulars to G. HAMPTON, Norton Manor,
Sutton Scotney, Hants.

WANTED, GARDENER, experienced,
maj-ried man, to live in lodge, rent free ; £1 5s.
weekly, and vegetables.— Apply. MRS. FILLINGHAM.
Syer&ton Hall, Newark.

rjARDENER WANTED, place near Man-

^-^ oljester; wife to Cook and Attend; wages 28s.
and 10s. ; house provided. — ^AU particulars to Box 381,
G.P.O., Manchester.

March 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, for Oxfordshire, near Walling-

' " ford, WORKIXG GARDEXER ; knowledge of elec-
tric lighting plant an advantage ; no Glass ; vnfe caretaker
an<i cook or housemaid when family are there ; to live in
house, having everv convenience ; good wages to suitable
couple.— Apply. GLYSXE WILLIAMS, ESQ., 7, Berkelev
House, Hay HiU. London, W.

T17"ANTED. KITCHEN GARDENER ; in-

' ^ eligible, or discharged from Armv. — Applv, H. H.
SCOTT, Newstead, Leigham Court Road,' Streatbam, S.W.

W^ANTED, an UNDER-GARDENER (in-

' ' eligible for the .\rmv), married or single, for a
Gentleman's Country Estate,— Apply, JAS, M.iRTIX &
CO., Land Agents and Surveyors, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire,

WANTED, at St. Leonards School
for Girls, St, Andrews, Fife, a fuHv qualified
and well-educated WOJIAX, to act as HEAD g'ARDESER
and INSTRUCTOR in GARDEXIXG ; knowledge of the
growth and s.ile of Vegetables and the caje of Gra?s
is essential, and some experience in teaching desirable.
— For further particulars apply to the HEAD MISTRESS

WANTED. TWO LADY GARDENERS,
First-class Head and Second Gardener, for
Xobleman's situation in Cheshire: modern house, and
5Vecv comfort,— Apply, MRS. CLEGG, 78, Albert Hall
Mansions, Kensington, London.

WANTED, experienced LADY GAR
DEXER, to take charge of Glass Houses
Flowers.-Appiv, A. CR0SSM-4X, Hill House, Har
Weald.

nd

w

ANTED. LADY GARDENER, for

general work.— Apply to THE CURATOR, Chelsea
Plivsiu Garden. London, S.W.

WANTED. TWO LADY GARDENERS,
with experience; Inside; Bothy, milk and vege-
tables.— Apply, with references, stating wages required,
to W. H. .\LLEJJ, Minley Manor Gardens, Farnborough.
Hants.

WANTED. TWO WOMEN GAR-
DEJIERS for Inside aiid Out ; with wnie experience
prrferred ; Bothy found ; good opening to gain thorough
knowledge oi gardening. State wagea.— LEE, Stagsbaw
(Jardens, Corbridge-on-TVne-

WANTED, TWO WOMEN GAR
UESERS, under Head ; one for Glass and one for
Herbaceous Borders and Rockery ; rooms, ic. State
«ages.— MISS INSOLE. The CV)urt, LlaiKlall, Cardiff.

T ADY GARDENERS WANTED for

-'-^ (1) Weybridge, as Head, with another lady os
L'nder ; about 3 aaes of ground ; little Glass. (2) \VoI-
\erhampton, two wanted, one as Uead and the other
as Under; understand milking. (3) Berks, two wanted
as Under Gardeners; all-round knowledge of Gardening;
understand Peat-hes and Carnations. (4) Xorfolk, as
Under, 3 men, boy, and woman kept; <'hiefly to work
in the Houses ; Fruit and Flowers ; slight experience
nec^^ssary, (5) Herts, as Single-handed ; much experience
not net;essary. Lady Gaixlemers are suited entirelv free
of eliarge.— MRS. HUNT. LTD., 86, High Street, Maryle
bone.

WANTED, for Kitchen Gardens. Two or
four LADY G.\RDEXERS; fumiehed accommo-
dation.—Applv. stating wages required and with refer-
ences, to PERCY UUDDING. ShrubUmd Park Estate
Office, Baylham House, near Ipswich.

T ADY GARDENERS. — Good Posts

-*-^ vacant for triunod women. — .\pply to THE
WO.MKNS FARM AND GARDEN L'XION, 45 (5th floor),
Queen Anne's Chambers, Westminster, S.W,

W^ANTED. FOREMAN, for Inside and

' ' Out; ineligible; married or single; good Both\-
.>r cottage, &c, — Apply, with references, stating wage^j
rp.iuire.1, to ESTAT-fi OFFICE, BedwcU Park, Hatfield,
llerta,

TITANTED, good FOREMAN or good ex-

iwrienced JOl.'RNEVM^VN (ineligible or

tarv age) in Imtide Fruit Growing; good wages to suit^ible
niarj; Bothy and vegetables; also YOU'm, about 17, who
has had some experience in Garxlening, good wages and
Bothy. — Apply, JAMES VEKT. Ohirk Castle (gardens,
Whitchurat, Ruabon, N, Wales.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside and
OUT) ; 259, and Bothy, 28. 6d. duty. Also two
.MEN, Outside, Pleasure Grounds, &c. ; 25s. and Bothv —
WM. PENTON. Warren House Gardens, Kingston Hill,
Surrey.

IVfARRIED COUPLE required as Cook-

-'■'■■• General and SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER, in
small family ; good, comfortable home and wages offered
—Particulars, RAND, Woodbum, Slough.

WTANTED. YOUNG MAN, for charge of

»▼ Glass; also strong YOUTH, for Inside, 16-17, or
over 18 if ineligible; good WLigco and Bolhy, with usual
allowances,— Applv, HEAD GARDENER, Sidburv Manor,
Sidmouth, Devon,

SITUATIONS VACANT eontlnuad on pas* vil

NOW READY

THE

U

»

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

THE

Double -Purpose

Garden.

TpHE 1917 garden will be a patriotic
garden — divided between vegetables
and flowers. A generous vegetable patch
til help Lord Devonport aad a floral space
where tired warriors and workers may find
peace mids! beauty and fragrance.

AND

SOW

YEAR BOOK RYDERS SEEDS

FOR 1917.

The first two thousand copies
of this work are now being
distributed. Owing to the
paper shortage, an unlimited
number of copies cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.

Orders will be dealt with
in strict rotation.

The- 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT^GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C.

The Seeds uf Success, and both sides of
ycur garden will give you complete
satisfaction. Get Ryders Seed and you
will get the fullest £erminaHn£ power,
freshness and truenessto name at the cost
of Vid. per packet. (The familiar and
popular Id, packet has had to be aban-
doned temporarily owirg to the war,)
Even with this slight increase in price
Rvders Seeds still represent the highest
obtainable expression of qualify and
economy.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE.

Kjders 1^17 Illustrated Catalogue contains over
one hundred illiistralioui and much useful iu-
fonuatioii. .Send a postcard for a tree copy now.
Only address, no agents,

RYDER & SON, ltd.

Seed Specialists, ST. ALBANS.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choic* Variatiaa.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalague.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

If'OR SALE, Rood clean plants, 1,'rown in thimbles and
^ 60 8, well broken renUy for potting on.

Colleen, EnchantreBS Supreme, White Enchantress,
White Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, Mayday, Scarlet Seedling,
Enchantress, Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.

4/» per dozen. Cask with order.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

mmk The " PATTISSON " HORSE BOOTS

S'".

Fig. ■-', .V quality

SIMPLEST ! STRONGEST ! MOST ECONOMICAL !
iKst- English Sole Leather (Waterproofed), with Mnt.ir Tyre KuIpIki
Studs, cir of s.ilid Kuhhtr, Kif. I r.in In- Refitted repeatedly, equal to New
boots. Rubber Soles Strongly Recommended.

USED FOR MANY YEARS IN THE ROYAL AND IN
THOUSANDS OF THE PRINCIPAL GARDENS.

The "PATTISSON" BOOTS are the most durable on the
market, outi , sting several sets of ordinary boots, and when
worn out can be many times refitted and are then fqualto n w
ones, but this may only be satlsfaotorll/ done by us, the makers.

SILVFR MF.DALS. Hundreds of Test'mon.

Royal Horticultural Soc., 11104 ials. The " Field ■' says : -

>V 1914, Koyal International " As good as anything that

E,\l)ibition, 1912, could be devised *

Illustrated Price Lids, .lr„ia tin: Makem.

H. PATTISSON & CO.,

4-6, Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM. S.W.

IX'NTUACTURS TO II. .M, 00\'T.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

THE HOME OF PURE SEEDS.

^enty-one Departments of th ? Royal Seed Establislim nt, where growers are being supplied with
Seeds for the National Food Supply.

SUTTON <S SONS, the kings seedsmen. READING.

"BULLS

THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER
THAT MADE THE
P-^CHEISEA NURSERIES FAMOUS

iji^BuLL's Plant Food O. 53S.KincsR?Chelsea

Horse Shoe

Boilers

For Economy.

As used in the
Botanical and
Zoological Gardens

COMPLETE
APPARATDS
FROM STOCK.

G.P.KINNELLSCO.,

Ltd. '

South wark St.,
LONDON, S.E.

S'^.<^ A^<^

,^'

Burpee's Seeds Grow

"T^HE truth of this famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality First, — combined with efficient service has built the
World's Greatest Mail-Order Seed Business. Burpee's Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book of 204 pages, in colors, and a Safe Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write tor it today.

W.ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildingi, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

March 10, 1917]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

105

©arim^rs' Cljrnnirk

Xo. 1676.— SATURDAY, MARCH 10, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Allotments at Leeds . . 110
Books, notices of —

Algae 110

Bulbs, home-grown and

foreign Ill

Catalogues, restrictions

on issuing .. .. 110
Farm, crops and stock

ou the 112

Food supply, the .. 110

Galloway garden, notes

f 1 om a 105

Hardy flower border —

Erig run B. Ladhams 106
I lei verticil lata .. ..107
Llewelyn, Sir John .. 110
Local .Societies, the ,. 110
M.irket fruit garden, the 106
Obituary -

Chixrles Winn .. ..112

(trchid notes and glean-
ings—

Odontoglossura Brote-
ham 106

Odoutioda Belice . . 106

Vanda Miss Joaquim . . 106
Pasture, converting, to

arable 110

Peas and Beans, to dry.. 112
Salomon, Etienue, the

late Ill

Societies—

Horticultural Club .. Ill
Sugar Beet for preserves 111
Sulphate of copper,

prices of .. ..110

Vegetables .. ., 107

Vines, the bleeding of .. HI

War items 110

Water-lilies, hybridising 111
Week's work .. .. 108, 109

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Ilex verticillata 107

Xymphaeas in flower Ill

Nymphaea Mrs. Richmond 108

Snowdrops in woodland It5

NichoUsii and Chapmannii, L. lanigerum
and ericoides, have not suffered in the
least. Some species of Olearia have been
reputed of doubtful hardihood. 0. senii-
dentata we have not got yet, and O. in-
signis we lost in a wet winter two or three
years back; but 0. nitida, ilicifolia, mac-
rodouta, nuniiuularifolia, and Giinnii are
untouched. EucrypLia cordifolia is un-

showing in fine contrast to the brighter
emerald of Illicium religiosuni. What one
dreads for this Eucryphia is a late spring
frost to blacken the rubicuim young growth
which it is prone to put forth too soon.

The myriad flower-buds of Tricuspidaria
lanceolata in open borders are uninjured;
but T. lanceolata against a wall is pretty
severely cut in one instance, and perhaps
fatally in another. I do not regret this,
for it is a very inferior plant to the other.
Calceolaria integrifolia, a fine thing wlien
of large size, has been killed back to the
root in some cases, beyond 't probably, in

the open border, Spartium junceum has
been severely cut. It is time I brought
this long story to a close by saying that,
while an immense bush of I'hlomis fruti-
cosa is hanging the points of its silvery
shoots, Fabiana imbricata, Phygelius
capensis, . Abutilon vitifolium, and
Solanum crispum remain in their custo-
mary vigour in the open, while plants of
Mutisia decurreus on walls are bearing
fresh young growths erect.

Among the bewildering multitude of
Barberries, two are especially beautiful at
this season, although, of course, flowerless.
One is the glossy evergreen, Berberis
Kniglitii, which Mr. Bean tells us is a
variety of B. Hookeri, differing from the
type in its extraordinary vigour and much
larger leaves, which are green on both
surfaces; the other is the deciduous B.
virescens. which atones for the sickly
pallor of its flowers in summer by the
beautiful orange-red wands which it dis-
plays in winter.

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-UL*

NEVER was there an apter illustration
than the past winter ha.s afforded of
the weather described in rural par-
lance as " feeding a frost.' From before
Christinas onward, right through January,
the mercury hovered round the freezing-
point, never more than two or three de-
grees above or below it. Then, when tlic
frost was full " fed," it set to work in
earnest, and we had a three weeks' «>pell of
such cold as has not befallen us since the
memorable months of January and
February, 1895. In that year the fro.st
was far more severe than anything we have
had to lx>ar here in 1917, for on that occa-
sion the shaded thermometer twice regis-
tered zero Fahr. ; but a thick and
l>eneficent mantle of snow averted injury
from many susceptible subjects. This yenr
the ri.sk has been greater, for, although the
shadi'(l thcriiiuiiictcr has only twice fallen
so low as 17° Fahr., there has been no
snow. Yet, so far as can be seen, we have
escaped cheaply, probably becau.se the frost
was steady, without trying alternation of
fieezing and thawing.

The plants introduced since 1895 arc so
numerous and various that it is verv in-
teresting to note their liehaviour in their
fir.st experience of a hard British winter.
It is too early to judge of tlie effect upon
bulbous and herbaceous subjects, but it is
.'.atisf.Tctory to record tliat .slirubs, both new
and old. have suffered very little. Among
the new Chinese Rhododendrons collected
by Messrs. Wil.son and Forrest no deaths
have occurred among about forty species
here. Even R. habrotrichiiiii, which, I be-
lieve, comes from Southern China, and
.ibout which I had considerable misgiving
on account of its soft, hairy foliage, is
f|uite fresh and vigorous. It was, indeed,
favoured above the other species, because,
being the only specimen we had, it was
given the protection of some branches of R.
ponticum placed round it. Leptospermum
scoparium (9) feet high) and its varieties
* For previous articles see .Tan, i:!, p. 13, and Fob. 17, p, 69

FlQ. 36. — 3N0WDB0PS IN A SCOTTISH WOODLAND.

others; iiut the prettier C. violacea ic-
iriains ([uilc .safe against a south-west wall
alongside of Berberidopsis corallina.
Lapageria rosea, flowering against a north
wall in November, received no covering (I
cannot be botliered with plants that re-
quire protection), and is none the worse for
the winter, neither are Abelia floribun<la
and Sophora (Edwardsia) grandiflora.
Here and there a Cistus has succumbed,
but th.nt hanpens almost every winter in
our dripping climate; the majority, how
ever, including C. purpureus, Lortettii,
ocvmoides formosus, and others, are un-
hurt. No damage has been done
to Osmanthus Delavayi, Senecio
Grayi and laxifolius. nor to any
Bamboos, except Arundinaria (Tham-
nocalamus) Falconeri, whereof the canes,
twenty feet high, appear to be killed,
though the ba.se of the plant is quite
vigorous. It is strange that, while
Notosp;'rtium Carmichaelii and Car-
rnicliaelin australis remain quite unhurt in

Tlie frost has iinpo.sed a wholesome and
timely check upon early Rhododendrons,
Tliese should come to their own now, and
the bulging flower-buds of R. barbatum.
glaucum, ciliatum, praecox, and others
promise a fine display in March. Most
plants of R. arboreum, however, are
going to be very sparing in bloom, and a.
large bush of R. Luscombci (Fortunei x
Thomsonii), which was loaded last year,
has hardly any flower-buds now.

The blooms of Berberis japonica, usually
one of the chief joys of winter, were
destroyed bv the frost, and methought that
the Witch Hazels, being in full flower when
it set in, must have followed suit, especially
when, on two days with fifteen degrees of
frost, the bushes were so densely sheeted
with hoar that hardly a gleam of their
yellow petals was visible. But these petals
have a marvellous power of resisting cold;
when the thaw came, the plants were as if
nothing had happened, and are still (Feb-
ruary 23) at their best, though Hamamelis

106

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

mollis began flowering before Christma.5-
PaiTotia per&ica, on the other hand, began to
shake out its vermilion anthers on February 5.
when the frost was at its hajdest. It is not so
showy as its relatives, the Witch Hazels, and.
unlike those precocious shrubs, I have never
known it flower here until it is at least twenty
years old.

Perliaps there is no genus whereof the species
a/dopt so many disguises as the Knotweeds
(Polygonum). I am well pleased to find that
P. equisetiforniie, which I reoeived from Kew
two or three years ago, has weathered the cold
without any protection. Unlike many of the
family, its growths are perennial, like very
slender Ruslies, wfliioh in autumn become studded
along almost their entire length with small
white flowers. Herbert Maxwell, Monreilh.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

Odontoglossum Broteham. — This hybrid
OdontoglosBum, raised from amabile X Lam-
bardianum, is a fine flower of good shape, richly
blotched and tinged with claret-red.

Odontioda Belice. — The Odontoglossum
parent of this hybrid is Her Majesty,
which secured the R.H.S. First-class Certifi-
cate on May 22, 1912, and it brings
«xoeiptionaUy fine qualities to the new
hybrid, whose other parent was Oda. rose-
fieldiensis. The sepals and petals vary from
copper colour to greenish-orange, with a slight
trace of mauve on the margin of the lip. The
yellow, which will intensify when the plant
matures, comes from the Odim. triumphans,
which, with Cochlioda Noezliana, produced Oda.
rosefieldiensis.

Both these were sent by C. J. Phillips, Esq^^,
The Glebe, Oak Lane, Sevenoaks, who states
that, being interested in Kentish lore, he names
many of his hybrids with Doomsday names
(a.d. 1088) of towns and villages in Kent. His
Orchid-grower (Mr. R. Bucknell) having gone on
military service, Mr. Fletcher, formeriy with
R. Ashworth, Esq., is filling his place.

VANDA MISS JOAQUIM.
A three-flowered inflorescence of a very inter-
e,=iting form of Vanda, named Miss Joaquim
(teres X Hookeriana) is sent by Mr. F. C.
Puddle, gardener to W. H. St. Quintin, Esq.,
Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorks. The hy-
brid, which was raised at Singapore, and de-
.scribed in Gard. Chron., June 24, 1893, p. 740,
has rosy-violet flowers, with ricli orange in the
labellum. The variety sent appears to be dis-
tinct from the original, and may be a reversion
towards Vanda teres in the form of the lip and
in some other characters. The flowers are blush-
white, and the labellum has a green base and
spur. E.xamination with a lens discloses in the
rose-coloured spotting on the labellum distinct
traces of V. Hookeriana. V. Miss Joaquim is
usua.ny summer-flowering, but this variety is
said to have flowered always in February. It
is not known whether several plants were raised
from the original cross, or if it has been raised
again. If so, this is a seedling variation with
colour suppression.

ERICERON B. LADHAMS.

I .SAW a good collection of the newer Erigerons
in a Scottish garden last year, and was pleased
to observe among them the fine hybrid, or re-
puted hybrid, known as B. Ladhams. The plant
grows nearly 2 feet high, and so the flowers can
b? cut with long stems, which make them suit-
able for inside decoration. The blooms arc
lose-colonred, and the narrow ray florets give
the elegant appearance which constitutes one of
the merits of most of the Flea Banes. S. Arnoit.

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

R.viN fell on only five days in February, and
melted snow was measurable once, making the
small total of 0.82 inch. Frosts from 2° to
12° occurred nearly every night until the 15th.
after which there was mild weather, with many
foggy days, and all the rain measured during
the month. As the frost penetrated to the depth
of at least a foot in the ground, some days of
thaw were necessary to make it workable ; but
digging was practicable after the 20th. Snow
lingered on the ground nearly as long as frost
boimd it. Yet birds did extremely little
damage to the buds of Plums. In this connec-
tion their behaviour is inexplicable to me ;
they often do more damage in a mild winter
than in a severe one. Vegetation of all kinds 's
very backwaixJ.

Problems of Fruit -Planting.
A correspondent asks questions in relation to
the verdicts given in Wobum Fruit Station re-
ports as to raiuming trees when planting, the
aUeged uselessness of taking care to preserve the
fibrous roots, and the comparative failure of
growing Apple trees in grass land. I have ex-
perimented with ramming in two orchards, and
have not found any difference between the
rammed rows and those in which the soil was
simply stamped in well over the roots of the
trees. But then I always insist upon firm
stajnping-in, though without bruising the roots,
so far as this can- be avoided. Ramming is
probably beneficial in qxiite light soils, but is an
unnecessary expense, in my opinion, where the
soil is even moderately stiff, except in the case
of bush trees, branching out somewhat close to
the ground, so that they cannot be staked, to
keep the wind from blowing them about, and
loosening the soil around the roots.

It seems to me desirable to preserve the fibrous
roots on trees when planting, provided that they
are alive at the time. Often, however, the finest
of the fibrous roots have died through being kept
too long out of the soil between the times of
raising from their nursery beds and planting
them, in which case they are clearly useless.

As to the relative advantage of growing
Apples in arable or grass land, all the evidence
that has come before me is in favour of the
former plan. Nothing, it appears, is more fatal
to the vigorous growth of young trees than the
plan of planting them in grass land, and letting
the grass grow closely around them at once, or
even after three or four years. No one can
drive about a fruit district without seeing thou-
sands of trees so treated, miserably dwarfed
things that can never grow to more than half
their proper size. In part of one of my orchards
running grass grew so persistently that it was
almost impracticable to keep the land clean by
digging it in winter, and hoeing it repeatedly in
spring and summer. Tlie soil was in so finely
divided a condition that the slightest shower
rooted the grass afre.sh after it had been hoed
up. Therefore, when the trees were ten years
from the planting, the grass was allowed to grow
around them, being brushed and left on the
ground once or twice in the season. In the
third year of this trial, however, the dwarfing
effect of the plan was so obvious that the land
was restored to arable conditions. The outside
row of trees ha/d half its roots in arable land,
kept clean by hoeing during the three years,
and its superiority to the next row and others
surrounded by grass was a very striking object-
lesson. In this case the variety was Lane's
Prince Albert, a poor grower on my land. But
in a piece of Worcester Pearmain in the same
orchard the same experiment was tried at the
same time, with similar results. In this case
also one outside row bordered upon land kept
hoed, and its superiority to the rows surrounded
by grass was remarkable. Both pieces were dug

after three years in grass, three years ago, and
the trees have partially recovered. It must be
mentioned, however, that some strong-growing
trees, .such as Bramleys, Newton Wonders, and
Royal Jubilees, near to Lane's Prince Albert,
withstood the effects of grassing well enough.
Everyone interested in fruit knows that tliere
are thousands of acres of flourishing grass
orchards of Apples, and Cherries are usually
grown in grass. Vigorously growing varieties of
Apples may have grass left to grow around them
when they are mature with comparative, if not
complete impunity. The fruit will not be as
large as if the land were cultivated ; but its
colour will be better. Considering the great
saving in expense in grass orchards, it is not
certain that they do not pay as well as arable
orchards. In several trials in the United States
between what are called there "sod and mulch"
orchards and arable orchards, in which a cover
crop is annually grown and ploughed in, the lat-
ter, in most cases, have come out first in value
of crops ; but, it memory serves, no account has
been taken of difference in expenses.

Does Gk.ass in Orchards Fostet. Injurious
Insects ?
A reply to this question seen recently was in
the affirmative; but no proof was given, and it
is doubtful whether evidence of any considerable
account on the subject has ever been collected.
Some large growers, who have both cultivated
and grass orchards, might be able to throw light
on the subject. At the same time, they might
give their opinion as to whether fungous diseases
are less prevalent in grass than in arable
orchards. It seems to me that they are likely
to be so, because gra-ss land is drier than arable
in winter and spring.

MiN'iMUM Wages .and Grass Orch.ards.
The impending minimum wage of 25s. a week
for every able-bodied man employed on
a farm will probably lead to many
mature Apple plantations now under cultivation
being left to grass themselves, provided that
there are no bushes growing among the trees.
Such a minimum for all men between 17 and
61 years of age, which is the definition given by
the Prime Minister of "able-bodied men," will
render the work of digging and hoeing very
costly. Men commonly earn as muoh or more
at piecework ; but this is widely different from
their getting at least 2.5s. per week, " wet or
dry," for what is often very leisurely day
work. For a considerable portion of the year
rain, snow, frost, or the wetness of
the soil after rain or snow render
work in the open impracticable, and on
fruit farms, even more emphatically than
on oixlinary farms, there is very little profitable
work tor men under cover. Then fruit-growers
have no guarantee of minimum prices for their
produce, as ordinary farmers have for Wheat and
Oats for six years, so that, unless duties are to
be put upon imported fruit they will have no
reason to expect prices above those of former
peace times after the war is over.

The Condition of Black Currants.
The promise of a Black Currant crop in my
orchards is a very poor one. Probably, in con-
sequence of the full crop of last season, the ex-
tension growth is scanty, and the number of
dead branches is quite extraordinary. The
buds, too, are small and backward.

Keeping Apples.

The holding-back of long-keeping Apples till
Februai7 can hardly have paid this season, as
Bramleys made lis. to 12s. 5d. per bushel in
the latter part of last November, and were
quoted no higher than 12s. to 14s. in the third
week of February, when very few were left.
The ordinary amount of waste would cover the
difference in price. Southern Grower.

MARf-H 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

107

ILEX VERTICILLATA.

Ilex vebticillata (see fig. 37) is the best of
the deciduous Hollies for gardens. Specimens
at Kew have been very attractive during the past
autumn and early winter, the berries being of a
rich sealing-wax red prior to the fall of the
leaves. The bushes are showy in the pleasure
grounds, and provide useful material to cut for
indoor decoration, especially during the Christ-
mas season. The Winterberry, the name by
which this Holly is known in the United States,
is suitable for indoor decorations, the sprays
being more graceful than those of the common,
evergreen Holly,

Ile-x verticillata, A. Gray, or Prinos verticil
latus, Linnaeus, is a native of Eastern North
America, and was first introduced into this coun-
try in 1736. It is a deciduous shrub of pleasing.

will be found a much m.ore appetising vegetable.
Cooked properly and served witih white sauce
they make an excellent and palatable dish, ten-
ded, succulent and wholesome. E. M.

WAX POD, OR BUTTER BEAN,

M.\NT contributors to the Gardeners' Chro-
nicle have urged us to grow this remarkable
Bean, and I would again recommend it to all
who have not tried it. It is a great favourite
on the Continent, and will be enjoyed by any
person who will eive it a trial. Golden Wa.x
Pod is the best variety I know ; it requires the
same treatment as the French Bean, C. Dnvis.
Holy Wells Park Gardens, Ipswich

THE HARICOT BEAN,
The Haricot is a highly nutritious food pro-
duct, can easilv be grown on any but the heaviest

taining seed, and as they should be sown at
ths end of May there is a possibility of utilising-
ground for this purpose which cannot be got
ready for crops which require earlier sowing.
[It is highly desirable that the seeds should be
purchased of a reputable seedsman, and not at
the grocer's, as the former will doubtless supply
tested varieties, — Eds,] T1', A.uton, The Gar-
dens, Pyrford Court, Woking.

POTATOS under glass AND OUT-OF-
DOORS.

At the beginning of last year, in discussing
the question of producing very early Potatos
with my employer, who was willing to sub-
stitute Potatos for flowers, I suggested the
use of a small house that had been used
for growing Carnations in one section and
Melons in the other. In the division use<l for

V ¥^

spreading habit, 5 to 9 feet or more in height.
The plants thrive in most soils, and are readily
increased by layering and seeds. There are
several varieties, including ehrysocarpa, which
has yellow fruits. A. 0.

VEGETABLES.

THE VALUE OF LEEKS,
Some writers have said much in favour of
Leeks as a vegetable grown in the ordinary way
in the open by dibbling a deep hole at planting-
time (in May), dropping the plant some inches
deep in the holes, and allowing these to fill up
by degr€e,s, thus becoming blanched and ready
for uae during tJie winter and spring, when
they are most apprecLaAed, If, however, they
"are" cultivated on Mr, Beckett's method of
producing exhibition specimens, with at least
16 inches of blanched stem 2 inches thick, Leeks

Fig. 37. — ilex verticillata.

soils in the southern half of England, and might
become a potent force in alleviating the pos-
sible food shortage should the war continue
through another winter. 1 grew a considerable
quantity Inst year on comparatively rough and
unmanured ground, and found the return to
be about one hundredfold.

It is now too late to increase materially the
Wlicat supply for this year's hairvest, but much
could be done to encourage the sowing of Hari-
cots amongst the small growers. I suppose
there is no district in the United Kingdom
where the advice of head gardeners is not being
sought by the local organisations for food pro-
duction, and if we could be the means of in-
ducing all those who are taking up food plots
to grow even a few Haricot* the total amount
would be enormous and of great national value.

I have tested the germination power of those
bought at the grocer's, and find it to be about
90 per cent., so there is no difficulty in oh-

[Pllotor/rnjih b;/ E. J. Walli^

Carnations I grew Potatos, and in the other
French Beans. The house has a span roof, with
side stages. The tops of tihe stages are corru-
gated iron covered with a layer of gravel; the
gravel was removed, and in its place we put a
layer (about 2 inches) of a mixture of lime
rubble, burnt refuse, and leaf-soil. Then X had
got together a sufficient quantity of half-and-
half garden soil and soil from Cucumber frames,
with some burnt refuse, old mortar, and .soot.
The whole was thoroughly mixed together and
placed on the stages to a depth of about 8 inches.
The Potatos (Sharpe's Express) had be-en boxed
some time before; they were planted in rows
across the stages, 15 indhes being allowed between
the rows and 9 inches from set to set in the row.i.
Lettuce was planted between the rows, and the
.stages edged with Mustard and Cress, which was
verv useful and gave the whole a neat appear-
ance. As the Potatos were lifted and the eatable
tubers taken off, as an experiment I replanted

108

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

tlieni. During the early part of the time, when
the plant.? were immature, they produced a
second crop of about half the quantity of the
first, but I found, as the plants became more
mature, the second crop got less and less.

I am growing Potatos again this year : the
first batch was planted on December 23, aTnl
the plants are now well above ground, but in-
stead of replanting this year I hope to have
a second lot in pots, and as I ta.ke up the
first I shall replace them with the pot plants.

Our French Beans are planted on similar lines
to the Potatos, H^he Potatos gave an average
crop of about Ij lb. per root, of most e.xcellent
quality. I notice some of the advice for grow-
ing under glass is to box the sets crown ends
up and cover with a mixture of lea.f-soil, spent
Hops or ordinary soil mixed with old manure.
I think the advice a great mistake, as any ex-
perienced grower knows that both roots
and sprouts would be broken off in getting the
sets off this material. When I box my sets
I put a thin layer of small, sharp clinker ashes
in the bottom of the boxes ; this acts as a drain
.ind keeps slugs off the tubers. I always grade
my tubers, one size in one box, and so on, and
plant them in the same order.

Last year I grew a plbt of Sharpe's Express
outof-dowrs. They were planifced 3 feet between
the rows and 18 inches from set to set in the
rows. The only manure they had at the time
nf planting was a mixture of burnt refuse, old
mortar and soot. The crop, when lifted, taking
the proportionate size of the plot, was 15 tons
to the acre. I had five rows marked for taking
the proportionate crop from different-sized
tubers. No. 1 row was planted with the
smallest, and No. 5 the largest-sized tubers.
When the crop was lifted they were as near
as possible in proportion to the size of the
sets, i.e., the largest sets gave the heaviest crop
and smallest sets the lightest. The sets were
ordinary seed s'ze from Scotland. /, O. Blahet/.
TInlmwood Garden.'t. Bcdditch.

NORTH VERSUS SOXJTH POTATO TR.IAL.
To demonstrate the fact that Potato tubers
from a cooler, later district give better results
when planted further south than do those grown
in the south, I carried out the following ex
periment. I sent from a good stock of Mid-
lothian Early ten tubers to be grown in Egypt,
ten in France, ten in Surrey, ten in Midlothian
and ten in Shetland, in 1915. The results were
as foUov;fi, from ten sets: — •
Ejgypt, a failure through locusts.

iBYance, raised August 4 11 lbs. 5 ozs,

Surrey, raised September 1 27 ,, 4 ,,

iM'idlothian, raised September 5... 30 ,, 13 ,,

Shetland 28 „

I asked each of the growers to send me ten
tubers to plant in Midlothian in 1916, and the
following were the results, lifted August 30,
1916: —

10 tubers from France produced 14^ lbs.

10 „ ,, Surrey 23i ,,

10 ,, ,, iMidlo'thian ,, 32^ ,,

10 „ ,, Shetland,,, „ 36 ,,

This is exactly the result I expected, but one
does not alwavs realise expectations in this
world.

To Mr. T. W. Brown, Director, Horticultural
Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza Branch,
Egypt : Messrs. Rivoire and Sons, Lyons ; Di'.
F. Keeble. Rovial Hort.icultural Society's Gar-
dene, Wusley ; amd Rev. D, Houston, St, Olaf
Manse, Lerwick, I am much indebted for helping
me. ir, rut/ihrif.ont,. Dudrlingi>tnn. Midlnffilav.

Coffee Disease.— It is interesting to learn*
that the fungous disease — due to Hemileia vas-
tatrix, which destroyed the Coffee industry in
Ceylon — although present in Uganda, appears
to b© well under control.

« Amwal Report, 1916-16, Dfpt. of Agric, Uganila.

The Week's Work.

necessary. The Brown Turkey is the most re-
liable variety to grow. In some parts of the West
and South of England large standards of this
variety are grown in the open, and yield fine
crop.s of luscious fruits.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W, .\, Cook, Gardener lo tlie Hun, F. Divev.
Abbotts Wood, Godalniing. Surrey.

Alpine Strawberries are useful in the
autumn, and are easily raised from seed sown
now. Choose a good stock and sow the seeds
in boxes filled with rich soil, pressing them down
fairly firm, and placing the boxes in a tempera-
ture of about 50°. As soon as the seedlings
appear give more air, and prick them out into
other boxes or into a frame as soon as large
enough to handle. Harden, and plant out in
well-prepared positions as soon as large enough.

FiQ Trees.— If the Fig trees have been covered,
the protective material should now be removed,
or growth will start prematurely. The Fig will
grow in almost any k'nd of soil, and is often too
vigorous to be fruitful. Rich soil should there-

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jas, Hi-i)so.\. Gardener to Leopold de
Rothschild, Esq., C',V,0., Gunnersbury House, Aeton, W.

Early Melons.- If the plants raised from
the earlier-sown seed have thriven well they
should now be fit to transfer into 48-sized pots.
Even if planting out be decided upon later, it is
well to have the plants as strong as pcssible.
Keep them well up to the light, and in every-
thing aim at a stiff, sturdy growth. Another
baitch of seed may shortly be sown. Riiigleader
is a good variety, and so are Hero of Lockinge
and Sutton's Scarlet.

Figs from Cuttings.— Those who are aim-
ing at an increase in their stock of Figs should
watch the cuttings put in during the early weeks
of the year. Those struck singly in a thumb-pot
should now be fit to transfer" to 48-size pots.

Fig. 38, — nymphaea mes, Richmond.

COLOUE OF FLOWEE EOSE=PINK, STAMENS YELLOW.
(Sec p. 112.)

fore be avoided, though a little extra nourishment
may be given to get the roots well established.
.\fter being well started, the root ai-ea should be
limited. If the trees are seen to be making
too much growth and yielding too little fruit,
curtail the nourishment at the roots by building
a rough wall of old bricks or stone, about 6 feet
from the base, filling in the spaces with old
mortar rubble. Fig trees often grow and fruit
well in paved yards. The trees require very
little attention beyond a periodical thinning of
the branches, and, as a rule, the older the tree
the more prolific it is. In pruning, all the long,
gross wood should be cut out, and only the well-
ripened and short-jointed wood retained, except
tor the extension of the tree. These shoots should
be laid in and nailed or tied quite straight,
leaving room for the large foliage to develop and
for new shoots to form for the following season.
In many cases even the longest shoots retained
will need pruning, especially in the case of extra
vigorous ones. When bare spaces exist, prune
a strong shoot hack to two or three eyes, and
when they break, rub off those not required. A.
u'rent deal of thumb-and finger work is necessary,
and the more is done, tlie less pruning will be

Keep these young Fig trees in bottom-heat, and
give them all the encouragement possible. When
potting make the soil quite firm.

Soil for New Vine BoRDtRS.— Where it is

contemplated to plant a vineiy afresh, the proper
selection and prepaiation of the soil is of the
utmost importance. The staple material shoidd
consist of a fibrous, calcareous, yellow loam,
neither too heavy nor too light in texture. Such
soil cannot, however, be always obtained, in which
case the top spit of an old pasture is tJhe
best substitute. On one occasion I had to rely on
a local loam that was not quite the ideal mate-
rial for vines, but the turf was tough and full
of fibre, and it answered the purpose very well,
If the loam is on the heavy side and approaching
clay, it would be well to add sandy or gritty soil
to it. Such soil can often be obtained by the
roadside in country districts, but it must not be
taken from roads that have been dressed with
tar. What are usually termed road s-rapings
form a good material to add to heavy soils.
Burnt ballast is another good medium for mixing
with heavy soils to keep them open, and I have
used it with good results, Ch:ircoal of the size

March 10, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

of small nuts is of great benefit in all soils, and
there should be added a quantity of half-inch
bones and old mortar rubble, the last well
crushed. These materials should not be need to
excess, but in just sufficient quantity for traces
of each to be apparent in the soil. Having
secured all these essentials, the next pro-
cess is to reduce the loam in size, say,
to about the size of the fist. Next proceed to
incorporate the ingredients well together, choos-
ing a dry day for the work. The heap of soil
should be covered with a waterproof sheet, to
protect it from rains. Turn the compost at least
once before it is taken into the vinery, and it
should be used in a fairly dry condition ; this is
an all-important matter, and upon it will depend
the wellJbeing of the vines for years to come.
The drainage of the border must be perfect,
brickbats with the mortar still adhering to them
being the best choice of material, placing the
coarser pieces at the bottom. It may be neces-
sary, if it is suspected that the soil may become
waterlogged, to employ drain-pipes, in which
case the pipes must have a good fall and a suit
able outlet. In the case of cold, wet soils. I
prefer to have the bottom concreted. I had this
done when remaking the vine borders here some
years ago after aJi attack of phylloxera, and
it well repaid the extra trouble and cost. The
oonoret* need only be of good lime and sand.
It may be urged by some growers that it is not
necessary to attend to these preliminaries, and
that vines will do well with less trouble. This
may be true, but the soil must be of a suitable
nature and of a good depth. The vines intended
for planting should be treated carefully. I prefer
to let them break naturally and plant in the first
week in April. The pruning should be done to
suit the requirements of each individual vine.

THE ORCHID HOUSES-

Bv J COLMKB. Gardener to Sir Jjremuh Coi.ij.*n,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reigate.

Masdevallia.— September is the month
usually chosen for repotting these Orchids, but
if the work was not carried out at that date the
present is a suitable time to supply fresh rooting
material. The stronger-growing sorts of Masde-
vallias, such as M. Harrjana, M. Veitchiana, M.
ignea. M. Chelsonii and M. amabilis. that have
become pot-bound, may be shifted into larger
pots. Do not disturb the roots more than is
necessary. Others, which have become bare in
the centre, may be broken up and, after cutting
away all decayed parts, be potted afresh in
smaller pots. M. tovarensis will now be passing
out of flower, and will commence to make new
growth, at which stage new rooting material
should be afforded. This Orchid is best grown
in shallow pans suspended from the roof-rafters.
Masdevallias of the Chimerae section should also
be given attention at the roots at this period —
they grow well in Teak-wood baskets hung from
tihe roof. A layeir of Kern nliizomes should he
placed over the fcottom of the basket for drainage
purposes, with a covering of Sphagnum-moss.
Crocks should not be used, as they hinder the
flower spikes from pushing downwards through
the bottom of the basket. A suitable compost
for all the Masdevallias mentioned is one-half
Osmunda or A 1 fibre chopped up rather short,
and the remainder half-decayed Oak leaves
rubbed through a half-inch sieve. Add chopped
Sphagnum-moss, crushed crocks and silver sand.
If there is no house devoted to Ala-sdevallias
they should be grown in the warmest and shadieet
part of the Odontoglossnm house.

Lakliah and Uaflio - CATTLevA».-LaeIia
pivmila. L. rubens, L. Oravesiae. and their
hybrids L.-C. riive and h.C Cornelia, will be
pushing forth new roots from the base of the
pseudo-bulbs, and any necessary repotting .should
be carried out. The dwarf sorts are best grown
in well-drained, shallow pans, suspended from
the roof-rafters at the cooler part of the inter-
mediate house. The stronger growers, such as
L.C. Epicaste, should be grown in pots and
placed on the stage. After repotting, the plants
should be given just sufficient water at the root*
to keep the p.sendo-bulbs from .shrivelling, until
the young roots arc well into the new compost,
after which they should receive more copious
supplies.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By .1. Dl-NK. Foreman Royal Gardens. Windsor.

Salad Plants in Pits.— Endive and Lettuce
plants in cold pits must be freely ventilated
during mild weather. Stir the soil between the
plants and remove all decaying leaves. During
showeiy weather the lights should be raised, but
the plants must not be exposed to drip. The pit
containing Endive may be covered with Fern or
other material which will ensure perfect dark-
ness at least ten days before the plants are re-
quired for use. Continue to plant young Lettuce
plants as space becomes available, and make
further small sowings for succession.

Asparagus Beds.— The work of cleaning and
pricking over the surface of Asparagus beds
should be accomplished with as little delay as
possible. Wliile the alleys are being dug some of
the finest soil may be spread over the bed and the
crowns should be covered with at least 4 inches
of fine, rich soil. If new plantations are con-
templated the ground should be trenched and
thoroughly prepared now, so that it may become
settled before the planting season arrives.

Parslky.— As soon as the state of the soil
will permit, a sowing of Parsley may be made
with a view to producing a supply throughout
the summer. Parsley is a deep-rooting plant,
and requires good, rich soil. The situation
should be cool, but not too shady, as, for in-
stance, a border facing east. The plants raised
in .July last for winter use will run to seed in
May or June, and should be removed from the
ground as soon as successional plants are ready
to take their place. Sow the seeds in shallow
drills 18 inches apart and thin to 6 inches apart
as soon as the plants are of sufficient size.
Another sowing made in July will furnish a
supply throughout the winter. If seeds were
sown in boxes in January the young plants will
s(X)n be ready for pricking into boxes or
pane, and should be planted in a wood frame as
.soon as large enough. Old plants which have
been exposed to the weather throughout the win-
ter should be divested of all decaying leaves
and the ground carefully hoed. A light dusting
of soot may be applied with advantage as soon
as the surf.ace of the soil has been stirred.

TuRNiPS.-Turnip seed should be sown in a
sheltered position with a view to producing roots
ill quantity at the earliest date possible. Sow
the seeds thinly in shallow drilKs made 1 foot
apart. If birds are troublesome, place nets over
the seed-bed. As soon as the seedlings are of a
suit.ible size, thin them carefully to 8 inches
apart, and work the Dutch hoe between the rows
to destroy small weeds. Frequent dustings of
finely sifted wood ash will be of great benefit to
the crop. Early Milan, Snowdrop, and White
Model are suitable varieties for present sowing.

Broad Beans. -Long-pod Beans should be
planted for succession in rich soil which has been
deeply dug .and manured in early winter. The
seeds .should be sown in double drills 2 inches
<iccp. Seedlings of the earliest batch are well
through the surface, and the soil about these
should be stirred frequently with the hoe. As
the season advances, remove the tops of the
shoots from the more forward plants to hasten
the development of the pods.

Parsnips and Onions.- If not already done,

take advantage of the first favourable opportunity
to sow the main crop of Parsnips and Onions,
but unless the soil is in a ci-umbling condition
this work will be better dekyed for a time.

Carrots.— A small sowing of Early Horn
Carrots may be made on a warm south border
ill shallow drills 9 inches apart. The soil
should he light and rich. Thin the plants
as soon as they are large enough to handle to
2 inches apart in the row. Frequent light dust
ings of soot in the early mornings will keep slugs
in check. A successional sowing should be made
a fortnight later.

PoTATOS.- In order to obtain new Potatos
from the open as early as possible, plant an early
variety in a sheltered position as soon as the
.soil is in a suitable condition. If the tubers are
planted under a south wall in well-prepared .soil
there will be very little dilficntly in protecting
the plants from injury by frost. These should
bo ready to lift ten days earlier than those in
open borders. M\ tubers intended for planting

should be placed on end in boxes and exposed
to the light in order for them to make stocky
sprouts. Sprouted sets should be planted on all
available south borders and other sheltered posi-
tions by the middle of March, and provision made
for their protection from frost either by keep-
ing a quantity of dry Fern at hand or some other
light material which can be used quickly for the
purpose. Early Potatos in jjits are making rapid
progress, and reqtiire plenty of ventilation to
prevent them becoming drawn ,■ water should
■also be giAeu freely while the plants are grow-
ing actively. .Successional plantings should be
earthed up carefully before the shoots become too
long ; if the soil is dry, water it copiously the
day previous to earthing up.

ToMATOS. — Sow Tomato seeds, to raise plants
for outdoor cultivation, in pans of finely sifted
.soil. Germinate them on a gentle hotbed, and
when the seedlings are well through the soil,
jilace them near the roof-glass in a house having
a temperature of 60°. As soon as the plants are
large enough they may be potted into 3-inch pots,
and when these' are well filled with roots they
may be shifted into 6-inch pots. Strong plants
should be available about the third week in May
for planting against south or west walls.

PLANTS UNDERCLASS,

Bv J G. Weston. Gardener to Lady Northcote,

Eastwell Park. Kent.
Mignonette.- Plants coming into bloom must
not suffer from lack of moisture, or the flower-
spikes will be stunted. Feed them regularly,
using a little maniu'e or clear soot-water alter-
nately with artificial manure. Stake neatly,
using very light sticks of thin Bamboo points,
and keep "the plants in a light position. Later
batches in frames should be encouraged by top-
dressings, or transferred to larger pots if speci-
men plants are desired.

Allamanda HENDiRsONii.-This is one of
the most satisfactory warm-house or stove
climbers. A healthy specimen, trained on the
roof, will give a succession of large yellow bloimis
for many months. A great point in its favour
is that it is rarely attacked by insect pests.
Having been given a good rest by keeping the
roots dry during the winter, the plant should
now be pruned back to firm, well-ripened wood.
Do not leAve too many shoots ; the results are
infinitely better if it is trained thinly, and thus
well exposed to sun and air. Whether growing
in a tub or in a border, the old, worn-out top
soil should be loosened and removed. Give a
good soaking with water, and then top-dress with
cow-manure and good turfy loam. Beyond a
daily spraying, very little water will be required
until the plant is growing freely. The drainage
must be ample, as when in full growth copious
supplies of water are required.

BOUGAINVILLEA.- If not already done estab-
lished plants of Bougainvillea growing in cool
con.servat4iries or greenhouses should be pruned
and clean.sed before they start into new growth.
This plant succeeds best after a period of rest
ill winter by withholding water land lowering the
tem,perature of the house. It thrives in vary-
ing conditions and in almost any position, and
makes a capital plant for the amateur's green-
house. Specimens succeed well planted in bor-
ders at the back of houses and trained on the
wires under the roof. In pruning, cut the shoots
hard back to well-ripened wood. Those of well-
established plants should be cut to within a few
buds of the main stems to make spurs, as in the
vine. Thin the young shoots to a rea.sonable
number for the space, and allow them to hang
in a pendant position to give a natural effect.
Syringe the plants daily in fine weather and give
the roots plenty of water when in full growth.
B. glabra is the oldest variety in genera,] culti-
vation ; others of more recent introduction are
B, Cypheri, B. Maud Chettleburgh and B. San-
deriana. The last-named variety is very free
flowering and blooms profusely in small pots. Pot
plants are suitable for decorative purposes ; they
need constant attention and extra care in water-
ing and feeding. Bougainvilleas may be propa-
gated easily from cuttings formed of the young
shoots with a heel of old wood. Make them
about 6 inches long, and insert them in sandy
soil. Place the cutting pots in a warm propa-
gating fraime and keep it dosed.

no

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB. 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W.C-

Editors and Publisher- — Oixr correspondents
would obviate delay m obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Potlishbh ; nn3 that aU com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
nnil much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
iihen letters are misdirected.

Illustrations-— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
erents likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Average Mean Thmperaturb for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lait fifty
years as Greenwich. 11.2°.
\rTUAL Temperatdrb :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. Thursday, March 8
(10.0 a.m.): Bar. 29.9; temp, 30,5°. Weather—
.Sunshine.

SALES FOR THB CNSUINS WHK.

TUESDAY—

N'ursery etock ait the Woodliiaids Nursea-y, Maresfield,
Sussex, bv Protheroe ajld Morris, at 12 o'cdock.

WEDNESDAY-

Greenhouses, Hot-water Piping, and Sundries, at 407,
Hertfoixi Road, Lower Edmonton, hy Protheroe &
Morris, at 12 o'clock.

Fruit Trees, Roses, Plants, Lilies, .&c.. at Protheroe
and Morris' Rooms, 67 and 68. Cheapside, at 1 o'clock
and 3 p.m.

TUtiRSDAY-

Ro.se.s in variety, at Protheroe and Morris' Rooms,
at 1 o'clock.

FRIDAY—

Topiary Work, Garden Furniture, ajnd Oitnamente,
at Protheroe and Morris' Rooms, at 1 o'clock.

It is about thirteen
years since Prof. West
^^*' published his book on

T/ie British Freshwater
Ali/ae, and those of his colleagues who were
aware that he had a large work in prepara-
tion have been awaiting its appearance
with much interest. Unfortunately, it has
been delayed owing to the serious illness
of the author, but the firs) volume has now
been published*, and the concluding one,
we may hope, will not be very long delayed.
The author regards the present instal-
ment as dealing with thp biology of the
group of plants included in the blue-green
and green algae, together wi*li the diatoms.
But the ordinary person would probably
regard it more as a handbook of the mor-
phology and taxonomy of the plant-s. Truth
to tell, the biology (in the ordinary sense
of the teiin) is rather slender. There are
many obvious biological points which
have received no treatment at all,
and what there is strikes one as
being rather scrappy. The author

shows his real bent in the grouping
of the genera and in the illustrations of
related forms. If one dpsired to criticise
the plan of the book adversely, one would
say that, for a book of this size, the wealth
of examples vms rather over-done. The

♦ Algae. Vol. I. By 0. S. West, M.A., D.Sc, Mason
Professor of Botany fin theV I'niversity of Birmingham.
Cambridge University^ Press, 1916.)

reader who is not a specialist in the group
may easily find himself somewhat oppressed
by the number of unfamiliar genera often
only adduced as examples, and seldom
more than briefly described. But then,
it is no book for the beginner. To any-
one who has studied the group, it provides
a valuable presentation of a great range of
facts, and it will certainly take its place
as a solid contribution tn the literature of
this important group of plants.

We note some errors and omissions, but
such are almost inevitable in a book of this
kind. Thus, in speaking of the Red Snow
plant no mention is made of the interest-
ing fact that the alga will turn red when-
ever it is grown under conditions of nitro-
gen starvation, and will ranidly turn green
when a source of nitrogenous food is sup-
plied to it.

The account given of the cytology of
Spirogyra, as elucidated by Trondle, is in-
correct. Trondle clearlv showed that, as
might have been anticipated, the three
supernumerary nuclei in th^ germinating
spore degenerates, and that the
coalescence descril>ed by older authors
rests on mistaken interpretation.

We note that Prof. 'iv„,,f t-oprnt; to adhere
to the view that reduction in the number
of chromosomes is necessarily connoted
with the gametophyte stage of the life his-
tory, although the example of the brown
Seaweeds (Fucus) clearly shows that the
sexual organs may arise on what, if con-
sistent, he would have to term the sporo-
phyte.

But these things do not greatly detract
from a valuable work, and the author may
be congra'tulated on havino: made an im-
portant contribution to science.

CONVERTINQ PASTURE TO ARABLE CULTI-
VATION .—Although treating the subject from an
agricultural point of view, the account* by Mr.
Arthur Amos of the means of overcoming some
of the difficulties attending the conversion of
pasture to arable land should be rea-d by gar-
deners engaged in this work. The need for
consolidating the fresWy-broken .turf, the risks
of damage from insect pests, and manurial treat-
ment are all dealt with.

Allotments at Leeds.- The demand for

allotments at Leeds is very great. The Paj-ks
Committee has received 950 appJications, and Mr.
Allsop, the Parks Superintendent, under whose
charge the allotments are made, hopes to supply
every applicant with a plot. In addition to
this work, he is supervising the cultivation of
60 acres devoted chiefly to Potatos, Oats and
Peas. Seed Potatos of the varieties Eclipse,
King Edward, and Arran Chief, fertilisers and
tools are supplied to allotment-holders at cost
price, and a leaflet on Potato cultivation has
been prepared for their use.

The Food Supply.— Everyone interested in
the understanding of food problems should
study the Report on the food supply of the
United Kingdom drawn up by a Committee of
the Royal Society at the request of the Presi-
dent of the Board of Trade.

Prices of Sulphate of Copper. -An
arrangement has been made by the Board of
Agriculture with manufacturers of sulphate of
copper, whereby sulphate of copper will be sold
for home coosimiption in the United Kingdom
at the price of £50 per ton, in quantities of not

• Journal of the Board of Agric., Feb., 1917.

less than 2cwts-, delivered free on rail at
maker's works, in maker's bags, nett cash with
order- The price charged by dealers and mer-
chants other than manufacturers is not to ex-
ceed 6id. per pound. These prices are to apply
to sulphate of copper, blue vitriol, or hlue stone
of a standard quality of not less than 98 per
cent, purity. They do not apply to sulphate
of copper sold for export. The prices state<l
above are below the market prices recently
ruling.

Hold Fast to your Garden Catalogues.

—Horticulture, already very sorely tried, will
now have to face a new difficulty owing to the
Order that forbids the issuing of catalogues by
post, except in response to request. May we
suggest that it would be as well for all amateurs
and gardeners to keep their present lists for refer-
ence? In the circumstances, nurserymen ajid
.seedsmen may not deem it prudent to print the
bulb, herbaceous, Rose, Coniferae and fruit cata-
logues usually distributed in autumn and winter.
Sir John T. Dilwyn Llewelyn, Bart.—
Horticulturists will learn with deep regret of the
loss sustained by Sir John Llewelyn in the death
of his wife, on the 3rd inst., at Penllergaer, near
Swansea. Sir John Llewelyn is a distinguished
personality in the gardening world, and his
beautiful gardens at Penllergaer bear testimony
to his enthusiasm tor plants, aJid especially for
choice trees and shrubs. He is a former mem-
ber of the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and was for many years the Presiident
of the Horticultural Club. Ever ready to for-
ward the interests of horticulture, he served as
President of the National Potato Society, and is
a vice-president of the National Chrysanthemum
and National Carnation and Picotee Societies,
and Patron of the National Dahlia Society. In
1907 he was awarded the Victoria Medal of
Honour.

War Items. — The American horticultural
Press records the death at the front of Mr.
Harold B. Buedett, florist, of Seattle, Wash-
ington, U.S.A., with the English Army Mr.
BtTRDETT, who was only 32 at the time of his
death, being an Englishman, joined a Canadian
regiment and went with it to France.

Second-Lieutenant Herbert Denis Phil-
lips has been killed in action. He was the
second son of Mr. F. G. Phillips, of Wulverle,
Olton, and was 26 years of age. Mr. Phillips,
whose death was instantaneous, was a keen
trade grower of Daffodils, a member of the
Horticultural Club, and a member of the com-
mittee of the Midland Daffodil Society.

Private T. S. Page, of the Worcester-
shire Yeomanry, whose death has occurred in
action, was formerly employed in the Earl of
Ditdley's gardens at Witley Court.

Private Allen P.^rkes, reported killed

in France, was gardener to Mr. J. D. Harwarp,
ex-Mayor of Stourbridge, Winterfold, Chaddci-
ley Corbett. He was 31 years of age.

The Local Societies.— Both before the
beginning of the war and since, Elstree Horti-
cultural Society, of which the Hon. Vicary
GiiiBS is President, has been doing good woilc
in promoting horticulture, especially with regard
to the cultivation of vegetables. The member-
ship is a large one, and until recently an annual
show was held. In place of the usual exhibi-
tion, prizes are now offered for the best Potato*
crops, growing crops, and vegetables. Allot-
ments are being provided all over the district,
and practical members are doing much by way
of giving advice. Lord .'^LDEXH-iM has provided
allotments, free of charge for the time being,
adjoining Elstree village, and the land is now
being broken up and cultivated. Between 50
and 40 tons of seed Potatos have been purchased
and distributed by Mr. W. J. PRrrCHAED, secre-
tary of the society. A depot has been estab-
lished at Elstree for providing fre.sh vegetables
and fruit for the Fleet.

MARrH 10. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ill

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

iThe

Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
The Bleeding of Vines.- H'. /. S. (p. 104)
covild stop the bleeding of his vines by the fol-
lowing method. Get a small Potato, cut it in
half, make an incision rather smaller than
the wood, and then push it on nearly up to the
bud. I have seen this plan very successful
after other methods had failed. IT". Chittij.

Hybridisinq Water Lilies. In connection
with ilr. Hudson's exhibit at the last meeting
of the Horticultural Club of lantern slides of
Marliac Water Lilies, it is of interest to remem-
ber that Sir Joseph Paxton called attention sixty-
five years ago to the desirability of British Horti-
cultural experiments on the hybridisation of
Xymphaeas.

He WTote as follows (GarJ. Chron., July 10.
1852) : — " How is it that aquatic plants are
seldom or never brought under the influence of
hybridism? They are objects of great beauty,
are, and always must be much
in request, and appear to be
just as submissive to man as
other plants. Their constitu-
tions may certainly be affected
by crossing quite as much as
the Rhododendron. Yet, while
the tender crimson species of
the Indian Rhododendron are
brought to act upon the hardy
pale facos of the United States,
the delicat* white Water Lily
of our rivers is left to wild
nature in the presence of the
most glowing tints possessed by
her tropical kindred. It may
be said that there are physical
difficulties in the way of cross-
ing Water Lilies. We grant it.
The yellow Nuphars are not
likely to breed with the
white and blue and crimson
Xymphaeas, and perhaps Vic
toria may refuse all alliance
with either. But then it is the
same everywhere ; a Currant
will not breed with a Goose-
berry, nor an Apple with a
Pear. Nevertheless, Goose

berries find kindred blood
among Gooseberries, and Cur
rants among Currants ; and why
may it not .ilso happen to the
Nymphaeas themselves? This
sort of crossing is certainly pos
Bible. It has been done.
'Some vears sinice mules were
obtained in the horticultural
garden between the tender blue
Nymphaea of the Cape of Good
Hope and the hardy white one
of England. But owing to
neglect they were allowed t-n
peri.sh, and that e.xperiment
came to nothing.' " He tlien de-
scribes Nymphaea Devoniensis, which was pro-
duced by crossing N. rubra with N. Lotus, and
adds :_ " Let us hojie that this ex.ample will not
be thrown away. There can be no difficulty in
operating to any extent upon the white Nym-
phaea, which we should take for the mother of
the brood that it is hope<l will come." The
brood came, but at the hands of M. Marliac.
Franlc Crisp.

The Late M. Etiinne Salomon.- I wa.s
sorry to rea<i on p. 103 of the death of this
famous French vine-grower, who spoke excellent
English. Tlie last time I m^et him was at
that cfliairming little reunion at Ledoyen's on
the occasion of the Schneider banquet in Paris
in 1907. Messrs. E. Salomon et fils were pro-
minent exhibitors of vines and Grapes, espe-
cially at the Paris Autumn .Shows. C. H. P.

Sugar Beet for Preserves.- Mr. T. C.

Deanes, The Council School, Long Creadon^
Thame, ha-s advised in the daily press the use
of Sugar Beet in making jam. He says, " Mixed
with the fruit and well boiled, not only is less
fruit required, but practically no sugar is

needed. In the case of very sweet fruits like
Strawberries no sugar at all is needed provided
that the jam is boiled well and is not kept too
long. The Beet should be boiled separately and the
pulp added, the proportion varying from one-half
to two-thirds, according to the ripeness and
sweetness of the fruit." In view of the shortage
of sugar it would be of much interest and real
value to know if any readers have tried Sugar
Beet for this purpose, and what is their ex-
perience with it for preserves. 7'. IP. Boln.^,
Mnunt Stewart Garden.^. Co. Dou-n.

Home-grown and Foreign Bulbs.— In

any consideration of the future of the British
bulb-growing industry, the fact that there are
bulb merchants and flower growers who are not
necessarily bulb growers must not be overlooked.
Nor should it be foi-gotten that when prohibition
Ordeal are withdrawn from foreign bulbs duties
may be imposed upon tJioae classes of goods
which may be grown in tJhis country. If such
duties are imposed upon imported bulbs at the
lasit moment, tliie may he done without tihe
benefit of the advice th/)t sihould be forthcoming

Management Committee for 1916, of which the
following paragraphs are exti'aots ; —

E.XTRACTS FROM THE REPORT.

Th<?

stringent lighting regulations issued last
autunia nave not tended to encourage attendance at
evening meetings in towTl, and for this reason the
progranune of the club was cut down.

The aimual general meeting took place on February 22,
when the president, Sir Frank Orisp. Bart., presided.
The social dinner which gencrallv follows this meeting
W.1S omitted.

On the kind invitation of the president about fifty
members visitetl Friar Parle on June 22. the dote of the
annual outing. On farmer occaisioas our visits to the
president's famous gardens have taken place in July, and
the earlier date was selected last year in oixler to give
the visitors an opportunity of seeiilg more of the rock-
gaitlen plants in flower

On October 10, Mr. Reginald Farrer gave an account of
hi,s recent exploratjons in Tibet, and described many of
the intejrestinig ond bea.uitiifuil jplantts he discovejed
there.

The way in which the membens have supported th«
club during the war is most satisfactory. There have,
nevertheless, been a few resignations and some deaths.
y\r. J, Gnriie\- Fowler, whose death occurred during the
year, was a trustee of the club. The committee has
induced Mr. W. A. Bilney to succeed him in that office.

ALBA ROSEA IN FOIIEGROUND,
(Sec p. 112.)

ELLISIANA IN BACKGROUND.

from tlie trade. It is essential, therefore, that
this question should be considered at once, so
that terms acceptable alike to the trade and the
Government may bo drawn up. In the event of
any duty being imposed upon imported bulbs,
the basis of weight rather than numbers should
be axJopted. C. K.

of membea'S at the pi'P.-ent tj

soci£:ti£:s.

RTICULTURAL CLUB.

ANNUAL MEETING.
February 27. — The annual meeting of the
members of the Horticultural Club was held in
the Club Room at the Hotel Windsor, West-
minster, on the 27th ult. The chair was occupied
by the president. Sir Frank Cri.sp, Bart., and
the attendance of membei's was satisfactory.
Mr. R. Hooper Pearson, hon. secretary, read a
letter from Sir Harry J. Veitch, regretting his
inability to be present owing to a severe chill.
.Mr. Pearson then read the report of the

The nu
hundred.

The sum of £150 has been invested in the War Loan,
making the club investments up to £600 (lace value).
The sum of £50, promised to the War Horticultural
Relief Fund, has been paid.

The president congratulated the members on
I he .'atisfnctory nature of the report and the
Muuid condition of the finances. The motion
^vas .seconded by Mr. R. W. Wallace, and carried
unanimously. The next business was the election
of the Management Committee. 1'lie members of
the committee for 1916 were tmanimonsly re-
elected en bloc, their names being as follows :
P. Rud.ilph Barr, W. A. Hiliiiev, E. A. Bunvard,
W. B. Cranfield, W. CutJlibertson, H. R. 'Dar-
lington, Chas. T. Dnrery, W. J. Jefteries, H. B.
May, George Monro, Georgio Paul, J. F.
McLeod, C. E. Pearson, R. Finohos, and Edward
White.

Lkcturf. on Water Lilies.

.\bout forty members and friends of the Club
assembled for dinner at 5.30, aind afterwards Mr.
.Tames Hudson gavo a, lecture on Water Lilies,
illustrated by culoiirecl lantern-slides. Mr.
Hudson said that his interest in Water Lilies

112

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

began sixty or more years ago, when he was still
a schoolboy, but it was about twenty-five years
ago that he first took up their cultivation
seriously, when he purchased a dozen of tlie
earliest of .M. Latour-Marliac's hybrids for 52s.
Tlie varieties included albida, oliromatella.
rosea, carnea, X. odorata rubra, N.o. rosea. X.o.
exquLsita, X.o. sulphurea, N. pygmea helvela,
and N. flava. His experience with these
varieties was that all were hardy except N.
flava. .Mr. Hudson said that M. 'Marliac's
work in hybridising Water Lilies had enriched
our gardens with some of the most beautiful of
l)lants. He described M. Marliac's nursery
at Teniple-sur-Lot as an ideal place for
\Va.ter Lilies, containing ae it did a warm
spring, the water of which never fell below
55° Fahr. Even the tropical species such
a.s N. stellata and N. zanzibarensis
luxuriated there, whilst the Nelumbiuni was also
quite at home. M. Latour-Marliac senior
spent fifteen years in hybridising in the early
days of the nursery, but unfortunately lost his
whole s'tock, and wa.s obliged to begin
afresh, this time with the happy results well
known to all Nymphaea-lovers. The late Herr
Froebel, of Ziirich, had also experimented in the
raising of seedlings, and to him we owed the
beautiful N. Froebelii. Mr. Dreer and others
in the United States had likewise been successful
in raising several meritorious hybrids. The list
of hybrids had now become a formidable one,
and a beginner would find it difficult to select a
list of fifteen or twenty. During the

spring of 1916 the plants at Gunnersbui-y House
had been overhauled, and only the choicest re-
tained. The best specimens of these had been
photographed in colours, and it was from these
portraits that the slides he was now using had
been prepared by Mr. R. A. Malby. The
varieties were as foUo-ws ; Gladstoniana, Mov-
reiana, pygmea, helvola, colossea. suavissima,
raroliniana rosea. Marliacea rosea, formosa, Jlrs.
Kiahmond, lucida, Seignoureti , sanguinea,
i\[aisa«ieUo, Galatee, Niewton, Jas. Brydon, .Jas.
Hudson, Escarboucle, Listeri, gigantea Hud-
.«oniana. Attraction, atropurpurea, W. Fal-
coner, and Conqueror. It was well known that
the habit of Nymphaea flowers was to
expand in sunshine, and close at dusk,
but he had often noticed that on bright
moonlight nights in September the blooms
would be fully expanded. He issued a word of
warning to would-be Nymphaea growers against
allowing waterfowl to have access to the plants,
on account of their destructive habits, swans,
ducks, and moorhens being specially trouble-
some. Certain good hybrids were liable to fail
through exhaustion, and he had lost in this way
N. odorata rosea, N. o. exquisita and N.
gloriosa. Most of the hybrids were the better
for occasional diviision, the best crowns only
being replanted. Indeed, division was necessary
in the case of certain hybrids, or thear growth
would become too cix>wded. For very \"igorous
hybrids he would recommend water up to 9 or
10 feet in depth ; tho-:e which needed such treat-
ment made is evident by their verv long petinle.s
and leaf-stalks.

In the course of discussion after the lecture.
Sir Frank Crisp remarked that he had not been
aware that Water lilies required such deep
water : he had certain varieties growing in
about 2 feet, and they were perfectly suc-
cessful. The foliage was freely thinned.
Mr. E. Farrer was surprised that the lec-
turer had not referred to Nelumbium specio.
sum, which is perfectly hardy. He had
seen it growing and flofwering 'fr'C'ely in the
rivers from Cevlon northwards to Japan and
to the centre of China. Sir FraTik Cr-isp said
that he had grown it for ten or fifteen years, but
had never been able to fnduce it to flower. Mr.
R. W. Wallace ?aid that he considered Xym-
phaeas to be amongst tlie easiest of all plants to
grow. Tlie plants should be frequently divided
and replanted in hard mud, placing a mulch
around the crown every spring. There was, in
his opinion, no finer variety than Escarboucle.
If he w-ere to grow six only, he would select
them as follows : Gladstoniana, Miarliacea rosea,
Escarboucle, William Falconer, .Tames Brydon,
and Mrs. Richmond.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

a Baelet.

Barley is one of the most useful of farm crops,
and the meal is invaluable for fattening pigs, espe-
cially when mixed with steamed or boiled fotatos.
For poultry, too. Barley as meal and as whole corn
is wholesome. When grown sufficiently well to be
used for malting. Barley is a particularly profit-
able crop, and the straw is good for spreading in
cattle yards, especially in the lambing fold, as
it does not twist around the legs as the longer
Wheat or Oat straw does. By Strawberry
growers, too. Barley straw is much appreciated
for "bedding" the plants, to prevent the fruit
from being soil-splashed. Barley can follow a
Wheat crop if the land is in good condition.. In
some counties Barley follows Rape, Turnips, or
Kale, eaten oft by sheep ; in others, it is sown on
a clover or grass ley, ploughed and pressed in the
autumn. The chief point is to avoid too rich
land, as the straw is liable to be laid by heavy
rains. If this happens before the straw is ripe,
it does not rise again. Barley is the quickest of
all cereals to germinate, and when the "ears are
lying on the ground the corn quickly "sprouts."
A light, loamy soil, or overlying chalk, is the best
for Barley : heavy soils, especially clay, are un-
suitable. Preparation of the soil is important.
A fine surface tilth is imperative, produced by
autumn ploughing, with repeated stirrings of
the soil at seeding time by the plough or cultiva-
tor, and the breaking of all surface clods by
the harrow or roller. Sowing should be
done in fine weather; the middle of JIarch.
if fine, is a good time. Drilling is the
best method of sowing ; when the seed is buried
at irregular depths part of the crop ripens early
and some late. Chevalier and Archer's Stiff
Straw are good varieties. Three bushels of seed
per acre is ample. After sowing, harrow suffi-
ciently to bury the seed, and use the roller if the
surface is rough. Even growth is all important.
and it cannot be obtained without a good tilth.
The Cottager's Pigs.
Cottagers and smallholders who do not keep
pigs are advised to do so if the food can be
bought reasonably. To the cottager the keeping
of pigs has three advantages — bacon for his
family, pigs to sell, and manure for his garden.
We hear much about feeding pigs upon house
refuse, commonly known as swill. I fear some
persons may foster the idea that, by collecting
such material as Potato peelings. Cabbage leaves,
scraps of meat, bread and liquor in which meat
of any kind has been boiled, especially bacon —
t.hey are providing the pigs with the major
portion of their food. I would strongly
aduse no one to attempt to keep small
pigs on such rations without adding quantities
of other food such as sharps, bran or
barley meal. Such refuse may serve to feed a
sow, with but a small quantity of bran added,
until she has a litter of young pigs, when im-
proved rations should be served her. The seri-
ous objection to the indiscriminate use of swill
is when it contains the "washing up" water
heavily charged with common washing soda and
pieces of so.ip, ivliich in themselves act as an
irritant to ''.he stomach and intestines. The
proper method of dealing with house refuse
generally is to boil the matter together, after-
wards adding meal liberally. The period
March to April is a good time to start with
pigs eight weeks old. Earlier, they are liable
to suffer from cold, especially when but one
or two are kept together. Clean, dry straw
in their sleeping quarters is much appreciated,
as warmth is necessai-y. Some persons use only
leaves for litter. A tew collected in March or
April, when quite dry, are safe, but those col-
lected in the autumn while containing much sap
quickly heat by the warmth of the pigs when
huddled together, and when the animals are
afterwards exposed to the air they feel the cold
s?^1erely. E. Mnli/nni.r.

Publications Received.— Foot/ Productoin
in Cottage and Allotment Gardens. Bv S.

Hoskin. Bulletin No. 79, The We-it of Scotland
Agricultural College, Glasgow.— TAe Worker's
Garden. By Gerald W. Butcher and Cyril
Harding. (London : The Vacant Land Cultiva-
tion Society, 14, Buckingham Street.) Price 6d.

0bltuati2.

Charles Winn.— We learn with regret that
.Mr. Charles Winn. The Uplands, Selly Hill, Bir-
mingham, died on the 1st inst., the eve of his
38th birthday. At one time Mr. Winn grew
Orchids extensively and well, and during recent
years he was very successful with Show and
Alpine Auriculas, which he exhibited at the
spring shows of the Midland Auricula and Pri-
mula Society at the Edgbaston Botanical Gar-
dens

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Cyaniding for Mealy Bug : .S. and S. We think
it probable that the cause of your failure lies
with the strength, or purity," of the articles
used, or perhaps both. We notice that the
phosphoric acid used is 1500, whilst that gene-
rally used is 1750. ^ oz. cvanide, ^ oz. acid,
and J- oz. water per l.OO'O cubic feet will
usually kill black and white fly, but only, of
course, if the gas is generated, which we think
in your case it probably was not. We may say
that it is not easy to buy sodium cyanide 130
per cent., and equally difficult to get phos
phoric acid at the proper strength.

Fertilisers for Broccoli : A. C. A nitrogenous
manure is the most suitable fertiliser for this
crop, and this is not included in those you
mention. You could use the superphosphate
at the rate of 2 oz. to the square yard and
the kainit 1 oz. to the square yard when the.
ground is dug after the Lettuce, and dres.s:
with 1 oz. of sulphate of ammonia when the-
Cauliflowers are planted.

Moss ox A Hard Tennis Court : D. L. Seeing
that the court is of brick and sand, with no
turf, you can use a strong weed-killer to destroy
the moss.

Name of Fruit : DItjmar. Apple Cellini.
Names of Plants : Bex. 1, Oestrum (Habroth
amnus) f asciculatum ; 2. Acacia sp., probabh

A. saligna. — N. F. Gynerium argenteuni

(Pampas Grass).
Peas and Beans for Winter Use: H. B. and
E. W . N. Dried Peas for winter use should
be harvested in exactly the same manner as if
required for seed purposes. The plants are
best left on the sticks until the pods are tho-
roughly well ripened, and in autumn an oppor-
tunity should be taken of dry weather to take
them indoors to be threshed,' Should the seed,
owing to unfavourable weather conditions, be
at all damp, it should be spread out in an airy
place to get thoroughly dry. Unless this care
is taken the seeds will not keep in good con-
dition. Of course, there is a great deal of dif-
ference in different varieties, some being spe-
cially suitable, boiling tender and retaining
the colour and flavour. It is also, of course, im-
portant that care be exercised in cooking. The
Haricot Beans that are usually sold for winter
consumption come from abroad, and it is doubt-
ful if many of them could be successfully
ripened in this counti-y. Three varieties
which cook best and can be ripened in normal
seasons here are Excelsior, a light brown Bean ;
Lightning Runner, a very tender white Bean;
and The Czar Runner, a larger white Runner
Bean.

Richardias : G. A. K. The basal internal por-
tions have been attacked by the bacterial
soft rot." There is also present on the»sur-
face the grey "mould." Botrytis cinerea. No
remedial measures are likely to save the plants
attacked by the bacteria, and the affected
plants should be destroyed promptly. —
D. W. C. The brown discoloration of the
spathes is not due to the attack of any
organism. The appearance suggests scorching,
or a deposit from water or dew.

Communications Received —T B.— T. J. H.—
H. B.— W. Rohcrts. Boston— W. Sargent (You have not
flatecl the name of the establishment at Kingston Hill)
— W. .T. C— D. W. R.— Sir H V.— Sir F. W. M.—
S. I,. 4- Co.— A. W.— A. D. R.— Cpl. E. W. J.-Sir F. r.
-A. T. H— E, M,— A. r. H.— H. B.— H. JI. L.— E. B,—
A. D. W.

March 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

STANDARD CURRANTS

EH

We can offer fine trees
with 4^ ft. steins, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

L'

Geoise bunvard

& CO.. LTD.,

Royal NufMriM, MAIDSTONE

J

Interesting Booklet
for Flower Pot Users

B; sides b?ing so porous and root-
roomy, CRET Pots are priced
per hundred. This saves all the
ordering difficulties of pot buying,
■^'ou get exaclly what you want —
reliable, uniform, healthful pats too.
Specimen CRET Prices ; — 2|in8. 4,'- per
100: 7iins. 21/-. Safe delivery guaran-
teed. Orders over 20'- carriage paid.
FREE SAMPLE "CRET" POT on
request, with the booklet giving prices
and special assortments. Write to-day.

FETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

K.ir VIXE BORDERS, fAltNATIUN.-i,
RCSES, ilELONS, CllRV.SA.MUEMlM.-!,
KRIITS UNDER GLASS, etc, etc.

A SraSTITlTE for (inliiuuy Jl o/.. el.iss, which is now
■^ BO scarce. The new Brltlsti Rolled Sheet is about
irt in. (or equal to stout lit c,7_) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in ipiantilies. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. Br.tlsh Sheet Ctaes, under the same
conditions.

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND.'
ed ready for use. In 1411>

tin and 1

b:

:wt. wide-nccli c;u

AND

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

lo,„|,l,,l,. I'ri.-.
Paints, Colours, Varnishes. &c., "n .■ii^itli'-ition.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST JO N STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, EC.
And Blar.kfriara Wharf. Upper Ground Street. B.C.

Quote (;arijeskk>' (_:nK"Nifi.ii.

hou

11. .»

til

No heat Is

.18 6.

SANKEYS'^^^'^POTS

** Che BEST or>d CheapesK

KiMallM ( cam.,." r,ni.,o.r, am.ania ,. K.ir'alac af

mCMAffO SANK£)r S SON, LTf.

Dalwell Pofferic'S. NOTTIMCMAM.

= |.i,^ii.|. Tomato crop can tollou

= required. I'l.int ^r p.i NOW.

: • ( Mlll•cllorl^,'■0|.l.lhl.each. 1' \:ui.

: lio'. 3 3 ; liditt", 5 9 ' i ililti, 10 6 ;

= TOIVIATOES.

\ Another Strong Line, of which we offer as follows :

= \,,ii. It.. .-ieed. ScL-dlinus. Tiansi.lntd.

; Allsa CralK. Comet ..■> Id. 'i'l, 1- VI, 1,6

; Flllbisket.-K incline ...} and

= Supreme, Sunrise ...] 1/

; Batch's Cem Beatain 1-

= Bido's Recr. It .

= Buck's Tresco... j

= Early Cauliflower, transplanted, 8d doz. . 4 lllO. :

L TERMS I \^.0. I'lr.i-.T.iiiit f\liai,.r|..i3t,iKr. :

: BUCKS, St. Johns. IPSWICH. =

Jllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllilllllllllllliilllllllllllllllllllillllii

l.kts

.■in

16

OU,

4 6

()()

29

Kill,

76

■.'5

1 6

I'-'.

2 -

(0

2 6

.Ml,

B -

00

46

lOIJ.

106

(^uoiaiions Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park. Cranleigh, SURREY.

=Ll|lllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllll|i|||||llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli|

SWEET PEA I
PLANTS. I

Aiiluiiin.-iown. Cold drown. =

Ouf Gr.at Speciality. |

All Devotees of this ehalinin« lloiver sliould send M

r our .New List. It eontains =

90 Varieties, including; 20 i< ovcltics. =

III. ■.!■ 111.' :i Ml,,ti<.ii ,i( 111, "Cream," :ii..| «.• =

.iiesti\ )i'l,.\i tliut there h 8 never been offe ed =

as plants such a comprehensive Coll^'Ollon of E

First-class varlot es. Everyon i who has a ^rQ^n- =

BV APPOINTMEXT.

Pauls' Royal Nurseries,

Waltham Cross, HERTS.

Large stocks of tlie following in excellent condition
for Spring Planting, at very moder te prices :—

ROSES, in all forms, new and old varieties.

FRUIT TREES, for the orchard and garden.

HARDY TREES and SHRUBS.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS and CAMELLIAS.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

SEEDS and Garden Sundries.

Piict LUts on ai>pticatLOn >tatimj articles r€<juirid,

Wm. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS, LTD.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridg^eworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

A. F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

Strong flowering plant.s in Sin. pots.
In ti good Standard varieties,

15/- per do/,., 96/- per 100.
Ill () good Novelties,

'20/- per doz., 128/- per 100.
Packed free for cash, carr. forward.

The Nurseries,
IVER, BUCKS.

FORBES' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Florist's Flowers, Hardy Plants,
Vegetable and Flower Seeds.

Free on Applieattoit.

JOHN FORBES (Hawiok). LIMITcD,

The Kiniis N rserymen.

HAWICK, SCOTLAND.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

IVI A R K JB T S.

COVENT GARDEN, March 7.
3 cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quot.a-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prioe.s on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flowers, &c.: Avepage Wholesale Prices.

3 0-

1 6-

3 6

9 0

Arums, per doz.

Azalea. white,

per doz, bun.

Camellias, white

per doz. blms.
Carnations, per

doz, blooms.

best Americar

\ arieties

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large

Daffodils, Golden
Spur, per doz,
bun

— Barril. per
doz, bun.

— Emperor, per
doz. bun,

— Henry Irving,
ptr doz. bun.

— princepa, per
doz, bun,

— Sir Watkin,
per doz, bun.

— Victoria, per
doz. bun, ., 12 0

— double. per
doz. bun. ., 12 0

Eucharis,per doz

blooms ,. —

Freesia. per doz.

bun 3 0-

Gardenia. per
box of 12 and
18 blooms . . —
Heather, white,

per doz. bun. 12 0
Lilium longi-

florum long 4 (>-

short ., 4 0-

1 ancifolium
album, long, , 3 fi-

short . . 3 0-

r u b r u m,

per doz.. long.. 3 6-
short .. 3 0-

Cut Foliage, &e. :

Adiantum (Mai- s.d.
denhairFern)
best, per doz.
bunches .. 6 0-

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen .. 2 6-

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-

— Sprengeri .. 10 0-
Bronze foliage . , 8 0-
Carnation foliage.

doz, bunches 4 0-
Croton foliage,

doz, bunches 12 0-

B.d.B.d.

s.d.

4 0 Lily-of-the-Valle

per doz. bun. 24 0
Narcissus.
, n Grand Primo,

" per doz. bun, (1 0

— Pheasant Eye
per doz, tun. 6 0

(, f, — Soliel d'Or,
Guernsey, per
^ Q doz, bun. .. 2 6

Orchids, per doz,:
I - Cattleya , , 15 0
.0 Oi — Coelogyne. per

doz. blooms . 2 0
lO 0 — Cypripedium 2 0

— () do n toelos-
sum crispum 3 0

Pelargoniums, per
doz. bunches,
doublescarlet 15 0

Roses -

— Richmond,
per doz. blnis, 6 0

— Pink Queen,
per doz, blms, 12 0

— Sunburst, per
doz, blooms.. 10 0

Snowdrops, per
doz. bun, .. 2 0

Tulips, white. per

doz. bun. .. 30 0-

— yellow,
doz. bun. per —

— bronze, per
doz, bun. .,36 0

— Darwin in
\'ariety, per
doz, bun. . . i

— miiuve Darwin
per doz. bun. :

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales..

s.d.
30 0

10 0

10 0

15 0
12 0

14 0-30 0
4 0-30 0

4 0-50

Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d,
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

10 0 Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 8-08
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. . . 2 0-26
Moss, gross

bunches .. ti 0- 7 0
.Myrtle, doz, bun.
. 0 small - leaved 6 0 —

5 0
15 0

French Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Priees.

Anemone, double
pink, per doz,
bun

s,d,g,d.

0- 2 I

4 0-50

6 0-66

3 0-36

Mimosa (Acacia)

per doz. bun.
Narcifsiis. Paper

white, perdoz.

bun

Stock, white, per

doz. bun
— pink, per doz,

bun

Violets, single.

per doz, bun.

6 0

3 6-46

4 6-50

— single, mixed
per doz, bun.
Lilac, white, per
doz, sprays ..
Marguerite, yel-
low, per doz.
bun.

Rbmakks.— The first consignments of Primroses for tlie
season reached the market this week. Home-grown
Daffodils and Narcissus poeticus are less plentiful, and
there is only a limited supply ot Lilium longiflorum.
but Richardias (Arums) are more numerous. There is
a plentiful supply of Carnations, and prices are
lower. Roses are becoming more numerous ; fine
blooms ot Richmond, Sunburst, and Ladylove are
offered for sale. There is also a good selection of
Darwin Tulips, which are selling freely. Lily-of-the-
Valley is arriving in good condition and is more plenti-
ful and cheaper. Larger consignments of cut blooms
are arriving from the Channel Islands, and they are
much lower in price. French fl'
Acacia (Mimosa), Violets and An
of white Stocks and yellow Marguerites find a ready

ed that tha last consignment of thesa
nay arrive this week-end. but nothing definite

10 0

Plants in Pots, &e,:

s.d,
Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen . . .. 5 0-
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz.

— Sprengeri , .
Aspidistra, per

doz, green . , 24 0-
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0

— tray of 12's , , 6 0
Cineraria, 4!!'3.

per doz- , 12 0-
Cocos Weddelli-
ana, 48's, per
doz 18 0-

— 60's per doz, 8 0-
Croton, per doz, 18 0-
C.yclamen, 48's

per doz, .. 21 0-
Daffodils.

p r doz.
Ferns, in thi

per 100..

— per 100, in
small and
large 60's .. 14 n-

— in 48's, per doz. 6 0-

48's,
imb's,

Average Wholesale Priees.

s,d, s,d,s,d.

Ferns in 32's, per

6 0 doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 8 0-12 0
12 0 Geonoma gracilis,
10 0 ' AG's, per doz... 6 0-80

larger, each.. 2 6-76
36 0 Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz, 4 0-80
— — — larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forateriana,

15 0 60's. per doz. 5 0-80

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz., 12 0-30 0
30 0 Lilium longi-
10 0 florum, per
to 6 doz 36 0-42 0

— lancifolium

,< A rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

"" - - album .. 24 0-30 0

ir A Marguerites in

" " 48's. per doz. 12 0 —

left Pandanus Veitchii

'" " per doz. . . 56 0-48 0

Phoenix rupi-
24 0 cola, each .. 12 6-21 0

7 0 Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Priees

s.d. s.d

Artichokes, Globe

perdoz,
— .T er u salem.

per bag
Asparagus. Paris

Green. per bun
Beetroot, per bag
Beans, English,

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts,

per bus.
Cabbage, per

tally ..
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers, per

tally ,.
Celeriac. per doz,
Celer.v, per doz,

bundles
Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag,.
Garlic, per cwt.
Herbs, per doz.

bun

24 0-36 0

18 0-24 0

4 6-50

5 6 —
44 0 -

4 0 8 0

s.d.
Horseradish, per

doz, .. 42 0

Kale, per bag .. 4 6
Leeks, per doz, , . 2 6
Lettuce, Cabbage

per doz, , . 2 6-
Mushrooms,per lb, 1 3
Mustard and

Cress, perdoz,

punnets .. 10-
Onions, per bag 33 0
spring, per

doz. bun. .. 8 0
Parsnips, perbus, 5 0-
Peas. per lb. .. —
Potatos . new, per

lb 0 6-

Radishes, per

doz. bun, , . 16-
Rhubarb. forced,

per doz. .. 10-
.Savoys, per tally 13 Q.
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 20 0.
Shallots, per lb. 0 6
Spinach, perbus. 12 0
Swedes, per bag 8 0
Turnips, new. per

bag .. .. 10 0

Tops, per bag 6 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 9-

20 0
24 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices

sd. sd.
74 0 -

s.d.

Almonds.
cwt, .,
Apples—

— Call f ornian
New to wn 3,
per case .. 17 0 19 0

— English
Cooking, per
bus 14 0 18 0

— Main States,
barrels .. 50 0-60 0

— Oregon, per
case .. 18 6 22 0

Bananas, Red, per

ton , . . . £25 —

— Jamaica, per

ton ,, ., £18 -
Chestnuts, per

bag , . . . 38 0-40 0
Cranberries, per

case , , ..140 —
Dates, per doz,

boxes ,. ..8 0-
Grapes; Almeria.

per brl. . . 20 0 30 0

Ebsukks.— The principal supply of Apples from home
growers is of the variety Bramley's Seedling, and there
is a good quantity of colonial Apples, principally boxed
fruits. Cape fruits obtainable consist of Pears, Peaches.
Plums, Melons, and Nectarines. The supplies of Eng-
lish Grapes are shortening hut the Cape and Almeria
kinds are on sale. There are no Tomatos from Tene-
riffe. The following forced vegetables ai-e available :
Dwarf Beans, Asparagus (English and French). Chicory.
Seakale, Mushrooms, and New Potatos. French Salads
are arriving in limited quantities. The commoner
tureen and root vegetables are becoming scarcer each
week. E. H. R.. Coient Garden Market, March 7, 1917.

Potatos,

Remarks.— The large demand for Potatos is in excess
of the stocks in London. Edward J. Newborn, Covent
Gurden and St. Pancras. March 7. 1917.

Grapes, con.

Gros Colman.

per lb 4 0-60

Grape Fruit, per

case .. ..32 0-33 6
KentCobs.perlb. 10-13
Lemons, per case 16 0 25 0
Nectarines, per

box , . .,46-80
Nuts. Brazils.

new, per cwt. 100 0 —

— Coconuts, per

100 .. ., 31 0-32 0
Oranges, per case 21 0-50 0

— Seville Sours,
perhalf-chest48 0-50 0

Peaches, per box 5 0-80

— Calif ornian 15 0-22 0

— Cape, per box 3 0-50
Plums, per box 2 6-80
Tangerines, per

box . . . . 20 0-26 0
Walnuts, per

per cwt, .. 56 0-85 0

THE WEATHER.

THE WEATHER IN SCOTLAND.
Ttie spell of bright, cold weather which obtained
during the first half of February was followed by a
sequence of dull, foggy days lasting almost to the end
of the month. There was very little rain, the gauge
only collecting a total of 1,25 inch. This was distri-
buted over six days, the heaviest fall, of 1.02 inch,
lieing on the 20th. The sun shone on 20 days, yielding
87-2 hours for the month, giving a mean of 3.1 hours
and a percentage of 31. During the month the baro-
meter varied from 30.481 inches on the 9th to 29.651
inches on the 3rd. with a mean of 30.157 inche.s. The

of 41° and a mean minimum of 31°, the mean range
being 11°. On the 28th the highest maximum, of 50°,
was reached, and on the 6th the lowest minimum, of
17°. Thus the absolute range was 33°. The lowest
maximum was 30°, on the 4th and 6th, and the highest
minimum 39°, on the 28th. On 17 days the tempera-
ture fell to the freezing-point or below. There were
22 days of ground-frost, the thermometer falling as
low as 13° on the 6th. The relative humidity of the
was 87 per cent. Soil temperature at a depth of

foot fell from 34° to 33°,
39°. Prevailing winds
aurora was observed <
Si. .indrews Tmininq
Mains, near Dundee.

d then rose to

terly. A display of

1 the 15th. .James Mahach.

CoVeqe Onrdrns. Kirl-ton nf

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr H- Langdo'wn, for tihe past 15 years Gaixlener
I.. F. Chetwyni) Staplyton, Esq., Englefield Lodge,
K.iiglefield Green, Surrey, as Gardener to Sir JOHS
Bei.l. Bart., Framewood. Stoke Poges, Buckingham-
shire.

Mr. "W. Penton, I^te of Rooksnest, Godstone, as Gar-
-lener to Sir ARTHUR Paget, Warren House, Kingston
Hill, Surrey.

Mr. A. Dryden. for the past 15 years Gardener to the
l:ite C,.;. H. E, Brasset, Lowesby Hall, as Ordenel'
to Viscount Galway, Serlby Hall, Bawtry, Yorks.

Mr. W. Groom, for the past 3 years Gardener at
Hethersett. Reigatp, as Gardener to Mrs. WaRAKER
Campbell, l'pj>er (iatton Park. Mersthani, Surrey.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Seeds.

D. S. Thomson and Sons, Wimbledon.
.lOHN Forbes, Ltd., Hawick.

E. P. Dixon and .Sons, Ltd., Hull.— Farm seeds.
Kent and Brydon, Darlington. — Farm seeds.

Miscellaneous.
Ri.AcKMORB and Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Batli. —

Begonias, Carnations. &c.
D. S. Thomson and Sons. Wimbledon —Roses, Fruit

Trees, Trees and Shrubs.
John Forbes, Ltd., Hawick.— Hardy Plants.

Foreign.
Peter Henderson & Co., 35 and 37, Cortlandt Street,
New York. — Seeds and Plants.

'MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Acting Chaima* of the ScienliBc Committee of t!.e
Royal Horticultural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::

AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the Sa

Autho

Price 5 6 each post free from -

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE •• GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," LTD..
41. WEillttfiTM ST.. COVENT GAROEti UWDON. W,C,

Makch 10, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

(Continued from page ill.)

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside and
Oct) ; able to take duty ; wages £1 per week,
.iiid Bothv ; dutv and overtime paid. — Apply, H. A.
PAGE, The Gardeiw. Belsize Court, Hampstead, X.W.

WANTED IMPROVER, with some ex-
perience, and able to take duty ; about 17.— State
full particulars and wages re-^uired, with Bothy, &c.,
J. HAERIS, The Gardens, Woodhatch, Reigate.

TX/'ANTED, IMPROVER, Inside the

' " Houses and Out ; age 16 ; wages 17s. and 2s. war
bonus; Bothv. Tegetables. and miak.— E. MORGAN,
Wassand HaU Gardens, Hull.

WANTED, YOUTH, for Fruit Houses;
ISs. ijer week ; Bothy and vegetables ; duty and
overtime pai<i.— PILGRIM, Bodorgan Gardens, Angle>sey.

T^ANTED. STRONG YOUTH, 16 to 17,

' ' for Fruit Houses; some e-^perience ; good wages,
&c.— Apply, H. WENMAN, The Gardens, Temple Newsam,
Leeds.

WANTED, TWO YOUNG GIRLS, to
work together under Head Gardener ; charge of
Lawns and Vegetables ; for Sussex. — Apply, stating re-
ferences and wages, to MRS. LORIXG, 5, John Street,
May fair.

WANTED, at once, TWO STRONG
L.ADS fur Outside ; age about 17 ; good references
and experience; £1 per week, with Bothi-.— W. WARD,
Kenwood Gardens, Hampstead, X.W.

TirANTED, COWMAN ; two Cows, a little

' * poultry ; assist in Garden ; single ; ineligible. —
MRS. TYXDALK, Meadowcroft. Chislehurst.

TRADE.

■yiTANTED, FOREMAN TOMATO-

' * GROW ER. to take charge ; must have specialised
in Toiiiatos. — Full particulars, reference, wages. &c., to
A. F. DL'TTON, The Nurseries, Iver, Bucks.

WANTED FOREMAN, experienced
Grapes, Tomatos, &c. ; wage* 40.^., overtime ex-
tra.—Write age, copy references, BULLEN, Hangleton
Nurseries, near Goring, Worthing.

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one u.scd to Roses, Clematis, Ohry-
saiithemums, and General Nursery Stock.— .\pnly. with
particulars, wages. & ■.. to THE DEVON ROSEKY AND
FRUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay

WANTED. Reliable MAN, for general
Garden Work ; constant employment and per-
manent place ; wages 33s. . commission on orders, and
overtime extra.— Apply, MORLE & CO.. 1S5. Finchley
R<«d, N.W.

SEED TRADE.— Required, experienced
.\S.SISTANTS (maie or fcniilc), for retail seed coun-
ter in shop ; permanent po«4itions to suitable applicants.
— Applv, with copies of referen<»s, stating wogee and
when disengaged, to WM. POWER & 00., Seed Mer-
chants and Nurserymen, Waterfoaxl.

WANTED, experienced LADY ASSIST-
.VNT for Florist's and Fruiterer's shop.— Apply by
letter, stating age, experience, ond wages, OLIBRANS.
12. Brtarket Street, Manchester.

WANTED, LEDGER and INVOICE
CLEIIK ; ineligible ; a good opening for a really
wnart man. — Please state age, experience, and salary re-
quir<"d, and enclose copies of references to JOHN PEED
& SOX. 'llio Nurseries, WVst XorwfHxl, S.K.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVATE.

G ABBEY, jopeu to Re-engagement ; first-
« class experience in all branches of Horticulture ;
recommended by present employer. — Aston Rowunt Gar-
dens, Wallingford, Oxon,

GARDENER (Head). — Lady Victoria
DiW.NAV very highly recommends W. Elsworth
as above; 7 years here, 6 Under; leaving tlirough estate
being sold; age 48; no family; North preferred.— W.
ELSWORTH. Gardens. Beningbrough Hall. York.

MRS. L. SALOMONS Recommends her
HEAD GARDENER. 20 years Norburi- Park ; life
experience all branches; koo<1 manfiger, — .\pply. G.
KENT, 15, Pixham Lane, Dorking.

GAUDENER (Head), and manage small
farm if i-equired ; 30 .vears' experience ; 12 years as
Head here ; bolder of Botanical. Agricultural, and Horti-
cultural certilicales ; disengaged end of March. — G. GUM-
MER. Norton Manor Gaidens, Sutton Scotney. Hants.

GARDENER (Head), F.R.H.S., Gold and
Silver Medallist ; 10 .vears last place ; knowledge
of estate work ; life experience in large establishments ;
active ; good manager ; highest references for character
and abilities; age 45.— A., Box 25, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.O.

GENTLEMAN recommends his GAR-
DENEIR (Head Working); practical life experience
in private gardens; reliable and trustworthy; married;
age 41 ; ineligible ; near London preferred.- BARRETT,
H.itfleld Heath, near Harlow.

GARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-
DENER-BAILIFF ; well up in all requiremen.t8 of
good establishment ; thoroughly experienced Outside and
under Glass ; good manager of labour ; aged 48 ; wife
dairy, poultry if required.— W. OHANT>LER, Cransford,
Framlingham.

G

GARDENER (Head Working) ; thor-
oughly experienced in all branches of Gardening,
Inside and "Out ; 13 vears as Head ; age 4« ; marrie<l (no
fainil\ )■— HE.ATH. Hatfield Broad Oak, Harlow, Essex.

GARDENER (Head Working, where one
or more are kept) ; thoroughly experienced, Inside
and Out ; permanent place and comfortable house pre-
ferred : over military age ; near London preferred.— .\pply,
J. HORTON. Gardeners' Cottage, FanJiams Hall, Ware,
Herts.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
piiiciice in all branches. For many years Foreman
at Charlc<-ote Park, W;uwick ; age 45; married (no
f;iniil.\).— R. HODGER, The Cbttage. AUesley. Oventry.

GARDENER (Head Working), per-
manent, seeks le-engagemeMit where several are
kept: life experience all branches; ineligible; oge 40;
married (no family).— A SMITH, 46. Oatendge Road. High
Wycombe, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
pi-i leiu-e in all branches ; age 44 ; married ; preeeint
situation 6i vears; Head of 5 7i vears previous; can be
highh- recon'wiiend.<l. — T. KING. 3, Portland Terrace,
Harle'y Street, Bath.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; thor-
oughly experienced in all brunWies ; mavrried ; in-
eligible ; age 35 ; 7i years present situation as Head ; A\»-
engaged. -OLEMENT, Gajdeita, Elford, Tamworth, Stage.

ARDENER (Head Working) ; 28 jears"

tice, Ins:de and Out ; good references ; 4
vcirs pri-.sent situation ; age 44 ; married ; no family.—
(■ DOMAN, 55. Agamemnon Road. W. Hompsfcad. N.W.

■No circulars. ___^^_

C"< ARDENER (Head Working, where
^ several are usually kept); tlioloughly experieni-ed
in all branches ; age 46 ; 1 daughter.— Please state w ages
and paiticmlars to GARDENER, Uoniley Cottage, near
Kenilworth, Warwickshire.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks
mtuation; 2 or more under; 16 years present situa-
tion ; age 47. — Apply, SAUNDERS, Westcot, Talaton,
Ottery St. Mary, Devon.

GARDENER (Head Working, 6 or more
are kept in normal time) ; life experience in
all branches : age 47; married, no family; excellent re-
ferences from present and previous employers. — BE.\LE,
New Pottage, Llanwem, Newport, Mon.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks ro-
cngagement with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment; life experience in all branches and stock; ago
48; wages. 35s., house .and firing. —J. SHRIMPTON, 353.
Norton Way, Lotehworth, Herts.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; practical
experience in all branches; used to the prodnc
tion of large quantities of Vegetables, Fruit ond Flowers ;
vcrv highly recommended. — I. BROWN, Ttie Garden-,
Tre'herf.vdd.' Bwleh, Brecoiishire.

GARDENER (Head Working, where
3 or more a^re kept in nonnal times): life exjieri-
enoe in all branches ; age 48 ; married ; understands Elec-
tric Light Plant.— W. J., 119, Goldhurst Terrace, Hamii-
stead, N.W.

GARDENER (Head Working, where
2 or 3 are kept): life exi)erience. Inside and Out;
marri«l, no family: age 46; discng.aged.— G. STEPNEY,
Park I*;uie. llerongate, Brentwood.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 4
or 5 arc kept ; well versed in Hardy Fruit and
Vegetables ; 13 years in last situation as Head ; age 45 :
married, no family. —W. BARNES, 74, Grove Roail,
Windsor.

GARDENER ELECTRICIAN (Head
WoliKlNQ), seelcs situation ; life experience in all
branches of Gardening: take charge, and do rmining
repaij-s to electric instollotion : age 45 ; abstainer ;
married (one in family) : highest possible references.-
Wage, &c., to M. J., Box 26, 41, Wellington Street,
Ooi-emt (Jarden, W.C.

"TklSCHARGED Soldier (N.C.O.),

'-' SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER or good SECOND;
15 years' experience. Inside and Out ; good references ;
married ; with cottage preferred. — CR.^CKNEiLL, 14,
Second Avenue, Mortlake, S.W.

QARDENER. Experienced, Single-

'-* banded or Second, seeks situation ; discharged
from Army ; age 31 ; married ; no fiunily ; disengaged
end of month ; wages 30s. and cottage ; Surrey preferred.
—SHOVE, The Limes, West Molesev.

/?< ARDENER, as Second, seeks re-engage-
'-^ nient ; experienced. Inside .iiid Out ; good refer-
ences : ineligible ; married when suited.— Apph. T.
CRESSWELL, The Mount Gardens. Bisliop;1oke, Hant,s.

(?! ARDENER seeks Situation, with cut-

^-J* tage ; good at Vegetables and Fruit Growing ; no
objection to two cows, poultry. &c.— Write, D. G., Box
21. 41, Wellington Street. Covent (iJJden, London.

T ADY GARDENER requires post as
-*^ HEAD ; several vears' practical experience in all
branches.— Apply, M. PRIOR. The Gardens, Heathfield,
Ascot.

EXPERIENCED LADY GARDENER

-'--' re<iuires post (.\pril) ; Head preferred ; Scotland,
York, or Midland Ooimties— L. G.. Box 20, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Strand, W.C.

LADY GARDENER seeks Situation as
IN'DER GARDENER: within 20 miles of London;
5 months' experience in Nursery and Gardens. — E. B.,
11, KJea Avenue. Clapfaam Common, London.

TRADE.

pOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser seeks

-*- managerial position ; intensive ci-ops, pigs, poultry,
forage for cattle. Fruit, Tomatos, conversion raw pro-
<Iu<-ts into unique articles of food.— SITIATHMORE, Llan-
fjiipwll. Anglesey.

MANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN ; life
experience ; capable of producing everything re-
qiiiretl for market or ^op sale; good references. — ** LON-
nO\." Bo.x 16, 41, Wellington Sta-^et, CJovent Garden,

vv.g

"PLORISTS.— LADY desires Re-engag-e-
"*- ment. Fii-st Hand ; 14 years' experience floral de-
signs; uaed to taking charge; refs.— FLORAL, Box 19,
41. Wellington Street. Strajid, W.C.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdTertisementa intended for intertion in the ne:
i»ue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

t, : d.

OrdlDarj Foiltloni .. _. ... per paga 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Pag* ... „ „ 12 12 0

Ilalf and quarter yagas, column amd half oolumD

ipacei, pro rata.

-I line space DOt exceeding 20 words

Per Inch, single columo

Per Inch, across 2 columns

Per Inch, across 8 colamos ...

3 0

7 0

14 0

1 I 0

Frant page (no displaj allowed) !/■ per line space,
[HeadllDe counted as twe lines,}

For dlecoDota apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words. Is. 6d., and 8d. (or every additional 8 wurds

or fewer.

Theic AdTtrtiiemeati mail be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

Thi XSuvtKD KINSDOM 1 S/- per anoDia.

ABKOAD - 17/6

Cheqwa and P.O.a lo be made payable to " GAKDENKRS'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C.

Telegrams : 1643 " Gardohron, Rand, London "
Telephone : 1643 Obrrard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 10, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the " GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to aay part of the United Kingdom.

Gardening, Alpliabet of. By T. W. Sander.
Illustrated by diagrams. Is. 9d.

(jardening, Encyclopedia of. ByT. W. Sanders.

A Dictionary of Cultivated Plants, Flowers.

Fruit, Vegetables, Trees and Shrubs, with

Description and Popular and Technical

Names, Cultivation, etc. 466 pages. 3s. lid.

Gardening, Home. By W. D. Drury. A manual
for the Amateur, containing instructions for
the Laying-out, Stocking, and Cultivation of
Small Gardens. Is. 3d.

Gardening, Pictorial Practical. Edited by Walter
P. Wright. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 5d. ;
cloth, l3. 9d.

Gardening, School, A First Booli of. By A.
Logan. Is. 9d.

1,500 Gardening Questions Answered. A useful
Handbook for the Amateur Gardener, deal-
ing with every phase of Gardening, both
inside and out. Paper, Is. 4d.

Gardening, School, Cottage, and Allotment, A
Practical Guide to. By John Weathere
2s. lOd.

Glass, The Garden Under. By W. F. Rowles.
Illustrated. 6s. 6d.

Grafting and Budding, The Handy Book of. By
James UdaJe. 7d.

Grape Growing for Amateurs. A thoroughly
practical book. Is. 3d.

Grape, The Book of the. Together with a
Chapter on the Histoi-y and Decorative
Value of Vines. By H. W. Ward. Illus-
trated. 2s. 9d.

Greenhouse and Conservatory, Construction and
Heating. By Paul N. Hasluck. With 228
Illustrations. 2s. 4d.

Greenhouse, The Amateur's. By T. W. Sanders.
415 pages, 154 Illustrations. 6s. 5d.

Greenhouse Management, Pictorial. Edited by
Walter P. Wright. Illustrated. Paper,
Is. 3d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.

Greenhouse, The Book of the. By J. C. Tallack,
Head Gardener at Shipley Hall. lUuMrated.
2s. lOdi

Hardy Flower Book, The. By E. H. Jenkins.
A Descriptive and Practical Guide to the
Cultivation of Hardy Flowers. Illustrated.
Cloth. 2s. lid.

Hardy Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Conifers and
Evergreens. By Geo. Bunyard. A Popular
Handbook of 160 pages. 50 Illustrations.
U.seful hints. English and Latin namesi
3s. lOd.

Herb Garden. By Francis A. Bardswell. 16
Full-page Illustrations in Colour. 4s. 3d.

Holly, Yew and Box. By \V. Dallimore. 280
pages, 175 Illustrations. Contains the Illus-
trations of Hollies published in the mono
graph by the late Thomas Moore, in the
Gardeners' Chronicle. 8s.

Horticultural Directory. Almanac and .\ddress
Book for present year. Is. 4d.

Horticulture, A Primer of Practical. By J
Wright. Is. 2d.

Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard, Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. By F. V. Theobald, M.A.,

etc. 328 Illustrations. 30s. 5d.
Insects, Injurious and Useful. An Introduction

to the Study of Economic Entomology. By

L. C. Miall, F.R.S. 100 lUustratione.

3s. lOd.
Intensive Culture of Vegetables on the French

System. By P. Aquatias. Illustrated.

3s. lid.
Iris, The Book of the. Illustrated. By E

Irwin Lynch. 2s. lOd.
Judging, Rules for. Issued by the Royal Horti

cultural Society. Latest Edition. Is. 6d.
Land of the Blue Poppy, The. By F. Kingdon

Ward. With Illustrations and Maps.

12s. 6d.
Lawns. By Sutton and Sons, Reading. In paper

cover. Well Illustrated. Is. 3d'.
Lawns and Greens. By T. W. Sanders. A

Guide to the Formation and Management of

Lawns, Tennis Courts, etc. Illufitrated.

Paper, Is. 2d.
Lily. Book of the. Bv W. Goldring. Illustrated.

2s. 9d.
Little Gardens and How to Make the Most of

Them. By HJ. H. Thomas. A handy and

useful work for the Amatemr. Paper,

Is. 3d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.
Mango, The. By G. Marshall Woodrow An

■account of its Culture and Varieties. Is. Id.
.Manures and the Principles of Manuring. By

C. M. Aikman. 6s. lOd.
Manures for Garden and Farm Crops. By W.

Dyke. Cloth, Is. Od.
Manuring, The Science and Practice of. By W.

Dyke, with Introduction by J. Wright. A

most practical work for the Amateur, Market

and Professional Gardener. It. 2d.
Manuring of Market Garden Crops, The. By

Bernard Dyer and F. W. L. Shrivell. New

Edition. Is. 3d.
Market Gardening, The Book of. By R. Lewis

Castle. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.
.Mendelism. By R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. New

and Enlarged Edition. 5s. 4d.
Mendel's Principles of Heredity. By W. Bate

son, F.R S. 12". 6d.
Mushroom Culture for Amateurs. By VV. J.

Mav. New Edition. Thoroughly re\Tfled.

Illustrated. Is. 2d.
Mushrooms, and How to Grow Them. By John

F. Barter. An excellent Treatise. Illus-
trated. Is. 2d.
Orchids, The Book of. By W. H. White, Orehid

Grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bt. Illus-
trated. 2s. 9d.
Orchids, The Culture of Greenhouse. By

Frederick Boyle. Supervised by Joseph

Godseff. Coloured Plates. 8s. 5d.

By Chas. Darwin.

By the late B. S.
Numerous lUustra-

Crane. Paper,

Orchids for Everyone. By C. H. Curtis. With
53 Coloured, and 43 Black and White
Illustrations. 21s. 8d.
Orchids, Fertilisation of.

Illustrated. 3.s. Ud.
Orchid Growers' Manual.
Williams. 800 pages,
tions. 16e. 8d.
Pansies and Violets. Bv D.

Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.
Pears and Plums, The Book of. By the Rev. E.

Bartrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.
Pinus. The Genus. By George Russell Shaw.

Price £2 13s. 6d.
Plant=Breeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Domestic Plants. By Prof.
L. H. Bailey. Illustrated. 5s. 4d.
Plant Life. By C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.
Plants and Trees, Diseases of Cultivated. By

George Massee. Well Illustrated. 7s. lid.
Plants, A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.
By Dr. Paul Sorauer. Translated by F. E.
Weiss, D.Sc. With 33 Illustrations. 9s. 6d.
Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick

Keeble, F.R.S. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.
Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. The
Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the
Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.
PRESENTDAY GARDENING. Edited by R.
Hooper Pearson, Managing Editor of the
Gardeners' Chkonicle. Each of the seven-
teen volumes following contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd. each.
Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition,
1914.) By Horace J. Wright, late Secre-
tary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet
Peas for Exhibition," by Thos. Steven-
son.
Pansies, Violas, and Violets. By William

Cuthbertson and R. Hooper Pearson.
Daffodils. Bv the Rev. J. Jacob. With

Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.
Orchids. By James O'Brien, V.M.H.
Secretary of the Orchid Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.
Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late

Alexander Dean.
Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook,
Head Gardener at Sandringham ; James
Douglas. V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod,
Head Gardener to the late Mr. Pierpont
Morgan.
Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With Preface by Sir F. W. Moore, M.A.
(The first popular volume published on
this subject.)
Lilies. By A. Grove. With Preface by H. J.

Elwes, F.R.S.
Apples and Pears. By George Bunyard,
V.M.H.. Chairman of R.H.S. Fruit
Committee.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

I'riiitpJ for th» Gnrdeners- Cluoiiicle, l.iinit«l. liv Love AND JUlcomson. Ltd., Dane Street. Uish HMlt>,in, Lniiikni, W.C, .niul Piihlislip.1 weelily bv the G
Ohronicle, Ltd., «. Wellington Street,' Oovent Garden, Cit.v of Wes:minster, SATURUAi', March 10, 1917. .^gent for Manchester: John Hkywood.

APR30I9J7

* griotiTtur,.,

Established iS41

No. 1577. Vol. LXI.

SATCJRDAY, MARCH 17, 1917.

I Registered as a Newspaper. /PRICE 3d .

(POST-FREI, SJd

aVBSCBIPTIOX— Inland, tBrf for»ign, 17/6 [22fr. tOe.] It4 20«.] per annum. Entered at ffew York Post Office at aecondclaas matter.
Postal Address— 41, WelUneton Street, Cevent Qardea, W.C. 2. Telegrapblc Address— "Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543

tr For CONTENTS see page 1 13.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISEKS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to preea
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

w

w

YOUR GARDEN NEEDS FOOD I
To obtain the Finest Vegetable* and Flowers, use

EBBS' GAM)EN PERTILISERS.

PERFECT PLANT FOODS. Used by the
Leading Growers and Exhibitors. Manufac-
tured at Webbs' Manure Works, SaRney,
Chester. 6 acres in ertent.
POT.VrO MANURE, lOs. 6d. i cwt., 20s. cwt.
TOMATO MANURE, 13s. 6d. i cwt., 2Ss. cwt.
GENERAL MANURE, lOs. 6d. J cwt., 20s. cwt.
VINE MANURE, 12s. 6d. per i cwt., 218. cwt.
LAWN MANURE, 12s. 6d. per i cwt.. 21s. cwt.
Rose, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, and Sweet

Pea Manures. Carriage Paid,
For particulars, see Webbs' Garden Catalogue,

post free on request.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seeds-
men, STOURBRIDGE.

WALLACE'S NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA. A.M., R.H.S.,
1916. OlhtT new Chinese Primubs, 4c.
BERBKRIS, NEW CHINESE SPECIES,
LILIES, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, ic.
Our SPRING CAIALOGLE |>ost tree on application.
R. WALLACE k CO., LTD., KilnBeld Gardens, Oolchester.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
^ servatories, Qrcenliouses, &c., and Heating Bngi-
iieer, Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W.3. V\ie, 201,
Western London. Telephone: 201 Western.

ROSES.— Win. Paul and Son, Waltham
Cross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new atid old, for present planting. Pricctl
c-ataloKue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES, Waltham Cross, Herts.

(■:;REENH0USEPAINTING& GLAZING

^-" ■ \ ilrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
■' I'lastine " Fuperseiles putty. Full particulolB from
W. CAItSON i SONS, Grove Works, Battersee. Agents
throughout the couMry.

WATERER'S gold MEDAL RHODO-
DENDHOXS.— We cxinlially invite you to come
and selct any planU you require. We have over 60
;icrfs, comprisuig the finest collei-tion in cultivation.
Catalogue frcfl. — JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD , The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., T*awrence Iload, South Toltonham. Oon-
*r\;ifones, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Teaoh-houses,
i'ortiitile Buiklirigs, &c. Catalogues gratis.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN.
EDINBtlRlJII. will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guifle to GaTdening, 160 pages, nearly 150
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

WATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.
Gr.in.l stoc-lis of the best varieties. Lists free.-
,I011X WATERER, SONS k CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
1 wytord, Berkf, , I j

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

CUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

*~-' READING.

XJATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,

-■-' DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standard
varieties is readv. and will be sent post free on appli-
cation. — (Dept. A) R. U. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbeoh.

TIATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illus-

-'-' trated Ofltalogiie of Choice Vegetable and Flowe<r
Seeds, with full cultural note*, is now ready, and will
be 8ent post free on applicAtion. — (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH. LTD., The Floral Fattos, Wisbech.

KELWAY'S graceful and beautiful
* LANGI'RIM " HYBRID GLADIOLI.
These new Gladioli oi-e most gnifeful, and provido
Vellow, Amber, and Aprioot shadc*i not to be found in
our other large- flowered hybrid Gladioli.
They are quite hardy and flower in July and Aug'uM.
They flourish in towns, and are invaJuable for deoorat
ing bospitak, cfaurchee, and tlie h(»ne.
Send for reduced War Prioe Lists of our new vaaieties.

K

ELWAY & SON, Retail Plant Dept.,

LANGPORT, SOMERSET.

(^'ISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H..S. Scientiflcallv-conlrollcd Trials at
Wisley, 191III5. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W.

pEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunyard's

-*- Medela has been proved by hundredfi of practical
Gardeners a certain cure for this trouble ; to be appliwi
in March and April; 2s. per quart, Ss. 6d. per gallon, in
cans.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurserice,
Maidstone.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

■*-^ — New CataK^ues of the above now issued gratia.
Gratnd New Early Pea, Laxton'e Supc-rb, &c., Fruit
Trees. A tine sTot-k to offer— may etill t»e safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation cm re<:eipt of stamped enve
lope.— LAXTON BROTHERS, Nur&erymen, Bedford.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-cliUBS Fe<rtili9ere ; oloo
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawns Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

PERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-

-*- iriK Ferns, Basket Feme, Stove and tireemhouee

Ferns. Hardy Garden Ferns; catalojjues free.~J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loug-hborough Junction,
London, S.W.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
111 What Soils to PUint Them," with Oatalo«:ue,
fice on application. Special seleotione, 12, 3s. 'fed. ;
2b. fw. M. ; 50. 12& 6d. ; 100, 25s. All different, n^nwl.
.strong stock : please state position and soil. — G. R.
PIIIPPS, .Vlpine Nursery, Bamhom, Bognor.

BUSH ROSES.— To be Sold cheap ; good
stuff; 1m:ui Km\ Dnisc.hki, Mi-s. .lohn L.-miK, Oai»-
line Testouit, Hu^rh Dickson, Geo. Dick(*cm^ Lvons,
Lilierty, and quantity Hybrid Teas.— WILLIAM GRAY,
Rose Grower, Brox, (^erteey, Surrey.

Fop Adveptisement Chapges see page II.

NEW PHLO.XES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant

-^^*- Flowers in all shades, now ready for delivery. —
For liats, with fuU particulars, apply "gUNN & SONS,

Warwickflihire.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE and FLOWER

-■-' SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested growtJi
at striotly moderate prices. Descriptive Catalogue free.

"DARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI,

*-' CaiiiKis, Montbretias, Tigridias, Anemones,
KanuiK'ulus, &c.. tor Spring Planting. Catalogue ti-ee.
BARB k SONS, King Street, Oovent Garden, London.

TIUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Orders

•*-' are now being booked for these plants for delivery
in March. List, with full directiona and prices, on ap-
plication.—GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nur-
series, Maidstone.

lyiESSRS. FIDLER & SONS beg to an-

■*-"-*- nouiu-e. with sincere regret, 'that they ■will not
be able to accept, at the present time, any more orders
for Seeds or Seed l'ota.to8.

Since the break-up of the frosty weather, they have
been inun<iated to »\\vh on astoimding extent with
oivllers, IJiat, severely hjindicaipi>ed ifts they are in
reoi>ect to Inlwur, there is considerable difHouMy in, deoil-
ing with the accumulation.

A-s !*oon a'S arrears have been' mot to the necessary ex-
tent, they hoi>e to again commence mcceptiaig orders,
whe<n the faot will be announced in the Press.
FIDLER & SONS. Royal Berkshire Seed Stores, Beading.

/^MISSIONS and Failures made good by

^^ pmrhiising Storrie'a Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or putting on at correct dates for best possible re-
sults; iill iHjpular Greenhouse pUnla, Suiinmer Bedding,
and H;udv Border Flowers, &c. Grand lot of Cvclamen
now ready. Write for cAtalocue.-STORRIE & STORRIE,
Flower Seeds Specialists, Glencorae, Perthshire.

BLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will
have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Bcgoniaa and Delphiniums, &o., &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magnificent strong
roots of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

YOUNG ORCHARD, eight years old
Fruit Tries, must he cU-arcd to plant Potatos.— .'Ipples,
I'earB, PhmiB, Is. 3d. each, 12s, i«r dozeai. Specimem,
Ti-eeii iUi Staiuhmxl or IJusli, Is. M. to Js. M. each. Varie-
ties incl'ude Newtous, Bramlcys. Cliristinos Pearmain,
Williams, Viotoriaa, and all leading varieties. Large
Bushes in Gooseberries, and Red, Black, and White Our-
ranits, 6d. each, Ss. per dozen. AU in full profit. No
waiting years for fruit.— FRED PABKBS, Vine Gardens,
Wyberton, Bosion.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Try
our eiili'iKlid Vorlishire Whipcord Tweed ; wears like
leat.hcT • showci proof ; 7 vards for 17«. 6d. Patterns tree.
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradford.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peiit, 10s. 6d. per yard im trucks; in
bags 2s. 6d. each, 30.h. dozen; Oak and Boech Lt-af Moul<l,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Frenli Out, Silver Sand;
4-ton loU for 458.; O.N. Fibre, 24a. dozen hags; list
free— J. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S.. Feltham, Middlesex.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Makch 17, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY, at 12 o'clock.

1.500 FRUIT TREES

ami Bushes, Herbaceous and Bock PLints, Rose.s, Lily-of
tlie-Valley, Oamatioiis, Lilies, and Gladiolus in vaiiety,
and other Bulbs,

and at 3 o'clock,

JAPANESE LILIES,

In cases, and other Bulbs, for the trade.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell tie above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.O.
tin view morning of sale and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 a,nd 68, Chenpskle, London, EC, on Thursday.
March 22nd, and every succeeding Thursday at 1 o'clock,
consignments of well-grown EOSES, especially lotted to
suit all buyers.

Ob view morniuf oJ sale and oataloyuea had.

FRIDAY NEXT.— ORCHIDS.

-\ selectdojii of Established Orohids, togetiier with many
in flower and bud.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at their Central Sale
Rooms, 6768, Cheapside, E.G.,

On Friday, March 23rd, at 1 o'eloek.

Un view morning of sale and oatalogues had.

BUSINESSES WANTED,

WANTED to Rent, near London (Surrey
or Middlesex). Glasshouses, with or without cot-
tage, and some land ; near station.— G., Box 17, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Covent Garden, W.C^2^

WANTED to Rent, near London, small
Nursery Business, with some Glass if possible.—
E. FOWNES, 28, Traf.ilg-ar Boad, Twickenham.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

URSERY TO LET ; commanding posi-

tion ; five minutes from rail and trams; 330ft.
Glass; H acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheerness.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

LONDON, N. — Market Nursery, near
station, to be Let ; 11 Greenhouses ; total length
710 feet; all well heated; rent £52; no stock; imme-
diate possession. — Particulars of PROTHEROE &
MORRIS, 67, Cheapside, E.G.

TENDERS.

' TO BE SOLD BV TENDER.

THE ROYAL NURSERIES, FELTHAM,
.MIDDLESEX. --The Receiver for the Debenture
Holdei-s invites Tenders for the above Freehold Nurseries
and Contents (fonnerly the Property of Messrs. J.as.
Veitch & Sons. Ltd.). To be sold as a going concern.—
Pull particulars can be obtained on application to the
Receiver at the Nurseries, or from Messrs. Crawfords &
Marchmont, 7, Southampton Row, W.C.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nui-sery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W^

MOTOR LAWN MOWER, Secondhand,
w.anted, 24 inches ; must be in first-class order.
State make and price.— COPEMAN, Oliveden, Shenfleld.
Essex.

PLANTS, Ao.p FO^^ SAL£,

PLANT now, GIANT ASPARAGUS,
Strong, 3 years, 4«, 6d. 100 ; Liliuiii Caiwlidum,
White Madonna LUies, immense bulbs, 2s. &d. dozen,
15s. 6d. 100, fresh, pluiiip, grand for wreaths.
JOHN FLOWER,
Asparagus Grower,
Morestead, Winchester.

Iftft nnO LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

•*-^" »V/V/\/ 20s. 100; Pahiis, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxiniag, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; oatalogues free— J. E. SJIITH, London Feim Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

GERANIUMS, strong July struck. Cram-
pel, Denmark, Jacoby, Pollock, M'Mahon. Whites.
Raspail, Turner, Crousse,' 128. 100.— PARMENTER &
CORNEY, Basildon, Essex.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in t
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not late

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

pet p«g« 10 10 0

Ordinary FogitioQi

Facing matter and Back Page ... ,, ,, 12 12 0
Half and quarter pages, column and half ooluo: ii
spaces, pro rata.

« s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column .. ... 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns „ ... 14 0

Per Inch, across I columns ... _, „. ... 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space,
[Headline counted as twe lines.]

For dlsconntfl apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words, Is, 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

Thtie AdvertiitmcDti mail be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SOBSCRIPTIONS.

The Uirsd Kinsdoii IS/- per

Abboas ... 17/6

Cheques and P.O.s to be made payable to "Gardeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON. W.C. 2

Telegrams ; 1643 " Gardohron, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Gerra£D.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lln«s 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full par'ticulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vaca7it
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimo7iials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WILL an Employer reooin,aieiid HEAD
GARDENER ovei' 3 jnen and to take charge of
small estate and poultry. State age and waiges (cottage
and garden provided) and when free.— VISCOUNTESS
K., Kneesworth H.all, Roystom, Herts.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER !Uld SECOND G-\RDENER, for nobleman's
place in Cheshire.— Apply, MES. GLEGG. 78, Albert Hall
Mansions, Kemsington.

WANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-
DESER, where 2 or 3 liept ; Kitchen Garden,
iJreenhouse, Lawns, and small petrol engine. — LT.-COL.
Iii;ravTON, Dursley, Gloucestershire.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ing), for duration, of war; small, well-kept place
111 Bucks; 25 miles from London; Under Gardener and
strong hoy kept; wages £2, with cotUage, coal, oil. and
vegetables. — Apply by letter, or personally, before 10 or
after 6, to MR. HOLDING, 42, PorciieBter Terrace, Lon-
don, W.

^\

"WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

~ " DENER ; particularly for Veg-etables and Fniit ;
ineligible; one who uncle rstamds eJeota'ic lig-M plant pre-
ferred; help givefn ; cottage. — Send references to CAl'-
TAIX C. H. FENWICK, Oranford Hall, Keltering.

T^TANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-

* * DEN'ER, where 3 are kept; must be experiem-ed
In and Out; good cottage and giirdeu provided; reply,
statinig age, experienoei, and wages, &c. ; good irefea-enoea
os5-ential.— G. GARNONS WILLIAMS, Ashbumlhain E^afl©
Office, Biirry Port, Oarmarthenishire.

"W^ANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-

' ' DENER (ineligible) ; thoroughly experienced in
all Outside work. Vegetables. Fruit. Shrubberies.
Grounds, Hay, &c.— .ipply by letter to G., Normans-
tield. Hampton Wick.

WANTED at once, SINGLE-HANDED
GARDE.N'ER for private house in Boston ; Con-
servatorv. Greenhouse, and Kitchen Garden ; good wages
to suitable m.an.— Apply, W. W. JOHNSON & SON,
LTD., Boston, Lines.

WANTED, capable SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER; help given; for country house; no
(ireeuhouse: cottage with garden.— .\ddiess, G. B., c/o
Vinton's, 8. Bream's Buildings, London, E C.4

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DE.VER ; some Glass ; small cottage ; 30s. per
week— Full particulars to P. BURGESS, VPillenhall House,
near Coventry.

WANTED, a good SINGLE-HANDED
liAHHEXKR, with help; chiefly Kitchen Garden;
.ililt-. to milk 2 cows and look aiter pigs and poultry ;
good wages and cottage. — Apply, LADY KESTEVEN,
Shillingstihorpe, Stamiord, Lincoln.

/"ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed) ; boy to assist : Mixe<l Gai-den, sniall
iJreeiihouse.— X., Priory House, Godstone, Surrey.

\YANTED, SECOND GARDENER; good

* * all-round experience ; take turn w it.h duty ; 3

kepi ; wages 325. per week J. CHAMBERS, The' Gar-

ili-iis, Leigh Holnie, Streatham, S.W.16

.\'.ATION.\L FOOD PRODUCTION FOR GOVERNMENT
FACTORY.

^Y-^^'TED at once, GARDENERS (In-

* * < liuiMi- or substitution m^n), for the cultivation
! t •'■*\ I iMp- <iii an ext.Diisive ec^de ; good wages; housing

.iiiununuLl.itiijn available neiar to works; good focd
-ivaihible at Works Canteens at moderate piices. —
Apply at once to MR. R. GREENFIELD, Garden Superin,-
;o:id.^i't. White & Poppe, Ltd., Coventry.

WANTED, GARDENER (Wobking),
U>v Kit-hen and Fruit Garden; must be ineligible
iiir National as well as Military Service.— Write, statuig
lMrt]<-n:>ars, and wages required, to MISS S. NORTH-
I.EIGH, Btadfurd-on-Avon, WiUs.

WANTED, good GARDENER, with wife
as good laundress on a gentleman's place ; without
cliLldreni or grown.-up family ages about 50 ; cottage
found; another Gardener kept; Church people. — Address,
stating wages required, length ot eharactea- in last place,
,iiid part ic-u Ins to W. E., Smith's Library, Dorking.

TIT ANTED, GARDENER, capable of run-

' ' "iiig private electric light installation ; perman-enit
place; ineligible; Hertfordsliire. — Write to H. F. S., c/o
Pottle & Son, 14, Royal Exchange, London, E.C.3

"l\r^NTED, TWO UNDER GARDENERS

' ' St'i'oud and Improver, for Inside or In^side and
Out ; Bothy, milk, and vegetables, and attention pio-
tKlf'*!; good wages and overtime paid. — Appiy, T. DOWN,
Basing Park Gardens. Alton, Hants.

WANTED, at St. Leonards School
for Girls, St. Andrews, Fife, a fullv qualified
jnd well L-Hlmatetl WOMAN, to act as HEAD GARDENER
ind INSTltUCTOR in GARDENING; knowledge ot the
growlh and sale of Vegetables and the care of Grars
is C'sson'tial, and some experience in teaching desirable.
-For further particulars apply to the HEAD MISTRESS.

T ADY GARDENERS WANTED, Sussex,

-■-^ -as HEAD ; 4 Unde>r Gardeners kept ; understand
Greenhouses, Peaches, Vines, Orchids, &c. ; good organ-
iser. (2) Bucks, SINGLE-HANDED, with help 2 days a
week from Head Man Gardener ; 1 small Greenhouse,
Kitchen Garden, and Vegetables ; willing to learn elec-
tric light plant. (3) Sussex, as HEAD ; take charge of
Garden. 3 acres, chiefly Vegetables and I'utatos ; assist-
ance given by 2 other ladies. (4) Surrey, as CHAUF-
FEUSE-G.\RDENER ; work under Man Gardener and
drive car. 30 h.p. Leon Bollee. (5) Surrey, as UNDER ;
Head Man t"^.ardener kept; mostly outdoor work. (6)
Si, .. s 1 iaiii.Hl as HEAD and UNDER; 3 in all kept;
It rtric light plant. Ladv Gardeners are

I ... 1% free of charge.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86,
11 J I s I . I Marylebone.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER (Head),
in •'■iris' school ; large Gardens, some GlaAS ;
good experience essential.— Apply, HEAD MISTRESS,
Heatlifield, Ascot.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on page vii*

March 17, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE

((

»

Double -Purpose

Garden.

'T'HE 1917 garden will be a patriotic
-'- garden — divided between vegetables
and flowers. A generous vegetable patch
to help Lord Devonport and a floral space
where tired warriors and workers may find
peace midst beauty and fragrance.

SOW

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The Seeds of Success, and both sides of
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Even with this slight increase in price
Ryders Seeds still represent the highest
obtainable expression of quality and
economy.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE.

Kyders 11117 Illustrated Catalogue contains over
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RYDER & SON, ltd.

Seed Specialists, ST. ALBANS.

Ikwaie of Imitators. Order your seeds now—

LETHORION

VAPOUR
CONE

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Introduced 1885.

The marvellous oSect of this
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Only a match required
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Thousands of testimonials
received from all parts.

1,000 cubic ft., ed. ; No. 2, 1,6C0
No. 3, for 2,0C0 to 2.600 cubic ft, 1 -.

>f T HE NEW
AND MOST
SUCCESSFUL

"TENAX
Grafting Wax

It is a much required "HOME-MADE" article

to meet the requirements of all Nurserymen and

Gardeners.

It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

other preparations for all Grafting and Budding

Purposes.

obtained throoKh the Nursery and Seed
Trade generally.

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chemical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON. S.E.

BENTLEY'S^^

WEED DESTBOYEBS :

Liqai4 : ConeentraUd Strength 1 to M.

Diuble Strength 1 to SO.
Pat»t Powder: 1 to li.

BENTIEY'S DAISY KILLER

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BEHTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BEHTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.

Chemioal Worka,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

SANKEYS'^^^'^POTS

^f'*?,^PLi"*^'^^^^«* -sew, J.?

SWEET PEA

and TOMATO PLANTS |

Our Great Specialities, e

'.\11 Di-v.jteis of tlie .Sweet I'eii should send for our =

i« List It coutaiiis H

90 Varieties, including 20 Novelties. =

lliis,- Mr a s.l(rii,,ij ,,( tlic "Cream," nii.l we =

h'liK'^Mv ^< I . vr th:it there has never been olTered =

as plants such a comprehensive Collection of =

First-class varieties. =

THE EDITORS Of many Gardening Papers =

havo commended our selection. =

nt I. I

tliebe pl.ilith ale Autun
There Is a vast ditf.nm
those raised in tlie spriii

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Buck's Tresco j imly. lOll, 4

Early Cauliflowers, transplanted, 8d
TERMS.-i .«.U. I'li-as.- limit extra for pnsl.iK'-. =

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RIVERS

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STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

FORBES' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Florist'i Flowers, Hardy Plants,

Veg-etable and Flower Seed*.

Free on Application.

JOHN FORBES (Hawick). LIMITED,

The Kings Nurserymen,

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i;\ .MMMiiN 1 \ii:n r.

PAULS' Royal Nurseries.

Waltham Cross, HERTS.

I.iirno BtcK-ks i>t the following in excellent condition
for Spring Planting, at very niuderite prices:—

ROSES, in all forms, new and old varieties.

FRUIT TREES, for the orchard and garden.'

HARDY TREES and SHRUBS.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS and CAMELLIAS.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

SEEDS and Garden Sundries.

Price I.inta on application i^tating articles required,

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' MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

ActMg Ckairaaa of the Scientific Committee of tht
Royal f~lorticultural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By ihe Same Aulhor.

MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the Same Author.

Price 5/6 each poit free (rom —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE "6ARDEMER8' CHRONICLE." LTD..
41. WELLINfiTOK ST.. OOVEKT BAMEIL LOmWN. W.G.'2.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Map.ch 17. 1917.

THE HOME OF PURE SEEDS.

ts oi th Royai Seed Estabishm -at, wAere gruwers aie being suppli
for the National Food Supply.

SUTTON 6 SONS, the kings seedsmen, READING.

u:bull5

I THE NATIONAL FERTILIZER
' THAT MADE THE

, -vCHELSEA NURSERIES FAMOUS

iJi^BULils Plant Food Gi 536.Kincs R? Chelsea

FfiOD SUPPLY.

PORTABLE PLANT FRAMES

(."Supplied from .stock),
Suitable for Allotments and Gardens at Reasonable Pri

ire made of the best materials, and can
be put together and taken »part in a few minutes by
any handy man.

Catalogues of Prices sent free on Application.

Ft. H:AIJL.II>J1.Y &, Co.,

Royal Horticultural Works, MIDDLETON, MANCHESTER-

F7t

STIND&RD rURRANTS

We can offer fine trees
with 4A ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

George BUNYARD

& CO., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

TS I

n

D

■^ Slugs
^ Slugs

SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& 15/- per Cwt.(f.or, London)
of all Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.

I THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.
Limehouse, London, E.
Awarded Medal al Royal Horticultural
ExhlhlllO'l. IQll.

A. F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

strong flowering plants in Sin. pots.
In 6 good Standard varieties,

15/- per doz., 96/- per 100.
In 6 good Novelties,

20/- per doz., 128/- per 100.
Packed free for cash, carr. forward.

The Nurseries,

IVER, BUCKS.

March 17, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

113

(^Bxbmm Cljrnntrlr

Xo. U77.— SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Black rot of Cabbages .. 115

Books, notices of —
Transpctions of tbe
Xew Zealand Insti-
tute 116

Bracken as a vegetable. . 118

Bulb garden, the —
Late Snowdrops .. 115

Crown gall disease . . 118

Farm, crops and stock
on the home , . . . 120

Fruit register-
American j^pples .. 116

Glass houses and food
production .. .. 118

Grass orchards and in-
sects ' 119

Han, Mr. A. D 118

Hull public parks .. 119

New Zealanil, Pines and
Oaks In IKJ

Orchid s:de at Wa'ton
Grange, furthcoming . 11-

Paper restrictions, the 118

Pheasants, thinning .. lis

Planting main crop
potatos .. . .. IH

Potato experiments .. 113
Potatos and green man-
uring 115

Potatos, Scotch seed .. 113
Seed sowing, hints on .. 115
Societies —
British Wholesale

Florists' .. .. 116
Royal Horticultural .. 119
Spinach Beet . . .. 115
Sugar Beet as a preser-
vative 119

Sulphur for damping in

vegetables .. .. 115
Telopea speciosissima .. 119
Vegetable garden, crop-
pin- a 114

Vegetables, a select list
of . .

.. 115
eek's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. 116
Fniits under glass ..117
Hardy fruit garden, the UT
Kitchen garden, the .. 116
Orchid houses, the .. 117
Plants under glass .. 117

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plan of vegetable cropping 114

Telopea speciosissima 119

MY POTATO PATCH IN 1916: AND

SOME NOTES ON THE "MYSTERY"

MANURES,

TWO patches are used in alternate years
for maincrop Potatos and general
erops. For the latter a good dress-
ing of stable manure is used, with here
and there artificials as may be indicated;
for the former only a lieavv dressing of
dead leaves and leaf-mould is applied as
a foundation for various experiments
Since this routine has been adopted, the
yield of Potatos per plant has pro-
gressively increased ; thus the patch in
1914 gave a grand average of 2.05 lb., and
in 1916 3.44 lb. per plant, wliilst the patch
used in 1915 has risen to 5. .3 lb., with
maximum G.7 and minimum 4.0 lb. per
plant per row. Distance between rows
30 inches; between sets, 18 inches. As it
was anticipated that my presence might
be required elsewHere, no very elaborate
system of trials was starfcil : however, I
had the opportunity of weighing the
crop before leaving home.

One part was dug after the manner
described in Gardeners' Chronicle, March
4, 1916, page 136 — namely, besides
ridging, which has been done every
autumn for five seasons, the bottom of each
furrow was treated as in trenching. Thus
the third spit in its loosened condition is
only one spit deep from the depressed
surface, and having no great weight above,
it is more patent to the air than in or-
dinary trenching, wherein it is buried at
once under two spits. The average per

plant on this area, excepting rows with
special treatment, was 4.04 lb., against
tlie control part (only ridged and not
manured), 3.36; the grand average of the
whole crop was 3.44 lb. ; the variety
Sutton's Superlative.

Professor Bottomley kindly supplied me
with some of his Humogen ; the new supply
did not arrive in time for putting in at
planting time, so some of the previous
year's supply was used. Also, a small
quantity of "Rito " was kindly supplied
by the proprietors. The results were : —

RIDOID OlTLT.

Yield per plant,
lb.
Old drv Humogen, loz. per plant, at planting . .4.09

Rito, 140 c.c. per plant, at planting 3.36

New moist Humogen. 6oz. per plant when up.. 4.06
Old cider yeast with lime, a trowelful at planting 4.61

Control rows, with similar exposure 3 63

Ridge-Trenchkd.

New Humogen, 6oz. per plant when up 3.64

-Ammonium sulphate. 0.6oz. per yard when up. . 4 DO

Control rows with similar e-xposure 4.04

Grand average over the whole plot 3.44

It will be seen that there was some ap-
parent beneficial effect of flumogen, except
on the " ridge-trenched " area, whilst the
" Rito " showed depression almost to the
minimum yield of any single row. The
beneficial effect of the veast and lime may
be noted, though it is not a manure that
can be ordinarily obtained ; no doubt part
of the influence was due to the lime, a
matter that will bo again mentioned in
considering the effect of the " mystery
manures" on other crops.

Other Crops.
Humogen and Rito were also tried on
some other crops.

WISTER OmONS.

I.Unted 4 inches apart ; on 27. v. 16, thimied to 8 inches.

THINNIS09. Final Crop.

Control . .10.311b3. per 100 54.6Ibs. per 100

Old Humogen (ilb.

per sq yd.).. 5 31 per lOO ' 57.81bB. per 100
Rito (lib. per sq.

yd) 8.98 per 100 68.91bs. per 100

Spbiko-sows OsiOKa.

Control 23.471b8. per 100

New Humogen, Jib 23.441b». per 100

Kite, jib 22.56lb9. per 100

Shallots.

Control, 100; Humogen. 143; Rito, 94.

Oabrots.

Sutton's Scarlet Intermediate; Uiinned out 4 inches apart.

Control 25.661b9. per 100 (roots weighed)

New Humogen, Jib. 25.051bs. per lOO (roots weighed)

feito, lib 30.601bs. i)er 100 (roots weighed)

LiaOKKOOTED Pauslet.

Control 53.701bs. per 100 (roots weighed)

New Humogen, ilb. 39.121bB. per 100 (roots weighed)
Rito, Jib 44.46lbs. per 100 (roots weighed)

Celeriac. — This crop was not ready for
harvesting on my departure. Half the
patch was treated with Humogen, 25
grams to each plant; subsetiuently they
were watered with a weak-tea-coloured in-
fusion of Humogen inst€ad of plain
water. In August half of each part
was given a good sprinkling of lime. On
Octoter 30 it was noted that the
Humogen patch was the most vigorous,
and particularly so where no lime was
given. It was hardly attacked by fly; on
the other hand, the control part, especially
that with no lime, was far less luxuriant
and badly infested with fly.

For a further purpose, a few plants of
"Field Beets" (Mangel Wurzel^ were
grown from seeds kindly supplied by
Messrs. Sutton and Sons. Half of these
were given 1 oz. of Humogen at the time
of sowing, and a further dose later. Of
Sutttjn's Tankard : —

Control roots taken at 100, yield with Humogem 113
Control leaves taken at 100, yield with Humogem 124

Sutton's Sugar —

Control roots taken at 100, yield with Humogen 165
Control leaves taken at 100. "yield with Humogen!! 140

Remarks upon the Above Results.

After the experience of the previous
year, the effect of the Humogen treatment,
particularly upon Potatos and Onions,
was not in accordance with anticipation.
And it seemed clear that there must be
some factor whose presence or absence
affected the influence of the peat products'.
Chittenden (R.II.S.J., XLI., 1915, p. 320
especially, and again Gaixleners' Chronicle
August 12, 1916, p. 80) has not been able
to show any marked benefit from the use
of Humogen ; in the latter reference he ex-
pressly states that the soil was a poor
sandy one. He also tried the effect of add-
ing lime during growth; this caused de-
pression when used alone, and, speaking
generally, it did not enhance the yields
where Humogen was also used. Unfortu-
nately, he does not give the carbonate
analyses of the soils. Having had nearly
50 per cent, increase with Humogen in
1915 with Onions, the depression found on
weighing the thinnings was e.specially
striking, and it seemed worth while to in-
vestigate the carbonate contents of the
patches. Four nine-inch samples were
taken from each part, and three twenty-
gram* lots of each were tested, after a pre-
liminary boil with distilled water to drive
off any free COi that might be present.
The control patch gave 0.48 per cent., the
Humogen patch 0.33 per cent., and the
Rito patch 0.26 per cent, of carbonate
reckoned as CaCO^- (? loss of CO^ by
action of peat proclucts).

It is regrettable that a further
sampling could not bo done at
the time of the final cropping,
when the conditions may have changed
somewhat. Furthermore, an isolated ob-
servation cannot be taken as proof; but
when consideration is given to those
plants which prospered particularly —
viz., Celeriac and " F''"''' Beets" — it
appears that those are plants which are
not particularly exigent in the matter of
carbonate of lime. Hfr. CMttonden's trials'
have shown that late additions of raw lime
do not solve the problem, and it is to be
hoped that in further experiments, soil, in
which a lime addition has been allowed
time to mellow, will form one of the con-
trol plots. Moreover, the carbonate
analyses of the trial plots will not be with-
out interest, and may help to unravel the
discrepancies which have been recorded.
The fixing or precipitating power of lime
or its' carbonate on soluble humus is well
known, and some such fix.ation may be
necessary for subsequent utilisation. In
some experiments with soluble humus it
was found that magnesia had compara-
tively slight precipitating power; which
leads one to the idea that excess of mag-
nesia and paucity of lime may lead to the
loss of hiimic matter bv leaching out. and
consequently impoveri'^h the fertility of
the soil from loss of this important con-
stituent. H. E. Durham.

114

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

VEGETABLES.

A croppinct plan.

The plan reproduced in fig. 40 shows the
system of cropping to be followed in the kitchen
garden at Moreton Paddox, Warwick, in the
forthcoming season, as s^t out by the gardener,
Mr. B. H. Martin. Most gardeners draw up
a scheme of cropping each season, for it has
obvious advantages, but only an expert draughts-
man such as Mt. JIartin could be expected to
make so complete a plan to scale, wTiich is in-

- ^Sff . JUcA

the fuiTOw of the first crop, th? second crop
' to receive a generous amount of short manure.
The bush and small fruits are planted in square
or parallelogram plots for easy and economical
netting. Our correspondent states that the
same rule applies to the permanent crops such
as Rhubarb, Sea Kale, and Globe Artichokes,
because the trenching necessary for thesie is
best done in square breadths. The site for the
Asparagus beds is the best drained and lightest
soil, and is removed from trees. The central
squares are so arranged that crops can be
rotated from 1, 2, 3, and 4 in successive seasons,

cultivator. For main crop varieties I recom-
mend Prolific (a strong grower), Carter's
Royalty (medium), Kiug Edward VII., a good
all-round variety, also The Factor, which is one
of the best late-keeping Potatos. It must be
borne in mind that it is possible to grow two
crops of Potatos in one year in the open air.
Therefore the thing to aim at is the greatest
possible production of Potatos for the year ahead
of us. It is not difficult to accomplish, nor is
it. as some may contend, bad practice. The
four essentials are : (1) That the second crop
must be planted during the first week in

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-PLAN OF THE KITCHEN GARDEN CROPS AT MORETON PADDOX

tended to be hung in the men's mess room for
daily reference. It is not claimed that the crop-
ping is perfect, particularly with regard to the
rotation of the crops, the Brassicas being too
scattered. Mr. Martin was requested by his
employer early last year to crop only with
Potatos, but in May it was decided to produce
all the varieties of vegetables possible. The
change resulted in confusion, which it has
not been possible wholly to correct this season.
On one border the North-country practice
of cropping twice with Potatos in the
same season will be followed, car« being
taken to plant the second crop on th» site of

and give a complete change of ground to the
different kinds of vegetables.

PLANTTNO FOR THE MAIN CROP OF
POTATOS.

Given prepared seed and well-tilled land, then
comes the operation of planting Potatos. With
regard to the time of planting, the main crop
much depends upon the locality, but raid-April,
generally speaking, would be soon enough, plant-
ing the sets 15 inches asunder and setting the
rows 2 feet to 3 feet apart. Much depends
upon the habit of growth of the variety, a
knowledge which is soon gained 'by an observant

July ; {2) that vigorous seed must be used, pre-
ferably Scotch ; (3) that the sets must be
sprouted before planting ; (4) that attention
must be paid to spraying. The tubers intended
for planting to produce this second crop must
be kept in as cool a place as possible, provided
frost is excluded. In May or early June they
should be placed in the open air to complete
their sprouting. Sturdy shoots, about 2 inches
or less in length, wUl then be produced by July.
These, if planted in rich soil, will quickly
appear above the ground ; this method is a
most powerful factor in securing this second
crop.

March 17, 1917,]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

115

As soon as the growths axe a few inches high,
draw up to the young tops some soil on both
sides, even to covering them, when frost
threatens. The Potato is a plant very suscep-
tible to frost, but immunity from harm may be
gained at the cost of a little labour. Subse-
quent stirring of the soil between the drills
for the purpose of aerating and loosening the
ground wiU be necessary, together with Ihand
weeding, and followed by a final moulding
before the liaulms have attained an inconvenient
size for working, will complete the treatment
till the time for sprajnng. Healthy growth
above ground should be encouraged to the ut-
most. Should the growtlis be at all weak, a
dressing of one of the special concentrated
manures is of value if sown between the rows
when rain is expected.

Spraying, now looked upon as an essential
part of successful Potato culture, should be com-
menced before signs of disease appear, in dry
weather, usually about the middle of June. One
or two sprayings later on, at intervals of a fort-
night, should also be given. A popular
m.ixture for spraying consists of 2 lb.
sulphate of copper, 2^ lb. washing soda,
and 10 gallons of clean water. The sul-
phate of copper is powdered and dissolved, and
al.'^o the washing soda; the solutions are then
mixed with the proper amount of water, stirring
continuously. The mixture is applied to the
hnulms in a fine .spray by a machine. Dull,
dry weather is the best for spraying, and
should heavy rain fall before the spray has dried
on the foliage it is advisable to give a further
dressing. It is largely the grower's fault if
his Potatos rot in the field. Spraying is no
longer an experiment, it is a necessity, and
those who recognise this tact will reap their
reward.

Finallv. lift the Potatos as soon as they are
matured, as I am quite sure manv are thus saved
from disease. Some growers believe that unless
the tubers are thoroughly ripe they do not keep
so well, but ii\ my opinion that is quite a mis-
take. I have, when fearing a spell of wet
weather, had them all lifted by the second week
of September, and the quality was none the worse.
T prefer .storing the crop in a cool shed. James
I. Pnlre. Alihn/inm.

SULPHUR FOR DAMPING OFF OF
SEEDLINGS.
When raasing Cauliflower, Cabbage, and
Rrussels Sprouts under glass last sf>ring, which
T was forced to do owing to the heavy rains.
1 found that they were much affected by
mildew and covere<l with white mould. I
sprinkled the boxes lightly with flowers of sul-
phur, with the best results. Tlie fungus dis-
appeared in a few hours, and those .seedlings
dressed with th" sulphur giew much more
sturdily and rapidly tlian the others.

POTATOS AND GREEN MANURING.

Thk finest crop of Potatos here last
year was obtained from a patch of "rogues,"
the tubers being large, handsome, and
clear-skinned, averaging 5Ib. 6oz. per root.
The original crop (Up-to-Date) had been
lifted the year before, and the ground sub-
sequently used for burying all the green
rubbish from the house, dead flowers, and green-
stuff of no use to the farm, for which trenches
were opened up as required, and it is curious
that the small Potatos left in the ground were
not discovered. In the spring there was such
a good show of young shoots covering the patch
that they were left untouched, and, of course,
could be neither hoed nor earthed up. In spite
of which, this excellent crop was obtained and
.showed no sign of disease.

The cottagers in the New Forest often grow
a crop of Trifolium and dig it in preparatory
to a Potato crop, and in these days of shortage
of farmyard manure it may be well to practise
green manuring for Potatos more frequently.

Some small tests of sulphate of ammonia and
superphosphate for Potatos were made here last
summer with the object of getting the small
holder and cottager to use artificials. It was
found that a sprinkling of the two manures
after earthing up gave an increase of 5 lbs. of
tubers to the square yard, at the cost of under
^d. The ground had been dressed with farm-
yard manure in the usual way for both samples.

Without artificials we got 14 lbs. to tlhe square
yard, and w-ith them 19 lbs. A. M. Martineau.

SELECT VEGETABLES.
It may interest /., page 71, to know that
Jlessrs. ,Sutton offer seeds of the Haricot Bean
Green Gem, the original of which was, and
probably is, still very popular in the French
markets. The pods are beautiful in shape and
colour, retaining the latter when cooked. The
ripe seed is also pale green and retains this
colour when cooked. In pre-war days they
offered White Haricot as well. Any Dwarf
Bean can be used as Haricots Verts, when
gathered in the young sta*e, but Green Gem
and White Haricot are best in the dried state.
Messrs. Barr and Sons offer Green Haricot.
Messrs. Dobbie and Co. offer Dwaa-f Bean
Golden Butter. Last yeai Messi-s. H. Cannell
and Sons offered Mont d'Or (Dwarf) and
Mont d'Or (Runner), both Wax Pod or
Golden Butter Beans; probably they still offer
them. I was interested in the statement that
Asparagus Kale was more productive and last-
ing than either Scotch or Cottagers' Kale. This
is not quite my experience. Asparagus Kale
is valued chiefly for the succulent young flower-
stems that shoot up in the spring of the second
year. Young sprouts of Cottagers' Kale are
used much in the same way in spring. The
thrifty iScotch housekeeper oegins gathering the
young leaves of Curled Kale as soon as they are
large enough for use, and continues to do so all
th* summer while the leaves remain tender. After
the advent of frost every green leaf becomes
tender and available. In spring the young
flower-shoots and leaves are very tender. An
allotment holder complained to me last Novem-
ber that the leaves were tough. I advised him
to wait until ther? was frost, and he now agrees
that it was worth it. J. F.

BLACK ROT OF CABBAGES.
The bacterial disease of Cabbage and other
Brassicas due to Bacterium campestre has re-
cently made its appearance in South Africa,
near Pretoria, where it has been investigated *
by Dr. E. M. Doidge. This author has made
the interesting discovery that the disease was
introduced in seeds from England. It had pre-
viously been suggested that the disease is distri-
buted in this manner, and the accuracy of the
suggestion has now been verified. For disinfec-
tion of the seed a solution of formalin, 1 in 240
of water, or mercuric chloride, 1 in 1,000, for
15 minutes, is recommended.

HINTS ON THE SOWING OF SEEDS.

H.\RDi,Y too much importance can be placed
on the sowing of the various vegetable seeds
which will require to be sown during the next
six weeks or two months in the open ground.
More especially is care needed where the land
is of a tenacious and unkindly nature.

A serious mistake many cultivators make is
that of getting in the seed on a certain date, no
matter whether the soil is in a proper condition
or not, the result being impei-fect germination
and unsatisfactory results. It is better to wait
for several days, or even weeks, tlian risk sow-
ing when the land is unsuitable, but my advice
is — never miss an opportunity of fine weather
to rake the soil to a fine tilth.

Another mistake often made is that of sowing
too thickly, resulting in a waste of seed, and
entailing much labour in thinning. If there is a
doubt as to their germinating properties, seeds

• S. African J(yin nal of Science, Vol. XII., Nq. 10,

should always be tested; a good rule is to sow just
about as thick again as the, plants are finally to
grow, and thin to the oroper distance apart. 1
have for many years practised the system of
sowing the majority of vegetables in shallow
boxes, raising the seedlings under glafis. and
planting them out later when the weather is
geni.-.l. This system has many advantages over
that of sowing an the open, as the seedlings can
be cultivated in more favourable conditions,
the plants consequently being much stronger, and
benefiting rather than otherwise by being trans-
planted. I refer to Peas, Beans of all kinds.
Onions, Leeks, Lettuces, Cauliflowers. Cabbage,
Brussels Sprouts, Borecoles, Parsley, and others.
But this plan is not suited to the majority of
root crops.

The seeds should always be buried to about
their own depth, whether sown in the open, in
pots, or in boxes.

Wherever possible, sowing in drills, in the
open, should be adopted in preference to the
slovenly method of broadcasting. This remark
applies more especially to permanent beds.

After sowing, shallow alleys should be thrown
out between the beds, and the surface of the
latter finally and properly raked level. All the
rows should be neatly labelled and the date of
sowing I'ccorded. Kdwi'i Beckett.

SPINACH BEET.
.More attention has been, directed to tJiis ex-
ceedingly useful vegetable within the last few
years than was formerly the case. Even now,
however, its merits are often overlooked, yet
there are few, if any, vegetables that possess
the " cut and come again " quality in so marked
a manner as this. In small gardens

the Spinach Beet is particularly valuable, as
it gives such liberal returns for the small amount
of space occupied. In my suburban garden,
which is in a, hot and dry position, the common
Spinach runs to .seed quickly, while the Spinach
Beet is very satisfactory. The first sowing is
made at the end of March or early in April,
and picking commences in about six weeks or a
little more from that date. This crop will keep
up a succession till aiitumn is well advanced,
and, in fact, given mild weather, leaves may be
gathered in the winter. The best yield at that
season is, however, furnished by a second sow-
ing, made towards the end of July, at which
time if well watered when necessary t/he plant
grows rapidly. Those from, both sowings will,
however, if allowed to stand over the winter
yield frequent pickings again in the spring. At
pr3sent they present a very unhappy appear-
ance, owing to the severe weather, but are quite
•safe and ready to start into growth again.
A good plan is before this takes pLice to cut
off all the old and partially decayed leaves, then
run a host> between the iHnvs, and give a dress-
ing with some stimulant, or a soaking with
liquid manure. A good plan is to sow the seeds
iu drills 18 inches apart, though .sometimes a
less distance is recommended. The plants maybe
thinned out to 6 inches or th-reabout from each
other, the thinnings supplying the first cooking.
Rich, well-dug soil is necessary for the best
results. The New Zealand Spinach is also suit-
able for dry soils, but it is killed by the first
frost. Wliil? I much prefer the flavour of the
.Spinach Beet, there are, of course, on tliis point
differences nf opinion. W. T.

THE BULB GARDEN.

LATE SNOWDROPS.

Snowdrops are very late everywhere, and here
there are hardly any in bloom. In the higher
parts of Dumfriesshire I saw a clump in the
drooping stage in the garden of Mr. J. A.
Mather, Hastings Hall, Moniaive, early in
Feibruary. The garden is about 390 feet above
sea level. The Snowdrops were in the grass
and in a slieltered place. S. Arnott.

116

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

BRITISH WHOLESALE FLORISTS'
FEDERATION.

The first generai meeting of tliis socdaty
was held on Ttiesday, the 13th inst., at
Essex Hall, Stramd, London, at 3 p.m.
Nearly one hundred memibers of the wholesale
trade 'attended, and Mr. George Monro, jue.,
was elected to the chair. It was decided tha.t
the title of the federation should be as .given
aibove, and the objects were stated to be to enrol
as members all wholesale florists, whether growers
or salesmen, in the British Isles ; to protect and
further the interests of members and of the
wholesale florists' trade generally ; to antici-
pate and promote legislation, and influence con-
templated legislation affecting the trade; to
disseminate information concerning improved
methods of production and business organisa-
tion ; to encourage a spirit of goodwill and
mutual helpfulness between employers and em-
ployees ; and to facilitate social intercourse and
encourage the spirit of friendly regard among
the members.

The chairman referred to the advantage it
would be to the trade in general, especially in
influencing the Government on the question of
proposed restrictions, to be represented by an
organisation which covered the whole, instead
of a section only, of the wholesale floriets of this
counti-y.

The provisional committee formed on Janu-
ary 15 had met on several occasions, and had co-
opted other members for dealing with specific
subjects. For instance, the Government had
issued an order to commandeer all stocks of
raflia amounting to over 2 cwt. each, and the
committee had approached the Board of Trade,
with the result that the order was made to apply
only to raflSa at the docks, the stock in the hands
of dealers and the trade being untouched. The
clerical work of the Federation had already
assumed such large proportions that offices had
been taken at 35, Wellington Street, and the
services of Mr. C. H. Curtis engaged as secre-
tary. The committee had considered the ques-
tion of the importation of foreign cut flowers,
and had approached the Board of Trade with a
view to obtaining a promise that the prohibition
of importation of cut flowers should be applied
in the case of Dutch bulbous flowers. At that
time, it was the opinion of the authorities that
the trade was so small as not to be worth
troubling about, but since the committee's visit
the tr,i;de had been stopped. He then referred
to the new railway regulations, to come into
force on April 1, by which all freights by pas-
senger train were payable in advance, and goods
were sent at consignor's risk. This would be a
serious hardship for growers, and would be cer-
tain to involve heavy losses. In regard to
national service, it was a relief to find that
it was not the intention of the Government im-
mediately to close down all so-called non-essen-
tial trades, as these trades would be needed
again immediately after the war, and complete
cessation would involve disorganisation. Refer-
ring to the serious shorta.ge of food, he urged
the members of the Federation to do all
they could to increase supplies, and expressed
disagreement with the view that the lack of
Potatos was due to their being held up by owners
of stocks. He stated that the committee had
considered the futui-e of the British bulb-grow-
ing industry. It was proposed by the committee
from time to time to co-opt members, if neces-
sary from outside the membership of the Federa-
tion, to deal with special subjects such as market
credit, railways, rating, and land tenure, thus
obtaining the best expert opinion on all matters
in which the trade would be interested. The
chaiiinan concluded by a.n appeal for funds to
c.irrv nn the immediatelv necessarv work.

Arising out of the chairman's statement, Mr.
Philip Ladds moved : " That the members of
the British Wholesale Florists' Federation
pledge themselves to devote at least 50 per cent,
of their open ground to food production, and
to grow only sufficient flowers and plants to
keep the florists' trade alive and preserve the
stocks which will be necessary for immediate
development at the close of the war." This was
seconded by Mr. Harry Mount, and carried
unanimously.

The rules drawn up by the provisional com-
mittee were adopted, with one slight alteration.
Mr. Geo. Monro, jun., was elected president of
the Fedei-ation, and the members of the pro-
visional committee, including those co-opted,
were elected en bloc, together with nine otherSj
to constitute the committee of the Federation.

PINES AND OAKS IN NEW ZEALAND.

Mr. T. W. Adams, the welMuiown arbori-
culturist, hais latelv published, in Trai'S. N^u)
Zealand Ins/i/u-"., 1916, pp. 216-228, lists of the
Pines and Oake that have been introduced into
New Zealand. He eniraierates 56 species of
Pine. Pinus insignis makes astounding growth :
trees planted in 1873 at Greendale, in the South
Island, have now attained 128 feet in height,
and are still growing vigorously. No other
species yet planted in New Zealand can compare
in rate of growth with this tree. The Corsican
Pine is, perhaps, the best species for timber
production. The Scots Pine, introduced by seed
in quantity in 1864, was attacked by an aphis,
and only a few specimens survive. The Mari-
time Pine Ls the best for seaside planting, while
Pinus murnoata makes a valuable shelter tree.
Pmus yunnanensis, introduced in 1909, is a
beautiful species, which is much admired for its
rapid growth and fine form.

About 63 kinds of Oak are now growing in
New Zealand, but most of them are represented
only by young specimens. Quercus pedunculata.
grows well, a tree planted at Greendale in 1869
being 59 feet high and 6 feet 4 inches in girth.
The American Q. alba does not seem to tlrrive
much better in New Zealand than in England,
wh-re it is a complete failure. Q. Mirbeckii,
the representative of our common Oak in
Algeria, succeeds well. The red Oak?, Q.
coccinea, Q. rubra, and Q. palustris, have done
fairly well, and are of ornamental value on nc-
count of their beautiful autumn colouring. Q.
dentata has the fine^it foliage. Although not so
large aa those of Q. macrocarpa, the leaves re-
sist the wind much better, and are retained on
the tree till spring. The Evergreen Oak (Q.
Ilex) was early introduced, and grows well
throughout New Zealand. A. Henn/.

FRUIT REGISTER.

AMERICAN APPLES.

Knowing how difficult it is to obtain desirable
Einglish dessert Apples after Cox's Orange Pip-
pin is over, I planted last autumn a few trees of
American varieties obtained from an English
nursery. One variety I am testing is Grimes'
Golden Pippin, an Apple of higli quality and o-f
good appearance when grown in the States.
American cultivators consider that the variety
makes its best growth on well-drained, fertile,
moist soil. Stayman Winesap is a standard
variety of Virginia, where it does best on good
loam, not too rich in organic material.
Delicious is thought highly of by those who have
grown it ; it is said to be vigorous, tree in bear-
ing, and with fine-gi-ained, juicy, melting
flesh. E. M.

The Week's Work.

THE flower: GARDEN.

TiGRiDiA (Ferraria).— In cold, wet districts
Tigridias are usually lifted, stored in sand, and
placed in a frost-proof shed. Replanting may
now conmience, selecting a sunny position and
light, sandy soil.

Herbaceous Borders.— As soon as the soil
is in a workable condition planting should be con-
cluded with all speed. Where the soil is light
and warm autumn is much the best time to
renovate the hardy flower border, but in heavy
retentive soil, similar to what we have to deal
with liere, better results are obtained by spring
planting. It may be necessary to divide and re-
plant certain strong-growing plants that have
out-grown their space, such as perennial Asters,
Helianthus, Achillea, Astrantia, Campanula,
Chrysanthemums, and Solidago. Sui-plus plants
put in the reseri'e garden will provide blooms for
cutting, or they may be utilised to fill spaces in
shrubberies. When planting is finished fork the
surface and apply a mulching of manure and de-
cayed l?aves in, equal proportions. In planting
new borders careful consideration must be given
to provide a progression of colour rather than a
contrast. For example light and dark blues
grouped, with shades of yellow and white, fol-
lowed by pink shades, then a'osi?, crimson, scarlet,
and orange, concluding with rich yellow, make a
pleasing floral scene.

Spring Flowers.— Failures in beds or bor-
ders caused by the severe Wi?ather should be
made good forthwith. Stir the soil lightly be-
tween Wallflowers, Polyanthuses and similar
plants with the hoe or a small hand fork. Trim
the grass verges and roll tl»?m ; paths should be
thoroughly scarified with an iron rake to dis-
lodge moss, and the scarifying shoidd be followed'
by rolling.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Globe Artichokes.— The protecting litter
may be removed from Globe Artichokes and the
ground 'between the rows forked. If new planta-
tions are to be made, prepare the ground, but
defer the planting for another month.

Celery. — Sow Celery seed in gentle warmth,
covering the seeds lightly with fine soil. Keep
a watch for slugs when the .seedlings are showing
through the surface. Prick oft the plants as
soon as they are large enough and never allow
them to suffer from want of moisture at the roots.
Sow the seeds thinly, and always allow sufficient
space between the plants to ensure a stocky
growth.

RADisms.— Frequent small sowings of Ra-
dishes should be made in a slightly heated pit.
Water the crop liberally to promote a quick
growth. When ventilation is necessary, before
the plants are well through the soil, guard
against birds destroying the crop.

French Beans.— Sow seeds of French Beans
in 8-inch pots, or boxes having a depth of
7 inches, to produce a supply of pods in May.
The receptacles should be filled to within
2 inches of the top with rich soil, thus leaving
sufficient space for top-dressings as growth pro-
ceeds. Plants from which pods are being
gathered sliould receive frequent applications of
liquid manure and the pods gathered as they
become large enough, whether required for im-
mediate use or not. A light position and plenty
of atmospheric moisture are necessary, or the
plants may soon become infested with red spider.
Later batches of plants should be top-dressed
as it becomes necessary, and a number of twigs
placed in the pots to keep the plants upright.

TOmatos.— The earliest plants of Tomatoe
are swelling their fruits, and will be benefited
by a top-dressing of fine loam and concentrated

March 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' JHRONICLE.

U7

manure, which should be applied carefully and
made firm on the surface, so that it may not
be disturbed in watering. Remove all side-
shoots as they appear and thin the foliage as
it becomes necessan,-, with a view to increasing
the size of the fruit. Plants raised early in the
year will soon be ready for their final potting,
and for this purpose a compost of two-thirds
turfy loam and one-third decayed manure, with
a good sprinkling of old lime rubble, should
be prepared in advance. Crock the pots
carefully and pot the plants moderately firm,
taking care not to break the roots. If the plants
are well watered a few hours before they are
potted, so that the soil is in a moderately moist
condition when they are shifted, watering will
not be necessary for a few days. A strong stick
should be placed by eacih plant after it is potted
to keep the shoot upright. Grow the plants in
a house with a temperature of 50°, and admit
air on all favourable occasions. Make another
sowing for succession, and pot all young
Tomatos as it becomes necessary.

the later, or mid-season, batches may be used
for the purpose.

FRDITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jas. Hudson-. Gardener to Leopold db
Rothschild, Esq., C.V'.O., Gunnersbury House, Acton. W.

Late Vines.— Earlier in the season I recom-
mended that no great haste should be made in
starting the vines in late houses, but the vineries
must now be closed in order thait tliere may
be time to obtain perfect ripening of the
berries by the autumn, and especially varieties
of tlie Muscat of Alexandria type. Certain
black Grapes, including f^dy Downe's and
Gtos C'olman, need a fairly long season to
bring them to perfection. It will be well,
therefore, to close the houses by the end
of the present month at the latest. It is sur-
prising how soon the vine responds to a
little extra warmth at this season with regular
syringings. There is no need to start the Black
Hamburgh house, even if it contains a few vines
of Madresfield Court variety, but rather
let the rods break naturally. There are no black
Grapes that equal these whil.st they are in sea-
son, and during September and October they
are invaluable. In closing the houses containing
the varieties mentioned earlier a slight turn of
the hot- water valves is recommended, seeing
that there are almost continuous morning frosts.
If the thermometers register 55° at the time the
fires are banked it will suffice for the first few
weeks. Young rods that have been allowed a
considerable extension should be watched to see
that they break regularly, and should a bud re-
main dormant just where a shoot is needed it
will he well to bind a little Sphagnum-moss
around but not right over it.

Vines Now in Active Growth. -Vines that
are now growing freely, and with bunches ap-
proaching the flowering stage, should receive
every encouragement by closing the ventilators
early on sunny days and damping freely. Give
almost daily attention to stopping the young
growths. My practice is to stop them at two
joints beyond the bunch and the lateral shoots at
the first leaf. Aim at a regular distribution of
the shoots, and never allow sub-laterals to extend
to the detriment of others and the crowding of
the foliage. I never tie the shoots permanently
until the bunches are thinned. Keep a watch-
ful eye for insect pests ; red spider soon spre;ids
on shoots near the water-pipes. Thrips that
may have been brought into the vinery on other
plants must be guarded against, but mealy bug
is the worst pest.

Strawberries.- The berries on plants that
were started early in January are showing indica-
tions of colouring. At that stag-e watering must
be done with extreme care, and plenty of light is
necessary. At no time during the forcing of
Strawberries should liquid manure from the
farmyard be used. Soot-water is a good stimu-
lant, and perhaps the best of all. When the
berries become too heavy for the stem to support
it is a common practice to place a forked stick
under them, but I prefer wire supports, made
by Messrs. Timothy and Sandvvith. Do
not keep plants that have been forced early for
planting out, as it does not pay, but .some of

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Marguerites.— Ihe white varieties of Mar-
guerite are especially useful for church decora-
tion at Easter. Plants potted last autiimn and
kept gently growing actively through the winter
have filled their pots with roots, and care must
be taken, as the sim gains power, to give
ample supplies of water and stimulants such as
soot or weak manure-water, varied with an
occasional pinch of a safe fertiliser. Plants
for later blooming should be pinahed again,
and potted into larger pots. Use a rich com-
post and leave plenty of space in the pot for
watering. Cuttings inserted now will quickly
make roots and develop into useful specimens.
The donble white variety Mrs. F. Sander is ex-
cellent for pot cultivation.

Bulbs.- Spring- flowering bulbs will gi-ow very
fast now, and fresh batches should be removed
to cool frames under a north wall, regulating
the supply according to requirements. Most
bulbs require plenty of water when in full
growth, and they must be sheltered from cold
draughts. If the flowers are required late in
the season shade the house or pit heavily, and
admit plenty of ventilation. aA.s the early
batches pass out of bloom remove them from the
flowering house to a cold frame, and continue
to water the roots until the foliage dies down.

COLEUS THVR80IDEUS.— The house in which
Coleus thyrsoidcus is grown should not be kept
too cool when in bloom ; the spikes last splen-
didly under the treatment usually given to
winter-flowering Begonias. Well-ripened plants
ran be forced into bloom early in the year, and
a later batch will carry the flowering period over
three months. As the plants get shabby, cut off
the flower spikes, but not too low down, and
place them in a warm, light house. Keep the
roots somewhat dry, but spray the plants
lightly overhead. After they have rested they
will freely produce shoots suitable for making
cut/tings. Take these off when sufficiently
strong, and strike them in a warm propagating
frame.

Humea elegans.— The pleasantly - scented
Humea elegans winters best if the pots are stood
on, or plunged in ashes in a cool frame. In these
conditions the roots i-equire verv little water in
winter. The plants .should never be allowed to be-
come pot-bound in their early stages, or tJhey will
receive a check, and the leaves will turn yellow.
They should therefore be potted into their final
pots in late autumn. .•\n abundance of air should
be given in genial weather, and the plants .stood
on a cool, damp bottom as long as possible, before
removing them to the conservatory. Care in
watering is necessary at all stages' of growth, for
Humeas, if kept too damp, are apt to collapse
suddenly, when an examination of the plant
will reveal decay in the .stem at a point just
above the soil.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\. rVuiK. Gardener to the Hon. F. DtVBY.
Abbi'tts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Planting.— There is just time for further
planting, provided the trees are at hand or can
be secured locally, so that the roots will not be
long enough out of the soil to get dry. Late
planting is often worth the risk, as a season may
be gained thereby. AM newly-planted trees
sluiuld be securely staked, and tho.se iij the open
or on wa'ls trained in position. The soil aboait
the roots should be trodden firm.

Early Pears.— When the blossom on early
Pe.ars in showing colour get ready some light
protective material for use when the flowers ex-
pand, or before they show signs of opening.
Spray the trees with a very weak, fine spray of
.soluble petroleum to check the Pear fly, which ap-
pears at this date. The female deposits her eggs
in the ovary, and appears later in the fruit in
the form of a maggot, causing the embryo to
sicken and drop. The Pear midge is a dreadful
scourge, and I do not hesitate, on a warm, fine

day, when the flowers are open, to give a soft,

gentle spray that will not hai-m the pistil or
ovary. The same spray may also be applied to
Apricot trees, just before the flowers actually
expand, and Peaches, to keep aphis in check.

American Blight,- This troublesome pest
musit be watched for, as any insects that haive
esca.ped destruction in the winter dressings of the
trees will soon be on the move. At the first sign
of the insect use strong measures to arrest its pro-
gress, such as Kerosene Emulsion applied with a
hand-brush, by syringing, or, in the case of
large trees, a strong sprayer. The pest spreads
rapidly and soon infects clean trees : every
means should be directed to check its progres's
and eradicate it.

Big-Bud in Black Currants, -The bushes
of Black Currant should be examined for the
big-bud mite, and, if ,i.ny doubt exisits, investi-
gate with a powerful magnifying glass. If the
mite appears to be present cut away tlie afieoted
branches and burn them. Dress or spray the re-
maining branches with lime and sulphur, mixing
th.3 sulphur in milk. A good dressing of fine lime
mixed with a little petroleum should be applied
under the bushes. Ants are a great trouljle to
fruit trees in blossom, and especially those grow-
ing in light, dry soils.

The Propagation of Fruit Bushes.—
Cuttings of bush fruits inserted in the groujid
earlier in the season have probably been loosened
by the action of frost, and should be made quite
finn again in the soil. Bushes raised from cut-
tings inserted in 1915 that have not been trans-
planted should be given more room.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Cou-IER. Gardener to Sir Jbrhmiah Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Reigate.

Cattlbya.— Plants which have been re.stincrsince
passing out of flower are now developing new
roots. Any necessary repotting may be attended
to at this period. Vigorous plants which have
outgrown their pots should be shifted into larger
ones. Specimens in sour soil should be taken
out of their pots, all the old compost shaken
out, the dead roots cut off, and useless pseudo-
bulbs removed. Where the rooting material is
still in good condition and there is room in the
pot for the plant to develop, some of the old
soil may be picked from between the roots with
a pointed stick, and replaced by new material.
Vigorous plants should be afforded more root'
space than tho.ie of weaker habit.

Mexican House.- The niunorous varieties
iif La<.'1ia ,inco|is will, by now have passed out
of bloom, and as soon as young roots are observed
to be emerging from the b.Tso of the last deve-
loped pseudo-bnlbs, any neces.sary repotting or
top-dressing should bo done at once. Specimen
plants growing in recept.'icles sufliciently large
for the next scason'.s growth .should not be dis-
turbed, imless the old compost has become loose
and decayed. It should in such ca.'jcs be care-
fully removed with a po'nted stick, w-ashing out
all small particles from the drainage, and replac-
ing it with new material. Plants that have out-
grown their space and become open in the centre
should be taken out of their receptacles, cutting
away all decayed roots and useless pseudo-bulbs,
and leaving three or four behind each lead. If
large specimens are desired, place several growths
in the same receptacle, distributing the leads
equally over the surface ; or to increase the stock
of any particular varietv the portions may_ be
potted up separately. Medium-depth pans with-
out side holes are suitable to their requirements.
Keep the rhizomes on a level with the rim of
the pan, which should be about half filled with
drainage. A suitable compo.-it consists of equal
parts Osmunda and A 1 fibre cut up rather
roughlv, with the small particles removed,
pressed rather firmly around the rhizomes, with
some pieces of crocks inserted .at intervals to
ensure a free passage of water. After repotting,
water .should he applied with discretion, merely
pouring it around the outside edges of the_ com-
post, to induce root action. If too much moistnre
is applied at this stage the old roots will decay.
.\s the season advances, the amount of water
should be incrca.sed, together with atmospheric
moisture and frequent sprayings overhead.

118

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the POBUSHEai ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise

when letters

misdirected.

Average Mean Tbmperatdrb for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lait fifty
ye.ars as Greenwich, 11.9°.
Actual Tempbraturb :—

Gardeners' Chronicle OfBce, 11, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London. Thursday. March 15
(10 am.): Bar. 30.2: temp. 11.5°. Weather—

SALES FOR THE KNGUINa WKKK.

MONDAY—

Nursery Stock, Sheds. &c., at Russell's Nursery,

Sheepcote Lane, Harrow, at 2 p.m., by Protheroe

and Morris.
WEDNESDAY—

Fruit Trees, iRoses, Herbaceous Plants. &c., at

12 noon. Japanese Lilies at 3, at Protheroe and

M<ii ris' Rooms, 67, Cheapside, E C.
THURSDAY—

Roses, at 67, Cheapside, at 1 p.m., at Protheroe and

Morris' Rooms.
FRIDAY—

Orchids, at Protheroe and Morris* Roome, at 1 p.m.

It is a mattei- of com-
''o? PapeVand " "'°" knowledge that

the "Gardeners' imports of aCl objects
Chronicle." ii ii ii,

otlier than those imme-
diately essential to the prosecution of tlie
war are being restricted. Among those
(jbjects is paper. It is, flberefore, obli-
gatory on every journal and newspaper
to take it« full .share in reducing the
amount of paper it has been accu.stomed
to use. There are two methods by which
tliis reduction can be effected. The in-
direct method consists of increasing the
price, and so bringing about a reduction
in circulation; the direct method is to
decrea.se the size of the paper. The pub-
lishers and editor.s of the Gardeners'
f'hrnnirJe have decided tt) adopt the latter
method. A journal which i.s devoted to
horticulture, and able to give assistance
and advice with respect to food produc-.
tion, ought not to reduce its potentiali-
ties for usefulness, particularly at a time
when so many are offering suggestions
and urging measures which are remark-
able rather as evidence of patriotism
than of practical knowledge. It is the
duty of horticultural journals to plav tlie
[lart of guide and helpful critic.

In accordance witli -this view, tlie
Onrdeners' Chronicle will devote an in-
creasing amount of its space to the essen-
tial subject of food production. Those
of our I'^aders who have been accustomed
week by week to find some moments of
quiet distraction in reading of the mani-
fold floral subjects with which for so
many years we have been wont to deal
in detail will, we feel sure, recog-
nise wdth us that public need should
come before private interest. Like

the many cultivatore ■wlio, for lack of
labour and for other reasons, are com-
pelled to reduce the stocks of their plants
to the bare minimum, but who endeavour
to preserve them from destruction,
so we shall endeavour to keep alive the
sto.res of horticultural knowledge already

gained in order that when the present crisis
is over normal life and progress may be
resumed. As heretofore, our columns will
be open to all gardeners who can offer
contributions towards the solution of the
difficult problems in Food Production
which besei alike the nation and (in a
particular degree) horticulturists of all
classes. We invite such contributions,
and the only proviso we attach to them is
that they be succinct as well as practical.
We would take this opportunity of ask-
ing our readers to inform us of any diffi-
culty they may experience in obtaining
copies of the Garde^ners' Chronicle, and
of urging them to make sure of securing
their copies by placing their orders with
newsagents or railway book-stalls. The
system of " returns " whereby umsold
copies are sent back to the publishers en-
tails a considerable amount of waste —
waste of paper and of energy. It is likely
that this system will be discontinued
in the near future, and if so, only copies
of journals and newspapers " ordered in
advance" wiU be printed. We, there-
fore, strongly recoimnend such of our
readers who have been in the habit of pur-
chasing the Gardeiieff:' Chronicle at any
convenient book-stall to place their orders
for regular delivery without delay.

We have already pointed
Glass Houses out On more than one
Production. occasion the help which
owners of glasshouses
can give to small gardeners and allotment
holders, and we shall return to the sub-
ject again. But for the moment we wish
to urge the extreme importance of
utilising glass to prevent so far as may be
the shortage of green vegetables which
threatens during the coming summer. The
severe weather has caused widespread
damage to Cabbage plants which were set
out in gardens in autumn. According to
reports which we have received, injury
and loss of this crop are widespread. Al-
though this loss cannot be wholly com-
pensated for, it may in part be mitigated.
If early-maturing varieties of Cabbage are
sown under glass even now, and the seed-
lings pricked out, grown on and hardened
off, there is good prospect of the plants
turning in and making good hearts before
the autumn. The Royal Horticultural
Society's trials at Wisley indicate that
the following varieties are among the
most suitable for this purpose : — Be^t of
All (Barr), Harbinger (Nutting), Express
(Nutting), Earliest (Sutton), First Crop
(Johnson), First (Cooper, Taber). We
hope that owners of gardens and gar-
deners in charge of glass will at once
sow one or other of these varieties, and
will let it be known in their several neigh-
bourhoods that the plants will be at the
disposal of holders of small gardens and
allotments. We are well aware that the
course which we recommend is bound to
entail a certain measure of waste ; for in
the absence of any local organisation it
will not be easy for gardeners to ascertain
the extent of the demand which is likely

to be made upon them. We understand
that steps are being taken to institute local
organisations to ascertain and provide for
the horticultural needs of each district.
But any general organisation on these
lines must take time. On the other hand,
some districts are already well organised,
and we hope that those who are willing to
help in this direction will at once make
sowings of the varieties of Cabbage men-
tioned above, and will then take steps to
ascertain the requirements of their neigh-
bours, in order to ensure that a sufficient
number of seedlings may be pricked out to
meet those demand's so far as possible.

New Secretary to the Board cf Agri-
culture.— Sh' Sydney Olivier wijl siorily
vacate the oiBce of Permanent Secretary of the
Board of Agriculture and Fislieries, and will
be succeeded by Mr. A. D. Hall, F.R.S.,
member of the Development Commission and
technical and expert adviser to the Board. Mr.
Hall was formerly Director of the Rothamsted
Experimental Station, and first Principal of the
South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. His
appointment will give general satisfaction.

Bracken as a Vegetable. -The well-known
surgeon, Sir James CR^CHT0N-BR0^^^JE, in a
communication to The Observer, states that
the young .shoots of Bracken are used as food
in Japan, and considered to be a delicacy.
The tender part* of the Bracken shoots are
picked and carefully washed in fresh water.
They are then plunged in boiling water, and re-
main there for two minutes, after which they
are removed and placed in cold water, where
they are left for two hours. After this pre-
liminary preparation, they can be cooked in a
variety of ways, notably as a puree, like
Spinach, and with melted butter, like Asparagu.i
heads.

Thinning Out the Pheasants. -The
Destruction of Pheasants Order made by the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries extends to
March 31 the season for killing pheasants, and
authorises the War Agricultural Executive Com-
mittees of each county to take such action as
is necessary to reduce the stock of pheasants
on any land where there is a risk of substantial
injui7 therefrom to crops. For this purpose the
Committee may authorise the occupier to kill
pheasants subject to certain limitations to be
inserted in the authority, which will include
those applicable to the killing of ground game
under the Ground Game Act.

Scotch Seed Potatos.— The Diiector
General of Food Production has issued an appeal
to Scottish farmers for the su.pply of Scottish-
grown seed Potatos for use in England, and
states that he is prepared to purchase the whole
of the availaible stocks of the chief varieties cf
Potatos grown in the North. He has also ap-
pointed a representative committee of iScottish
Potato merchants to act on his behalf, the chair-
man being Mr. Robert Paton.

Orchid Sale at Walton Grange.— The
catalogue of the collection of Orchids of the late
Mr. William Thompson, which wUl be sold by
Messrs. Protheroe and Morris on the premises
at Walton Grange, Stone, Staffordshire, on
Tuesday, Apr-il 24 and two following days, is a
list of rare and beautiful Orchidsi some of them
being unique.

Crown Gall.— Investigations carried out*
by Prof. Clayton Smith show that certain
.species and varieties of Prunus possessed a con-
siderable power of resistance to artificial inocula-
tion with the bacterium responsible for the dis-
ease known as crown gall. A variety of P.
hortulanum, Golden Beauty, is very resistant,
and has, as well, other qualities which recom-
* American Natui alist, Jan., 1917.

March 17, 1917.]

THE GARDEHERS' CHRONICLE.

119

mend it for use as a stock ; and P. pumius is
entirely resistant.

The Waratah (see fig. 41). — This rare
Aastraliaii shrub, Telopea speoiosissima, is
flowering in the Cape House at Kew Gardens.
The plant is sometimes called Embotliirium
speciosissimum, but is familiarlj" kncwn in New
South Wales, of which it is a native, as tlie
Waratah, or Native Tulip. The shrub is ."'.n
evergreen, from 6 to 8 feet high, with beautiful
spikes of crimson blooms. It can be grown in a
cool stove ; it requires a good deal of water
when making growth, but in winter it should
be rested and kept vei'v dry.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editors dc rwt hold themgelvet responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
Grass Orchards and iNmcTa.— Southern
(h-iiwer on p. 106 asks if grass in orchards fosters
injurious insects; my e.xperience is quite con-
trary to that suggestion. One remarkable
case occurred at Bel voir some five or six
years ago. A double row of bush Apple
trees in the kitchen garden suffered from
a very bad attack of winter moth, which
almost stripped them of leaves in the spring, in
spite of repeated syringing, but trees close by in
grass orchards escaped the attack, and the bu.«li
trees were cleared afterwards by grease bandinu
in the autumn. Plums also, as standards on
grass, escaped the aphis which sometimes attacked
the trees on the walls. As a general rule, syring-
ing with soft soap and carbolic acid just as the
buds were bursting would prevent any troubli'
from aphis on Plums, but last year that did not
prove effectual, possibly owing to lack of .skill
in application. Grass orchards are recommended
for strong soils where the trees naturally grow
vigorously, but not for poor, light or thin soiis.
where very little growth is made by the trees.
Every effort should be made to encourage growth
during the first ten years after planting, under
.ill conditions of soil, as standard Apples takr
such a long time to produce a remuner.ative crop.
There is not the least doubt about grass checking
tho growth of the trees, but if kept fed off In
sheep or cattle it does not encourage insect.-^.
TI', H. Divers, " WeHdenn," Hook, Surbilon.

The Hull Public Parks.- I had the pleasure
of spending Um> g^<■.■^U^r part of Friday, the 2nd
inst., in the company of Mr. Witty, the super-
intendent of the Hu'l Parks. In the afteniooii
we visited E,-ist Park, which is 76 acres in e.x-
tent, and a most bpa.utif ul place. I was .astonisheil
on entering the large cxjutervatory situated in
the centre of the park to =<k!. a most lovely show
of bloom,, including well grown batches of Cypri-
pediums, Azaleas, Cyclamens, Cinerarias,
Liliee, Begonias, Freesias, Carnations, sind
Lilacs. Anothei- park whioh must be a delight-
ful jiiace in the .summer months is Peajreon's
Park. I am eagerly looking forward to being
able, in the near future, to visit some of tthi-
'Aher parks. One thing I woiild like to mieiii-
tion, namely, the fine avenues of street ti-ees,
with wide lawne running on either side of
thic roadway, each one being a mile in length.
This idea might with advantagie bo carrie<i out
in other lair^ towns, as the effect in summer
must be delightful. At the present time Mr.
Witty is busy with a food production scheme,
and is preparing m;iny acres of laiid with motor
ploughs, etc. GiinneT Arl/iitr James Ward.

Suqar Beet for Ppeserves.— My ex
perience of boiling .Sugar Beet is that, after
seven hours, it shows no sign of pulping. By
that time it becomes as .soft as ordinary gardeii
Beet after 1^ hour boiling. The Sugar Beet in
this .'.tate has a distinct "mawkish" taste. I
certainly should not like to spoil good fruit of
any kind by adding Sugar Beet with the object
of adding to the stocks of pre.serves. The water
in which the Sugar Beet is boiled becomes quite
sweet. Whether that would be of value in
bottling fruit I cannot say. Some of the liquid
IS being tested in .air-tight vessels to ascert.ain
the length of time it can be preserved in its
present condition. E. Molynenx.

s o c I JB T ie: s .

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

February 27. — Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles
(in the chaii-), Dr A. B. Eendle, Messrs. W.
Hales, E. J. AUai-d. W. C. Worsdell, Col H. E.
Rawson, J. Fra'ser, E. M. Holmes, Sir Everard
im Thurn. and F. J. Chittenden (hon. sec).

The late Mr. George Massee. — ^The chairman
referred to the great loss the committee had suf-

prism this is perceptible on every organ down
to the finest filaments, and in the case of even
minutsly serrated edges of leaves. In consider-
ing changes in the intensity of light at different
altitudes of the sun such modification should not
be overlooked. The importance of tlus observa-
tion will be evident to those who believe that the
changes in the Tropaeolum which Col. Rawson has
exhibited from time to time are the result of a
response to changes in light intensity.

.Sen/e on Ixorn coccinea. — Mr. W. Hales exhi-
Kted scales of a curious filamentous shape occur-

TELOFEA SPECIOSISSIMA ; KLOWER.S fORAL-REn, BRACTS CRIMSON.

tained in the death of Mr. George Massee,
V.M.H., who had for many years been a valued
member of the Scientific Committee, and the
committee unanimously desired that its expres-
sion of sympathy should be sent to his family.

The Action of Light in Inducing Variation. —
Col. H. E. Hawsion stated that by the method of
selective screening which he adopts with plants
the coloured diffraction bands due to interference
at any opaque edge are entirely transformed or
their saturation modified. With the aid of a

ring on the foliage of Ixora coccinea at the Chel-
sea Physic Garden and remarked uiwn the diffi-
culty of removing them by ordinary sponging.
The scale appeared to be Ischnaspis filiformis
(figured in the .Monograph Brit. Coccideae, I.,
p. 20, pi. xxviii).

Anlhoxanthuvi. Puelii. — ^Mr. Eraser exhibited
dried specimens of Anthoxanthum Puelii and of
A. odoratum. The former he had found growing
in the grounds at Holland House. It is an
annual of tnfti'd growth, and regarded as a pas-

120

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

ture or lawn grass quite useless' — contrasting re-
ma/rkaibly in its habit and growth with the more
valuable A. odoxatum.

March 13. — The fortnightly meeting of the
R.H.S. was held on Tuesday last in the Drill
Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminster. The ex-
hibition was the largest since the New Year, and
there were good exhibits in all sections.

The Floral Committee awarded ten Medals
to groups.

The exhibits before the Narcissus Committee
included one of the best groups in the hall :
this was composed of Daffodils and Tulips in
bowls of fibre.

The Orchid Committee awarded one First-
class Certificate, one Award of Merit, one Pre-
liminary Commendation to a novelty, aaid tliiree
Medals to groups.

The principal exhibit in the Fruit and Vege-
table section was ai collection of Applies from
Messrs. Seabrook and Sons.

At the 3 o'clock meeting of the Fellows Mr.
Edwin Beckett gave an address on " The Culti-
vation of Vegetables."

Orchid Committee.

Present : Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, {in the
chair), Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas. O'Brien
(hon. secretary), William Bolton, C. J. Lucas,
R. Brooman-White, Walter Cobb, W. H. White,
T. Armstrong, J. Charlesworth, Frederick J.
Hanbury, H. G. Alexander. Stuart Low, and
R. A. Rolfe.

First-class Certificate.

Laelio-Oatt.leya General Maude {L.-C. Rubens
Lnmheauiue X C Hardyana), from Messrs.
Charlesworth and Co. A magnificent Laelio-
Cattleya with extraordinarily large and finely-
coloured flowers, and of dwarf, compact growth.
The flower, which is more than 7 inches across,
has broadly ovate sepals and broader petals, both
bright rosy-mauve colour, veined with a darker
tint. The showy lip, with front lobe almost cir-
cular in outline, is deep ruby-pui'ple. The tube
is rose-colour with a yellow tinge, and ihe disc
has ye'low lines from the base to the oemta'©.
Award of Merit.

Laelio-Cattleya Serbia var. The President
{L.-C. St. Gothard X 0. Enid), from Messrs.
Charlesworth and Co. This is the finest hybrid
of- a very numerous batch raised by Messrs.
Charlesworth and Co., and it gives an instance
of the advantages to be obtained from good
parents, no matter how remote. In the fine
flower of the plant shown, C. Warneri, obtained
through L.-C, St. Gothard, was the prevailing
feature both in size and colour. The broad
sepals and petals are bright rose colour, the lips
ruby-crimson with a bright yellow disc and yel-
low lines from the base.

Preliminary Commendation.

Odontoglossiim exultans var. Vulcan (excellens
X Ossulstonii), from Messrs. Armstrong and
Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A grand
flower, and the second of the batch to receive
the award accorded to noteworthy seedlings.
The plant bore one large flower of fine substance
and with very broad sepals and petals of a dark
chocolate-red with pale yellow tips and margin.
The lip is white, witih red-brown blotches in
front of the yellow crest.

{To be concluded.)

LECTURE ON VEGETABLES.
Before a crowded audience at the R.H.S.
mieeting on Tuesday last, Mr. Beckett gave
an address on " The Cultivation of Vegetables."
T'he chair was taken by the Rev. Joseph Jacob.
Mr. Beckett stat-ed that there were 17,000,000
acres of waste land in England w'hich might be
employed in producing food. He advocated
thorough trencliing of the soil, and gave the betst
methods of raanui-ing. a system of rotatijig tjie
C(noT>s, and otheir cultural details, including
mUitabing, Early thinning of the crops was ad-
vised, and a seileotion of tihe most u,seful vege-
tables was enumerated, the lecturer drawing
.snecial attention to the great value of Pota.tos.
As a green winter vegeitaible the. value of tihe
Brussels SpPout was emplhasised. At the close of
his address Mr. Beckett sihowed lantern pictures
of vegetaM'es growing at Aldenliam. togetiher
with pictures of Leeks, Potatos. CeJery, Onions,
and oollectione of vegetaWes

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Carrots.

I DO not know a root crop that will produce
a, gi-eater yield per acre of food value than
Carrots. Horses much appreciate tJie roote, wihidh
impart ilustre to their coats. Pigs, too, relish
them. Carrots can be lifted and stored in the
autumn, and are thus always available, and
unaffected by the weather. Carrots require
special soil if they aJ-e to yield the fullest return
for labour. Fi-om shallow, stony ground it is
useless to expect a heavy crop. Deep, sandy
soil, free from stones, is the most suitable,
although good results may be obtained from
soil of a heavy character, if well prepared in
the autumn by deep ploughing and by thorough
working in dry weather in Febniary, to obtain
a good tilth. Eight pounds of seed per acre
should be drilled in March, in rows 14 inches
apart, for the smaller growing red-skinned varie-
ties. The Belgian White Carrot, which grows
more vigorously, should have 18 inches of space
between the rows. A fine surface tilth is an
advantage, as the seed should not be drilled
deeply. Be!I.gianj White is tihe beat viarieity for
cattle.

Potatos on Grass.

Apropos of my remarks in this column, a conre-
spondent from Halifax asks for advice on the
ploughing of li acre of pasture foir Potatos and
other vegetables, how to till the soil afterwards
by hand, and the quantity of " seed " tubers re
quired for planting one acre.

I have already advised that Potatos should
not be ga-own on newly ploughed grass land, but as
there appears to be a desire on the part of some
to do so, and I will state the best manner of pro
cedure. 1 may first state that my objections to
growing Potatos in this way are as follows : —
(1) The risk of wireworm attacking the seed
tnbers ; (2) the plough not burying the grass suffi-
ciently de«p, and the too-brief time for the
grass to decay to be of manurial value to the
crop ; (3) the difficulty of earUhing-up the pLanits
owing to the scarcity of soil above the turf,
except by hand ; and (4) the still greater difiiculty
of digging tile crop among the unrotted turf.

The most effective method of ploughing such
land would be to adjiust the skim coulter that it
strips tlie turf line at least Ij inch deep. This
will enable the plough to turn the turf effectively
into the furrows, especially if these are narrow.
The ploughing should be at least 6 inches deep,
and a greater depth would ibe an advantage.
After the soil lias settled down somewhat,
make tbe da-ills with a hoe for the Potatos
in each third furrow at least 5 incbes deep.
Strew along the furrow superphosphate and sul-
phate of ammonia, 5 cwt. of the former to 1^ cwt.
of the latter per acre. Cbver the tubers by means
of the hoe, and in due course level the soil from
the furrows when hoeing the plot, for this will
facilitate the work of earthing up the plants later
by h.and, as the unrotted turf would prevent the
use of the plough. An alternative method of
"jjlanting would be to dig over every third furrow,
burying the turf deeper; this would entail much
labour, but would be effective in better planting.

To plant one acre, 13 cwts. of tubers averaiging
1^ ounce, or 14 cwts. at 2 ounces, will suffice.

My correspondent also asks as to basic slag as
a manure for Potatos. I do not think that this
fertiliser will act quickly enough to benefit the
Potatos tliis season.

He also asks what other vegetables I would
recommend. If the soil had been cultivated for
some years I should advise Carrots and Parsnips
to be grown freely, but in the present conditions
I would advise various green crops, such as
Brussels Sprouts, Curled, Cottager's and Aspara-
gus Kales, and varieties of Cabbage. I look upon
Brussels Sprouts as the ibest of all green winter
vegetables. They are ready for use in October
and last continuously until April. Can this be
said of any other green vegetable ?

Onions and Turnips are useful. For late sum-
mer and autumn cropping, Scarlet Runner Beans
will produce huge crops of food when highly
cultivated, and' of a supeiior, large-podded
variety such as Al or Emperor. The surplus
pods can be preserved in salt for use in winter.
F!. Molynevx.

Acacia dealbata : Ignoramus. Acacia dealbata,
the Sliver Wattle, is the most robust of all
Aoaoias. It is tlieref ore not adapted foa- grow-
ing as a pot plant, but when planted out in the
border of a large greenhouse or conservatory
ilj seldom fails to thrive and flower freely.
The plant requires a light, rich compost, con-
sisting of turfy loam and leaf-mould, freely
intermixed with sand. During the spring and
summer months Acacias need liberal supplies
of water, both at the roots and overhead, to
keep down attacks of red spider. Drought at
the roots may have been the reason of your
plant shedding its leaves. In the vicinity of
large towns fog will often cause both leaves
and flower-buds to drop. Acacias should
be pruned immediately after flowering ; the
stronger growths should be cut hard back. A
moist, close atmosphere is necessary to en-
courage the plants to break freely ; afterwards
a free admission of air, with full exposure to
sunshine, is essential for the development of
flowers. Plants growing in pots will be bene-
fited greatly by plunging them out-of-doors
from June to September. A temperature of
45° is suitable in winter.

Market Weights and Measures : G. B. The
following are the approximate weights of the
various measures you mention : Broad Beans,
pad, 141bs. ; Brussels Sprouts, bui^el, 301bs.,
bag, 281bs. ; Cabbages and Cauliflowers, tally,
five dozen ; Parsnips, bushel, 1 cwt. The
Leeks are quoted at per dozen bundles, not
bunches.

Names of Fruits : G. B. N. 1, Newtown Pip-
pin ; 2, Gooseberry Pippin ; 3, Tower of
Glammis.

Peach Shoots Diseased : .-1. L., Herdey. The
shoots sent are atta<;ked by disease caused by
the fungus Botrytis. Cut out the affected
growth and spray the trees with permanga-
nate of potash, using sufficient of the crystals
to make a rose-red solution. It is probable,
as you suggest, that contact with the wire
trellis during the severe frost may have con
tributed to the trouble.

Potting Plants, &c. : J. H. H., Siam. Over
potting is generally very harmful to plants,
and it is not wise to shift them direct from
very small pots into the largest-sized recep-
tacles in which they are expected to flower.
The root system is not at first able to make use
of a large mass of soil, which becomes sour
through being constantly saturated in water-
ing the plants and is, in consequence, insuf
ficiently aerated. Moreover, this dead, inert
soil prevents the air from reaching the
roots and thus predisposes them to decay.
Mortar rubble is one of the best forms of lime
to apply to garden soils, and you would be
wise to use it freely on your clay land. You
are not likely to cause harm to the plants by
its freest use, but an excess might have the
effect of liberating more plant food than the
crops could assimilate, and this would result
in a loss of fertility. Plants of the Ericaceae,
including Ericas and Rhododendrons, are in-
tolerant of lime in the soil, and it must not
be used in their case. It is quite true that
Eucharis grandiflora flowers throughout the
greater part of the year, but at indeterminate
periods. You will find your plants give better
results if they are partially rested for a period
than if kept always in active growth. The
seeds you mention are not to be found in the
general nursery lists ; you would doubtless be
able to obtain them from a botanic garden.

Communications Keceived — 0. R. L.— A. T. I
—A. W.— H. D— F. .J.— M. S. A.— B. E. F.— L. L.-
.T. W. J.— W. W.— T. B.— H. B.— Young Readev
J. McL. G.— A. M.— T. J. H.— G. P.— C. W. J.-
A. T.- H.— A. W.— P. St. C. r.— A. E. M.— T. H. C-
A. C. G.— A. R. of A. C— Cllick, Hornsey— B. W. B.

March 17. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-jrrowTi ani cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

KiiHllv semi f'.r Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

TfOR SALE, gooil clean plants, grown in thimbles and
-'- 60 s, well broken ready for potting on.

Colleen, Enchantress Supreme, White Enchantress,
\\Tlite Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, Mayday, Scarlet Seedling,
Enchantress, Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.

4,'- per dozen. Cash ifith order.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

■ B ■

A^^

^ivd Pontyfeez-e^

SOLE AGENT.

°4

^^

,♦* T. T. PASCOE, %

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

^0*

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

Burpee's Seeds Grow

T^HE truth of ihis famous slogan is proved by thousands of
pleased and permanent customers. The Burpee Idea of
Quality First, — combined with efficient service has built the
World's Greatest Mail-OrderSeed Business. Burpee's Annual,
The Leading American Seed Catalog for 1917 is a
bright new book of 204 pages, in colors, and a Safe Guide to
Success in the garden. Mailed free. Write for it today.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Seed Growers,

Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.

More Root Room
on Same Staging.

r luit is only one ativanlage of root-
roomy CRET Pots. Tlie free booklet
will demonstrate to you the exceptional
porosity, drainage, cleanliness, and
healthfulness of CRETS also.
Specimen CRET Prices: — 2:lins. 4/-
per 100 ; liins. 75/-. All are per 100.
Carriage Paid on orders over 20/-.
Safe delivery guaranteed. ^

FREE SAMPLE "CRET" POT on

request, with interesting booklet giving
prices, special assortments, etc. Write
to-day.

PETER BAILEY & i ONS, LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

Sectional,
Tubular &
Saddles.

R.H.S. Gold Medal

C. P. KINNELL

& Co., Ltd.

SOUTHWARK ST.,

LONDON, S.E.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

ivi A R k: :E3 T s.

VUVEST GARDEX. March 21.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quot.a-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day t« day,
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flowers. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Anemone. fulgens. a.d
per doz. bun. 3 0-

Aruilis. per doz. 3 0-

Azalea, white,

per doz. bun. 5 0-

Camellias, white

per doz. blms. 1 6

Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
best American
varieties . . 2 0'

— Carola (crim-
son), e.v. large 3 6

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun 7 0

— Barrii, per
doz, bun. .. 8 0

— Emperor, per
doz. bun. .. 8 0-

— Henry Irving,

per doz. bun. 5 0-

— princepB, per
doz. bun. . . 6 0-

— Sir Watkin,

per doz. bun. 6 0-

— Victoria, per
doz. bun. .. 9 0-

Eucharis.per doz

blooms .. —
Freesia. per doz.

bun 2 fi-

Heather, white,

per doz. bun. 12 0
Lilium longi-

florum long 4 0-

— — short . . 3 0-
1 a n c ifolinm
album, long. . 3 fi

— - r u b r u m,

per doz.. Ions. . 3 It

short . . 3 0

Lily-ofthe-Valley.
per doz. bun. 21 0-

s.d.
Narcissus.
Grand Primo.
per doz. bun, (i 0-

— Pheasant Eye

per doz. i>un. 6 0-

— Soliel d'Or.
Guernsey. per
doz, bun. .. 16-

— Paper white,

per doz. bun. 5 0-
Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya . . 15 0-

— Coelogyne. per
doz. blooms.- 2 0-

— Cypripedium 2 0-

— 0 d 0 n toelos-
8um crispum 8 0-

Pelargoniums. per
doz. bunches,
doublesoarlet 15 0-

Primroses,
doz. bun

s.d!
7 0

per

24 0

— Richmond,
per doz. blms. 6 0-

— Pink Queen,
per doz. blms.

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms..

Snowdrops, per

doz. bun.
Tulips, whits per

doz. bun.

— yellow.

— Darwin in
variety, per

doz. bun. .. 21 0-24 0

— mauve Darwin

per doz bun. 24 0-27 0
Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 2 (i- 4 0

30 0

10 0

36 0

Averaea Wholesale Prlees.

s.d. s.d.
3 0-60

d.s.d.
0-10 0

Cut Foliage, &e. :

Adiantum (Mai- s
denhairFern)
best, per doz.
bunches . . 9

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen . . 2

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12

— Sprengeri .. 10
Bronze foliage . . 3
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4
Croton foliage,
doz. bunches 12

French Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prises.

Cycas leaves, per

doz

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08
hy lea\es, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 6 0-70
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —

Allium (Star) per 8, d.s.d.

doz. bun. .. 3 0- 3 li
Anemone, double

pink, per doz,

bun 2 0-26

— single, mixed.

per doz, bun. 4 0-46

— single. red,

per doz. bun. 2 6-30

Freesia. per doz.
bun

Marguerite, yel-
low, per doz.
bun

Stock, white, per

doz. bun
— pink, per doz.
bun

s.d. s.d.
3 6-40

3 0-36

3 6-46

4 6-50

Remarks. — Home-grown DaffodiLs are more plentiful,
and Pheasant-Eye Narcissi, which advanced consider-
ably in price last week owing to the short supply,
are now daily increasing in quantity and prices be-
coming lower. There is . a good supply of Carnations,
.Snowdrops, Violets. Darwin Tulips and red Roses.
Pink Roses are not arriving in any considerable quan-
tity. Larger consignments of flowers are being sent
from the Channel Islands, chiefly white Narcissus,
Violets, Allium (Star of Bethlehem), and Anemone ful-
gens, and considerable quantities of yellow Narcissus
and Daffodils are .being received from the Scilly Islands.
Small consignments continue to arrive from France,
consisting of double and single .tnemones, white Stocks,
yellow Marguerites, Freesia, Acacia, and Parma Vio-
lets. The arrivals, however, are very irregular. Next
Saturday, the 17th inst., is Shamrock Day, but there
will not be the usual quantity of Trefoil from Ireland
this year, ou account of the difficulties of transit.

Plants In Pots, be.

s.d.

Aralia Sieboldii.

dozen . . .. 5 0-

Asparagus plu-
niosus nanus,
per doz. .. 10 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green . . 24 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0
- tray of 12's . . 6 0
Cineraria, -4S's,

per doz. .. 12 0-
Cocos Weddelli-

ana 48's. per

doz 18 0

— 60's per doz. 8 0
Croton. per doz. 18 0
Cyclamen, 48's

per doz. .. 21 0
DafiFodils, 48's.

p r doz. .. 12 0
Ferns, in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0

— per 100. in
small and
large 60's .. 14 0

— in 48's. per doz. 6 0

: Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d. s.d. s.d.

Ferns In 32's. per
g 0 doz 12 0-18 0

- choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 8 0-12 0
12 0 Geonoma gracilis,
10 0 60's. per doz... 6 0-80

larger, each.. 2 6-76
36 0 Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz. 4 0-80

- ~ larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana.

15 0 60's. per doz. 5 0-86

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz.. 12 0-30 0
30 0 Lilium longi-
-10 0 florum. per
.JO 6 doz 36 0-42 0

— lancifolium

,, n rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

^^ " — — album .. 24 0-30 0

1- n Marguerites in

^■' " 48'8. per doz. 9 0-10 0

ic n Pandanus Veitchii

" " per doz. .. 56 0-48 0

Phoenix rupi-

24 0 cola, each .. 12 6-21 0

7 0 Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d,
Artichokes. Globe.

per doz. .. 4 0
— .J er u salem,

per cwt. .. 12 0
Asparagus. Paris

Green. per bun. 6 0
Beetroot, per bag 10 0
Beans, English.

per lb. ..2 0

Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag . . ..60
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad .. ..9 0
BrusselsSprouts,

per bus. .. —
Cabbage, per

tally .. ..SO
Carrots, per bag
Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac. per doz.
Celery, per doz,

bundles
Cucumbers, per

doz 10 0

Endive, per doz. 4 0
Greens, per bag.. 6 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
per doz

0-1

6 0
18 0-

bun

4 0

s.d.
Horseradish, per

doz, .. 66 0-

Kale, per bag . . 5 6
Leeks, per bun... 4 0
Lettuce. Cabbage

per doz. . . 16
Mushrooms.per lb, 1 9-
Mustard and

Cress, perdoz.

punnets .. 10-
Onions. per cwt 36 0--
— spring, per

doz. bun. .. 8 0
Parsley, perl bus. 10 0
Parsnips. percwt. 14 0-'.
Potatos. new, per

lb 10-

Radishes. per

doz. bun. . . 16
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz. .. 16-
Sa\oys. per tally 10 0 :
Seakale. per doz.

punnets .. 20 0-!
Shallots, per lb. 0 8-1
Spinach, per bus. 12 0
Swedes, per cwt. 10 0
'Turnips, percwt. 5 6-

Tops. per bag 6 0 '
Watercress, per

doz 0 8

s.d.
72 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Almonds, per

cwt 74 0 —

Apples -

— Californian
N e w t o w n 8.

per case .. 17 0 19 0

— English
Cooking, per

bus 14 0-18 0

— Main States,
barrels .. 50 0-60 0

— Oregon, per

case .. 18 6 22 0

Bananas. Red, per

ton .. .. £25 —

— Jamaica, per

ton .. .. £20 —
Chestnuts, per

bag .. ..38 0-40 0
Cranberries, per

case .. .. 14 0 —
Dates, per doz.

boxes .. ..8 0 —
Grapes: Almeria.

per brl. . . 20 0 30 0

Grapes.- con.

Gros Colman.

per lb

Grape Fruit, per

case . .
KentCobs.perlb.
Lemons, per case
Nectarines, per

box
Nuts, Brazils.

new, per cwt.

— Coconuts, per
100

Oranges, per case

— Seville Sours,
per half-chest

Peaches, per box
Pears—

— Californian

— Cape, per box
Plums, per box
Tangerines, per

box
Walnuts, per
percwt.

32 0-33 6
10-13
16 0-25 0

15 0-22 0
3 0 5 0
2 6-80

20 0-26 0

56 0-85 0

Remarks.— There is a fairly plentiful supply of
.-\pples. Grapes are limited in quantity, but there are
good numbers of the .\lmeria kind. The first consign-
ment of the new season's Brazil Nuts has reached
Covent Garden. Forced Strawberries are commencing
to arrive. Seakale, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, French
Beans, New Potatos, .\sparagus and Salads are all
available in fairly large quantities. The supplies of
Mint are increasing. The only Bananas obtainable are
the West Indian varieties. E. H. E., Covent Garden
Market, March li, 1917.

Potatos.

Remarks. — There is no fresh development in the
Potato trade ; supplies are still scarce and not sufficient
t-o satisfy demands. Edward J. Newborn, Covent Gar-
den and St. Pancras, March li, 1917.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

WARGRAVE AND DISTRICT OARDENERS'.-At

tlic meeting of this Association, held on the 28th ult.,
.Mr, .J, F. MasL-ord, Gardener to Mr. H. C. Bond, Wargrave
(.'.-iiti. i-e.-id a paper on "A Few Plants for Greenliouse
,;thi (.' iuservatory Decoration." He described various bul-
i.Mii^ llouering and foliage plants wliioh succeeded one
aiiotlier from the commencement to the end of the year,
S;"ivin-g short cultural directions. An exhibit of hardy
flowering plants was staged by Messrs. Waterer, Sons
and Q-isp, Ltd.

BATH QIVRDENE1S'. — At the monthly meeting of
the Bath Gardeners' Society, held on the 12th inst., Mr.
F. Fuhvell. Gardener to Mr. V. Morley. of Shockerwick,
i-ead a paper on " The Vine."

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr. M- L. Sargent, for neail\ 8 years Gardener
at Roekshaw. Merstham, as Gardener to D. Stoner
(ROWTHER, Esq., Hav Green, Kingston Hill, Surrey.

NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK
FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.

Orders will be dealt with
in strict rotation.

The 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

March 17, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, to take
charge of small Garden in Reigate for duration
of wair : experience necessary ; some Glass. — Apply to
L. G., c/o W. P. Bound & Son, Redhill Niirseries, Surrey.

WANTED, at Slepe Hall School for Girls,
St. Ivep. Hunf.s. 2 LADY GARDENERS (Head and
LiKler): 3 acres: no glass.— Apply, HEAD MISTRESS.

VyANTED, LADY GARDENER, in small

" ' training schofjl of gardening ; chiefly Fruit and
Vegetables ; resident ; good sal^u-y for oompeteait help.
—Apply, PRINCIPAL, Training Gardens, Stonehouse, Glos.

TITANTED, LADY GARDENERS for

' ' Houses and Pleasure Grounds, in a garden posses-
sing wide horticultural interests, and excellent oppor-
tunities for learning. — Apply, stating experience and
wages expected, without lodging®, tto A. J. COBB, Duf-
fryn Gardens, Oardiff.

\\7'ANTED, WOMAN GARDENER ; good

' ' experience. Inside and Out ; wages 26s. per week.
—.Apply. WM. A. NELSON, The Gardens, Barlborough
HiiU, Chesterfield.

WANTED, LADY GARDENERS (Two),
Inside, some experience ; good Bothy. Give particu-
lars and wages required.— C. JEXNINO's, Littlegreen,
Pet.Tsfleld. Hants.

WANTED, TWO WOMEN GAR-
DENERS, with some experience preferred ; one
for Glass, &c., the other for Borders, Roses, and to take
tun> -with duty ; one fire ; wages 25s. per week, with com-
fortable lodgings close to work.- Apply, HEAD GAR-
DENER, Moulton Grange, Northampton.

WANTED, for Ewhurst Park Gardens,
near Basingstoke, Hants, 2 WOMEN GARDENERS,
for Out and In ; some experience necessary ; Bothy and at-
tendance.—-Apply, with full particulars, stating wages
expected, E. MATTHEWS, StratfieMsave Gardens, Morti-
mer, R.S.O.

WANTED, for Kitchen Gardens, Two or
four LADY G.ARDENEBS; furnished accommo-
dation.— -Applv. stating wages required and with refer-
ences, to PERCY DUDUING, Shrubland Park Estate
Office, Baylham House, near Ipswich.

W/'ANTED, FOREMAN, for Inside "and

' ' Out; inehgible; niaiiied or single; good Bothy or
cottage, &c. — Applv, with references, stating wages
required, to ESTATE OFFICE, Bed-well Pork, Hatfield,
Herts.

\y ANTED, a FOREMAN for the Glass

houses ; niuil be a good Plant and Fruit Grower,
including Orchids and Oarnations ; good wages; good
Bothy, milk, and ve^etablew. — Full p-articulare to J.
I'HEATER, Park Place, Henley -on Thames.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, First under
Head Gardener; also IMPROVER; Outside and
In ; both wilLiJig to assist in growing War Vegetables
and Potatos. — Apply, with partuMiJaj®, and lataie wages ex-
pected, to A. SHAKELTON, The Ottrdens, Burrough HiU,
Melton Mowbray.

WANTED, good experienced JOURNEY-
MAN (Inside), for gentleman's place in Surrey;
"iiges 325. per week ; with gooij accommodation.— .\pply,
with full particulars and references, lo GAKDENFJl, c/o
W. It Bourel & Son, Nureerymen, Station Road, Redhill.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;

' • 24s. and Bothv ; dutv 3s. extra; 1 o'clock Satur-
.luys.-E BRISTOW, LeyswVjod Gardens, Oroomhridge,
Tunbridge Wells.

YVANTED, MAN with good general ex-
' ^ perience ; ineligible ; cap.able in routine of Kitchen
(i.irden. -.Applv. stating wages and particulars, to A. H.
LAWLEY, Withamon-the-Hill, near Bourne, Lines.

WTANTED, reliable MARRIED MAN,

* ' r,ver 40 ; abstainer preferred ; for Kitchen Giuxlen
.in<l Pleasure Grounds. — Particulars, with wages, to A.
RE.AD, Hejsham Tower Gardens, near Moreoambe.

WANTED, MAN, mostly for Kitchen
Garden wcjrk ; wages 24s., with good lodge and
garden, -~ Apply, E. SOUTHAM. Tlie Gardens, Boycott
Manor, Ru<'kingham.

WANTED, a strong SINGLE MAN, over
military age, as ASSISTANT GARDENER ; near
Henlcv; disiiharged soldier would suit.— Write, K., 517.
c/o Siielley's, 38, Kuig WUUam Street, E.C.4

WANTED, YOUNG MAN, for Fruit and
Plants ; Inside ; no Bothy. — State wages and experi-
ence to W. R. ALLENDER, Park Hall Gardens, Hayfleld,
Stockport.

WANTED, an Ineligible YOUNG MAN
or DISCHAKGED SOLDIER for Kitchen Garden ;
Horse and Mowing ; Bolhy, &c. ; state wages.— Apply,
WILLIAJl HESPLEY. Priors Court Gardens, Newbury.

WANTED, YOUNG MAN for Plant
Houses ; ineligible ; good wages ; duty amd over-
time paid.— Apply, with particulars, to W. G. BAKER,
Botanic Gardens, Oxford.

WANTED, TWO young WOMEN ; one
good experience of work under Glass, all plants ;
one for Rock and Rose Gardens and Herbaceous Borders.
—State particulars, wages expected, <to S. BURGESS, The
Gardens, Ronelagh dub, Barnes.

WANTED at once, YOUNG WOMAN,
for Inside and Out, with experience. State wages;
Bothy.— R. LEARMOUTH. Sherfleld Manor Gardens,
Basingstoke.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside and
OtIT) ; some experience and able to take duty ; age
about 17; wages 18s. per week and Bothy, &c.-; duty and
overtime paid.-Apply, W. WENMAS, Hickleton, Don-
caster.

WANTED, THREE IMPROVERS, for
Inside- good Bothv provided.— Apply, stating age
and wages expected, to I. MINTY, Oakley Court, Windsor.

WANTED. STRONG YOUTH, 16 to 17,
for Fruit Houses; some experience; goo.J wages,
&c.— Apply, H. WENMAN, The Gardens. Temple Newsam,
Leeds.

WANTED, at once, TWO STRONG
LADS for Outside ; age about 17 ; good references
and experience; £1 per week, with Bothy .-W. WAKD,
Kenwood Gardens, Hampstead. N.W.

WANTED, COWMAN ; Two Cows, little
Poultry ; a.seist m Garden; ineligible; single.—
MR.S. TYNDALE, Meariowcroft. Chislehuisl.

TRADE.

WORKING FOREMAN WANTED, for
Market Nursery ; Cucumbers and Tomatoa ; Enfle-d
Wash district; wages 458. per week and bonus - Stale
age, experience, wlu-n disengaged, and fend copies of
references, to S , Box 16, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C.2

WANTED, a good PROPAGATOR and
GROWER ; one used to Roses, Clematis, Olirj-
sanlhemums, and General Nursery Stock.— Apply, with
particulars, woges, &c., to THE DEVON KOSEHY AND
FUUIT FARM, LTD., Torquay.

WANTED, an Experienced PEACH and
TOMATO GROWER for market.— F. E. OLIFFORI),
Bath Road, Crantord, Hounslow, Middlesex.

WANTED, a GROWER for Cucumbers,
also a Grower for Tomatos— Apply, with copies of
references and stating wages asked, to SMITH, Hopwas
Nursery, Taniworlh.

GARDENER WANTED ; Nursery and out-
side work, &c. ; wages 30s.-TAYLOR, 85, Hfwk
Ro.adi, Epsom.

WANTED, a superior, well-educated
WOMAN, to take charge ot the packing rfie<I ; able
to do auiiplc book-keeping aJid good at making up
wi-e;Mhs. crosses, bouquets, &o., under su|)crviBion ; lioui-s
are 7 a.m. to 5 30 p.m., with hour for breakfast and
dinner; 1 o'clo-k Satuwlays.- Apply, with references,
staUng w;ig(v cx|iccted, to THE OL'TUOOR SUPT., The
Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent.

WANTED, young LADY FLORIST;
must he well up in floral designs.— Apply by letter,
WILLS & SEG-AR, Florists to His Miajesty, Onslow Cres-
cent, South Kensington.

WANTED, LEDGER and INVOICE
CLERK ; ineligible ; a good opening for a really
smart man.— Please state age, experience, and salary re-
quired, ami enclose copies of references to JOHN PEED
& SON, The Nurseries, West Norwood, S.E.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words fop 1/6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Elglit words or less.

PRIVATE,

rjARDENER (Head). — Lady Victoria

^-^ Dawnay very highly recommends W. Elsworth
as above; 7 years here, 6 Undej- ; leaving through estate
being sold ; age 48 ; no familv ; North preferred.— W.
ELSWORTH. C^ardeiLS. Benipgbrough Hnll. York.

MISS DINGWALL-FORDYCE Recom-
mends her GARDENER as Head of 2 or 3, oi
good Single-handed ; praotioal espeiience, Inside aini
Out ; a bard-worliing, trustworthy, reiiable man ; single ,
ineligible ; distance no object. State wages, with fur-
nished room preferred.— G. PERKINS. Llanaeix.n. Feddr-
fair, Cardigaji. Wales.

^ITUATION required as HEAD GAR-

^^ DENER ; mairied ; no family ; life expenence In-
side and Out ; disengaged. Please state wages.— G. W.
KISLINOBURY, Stoke Rood, Qyshott. Surrey.

QARDENER (Head); life experience;

^^ good references gajned iii laige establishment ;
married when suited ; ineligible— A. SAUNDERS, Park
I'lace Gardens, Henley-on-Thames.

QARDENER (Head, or good Single-

^-^ HA.N'DED) ; life experience in all bi-anches ; age ^5 ;
married ; good references. Please state wage«. — WOOD,
8, Ohapel Fields, Biggleswade, Beds.

(?JENTLEMAN, giving up Country House,

^-"recommends his t;.\llDliNr.K (rlE.iD Wohking) ; piLC-
tical lite experience in all bxanolies ; reliable and trii^^t-
«orth.\' ; married ; age 41 ; ineligible.— BAERETI', Hat-
licld Heath, Harlow.

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-

^~" engagement with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment; life experience in all branches and stock; age
48 ; wages. 35s., house and firing.— J. SHHIMPTON, 353,
Norton Way, Letohworth, H e rts.

QARDENER (Head Wobking) ; 28 years'

^-^ cxp.-nence, IiisKic and Out; good refei-ences ; 4
years iMe«}nt situation; age 44; married; no family. —
C. U0J1.\N, 55, Agamemnon Road, W. Hampstead, N.W.
No circulars.

QARDENER (Head Working) ;Iifeexperi-

^-^ ence. Inside aaid Out, gained in good esUiblisb-
menbs; 3i .\ear9 preseiit situation; 8i previous; good
references; married; ineligible.— H. NEWTON, The Gar-
dens, Ohevender, Olii&lehuist.

QARDENER (Head Working), 2 or 3

'-" kept ; all-round cxiwrienoe ; institution or private ;
knowledge electric plant and stock ; ineligible ; 6 years
last ; age 35.— Wages, &c., W. K., Box 14, 41, WelIing;oii
Street. Covent Garden. W.f.2.

(^ARDENER (Head Working), 6 or more

^-^ are kept in normal time ; life experience iin all
branches ; age 47 ; married (no family) ; excellent, refer-
ence fi-om present and previous employers. — BEIALE, New
Cottage, Newport, Llanwem, Mon.

LADY GARDENER requires post as
Head ; end April ; excellent practical experience iu
;ai brandies; woul.l tcacli G'ardeining.— Apply, M. PIUOB,
The Gardens, Heatliflcld, Ascot.

LADY GARDENER requires War Work,
i.e., growing Vegetables mainly; 2 years' training
at Swanley Horticultural College and private experienoe ;
Home Counties preferable; living in preferred — <j. C.
FERNLEA. The Green, Feltfeim. Middlesex.

T ADY GARDENER wishes post under

-'-^ Lady Head Gardener ; chiefly Outside work, Li-
:ido oi-casionallv.-Slato hour.s, &c,. A., Box 7, 41.
Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C.2.

YOUTH seeks Situation as IMPROVER
(INSIDH and Out) ; 4 years' experience ; 1 year's
reference ; Bothv preferred."— J. WALL, The Gardens,
tngeatro Hall, near .Staflord.

YOUNG WOMAN wants work in Gar-
dl■Tl^ ; i;n\]iii KMiccd, but sti-ong, active, and fmiKl
of outdiiui- UHik Apply, stating wages, to E. D. SMITH,
I'restwol.l, 1 u-libniuugli.

TRADE.

FOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser de-
sires inaiiagcrial position; iliteJLsivo crops; I'l-uit,
Toniatos, pigs, poultry, conversion raw products into
profitable table commodities ; valuable postal advioe.-
STBATIUIORE, Llaiifairpwll, Anglesey. ^

G''ARDENER Seeks Employmentin Market
* Garden, for the period of the war ; Inside ond Out ;
age 49; flrst-class reference. — S. WEIGHT, Oopslcy
Lodge, Outwood, Rcdliill, Surrey.

FLORIST, as MANAGERESS in high-
olass business; exceptional references.— S. 11., Box
15, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.U.2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 17, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His IVIajesty The King.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— 121, St. Vincent Si.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street. Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON,'" and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle."

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 >^ols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES Q-BRIEN, V.M.H.,

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruil Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chaiiman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSGN.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON.
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. wiih preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.RS
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT.

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sueet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES. VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H. and R.
HOOPER PUARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON,

Author of "The English Flower Garden,"

(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

iited for the G,irdeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Ho.lbnrn, Lniidon, W.C.I, and Puhlished weekly by the Gardenere'
Ohronide, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Ooyemt Garden, Oity of Westminster, Saturday, Maroh 17, 1917. Agent for Manchester : John Hbtwood.

Pollege

Established i34J

W 397«

No. 1578. Vol. LXI.

/ THIRD ■»
1 SERias/

SATCJKDAY, MARCH 24, 1917.

JReglstered as a New«papep.| "R'CE 3d .

^ , ( (POST-FEEI, 3Jd,

aVBSCBZPTION— Inland, tSi-t rortign, 17IS [22fr. fOe.] [$4 2»e.] p»r mnttum. Entared at If»w York Past Office at aecond-clasa ntntter
Postal Address— 41, Wellla^on Street, Csvent Qardaa, W.C. 2. TcUgrapblc Address— "Qardchron, Rand, London."

Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 121.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

BLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will
hive pleasure in Bending^ a copy of their 1917
Oatalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &c., &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Ma^iflcent strong
roots of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

OMISSIONS and Failures made good by
purchasing Storrie'a Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct dates lor best possible re-
sults; ull popular Greenbouiie plants, Summer Beddmg.
and Hardy Border Flowers, &c. Grand lot of Cyclamen
now ready. Write lor catalogue.— STORRIE & STORRLE.
Flower Seeds SpeciaJiste, Glencarse, Perthshire.

MESSRS. FIDLER & SONS beg to an-
nounue, with sincere regret, that they will not
lie able to accept, at the present time, any more orders
for Seeds or Seed Potatos.

Since the break-up of the froety weather, they have
been inundated to such an astounding extent with
ondlere, that, severely han<licapped aa they are in
respect to labour, there is considerable difficulty in deal-
ing with the accumulation.

As soon as arrears have been met to the necessary ex-
tent, they hope to again commence accepting orders,
when the fact will he announced in the Pree«.
FIDLER & SONS, Royal Berkshire Seed Stores, Beading.

B

ARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

.SEBHJS of flneKt geil«ctle<l strains Mud test«l
vth. Catalogue free on application.

B

ARR'S Hardy PERENNIALS, AL-

I'lXES, ROOK PLANTS, Aqiiatifs. Olimbem, &o.,
Siiring pluiiting. Catalogrue free wi appliralinii.

B ARR'S Beautiful LILIES. GLADIOLI,
CANSAS. MONTBEETIAS, TIGRIDIAS, tc, lor
iiprint; planting. Descriptive Oatalogue free.— BARR &
SONS. King Street, Covent Garden, London.

NEW PHLOXES.

A GRAND STOCK of these Brilliant
Flowers in all shades, now read.T for delivery.—
For lists, with lull particuUra, apply GUNN & SONS,
Olton, Warwickshire.

LAXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.
-New Catalogues of the above now issued gratis.
Gramd Sew Early Pea. Laiton's .Superb, &c.. Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to offer— may still he salely planted-
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.— LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford.

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
renturv's reputation lor e(fei:livenefis in prevent-
ing and de'stroying Red Spider. .Scale, Mealy Bug.
Thrip, .American Blight, Green aJid Brown Fly, &c.
Sold m hoxe,8 about lib., 3Ib.. and 121b.. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
OASDLE 00., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE

SDTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEDS.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

pEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunyard's

■*- Medela has been proved by hundreds of practical
Gardeners a certain cure for this trouble ; to be applied
in March and April ; 2«. per quart, 5s. 6d. per gallon, in
cans.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO , LTD., Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
■ Vitrolitc," superior to White Lead Paint.
•■ Plasti-ne " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the countj^.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Cross, Ltd.. beg to offer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new and old, for present planting. Piioed
catalogue on appluation. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUB-
SERIES, Waltham Oross, Herts.

JAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
servatories, Grecnliouses, &c.. and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street. Chelsea, London, S.W.3. Wife. 201,
Western London. Telephone: 201 Western.

WALLACE'S NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA. A.M., R.H.S.,
1916. Other new Chinese Primubs, &c.
BEKBERIS, NEW CHI.N'ESE SPECIES,
LILIES, GL.AD10L1, BEGONIAS, &c.
Our SPRING CAT.ALOGUE post free on application.
R. W.ALLAOE i CO., LTD.. Kilnfleld Gardens, Oolohestcir.

BUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Orders
are now tieiiig booked for these plants for delivery
ill Miirch. List, with lull directions and prices, on ap-
plication.—GEO. BUNYARD Sl CO., LTD., Royal Nur-
series, Maidstone.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In Wliut Soils to Pla.nt Them," wiUt Oatalogue,
fi-ee on application. Special eeleotiont. 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25, f>s. 6d. : 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100. 259. All different. name<l,
strong stock ; please state position and soil.— O. R.
PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Bariiham, Bognor.

YOUNG ORCHARD, eight years old
Fniit Trees, must be cleared to plant Potatos.— Apples.
Pears, Plums, Is. 3d. each. 123, per dozen. Specimen
Trees in Standard or Bush, Is. 6d. to is. 6d. each. Varie-
ties include Newtons, Bramleys. Christmas Pearmain,
Williams, Victorias, and all leading v,aneties. Large
Bushes in Gooseberries, and Red, Black, and White Cur-
rants, 6d. each, 5s. per dozen. All in full profit. No
w.xiting years for fruit.- FRED PABKES, Vine Gardens,
Wybertou, Boston.

PLANT now, GIANT ASPARAGUS,
strong, 3 veurs, 4.s- <x\. 100; Liliiml Civndiduin,
Wlute Madomiii Lilies, unniense bulbs, 2s. 6d. dozen,
15s. 6d. 100, fresh, plump, grand for wrgaths.
JOHN FLOWER.
Asi>aragus Grower.
Morsetead, Winohestsr.

For Advertisement Charges see page Hi.

WATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.
Gr.and stocks of the best varieties. Lists free. —
JOHN WATEREB, SONS & CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berks.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening, 160 pages, nearly 150
illustrations, free, il this paper is mentioned.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories. Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

WATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-
DENDRONS.—We coixiially invite you to come
and select any plants you require. We have over 60
acres, comprising the finest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue free. — JOHN WATERER, SONS Sc CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

KELWAY'S PERFECTLY GLORIOUS
PAEONIES.
Kclway's beautiful blue Delphiniums.
Kelway's brilliantly coloured Phloxes.
Kclway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway's new and choice hardy perennii.al plants of all
kinds.
NOW is the time to ORDER (or Spring planting.
Kelway's famotis Gladioli.
Kelway's many coloured Pyjethrums.
Kelway's gay GailLardias.

NOW is the time to SEND tor partjoulars to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Department,

LANOPORT, SOMERSET.

BATH'S i' Al!.\ \rin\S, PANSIES,
DAHL1.\S, rlll; ^ s \N I iii.;mi ms, and other flowers.
New lllustrate.1 ('ai.ilogiie o( ihe h.'st new and standard
varieties is ready, and will be sent post free on appli-
-..:__ (Dept. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illus-
tr.'ited Gatalogiic of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application. —(Dept. A), R. H.
BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

CALANTHE VEITCHII for Sale; good
strong bulbs. 358. per doz.— R. L., Box 21, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Hoi-semeii.— Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 173. 5d. Patterns free.
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradlord.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peat, lOs. 6d. per yard in trucks; m
bugs 2s. 5d. each, 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould.
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, SUver Sand;
4-ton lots for 45s.; O.N. Fibre, 24s. doien bags; list
free— J HANDSOOMBE, F.B.H.8., Feltham, Middlesex.

i^ABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT.

'-^ .A sure remedy against this pest; cheap, pna'li-
cal, effective; tarred felt discs will protect your "ali-
bages and Cauliflowers from maggot attacks; 8s. per
1,000, Is. per 100 (postage extra, 9d. for 1,000, Id. jier
100) -full instructions supplied; cash with order.— I-KR"
ROBINSON, 13, Lingdale Eoad, Victoria Park, .■.'.m
Chester.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 24, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY, at 12 o'clock.

1.500 FRUIT TREES

and Bushes, Herbaceous and Rock Plants, Roses, Lily-of-
the-VaUey, Oamations, Lilies, and Gladiolus m variety,
and other Bulbs,

and at 3 o'clock,
JAPANESE LILIES,

In cases, and other Bulbs, for the trade.

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■^'-'- will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.O.
f.in view morning of sale and catalogues had.

ROSES.

THURSDAY NEXT.

ItTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-■- will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C., on Thursday,
March 29Lh, and every succeeding- Thursday at 1 o'clock,
ooosi^ments of well-grown BOSES, especially lotted to
Buit all buyers.

On view morning of sale and catalogrue* liad.

BISINESSES TO LET.

IVURSERY TO LET; commanding posi-

■^' tion ; five minute® trop rail and trams; 330ft.
Slass; H acres land, house, &c.— MILES, Royal Hotel,
Sheernefis,

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

Aubrey & CO., Nurserymen's Agents,
■^*- 10, Duke Street, Adelphd, Londomi, offer excellent
Nurser>', Florist, and Seed Business, LanoastLii-e, com-
prising li acres land, 400ft. run of Glasshouses, 400ft.
Frames, amd ^od Dwelling -bouse ; t^imovier about
£1,000 ; ilow rent ; about £750 required for Glassihouses,
stock, &G.

MURSERY, Worthing, for Sale; Glas.s-

-'■' bouses, 1,100 feet, fitted; Grapes, Tomatos ; rejit
good house ; 3 acres.—" Horticulture." care CLAYTON,
Valuer, West Worthing.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

"WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

* • old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, LougbbO'rough Junction, London,
S.W.

w

Cork.

ANTED, 3 strong Plants FUCHSIA

TBYI'HILLA, and 3 TRYPHYLLA HYBRIDS.—
and lHiL«3 to W. B. HARTLAND & SONS, Ai-doa\\-n,

TTRGENTLY WANTED, for Military Hos-

'— ^ pitala, green Vegetables, Fi-uit and Roofs ; high
prices given ; large or small quantities. — DENNIS, Old
Eastbourne.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

1 00 OOO LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-*-'-''-' ♦^-"-'^ 20s. 100; Pabns, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-

-*- ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenbouse

Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

(CABBAGES, 10 feet high (Jersey) seeds

^-' 7d. packet.— O. KEEPING, Kirby Road, 'Leicester.

pAUL CRAMPEL, 1,500 young Stools,

"*- real good, tine plants, ready for 4-inah pots, £7 10s.
the lot : Marguerites, Mrs. Saunders, 500, big stuff, £1 5s.
— B. W., Box 19, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2.

L ILIUM RUBRUM MAGNIFICUM ;
splendid Retarded Bulbs, just started in growtli,
7s. 6d. per 100. Paclting free on rail.— CHIPPERFIELD,
Florist, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

DEATH.

lyi RS. HOSKING.— We regret to announce

■'■'-'- the death, on the 17th inst., of Mrs. Hosking,
wife of Mr. Albert Hosking, Superintendent, Horticul-
tural Department, West of Scotland Agricultural Col-
lege, Glasgow, after a long and painful illness.

MISCELLANEOUS.

T^^l^ KEEP YOU DRY !

BEACON OILSKINS never fail to keep out the wet.
That's why they are worn by hundreds of farmers,
gamekeepers, and other outdoor men, women and
children. You should wear them if you want weather
comfort. They aren't sticky like ordinary oilskins.
We return your money at once if they don't satisfy
you. The Beacon Booklet will show the style which
suits you best. Men's Coats from 9/- up; Children's,
8/6 up; Ladies' Smart Oilsikins, 18/6; Sou'-westers, from
1/5. Send postcard to-day for this Free Booklet of
" Weather Comfort." — Send now — before you forget — ^to
BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66, BEACON BUILDINGS, SOUTH
SHIELDS. (1)

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lln«s 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full por?;cu/ar.«, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them.
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforeliand.

.Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVA TE.

QARDENER (Head) WANTED at once,

'-^ for a place in Sussex (near Ha\ wards Heath).—
A good, all-ix>und, e:iergetic man,, not ' afraid of work ;
married (without familyj ; ineligible ; preference to man
who, in addition to usual in and outdoor gai den duties, lias
a good knowledge of estate work, landscaping, tree and
shrub planting, &c. ; wages £2 23. weekly, witli com-
fortable cottage, firing, &c. — Apply, with full paa'ticulai^s
as to age, experience, with copies only of references, to
A. B. C, Box 14, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2.

W/'ANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR.

" » DENER (ineligible) ; 2 Under-Gai-denere kept ;
must be experienced In and Outside work ; good cot-
tage ; reply, stating age, experience and wages ; good
references required.— Apply, MK. G. A. BE.\ZLEy,
Quarry Hill. Reigate, Surrey.

"WANTED at once, SINGLE-HANDED

' ' GARDENER for private house in Boston ; Con-
servatory, Greenhouse, and Kitchen Garden; good wages
to suitable man.— Apply, W. W. JOHNSON & SON,
LTD., Boston, Lines.

W/'ANTED, capable SINGLE HANDED

' ^ GARDENER for country house; if pos.<!ible, cap-
able of running electric light installation ; no Green-
house, chiefly Kitchen Garden ; help given ; furiiislied
room or cottage and garden if married. — Se»id refs., par-
ticulars, and wages asked, to H. A. BROWN, Esq., Gren-
don, Atherstodle.

IVTATIONAL FOOD PRODUCTION FOR

-'" ^ MUNITION FACTORY.— Warated, art. once. GAR-
DENERS ; ineligible for military service, or subatitution
men ; for the cultoivation of food crops on an extensive
soale ; good wages ; housing acconrniodation available at
works; good food at works' caniteen ait moderate prices.
—Apply at once to MR. R. GREENFIELD, Garden Super-
imitendemt, White & Poppe's, Ltd., Coventry. Usiuail
clause.

W/'ANTED, an experienced GARDENER.
▼ » Apply. MR. JOHN EBEESTEIN, The Chase, Slades
Hill, Enfield.

"WANTED, GARDENER for Institution ;

" ' good all-round man ; well up in Vegetables ; ab-
stainer; ineligible. — Apply, stating age, exx)erience, and
wages required, SUPT., Turners Court, near Walling-ford,
Berks.

"WANTED, GARDENER for Vegetables,

' ' small Greenhouse and Herbaceous Borders ; wages
22s;.. with good coitage and garden; help given; ineli-
gible for Army.- C, "Mid-Sussex Times" OflSoes, H^ay-
wards Heath, Sussex.

T\rANTED, UNDER GARDENER for

^ ' Outside work ; good wages. — Apply by letter,
stating wages, &c., to H. R. INMAN, the Grange,
Branch Hill. Hampstead, London.

W/'ANTED, UNDER GARDENER, chiefl.Y

' ^ for Kitcheai Garden ; ineligible service man unit
objected to.—Apply. HEAD GARDENER, Newtown Hall,
(Newtown, Montgomerj'sliire.

"WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER ; good

' ' experience. Inside and Out ; wages 26s. per week.
—Apply, WM. A. NELSON, Tlie Gai-dens, Barlboiough
Hall, Ohestenfield.

"WANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS,

' ' to work under lady Head ; Inside and Out ; cot-
tage ; immediately. State w-ages, experience, &c.--MIS,S
FULLER, The Gardens, Lower Woodside, Hatfield.

WANTED, TWO experienced LADY
GARDENERS ; chiefly Inside ; 6 other women kept ;
good Bothy. — Wages, &c., C. H. COOK, Knowsley,

I'rescot.

"l^r ANTED, good. Practical WOMAN

' " G.ARDENER for Herbaceous Bonders. Rock Gar-
den, ko., under Forewoman; Bothy and the usuajl per-
quisites.— Api>lv, stating age and experience, to A.
freshwater'. Pains Hill Gardens, Oobham, Surrey.

"\\7'ANTED, LADY GARDENERS (Two) ;

' " Inside; some expei-ie-nce ; good Both}-. Give par-
lieukirs and wages required. — C. JENNINGS, Littlegxeen
G-iLiden-s, Peterstield, Hants.

\\7' ANTED, for Greenhouses, a trained
»' WOMAN GARDENER; knowledge of Vines essen-
ti;U ; state wages required.— Apply to HON. MRS. WOOD,
Hengrave Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, SufloJk.

"WANTED, WOMEN GARDENERS, to

' ' work under Head Man Gaidener; general outdoor
work chieflv ; wages 20s. per week, with furuislied rooms;
half-day on Saturdays.— Apply to R. G. BATV, Bulstrode
E-tate Office. Gerrard's Cross.

"WANTED, LADY GARDENER, experi-

^ * enced ; to Jive ini house ; bigh testimonials ; no
Glass.— MRS. A. ROGERS, The Rookery, Yarlington, Win-
canton, Som.

WANTED, TWO WOMEN GAR-
DENERS, with some experience preferred, tbough
not essential ; chiefly for Kitchen Gaiden and Pleasure
Gixmnds. — Apply, stating pai-tioiilars and wages re-
quired, with Botby and vegetables, to F. HARVEY, The
Gardens, Sulby Hall, Welfoid', near Rugby.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, for Cot-
tage, Bucks; help with pony, poultry, &c. — Par-
ticulais to C, 4, Chepstow Mansions, London, W. 2.

WANTED, a good, experienced FORE-
MAN ; married ; wages 32s., with cottage.— Apply,
W. HIGGS, The Lodge Gardens, Holyport, near Maiden-
bead.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for Kitchen Gar-
den ; cottage provided ; also experienced JL4.N for
Houses ; to bve in Botby. State wages required. — -Ad-
dress. G. L. WIGG, Rockshaw, Mei-stham, Suirey.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;
24s. and Bothy ; also IMPROVER, 18s. and Bothy ;
duty and overtime' paid. — E. BRISTOW, Leyswood
Gaiilens, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

W/'ANTED, at once, experienced MAN
' " (Indoor) ; ineligible, or discharged soldier ; duty
alternate weeks; 24s., Bothy, vegetables.— GIBSON,
.\lfreton Park, Derbyshire.

WANTED, reliable MARRIED MAN,
over 40 ; for Kitchen Garden and Lawns. — Apply
to A. BE.\D, Heyaliam Tower Gardens, near Morecambe.

WANTED, handy, reliable MAN ; chiefly
Kitchen Gajdem work ; wages 25s. ; good cottage
and garden.— Ajiply, W. POOTE, Tlie Garden, Burcote
House, Abingdon,

COMPETENT MAN WANTED, to help
in Garden ; discharged isoldier preferi'ed ; good
wages. — Applv bv letter, stating particulars, FORBES, 3,
Lothbury, E.'C. 2.

WANTED, good VEGETABLE GROWER
for North Wales; over military age or discharged
from .\rmy ; must have previous experience. — State
wages required, and full particulars, to COLONEL
PARRY, Drum Cottage. Drumoak, Aberdeenshire.

WANTED, IMPROVERS, under Glass,
for large Gaixlens. State w ages, with Bo^y, milk,
and vegetables ; oventame paid for ; also travelling ex-
penses.—Apply to fi. T. GUISE. Keele Hall Gardens,

Ne^voastle, Staffs.

WANTED, IMPROVER, for Houses;
age about 17; witb some experience; wages IBs.,
with Botby, &c.— .\pply, WM. HOWE, The Gardens, Park
Hill, Streatiham Ooi«»K>n.

March 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

m.

VXT'AXTED, IMPROVER, Inside the

' ' Houses and Out ; age 16 ; wages 16s. ; 2s. w^r
bonus; Bothv, vegetables, and milk — E. MORGAN,
VVassand Hail Gardens, Huil.

■YITANTED. a Youth as IMPROVER, in

' ' the Houses age 16 to 17 ; wages 16s. per week.
Bothy and vegetables; Sunday duty and overtime paid;
1 o'clock on Sa,turdays ; war bonus.— VV. L. B.\STIN,
Buscot Gardens, Faringdnn. Berks.

WTANTED, Youth, for Inside and Out;

' " good Bothy and wages ; Sunday duty paid ;
1 o'clock S.iturday5. — A. GIBLETT, Hall Bam Gardens,
Beaconsfield, Bucks.

T\rANTED, a strong, active YOUTH, to

* " live in ; must have some experience. Inside and
Out. — Apply, stating age ajid wages, to HEAD GAR-
DENER, The Hermitage, Oadby, near lyjicester.

TRADE.

Yl^AMED, HEAD WORKING FORE-

' " MAX ; thoroughly experienced in Grape, Peach,
and Tomato growing. — Apply, giving full particulars,
wages, &c., to E. BOURGAIYE i; (X) , Leigh Vineries,
Wiinlx>me, Dorset.

WANTED, Man, to help manage Small
NURSERY ; wages S5s, to tOs.— CHIPPERFIELD,
Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

DALM GROWER WANTED, to take

■■• cliarge of Palm Houses in London ; good position.
—Apply, ROBERT GREEN 0911), LTD., 28, Crawford
Street, London, W.

"VirANTED, GROWER for Market ; Chi-y-

' " S3ntheniuni3 aiwl Toiiiatos ; lodsrin^ on place if
sin^rk'.— G. WRIGHT. \Varren Faxni Nurseries, Findon
U*Ki<\, Worlliing. Sussex.

W^ AN TED. near Chester, MAN for Fruit

" ^ Trees and Nursery ; 259. weekly ; good coMage, &c.
—8, Burford Avenue, Whalley Range. Manchester.

WANTED, a young WOMAN, for Glass
<Ie-imrtmcnt f^hi©fly ; used to handling and prick-
ing off seedlings. State experience and wages reriuirtd.
— Applv, A. X. MARRIAGE. Nurseries. Wino.in'<m. Somer-
set.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wonds for 1/6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desirin)^ their .Advertisements repeated

muxt ijn-' lull iiurlirulam, otherwise no
notice vill III' I'dcn of their communications.
Nanii' anil ailitnss atone are insuffic'ent.

(rOTdenerg writing to Advertisers of Vacant
mtuaticma are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initiah at Post offices, at all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

QARDENER (Head) ; Bailiff or Estate

'-" SlewiiKl ; expert Vegetable grower ; land, stock, and
estate nianagenienyt ; capable organiser ain<l control of
labour; married; ineligible; practical; 15 years' excellent
reference; disengaged.— WOODGATE, Ivy Villa, Upper
Dunton Green, Sevenoak^.

A DVERTI.SER seeks Post superintending
■^^- Vegntable growing for food production., or Head in,
good e-iitablishnient ; practical experience idl branches ;
ineligible. -S., Box 25, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.O. 2.

ri ABBEY open Re-enKas«meiit ; first-

^-^ • class e.\|)erienoe iu all branches of Horticulture ;
rcfonunended bv present employer. — .\s-ton Rowant Gar-
d.-r,.s, Oxon, Walliugford.

QARDENER (Head) ; life experience all
^-* branches ; 17 years as Head ; goofl Vegetable and
I'"ruit grower ; Inside and Out, ; married ; age 44 ;
one girl (13). — GARDEXER, Church Mead, Pirbright,
Woking.

QARDENER (Head) ; life experience ;

^-^ good references gained in large establishmemjts ;
married \yhen suited ; ineligible.— A. SAUNDERS, Park
Place Gardens, Henle\-on-Thames.

QAR/DENER (Head) ; considerable expe-

^-^ rience in extensive Cultivation of Vegetables and
Fruit ; nearly 4 years here ; married, with 3 iii family ;
ineligible; age 42.— RE.AD, Normansfield Lodge, Hamp-
ton Wick.

QARDENER (Head) ; thoroughly experi-

^-^ euced in all branches ; 14 years present situation ;
active ; good manager ; could tmdertake management of
small estate ; excellent references for character and abili-
ties; age 50.— F., Box 17, 41, Wellington, Street, Oovent
Garden,, W.C. 2.

]V|RS. LEOPOLD SALOMONS Recom-
■^'-■- mends her HEAD WORKIXG G.4.RDENER: age
50 : 20 years Norbury Park ; left through death ; experi-
enced all branches.— Apply, GEO. KENT, Pixham Lane,
Dorking,

QENTLEMAN, giving up Country House,

^-^ recommends his G.\KDENER (Head WowKlSG) ; prac-
tical life experience in all branches; reliable and trust-
worthy ; married ; age 41 ; ineligible.— BARRETT, Hat-
field Heath, Hailow.

QARDENER (Head Wobking) ;lifeexperi-

^-^ ence, Inside and Out, gained in good establisli-
menbs ; 3i years present situation ; 8i previous ; gxiod
references; niarried ; ineligible.— H. XEWTON, The Gar-
dens, Ohevender, Ohislehurst,

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-

^-" engagement with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment ; liie experience in all branches and stock ; age
48; wages. 35s., house and firing.— J. SRRIMPTON, 353,
Norton Way, Letohworth, Herta

QARDENER (Head Working, permanent)

^-^ seeks re engagement wihcre several are kept; life
experience all branohea ; ineligible ; age 40 ; moxried (no
famUy).— A. SMITH, 46, Oakridge Road, High Wycombe,
Bucks.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^-" more are kept ; thoroughly experienoed in all
brjuclies. Inside and Out; over military age; permanent
place and comfortable house; near London preferred or
Kent.— .1. IIORTON, The Gardeners' Oottagc, Fantams
Hall, Ware, Herts,

QARDENER (Second) seeks Situation ;

'"" cxiKricnced Inside and Out; good references; dis-
engaged ; married (one child) ; age 28 ; discharged from
Army.— Apply, with full partioulare, to J. KITOHIN,
Speen Moors, Newbury.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; age 44 ;

^-" married; life experience in all branolies; present
^iI^ultion 6i years as Head; disengaged when suited; can
be highly recommended.— T. KING, 3, Portland Terrace,
H-.Lrley Street, Bath.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-

'-" iierience Inside and Out; Grapes, Melons, Peoohee,
Oucumbers, Stove an<l GreenHiousc plant«, Lawns ; mar-
ried ; ago 50 ; girl 14 ; Kent or Surrey preferred.—
COLMAN, c/o Mrs. Blackford, 5, Model Village, Wolding-
ham, Surrey,

QARDENER (Head Working) ; practical

^^ experience in all branches ; used to the production
of largo quantities of Vegetables, Fruit, and Flowers ;
very highly recomniende<l.— J. DROWN, The Gaidens,
Trcberfydd, Bwlch, Breconshire.

QARDENER (Head Working, where

^-" several are usuaily kept) ; tlhoroughly experienced
in all branches; age 46; 1 daughter. — Pleas© state wages
and i>articulars to G.\RDBNER, Honiley Ootlage, near
KenJJworth, Warwickshire,

QARDENER (Head Working), 6 or more
^^ are kept in normal time ; life experience in all
branches ; age 47 ; married (no family) ; excellent refer-
ence from present and previous employers. — BEALE, New
Cottage, New-port, Llanwemi, Mon.

TJEAD WORKING GARDENER requires
-*■-■- Situation where 3 or more are kept; good, prac-
tical, all-round man; 9 years in last situation; good
character ; ineligible ; imderstands electric lighting. —
F. R. H. S., Box 20, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER ELECTRICIAN (Head
^-* WoiiKiNrt), seeks situation ; life experience in all
branches of gar<liming ; take charge, and do runTiing
repairs to electric installation; age 45; abstainer;
married. on<i in family ; highest possible references. —
Wage, &0., to M. J.. Box 26, 41, Wellington Street,-
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Head ^Working, or goqjl
^-* Single-handed) ; life experience. Vegetables anS
Fruit ; single ; age 59 ; ineligible ; good references. —
GREEN, 8, Sleaford Villas. Evelyn Road, Acton, Ohis-
wick. W. 4.

QARDENER seeks Situation as SECOND
^^ of 3 or 4 ; Kitchen Garden and Pleasure Grotmda ;
with knowledge of Inside work ; age 47 ; married (no
family) ; cottage ; good references. — T. TIDEY, The
Garden, Homestall Manor, East Grinsteiid, Sussex.

QARDENER, experienced, age 26, single,
^-^ Armv dischai'ge ; desires change ; good references.
Please state wages.— F. BEALE, The Gardens, Aldenham
House, Elstree, Herts,

IVTANAGER or FOREMAN (Working) ;

^^■^ private or Nursery ; 20 years in business a3 Fruit
Grower and Market Gardener; Jife experiemce in all
branches ; married ; ag-e 50 ; total abstainer. — " Fruit,"
Bos 16, 41, Wellington Street, Covernt Garden-, W.O. 2.

MAN (42) seeks permanent Situation ; ex-
perienced Vines. Tonmtos, Clirysanthemums ; total
abstainer. Kindly st-a^te wages, — WINGHAM, 54, Frith
Road, Leytonstone, Eissex.

T ADY GARDENER desires Post under

-*-^ Lady Head Gaixiener ; occasional painting and car*
pentry (own tools) if required. — A., Box 7, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Oovent Garden, W,0. 2. ' '

TRAOt.

FOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser de-
sii'es managerial position ; iiiteniiive crops ; Fruit,
Toniatos, pigs, poultry, conversion raw products iiuto
profitable table commodities ; valuable postal adrioe. —
STRATH.MORE, LltrnfaJJ-pwll, Anglesey. '

IT^LOllIST, Lady, desires Post; good ex-
-*■ perienc* in making-up floral designs ; good sale*:
woman; alight knowledge of Fruit.— E. R., Box 27, 4l,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden. W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdTertisementB intanded for insertion in th« next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

t, : d.

OrdlDkrj FoiltloDi _ _. .., per paga 10 10 0

Facing matttr and Back Paga „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter yages, column aid half ooliimii
ipacei, pro rata.

i a

4 line ipaca not eictedtng to word* 3

Per Inch, single colnma ., .,. 7

Per Inch, acroii 2 columni „ ,., 1^ 0

Per Inch, aoroii t oolamni ,., ... ». ». 1 1 0

rtont page (no display allowed) I/- per line space,
[Htadllne cottnted as tw* lines.]

For dlacoaata apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words, Is. 6d., and 6d. (or every additional 8 words

or (ewer.

Theie AdTtrtliemenli mult be urepald, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT,

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Thi Uims KiHSPOM 1 S/- per annBB,

AlKOAS ,.. 17/6 „

Cheques and P.O.i lo be made payable to "Gardeners'
Chkoniole," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams : 1648 " Qakdohkon, Rand, Lohdon."
Telephone : 1643 Obrbabs.

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mabch 24, 1917.

THE HOME OF PURE SEEDS.

Interiors of a few of the twenty-one Departments of the Royal Seed Establishmenti where growers are being supplied with

Seeds for the National Food Supply.

SUTTON cS SONS, the kings seedsmen. READING.

BULL'SFOOD.«PLANTS.VEGETABLES

Increases the National Food Supply.

TREMENDOUSLY ^^^^^>*^ Manufactured

Plant Food

Co..

536, King's

Road,

CHELSEA,

LONDON.S.W.

POTATOS.

Sold by all
Seedsmen and

Nurserymen.
Per cwt. 20/-
56 lbs. 12 6
28 lbs. 7/6
14 lbs. 4/6.

D

A. F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

strong flowering plants in Sin. pots.
In 6 good Standard varieties,

15/- per doz., 96/- per 100.
lu 6 good Novelties,

20/- per doz., r28/- per 100.

Packed free for cash, carr. forward.

The Nurseries,

IVER, BUCKS.

FORBES' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Florlit'i Flowers, Hardy Planti,

Vegetable and Flower Seedi.

Free on Application.

JOHN FORBES (Hawiok), LIMITED,

The King s Nurserymen,

HAWICK, SCOTLAND.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

T^OR SALE, guoil clean plants, grown in tkimbles'and
^ 60'a, well broken ready for potting on .

Colleen, Enchantress .Supreme, White Enchantress,

White Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, JIayday, Scarlet Seedling,

Enchantress, Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.

4./- per dozen. Cask with order.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

L

STANDARD CURRANTS

We can offer fine trees
with 4i ft. stems, stout
enough to stand without
stakes, at 5/- each.

Extra strong heads 7/6
each.

Gedrge BUNYARD

& CO.. LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

J

** Zhe. BEST and Cheapcsh

.'-UlcquMnflty of cnch »i/» required .nd h.yc "c.Vri.f. p^id " r

ff/CHAAfO SANHCV A SOiV , LT"

S'-lwyll PofJenVs. NOTTI/nnMAM

March 24, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHKONICLE.

121

THE

®ar5m^rs' Cljrrmirl^

No. ISrs.SATURBAY, MARCH S4, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Acetylene, forcing by . .

Allotments in Scotland,
126, 127; in France ..

Bracken as food . .

Beet, Sugar

Boston Huwer show

Centenarian {gardener, a

Farm, erops and stock
on the home

Foreign correspondence—

Pomological work, a

rare

Frost and the garden ..

Hampshire garden, notes
from a

Lime spraying

Novice, confessions of a

Obituary—
Burt. G

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Overhaniring trees

Potato rlifflculties

Kfsearch in market gar-
dening

K.H.3. and the purchase
of books.. ...

Koses, select varieties of

Societies-
Debating

Manchester and North
of England Orchid ..
Royal Horticultural ..
Scottish Horticultural
United Hort. Benefit
and Prov.

Trees and shrubs-
Effects of frost at
Aldenham

Vegetables

Vines, the splitting of ..

War items

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the . .
Orchid houses, the . .
Plants under glass

ILLUSTRATIONa

Berberis Gagnepalnii 122

Cyclamen Cherry Ripe 128

Pyper, Mr. Thomas, portrait of 127

SELECT VARIETIES OF ROSES,*

TIIK Xational Rose Society has recently issued
li] its members a small volume of 124 pp.
vvliich is in effect a combination in one
volume of the Society's Official Catalogue of
Hoses and its Pninin/j Hook, the latter perhaps
the most popular of all the Society's publications.
The new volume begins with selections of Roses
for various purpo.ses arranged in fifteen groups,
of which we may hope to say something on
another occasion. This is followed by the cata-
logue or descriptive list of Roses arranged first
in alphabetical order and then in their several
groups, while the last half of the volume is de-
voted to pruning instructions.

In the Descriptive List of Roses a somewhat
drastic excision of the older varieties has been
adopted, for. notwithstanding the introduction
of eighty or ninety new names, the 628 Roses
recommended in the 1914 edition of the Cata
logue have been reduced to 438. This is no
doubt an advantage in many ways and has on
the whole been carefully done, but many will think
that some older Roses of tried merit and good
constitution have been taken out to make room
for new varieties of poor constitution -ind doubt-
ful longevity. For instance, Ariel, v,ith its fine
growth and beautiful foliage, Lina '■;'imidt-
Michel, still the best pillar Rose we have, Andre
Oamon. Clara Watson, Cramoisie Superieure,
Mme. Pernet-Ducher, Marquise Litta, L'Ideal
il.and Paul. Transon no longer appear, though few
■•■•who grow them are likely to be willing to dis-
card them just yet, or to find more useful, or
even eqrially good Roses among the new arrivals.
while Killarney, Leuchtstern and Mrs, Edward

• National Ro«e .Society's Select List of Rotes and In-
Htriftioni for Pruning. Pricp. 58,

Slawley, though no doubt they have their defects,
will not be banished from our gardens for many
a year to eome.

Speaking generally, the sla-ughter of the in»«-
cents has taken plaee on the lines that have
become familiar of recent years. Thus we find
the Bourbons have disappeared, and Zephirine
Drouhin is the only Hybrid Bourbon reraaining.
The Hybrid Perpetual?, notwithstanding two
new-comers, are reduced to a very small body.
A. K. Williams is gone, its faultless shape has
not saved it. nor has the fine growth of Cha.-les
Lc-febvre. which Dean Hole thought. " when at
its best, the best." .Some may sigh over the loss
of Gustave Piganeau and the fragrance of
Senateur Vaisse. hardly compensated for by the
huge size of the new Candeur Lyonnaisc.but the
lack of continuity of flowering in the Hybrid Per-
petual, the large proportion of inferior flowers
it produces, together with the trouble and atten-
tion in the matter of feeding and disbudding
required to obtain flowers of perfect character,
make it cei-tain that the reign of the H.P. is
drawing to a close and its end only awaits some
deepening in colour and fragrance and refine
ment of shape in the H.T. section.

The Tea Roses seem rather out of fashion just
now, in spite of their great delicacy of tint and
beauty of form and foliage, and only one Rose,
Lady Plymouth, appears as a new-comer to this
group, while there are many exclusions, Harry
kirk, with the doubtful exception of Killarney,
the most be-niildewed Rose in the garden, has
rightly gone (how can the R.H.S. have de-
scribed this in their recent pamphlet as mildew-
free?), but Little Dorrit and Mme. Henri Berger,
which have also gone, ought to have been re-
tained. The former, though not free from black
spot, has great beauty as a decorative flower,
and Mme. Henri Berger, though not large, is so
uniformly good in form and its clear pink is so
distinct in this group, that neither can be well
replaced by any more modern Rose.

The arrangement of varieties under then-
different groups will doubtless be a sub-
ject of controver-sy, but it is a little diflicult
to understand why Pemberton's While Rambler
.ihould be placed by itself as a Hybrid Multiflora
while Adrian Riverchon and Carmine Pillar,
which are clearly also hybrids, should appear
under the heading " Slultiflora Rambler."
Again, some Hybrid Teas, Mrs. F. W. Vander-
bilt and Mrs. C. E. Pearson, have been trans-
ferred from their true group to the unfortunate
heading Pernetiana. The N.R.S. seems to have
been peculiarly unhappy with regard to this
name. Having made a mistake, a« we think,
in adopting it, they apparently try to
justify the use of the tei-m by describing it as
R liitea. There is no evidence of this. The
Roses so described are not direct hybrids of R.
lutea. but derived sometimes by a series of
hybrids from Soleil d'Or, itself a descendant of
Persian Yellow, the origin of which is unknown.

The last half of the volume is devoted to the
pruning instructions, which follow very much the
lines of the old Prunimj Book, with a few
simplifications and improvements. An alteration
has. however, been m,ade in the case of the illus-
trations. In the old book these consisted of line
drawings showing how the pruning should be
carried out, and they have now been replaced
by photographs depicting the plants before and
after the oper.ation. These are doubtless more
accurate than the old line drawings, but re-
(]uire rather more careful examination to find
the position of the fcuds, to which regard must
\w had in carrying out the operation. It will
be interesting to hear by which form of plate the
novice finds it most easy to work. The book
has no date, which is inconvenient.

In a year like the present, wihen the priuiingo{
Rose bushes must in many, if not in most, cases,
of necessity be trusted to inexperienced hands,
the issue of this little volume should bo vary
helpful.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

DENDROGHILUJI LATIFOLIUJI LINDL.

An inflorescence of this rare and elegant
species taken from a plant collected in Borneo
is sent by Mr. W. H. Bacon, gardener to Sit
Marcus . Samuel. Bai-t., The Mote, Maidstone.
The slender, arching spike, 1 foot in length,
bears thirty-five flowers, each about j inch
across. The acuminate sepals are whitish,
tinged with red, the narrower petals cream
colour. The base of the lip is pale yellow, the
narrow side lobes and blade of the front lobe,
which is recurved at the apex, being coloured
light chocolate. The pseudo-bulbs and broad
dark green leaves resemble those of Coelogyne
flaccida, and the flowers are freely produced.
Tlie plant is also known as Platyclinis latifolia.
BRASSO-LA.ELIO-CATTLEYA DIANA.

A FLOWER of this pretty new hybrid, between
Brasso-Cattleya Jlrs. ,T. Leeman and Laelio-
Cattleya Dominiana. is sent by Messrs. Stuart
Low and Co.. .Tarvisbronk. Su.-^m'n. with whom it
has just flowered for the iirst time. The deriva-
tion gives Cattleya Dowiana auj-ea twice, and
Laelia purpura.ta and Bi-assavola DigbyaJia once
each. A.S migiht be expected, C. Dowiana sHiows
more in this than in most other Bi-asso-Cattleyias,
so far as the shape of the flower is concerned, but,
on the contrary, its dark tints are eliminated,
the colour of the hybrid reverting to a lighter
tint than B.C. Mrs. J. Leemann. The sepals .and
petals are cream-white, the lip pale lilac with
greenifih-sulphur disc and fringed margin. The
sepals are spotted with purple on the reverse side
and the flower is delicatelv fragrant.

NOTES FROM A GARDEN IN EAST
HAMPSHIRE.

We could see exactly how deep the frost — 16°
— went here under the grass, because we chanced
to be trenching for a new Potato patch, and the
men had to work with picks. Each day it had
crept down and down until at last, at its deepest,
it reached a depth of exactly 12 inches. That is
bad for the roots of many plants ; and let us
trust we may not again in our time have such
frost without the protection of snow.

As usual, there are contradictions. Adeno-
carpus anagyrus has changed its brilliant ever
green dress for one of rusty red (it seems past re-
covery), while Euchryphia pinnatifolia — about
equally soft, one would have supposed — is quite
unaffected ; and both arc in the same situation.
In climbers, too. Fortune's Yellow, a Rose gener-
ally reckoned about as delicate as, say, Marechal
Neil, beyond curling up a tip or two, has simply
laughed' at the frost; and the same is true of
Jasminum primulinum on an east wall, Myrtus
communis proved indifferent, M, Luma curled up
its lejives (quite correctly !), but now has un-
curled them again. Not one of the above was pro-
tected except at the roots, Crinodendron Hookeri,
which was unfortunately forgotten at matting-
time, is apparently gone for good, and, though
Grevillea sulphurea seems all right, G, rosmarini-
folia looks ominously dark, Phygelius capensis
(an African plant!) only lost its extreme tips,
while at its base it nursed a young shoot, which
it started to lengthen at the first chance, _ A
Silver Wattle— Acacia dealbata— 10 feet high,
growing in the ground in a walled corner, shows
so far no signs of failure. It is not actually
matted up, but coir matting is stretched straight
across the angle to break the wind, and as both
sides are wide open one can look in and see it
in its cave. We shall not know about the
matted-up things till later ; and, of course, it is
early to be sure of the others. They may go
yet ; one can but hope, and hope is the. main-
spring of gardening.

Speaking of coir matting, I hope everybody
knows of this excellent thing. It is so much
better than Archangel mat, which, 'by the way,

122

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 24, 1917.

one cannot huy now. The old matting was all
very well for hard, woody things — an old Pome-
granate, Magnolia grandiflora, or " Scented Ver-
bena " — bnt noX really perfect for soft things,
because it was too airless ; it imprisoned the
damp. (I am sure it killed my Sollya last year.)
Coir matting is perfect, and lasts much longer.

Is it worth while growing these barely hardy
])lants ? Some people say, " Grow what you know
you can grow, and know you can keep; the rest
is weariness." I am not certain; this may be
true ol, say, Kalmia in limestone or Rhododen-
dron in chalk, but even if one has to replace one's
treasures every few years, I am sure it is worth
it, for the sake of the pleasure they give one in
between.

Ten to twelve degrees of frost seems to be about

affected. Only where the waterfalls formed great
masses of ioeiare the HaTt's-tongiies now all bila.ck.
Sir Herbert Maxwell refeiTed (see Gard.
Chron., p. 105) to the evergreen BerberisKni^tii
as uiiaffected by frost. It, is so liere, and anotlier
Bia.rberry that luas been absolutely indifferent,
though in a most exposed and wind-swept place,
is B. Gagnepainii (see fig. 42). Another
extraordinarily hard shrub ifi Raphiolepis
japonica. It is here growing on an east wall,
a.ud seems to rejoice in a temperature which has
considerably affected Choisya ternata, its next
neighlbour in the same position. Ours, it may
be well to say, is by no means a " New Forest "
climate. We are nearly 400 feet above sea-level,
but the force of the wind is a good deal tem-
perecj by trees and buildings.

«!««nfc=r

Fig. 42. — berbehis GAGNErAiNii.

the limit which a good many things can stand
without showing signs of failing. Certain of the
Veronicas, for instance, hold out quite well to
about that point, and then collapse ; Hypericum
Moserianum also, and Hedge-Fuohsia (F. Coral-
lina). But this refers to simple frost; they will
not stand so much as that where there is wind
or things were wet. Wind will 'shrivel up even
so strong a native plant as Hart'fi-tongue
Fern. Along the stream that runs througjh tihis
garden Hart's-tongue grows very luxuriantly ;
those plants which live on the top of the banks
are all laid flat, their fronds look dried up and
" chippy " ; but the plants which grow lo'w down
under the protection of the bank are quite un-

About sixty years ago a '" wild garden " was
made here (they probably did not know it by that
name, but that is what it was). In the neglect of
many years it had practically reverted to wood-
land again, and we have lately been clearing it.
The process has revealed various surviving rem-
nants of plants, originally brought from abroad ;
now, after years of waiting, thev again see the
light. But they will barely have time to flower
before the evil fate will overtake them that now
lies in wait. All over that ground are peeping
out little pointed growths which visitors take to
be Snowdrops ; but I know better — they are the
folded leaves of Garlic. This and Dog's Mercury
are among our great enemies. What can we do ?

Of course, we might summer-fallow the ground,
but to do that is to make a brand-new garden,
which is exactly what one does not want.

In an ill moment we decided to leave out this
winter (of all winters!) most of our Oleanders, as
they were planted in a walled-in place that
.seemed quite sheltered from wind. To begin
with, beyond heeling up the roots, we did no-
thing ; but when the leaves began to curl we
swathed the plants up in tiffany. It remains
to be seen how they will pull through ;
at present they look like a lot of ghosts.
The same thing was true of our beautiful
Crinums of various sorts (like so many things in
this garden, one of Mr. Elwes' generous gifts).
1 planted them deep enough, as I thought, to be
safe from frost, and protected them with litter,
but have an uncomfortable feeling that the frost
may possibly have caught the crown of the bulbs.
Sir Herbert Maxwell's rejnarks upon Cyclamen
are interesting. Yet, which is " Europaeum "?
If the leaves are already out when the flowers
a.ppear (they are ouit now), I call it hederae^
folirun, but when the flowers arrive on a bare
plant, or flowers and leaves come up together,
then, for me, it is europaeum. My C. euro-
paeum (which I cannot even find at this
moment) I obtained a good many years ago at
Vizzavona (3,000 feet), in Corsica. While wait-
ing for the train, I pulled the corms with my
fingers out of the loose, gritty forest leaf-mould
by the station entry. I suppose it is pretty gener-
ally known that Cyclamen hederaefolium pos-
sesses the power of killing, or. at any rate, of
dominating. Ivy ? Sir Herbert Jtaxwell's remark ,
that he is planting it under a Pine tree reminds
me that a few years ago in a Cornish garden I
was shown some large patches of this plant under
a Conifer, and that its owner, a ver.v honest man,
assured me that the whole thing had been a mass
of Ivy, such as one so often sees under Conifers.
He said that the Ivy had not been dug
up. but that the Cyclamen had been planted in
the Ivy, witli the result that it had entirely sub-
dued or dominated it. In the garden here, where
there are patches of C. hederaefolium which were
planted some fifty or sixty years ago, you may
see the same thing. They are growing in beds
of Ivy ; that is to say, there is Ivy all round
them, while the Cyclamen patches remain clear.
I have been examining this more carefully, and
I find that occasionally long strands of Ivy do
grow from one side to the other through the
Cyclamen patch, but that, though there are leaves
on either side, the growth where it runs through
the Cyclamen is merely a bare stalk. It would
be interesting to know wherein lies this property
bv wlrch Ivy, so vigorous and masterful, can be
checked. Even if Cyclamen were poisonous, this
would not explain it, for poisonous plants, so far
as I know, do not poison other plants. (We may
except the case of certain trees, for here a dif-
ferent principle seems to be involved.) Cyclamen
is certainly not poisonous to animals, for in some
country — I think, perhaps, in Spain — I have seen
pigs feeding on it. This reminds me that in the
present difficulty, when people are so hard up for
food for their pigs, they might do worse than
raise Asphodel for this purpose. Asphodelus
ramosus is easily raised, and its tuberous roots
are a favourite food with wild swine. Aiihyn
Treror-Battye, A^Iiford Chare.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

A PaRE POMOLOGICAL WORK.
I HAVE read with much interest the note by
Mr. E. A. Bunyard, in Gardeners' Chronicle,
January 20, concerning the rare publication,
Pomologia Baiava, by Mathieu van Noort.
It may be worthy of note that a copy of th;j
work is in the library of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, which agrees in all detail.9
with the description given by Mr. Bunyard.
William P. Rich, Secretary and Librarian,
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Maech 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

123

VEGETABLES.

PLAJnUNG FOR THE ilAIX CROP OF
POTATOS.

Mr. P.4ICK gives sound advice on p. 114 in
recommending the lifting of Pota.to tubers as
soon as they are matured. It is too commonly
considered that Potatos will not keep well un-
less they remain in the ground until their skins
are perfectly set. We often raise our crop be-
fore it reaches that stage, and have, I consider,
saved many from becoming diseased, without in
the least impairing the quality or keeping
powers. I commenced this practice in order to
stop the " growing out " of the tubers, and,
on finding its advantages, have continued to lift
early. In giving a farmer friend, some yeai-s
ago, ad\-ice relative to this subje<:t, he was
found to be sceptical, but after giving it a trial,
he has since adopted it with success. This
method is parBicuiarly beneficial where the land,
at in our case, is heavy. It is advisa.ble, how-
ever, not to stoi'e the unripe Potatos in large
quanltities at the time they are lifted. Thof
Coomber, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.

FRUIT AND BRASSTCAS.
I FIRMLY believe in the under-cropping of
fruit plantations, especiaJly in private establish-
ments, where the kitchen garden is none too
large to meet the requirements of a large, well-
staffed house.

Whilst working in a garden in Hertfordshire
a few years ago, I was much impressed by the
fine quality of the vegetables of the whole
Bras.siea tribe, all being grown under mixed
fruit ttrees, comprising standard Apples. Pears,
Pbims, and Damsons. I bave rarely seen trees
to beat them for cleanliness and healthiness. The
trees were never sprayed, but every season
washed with a mixture of lime and flowers of
sulphur, half a pint of parafhn being added to
every 3 gallons of the wash. The trunks and
larger branches were treated thoroughly by
means of a stiff bru.'Ji.

Grease bands were applied to the Apple and
Pear trees, and these were reprreased occasionally.
The soiil consisted of a very heavy clay, and the
digging and manuring of the ground kept the soil
m a sound state of fertility, which, had it been
laid down to grass, would most likely have been
too heavy and waterlogged.

Organic m.inures were u.sed in large quantities,
and thrsp too help<'d to improve the soil.

French Beans are a profitable crop to grow
hetween the trees of a young fruit plantation.

During these times of food production and
the ploughing ol all available ground for
Potta.to«, would it not be advisable to turn over
the orchard land and plant it with winter
greens, whioh might be expected to give a fair
reltum, whilst, Potatos on .ouch land would be a
very uncertain crop? ^f. •'•!. A^hmrad. TiFj.F.

RTDTrR CTITCT'TVrBKR.
In small gardens, where there is little or no
elnss, Rndgc Cucumbers are very acceptable.
Raise the plants singly in ,3-inch pots in heat
and harden them gradually. The position
chosen for planting out of doors should be fullv
exposed to sunshine. Prepare a bed of leaves
and litter, and on this place a layer one foot
deep of rich soil in the form of a ridge, but
with ft flat top The end of May is early
enough in put the plants out. Cucumbers in
the open are often a failure thrnu^ih lack of
moisture :\i the roots. Ripraving the plant.s morn-
ing .and night is beneficial to hasten their de
velopment. Remove the points of the leading
growths when the latter have attained a reason-
able length, and peg the shoots to the soil to
bold them in position against high winds.
When (the fruits have set, feed the roots
wiitb liquid manure at every fourth watering.
Tn wet, sunless weather shield the plants
from rain as moicb as possible, and if pro-

tected' with something thiat is not transiparent,
remove it as soon as the rain ceases. C. Davis,
Holy Wells Park Gar-dens, Ipswich.

THE REK\Tn^ FOOD VAL.UES OF
DIFFERENT \"ECTETjy3LE CROPS.
-\t a time like the present, when due recog-
nition of the food value of the various vegetable
crops is of vital importance, more could be done
to increase the food supply in " food units," or
calories, if the information now being dis-
seminated so freely were the product of careful
thought, iluch is being written that is true
only so far as it goes, but is not calculated on a
" stable basis."

For instance, as to the relative value of " food
units " contained in 1 lb. Pai'snips as
against 1 lb. Potatos, the fallacy of which you
so clearly point out on p. 86., the value of food
units per lb. mnsl be taken in conjunction with
the number of lbs. of crop produced per unit of
area. To this I should add the unit of time,
ur jieriod requii-ed to mature the cix>p.

On this basis the Parsnip compares even more
unfavourably v.-ith the Potato than 4 to 1.

Taking the time period of the Parsnip — i.e.,
March to November, the period from date of
sowing to the harvesting of the matured crop —
against the time period of tlie Potato first or
second earlies — i.e., April to August — it can be
tabulated thus, taking Parsnip afi J, Potato as 1,
and on the basis of 8 and 12 tons per acre re-
spectively : —

T'nits. T'nits. Units. Units.

Perioil. Area. Crop. Food.

Parsnip.. 9 months 1 rod 1 cwt. = J food value nf

Potatos.
Potato .. 5 „ 1 „ li „ =1J

It will thus be seen that 1 rod of Potatos has
double the food value of 1 rod of Parsnips,
and that to this must be added the important
fact tlKit, whikt the Parsnip crop occupies the
land for the whole growing season, the Potato
crop can be lifted, and the land .sown or planted
with either Beeiti-oot, Carrot, Turnip, Kohl Rabi,
Sutton's Earliest, or Christm.as Drumhead Cab-
bage, early in August, and again produce a crop
of economic value. D. W. fUmmnns.

EARLY VKGRTABLES mDOORS.

WiTEN glass is available, much can be done to
obtain early crops of vegetables. Where port-
able frames can be spared, a sowing of Spinach
shouhl 1)0 made at once in rows drawn one foot
.apart in rich soil. Tlie plants will supply an
abundance of thick, fleshy leaves far in advance
of the outside crop, especially if the frames bo
placed on a good bed of leaves. Keep the lights
closed until the seeds germinate : after, admit
air on a,\\ favour.able occjisions. Damp the
crop overhead, and close the frame fairly earlv
in the afternoons of bright days, to husband the
warmth. When the plant* are well advanced,
more air may be given, and the nlanto mu.st not
be allowed to .suffer from want of moisture. An
occasional sprinkling with soot is beneficial, and
stirring between the rows with the hoe. Thin
fbe plants to .about B inches apart in the rows.
The Canter is a reli.able variety.

French Climbing TVeans are more remunerative
than the Dwarf sorts aSter this date, and where
a house with very slight heat is available, I
would advii^e that thev .should be grown.
Trained on the back wall of vineries, or on any
.available space, up strings or wires, T know of
few things that give such a good return, and for
such a length of time, as these Climbing Beanfi.
Sow the .seeds in small pots in a temperature of
60°. and grow them as near the ^lass as possible
until well e.stablif.hed, when they may be planter!
,at 9 inches .-ipart. kept watered .and syringed.
After the fir-st flowers have .set. give ocoasioHAl
waterings with liquid manure, and the plants
will continue to crop until well into the summer.
T find Princess of Wales an excellent variety.

Vegetable M.arrows. if sown in heat, gi'own
on in pots, and planted out in frames over a hot-
bed at the beginning of April, will give valuable

early oops. Pollinate the flowers as they de-
velop, and keep the growths well thinned. After
a few fruits have set, water the roots liberally
with liquid manure water. The lights may be
leift off entirely a® the weather gets warmer and
danger from frost is over. Moore's Cream, Table
Dainty, and Improved Custard are all good
varieties.

The more forward plants of the autumn-sown
Cauliflowers should be picked out, planted in
houses, on borders, or in frames, kept well
waitered, syringed in bright weatlier, and fed
liberally after they are well established. The
heads will be ready by about the middle of May.
First Crop and Magnum Bonum are suitable
varieties for a succession. H. E. Kemp, Priory
Gardens, Reigate.

GROW GARDEN BEET.
The scarcity of Potatos lias so impressed it-
self on the people's minds that everyone is insdsit-
ing on growing Potatos. Nor would we for our
piirt say a word to discourage them. But many
who have oome Lute into the marlcet are finding
a difficulty in obtaining "seed." To them par-'
ticularly, and to all gardeners, we would point
out the -vartues of the Garden Beet It yields
well, and, as is weR known, contains a high
percentage of sugar. It is specially useful for
late summer sowing. Sown in the South of Eng-
land in the end of July, it stands even such
severe frosts as those we have experienced during
the past winter, and may be left in the ground
and pulled when requii'^d. Furthermore, the
seedlings transplant easily, and the thinnings
may be planted in any piece of vacant ground
and will produce fair roots.

■Whether any simple means can be made use of
to extract the sugar is extremely doubtful, but it
is probable that it would be more economical to
let one's own digestive organs do the extraction.
Not the least that can be said in favour of the
Beet is tKait as an article of diet it improves
upon acquaintance-. Not ?o long ago, the present
writer turned up his nose at it except as an
occasional ingredient in salads; but during the
present winter he has mode continuous use of
it, now cooked, now r.i.w, and by its aid he
h.as been able to keep well within the sugar limits
imposed by the Food Controller. Furthermore,
it is well to remember that, although starch, so
wid6.«pread in vegetables, gots itself ch.anged
into sugar by the digestion it undergoes when
taken as food, sugar is, as it were, a ready-
made (or almost ready-made) food, and is there-
fore among the bast of energy-producing foods.
THE CXn.TIVATTON OF KITCHEN
GARDEN SOIL.
Amongst the many pamphlets issued recently
for the guidance oif inexperienced cultivators
this one* will specially aTipcal to those who do
not understand the many points that make soils
suitable or unsuitable media for the roots of
plants. It does not concern itself with particu-
lar crops, but it explains what the plants look
for in the soil, how soil is improved by dig-
ging, trenching and hoeing. Next is explained
the objects of manuring, how sour soils may be
.sweetened by slaked lime or chalk, and cases
where one or other is the more appropriate for
use. These things lead up to the oonsideraition
of speci.al manures, organic and inorganic, and
the 7>artioular uses of each are described in
language whirlli will be understood even by those
"piano-tuners" who are supposed to have
■ turned their thoughts to agricultural work.
SUGAR BEET.
Messrs. Ryder and Son, Ltd., send us seeds
of a variety of Sugar Beet known as Saccharin*.
They advise sowing in April or May in drills
18 inches apart and l{ inch deep. The seedlings
must he thinned. The roots should be ready to
lift at about the end of August. ^

» Thi' Cultivation and ManuHvp of the Kitchm Garden.
By F. Keeble. F.R.S.. and V, .r. Chittenden. (Royal Hor-
ti'cultural ScH-iety. Price 3d.)

124

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mabch 24, 1917.

CONFESSIONS OF A NOVICE.-XIV.

ABVICE TO ADVISORS.

iSo many gardenerfi are now being called on
to help inexperienced cultivatox'S that a few
hints on the art of advisdng may, perhaps, be
of use. Inasmuch as " we are none of us in-
fallible, not even the youngest," men more ex-
perienced than this present novice will forgive
the pnesiunption of one who, knowing so little,
makes suggestions to those who know so much.
But the times are argent, and in the difficult
condition in which the farmers — the wholesale
suppliers of food — find themselves, a heavy duty
is imposed on the small cultivators — the re-
tailers, a« it were — ^to supplement supplies from
gardens and allotments.

Fortunately, the gardeners whose advice is
sought have the first essential for advisors —
knowledge — ^and therefore they will not make
the fata.l mistake of only talking about things ;
they -will show them. Patient they are also,
and hence they will not expect that once show-
ing is enough. Reiteration, the recently dis-
covered secret of advertisement, is the secret of
teaching, and the great teaeher is he who re-
iterates without tediousness.

Next to knowledge, good humour, a virtue
not prized nearly so highly as it should be, is
the quality of greatest worth to a teacher. It
is the bouquet of the wine of character, just
as jcnowledge is its body. It as because of
their lack of good-nature that so many clever
people fail to be good teachers, and remain only
superior persons.

Descejidiing from these remote heights of
generalities to the lower level of actual press-
ing things, the advisor who can get his pupils
on the ground actually to be cultivated can do
more in half an hour than in twice that time
spent in merely talking about cidtivation. A
handful of soil squeezed in the fist of each pupil
may be made the basis of a whole story of
garden lore ; why days must not be worked iii
wet weather, and why trampling over ground is
bad. A hole dug in the ground reveals " form
at a glance" — whether the subsoil is near the
surface, and whether it should be broken or left
alone, and whether it will hold water like a
pond or lose it like a sieve. I suppose it may
be taken as a maxim of universal truth that,
whilst the unskilled gardener has a passion for
the watering-can, the skilled gardener loves the
hue, and therefore, although love is not always
easy to explain, the advisor will do well to ex-
plain why he holds the hoe in such regard.
But the good teacher does not explain over-
much, for that is going out to meet trouble.
I like to think that in this new time the older
gardeners are becoming the missionaries of the
countryside, giving their knowledge in a great
national war loan raised for the purpose of free-
ing the land from the heavy mortgage of in-
difference which town-bi-ed men have laid
upon it.

If to the qualities I have enumerated the
body of knowledge and the bouquet of good
humour, the advisor brings the spirit of en-
thusiasm, the wine of his advice will prove of
such fine vintage as surely to rejoice the hearts
of those who receive it.

I know, alas! that in many cases, though
men of garden experience are willing enough i.o
assist others, they lack the labour in their own
gardens to give them much liberty to help
others ; but I also know that since the war gar-
deners have, if they ever pursued it — and I
liave heard it whispered that they did — lost the
art of grumbling ; and so, in spite of the diffi-
culties which surround and confront them, this
sincere friend of theirs, who is and will alway?
be a novice, wishing to do the one little thing
which he is able to do, ventures, admonitory
proverbs notwithstanding, to offer advice to
advisors. A. N.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

EFFECTS OF FROST ON SHRUBS AT
ALDENHAM

Not since the year 1895 have we experienced
anything like such severe weather as we have
just gone through, and its effect on many of the
shrubs is most marked.

Although the thermometer here registered a
degree and a half below zero in '95, the most frost
we have experienced this year is 29°, and yet
in many cases things have suffered more severely.
It is interesting to note how the many hundreds
of new plants recently introduced from China
have come through this ordeal of frost ; and it
is gratifying to be able to state that, so far as
we are able to tell at the present moment, they
have vindicated their reputation for hardiness.
.\mong the many beautiful Berberis intro
duced by Mr. Wilson nearly all have proved to
be ha,rdy. There are one or two exceptions. Ber-
beris levis, tor instance, has suffered very badly
indeed, and B. subcaidialata is cut, Some few
others have been " browned," but not, so far as
we can tell, severely injured. Such species as
B. Sargentii and B. Julianae appear to be more
hajrdy here than B. Wallidiiana or B. Knightii.
The degree to which many plants have suffered
appears to some extent to be due to the positions
in which they are placed. Where one plant has
been exposed to thecutting wind it has often been
daimaged. whereas another specimen of exactly
tile same species or vai'iety has been untouched
in a more sheltered position, only, perhaips, a
few vards away. For instance, Rhamnus
Alaternus variegatus in a sheltered position is
quite soujid, while other specimens more ex-
posed are badly damaged,

Pyracantha Gibbsii bears no severe marks of
the frost, but the numbered Pyr'acanthas col-
lected by Forrest have appreciably suffered.
Many Veronicas which have been standing for
some years have been injured, but many of the
V. Traversii type, V. Darwinii, and V. decum-
bens, have come through very well. The follow-
ing species and varieties have suffered most.
/7. BerkPtt, Aldenham Hwtse Gnrden-i. Ehtrce,
Hertfordshire.

.\Tistntelia Macqui and .\. M. variegata.

.\zara iii.tegrifolia — very badly cul.

.\zara microphylla.

Berberis levis — almost killed

Berberig subcauliialata.

Berberis umbeUatus.

Ceanothus azlireus and varieties— slightly cut.

Ceanothus dentatus.

CoJletia oruciata— slightly cut.

Comus pumila — ^badly curt.

Ootoneaster angu?tifoli3 ) ^^j,, praotioally killed.

Ootoneaiftei^ pajino^a I

Orinodendron Hookeri.

Drinivs . Wint«ri.

Escallonia floribund,i— very twdly out.

Esoa.l'lonia langleyenisifl "^

Escallonia macrantha I |,„j .ipcording to positicm.

Esoallonia organensis. I

Escallooua pterocladon J

.Tasminum Beosianuim.

Ja^sminuni officinale.

Laixiii'-abala biternatia.

.Tuglans sigillata.

Ligustrum Henrvi— apparently the only Chraesp
Privet which has suflerert severely, L. Quihoui.
r.. strong>-lophvllnni, and L. Belavayanum aiP
>iili vriv' .4iKbtlv injured.

very badly cut.

riaguiiit'lius pulchellu*.

Pistacbia atlantioa— killed.

Prunus hortulaiia.

PVJ-U3 betiulifoliia.

O'uercus longifolia banibnsaefolia.

Rhamnus alaterum.

Stranvaesia glaufescp.ns.

^'e^onica glauco coerulea — badly cut.

Vei-onica La Se<Iui?«n.ta (type).

Veronica vemicosa.

Vihumiun Awabuki (syn. oiloratis?inuijll)— kill)'

Vibumum cylindricujn.

Vihum.um foetidum ('thi's species is of littie v.alr

very badly cut iu man.v cases.
Viburnum foetidum rect.angulum — not badly cut.
\'iburnum lobopbvlhun.
Vibumiun Henrvi.
Viburnjum propinquum.

ThcWcck'sWork.

PLANTS OMDER GLASS.

Frbbsia.— The flowers of late batches of
Freesia should be neatly staked and tied whilst
they are still upright. Increase the supply of
water, and let healthy plants have a little stimu-
lant to assist them to develop their flower-spikes.
Plants of the earlier batches that have bloomed
should be returned to a frame, and watered until
the growths show .signs of ripening off, when the
.amount of water should be reduced gradually.
When the foliage is quite dead, no more water
.should be given, and the bulbs should be ex-
posed to full sunshine to ripen.

BouvARDiA.— Plants of Bouvardia that were
cut down after blooming are breaking into
gi-owth. Turn them out of the pots, sihake
most of the old soil from the roots, and repot them
in much smaller pots, using a light compost.
Cirow the plants in a warm house, and as the
.shoots develop pinch out the points of the
stionger ones, to ensure a bushy habit.

Mav-flowebing Tu LI PS.— May-flowering
and Darwin Tulips are ea.sy to cujitivate and
qmck in flowering, being suitable for grow-
ing in pots or ornamental bowls. If the
blooms are cut when fully grown., but before
they have expanded, they will last fresh a long
time in water. These late Tulips are not good
subjects for hard forcing, and are much more
satisfactory if allowed to flower without the use
of fire-heat. Forcing results in inferior blooms
that soon fade. For stakes use thin, neat Bamboo
"points" or Hazel .shoot.?.

Perpetual- FLOWERING Carnations.— Even

from plants that have been kept quite cool during
the winter plenty of good cuttings are now avail
able. Insert the shouts in shallow boxes filled
with sand, and root them in a moderately warm
house, shading the cuttings from strong sunshine.
Keep them uniformly moist, and let the tempera-
ture range from 55° to 60°.

N BRINE.— Plants of Nerine should be well
supplied with water, whilst the foliage remains
green. Grow the plants in a position exposed
t.o full simshine. When the leaves show signs
of ripening, gradually decrease the amount of
water, and when bliey have passed, withhold
water entirely. The bulbs, sJiould be placed on a
slielf for the summer and exposed to full sun-
shine and fresh air to ensure thorough ripening.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DuN.N, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Cucumbers in Box Frames.— The present
is a suitable time to make preparation for grow-
ing Cucumbers in frames. If horse-droppings
and leaves are available they should be collected
and placed together in equal parts to ferment.
After the material has been thoroughly mixed
and turned several times the bed should be made
18 inches wider than the frame all round to
permit of fresh hot-bed material being placed
aifiund the frame when, later, the heat begins to
decline. The soil should consist of tiu-fy loam
and leaf-mould in equal parts, and it should be
placed in the frame several days before the
plants are put out. When the plants have made
two rough leaves the points of the shoots should
be removed, and the plants stopped again at
the second or third joint. Syi'inge the plants
lightly in the early pai't of the day in fine
weather, but see that the foliage becomes dry
again before night.

Cauliflower.— Plants in cold pits should
be hardened gradually by removing the lights
on mild, sunny days. If suitably hardened they
should be ready for planting out-of-doors about
April 10. Seedling Cauliflowers raised this
spring should be pricked into a cold frame before
they become drawn. They should be ready to
plant out by the end of April.

Lettuce.— A sowing of Lettuce seed may be
made on a warm, south border in order to pro-

Makch 34, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

125

ducc supplies in June. Seedlings raised from
sowings made in October and wintered in cold
pits should be planted at the earliest oppor-
tunity. A wai-m border, should be selected for
tlie purpose, and a spac« of 1 foot allowed between
the plants each way. Keep a sharp look-out for
slugs, and prot«?t the crop from birds if this is
necessary.

Onions —Young Onion plants should be
pricked off before they become drawn. Grow
them in a cool, light frame and ventilate care-
fully until the plants become established, after
which they should be hardened gradually so
that thev "will be ready for planting out aboat
the end of April.

Potato*.— Early and second early Potatos
should be planted in quantity as soon as the state
fif the soil permits. Potatos are a most import! m
crop, and special efforts should be made to have
the .soil thoroughly prepared, digging it deeply,
and .breaking the surface fine as the work pro-
reeds. -Mlow a space of at least 30 inches be
tween the rows and 15 inches from plant tn
plant in t/he row. A sprinkling of decayed
leaves or spent nxanure from a Mushroom )r
r'ucumber bed placed in (he trenches before
planting will do muoh to promote quick, healthy
crowth The ."si/ed tuHer.s of mciin crop and lat*
varieties should receive attention at once.

Mushrooms.- Mushroom beds spawned in
.Tanuary :uv developing quantities of small
button-like Mirfirooms, which require very
careful treatment. Do not use fire-heat, but
endeavour to keep the temperature of tJie hous*
as ne;ir 55° a« possible by closing the ventila-
tors and matting up the door so that cold
draughts are excluded. When water is neces-
.«ary.use rain-water very sparinglv. applying it
through a fine rose. A covering of clean straw
jilaced lightly over the surface will serve to keep
the bed damp. Damp the walls and floor of the
house as it becomes necessary to keep a moist
atmoi5phere. Continue to collect and prepare
material for successional beds, which should
afford a supply in six weeks from the date of
spawning.

Vegetable Marrows.- To obtain early
Marrows sow the .seeds singly in 4-inch pots and
germinate them in gentle warmth. As soon as
the plants have made two rough leaves they may
be planted in a slightly heated pit. where plenty
of ventilation can be applied in favourable
weather.

Carrots in Pits.- Carrots in ■pits should be
ventilated freely and thinned as soon as they be-
come large enough. Water the bed freely through
a fine mse, and. if necessary, cover the crowns
of the Carrots with fine .soil to keen them from
turning /green. A large sowing of Carrots may
be made in the. open as soon as the soil is in a
suitable condition.

Lettuce.— Frames in which Lettuces are
growing should be ventilated freely in favour
able weather and the soil between tile plants
stirred lightly with a small hoe. Dust the plants
frequently with soot as a deterrent to slugs.
Plants raised under glass should be hardened
gradually and planted on a warm border as .soon
afi they are large enough for shifting.

Leeks.- The principal sowing of Leeks .should
bo made with as little delay as possible. Young
nhints raised from early sowings should be care-
fully pricked into boxes of rich soil and grown
in a cool pit until the time for planting.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J COLi.im. Gardener to Sir JlRSUUH Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Rei^ate.

COELOQVNE.— Plants of Coelogyne pandurat.i
are commencing to make new growths and
will soon be develoning roots. .\uy plants that
have overgrown their receptacles may be re
Dotted at this stage. The plants are best grown
in shallow pans or teak-wood baskets, and sus-
pended from the roof rafters in the warmest
house. In the process of repotting remove some
of the old pseudo-bulbs, leaving only two behind
thp leading shoots. Plenty of room is necessary
in the receptacle, as the rhizomes extend
some inches each yeaT after being potted. Plants
that have sufficient room for the development of

their pre.sent season's growth, but with sour soil,
should have as much as possible of the old rooting
material picked from between the roots by means
•si a pointed stick. The drainage should be
examined and fresh compost applied. This
should consist of three parts Osmmidia or
Al fibi'e and one part fibrous loam (from whicli
all the small particles have been removed), and
Sphagnum-moss, the whole chopped small and
mixed together, adding sufficient crushed crocks
to keep tile soil )iorous. Coelogyne Massangeana,
C. Dayana, C. Lowii. C. Mooreana and C. barhata
are also becoming active at the roots, and any
repotting necessary may be attended to. A suit-
able compost is formed of equal parts Osmunda-
ifibre and Al filbre. witli a small quantity of
chopped Sphagnimi-moss. The plants are be.st
grown in shallow pans and suspended in the
warmer end of the Cattleya house. After ro
potting, water should be applied very sparingly
until the plants have rooted freely in the new
compost, when they should receive liberal sup-
plies of moisture until growth is completed.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. F, Davet,
Abbotts Wood. Godalming. .Surrey.

Plantinq Strawberries.— The present is
a good and opportune time for making an extra
StrawbeiTy bed. The plants will become
established thi.s year and make a good bed
for 1918. It .sometimes happens that siiring
planting is necessary because ground could not
l>e spared in the autumn, or could not l>e got in
a .suitable condition. It is not to be expected
that t/he crop this season wi^ be laj-ge. but there
will be sufficient for dessert purposes, espe-
cially if the variety Royal Sovereign is chcKsen.
thinning the flowers as they open, and
assisting the development of the berries by
feeding with liquid manure. Such plants could
serve .another useful purpose, for if the flowers
were removed they would provide early nmners
or stock plants. The ground should have been
well prep,ired by double digging or trenching. In
planting, tread the ground, make t.lie surface
fii-m. and afterwards rake the surface even.
Turn the plants out of their pot« carefully, pre-
serving the roots and crown from injury, and .set
them at 18 inches .apart in rows 2 feet asunder.
T invariably secure my earliest fruits from tlliese
late planting.*.

Labellinq Fruit Trees. -Kxamine the
labels on fruit trees and renew any that have
become imdecipherable. The Acme and the
Ideal are two good labels ; when dirty or dis-
figured they may be cleansed easily by washing
with paraffin.

Preparations for GRAFXiNO.-Suitable
shoots for scions having been inserted in the soil
under a north wall to have them a fortnight
later in development than the stock, it is time
to prepare the grafting mixture. Clav, free from
stones or other rough material, should be mixed
with cow manure in the form of a stiff paste.
If preferred, grafting-wax may be purchased
from the horticultural sundriesman. Success in
grafting depends chiefly on getting a perfect
anion between stock and .scion, which needs
much practice.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By .Jas. Ittrnsns, Gardf-ner to Leopold db
RoTHSClin.l). Esq., C.V.O.. Giinnersbury Houne. Acton, W.

Peaches and Nectarines, The earlier
Peach and Nectarine trees are passing out of
flower and will soon be making young growth :
those in favourable localities are probably more
forward. Disbudding should be done gradually,
removing a few phoots here and a few there,
for I have seen crops spoiled by the sudden
removal of the surplus growth. Disbuddin";
gradually encourages the formation of small
fruiting spurs, and I have noticed that
these short .shoots frequently have m,any fruit-
buds forming on them, whilst long, elongated
shoots have but few. We have at Gunnersbury a
trained tree of Royal George Peach, in full flower
with numbers of these short fruiting spurs. The
same remark applies al.so to pot trees, which

freqtiently give a full crop on spur growths. Again,
in dealing with a trained tree th.at is over-
vigorous in growth, its grossness may be checked
at the start if it is not disbudded too early.
Trees that were lifted in the autumn to check
exuberant growth are developing their wood
buds slowly, and this is as it should be.

Melons.— The earliest Melon plants are suf-
ficiently advanced for planting permanently. A
large border is not necessary ; I have been suc-
cessful with Melons grown in a nan'ow trough,
so to speak, in a three-quarter span Pine-stove,
No fermenting material was provided, only a
layer of drainage material, and the space for
the soil was about 10 inches deep and the same
in width, with about 2 feet up to the wire sup
port. The plants were easy to attend to in
every respect. Two fruits were allowed to each
plant, and the plants were set about 18 incllies
apart. A Pine-stove is not essential ; any low
house with a suitable temperature would be
suitable. I have already stated that I favour
the cultivation of early Melons, and even with
pots it is not essential to provide fermenting
material at any stage. I have used a hotbed
and I have done w-ithout it, and I could not
find any real advantage in its use. Pots of
12 inches diameter (8's) are a suitable size for
Melons. Inverted Seakale pots are al.so excel-
lent for the same purpose. These I have used
upon strong shelves near the roof-glass with dis-
tinct success. In every ini*ance. whether
planted out or not, see th.at the soil is made
firm, and make it firm whilst it is in a
fairly di-y condition. Good, friable, turfy loam
needs no manure, but cru^ied moJ'tnv rubble
may be necessary. A small quantity of good
soil goes further than double the quantity of
inferior compost, and a heap of good loam will
always repay its cost in fruit culturi". Sow
more se.?d for a succession.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

The Rose Garden. -The protecting material
should be removed from Roses and in warm, shel-
tered districts some of the hardiest, varieties may
be prune<l. The frost has injured the tips of the
Riambler varieties, which should be thinned, re-
ta.ining the .sti-ongest growths of last season. Cei'-
tain varieties may be cut Iwck closely, to cause
tihem to break strongly. In all cases cut baick to
a bud pointing outwartl. The pruning of the more
tender torts is best left for another fort-
night. Planting should be concluded without
d.3lay. Roses of the dwarf Pnlyantha section
are "very effective planted in the foreground of
shrubberies, or on' banks. They require very
little pruning, and continue to bloom for a long
period. Mrs. Cutbush, Orleans. Annie Miilleir,
Dr. Ricaud. Katherine Zeimet and Jessie are
all good varieties. .Jessie has flowers of a bright
rherry crim.son, and is very effective in masses.

The Rock Garden.- Remove de.vd foliage
and superfluous growths from Alpines and rock-
garden plants. With a snuill hand-fork loosen
the soil between the plants, exercising care not
to disturb the roots in the process. In preparing
composts for top-dressing the plants do not use
animal manur-es. A gi'itty compost, cnnsij^iting of
loam, leaf-mould and coarse sand, with the addi-
tion of sandstone or limestone chippings. is suit-
able for many Alpines, but others need a mixture
c4' luam, peat, .and leaf-mould.

The Wall Garden. -Dry walls in which no
mortar has been used may be covered with plants
of a rambling nature. The pockets should be
made deep enough to hold sufficient soil for the
roots. For growing in crevices select plants of
a close-growing nature such as Alyssum, Arabia,
Sedum. Acaena. Saxifraga, Hypej-icum Moseri-
anum, Tellima, Veronica repens, Gypsophila
repens, and Edelweiss. On the top of the wall
may be planted Cerastium tomentosum. Andro-
sac'e lanuginosa. Campanula fragilis, Aubrictias,
Dianthuses, Polygonum a^ne, Helianthemum.
Lithospermum prostratum, and Saxifiagas in
v.ariety. Some of the smaller, close-growing
varieties may be planted in the crevices of paved
paths. Frequent waterings will be necessary
until the plants are established.

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 24, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publislier. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that aU com-
niunicatio'ns intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorinl, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
ivhen letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— Tfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for re-production, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
municati&na or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
rei^ponsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under

the

otice of horticulturists.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY. Hai-ch 27—

Hoy. Hi>rt. Soc.fOomms. meet at Drill Hal], Biiriiing-

'ham Gate, Westminfiter.
WEDNESD.^Y, Mar* 28—

Ami. meet, of The Nursery and Seed Trade Assoc.
lat 3.30 p.m.

. a;t 38, Gresham Street. Londo

AVERAGB Mean Tkhpbraturb for the ensuing week
deduced from observations durini? the lait flftv
.vears at Oieonwiih. 43.1°. '

AriDAL Temperaturb :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street.
Tm-cnt Garden. Ixindon. Thtirxdrni. March 22
(10 a.m.): Bar. 29.4; t<>inp. 39.5°. Wcatller—
Sunshine.

SALrS FOR THE INSUINa WKKK.

WEDNESDAY—

.Sale of Fruit Trees. Rhododendrons. Roses. Gladiolus
and Lilies, at 57 and 68. Cheapside. by Protheroc
and Morris, at 12 o'clock. Japanese Lilies in cases
at 3.

THURSDAY—

Roses, at 67 and 68. Cheapside, bv Protheroe and
Morria, at 1 o'clock.

The second report* of
Resecirch ^]^^ recently established

in Market i ' j. j.- ^

research station at

Carder

■>e-

Cheshunt is interesting;,
not only liecause of the summary which it
contains of the investigations carried on
during; the past year, but also because
it indicates the large scope of enquiry
which is open to research into the cultiva-
tion of plants under glass.

A.S the director points out, the grower
of market crops under glass possesses to a
degree not met with in open-air cultiva-
tion the power to control the conditions
under which his plants are grown. He is
able to control, within wide limits, the
soil, the temperature, and the water
supply, and he can, if he chooses, supple-
ment the light which the heavens afford
him. It is true that so far no .systematic
attempts have been made to use artificial
licrht to eke out the meagre ration of sun-
shine which falls to our lot durine many
months of the yea.r, and it i? likewise
true that it is not yet known whether the
CDst of artificial liaht would be returned
in the increased yield of produce. Only
thorousrh investigation can detevniiue

this, but with the advent of new and
powerful half-watt lamps, it may prove
that electricity has been brought within
the reach of the market gardener.

Turning, however, from the purely
speculative side of market garden re-
search to the iseverely practical, it is in-
teresting to observe that the Cheshunt re-
search station is engaged in investigating
the different types of " soft " growth
known to practical growers. Softness of
growth, which is inimical to fruitfulness,
may be induced by more than one set of
conditions^ — for example, by excess of
moisture or by over-manuring. Whether
the softness induced by the one agency is
identical with that called forth by the
other remains to be determined. In
addition to the larger problems, the
solution of which will require a long
period of investigation, the Research
Station is engaged in working out what
may be called special problems of imme-
diate practical value. Among these is the
question whether the addition of lime to
fresh loam used for Tomato? is or is not
beneficial. The series of experiments
made to determine this point lead to the
conclusion that the Tomato has no par-
ticular p.artiality for lime, and that the
addition of either lime or chalk to fresh
loam deficient in calcium compounds leads
to no increase in the crop.

Tests with humogen led, both in 101 G
and in the previous year, to negative re-
sults, and the experimental use of this
substance at the Research Station has been
nbondoned.

There is so much ignorance in adminis-
trative circles of the importance of the
market gardening indu.strv that we hope
that steps will be taken bv the Research
Station to correct this unfortunate state
of affairs. .\ .short statement of yield'
olitained from a given area of glass
throughout the year as compared with
agricultural yields might, we think, be
prepared and included in the report. It
should prove illuminating, and might lead
to a healthy change of view on the sub-
ject of the importance to the nation of this
g'reat industry.

Hill,

Experiments' carried out
The Best Time by Mr. A. H. Lees,'* of
to Spray. ji^p National Fruit and

Cider Institute, lead to
the conclusion that there is but little risE
of damage from lime-spraying up to the
time at which the buds begin to bur.st.
April 10 may be taken as a safe date,
thoucrh, of course, seasonal variations' must
be taken into consider.ition. In this con-
nection we may recall Mr. Molvneux's
statement in Oard . Chron., April 1, Ifllfi.
p. ISS, that lime spraying -when the tree«
were in full blos,som caused no injury, and
that the fruits carried lime in the eve
until the time of ripening. In the case
of the Apple, the four chief pasts aa:ainst
which irme-spraviuo- is directed are the
Anple sucker, the rosy Apple aphis, the
blossom and stem Apple aphis, and the
permanent Apple aphis. Of these pests the

Apple sucker begins to hatch, in normal
years, during the beginning of April, and
hatching goes on for alxiut three weeks.

Since the rosy Apple aphis begins to
hatch about the middle of April, a compro-
mise with respect to the date of spraying
must be effected.

Mr. Lees recommends the use of lump
lime of 98 per cent, purity, derived, if pos-
sible, from carboniferous limestone, and
that common agi-ioultural lime should not
be used. The lime should be allowed
to slake for six hours at least, and
must be kept covered with water. The
strength to be employed is 201b. to 10
gallons of water, and the mixture of that
strength should be strained through a
metal sieve with .sixteen meshes to the inch.

Contrary to expectations', the late spray-
ing in a series of experiments, begun on
March 17 and ended on April 28, had very
little injurious effect. Until as late as
April 2.5 no serious damage was observed
in any of the many varieties which were
sprayed, but on that date Lord Derby and
Cox's Orange Pippin showed signs of in-
jury, although the damage was not con-
siderable.

Since, however, in Mr. Lee's experiment
damage was occasionally sustained as a re-
sult of late spraying, he fixes the date
already mentioned, Anvil in as one on
which risk of damage is so .slight as to bp
negligible.

* Jmimal of the Board o/Agric, Feb., 1917.

Forcing by Acetylene —The ffrr?/? Horti-
cnlc describes a new method of forcinj; by means
of acetylene gas. The results are apparently
similar to those obtained hy etherisation. An
ordinary' calcium carbide lamp is used, but not
lighted, the gas being allowed to escape freely.
Most pla.nts remain in the forcing-house for 48
hour.? — none more than this time — but in the
case <A Lilac 24 hours is sufficie'nt after Wie
middle of November. In order that the flow of
gas may be as even as possible, it is well, if
practicable, to renew the carbide two or three
times. As to the qua.ntity of gas to be used,
roiisrhly, for every cubic metre of air. 6 grammes
a day are neces.'sary. It is unnecessary to
protect the roots, as the acetylene is not injurious
to fhem. The forcing should be done in a warm
house.

Bracken for Food -Mr. .Shipley, the gifted
Master of Christ's Colleore. Cambridtre. ha« .been
entertaining the readers of the Times by de.scant-
ing on the hidden treasure, in the foi-m of starch,
which exists in the rhizomes of •the Bracken.
How this source of supply is to be made use of
is not clear. To turn undergraduates, or even
conscientious objectors, to the disTTinij of the
rhizomes would result in the expenditure of more
energy than the starch won from the soil would
return to the diggers. To serve Bracken as
Asparagus — if the opinion of those who have
tried it is to be believed — would, we fear, not
be acceptable, say, to the High Table at Christ's.
For our part we would suggest that the best use
to .'be made of Bracken is t'T use it for nio-litter.
Cut in August, the fronds are still rich in
nitrogen and have a fair amount of potash in
them, and a stack of Bracken used as litter during
autumn and winter will return in the manure a
large proportion of these plant-foods.

Garden Allotments in Bcoxi and —Glas-
gow Corporation has received applications for
four thousand allotments, and nearly three thou-
sand plots have been allotted. There is a sur-
plus of ground in a few districts, but a great
shortage in others.

Mahch 24, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

127

Sunday Labour on Allotment*.— The

Glasgow Parks Committee, at a meeting on
March 7, unanimously agreed to aidvise tlie Cor-
pora-tion to withdraw the regulation prohibit-
ing Simday labour on allotments. Maxwell-
town P;irks Committee has also had the same
question under consideration, and has agreed to
the suspension during the war of the proihibition
of Sunday labour on the allotments under its
raanagement.

Boston Flower Show.— The Massachusetts
Horticultural Society proposes to hold a flower
show in the first two weeks of June, on the lines
of the R.H.S. Chelsea exhibitions. The site
selected for the show is in front of the Went-
worth Institute in Huntingdon Avenue, and the
principal exhibits will be staged in tents. Pro-
fessor Sargent, of the Arnold Arboretum, will
exhibit Azaleas. An important exhibit from
this country will be Messrs. Waterer, Son akd
Crisp's group of Rhodudendrous. A guarantee
fund of ab.ut .«10,000 has been formed.

Allotment Gardens in France.— We learn
from our contemporary Le Jardin that the move-
ment towards the cultivation of waste land and
the formation of cottage gardens is proceeding
apace in France, and already assumes important
proportions. The War Minister has placed at
the disposal of the Minister for Agriculture more
than seventy professional horticulturists, many
of them old pupils of Versailles, who are lectur-
ing and directing operations in the gardens near
the front. Monsieur Lucten Chaitre, who is
now over military age. has left the Army, and
undertaken the work of co-ordinating the activi-
ties in each commune, forming for e<ach district
a separate committee, which will in its turn
superintend the work' of allotment-holders and
assign the required plots. In Paris the well known
"workmen's gnrdens " .society, founded by the
Abbe Lemire. has undertaken to cultivate the
ground around th? fortifications, of which there
is much still uncultivated, and for which volun-
teers are being invited to apply. Monsieur M.
DtjrnocQ, the director of allotment gardens to
the Minister of Agriculture, is devoting much
energy to the task of bringing into cultivation
all the w.aste land in the suburbs of Paris. All
over the country the allotment gardens are in-
creasing in number, and men (civilians over mili-
tary age, and soldiers on leave), women and chil-
dren are all taking up the work with enthusiasm.
The work of children of school age is being
organised very thoroughly, and an appeal to all
.school authorities has been sent out from the
Ministry" of Agriculture with a view to utilising
the help of the scholars in the best way. The
Minister of Public Instruction has arranged for
the closing of the primary, secondary, and nor-
mal schools for a period of from 15 to 20 davs
at Easter, beginning with the last week in
Afarch. to allow the school children of France
to help with the spring farmwork, especially the
planting of Potatos. It is expected that bv
this means four million young workers will be
set fr-e. There will also be 29.000 boys and
25.000 giris from 15 to 18 available from the
secondary schools, and 50,000 boys and 30,000
girls from the lycees and colleges to speed up the
harv^est.

Garofnfr Centenarian. We have pleasure
in reproduoing the portrarit of Mr. T. Pvper.
52. Red Lion Lan?. Hatiimei smith, who cele-
brated his 100th birthday on February 5 last.
He was bom in Ross-shire, and whilst still a
child was taken to Kdinburgh, where his
father was engaged in laj"ing out the gardens in
Pri"ce^ Strept. Later on ho was apprenticed
bo Mr. MoNab, who was stiperintending this
w-ork. His first appointment in England was
at T^ord Vernon's at Sudbui-y Hall, Derby.
.■\boiit 1840 hiP went to Chatsworth, and was
empiloyed for a time under Sir Jcseph Paxton,
the Duke of that day showing marked
appreoiaition of his work. Leaving Cbateworth,

he went to Lord Leconfield's, at Petworih, and
to Mirs. Rae's, in Gloucestershire. Mrs. Rae
appears bo have been one of the first to taie up
Orchid growing, and under her instruction Mr.
PiTER became a skilful grower. TJiis expedi-
ence with Orchids led to an engagement with
Lord DiGBY at Mintea-ne, which lasted for
twenty years- On leaving Minterne, Mr.
Pypek went to Melton Constable, where he re-
mained for ten yea-rs, only leaving oh the death
of Lord Hastings, and with the approval of the
executoi-s of the estate. After a short interval,
he was appointed gardener to Colonel Pinnet
and his sister, Lady Smith, at Somerton
Erieigh, in Somersetshire. Here he remained
for over twenty years, this eng^igement practic-
ally ending his active career at the age of 78.
\ ery shoitlj after this, having been a regular
subscriber to the Gardeners' Eoyal Benevolent
Institution for many years, and having been un-
fortunate enough to lose what little money he
had saved, he was elected to the benefits of the
Institution. Mr. Pyper enjoys good health, but
it is only just possible for him to sign his name
owing to impaired eyesight.

War Items. — Captain Philippe Rtvoire,
secreitary of the French Chrysanthemum Society,
after doing military duty as a reserve officer

mr. t. pvi'eu. who recently celebrated his
100th birthday.

since the beginning of the war, has been releaised
from serWce, and is back in Lyons. He hopes
in the near future to revive the publication of
the society's official journal, Lr Cltri/xanl/iimc.
The nursery of Messrs. Rivoire Pi;RE et Fils
hag been closed since the beginning of the war,
but their seed business is being carried on.
Similar infonnation reaches us in regard to
M. Leonard Lille's nursery.

We learn with regret that Mr. William

Edward Doe, son of Mr. Doe, gardener at Park-
wood, Henley-on-Thames, has been killed in
Mesopotamia. The deceased soldier was a mem-
ber of the garden staff at Rangemore. Mr. DoE,
senr., has three sons in the Forces; the eldest,
Sprgt.. R. Doe, is at Salonica, wounded.

Publications Received.— Lawn Tennis
Almanac, 1917. (London: F. H. Ayres, Ltd.,
Ill, Aldersgate Street.) Price Is. 6d. — Rational
Fruit Culture. By H. C. Davidson. (London:
Gartlpn Life Press, Hatton House, Great Queen
Street.) Price 2s. fid. — The Commercial Ab-
sorption of Ex-Naval and Military Men. By
Lionel Yejiey. (London : Tlie Fleet, Ltd.,
11, Henrietta Street, Covcnt G:irden.) Price 2d.
—Plantae Wilsonianae. VoL III., P.nrt III.
By C. S. Sargent. (Cambridge : The University
Press.) — Herb Collecting for Boys and Girls.
By Mrs. T. Cliamberl»in and Miss K. C. Wheel-
wright. (London: National Herb-Growing Asso-
ciation. 44, Queen Anne's Chambers, S.W. 1.)
Price 3d. Second edition.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

Potato Difficulties. - Of the reoemt
iotato regulations, one rule is still in. force
which will do great mischief it not relaxed. I
refer to the regulation that all seed Potatos un-
sold by April 1 wOl have to be sold as for eating,
or at the price fixed for eating. Owing to the
abnormal season and scarcity of labour, a larce
quantity of land intended for Potatos is still un-
tilled, and probably a large proportion will not
be ready for planting until ^Nlay is well advanced.
Are all the small -growers who have not much
storage room to be deprived of the chance of ob-
taining seed tubei-s unless they are ready to
plant by April 1 ? The seedsmen are approach-
ing the authorities througih their Association to
obtain a relaxation of tliis regulation, as the
matter affects almost all gardeners and next sea-
son's food supply. Charles E. Pearxon, Secretary
to tlie Hortinilturnl Trades' Association. [Sine©
this letter was written the Ministry of Food
Control has announced that it is prepared to
grant licenses to seedsmen to sell hand-picked
f^eed Pota.tos of any variety up to 56 lbs. of
•one kind, at the prices advertised in catalogues
that were ailready in circulation, the eiale under
these conditions being p6rmitte<l up to Mav 31.
Licenses to be app'ied for by individual firms,
accompanied by a; cnpy of their catalogues, to the
Secretarv. Ministry of Food Control, Grosvenor
House. Park Lane. lyondon. — Eds.]

The Frost and the Garden.- Sir Herbert
Maxwell is to bo congratulated not only on his
delightful pictures of his Galloway garden, but
on the charmed life of the plant,? he tends and
knows so well. Here in the South of England the
frost has played havoc, and has destroyed or
crippled not only rare, but many of the common
things. The tree Lnnins look wopbegnne drv
sticks. The leaves of Portugal Laurels are parti-
coloured, the distal halves dead and brown, the
stalk-ends green. Olearia maorodonta has cast
off most of its leaves. Wallflowers are cripnled
and St-ocks look as though they had been
trampled on. Lithospermums are burned as with
fire, and Helianthemums .^eems to have disap-
peared. This is not a complaint, but an attesta-
tion, and no doubt thinss are by no means as
b,ad as they seem. For instance, although
autumn-sown Cabbage has gone the wav of the
Stocks. Peas sown in the autumn, which were
showing through the ground when the frost and
cold winds came, have survived the ordeal, a.nd
are beginning to grow vigorously. No one can
be verv distressed when tih^ Crocuses have come,
when the Larch-like tips of the Gooseberries show
their green, when the exquisite ■tirst youuc leaf
of the Strawberries appear, and the fruit buds of
the Pears beein to show like mosaics of mother-
of-nearl. Of the more tender fhinis which have
suffered I will not snenk. lest T should disprove
my contention that I am only recording, and not
lamenting. .4. N.

P.H 8 *Nr> THE OuprH«eF or Books —
Thos^ who rrf^ad tho nrcount of t-he nnnunl meet-
ing of title RovmI TTortieultural Soeietv in your
TKi-gies laist month mav rei'iiemiber that T urged
*lhat the time had come for the oommittees to
have .oomo real power. The followinsr incident,
whioh has ta.ken place, s'noo thip meeting a.bove
mentioned is typica.l of the conduct of tilie
Council, and T think abundantly ju.stifies my
sugtre^tion : — .Noting on what was said by the
powei"s that be on that occasion. T reported a
rare Fivnch work by Boyceaii to the chairman
of th.-^ T,ibiury Co'irmittee as a suitable piirrihasp.
Tho book was sent .by the devnler on approval,
and it was refused. But by whci ? Bv the
Library CoTimitfee. which presumaWv exists foi^
the purpose of advi.sinT about book buving. and
whoise members are believed by th« public to be
experts? No. No meeting of this body was
called. The Ccnn<-il evidentlv did not think
it was worth while to summon it. although in the
case of a.n expensive work — and a, very rare one
— outsiders would nafuraJly think they would
have don.A sci. No : they sat on it them.siplves.
T ask. Where does the Library Committee come
in? and Wily have a committee at all, if this is
how it i« to be trea.ted ? Some members of the
R.H.S. think the Council's ways want mendimi.
Verbum sat .sapienti. Joseph Jacob, WliilwclJ^
Salop.

128

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICIA

QKabcb 24, 1917.

socicriEis.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

{Ciiiiihiilid from p. K'll.)

Floral Committee.

Present: Mes.srs. H. B. May (chairman), Chas.
E. Shea, W. P. Thomson, C. Di.xon, W. Cuth-
bertson, J. Dickson, A. Turnei', John Heal, G.
Reuthe, Geo. Harrow, W. J. Bean, John
Green, J. F. McLeod, A. G. Jackman, E. F.
Hazelton, Clias. E. Pearson, H. Cowley, E. H.
Jenkins, John Jennings, R. G. Notcutt, W. B.
{'iianfield, Jas. E. Hudson, J. W. Barr and
Gpoo'ge Paul.

The following medals were awarded to
groups : —

Silver Flora Medals to iVIessrs. R. and G.
CuTHBERT, Southgate, for Lachenalia Neleonii.
The plants were remarkably well flowered and
model .specimens in every respect ; Messrs. W.
CuTBUSH AND SoN, Highgate, for forced shrubs.

Silcer Banksian Medals to Messrs. Stctart
Low AND Co., Enfield, for Carnations and Cycla
men.s. T'heir new Cyclamen, (.'hen'y Ripe (see
fig. 43), was conispicuous amongst other varietie.«
Iw reason ni its hrilliantly-coloiired flowere, whiolh
are a glowing carmine ; Messrs. H. B. Mat and
Sons, Edmonton, for Ferns and greenhouse
flowering plrin.ts : and Mr. J. .Jennee, Livei-pool
Niws^ries, Rayleigili, for Perpeitua-l-flowering
( 'larnation.?;.

Bronze Flora Medals to Messrs. Allwood
Bros., Wivelsfield, Haywards Heath, for Per-
petual-flowering Carnations ; Messrs. Barr and
Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, for trays
of ha.ixiy bulbous flowers ; Messrs. James
Carter and Co., Raynes Park, for Primula
malacoides King Albert, a very charming
plant, with a profusion of rosy-mauve-colouiied
flowers: Messrs. .1. Cheal and Sons, Crawley,
for a miscellaneous group of hardy flowers and
shrubs: and Mr. G. ReT'the. Keston, Kent, for
ihardy flowers.

Fpuit and Vegetable Committee-

Present: Rev. W. Wilks (in the chair), F.
Perkinis, W. H. Divers, G. P. Beirrv, E. Harriss,
J C. Allgrove, A. R. AJJan, H. MM-kham,, J. G.
Wei.s*oai, A. Bullo'ck, E. A. Bunyard. A. W.
Metcalfe, and E. Beckelt*.

Messrs. W. Seabrook and Sons, Chelmsford,
showed seventy-four varieties of Apples, for
which a Silver Knightian Medal was awarded.

Mr. Edwin Beokett. Aldenham House C4ar
dens, Elstree, showed his new Onion Antnnin
Trium,plh.

Narcissus Committee.

Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles (in the chair).
Miss E. Willmott, Messrs. W. Poupart, G. Leak.
G. Reuthe, F. H. Chapman, W. B. Cranfield,
Joseph Jacob. G. Monro, H. Smith, P. R. Barr.
J. D. Pearson and C. H. Curtis.

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, were
awarded a Silver-gilt Flora Medal for a large
exhibit of Daffodils and Tulips grown in bowls
oif fibre.

A Bronze Banksian Medal was awarded to Mr.
G. W. Miller, Wisbech, for an exhibit of hardy
bulbous flowers.

Orchid Committee.

Groups.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park.
Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier), was awarded a Silver
Flora Meda.l for a group of finely-grown and pro-
fusely-flowered Dendrobiums raised at Gatton.
The new forms were D. GatAon Jewel (Bart*-]-
sianum x melanodisciis), a pretty white flower
with ohrome-yellow base to the lip; D. Gatton
.Monarch {Jjady Coalman x nobile Harefield
Hall), white, tipped with rosy-lillac, the lip having
a dark pui-ple centre ; D. Melius (Wiganiae x
.signatum aureum), primrose-yellow with a slight
rose tint on the petals ; and D. Lady SoiitJi-
wark (Ixi-dy Cnlman x Ohessin gtonense) , a fine
white flower with a shade of yellow. The lip is
diark purple in the centre, the apex being rose-
colour.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
aD effective group of fine Odontoglossums,
Odontiodas and LaeJio-CattJeyas.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst.

Tunbridge WeUs, were awarded a Silver Flora
Me<lal for a good group containing a fine selec-
tion of Odontoglossums and Odontiodas flowering
lor the first time. Large size, perfect form and
line substance characterises the whole strain, and
some new departures in the disposal of the
colours was noticeaible, a special example being
Odontoglossum Baghdad, which has wax-like
white flowers with concentric clusters of purple
spots on the segments.

Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, staged a
group which included Lycaste Skinneri G.
Hamilton Smith, probably the largest form of
the species and good in all respects ; good white
hybrids, including a Laelio-Cattleya Trimyra
var. Charm, a clear, milk-white flower with
orange centre ; Ca-ttleya Mary Sander, and C.
Snow Queen, O'f fine quality.

Messrs. Flory and Black. Orchid Nursery,
Slough, showed a darkly-blotched hybrid Odonto-
glossum, a finely-coloured seedling 0. crispum,
a. good form of Dendrobium nobile, and the
whit© Cattleya .Suzanne Hye de Ci^om.

Pantia Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Surrey
(Orcliid grower Mr. W. H. White), sent Cattleya
Apelles (Whitei x Mendelii var. King
George V.), a good flower with white sepals and
petals tinged with bright purple.

Fi<:. 43. — CYCLAMEN CHERRY RIPE ; COLOUR OF

FLOWERS bright CARMINE.

(K H.S. Award of Merit. February 27. 1917.)

Trials of Savoys.

The further following awards have been made
by the Council to Savoy Cabbages after trial at
the Wisley gardens ; —

Awards of Merit.

Green Curled, sent by Messrs. Dobbie and
Co., Edinburgh; Late Drumhead, sent by
Messrs. Nutting, London * New Year, sent by
Me.ssrs. Sutton, Reading; Ormskirh Late Green,
.sent by Messrs. Sydenham, Birmingham ; Orms-
kirh Hawlmark Selection, sent by Messrs. A.
Dickson, Newtownards : Ormskirk, sent by
Messrs. Nutting, London.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

March 1. — Committee present: The Rev. .J.
CrombieJiolme (in the ohair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, Dr. Craven
Moore, J. Cypher, A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans, P.
Foster, A. R. Handley, A. J. Keeling, D.
McLeod, W. Shacklet/on. H. Thorp, and H.
.\rthur (secretary).

AWARDS.
First-Class Certificates.

Laelio-Cattleya Linda (L.-C. Arachne x ''--'.
(iiirea), from R. AsHWOETH, Esq.

Odiintioda Gratrixianum [Odu. seedlintj and
Oda. Bradshowiae Cookson's var.), from S.
Gratrix, Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Cymbidiuin Sybil Conynghaw var. (PauweUii
X eburneum). and C)dontoglossiim loorhristensis
(Jonynt/hnin rar., both from Dr. Craven MoorE-

Cypripedium Clarke var. compactum, and
Odontioda Dorothy, both from P. Smith, Esq.

Odontioda Madeline var Evansiae, froir. R,
Ashworth, Esq.

Cdontioda Henryi, from Messrs. Armstbonr
and Brown.

Odontoglossum Mary (amabile x crispum.
Franz Masereel), from S. Gratrix, Esq.

Cymbidium Alexanderi x Yvonne, from J,
Walker, Esq.

Cypripediiirn. lona Carter Place var., from V.
WORSLEY, Esq.

Awards of Appreciation.

Odontoglossum James O'Brien (Durivrrianum
X Harvingtense) — 1st class — ^and Odontoijiossum
Distinction — 2nd clajss — from ■ R. Ashworth.
Esq.

Odontioda exiinium Papillon — 1st olass — from
Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoglossum Fabia (L'Aiglon x e.rimiiim).
from Messrs. Armstrong and Brown.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

M.\BCH 6. — The monthly meeting of this Asso-
ciation was held at Edinburgh on this date, Mr.
.John Phillips, the president, being in the chair.

Mr. J. W. M'Hattie, Superintendent of Parks
and Gardens, Edinburgh, read a paper on
" Garden Allotments." He dealt with the pre-
paration and manuring of the soil, the best crops
to grow, dittding them into summer and autumn,
and winter and spring groups respectively, and
h'e emphasised the necessity for growing vege-
tables of a substantial kind, thus making
the most of the allotments, which numbered
approximately twenty to the acre. He concluded
by giving directions as to cultivation.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT AND
PROVIDENT.

Annual Meeting.

March 12. — The annual general meeting of
the above Society was held at the Royal Horti-
cultural Hall, Westminster, on the 12th Lnst.
Mr. Chas. H. Curtis presided. The chairman
presented the annual report of the commit/tee,
and drew attention to the fact that, owing to
the Government regulation that all friendly
societies must make up their accounts to Decem
her 31 in each year, the period under review-
consisted of eleven months only. He stated that
a sum of £4,200 had been invested in War Loan.
Thirty-eight memhei's had died during the past
year, including twenty-five engaged with the
Forces.

The finances of both sections were stated to
he in an eminently satisfactory condition.

The adoption of the report was moved and
seconded and adopted unanimously.

The secretary, treasurer, and retiring mem-
bers of the committee were all re-elected.

The meeting afterwards resolved itself into a
sjiecial general meeting, to consider the proposed
alte-ratiims of ru'es and the fomiation of a Juve-
nile Branch of the Society. The altered rules
provide for a sliding scale of contributions from
new members ; allow certain in.sured raembers to
again contri.bute to Scale A; and give "pre-
ferential treatment " to members who have
joined H.M. Forces and have fallen into arrears.

It was unanimously decided to form a .Juve-
nile Section of the Society, and. subject to ratifi-
cation by the Registrar, the section wiU. con-
sist of " males between the age O'f 12 years and
18 years who propose to follow the horticultural
profession."

0bituar^»

Georqe Burt.— We learn with regret of the
death, on the 11th inist, of Mr. George Burt,
aged 73. Jlr. Burt was appointed gtardener at
Broomfield Hfall, S'unningdale, in 1862, to the
late J. Rice, Esq., and served there for 27 years.
On the death of Mr. Rice, he engaged in land-
scape gardening for 18 years, and had a good
local patronage. A Dorsetshire man, he gained
liis experience in good pauva.te establishment*,

March 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

129

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

On

WARGRAVE AND DISTRICT GARDENERS'-

With commendable energy the memh^ers of this Associo
tion have undertaken to give as much assistance as DO'S
siblo to allotment holders and other cultivators.
Wednesday, the 14th inst.. Mr. Thos. Haskett, Garden'
to Mrs. Rhodes, Hennerton, gave a lecture oa '" Potat'
Growing." About 100 were present. The hon. secre
tory, Mr. Coleby, showed several interesting and easily
made experiments respecting the use of lime in the soil
and several gardeners spoke on certain points raised in
the lecture.

READING AND DISTRICT GARDENER8'.-At th
meeting of this Association, held on The 5th inst-, Mr,
W, F. Giies, of Messrs. Sutton & Sons, gave a lecturt
on " Salad Plants." The lecturer enimaerated and briefly
described most of the cultivated salads, including Let
tuce. Beet, Tolmatos, Oucumbera, Oelerj', Celeriac
Endive, Radish, Onions, Mustard, Cress, Watercress,
Chicory, and Dandelion. Lantern slides, reproduceil
from photographs taken in England. France. Holland
and Italy added greatly to the interest of the lecture.

On the 19th inst., before the members of this As-
sociation, ilr. T- Parrott, chairman of the Bath Gai'
deners' Debating Society, gave a paper on " The Grow
ing of Large or Exhibition Fuchsias." A firstdlass cul
tural certificate was awarded to Mr. A. H. Fulker, The
Gardens, Elmhurst, for a batch of excellent Primula mal:i
coides, and a similar award was made to Mr. D. Turner
The Gardens. Coley Park, for plants of Cjxlamen, carry
ing large flowers and beautiful foliage.

ABERAMAN HORTICULTURAL. —At the meeting
of this S'MTiety, held on the 7th inst.. Mr. A. J. Cobb, of
Duflfryn Gardens. Cardiff, gave an address on " How
to Crop a Ten-perch Plot."

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr W. A. Baldwin, f'-r 10 year*^ Gardener m T. K.
LF.wisBdWEN. R.sy.. Clynfiew. Beneath, Pembroke-
shire. jL-^ G^irdeiier to the Lady BWNrsG, Melierstain.
Gordon. Bwrwickshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

T. H. Webster, Stock, Essex.— " Uascade " n<'zzle.

M JL R k; £: T s.

CDVF.M I
Cut Flowers, &c.:

Anpmone.fulecns. i.d

per doz. bun. 2 6-
Arunis. per do/.. 3 0-
Azalea, white,

per doz. bun. .j 0
Camellias, white

per doz. blms. 1 6-
Carnations. per

doz. blooms.

best American
• varieties .. 2 0-

— Carola (crim-
son), e.x. large 3 6-

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun ■> 6-

— Barrii, per
doz, bun. .. 4 0-

— Emperor, per
doz. bun. ., 4 0-

— Henry Irving,
per doz. bun. 2 0-

— princeps. per
doz. bun. .. 2 0-

— Sir Watkin.
vex doz. bun. 4 0-

— Victoria, per
doz. bun. .. H 0-

Freeaia, per doz.

bun 2 C-

Heather. white,

per doz. bun. 12 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

llorum lone 3 0-
short .. 3 0-

1 a n c ifoliuni

album, long.. 3 0-

— — rubrum.
per doz.. long.. J 0-
short .. 16-

Lily-of-the-Valley.
per doz. bun. 21 0-2

:.IRlJf:\\ Mm, I, 21.

Average Wholesale Prices.

sd. Narcissus, s.d. i

3 0 Grand Primo.

4 0 ner doz. bun. fi 0-

— Pheasant Kye
per doz. Wun. 4 6-

— Soleil d'Or.
, „ Guernsey. per

2 0 doz. bun. .. 1 6-

— Paper White,
per doz. bun. 5 0

Orchids, per doz.:

3 0 - Cattleya .. I

— Coologyne, per

4 0 doz. blooms . ',

— Cypripedium \

— Odon toglos-
,-, 0 sum crispuni 3 0

Pelargoniums, per
1- Q doz. bunches.

doublescarlet l.'> 0
, Primroses. per
» " doz. bun. ..2 6

Roses -

3 0 — Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 6 0

4 0 — Mnie. A. Cha
loncy. perdoz.

- „ blooms .. 8 0

— Richmond
, „ periloz. blms. .') 0
' " - Pink Queen.

per doz. blms. 8 0
3 0 — Sunburst, per

doz. blooms.. 7 0
Snowdrops, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
Tulips, white.por

doz bun. ,, 30 0-

— yellow.

— Darwin in
variety, per
doz. bun. .. 21 0-

— m:iuve Darwin
per doz bun. 24 0-

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 2 6-

0 IS 0

0- 2 (1
0- 3 0

24 0
27 0

French Flowers, &e. : Averaee Wholesale Prlaes,

s,d,s.d.

Allium (Star) per s.d, s.d.

doz. bun, .. 2 6-3 01 Freosia, per doz

Anemone, double
pint, perdoz.
bun 2 0-26

— single, mijed.

per doz, bun. 3 0- 4 I)

— single. rrd.

per doz. bun. 16-20

bun.

Marguerite, yel-
low, per doz.
bun

Stock, white, per

doz. bun.
— pink, perdoz,
bun, ..

3 6-40

3 0- 3 6

3 6- 4 «

4 6-50

Cut Follag-e, &e. : Average Wholuale Prices,

s.d, s.d.

3 0-60

Cycas leaves, per

doz. ,
Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08
Ivy leaves, per

doz, bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches . . 6 0-70
Myrtle, doz. bun,

small - leaved 8 0 —
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13

13-16

aias.

Adiantum (Mai- s.d. s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz,

bunches .. 9 0-10 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6- S 0

— - medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 10 0-12 0
Bronze foliage .. 8 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-IB 0
Remarks. — Business in plants is iniprovi
may now be had .\cacias in variety. Boro
persoluta, E. Wilmoreana, and Onistas. All Ferns
are improving in quality. Cut flowers are moi-e plenti-
ful than for some weeks past. Large quantities of
blooms are arriving from the Channel Islands, consist-
ing chiefly of .\nenione fuigens. single and double Daf-
fodils. Narcissus Soleil d'Or, Narcissus Grand Primo.
and Paper-White. Coloured flowers are much reduced
in price; white flowers, although cheaper, find a ready
sale. Single Violets are more plentiful, and the blooms
are very fine. Roses also are more plentiful ; the varie-
ties include Madame .4. Chatenay and Joseph Lowe.
Small consignments of French flowers, consisting of
Anemones, both double and single, .■Vcacia (Mimosa),
white and pink Stocks, Allium (Star of Betilehem), and
Parma Violets are arriving daily. Single Violets arrive
in a worthless condition.

Plants In Pots, &e.; Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldii.

dozen ., ..6
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. ,, 10

— Sprengari 8
Aspidistra, per

doz. green . . 24
Cacti. various,
per tray of lo's 4

- tray of 12'3 . . t
Cineraria. 48's

perdoz.
Cocos Weddelli-
ana 48's. per
doz 18

— 60's per doz. 8
Croton. per doz. II
Cyclamen. 48'3

per doz, .. 21
Daffodils. 48's.

pr doz. ,, 12
Ferns, in thumbs.

per 100.. ., 10

— per 100, in
small and
large fiO's ,, 14

— in 48's.per doz. 6

d.s.d.
0- S 0

12 0-15 0

0-30 0
0-10 0
0-10 6

0-24 0

0-15 0

0-15 0

Ferns in 32's. per
doz 12

— choicer sorts.
per doz. 48's.. 8

Geonoma (racilis.
60's.perdoz... 6
- larger, each.. 2
Kentia Belmore-
ana. p«r doz. 4

larger per

doz 18

— Forsteriana.
60's. per doz. 5

Latania borbon-
ica, per doz.. 12

L i 1 i u m longi-
florum. per
doz 24

— lane if oliura
rubrum ,. 24

— — album ,. 24
Marcuerites in

48's. per doz. 9
Pandanus Veitchii

per doz. .. 36
Phceni.x rupi-

cola. each .. 12
Spiraea, per doz, 12

.d.s.d.

0-18 0

0-12 0

0-8 0
0- 7 6

0- 8 0

0-36 0

0- 8 0

0-30 0

0-30 0

0-10 0
0-48 0

6-21 0
0-15 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices,

.\rtichokcs.Globe s.d. s.d. Herbs, per doz. s.d. s.d.

perdoz. .. 4 0-501 bun 40-80

— Jerusalem. Horseradish, per

percwt. ..12 0-14 0 1 doz. ,.66 0-72 0

Asparagus. Paris I Kale, per bag .. 5 6 —

Green. perbun, 6 0- 6 6 | Leeks, per doz.

Beetroot, per bag 10 0 — bun 2 6-40

Lettuce. Cabbage

Beans, English.

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad ., .. 4 6
lirusselsSpronts,

p«r'^4 1b. .. 8 0
Cabbage, per

tally .. ,. K 0
Carrots, washed.

per bag ,. 14 0
Cauliflowers, per

1 6 -

8 0

doz

6 0 —

Celeriac. perdoz, 6 0
Celery, per doz.

bundles .. l.'j 0-18 0
Chicory. Knglish.

per lb 0 10- 1 0

Cucumbers, per

doz 6 0-10 0

Endive, per doz. 3 6 —
Greens, per bag.. 80 —
Garlic, per lb... 0 10 —

per doz. .. 10-20
Mushrooms.per lb. 1 8- I 6
Mustard and

Cress. perdoz.

punnets ., 10-16
Onions, per cwt 32 0-38 0
— spring, per

doz. bun. ,. 8 0 —
Parsley. peri bus. 10 0 —
Parsnips, percwt. 20 0-23 0
Potatos. new, per

lb 10-12

Rad is h es. per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-30
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz. .. 16-20
Savoys, per tally 8 0-14 0
Seakale. per doz.

punnets .. 24 0-30 0
Shallots, per lb. 0 X-O 10
Spinach, per Hat 7 0
.Swedes, per cwt. 3 6-60
Turnips, per cwt. 80 —

Tops, per bag 6 0 —
Watercress, per

doz 0 G- 0 0

Rr.makks.— There are larger quantitie-s of boxed
.\pples on offer this week, but those in barrels are
scarcer. The supplier of Grapes (Gros Colman) aro
limited. A few forced Strawberries are now avail-
able, and English Tomatos are commencing to arrive.
Forced Beans and New Potatos are on offei, and sup-
pliRH of Mushrooms. Seakale and C'ucumber.< have in-
creased. Broad Beans, Spinach and Peas are arriving
from France [lacked in cane pads. English Chicory
is ohtainalilc. Cornish and ('herbourg Cauliflowers artf
more plentiful. There are fewer Parsnips, but good
quantities of Swedes.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Potatos.
Tubers set up in bo.xes tor "sprouting"
require plenty of air to induce a stocky
growth. Surplus sprouts may be removed
•during w-et weather, and if such work be done
now it will help things forward. When the
"seed" is lying in bulk the tubers should
be discouraged to grow by frequently turning
them over, for when the sprouts grow in
a mass they are useless, merely weakening
the tubers. An extra ploughing of the land
siliO'Uld be done to provide a finer tilth. Tllie
end of the month Ls a suitable time for planting.
Potatos on Gbass.
As my remarks on this subject on p. 120 may
be misconstrued and deter some from plant-
ing this crop on grass land, I may state that
I do not advise Potatos to be planted on
newly-ploughed grassland, for the reason that
there would not be sufficient depth of soil tu
earth the plants well, and the planting would
not be easily done except by hand.

Ordinary ploughing only disturbs the soil tu a
depth of 4 inches to 6 inches, but if a second
plough were used in the same furrow and suf-
ficient soil thrown on the turf to bury the grass
deeply the circumstances would be considerably
altered, and success could reasonably be ex-
pected. I was anxious not to recommend any
method of culture that might end in disappoint-
ment, , ^^

Where a gi-ass plot is to be planted with
Potatos by hand the oirounistances are entirely
altered, as the turf can be buried one foot deep,
which is ample for ail purposes of cultivation,
and with animal or artificial m.iiiure added suc-
cess would follow.

Chaelock.
In many counties on light soils Charlock
(Brassica sinapis) is a terrible pest among spring-
sown crops, such as Oats, Barley and roots. The
seed of Charlock can lie dormant in the ground
fo- many years, and directly deeper ploughing
is practised a crop will appear. Autumu-
.sown Wheat and Oats are not affected, as Char-
lock cannot withstand frost. The most efficient
remedy is spraying annually with copjier sul-
phate directly the first rough leaf has fonnc<l
No harm is done to the corn crops 'by spiayiiig,
though it may turn the leaves a little brown at
the tips. This discoloration ciuickly passes off,
biit Tuniips, Vetolies, Mangolds, and any plants
with a rough-leaf surface must not be sprayed,
as the solution itdheres to the leaves as in the
case of Charlock, and injures the planit. Foa-
corn land a 3 or 4 per cent solution, or 30 oa-
40 lb. of copper sulphate to 100 gallons of water,
is a safe quantity to use, with a sprayer which
distributes the solution in the form of a fijie mist.
l''ifty gallons p*r acre is sufficient.
,Ikrusalj:m ArtichoivEs.
Ill view of the .scarcity of seed Potatos, tubers
of .Jerusalem Artichoke, if available, should be
planted for a crop. In well-manured, deeply-
ploughed land the tubers should be at once
planted in every third furrow at 15 inohes apart.
Brief Rkmindehs.
Oats. — No titne should be lost in sowing Oats
provided the land is in a fit condition to receive
the .seed, remembering that early-sown plots five
the best returns in corn and straw, and the crop
ripens earlier, which means tnuch at harvest time.
Grass for Hay. — "Lay up" the pa.sturc
from which hay is to be cut this seasion. If
there is any doubt about tllte richness of the
soil being sufficient to give adequate nesults,
some assistance should be given in the shape of
artificial manure. A dressing of 4 cwt. of super-
phosphate, 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, or
1 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre would give a
fillip to the growth of the grass previous to har
rowing, which is beneficial in .scattering drop-
pings and removing moss. Afterwaa'ds, firmly
roll the surface, for this attention will prove
of much v<alue when cutting the gra<ss. Apart
from levelling such obstructions a.s mole hills,
repeate*! haiTowing and rollinjf favooirs the"
growth of the jjrass. WHiere obtainable, a com-
post of decayed ntanure, vegetable refuse, wood-
aslli and qiiirklime would make a vast iniprova-
mciit on the growth of the turf, producing close,
sweet herbage. S. Molyneux.

130

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 24, 1917.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

("old Storage for Liliums : 0. B. L. You do
not state What acids a.re used to iwoduce th©
tempei'ature of 28°, nor wJiefcher yo'^ can
maintaiin this tenipea'ature steadily throughout
the period of stoaiage. We cannot advise you
without this information.
Cultivation for Allotments : W. A. M. The
Planet Junior combined cultivator and horse-
hoe, with its fittings for various kinds of work,
is a very useful implement for a small holding,
market garden, or large allotment. It should
not be a large-size implement if only one horse
is to be used with it, to work it all day, or
even more than a few hours at a time. There
are ploughing attachments to a large-size culti-
vator, but the illustrations of them do not
seem to show that any considerable depth of
soil could be tui'ned over by them. We have
no experience with the Retroforce implement.
Extraction of Sugar from Beet : Ncmirn
and Younij Reader. We aire afraid that
the extraction of sugar from Beetroots
cannot be undertaken successfully in a
small way with ordinary ihousehold utensils.
It needs special plant. The roots ane cut
into slices and J3ut into big communicating
kettles. Water runs tlirough these and exta-aots
the sugar by diffusion. During the process
the amount of suga.r increases progi'essively,
and the water forms a juice containing, besides
sragaj, mineral! salts wliioh Iha've to be elimin-
ated. Special plant is used Uy "lime" the
juice, then a saooharate of lime is foiTned,
wihich is separated from the other salts ; otlier
maohineiry aga.in is required to eliminate the
lime thi'ough "carbonation." Finally the
solution of sugar has to be concentrated in
order to coime to crystajlisation. The
niaohinery is compOica.ted and expensive, and
a regular supply of roots from a large acreage
is necessary before a- factory can be started
with any chance of success. E.xtracting sugar
at home by iiiaceratiiig the root slices in water
and evaporating would involve a large waste,
both of sugar and of fuel. It is mucli more
economical to eat the root.s i"aw in salad and
cooked as a vegetable. Then tbe digestive
syisteni does the extraction free O'f cost.
Flannel Weed in a Pond : G. W. B. G. Skim
off as muoh of the weed as poissible and treat
t)he water with copper sulphate, as yoiU sug-
gest. First ascei-tain the amoimt of water in
tihe pond by multiplying togethier the average
length, breadth and depth, and multiplying
the number of feet thus obtained by 6j, the
aipproximate nujiiber of gallons in one cubic
foot. Tlhen, to every 100.000 ga.llons of water
take 1 pound of copper sulphate, bwak it up,
and enclose in a bag of loose texture. Draw
the bag backwards and forwardls tJlm-ough the
pond in parallel lines 10 or 20 feet apart. The
sulphate will dissolve an,d become diffiiised
thi'oughout the water, killing all the weeds.
If used in tIhe proportions given above the
coipper sulphate is not likely to injure fisli,
anid may even benefit them by ridding them of
para.sites.
Gardening Engagement Under the Restricted
Occupations Order : M. S. The Order was
dated Febi-uary 28, 1917, and directed that
after that date men, between the ages of 16
and 60 inclusive, in the vairious scheduled
trades (including domestic service, botli in-
door and outdoor) sihould not be freshly en-
gaged. We understand fix>m your letter tJiat
youT engagement was entered into and finally
completed on Febi'uaa'y 28 last. It would seem
therefore that the Order does not apply to
you, aliWhougli it would ihave done so had you
accepted the post on the following morning. If
your engagement sflio^rld fall through, and you
find it impossible io nra.ke a li\'elihood except
as a gardener, you should communicate with
the Director-General of National Ser\-ice, St.
Brmin's, Victoria Street, Westminster.
Gardener's Wages During Illness ; H. M.
The faot of your being insured does not en-
title yiou-r employer to refuse to pay yomi'
wages on account of illness. If your emiployer
wishes to eisca,pe liability his proper course is
to give you the usual notice to terminate your
engagement.

Glass Substitute for Frames : W. H. The best
material for yoiu- purpose is tlie special oiled
paper .-sold by the Willesden Paper and Canvas
Company, WiUesden. Jimotion, London, N.W.

Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Bulbs : A. M..
Oxon. The red staining on the bulbs may
have been caused by mites, and tihe remedy
would be to sijaray them with an insecticide or
dust with flowers of sulphur. To destroy the
mealy bug sponge tilie plants occasionally with
a weak inseoticide. If the plants are in" a bad
condition, and do not promise to flower for
some time, turn them out of their pots, cleanse
tIhe leaves and bulbs thorouglily, remove de-
cayed portions of the roots, and dip them in
weak inseoticide. In re-potting, use rather
smaller pots than the pHaiits previously occu-
pied.

Litter for Strawberries : MUs E. It is the
practice of many to use littery manui-e in,.stead
of sti\w, which, you state, you cannot obtain.
The litter sliould be applied before the flower-
spikes develop in oixler that there may be
time for the rains to wash tlie straw clean, and
it will be bleached by the sun. Alternatives
are to use peat litter or cocoa-nut fibre.

Lycaste Skinneri : Bamduith. Lyoaste Skin-
neri d' es not commonly bear two flowei-s on
one inflorescence, but exceptionally well-grown
plants sometimes produce twin flowers. We
have seen a specimen with all the flowers in
pains. Examination of the spike above the
bract will often disclose a rudimentary bud,
whioh, failing excessive vigour, remains dor-
mant. The same thing happens with Cypri-
pedium insigne and other Ordiids which
usuaiUy bear but one flower, when tliey are
well grown. With regard to the spotting of
the pseudo-bulbs in fonTner years, it is very
probia,ble that the addition of"liine to the com-
post has been tlie oause of the pseudo-bulbs
being free from "spot" this season.
Manures for Potatos : Constant Beader. Dig
the lime into the soil now, scatter tlie super"
phosphate at the time of making the rows,
and use the sul,plliate of ammonia and wood^ash
when disturbing the soil in earthing-up the
plants.

Names op Plants : M. S., Altrincham. Hoff-
monnia _ G^llies'bl^eghtii, sometimes called
Higgmsia and Campylobotrys in- gard'ems. —
Oon.<tant Header. OWoropliytum e!atum varie-
gatujn (tlie gi-een leaf with yellow edge) ;
Ophiopogon Jaburan variegatuni (yellow with
green markings). The others send when in
flower, and number the specim.6ns. — F. A. W.
The leaf is of a Crinuni of the C. Moorei and
C. Powellii section. The plant should be grown
in a greenhouse or conser\-atory, and watered
in the usual way until the leaves fade in the
end of the suni;ner, when water sliould be witji-
held until gi'owth commences again. If planted
deeply in a sheltered situation on the open
ground, at the foot of a wall, or a plant-
house for preference, it would probably jM-ove
to be hardy in winter. We do not recognise
tllie portion of root-stock. Lilium auratum
should be kept in the frame imtH gi-owth is
well advanced, when the plant sliould be re-
moved to a greenliouse.

Newly-Planted Raspberries : Constant Reader.
Cut the canes to within 1 foot of the gi-ound.

Overhanging Thees : A. Your neigfobour is en-
titled to cut off thO'Se portions of your trees
•vyhich overliang his land, but it would be a
very unneighbourly act on his part if he did
so witlhouit first discussing the matter with
you in a friendly way. He aa.iinot, however,
enter upon your land for the purpo.se unlesis he
first notifies you of his intention so to do. If
he cuts off anytliing more than actually over-
hangs his Ip^nd you can bring an action against
him. The boughs whidh are cut off would still
belong to you.

Strawberry St. Antoine de Padoce : S. Jaclc-
son. To obtain a supply of good fi-uits of
Strawberry St. Antoine de Padoue during the
la.te summer and autumn, remove all but
four or five of the earliest runners on eadh
plant as soon as tlliey develop. These runners
should be encouraged to root where they grow,
and they will come into bearing at the time
stated above. The plants do best in a hold-

ing soil, liberally treated and well supplied
with water. The present is a suitable time
to make new beds, allowing a space of 2 feet
between tho rows and 18 inches between the
plants. Make new plantations every third,
fourth, or fifth year, or when the plants show
signs of failing.

Time for Interviews : LandfonJ.. You enquii-e
whether you cannot claim time otf to keep an
appointment with a prospective em-ployei-.
As we presume you mean time that
would naturally be spent in work, we
think the matter is one for arrangement be-
tween yourself and your present employer ; but
if, after being asked for permission, he re-
fuses, we think it would be better for you to
fix any future interviews at such hours as will
enable you to keep them in your spare time.
Treatment of Codl\eums (Crotons) and
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia) ; CUoh,
Hornsey. The present is a suitable time to
strike cuttings of Crotons. Place the cuttings
singly in small pots and plunge them in a
propagating case with a bottom heat of 80° to
85°, and keep the frame close until the cuttings
are rooted, when they should be inured to
more light and air gradually. Another method
is to cut the stem nearly half through, and
bind damp moss around the cut part. Crotons
and Poinsettias should be potted in friable
loam mixed with a little peat or leaf-mould
and shai-ji sand. Put plenty of drainage mate-
rial in the pots, for during their growing season
the plants need plenty of water; shade them
very lightly. If the atmosphere is kept well
charged with moisture, Crotons will not suffer
from an excess of heat, therefore frequently
syringe the stages and floors morning and even-
ing, but do not damp the plants overhead.
Suitable temperatures during the winter
months are 60° to 65° by night and 65° to 70°
by day ; in summer, 70° at night, rising to 85°
or 90° after closing early, with sun heat and
moisture. Ventilation should only be admitted
at the top of the house, and regulated in ac-
cordance with the weather. Poinsettias should
be dried off gradually and the pots placed on
their sides under a greenhouse stage, where
the temperature does not fall below 45°. About
the middle of May, water the roots and place
the plants in a light house to form suitable
shoots for cuttings. Make the cuttings with
a heel, when the shoots are about 5 inches long,
and insert them in small pots filled with fine
soil and sand. Their treatment should be the
.same as for Codiaeums (Crotons). The old
plants may be cut back to within 3 inches of
the current year's growth, the soil shaken from
the roots, and repotted into pots a size larger
than they occupied before. Shade the plants
in the middle of hot summer days, and towards
autumn, as they develop in growth, gradually
increase the amount of ventilation. Grow both
the Poinsettias and Crotons close to the roof-
glass.
Vines Splitting : B. W. B. The splitting of
your Vine rods was doubtless due to frost act-
ing on immature growth. Probably the stop-
ping of the shoots was not attended to at the
right time, and the growth overlapped, thereby
obstructing the light from where it was most
required, and growth continued late in the
season when the sunlight w.as feeble. The con-
sequence was that the cells contained more
water than they usually do in winter, when
the canes have ripened properly, and the ex-
pansion of this water under the action of frost
caused a rupture, and with the subsequent
warmth the cracks' opened wider. The wounds
will heal in the course of the season, but in
future you must remember tliat leaves situated
where daylight cannot reach them are useless,
and so are those made late in the season.. If
tihe pi-otective outea- bark was removed from
your Vines (a practice which is not yet
obsolete), the frost would be better able to
freeze the sap. We doubt the accumcy
your therjiiiometer, which indicated 30° of
frost, and yet tender plants in a cold house
were not much injured.

Communications Received.— J- G. T — S. & S.-
G. .^.— A. G.— F. J. C.—G. P. B.— T. D. A. C-
E. S. S.— Mrs. H,— W. B. H.— A. H.

• March 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

RYDERS SEED

Catalogue FREE.

Send Postcard tur Ryders 1917
Catalogue, over 100 illustrations.

All Seed Orders are

dispatched by Return

Post.

AH Orders over 2 6
sent Carriage Paid.

SUGAR BEET

FOR JAM MAKING.

The best variety lor growing f>n

in this country. r«
Full instructions for sowing,

growing and using with each P^"^ *"'

packet. 4 ozs. 2/6.

BY APPOINTMENT.

Pauls' Royal Nurseries,

Waltham Cross. HERTS.

Large stocks of the following in excellent condition
for .Spring Planting, at very moderate prices : —

ROSES, in all forms, new and old varieties.

FRUIT TREES, for the orchard and garden.

HARDY TREES and SHRUBS.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS and CAMELLIAS.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

SEEDS and Garden Sundries.

Price Lists on ai>plication stating articles required.

Wm. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS, LTD.

Xo .Agents.

Onlv .'Vd.lriss

RYDER & SON, ltd

Seed Specialists, ST. ALBANS.

Beware of Imitators.

Horse Shoe

Boilers

For Economy.

A8 used in the
Botanical and
Zoolojjcical Gardens.

PDICE OF

COMPIETE

IPPlRtTUS

ON IPPLICtTION.

C.P.KINNELLSGO.,

Ltd.

Southwark St.,
LONDON, S.E.

The *' PATTISSON ^' HORSE BOOTS

SIMPLEST ! STRONGEST ! MOST ECONOMICAL !
(.■OI.RS of l>< !.t English Sole Leather (Waterproofed), uitli M.t.r Tyre Rubber
'-' Stmls, oriif s,.|i,l Kiilii.i-r In-. 1 c ,11. lie Refitted repeatedly, cinial to Now
Hoots. Rubber Soiee Strongly Recommended.

DSED FOR MANY YEARS IN THE ROYAL AND IN
THOUSANDS OF THE PRINCIPAL GARDENS.

The "PATTISSON" BOOTS are the most durable on the
marMot, outi sttnK 8cvcr<il sets of oidinary boots, and when
worn out can bo many times refitted and are then . ;/.( (0 o»iv
u:ie5. but this may only be satisfactorily done by us, the makers.

SILVER MEDALS.

Royal Horticultural Hoc., 1!KM
A- l:U4. Koval International

Hundrods of Tpst'inon.

As good as anything that
could be devised "

I.i.ts, /n,„t II..' .l/iiAvrs.

li-. 1;, \ ".hKilitj

Kig. 2. li Qinilily.

H. PATTISSON & CO.,

4-6, Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM, S.W.

A .SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which Is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
,',, in (or equal to stout 21 oz. ) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in c|uantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturers of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

Mixed ready for use. In 141b.
tin ^ and 1 c^vt. wide-neck cans.

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete P
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C>
And Blackfrlars Wharf. Upper Qround Street, S.r.

Quote Gardkners' Chronicle,

V-

PEA

SWEET

(.\utuiini s.iwii. O.ld (Mown.)

and TOMATO PLANTS

Our Great Specialities.

90 Varieties, including 20 Noveitiea,

THE EDITORS of many Cardeningr Papers

have commonded our selection.

bdward Cow.i
Fiery Cross .■
Golden CKry

Jenn 1 reland— Crraiiiy l»i
J,.b Loader - Kxcecrtlnirlv
King lfliiuve-01,11,1,,,,.,,
Mrs E. Cowdy 1. 1

8d. 14 =

9d. 14 =
9d. 14 =:

9d. 1/4 =

PLANT IN THE OPEN NOW.
COLLECTIONS from GENERAL COLLECTION

not the above noveltlesi '. j.Liiii - • i. li, J:; vioi.-ti.-^. our
seiectl.n,3 3l IJil" 5 9 ;■.-•• 'I", 10 6 ;■" do . 18,6.

New ffllrliir
Peace rii;n

I Beiivci ■ '1

Rosy Riiptu

re Willi. . ■■ iiii-i ii,...i,.ii lu

Stanley Cr

1 ill llii- Spring 1 i Heat.

TOMATOES.

= Flllbasket. Su

tniDHplntg.)
25. 1/-
M.. 1/8

Early Caullflov

BUCKS, St. John's, IPSWICH.

Tllllllllllllllllllllll

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Contaim S plates in colour. Price 1 1 10 post free.

THE PUBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle. Ltd., 41, WeillnKton

Street, Covent Garden, London, W,C, 2.

t^.

THE GARDENERS' CHBOIflCLE.

ptfABCH 24, 1917.

Those Channels at
the bottom of CRET

Pots assure proper dranage and
air to your plants. Exceptional
porosity, and root-roominess com-
pl te thehealthfuinessof CRETS.
Try them. Only the bestj are
good enough now !
Specimen CRET Prices: 2^ ins. 4/-
per 100 ; 11 ins. 75/-. All are per GO.
Carriage Paid on orders over 20/-.
Safe delivery guaranteed.

FREE SAMPLE ••CRET" POT on request,
with mteresting booklet giving prices, special
assortments, etc. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD.

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varievies.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue,

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREE.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridg-eworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

ROSES

(Vol. 10 of PllESENT DAY GAR-
DENING), by H. R. DARLINGTON

Edited by R. Hooper Pearson, Managing Editor of
"Gardeners' Chronicle."

A good practical book for all Rose lovers. Contains much
valuable information. S full-page coloured plates. A double
volume. Price 2/10, post free. Special presentation edition
with beautiful cover design, in cloth gilt, gilt top, price 3/10
post free.

THE PUBLISHER.

" GardenerH' Chronicle" Otllres, 41, Wclllngtun
Street. Covent darden, London, W.€. 'i

NOW READY.

Root & Stem Vegetables

^j^RITTEN by the late Alexander
Dean, will be a valuable com-
panion to the grower of Vegetable!.
It hai a calendar of operations that
will prove a useful guide to both the
amateur and professional gardener,
and the many hints given in the
chapter on growing for Exhibition are
invaluable. The work is beautifully
illustrated by 8 plates in colour. Price
1/10 post free.

THE PUBLISHER,

"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington

Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2,

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Present-Day Gardening Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction by William Robinson.)

21 Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Climb-
.. ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.

Illustrated with '24 full page plates, 8 of which

are reproduced in colour.

Price 2110 pott free from:

Til* PUBLISHING DEPT.,

" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES,

41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C, 2

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
. DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK
FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.

Orders will be dealt with
in strict rotation.

The 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GIRDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

!S<5cts there

and makes the Garden r^Ii^^l^
gay all the year round ,^;n;£rp

Sola tvf rjT»hfte in TINS ai sd. A Is. . I'tI in BRANDE D» St ALBi
BAGS ^'bs..2a. Sd.. i4lbs.,4s. Sdi. 28 Ib^.TS. «d. . i< lbs., las. e«l. lt2los.
direct ttom tfas Works. Cimigc paid tnibt ijnltod Kiogdom wi C«sh wllhOrdet (fuept S<l. TIN Si,

CLAY & SON. Ma-ure Kfrs & Bone C!^:s-iirs. 5TRATI-0RD, LONDON, E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lots asd Maloomson, Ltd., Daufi Street, Uigb Holborn, London, W.0.1, and Published weeklv by the Gardenea
Ohpomole, Ltd,, M, Wellington Street, OoTeot Garden, Oity ot Westminster, Satwrbat, March 24, 1917. Agent for Manchester: JOHN Hbywood.

Established i34l

N? 3979

No. 1579. Vol. LXI.

f THlED-l
\bEEIB8/

SATQEDAY/MARCH 31, 1917

aVBSCMIPTION—Inlmnd, fBI-l Fortiffn, 17IS I22fr. lOe.] ($4 ZOe.) per annum.
Postal Addresi— 4 ■ , WeUlngton street, Covant Qardsa, W.C, 3. Talacrapblc Address-

I Registered as a Newspaper. | '^'"^^ ^*^-

Entered al y*w Tvrk Feit Office at tecond-clats mmtter.
"Qardctaron, Ran<, London." Telophone— Oorrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 131.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Friday next, April 6th, being Good Friday,
the " Gardeners' Chronicle " will be published
on Thursday, April 5. Advertisements for
next week must therefore reach the Office not
later than TUESDAY, 5 p.m. April 3.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS, CHRYSASTHEMU51S, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and etftndard
varieties is ready, and wiU be sent post free on appli
cation. — (Dept. A) K. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbenh.

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illus-
trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, ia now ready, and will
be sent post free on application. — (Dept. A), E. H.
BATH. LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT

KELWAY'S Gladiolus Bulbs (all British),
if you wish to have a g-lorious display of flowere
in the autumn when blooms are ecaree.

Kelway's, the champion growers of Gladioli, are offering
a wide selection of beautiful varieties in all colours
at greatly reduced prices during the wax.

Write at once lor their illustrated catalogue, and make
a selection that will enable you to eend flowers to the
Wounded SokViers in HospLtale ond Nursing Homes from •
Jully till the frosU come. Gladioli are invaluable for rut-
ting, ft8 every bud opens in water. They last for o fort-
night, and are «> bright an<i cheerful that they are par
ticularly well suited to Inv.alids. For decoration of all
kinds the OladioUis Kelwayi ia pre-«minent.
Oarringe paid and packing free for prepaid order.
KELWAY & SON,
Retail Plant Department, Langport, Somerset.

WALLACE'S NEW CHINESE

PRIMULA HELODOXA. A.M., R.H.S.,
1916. Other new Chinese Primulas, &c.
BEKHKKIS, NEW CillNKSK SPECIES,
LILIES, GLADIOLI, BEGONIAS, &c.
Our SPRING CATALOGUE post free on applioatdon.
B. WALLACE & CO., LTD.. Kilnfleld Gardens, Ooloheeter.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., l>awrence Road, South Tottenham, Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houee»,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

DOBBIE & CO., ROYAL SEEDSMEN,
EDINBURGH, will send a copy of their 1917 Cata-
logue, and Guide to Gardening, 160 pages, nearly 160
illustrations, free, if this paper is mentioned.

"CATERER'S ROSES & FRUIT TREES.

" » Gr.ind gto<iks of the best Taneties. Lists free.—
.UiHN WATEREE, SONS & CBISP, LTD., The Nurseries,
Twyford, Berki

■p) I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

-■-' MANURE and other high.clas3 Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushrfiom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Eoyal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SDTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

CUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

*^ READING.

pEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunyard's

-*- Medela has been proved by hundreds of practical
Gardeners a certain cure for this trouble ; to be applied
in March and April ; 2a. per quart, 58. 6d. per gallon, in
cans.— GEO. BUNYARD i. 00 , LTD., Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone.

(^MISSIONS and Failures made good by

^~^ purchasing Storrie's Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct dates for best possible re-
sults; all popular Greenhouse plants, Summer Bedding.
and Hardy Border Flowers. Ac. Grand lot of Cvclanien
now ready. Write for catalogue —STORRIE i- .S'TORRIE,
Flower Seeds Specialists, Glencarse, Perthshire.

WTATERER'S GOLD MEDAL RHODO-

» » DENDROXS.— We cordially invite you to come
,and select any plants you requ'ire. We have over 50
acres, comprising the Bnest collection in cultivation.
Catalogue Iree. — JOHN WATERER, SONS & CEISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-^ and Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. Sclent iflcallycontrolled Trials at
Wisley, 191415. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES.

-■-^ -New Catalogues of the above now issued gratis.
Grand New Early Pea, Laiton's .Superb, &c., Fruit
Trees. A fine stock to offer- may still be safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.—LAXTON BEOTHERS, Numemnen, Bedford.

"DARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI,

'--' CAXNAS, MONTBRETIAS, TIGRIDIAS, &c., for
npring planting. Descriptive Catalogue free on applica-
tion.—BARR * .SONS. King Street. Covent Garden,
London.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

-■-' .SEEDS of flneet selected strains nmd tested
growth. Catalogue free on application.

"KARR'S Hardy PERENNIALS, AL
-■-' PINES. ROOK PLANTS, Aquatics, Climbers, &c.,
lor Spring planting. Catalogue free on application.

" T>OCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and

-■-•'In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
Iree on application. Special selections, 12, Js. 6d. ;
25, 53. 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 258. All diffe.ent, named,
strrwig stock ; please state position and soil. — G. R.
PHIPPS, Alpine Nureery, Barnham, Bognor.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

pAUL CRAMPEL, 1,500 young Stools,

-■- real good, line plants, ready for 4-inch pots; what
offers the lot? Marguerites, Mrs. Saunders, 5flb, big
stuff, £1 5a.— B. W., Box 19. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

I rtO OOft LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

M.\J\J f\J\J\J 209. 100; Pahns, Begonias, Crotons,
Dra*'aeiias, Roses, Erica*, Gloxinias, Lilies. Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

For Advertisement CharEes see page lit last week.
'Y'lOLAS, finest Scotch, 12 Betiding

Varieties, correctly named, 2s. 3d., post free. Early
OhrysanthMiiiuns, 12 very fine varieties. Js. 9d.. post
free. Strong plants.— DOBBIE & CO., Florists, Edinbuiigh.

"RUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Orders

-■-' are now being booked for these plants for delivery
in March. List, with full directions and prices, on ap-
plication.—GEO. BUNYAED & CO., LTD., Royal Nur-
series, Maidstone.

JITACKENZIE and MONCUR, Limited,
-■■ Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London. Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M, the King. London Office, 8, Camden
Road, N.W.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

^^ servatories, Greenliouses, &c.. and Heating Engi-
neer, Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wife, 201,
Western London^ Telephone: 201 Western.

pOSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham

■■■•' Cross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new and old, for present, pliuiting. Priced

catalogue on appiication. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES, Waltham Cross, Herts.

(GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

'-' " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersca. Agents
throughout the country.

TILACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

'■-' have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &o., &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magnificent strooig
roots of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

lilESSRS. FIDLER & SONS beg to an-

'*-'■'- n(iun<'e, with sincere regret, that they will not
be able to accept, at the present time, any more orders
for Seeds or Seed Potatos.

Since the break-up of the frosty weather, they have
been inundated to such on astounding extemt with
ondlers, that, severely handicapped as they are in
respect to labour, there is considerable difficulty in deal-
ing with the accumulation.

.\8 soon as arrears have been mot to the necessary ex-
tent, they hope to again commence accepting orders,
when the fact will be announced in the PresB.
FIDLER & SONS. Royal Berkshire Seed Stores, Reading.

PERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-

-*- ing FeriLS, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferna, Hardy Gardeii Ferns ; oataJogues free. —J. E.
SMITH, liOntion Fern Nursery, lioughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

I^OR SALE, cheap., 280 Bulbs, Calanthe

-■- Brvan, and 12 Wm. Murray.— Write, R. H., Box 17,
41. Wollington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

r)RCHID PEAT. 6s. and 78. 6d. per sack:

^^ Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks ; in
bags 2s. 6d. eaeb, 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Lioam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand;
4-ton lots for 45s.; CN. Fibre, 248. doseu bags; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.8.. Feltbam, Middlesex.

^PORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Try

^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 173. 6d. Patterns free.
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71). Bradford.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

SALCS BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

1,500 FRUIT TREES.

Herbaceous Plants. Rhcxlmiendrons.

3,000 ROSES

in vanelx-, C«f ji.ltlone, Lilieis. Gladiolus, .ind oilier

autUtlin-flowetlng Bulbs.

Caws of Japanese Lilies, retarded and newly imported,

at 3 o'clock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE .^- MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at tlieir Oen<rol Sale
Rooms. 57 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.
On view morning of s.lle «nd oaUilogues had.

TO MARKET GROWERS.

TO BE SOLD,

FREEHOLD NURSERY.

Q nrtn^T. Rt'N of C41ass (over 1 .acre),
»» f\J\J\f useful Trade Buildings, and 2 acres of
Land, Speeial terms of payment can be arranged. Im-
mediate possession. — Particulars of PROTHEROE k
MORRIS, 67. Cheapside, E.C. 2.

BUSINESSES WANTED,

WANTED, NURSERY, to Rent ; about
1,000ft. Glass; with house and ground.— Full paf-
tmulars, PERRY, Hill Grove Nursery, Kidderminster.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

FOR immediate disposal, old-fashioii«I
Freehold Nursery, about 3 acres, well planted with
Fruit, 5:c. ; 10 Greenhouses; about 400tt. 1-un ; mostly
hefflt«d; dwelling-hOTlse, stabling, seed offices, &c.;
artesiatl well ; extensive frontage on main road ; bad
ihSftlth onlv rea«on for selUng.-^For terina, write K. D.,
Box 16, 41, WelUhgtoli Street, Covwit Oaiden., W.C. 2.

NURSERY, to be Let or Sold ; old estab-
lished house and shop; main road; 20Ott. GlasB-
houees (heated) ; acre good land ; having to join Army.—
W. PARSONS, Brajiston Road, Ohnoton-onSea.

PUBLISHERS* NOTICES.

SANDERS' List of Orchid Hybrids, oom-
plete with Addenda to Jami.ary, 1817.
Oonoisa. tellable, and indispensaWe to aU wiio tnlie
an interest in OrchidB, giving the najnee and parentoge
of all known Hybrid Orchid«.

Price, including the Addenda,

21s. , post free.

SANDERS, ST, ALBANS, ENGLAND.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS.
old plants Suitable for stoolc ; oasb or exchamge-
See other advertisements ; catalogues free.-^MITH,
London Fern Nursery, Lmighboroalgh Junction, Ijondoii,
S.W.

PLANTS, Ao., FO^ SALE.

YOUNG ORCHARD, eight years old
Fruit Trees, must be cleared to plant Potatos.— Apples,
Pears, Plums, Is. 3d. each, 12?, per dozen. Specimen
Ti-ees in Standard or Bush, Is. 6d. to Js. 6d. each. Varie-
ties include Newtone, Bramleys, Christmas Pearinnin,
Willi.ian«, Viotorias, and all leading varieties. Large
Bushes in Gooseberries, and Red, Black, and White Cur-
r-uits. bA. eaoh, 58. per dozen. All in full profit. No
wailing years for fruit.— FRED PAEKES. Vine Gardens,
Wyberton, Boston.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA
TIONS) strong, healthy plantis, now ready,
amongst which are the following varieties : 4s. 6d. per
doz. out of sand, Ss, 6d. per doz in pots — Endjantress,
SnowstoiTU, May Day, Lady Northcliffe, Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantress ; 6s. per doz out of sand, 7s. per
doz. in pots— Enchantress Supreme, Salmon King. Gor-
geous, White Ench-antress, Cbampion, Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on applicaition.— J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nurseriee, Rayleigh, Essex.

TtTALMAlSON.— Extra strong Plants, well

-■■ rooted, in 10 varieties. What offers to clear?
— F. H., Box 2, 41, Wellington Street, Ctovent Garden,
W.O. 2

THE BOOK OF
THE MOMENT.

Root & Stem
Vegetables

By ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

At the present crisis the fuud problem
bulks largely. The question of which
vegetables contain the most food is a
|iressing one, and it is found that root
and stem vegetal les, such as Potatos,
Carrots, Turnips and P;ysnips, contain
much highef percentages of food value
than green vegetables, valuable though
these are as adjuncts.

"ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES"

is a book which treats only of those
vegetables the root or stem of which is
eaten, and is therefore especially valuable
to all who are endeavouring to concentrate
their attention on growing the most
economical forms of food. It contains
eight coloured plates reproduced from
photographs.

To be obtained from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd.,

41, WELLINGTON ST., W.C. 2.

PRICE 1110 POST FREE.

MlSUtLLAMEOUS.

THEY'RE NOT STICKY.

Beacon Oilskins arc quite free from any stickiness,
and, what is more important, they never fail to keep
out the hardest rain or sleet. Hundreds of farmers,
gamekeepers, and other outdoor men, women and chil-
dren wear them because they bring weather comfort.
You ought to wear them it you want to keep dry in
any deluge. The Beacon Booklet will help you to
choose the style you need. Children's Coats from 8/6,
Men's from 9/-, Ladies' Smart Oilskins, 18/6. Long
Leggings from 2/9. Sou'-westere. fioni 1/5. Your money
back if they don't satisfy you entirely. Send a postcaid
to-day iorour Free Booklet of " Weatlier Oomtoi-t."—
Send now— before voai forget— to BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66,
BE.VOON BUILDINGS, SOUTH SHIE^Da ^

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENEB; married man; act as Caretaker; wages
30s. to good Vegetable and Tomato Grower.— .\pply, with
references, to J. E. THOROLD, Estato Offloe, Hursley
Park, Winchester.

WANTED, experienced GARDENER.
--Apply, MR. J. EBEESTEra, The Ohase, Slades
Hill, Eiifleld. '

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lln«s 3s. (Head-line counted as Two).
6d. for each succeeding line.

PRIVA I i.

WANTED, a thoiXDUglily efficient GAR-
DENER and BAILIFF ; a" good supervi.ior of
men and well able to cany out improvements of all
kinds on a large estate of 600 acres, recently purchased,
where a good deal of work is now in progress and in
contemplation; salary no object, providing an efficient
and energetic man can be obtained; refetenoee required
as to abilitv and character.— R. T.. Box 5, 41, Welling-
lon Street. C'ovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEN'ER (ineligible) ; thorouglily c.\perienced Vege-
tables, outdoor Fruit, and small home farm. Heihaoeous
Borders, small Greenhouse ; preference to man with son
under military age as Second ; house, coals, and vege-
tables found.— Full particulars of experience, age, wages,
and copies of testimonials (if any) to PRESOOTT, High-
lands^ _^ .

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER, .ns s.xm ns possible, for. Hampshire ; 2
others kept ; good cottage ; experience of electric light
preferred, or willing to learn. — Reply, J. P., c/o
Stanesby's Library, 179, Sloame Streeit, 8.W. 1.

WANTED, a good SINGLE-HANDED
MAN as GARDKNER who und^rsUn(i« the work
in all its branches. — The Hollies, Elphinatone Road,
Hasting-s.

WANTED at once, GARDENER, expe-
lienceil, for large country garden, Worcestershire;
.single; assistance given; little "Glass.— MRS. MILWARD,
Foxlydiote, Redditoh.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Inside and
Out. — -^pply, stating wages required, to G.
EDWARDS, Newstead Gai-dens, 103, Leigluini Court Read,
Streatham, S.W.

NATIONAL FOOD PRODUCTION FOR
MUNITION FACTORY.— Wanted, at once, GAR-
DENERS ; Ineligible for military service, or substit/ution
men ; for the cultivation of food crops on an extensive
senile ; good wages ; housing accommodation available at
works ; good food at works' canteen at moderate prices.
—Apply at once to MR. R. GREENFIELD, Qaiden Super-
intendent, White & Poppe's, Ltd., Coventry. Usual
clause. ^ ,

WANTED, KITCHEN GARDENER ; at-
tend gas engine; also 6 strong YOUTHS, about
17 (uno for Houses, experienced) ; g^xid wages and
Both.\. — WILLIAM PENTON, Warren, House Gardens,
Coomlve Wood, Kingston Hill.

WANTED, unmarried, ineligible UNDER
GARDESER, or widower with no ciildren. —
Apply, a. Horton Orescent, Rugby.

WANTED, from April 16 to September 30,
good Practical WOMAN GARDENER, to look
after Rock and Rose Garden and Herbaceous Borders ;
could live in with other sei-vants, or have lodgings near;
£r,>,,il wages given,— Write full particulars, REV.
MALI.INSON. Woodlands, Ledbury. Herefordshire.

"VIT'ANTED, good, Practical WOMAN

» » GARDENER for Herbaceous Borders, Rock Oar-
dens &c., under Forewoman; Bothy and the uouai per-
quisites.-Applv, stating age and experience, to A.
FRESHWATER, Pains Hill Gardens, Ooblnun, Suney.

EQUIRED, ONE or TWO LADY GAR-
DENERS for General Outside work, undei' experi-
enced Gardener; alstt MALE GARDENER (ineUgible);
c.ottage provided.— Apply, " Bryndir," Rothanipton Lane,
Putney.

WANTED, TWO WOMEN GAR-
DE^^ERS, with experience ; one diiefly Inside ;
good wages; furniriicd rooms or lodgings.— THE GAR-
DENEIi, Hurdoott House, near Salisbury^

ANTED, TWO WOMEN GAR-
DENERS (sisters or friends), as Head Working and
Under with help; excellent references essential; good
wages'; furnished cottage and coal.-AppIy. F. SCHUS-
TER, Esq , The Hut, Bray, Maidenhead.

LADY GARDENERS WANTED.— (1)
Hunts, Head and Under, girls' schwl. Vegetables,
Flowers, and Fruit, not duU place. (2) Hexham, Head
and Under, Vegetables onl^v, lilUe Gla^s. entire char^.
(3) Sussex, Head, cai« of Garden, about 3 acres, chiefly
Veget.iblfes and Potatos, 2 other ladies assist. (4) Stan-
moTO Under, w^ork under 2 Head Lady Gardeners,
Houses, Vegetables, Pleasure Grounds. (5) East Sheen,
single-handed, some help given, about 2 acres, cliaefly
\'egeta.bles. (6) Hereford, temporary, 5 month*, care of
Rock and Rose Garden, Borders (Herlwceous). ot,her
Gardeners kept for Vegetables. (7) Perths.. work umlev
Ladv care Of Roses and Conservatory, one experienced m
own Garden would do. Interview in town. Lady Gar-
deners are suited entirely free of dharge.— MES. HUNT.
LTD., 86, High Street, Ma,rylebone, W. 1.

WANTED, at once, experienced MAN
(Indoor); ineligible, or discharged soldier ; duty
alternate weeks; 24s., Bothy, vegetables. -GIBSON,
Alfreton Park, Derbyshire.

WANTED, for Sandwich Bay, MAN, to
like charge ol elw-tric light plant and Garden;
Lawn and Shrubs only; wages 30s. per week, with house,
garden, and coals.-WM. CAMM, The Gardens, Cliveden,
'r.^plow, Bucks.

WANTED, YOUNG WOMEN, for Fruit
and Plant Houses in large Gar<lpiis ; some experi-
ence pr.-ferred ; state wages, with Botli.v . milk, and vege-
tables- overtime paid for, also travelling expenses-
Apply to W. J. GUISE, Keele Hall Gardens, Newcastle,
Staffs.

WANTED, IMPROVER, Inside Houses
and Out; age 16; w%ages 18s.; Bothy, vegetables,
and milk — E. MORGAN. Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WANTED a YOUTH about 16, for In
side; £1 and Bothy.-Apply, SHENNAN,
Holdenby. Northampton.

March 31, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

V^TANTED. an intelligent YOUTH, for

' ' Inside and Out ; wages 17s. and Bothy. — Apply,

vr. FIRTH. The Gardens, Foston Hall. Derbr'.

\YAKTED, COWMAX; Two Cov\-s, Utile

' ' Poultry, assist Growing Vegetables. — ME.S.
TVND.U-E, Meadowcroft, Chislehurst.

TRADE.

WT'ANTED, for liigli-cla<=s Flower. Fruit
' ' and Seed Business, JIAX.iGERESS or MANAGER
(in«>ligible) : must be well up in Wreaths and aU Floral
work ; seaside town, West of England. — Write, stAting
full experience, salary and references, to W. W., Box 4,
•1. Wellington .Street. Coyent Garden. W-.C. 2.

V\7^ANTED, experienced Peach and

" • Tomato Grower for Market ; good wages for suit-
able man. — F. E. CLIFFORD, Bath Road, Oranford,
Hounslow.

TyANTED, thoroughly trustworthy

' ' Grower of Pot Plante, &c., for Oovent Garden
.Market ; good reference.— E. A. DAVEY, Ohuroh Road
Xurseries, Bexley Heath.

TITANTED, ONE or TWO MEN, experi-

" " enced in Rockerv Building- aiid General Land-
scape work. — Apply, stating wages, experience, with
copies of references, to BROADHEAD, Wooldale Nur-
series, Thong-sb ridge, Huddersfield.

TITANTED at onoe. a practical WORKING
' " M.\N for the general work of a small Nursen.-.
one Hoiuse only, for working Roses and Clematis ; must
he successful Budding ajid Grafting, and good Hand
Pruning and Transplantin;^ all Outfiide Nursery Stock,
and good at Violas ; must be ineligible, or beyond any
military call ; cottage found close to the Nurserj*. —
Applv, with references, stating age and wages required,
to JAS. HOLDER & SON, Crown Nurseries. Reading.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wo-ds for 1/6, and 6d fop each

succeeding Eight words or less

tiardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particuluTs, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their comrnunicntionit.
Name and address alone are insufficient,
(rardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are Tecommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

RRiVA Tf..

\U'Sl. CUTBUSH & SON have several

' ' first-class GARDENERS on their register who

can be well recommended. — Full particulans on applica-

tion lo Highgate Nurseries, London, N. 6.

f^ ABBEY open Re-engagement ; first-

'-" • class experience in all branches of Horticulture;
leconunended by present employer.— Aston Rowant Gar-
dens. Oxon. Wallingford.

QARDENER (Head) ; thorouehly experi-

^^ enoed in all branches; 14 years preeent situation;
active; good manager; could undertake management ol
.•^mall estate ; excellent references for character and abili-
tie«; age 50.— F., Box 17, «, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden.. W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Head); life experience all

^^ bran'-hes ; 17 years as Head ; go<<i Vegetable and
Fruit Grower ; Inside and Out ; married ; age 44 ; 1 girl
aS).— GARDENER, Church Mead, Pirbright, Woking

rjARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-

^-" DENKH-BAILIFF; weU up in all requirements of
good establishment; thoroughly exfieiienced, both Out-
side and under Glass ; aged 48 ; 14 years present place ;
wife dairy i( required— CHANDLER, Cransford, Fram
lingliam.

QENTLEMAN recomnieiuls his GAR-
'-^ DENER (Head Wobkiso) ; pr.-iclical life experience
in privntc gardens; reliable and trustworthy; married;
.nge 41; ineligible; near London preferred.— B.'IREETT,
Hailielil Heath, jiear Harlow.

TJEAD WORKING GARDENER, with

-■■-■- life experience in Vegetables. Fruit. Roses and
Herbaceous and Pleasure Grounds ; can do any kind
of work on estate or would take situation under good
man ; please state wag«s, &c. ; age 49 ; married. — Apply,
c/o T. Brown. Hazeley Heath, Hartley Wintney, Winch-
field Hants.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; prac

■^-'' tical experience in all hrannhe.*; used to the pro-
<lu(Ttion of large quantities of Vegetables. Fruit, and
Flowers ; no f.imily : very highlv recommended. — ,J.
BHOWN. The Gardens, Treberfydd, Bwloh, Breoonshirc.

C^ARDENER (Head Woeki.ng) ; per-

^^ ntanent. where several are kept; energetic; good

manager ; life experience all branches ; ineligible ; age

i d. no lamilv.— A. SMITH. 46, Oakridge Road.

H jh WyoomU- Bucks.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ more are kept; thoroughly experientid in all
branches, Inside and Out; over military age; permanent
place and comfortable house ; near London preferred or
Kent." J. HORTON, The Gardeners' Cottage. Fanhams

Hall. Wa

Herts

QARDENER (Head AVorking) ; life ex-

^-^ peiience Inside and Out; 4 years present situa-
tion; good references; age 44; married, no family. — C.
DOMAN. 55. Agamemnon Road, W. Hampstead. " (No
circulars.)

rjARDENER (Head AVorkixg), of 2 or 3 ;

^-^ experience Inside and Out ; knowledge electric and
acetylene ; age 50 : married one child, aged 8 ; good
reference.-^. RELF. Stagbury. Banstead. Surrey.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
^'^ perience. Insule and Out. gained in good e^tab-
Ishments ; 3^ years present situation; 8^ previous;
good references; married; ineligible —H. NEWTON. The
Gardens. Chevender. Chislehurst.

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-

^-* engag:emeut with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment; life experience in all branches and stock ; age
48; wages, 35.<.. house and firing.— J. SHRIMPTON. 355.
Norton Way, I^tchworth. Herts.

QARDENER (Head Working, where

^^ several are usually kept); thoroughly experienceii
in all branches; age 46; one daughter.— Please etate
wages and particulars to GARDENER. Honiley Cottage,
near Kenilworth, Warwickshire.

(:;;ardener electrician (Hea.,

^-" WoRKl.VG). seeks .situation ; life experience in all
branches of gardening; take charge, and do running
repairs to electric installation; age 45; abstainer;
married, one in family; highest possible references —
W^e, &c.. to M. J.. 'Box 26. 41, Wellington Street.
C-ovent Gaiden. W.C. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working, or good

^-* SiNGLij-fiAKDED) ; life experience in good establish-
ments ; Inside and Out ; age 50 —.1. HICKMAN, St. Mag-
nus, Daores Road, Forest Hill. S.E.

/:;jARDENER, as SECOND or SINCJLL
'^-" HANDED; experienced Inside and Out ; Army di-

charged; married; good refei-onces ; di.sengag<'d ; " near
L 'ndoii pivferroil -JJTACEV. Oak Cottage. Potters Bar.
Middlesex.

"p'OREMAN (Inside) ; life experience in
* good establialunemt ; aga 42; single: abstjviner;
Army diwhorge; oblc-bodiMi; thormighI|y prarliral ;
good Propagator. Decorator, Fruit, and Plantsmon ; com-
plete clutrge ; distance no object : gootl refs. ; state wages.
—FOX, The Gardens, Bohun I^odge, East Barnet.

QARDENER (age 29, ineligible) seeks
^-" situation as FOREJIAN ; general ex|)erienoe ; good

references.- State particulars to HORNE, West Runton,

Cromer, Norfolk.

JOURNEYMAN GARDENER seeks Sitiia^

** tion in large establishment ; Fruit and Vegetable
Garden preferred ; dis<-hargcd soldier. — Applv. H.
FOTHKRGILU 13. Rintoul Place, Glenogle Road," Edin-
burgh.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Post; Single-
-■-' handed or under Head; chiefly Vegetables, Fruit,
Poultry, ic. ; easy distance of London preferable.—
SYRETT, Terrya Cottage Hershani. Surrey.

OITUATION required by DECORATOR,
^-^ and help in Glass ; experienced private and trade ;
please state wages— MISS B., Box 22, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

TRAOE.

pOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser de-

-■- sire.s^ responsible position. Intensive Crops, Pigs,
Poultry. Fruit. Ttimatcs ; conversion raw products into
valuable table cunwnodilies ; unique mail order proposi-
tions.- •■ .Strathinore," Llanfaii-pwll, Anglc«'y.

YyORKING EOREMAnI Grapes, To-

m.itos, ajid Cucumbers, dc. ; life experience ; re-
liable timekeeper and management of men ; above mili-
tary ago amd used to Fi-uit growing on a large eonle.—
H. .SMITH, 57a, Deacon Road, Willeeden Green. London.
N.W

lyf AN (42) seeks permanent Situation ; ex-

-^'■'- perienced Vines, Tomatos, Olirysanthemums ; total
abstainer. Kindly st.ate «^es. — WINGHAM, 54, Frith
Road, Leytonstoiie, Essex.

"WOMAN GARDENER wishes Situation

Willi Miirl<el, (Jaivlener, Fniii and Vegetnbles; 18
nioiitbs' f.x|K!i iciice Indoors and Out; is also experienced
clerk, sliortliand-t>pi.<1 ; would assist port time if de-
sired.—16, Kensington Place, W.

« SWEET PEA
PLANTS.

|g Autumn Sown. Cold Grown.

I PLANT NOW IN THE OPEN.

gg Send for our New List of

II 90 VARIETIES INCLUDING 20 NOVELTIES.

gc The following are a few selections from List. Per rioz. lOii

BB Pink— Hercules .. Sil. 4 <>

BB Cream— Dobbie'a Cream . . , . H<l. 4 G

CB Cream Pink— Margaret Atlee .. 8ll. 4 li

bq Rose— Ros Lbelle . . .. .. .. Mil. 4 4>

eg Sa mon— Earl spencer .. .. .. . 9i|. 5 -

-King E'lward Spencer .. 7i|. 4.

Orange Scarlet— Thouiaa Sten
Orange Pink- Blrom Beauty .
Purple-H.'vnlP.irpe ..

Lavender— I^vt-nder Ge<
Carmine — John Ingm^ui..
Plcotee t^dged— KvelyD Hemm
Bicoior— SlrH. uuthbertson
Cerise-Lil-ao ..
Lilac— Prince George

iu ibe Spring 1.. Heat.

Hd. 4 6
Hil. 4 1;

till, .t ti

TOMATOES.

iBpInt({.) pottitiR

Batch's Gem, Beatall
Bides Recruit
Bucks' Tre co

selection, 19; gg

Early Cauliflower Plants. Bd.
TERMS. •• \\ ■' lUnM- remit.

BUCKS,

IPSWICH.

RYDERS SEED

Catalogue FREE.

.'.ZZ2 Send Postcard for Rydcrs 1917
Catalogue, over 100 illustrations.

All Seed Orders are

dispatched by Return

Post.

All Orders over 2/6
sent Carriage Paid.

SUGAR BEET

FOR JAM MAKING.

The best variety for growing ^5n

in this country. ^C *
Full instructions for sowing,

growing and using with each P^"^ °'^'

packet. 4 ozs. 2/6.

No Agents. Only Address.

RYDER & SON, ltd.

Seed Specialists, ST. ALBANS.

Beware of Iniit.itors.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

THE HOME OF PURE SEEDS.

Interiors or a lew ot the twenty-o.ie Departments of th^ Koyal Seed Establishment, where growers are being supplied with

Seads for the National Food Supply.

SUTTON 6 SONS, the kings seedsmen. READING.

A, F. DUTTON'S

Noted Carnations.

strong flowering plants in 6in. pots.
In 6 good Standard varieties,

15/- per doz., 96/- per 100.

In 6 good Novelties,

20/- per doz., 128/- per 100.
Packed free for cash, carr. forward.

The Nurseries,

IVER, BUCKS.

CARNATIONS. PERPETUAL FLOWERING.

Tj^OR SALE, good clean plants, grown in thimbles and
-*- 60 s, well broken ready for potting on.

Colleen, Enchantress Supreme, ^Miite Enchantress,

White Wonder, Beacon, Mikado, Mayday, Scarlet Seedling,

Enchantress, Salmon Enchantress and other good varieties.

4./- per dozen. Cash with order.

MAYTHAM GARDENS, ROLVENDEN, KENT.

SANKEYS'^S^POTS

'^Zh: BEST and Che-T^-K

ff/CMARD SANtrey^ a SO/V, L-^P.
Buiwell Po>>»ries. NOTTIMGMAm.

BULL'SFOODfopPLANTS.VEGETABLES

Increases the National Food Supply.

TREMENDOUSLY
INCREASES

THE YIELD OF
POTATOS.

Sold by all
Seedsmen and

Nurserymen.
Per cwt. 20/-
56 lbs. 12 6
28 lbs, 7/6
14 lbs. 4/6.

Manufactured
solely by

BULL'Sl

Plant Food

Co.,
536, King's

Road,

CHELSEA,

LONDON.S.W.

gUNYARD'S

FRUIT

TREES

GEORGE BUNYARD' CO.

Royal Nurioie*,, ^^

MAIDSTONE.

March 31, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

131

(&BxbmtX!i Clirnnirlr

Xo. 1679— SATURDAY, MARCH SI, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Apple rot fungi . . . . 136
Apple trees, pruning

newly-planted . . . . 132
Books, notices of —

Sanders' List of Orchid
Hybrids .. ..136
Finger and toe . . . . 136
Gardener, a veteran . . 137
Holland, horticulture In 136
Humogen, experiments

with 137

Italian nurseries, State

aid for 136

Market fruit garden, the 133
Mesopotamia in January 131
National Rose Society . . 136
Obituary—

Kerswell, George .. 138
Plants, new or note-
worthy—

Stapelia Dummeri . . 132
Plant notes—

Telopea speciosisslma 134
Potash fertilisers . . 136

R.H.S. and the purchase
of hooks.. .. -.13'

Societies-
Royal Horticultural . . 13

Trees and shrubs —
Bamboos in shade . . 13>

Vegetable seeds .. . . 13i

Vegetables —
A detail in Potato cul

tur

133

to plant Potatos 133
Planning the Potato

patch 133

Runner Beans without

sticks 133

Sulphate iif ammonia 133
Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the . . 135
Fruits under glass . . 13.'*
Hardy fruit garden, the 134
Kitchen garden, the . . 134
Orchid houses, the .. 135
Plants under glass . . 135

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Apples, pruning newly planted 132

.lones. portrait of Mr. Henry IS"

Parrotia persica 138

MESOPOTAMIA IN JANUARY,

As you go irp the Persian Gulf, the barren,
sun-dried, wind-eroded mountains of the
Persian coast are sometimee visible to the
east, and the equally bare and in-
hospitable Arabian ooast to the west. Once in
the Shattjal-Axab, you soon realise -what a,
desert Ix>wer Mesopoitamia is to-day, in spit«
orf the proximity of the Garden of Eden.
Both banks of the river are thiddy clothed with
Date Palms, but these extend no distance in-
land ; here and there, and through gaps in the
trees, you get glimpses of the desert, just a
mud-ooloured plain, as bare ajid flat as a
billiard-table.

We are camped on the edge of the desert in
the neighbourhood of Basrah, about a mile from
the river bank. Vegetation is almost entirely
confined to the Palm gixn'es whiah fringe the
river and ita nuraerotis creeks. From the creeks
shallow ditches are dug at right angles, and
crossed in turn by other ditohes at right angles
— in fact, there is a ditch every few yards, and
no tree is more than a dozen feet from water,
though there is not now surface water in every
ditch.

OOTvpared with the sterility of the desert, the
plantations are by contrast full of life, though
from the outside these dust-smothered groves
appear to offer few attractions other than a little
shade, of wdiioh full advantage is taken by
various transport units, many hundreds of
mules being stabled beiiesith the Palms. Several
small trees grow on the banks of the creeks,
mostly belonging to the Leguminosae. Two are
now in Hower — one a Mimosa-like slirub or smadl
tree, with fragrand orange flower balls, the other
with sulphur-yellow l-aburnuni-liUe flowers.
Two other trees of the same order, one of which
is a fine shade tree, are not yet in flower. A
fifth tree, also a. good shade giver, is also with-
out flowers, and there are a few Tamarisks.
Several low-groiving undershnilis. one Heath-
like, another (popularly known as Camel Tliom)
somewhat resembling (j«rse, a.re met with, bolt
none of them is in flower as yet. They grow
scattered over the desert, especially on the lee
side of old river banks, sheltered from the
wind. 35 well as in the Palm yrovos, and all are
very deep-rooted. At present all these desert
plants are brown and shrivelled, in spite of the
rain.

Curiously enoo^, one house in Basrah is
fe.stipoiiwl witli Bougainvill.-iea, whose purple

hracts, visible from afar, form the one bright
spot in that dust-coloured city. Grape vines are
n<_:t imooniTnon iu the P.ilm groves, and a fev.-
are trained over pergolas in the city, but what
the fruit is like I don't know; no fruit is to
be had here till the spring. There are also a
few miserable-looldng Plantains, but not one of
them looks as if it had ever produced a
Banana.

In the mad of the ditches a semi-aquatic
Ranunculus is flowering ; some pools are actually
covered with a species of Salvinia, and evexj-
ditch is as full of Confervae as an East .\nglian
lode, for, though tidal, the water in the creeks
sixty miles from the sea is not appreciably salt.
The same cannot be said of the soil, however,
for the desert is full of salt, and wlien the
puddles dry up after rain, a glistening layer of
salt, looking like hoar-frost, crj'-stallises out. In
the Basrah district this soil is at least three
parts pure clay, a blazing white impalpable
powder (on the surface) when dry, a sea of
iiquad grey mud when wet. The only place I
have ever seen comparable to it is the Loess
plain of Shenia, and that, of course, is fertile;
but even in Shensi a white efflorescence of salt
is to be seen on the Loess cliffs. When it rains
here, which it does sometimes, tlie water stays
on the surface, and our camp is turned into a
mud hath. It takes a week's sun, with the
chiE ahamal blowing all the time, to dry the
desert after six hours' by no means heavy rain.
On the other hand, after ten days' dry weather,
the air is full of dust, which smothers every-
thing.

However, otir average rainfall, all of which
is precipitated in the winter months, is six
inches, and the ground beneath the surface is
as hard as iron, and comes up in solid lumps
of clay, though water is found almost every-
where six or eight feet down. If the rain fell
in the vegetative season instead of in the winter,
it is possible that the desert would be fertile,
and one wonders whether, during the five
thousand years or so wlidch have elapsed since
Biblical times, such a change in the seasonal
distribution of the rainfall may not have taken
place. But undoubtedly the main reasons for
the change are to be attributed to neglect of
the ancient irrigation sysfem.<i and changes in
the river beds.

Th? dfscrt is rot absolutely devoid of life, and
at Shaiba, ten milas distant, whither I rode out
one day to see the tombs of Hana and the
Queen of Sheba, there is a rise of twenty or
thirty feot, and the clay of the Basrah district
gives place to gravel and sand, where, amongst
the Turkish trenches, I found about a dozen
apeciee of desert plants. They included a
member of t!'-- Scroi5ii»'?.riacca'?, an I'm bell ifer
and one of the Cucumber family with globu-
lar fruits, and . were all either thorny or
|x».ises»ed of fleshy leaves, with deep tap
i-oots. Most of them formed compact rosettes,
or straggled prostrate across the sand. There
is a grove of Tamarisks also, their glaucous
green featherv shoots, swept by the wind, look-
ing exti'oi e'y gi'aceful.

One day we walked over to Gurmat -'Vli,
where the Tign's and Euphrates unite to form
the Shatt-al-.lrab. Much of the desert about
there is flooded when the rivers rise, and some
of it is closely carpeted with wiry grass, brown
and withered now. but turning green later. On
the other bond, an island at the confluence is
covered with green pasture — a welcome sight
amidst this l>rown waste — where herds of sheep
and cattle gra/.e. Later, along the river banks
and in the extensive marshes which occupy so
nr.'ci .: '.he valley;, tall Reeds grow up and
are cut in the winter to be used for fuel in the
nuniercius brick kilns, or exported \,-y India.

Another place I rode out to, ten miles across
the desert, was Zabair, one of the most
ancient cities in the world. There are no
c.ceks ill these desert cities, which depend for

their water entdrely on wells, corrsequently
there is no vegetation, and in the whole dust-
coloured city of Zabair I did not see a single
blade of grass or one green thing. On three sides
there is limitless desert all round, but on the
fourth side are gardens where Melons are grown,
and also Dn.t? Palms and Tamarisks.

It is very oold at night, but warm in the
middle of the day, except when the prevailing
north-west wind — the shainal — ^blows ; then it
oa.n be very bitter, and sometimes it is only a
few degrees above freezing. Out in the desert
ice forms on the puddles. Occasionally we have
a thick mist in the morning, but that is ex-
ceiptional.

It might reasonably be expected that in such
a coimtry there would be little animal life, yet
birds of certain species are plentiful. Desert
larks and kites, for example, are very common,
and there are flocks of starlings, sparrows, and
crows ; kingfishers, doveis, pelicans, and finches
may be seen any day in the Pahn groves, while
deck iind snipe are found in the marshes by the
river. Every ditoh is full of croaldng frogs,
and I liave also seen a weasel, a bat, and a
tortoise. Insect life is at present scarce, as is
natunal in such a flowerlcss land, but I have
noticed a few small butterflies. One insect
which requires no seeking is the common house-
fly-

In the grey-green Palm groves are patches of
cultivation which shine out like emeralds.
Here Lucerne and Wheat are grown, and irri-
gated daily from ditches and wells. The water
is scooped Uip in a basket attached to one end
of a wooden lever supported between two mud
pillars, which raises it the necessary four or five
feet. By constant irrigation the salt is washed
out of the soil, and no <laubt this could be done
everyw-here, as wa.ter is alvvays reached a few
feet from tlie surface, which would bring the
whole of the desert in the Ba.srah district,
amomiiting to hundreds of thtou.sands of acres,
under garden cultivation.

Here and there Turnips, Oabbagos, and
Potatos are grown, but only in small quajitities.
MeJons can be obtained in season, and with the
almost perpetual hot -sunshine whjoh prevails,
it ought to be possible to ripen any fruit in the
world here. "Three things only seem requisite —
firetly, to cleanse the soil of salt ; secondly,
to provide inigation ; and, thirdly, a proper
.system of manuring.

As bo the first, it could be accomplished by
irrigation on an adequate scale. The flooding
of the Sliiatt-al-Aiivib in the spring, when the
■snow water comes down from Persia, converts
vast areas into swamp and lalie, and it ought
to be feasible to hojd up some of this surplus
water, and irrigvate the whole of the Basrah dis-
trict with it. Something of the sort has, in-
deed, been docne further north, the work being
completed in 1914 in the teeth of Turkish
suipineness. Further works had been projected,
but never taken in hand by the Turkish
Government. The groat want here is firewood.
There is practically none to be had locally,
tlhough just now the Arabs are cutting the woody
ha.ses of the fallen Palm leaves, and these are
us.ed for fuel. At Zabair, ten miles away, Tama-
risk branches are usexl.and you see donkey-iloads
of white brushwood being sold in the market.

Xt present the Arabs are digging out the
ditches, breaking up the clods in the patches
set aside for vegetable cultivation, digging up
new piatcfhes, and iriigating the old ones. This
about sums up their agricultural activiities pre-
paratory to the hot wea.ther.

Though here and there certain aspects of
Lower Meoopotamia fiaintly recall scenes on the
plains of China, on the whole at has an indi-
viduality so vastly different from that of any
other country that on© may be thankful to have
seen it.

But one does miss the flowei-s ! A'. Kingdon
W'lrd, Indinn Expeditionary Force, D.

3 -J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

NEW OR NOTEWORTHY
PLANTS.

STAPELIA DUMMERI, N. E. Br.*

This is an interesting and very distinct species,

vhich was discovered in Bukoba, Uganda, in the

Fig. 44. — tre.m'Ment of newly-planted apple
trees. standard tree of apple bramlev's
seedlinc!, pruned in february.

autumn of 1915 by Mr. R. A. Dummer, who sent
dried material and living plants of it to me in
July, 1915. Although of interest as being prob-
ably the only species from tropical Africa at
present in cultivation (for tropical species of this
group are but few, their headquarters being in
South Africa), a further interest is added by the
fact that at present its native habitat is un-
known, for Mr. Dummer informs me that he has
only seen it in the Plantain gardens of the
natives, who have no idea of its origin, but culti-
vate it as a remedy for earache. Mr, Dummer
wi-ites t/halt " The native naime for it is Kaulira.
Tlio stems are broken and mixed with water, and
the resultant liquid is then poured into the ear
to relieve acute eaxadhe. The natives (Baganda)
affirm that it is efficacious. It is cultivated in
their Plantain gardens occasionally, but is by
no means common. I do not think that it is a
native, as I have never seen a Stapeliad growing
wild here. It is very likely that it comes from
the drier districts northwards, or possibly from
some dry part of British East Africa."

The plant is also of interest on account of its
structural peculiarities. In the habit and general
appearance of its stems it is quite like the group
to which the common Stapelia variegata belongs,
and is also much like S. Woodii and S. longi-
dens, whilst in its coronal structure it closely
agrees with that of some species of Caralluma,

• Stap'Ka Dnwmeri. N. E. Brown, Canles decutnhentes>
6-9 cm,' longi. 8 10 mm, crassi, cum dentibus acutissiniis
8-14 mm. Inncls instnicti glahri, cinereo-virides, purpureo-
vlttatl, PedicelU 8-1! mm. lonet, Rlabri. Sepala 4-5 mm.
lonsa, 2 mm. lata, ovato-lanceolata, acuta, glabra Coi-oUa
3.5.4 cm diametro, olivaeen-ochracea; tubus cupuliformis,
i mm. lonsus; Inbi patuli, l.?-«,4 cm, Inngi, basi 4 mm,
lati, deinde att^nuati, acuti, dorso glabri, intra papillis
cylindricis 11 6 mm, InnKia apicibus piligeris conspersi.
Coronae lobi exteriores poculiformes, 1 mm longi, truncati,
4-dentati. dentibus lateralibus curvato-divergentibus ; lobi
interiorea super columna staminum arete incumbentes,
3 mm, longi, reftangulares, apice S-dentati.

and yet is not very dissimilar from that of
Stapelia longidens and S. Woodii, so that it is
intermediate between the two genera. The hairs
on the inner surface of the corolla are quite un-
like those of any Stapelia that I have seen,
and more like those of certain species of Huernia,
for instead of arising direct from the surface of
tlie flower, each hair terminates a distinct cylin-
dric papilla that stands erect upon the surface.
The following is a description of the plant : —

.Stems decumbent at the base, 2^-3^ inches long
and 4-5 lines thick, excluding the teeth, obscurely
four-angled or subcylindric, toothed ; teeth 4-7
lines long, about Ij line thick at the base, spread-
ing, rather slender, conical-subulate, tapering to
a very fine point ; surface smooth, glabrous, light
greyish-green, striped with purple. Flowers pro-
duced near the base of the young branches
in clusters of 4-6, but developing singly.
Pedicels 4-6 lines long, glabrous. Sepals 2-2-^
lines long, 1 line broad, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, glabrous. Corolla about 1^ inch in dia-
meter, of an "olive-greenish-ochre colour," ac-
cording to Mr, Dummer, with the united part
forming a small cup about 2Jf lines deep ; lobes
spreading, 6-7 lines long, 2 lines broad at the
base, thence tapering to an aeute point, smooth
and glaibrous on the back, studded with cylindric
papillae i-| line long on the inner face, each
papiUa being tipped with a slender hair 1-1-^ line
long, producing a laxly hairy appearance, with
the pa.pilla.e and hairs standing erect from the
surface. Outer coronal lobes arising 1-1^ lini>
above the base of the stout staminal column,
spreading, pocket-like, about i line long, and
i-ectangular as viewed from above, 4-toothied at
the truncate apex, with the lateral teeth diverg-
ing, curved, and the middle pair of teeth minute
and contiguous, glabrous, apparently yellow.
Inner coronal-lobes closely bent inwards on the
top;, ol the anthers and staminal column, with
their tips crossing one another in a horizontal
manner, not at all turned upwards, nearly or
quite 1 line long and | line broad, rectangular,
3-toothed at the apex, with the middle tooth
usually much longer than the lateral teeth, acute,
glabrous, apparently yellow. .Y. E. Brown.

PRUNING NEWLY PLANTED APPLE TREES.

I AM distinctly in favour of pruning Apple
trees the same season as planting, and for reasons
w.hich I will endeavour to show. The main con-
sijdei-ation is how to obtain tihe greatest aiiea of
tree gi-owth in the shortest time. The greater the
area the better the prospect of fruit. Soane argue
thait newly-planited trees sliould not receive- two

Fig. 45. — treatment of newlv-planted apple

TREES. UNPRUNED STANDARD TREE OF APPLE
BRAMLEy'S SEEDLING.

Fig, 46. — treatment of newly-planted apple
trees, result of pr.uning in april,

cJieokis at tlie same time, and that tfhe 'replanting
of the tree does check the growth by interfering
with its roote, while to prune the branches that
season w'hile the roots are in a crippled state is to
give ain'Othea- check, " Let the tree alone," they
continue, "until .there is a balance between root
and brandh — ^that is to say, until the following
year," Others suggest taking out tlie point of
the shoots, Tliis latter pla.n is, in my opinion,

05 bad as the first ; along most of the shoots
fruit budh form, and tbe removal of them
liampeTs the progress of the tree.

It will be found very difficult afterwards to
get them to make satisfactory growth, as many
of the blase eyes will have perished. Moreover,
a newly-planted tree is often unable to make
siatisfaotory progress, owing to the strain of sup-
porting sudh a number of buds, extending often
along the wlhoile length of tlie shoot. When they
are reduced in number by pruning, a mnch less
arduous task is set before the tree.

In order to test the two methods, pruning
and non-pruning, I planted in November, 1915,
some standard trees of Bramley's Seedling, In
February I pruned No, 1 tree as in fig, 44,
cutting the seven 2-feet shoots back to within

6 inches of the base. The result in 1916 w^as ten
long ,s.hoots and several smjall growths at the
base of the tree, all giving promise of fruit. The
shoots have been pruned to within 2 feet of their
base. The diameter of the tree now is 2 feet
6 inches, a good foundation for future extension.

No. 2. fig. 45. unpruned, started with five
main shoots and three smaller ones. The main
shoO'ts exitended their lengt.h 9 inches with no
added .shoots, but many fruit buds have formed.
Beyond the formation of fruit buds the tree
.showvs no sign of progress or of extending it«
branch area beyond the 9-inch point at the apex.

No. 3, fig. 46, was pruned to within 6 inches
of the base at the end of April. Tlie result-ant

Mahch 31, 1917.]

THE GARDETNERS' CHRONICLE.

133

growth consists of weakly shoots 8 incihes long,
fihowing that aft^er th-e gi'owth had started pmn-
ins was too late to be effective.

The fourth tree was unpriined. It has ex-
tended the main shoots to lengths of 3 inches
and 6 inches, with no side growths whatever,
but a plethora of flower buds. E. Moh/ncux.

VEGETABLES.

PL.ANXTNG ITHE POTATO PATCH.
The need for getting the largest possible yield
from every patch is pa.tent to all. Of course,
much will depend upon the variety, but what
are the most profitable distances for planting
OUT Potatos? For the last few yeare my patch
has been laid out at the standard trial distances,
30 inches between rows and 18 inches between
plants in the row for main crop ; pre\-iously the
distances were 26 inches and 15 inches respec-
tively. Lately a correspondent has advocated
these smaller distances, and claimed over 5 lb.
per plant, and it seemed worth while to calcu-
late the pixJbable yields on a basis of a unit area.
For simplicity. 100 square feet forms the basis
of the following figures, which give the yield in
pounds upon this area at different distances : —
Yield per 26 in. by 30 in. by 30 in. by

plant. 15 in. 15 in. 18 in.

2 lb. 61.1 — —
2ilb. 76.4 — —

3 lb 91.7 79.5 —
5ilb. 110.0 92.8 76.0

4 lb. 122.3 106.1 86.9
4ilb. — 119.3 97.8

5 lb. — — 108.7
From this it apipears that the shortest distances
will give as much with an aveTage of 2i lbs. per
plant as the longest distances give with an
avei-age of 3^ lbs. Mr. C'utlibertson (Gard.
rhron., March 10, 1917, p. 108) records a yield
of Sharpe's Express iis 15 tons per «cre, and
distances 36 inches x 18 inches; this works
out at 4.2 lbs. per plant, and 77.1 lbs. pei- 100
square feet.

Last year, with crowded earlies (Early Ash-
leaf) planted 24 inches x 9 inches, my crop was
only 1.6 lb. per plant; whilst at 30 inches X 18
inches tht maincrop gave an average per plant
of 3.4 lbs. If the I'eader will compare these
figures with the above table, he will see that
the shorter distances are apparently more profit-
.able up to a- certain limit. But what is that
limit? What is the minimum distance for any
given variety at which it will yield, say, 3^ lbs.
per plant?

In the past I have often endeavoured to get
seedsmen to -state what di.<!tancefi they would
recommend for the planting of given varieties.
It would appreciably enhance the value of a
catalogue if information were given as to the
smallest distances which would be profitable on
given types of soil. It is always difficult to
appreciate the records of Potato crops because
the results are so often given only in the jHeld
of tons per acre, often, indeed, without any in-
formation as to the distances of planting. If
tlie yield per plant were also given, the records
would be much more intelligible and useful. In
planning the planting of the Potato patch, we
want to know the fair average produce jier plant
and the fair average number of plants per unit
of area; and that unit of area should be a small
one for the use of growers who have small
ga.rdens.

There would seem to be scope for trials on
these lines in different parts of the country, and
I rather think of having my planting done at
ilifferent distances — viz., those given in the above
table.

Another possibility is that alternate plants of
different varieties might give a better yield than
all of one sort. For instance, "earlies" might
lip interposed between " maincrops," when the
ground would get both cultivation and clear-
ance when the former were lifted.

Finally, I may point out the importance of
actually weighing the crop, which can be done
by those who do not possess a large weighing-
machine or steelyard, if a series of plants are
weighed separately by means of the ordinary
kitchen scales. H. E. Durham.

[Spacing-trials with different vegetable ci'ops
are being carried out at Wisley. They wei'e
begun last year, and ^lould lead to interesting
results. — Eds.]

SCARLET RUNNER BEANS WITHOI'T
STICKS.
Where stidos for Rnrmer Beans are difficult to
obtain, and this is especially the case in some
suburban districts, a good plan is to follow the
advice given in a publication issued by the Royal
Horticultural Society entitled Economy in the
Garden. This is to grow Scaj-let Runners on
the field system, namely, without stakes. Thin
to 18 inches apart and pinch out the top when
it begins to run. Personally I prefer to put the
rows 2 feet apart, with 1 foot between the
plants. This system has been used by the mar-
ket gardeners for years, as, when grown in quan-
tity, the expenditure on sticks would form a
considerable item even if they could be obtained.
Under this field system one cannot count upon
the fine, large, well-sbaped pods that one sees
at exhibitions, but as labour is so scarce this
must be passed over, the object being to obtain
good young Beans, and plenty of them. For this
purpose the very large podded varieties are not
the best, as they weigh down the branches, and,
being thus brought so near the ground, are apt
to get splashed bv rains or attacked bv slugs.
W.T. '

HOW TO PLANT POTATO SETS.
An old and very wise gardener tells me that
it is better to plant a Potato set not upright,
but sloping to one side. He says that the shoots
take longer to come through the soil and that
when they do come they are sturdier and less
easily broken when earthed up. Can any of
your readers who have tried this method tell me
if it has the advantages claimed for it? A. N.

SULPHATE OF AMMONIA FOR POTATOS.

In tie interesting account of his experiments
in manuring Potatos, on page 113 by Dr. H. E.
Durham, the failure of sulphate of ammonia to
give good results is probably to be ascribed to
two causes — insufficiency of material used, and a
wrong way of using it ; 0.6 oz. per yard is too
little to be of any use. I take the writer's
" yard " to be a lineal yiard of the row ; if it
refers to a square yard, it is so much the worse.
Anything less than 5 oz. per lineal j'ard of row
would not repay the trouble of application.

Ex|KTiments made by me in 1915 showed
me that it was of no use to apply sulphate
of ammonia after the Potatos were covered
in. It should be scattered along the top of the
set« as soon as they are placed in the drill or
trench, and be placed evenly throughout the
wihole length. Besides increasing the crop with-
out danuage to the set«, the good effects are also
noticeable in the increased vigour of the seed
Potatos

Moreover, if sulphate of ammonia is used for
early Piotatos, and these are followed bj a crop
of Cabbages for autumn use, it will be seen that
the I'VKtatos have left part of the manure for the
benefit of the succeeding crop. H'. //. Diver.t,
Weftdciin, Hook, Surbiton.

A DETAIL IN POTATO CULTURE.
At the present time, when inexperienced
people are for the first time taking up Potato
cultiviation, ipractical notes relating to unfavour-
able conditiofns may be useful. As to dates of
planting, in warm light soils, placed in eleva-
tions free, or comparatively so, of late spring
frosts, planting can be safely and advantageously
carried out weeks earlier than it would be wise
to do ft in low situations. Here, for instance.

except in oases where extra precautionai-y
measures are taken, planting ii delayed as late
in the season as is passible in order to escape
injury from frosts. For this reason pains are
taken to retard the spurting of the "seed" by
keeping it as cool throughout the winter as vs
consistent with safety. At the present time the
" f,eeds " for main crops are )ib.ced on end
upon sihelv«; in a light, airy shed sit>ia.t<>d under
a north wall ; by these means it is possible to
dela.y the planting season far a considerable
time, but even after these precautions are taken
the plants do not at all times escape damage
from frost, and in order to counteiact its effects
they are sprayed with cold water early in the
morning before the sun gains power. It is also
better where the land is cold and heavy, e\en
if the situation is not subjected to late frosts,
to delay the planting season until the soil in-
creases in WTarmtb, as by so doing the plants at
once start into vigorous growth, and by this
means increase their productiveness. Thoa.
Coomber, The Hendre Gardens, Monmovth.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

Lucerne Orchards.

In anticipation of shortness of labour and a.
great advance in wages, it is my intention to
try the experiment of growing Lucerne in my
mature Apple orchards, fwm w-hich Currant
bushes have been removed, provided that I can
get the land cleansed of weeds in April or May.
The Luoerno would require to be cut twice in the
season, and would be left to rot on the ground as
manure, making another economy beside saving
of wages. Further, damage to trees by horse
cultivation would be avoided. Grass would grow
among the Lucerne plants, no doubt ; but it is
hoped that the latter would preponderate. The
chief doubt of success is as to whether the
Lucerne will flourish under the shade of the
trees. At any rate, there will be enough of it
for a long time to afford a valuable mulch for
the trees.

Pruning ScAnnv Apple Trees.
In pruning Apples showing scab on the young
wood there is an important point to bear in
mind. The scabby shoots must be either cut
off entirely or below the diseased portions ; but
any young wood free fi-om scab may with
advantage be left entire if there is plenty
of room for it. The reason for tliis .sugges-
tion is that scab attacks only wood of the
first season's growth, so that a new shoot
left entire will not be attacked next summer,
though the leaves may show the disease.
Of course, if it sends out extension growths,
these may be attacked, but a shoot left entire
is much less likely to branch out freely than a
cut one, and often it forms fruit buds along
nearly all its length, without branching at all.
The work of cutting off scabby parts of shoots
among my Cox's Orange Pippin trees is ."*o tre-
mendous, year after year, tliat any expedient
for reducing it is important. By the wa.y, I
find that one variety of Apple other than Cox's
Orange Pippin, among the sorts that are in
my orchards, has scab on tlie wood, thoagih
it Ixas more canksi'. Tihje is Warner's King,
Besides these two varieties, Mr. E, S. Sal-
mon, in a leaflet upon the disease, names
IxiTd Suffield, EcklinvLlle Seedling, Yellow
Ingestre, Diimelow's Seedling, Cox's Pomona,
Councilloir, White Transparent, and Keswick
Codling, as subject to soa^b on the wood ;
but not one of these varieties iis included
in ray orchards. To my astonishment he also
includes Mr. Gladstone, which with me is, of all
varieties, the most free from scab, canker, or
any other fungous disease. So far as my ob-
servation is to be tru,sted, scab alcme never kills

134

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917,

a shoot ; but c^anker spores very frequently gain
access through the wounds made by scab, and
then the shoots are often killed. But scabby
shoots must be cut off bdow the infested parts
nevertheless, as they would infect the leaves and
the fruit if left on the trees. Where, in pruning
at the present time, a shoot that -was scabby
a year ago, is found to have been missed,
the -scab marks have callused ov&r, and tihe
disease on this Lwo-year-old wood seems to have
died out. Mr. W. F. Eniptage informs me that
he has recently seen a piece of Devonshire Quar-
rendens, which sliow that they were badly at-
tacked by scab in 1915, the diseased shoots
having been left on the trees. The scab .scars
had healed, and, astonishing though it seems,
the extension growths of 1916 are free from the
disease. This, by the by, adds another to Mr.
Salmon's list of varieties which he has found
subject to scab on the wood. Mr. Emptage
agrees with me in concluding that scab alone
does not kill a shoot. It can hardly fail, how-
ever, to impadr vigour.

Prunino Ag.\inst Brown Eot.

On November 25, 1916 (p. 251), the import-
ance of cutting off every twig, spnr, or blossom
affected by brown rot as soon as an attack is
noticed, was urged. The best time is when, or
shortly before, the blossoms show. That im-
portance is strikingly noticeable when pruning
during the winter, for it is found that the
malady in diseased spurs which were missed at
the time named, when woimen were employed to
cut them off the trees, has extended into the
wood of the branches forming brown rot cankers.
These (Sclerotinia fructigena) cankers are quite
different in appearance from the ordinary (Nec-
tria ditissima) cankers. Instead of fonning
bulging swellings, as the latter do, the former
are depressed, the bark attacked being dead,
and the wood under it brown, and at least par-
tially dead. The rotten bark may he pared off
as far as it extends, and a little of the sound
bark, if any, around it, dressing the place with
Stockliolm tar. Such treatment does not always
prevent the disease from extending all i-ound a
branch, killing all the portion ahove the
wound ; but it frequently preserves a fruiting
branch for a few years. Nearly, if not quite all,
the brown rot cankers are caused by the fiingus
extending from diseased spurs into the
branches. A search for half an hour among
trees particularly subject to bi-own rot failed
to disclose one instance of a canker having
lje«n caused othc'rwise than b.y means of a
diseased sp-or, and large numbeirs were ex-
amined in that time. Subsequently the question
has been borne in mind while pruning, with
the same result. It has oc;cuiTed to me that
spores of brown rot may possibly find entry into
a scab scar ; but no evidence to that effect has
yet come to my notice. Apparently all, or
nearly all, the brown rot cankers noticed in
])riming recently might have been prewented
by the prompt cutting off of attacked fruit spurs,
mostly when in blossom. The tops of young
shoots of Apples and Plums, as well as spirrs,
are often attacked by brown rot. These die
off entirely, as far down as the disease extends.
A mummified fruit pressing against a branch
may produce a canker, as it softens the bark,
and thus let« spores into the wood ; but, as I
ha.ve all such fruits removed f'TOm the trees,
cankers rarely arise from that cause in my
orchards.

Cob Nuts.

At present circumstances are favourable to
the prospects of a fair crop of Cob Nuts after
last year's failure. There is an abundance of
catkins, and only a few female blossoms here
and there were to be found at the end of Feb-
riia-ry. This lateness is a safeguard, as the
femaile blossoms so often run grave risks of in-
jury from k't'e frost,?, Sotidicrn Grower.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

BAMBOOS GROWN IN SHADE.
As an ardent admirer of Bamboos for orna-
mental gardening, I was very interested in Jlr.
Levett's remarks on p. 83. I first grew Bamboos
in the South-east of Ireland about twenty years
since, and about eleven years ago planted a col-
lection here (Eastwell Park, Kent), which now
embraces most ol tIhe liardier varieties in culti-
vation. On the .'Subject of shade, I have always
had the impression that Bamboos reaU.y did best
in moderate sliade, and that the beauty of the
plants was seen to the beet advantage when
associated with the relief given by the shadows
•iif tall trees. In my visits to several very
fine gardens in Ireland, famous for beauiti-
ful specimens of the Bamboo., I saw many
fine dlumips growing in sliady places. I have
not planted them myself in such dense shade as
that described by Mr. Levett, but we certainly
have fine groups gi'owing in semi-shaded posi-
tions. The Queen of Arundinarias, A. nitida,
seems to be especially suitable for damp and
shady positions ; also A. spathiflora. Both these
species show distinct signs of distress when ex-
posed to the full glare of the mid-day sun during
continued hot weather. Mr. Levett's success with
A. insignis interested me most, as I have not
ventured to pla.nt that species outside. When
Messrs. Gauntlett introduced the plant some years
ago, they laid particular stress on its tenderness.
Having some very tail, bare pillars in a large
winter garden, and having tried several climbers
without success, I procured two plants of A.
insignis when it wa^ first offered. These grew so
well that 1 divided them, and have now four nice
specimens, which clothe the pillars beautifully.
I can fully bear out your correspondent's remarks
as to its remarkably quick growth. A year or
two back, a shoot had grown with extraordinary
vigour, and, being curious to know its exact
height, it was measured with a tape, and proved
to be 27 feet 4 inches from the ground to the
tip I had not met with anyone who had grown
this plant out of doors, but shall certainly give it
a trial. This winter will test the hardiness of
Bamboos as well as other plants, as we registered
20° and 23° of frost during February, but
the Bamboos look like standing it very well. My
experience proves that planting in wind-swept
situations is responsible for many failures with
these choice planLs ; shelter from strong winds is
essential. /. O. We.ftov, Eastwe.Jl Pari- Gardens.
Kent

The Week's Work.

PLANT NOTES.

TELOPEA SPECIOSISSIMA.

This Australian member of the Proteaoeae
flowers but rarely in this country, therefore a
note of its being in bloom at Kew, as recorded
in the Gardeners' Chronicle for March 17 (see
p. 119), wTas of especial interest, whilst the illus-
tration of a head of blossoms well showed the
character of the inflorescence. The first time
it was my privilege to see it in flower
under cultivation was in the gardens at Pen-
dell Court, then in the occupation of the late
Sir George MacLeay. This was in the spring
of 1882, and the flower-head was exhibited at
the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
on April 11 of that year. It was then given the
award of a Botanical Certificate, and was the
most-talked-of exhibit at the meeting. More tihan
30 years afterwan'ds, namely, at the Chelsea Show
of 1914, a fine head was shown from the Cornish
garden of the Rev. A. T. Bos«^wen. It was then
by many looked upon as a novelty, the fact of
its having flowered so ma.ny years previously
being unknown to many of the present genera-
tion. On this, its second appearance before the
Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, it was awaixJed a Cultural Commenda-
tion, If, f.

.THE i hardy:, fruit GARDEN.

Bv W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. F. Davev.
Abbotts VSJood, Godalming, Surrey.

Grafting.— It is time to make a start with the
grafting of fruit trees, the stocks having been
previously headed back. Make an examination
of the bark to see if it will lift freely, and if it
does, the grafting may be commenced. Healthy
old trees of worthless varieties can soon be made
into profitaMe trees of good varieties by re-
grafting. In the case of these old trees
crown grafting is best, and tha'ee or foTir
scions shotild be put on each branch. The
brandies intended to be grafted should be
cut back to witihin 2 feet of the main stem.
Make the surface smooth with a sharp knife,
then make a cut through the bark downwards
2 or 3 inches long. Afterwards prepare the scion,
which should be from 4 to 7 inches long, and cut
it in an oblique manner, the same length as the
cut in the stock. Take great care to see that
the bark of the stock forms a perfect union with
the bark of the scion. Tie with raffia or soft
string at once, then smear the junction with the
preparation of clay made as atlvised on p. 125,
I always tie a little damp moss on the clay, to
keep it from cracicing in dry weather. Seed-
ling stocks ."should be whip or cleft grafted,
this being tilie mosit suitable method for small
ta'ees, such as cordons, hush or pvTamids. Cult
the stock evenly in an oblique manner, then take
the scion and cut it in precisely the same" way for
about li to 2 inches in length. Make a small
tongue upwards in the scion about half an inch
from the top, and make a cut in the stock to
correspond with it. As soon as the graft is fixed,
bind it at once, and cover the junction with the
clay mixture or grafting wax. In very dry weather
spray the igraft with water to keep it moist.

General REMARK«.-Finish the work of
cleaning, pruning and tying all kinds of fruit
trees. See that all stakes supporting fruit trees
are in perfect order and able to withstand the
strain of gales and support heavy crops of fruit.
Most trees are very backward, but promise well
for good crops. Have light material in readi-
ness to piroteot tJhe blossom from frost, but
do not use it unless it is absolutely necessairy.
If rains have wa^shed off the .speicific necom-
mended on p. 97 to protect the budis from.
birds spray again with the .solution. Ventilate
the fruit-room daily to keep the air sweet and
fresh. Remove all fniits that are at all spotted
to prevent the sound fruits becoming affected.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Peas.— Plants which are being grown under
glass for planting out-of-doors should be venti-
lated freely and hardened gradually, so that
they may be planted as soon as the weather is
favoura.ble. In planting, presean-e the roots from
injury, and, as soon as the work is accomplished,
dust soot ai'ong tihe rows and place slhort sticks
for support. Protection should also be afforded
from winds, and plaints just showing tlirougih the
ground .shiould be protecited from birds. Nets
may be stretched over the border at once, ain.d a
few Spruce or other evergreen branches placed
in a position to obstruct the winds. Successiona]
sowings should be made as they become neces-
sary to maintain an unbroken supply of pods,
selecting rich ground which has been trenched
and manured in winter.

Hoeing.— When the soil is sufficiently dry, hoe
the surface freely amongst young crops. "Winter
Spinach, Parsley, and seedling Cabbages will be
benefited by hoeing_ thf .soil and cleansing the
ground.

Seakalk.— Owing to tIhe scarcity of green
vegetables SeakaJe has become an important
crop, and those with a good stock of roots for

March 31, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

135

forcing indoors and in the open may be able to
produce this vegetable in quantity throughout
the winter and spring witJiout a break. The
present is the best time to make preparation for
next season's crop, selecting rich ground for
planting. For forcing in the open the thongs
shou'd be planted in clumps of 5 or 5 to
permit of covering the crowns with Seakale
pots the following spring, for it is a distinct
gain to cover as many crowns as possible with
one pot without overcrowding the plants during
the growing season. Sufficient space should
be allowed between the clumps for the fer-
menting material which is necessary to pro-
duce the required warmth next spring The
very best Seakale is obtained from these out-
door plantaifcions, and they prolong the supply.
Roots lifted from the open late in the spring
seldom furnish produce of first quality. As
soon as the thongs are sufficiently advanced the
planting of the main crop .should be done. If the
ground has been dug and manured in winter, fork
over the surface, and when the ground is suf-
ficiently dry, make drills 2 feet apart and set
the roots with an ordinarv' dibber at 14 inches
apart in the rows. Fill the holes by drawing
the crumbling soil over them with a hoe.
Nothing further will be nece^sa.ry until the
young growth is 2 inches high, at which stage
fJhe crowns should be thinned carefully, leaving
only the strongest growth on each plant.

SeED-sowiNQ.— Make the final sowing of
Brussels Sprouts on an open border. The best
and hardiest, plants may be expected from tihis
batch, for plants raised under glaiss and pricked
->ut frequently be'-ome draivn before they
are ready for planting in tJhe open. Sow the
seeds thinly in shal'ow drills, and allow suf-
ficient space between the rows for a free use of
(bho Dutdh hoe, ?,nd keep the bed free from
weeds. Cabbage also m.ay be sown now for sup-
plies in .July and .Augu.<5t. Cauliflower seed
should be sown in rather poor soil : plants raised
in this way will be hardy, and make stocky
growtJh. Magnum Bonum, Early London.
Autumn O-iant. and Hallo-ween Oiant provide a
good succession. Seedlings of these varieties
should be planted as .soon as they are of suf-
ficient e-W/B in ground whicih has been prepared
for them. Cauliflowers require rich soil, and
the plants must never be allowed to become
stunted for want of w,^ter at the roots. Net
the seed-beds as .soon zs the seeds are sown,
and guard against slugs, which are easily de-
.•rtroyed by hot lime.

Cflerv.— As soon as Celery seedlings are
large enough to handle, transplant them either
in boxes or shallow fr,ames fiTed with fine, rich
.loil. Allow plenty of srwice betwren the plants.
TTie principal sowing of Celery should be made
at orice in ?j bed of fine, rich soil, placed within
1 foot of the roof-gla'SS. Sow t.he .seeds thinly.
The lisht should be kept closed until the seeds
have germinated, after which air should be ad-
mitte<l whenever the weather is favourable. As
time advances the lights may be removed en-
tirely during mild da vs. Celeriac may be sown
now .and treated in the same manner as Celerv

Rhubarb— The present is a good time to
make new plantations of RhuKarb. The soil
should be trenched or dug deeply, and enriched
with a heavy dressing of farmyard manure.
Make 'he rows 5 fe<^t apart and set the roots at
least 4 feet apart in the rows. Apply a mulch-
ing of long manure to the crowns when the
planting is finished. Rhubarb in the open should
be protected from cold winds and frost by
.shaking a quantity of long litter over the bed,
taking pare to place the straw as lig'htly as pos-
.■sible over the plant*. If the material is dry a
co\-<*ring of 9 inches may be applied. If the
mulching material rema.ins in position through-
out the summer it will helj) to keep the fed
free from weeds.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J Coi.llBR. Gardener U> .Sir JfRKMIAH COLMAN,
Bart-. Gatt-.n Park. Reiftate.

Shading and Vintilati NO.-With the

lengthening days and the increa.sed amount of
.sunshine, carefiil attention mu.st be given to
the question of shading aii<l ventilating each
division. The growths now developing are very
tender, and may .soon be scorched .and disfigured

if unduly exposed to bright simshine. It is ad-
^^sable to be on the safe side, and not expose
the plants to too much of the sun's influence.
At the same time the blinds should not be al-
lowed to remain down too long. Already the
wa.rmth from the sun has on several occasions had
tlie effect of considerably raising the tempera-
ture of the house, but cold winds often ac-
company bright sunshine, and it is not advis-
able to admit cold air in too great quantity.
On suoi occasions use the blinds, and when
the outside temperature exceeds 45° the amount
of ventilation may be incre«.sed and shade af-
forded with di.scretion. Admit the air through
the ventilators under the stages, if possible on
the side of the house that is most siheltered from
the wind. These remarks apply more eapeci-
adly to the cooler houses containing such plants
as Odontoglossums, Masdevallias, Oncidiums
and the cooler Cypripediums. The Cattleya and
intermediate houses will only require .^h.-idinc:
for an hour or so during the middle of the day.
Any of the inmates of these houses that may
require an extra amount of shade shoiild be
placed at one end, where they mav l>e shaded
independently. Many occupants of the East
Indian or warm house, such as Phalaenopsis,
Bulbophylluni, Cirrhopetalum, Angraecum and
the warmer Cypripediums wHl require protec-
tion from the sun. Bollea, Pescatorea, Warsce-
wiczella and the small Zygopetalums .should be
sliaded at all times.

Watering. —Atmospheric moisture sihould be
inore>.^sed as the season advances. Each deipart-
ment will require damping down everv morning
directly the normal temperatures are reaOhed,
and the operation should be repeated twice or
thrioe on bright days. Many plants will now
require an inci^ease of water at the roots, but in
moderation, the quantity viarying according to
whether the plant is in active growth or dor-
mant. On bright d.ays CyDripediiuns, Odonto-
glossums and seedlings of all kinds will be bene-
fited by occasional overhead sprayings. Vhe
tempe.Tiatures may now be slightly raised. As
a guide the following table may be useful : —

East Indian House, day 70°' nigilit 65°.

Cattleya and Intermediate House dav 65°
night 60°.

Odontoglcssum House, dav 55° to 60°, night
52°.

Seedlings of both Odontoglossums and Cattleyas
ishould be afforded slightly higher temperatures
than those applied to established plants.

FRDITS DNDER GLASS.

By Jas Hudson. Gardener to I.BOpoLn Dl
RoTHscHUD, Esq . C.V.O., Gunnerebury Houte, Acton. W.

Flos IN PoT«.-Fig trees in pots that were
started in the autumn are ripening their earliest
fruits. At this stage keep the atmosphere some
what drier and discontinue syringing. Do not,
however, allow the roots to "suffer for want of
water, as any undue stress put upon the foliage
may cause red spider to spread. Shoots that
show a tendency to grow too freely should be
stopped forthwith. Whilst the eeirliest. trees mav
yield satisfactory crops, as a rule greater fertility-
may bo expected from trees that were not started
until the new year, and these should be growing
freely. Possibly they mav be developing an
undue number of fruits, in which case-, they
should be thinned in good time, removing
those that are badly placed, crowded, or de-
formed. The.s<^ l.'tter plants should now be
top-dressed as .advised on p. 96 for the early
batch. Brown Turkey is a splendid variety
for this second crop. The h^ter batch of
pot trees will soon ."start into growth, even
if kept moderately cool. Negro I^arge and
Boujasotte Ori.se are two of the best varieties
for late cropping. It is not necessary when
growth has started to hasten its development by
tlve use of fire-heat. I noticed to-day that our
late plants are breaking ."jlowly, and, as room is
limited, they will not be hastened. Oive every
po.ssible attention to young trees in pots, includ-
ing those struck from eyes this spring.

Trained Fig Trees.- The eairliest trained
Fig trees are in free growth, and showing
fruits. Stop t,he side sihoots at five or six leaves,
but not the leaders. As soon as tHie fruits com-
mence to .swell stopping the shoots will assist

their development. Crowding of the new
growth, a common error with some growers,
must not be. permitted. Where the leave® are
too numerous for their proper development the
removal of a long, straggling unfruitful sihoot
wtU help to correct mat-ters. Ventilate the house
somewhat, freely, and see that the atmosphere
IS not excessively moist. Syringing once a day
should suffice to keep down in.seot pests. Fig
trees in cold houses will soon commence to
grow, and should be syringed at least once a
day. If there are no other plants in the house
that will be affected, reduce the amount of venti-
lation. Guard against overcrowding of the
shoots, remoxing surplus grov.'ths .U once.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W J. OciSE. Gardener to Mrs. Duipitib. Keele
Hall, Staffordahire.

Pruning Roses.- The inuning of Hybrid
Perpetual Roses should be commenced. Young
plants should be cut hard back to obtain stron<r
growths from tlie base. In the case of olden
established plants, cut out all the old wood,
weak growths, and superfluous shoots from the
middle of the trees. In low-lying districts sub
ject to late frosts delay the pruning for a week
or two. The beginning of April will be soon
enough to commence pruning Tea and Hybrid
Tea Roses. The.se should be" cut back to about
6 inches of the base, according to the strength
of the shoots.

Violets.- Select the strongest Violet runners
from the old plants, with roots adhering if pos-
sible. In.sert them in sandy soil in a close frame
at 6 inches apart. Light spravings with tepid
water will be beneficial. Directly the plants
are rooted the amount of ventilation should be
increased, gradually hardening them, preparatory
to planting them in the open. Prepare beds in
readiness for planting the runners outside next
month.

Gladiolus. - In light, w.inn soils, it is not
too early to plant autumn-flowering Glndiolli
where they are intended to flower. A liberal
dressing of decayed manure or leaf-mould well
worked into the .soil will l>e beneficial. In the
reise of cold, heavy .soils, it is better to pliace
the corms in pots or l>oxes filled with a ridli
compost, and start them in a cold frame for
planting out-of-doors early in May. HiaJlev,
light .salmon; Baron Hulot, deep blue; Albion,"
white : Princeps, scarlet : Golden W^est, orange-
scarlet ; L''el>esf.>u.pr and Panjima, pink, are all
good varieties.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston. Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwell Park, Kent.

Asparagus m'^oeoloioes (Medeola

ASPARAOoioFB).- Plants of A.sparagus medeo-
loides ra.i.s,.d frcHU s<'«l .s<,wn earlv 'in the year
Should be potted into 60-si7.ed pot's before they
are far advanced. Grow the plants on ia
sihelf in the pi'opag.iting house or plant
.stove, and shift them into hajger pots be-
fore they become pot-bound, or thev may be
planted out if preferred. A border at the' foot
of the Iwick wall of a vinery is a good place in
ulhidh to grow this .Smilax.' Guard against the
young .shoots becoming entangled by training
them sin.gly on the special! green thread sold for
tli.s purpose. Grown in tJi.is tn.anner the long,
sn".''ceful trails may be easily cut as required.
When established and in full growth the plant
requires an abundance of water, and should be
syringed two or three times daily. Stimulants
also are needed, soft wait<^r alternated with arti-
ficials being suitable. Fumigate t.he house to
keep down green f^y. Den.se shade and plenty
of heat and moisture ai^e needed to develop the
delicate sihade of plale green which is so mudli
admired in this delit^itful foliage plant.

Blinds. -All kinds of blinds u.sed for .shading
plant houses .should be overhauled, and any that
need repairing attended to. Roller blinds may
be placed in position to be re^idy for use whenV
ever required. The danger from insufficient
ventilation is not so great when a niodei-ate
amount of sihading is employed.

136

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher- — Our coTTeepondenta

would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
municatio-ns intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for vnmivo, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London- Commnnicntions should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER. Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature vill not he
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS^ FOR APRIL.

THURSDAY. APRIL 5—

Manchester and N. of England Orchid S"C- meets.
MONDAY. APRIL 9—

B.G.A. Conference at Birmingham.
WEDNE.SDAY, APRIL 11—

R.o^-. Hort. Soc.'s C<)ms. meet.
TfTE'^DAY. APRIL 17—

Rov. Hort. Soc.'s Daffodil Show (2 davs).
THURSDAY. APRIL 19—

Manche.ster and N. of England Orchid Soc. meets.
TPESDAY. APRIL 24—

Rov. Hort. Soc.'.s Corns, meet. Nat. Auricula ami

Primula Soc.'s CSouthern Section) Show with R.H.S,
THURSDAY, APRIL 25—

Midland Daffodil Soc.'s Show, Birmingham Hot

Gdns. (2 days).

AVERAGE Mean Tumperatcrb tor the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lait flftv
years at Greenwich, 45.8°.
Actual TEMPERAinRH : —

Gardeners' Chronicle OfRoe, n. Wellington Street.
Covent. Garden. London, Thursday, March 29
(10 am.): Bar. 29.0; temp. 47.5°. Weather-
Cloudy.

SALES FOR THE KNSUINS WEEK.

WEDNESDAY'—

Sale of Fruit Trees. Roses. Lilies. Herbaceous Plants.
&c.. at 67. Cheapside, by Protheroe and Morris, at
12 and 3 o'clock.

It is important that

"ardeners should exer-
Vei^etablc Seeds.

cise every economy pos-
sible with respect to
venetuble seeds. The need for this eco-
nomy will be manifest to everybody. On
tlie one hand, the disturbance and delay
of transport make it more difficult than in
normal times to obtain the supplies whicli
come to us from different parts of the
world ; on the other hand, vegetable
seeds are being; sown on a vast scale,
and many of those who are sowing them
have no great experience of gardening.
Many gardeners even are apt to sow
more thickly than is necessary, and
amateurs, though they may have learned
from books the proper distance at which
seeds should be sown, are apt to find that
the operation of seed-sowing is not so
simple as it might seem, and fail to put
precepts as to thin sowing into practice.
We advise all gardeners to use the remains
of last year's seed packets before opening
those of this year. In the case of many
seeds the fact that the seed is a year older
makes very little difference to its ger-
minative power. The garden legumes.

for example, Peas and Beans of various
.sorts, lose their power of germination only
very slowly, and seed of the 1916 or even
]'.)15 harvest, if it has been kept under
moderately fair conditions, will be found
to germinate quite well.

Everyone who has old seed should ttst
its germinating power, comparing it with
that of this year's seed. Provided that
the percentage of germination is not too
low, the seed with the lower germinating
power should be used, and that with the
greater power of germination should be
reserved for next year, when it is highly
I'robable certain kinds of seed wili be ver}-
scarce. For example, if anyone has the
good fortune to find that Parsnip seed of
this year gives a percentage of germina-
lion well over 40 per cent., and if the seed
remaining from last year still germinatt^^
to the extent of 40 per cent. — which, •.>'e
fear, is not very likely — last year's seed,
fortified with some of this year's seed,
should be used. It is true that Parsnip
seed does not retain its power of germina-
tion very long, and that seed bought ^his
year will be found by next year to hayc
lost a considerable part of its power of
germination; nevertheless, by adoptiii'j-
the course suggested the gardener will li ■
making the best of a rather bad job.

He should, moreover, regulate the thick-
ness or thinness of his sowing according to
the results of his germination tests. As
everyone knows, it is quite easy for any-
one to ascertain the percentage of ger-
mination of a sample of any ordinary
seed. Two saucers lined with moistened
flannel. or blotting-paper, one containing
fifty or twenty-five seeds (according to size)
the other inverted over it, serve per-
fectly as a germinator. If kept in a warm
place and prevented from becoming dry,
tlie seeds in the germinator push out their
roots. As they do so they are counted and
removed. The time which seeds of dif-
ferent kinds take to germinate varies very
considerably; but the time is shortened if
the seeds are first soaked in water.

Another way in which economy in seeds
may be practised in the case of seedlings
which stand transplanting is by sowing
only a part of the quarter devoted to the
crop and pricking out the thinnings over
the rest of the quarter. Given care, and,
above all, immediate transplanting, many
.seedlings may be treated in this manner.
We would urge our readers to adopt every
economy in the use of vegetable seeds con-
sistent with cultivating all the land they
can.

Furthermore, we advise those who have
roots — Beet, Carrot, Parsnip — of last
year's sowing, or plants of Leeks or
Celeriac, still in the ground, to try the
experiment of growing all of them that
they can spare for seed purposes. It is
true that some vegetables ripen their seeds
only somewhat indifierently in this coun-
try, but, given a good season, a certain
amount of seed may be obtained in this
way. Lastly, we suggest that everyone
should save a fair amount of seed of Peas,
Broad Beans, Runner Beans, French
Beans and Haricot Beans, for next year's
|ilanting.

Horticulture in HOLLAND.-Most of the
Dutch market-garden produce has, until lately,
.sold at remunerative prices, but growei's com-
plaiin of the Government restrictions on their
holdings. A part only of the vegetable crop
may be sold in the open market for export (to
Grennany), the remaining produce has to be re-
tained for home con.sumption, and sold at low
prices. Tiho pa-oduction of luxuries and the less
ueoeasary vegeitaibles. is comipulsorily curtailed,
and only permitteid to those growers who have
always devoted part of their land to such, cul-
tures. Although, on the v;hole, Dutch market-
giardeners have reason to be satisfied with their
present situation, they foresee a crisis after the
war. They fear a general economic war in
which neutrals — and especially the Dutch, whose
agriculture and horticultui'* are dependent on
foreign markets — ^wdlU be severely affected. They
also believe that the belligerent nations will be
so exliaiuited that it will be almost impossible
for tliem to buy the horticultural produce in
wliiioli HoUand has sjpecialised.

Summer Robe Show Abandoned.— The

National! Rose Society has decided not to hold
its Metroipolitan Show at tilie Royal Botonic
Society's Giardens thiis yeair mainly owing to the-
difficulties attending railway ti'ansport. The
question of the autumn show will he ooosideried
la.t©r.

State Aid for Italian Nurseries.— The

Board of Trade Journal reports that the
Italian Minister of Agniouliture lias announced
his intention of .establisliing in the chief cities
of Italy laa'ge model nurseries for tlxe produc-
tion of herbaceous pllajits. The IMinistry will
grant subsidies to cover the expenses of the«e
establishments.

"Sanders' List of Orchid Hybrids."—

A supplement to tliis uisef-ul work has now been
issued, bringing up the entries of novelties to
the beginning of the present year on the same
lines as the original publication, which included
all up to midsummer, 1915. The large number
of new reooixis, as disclosed in the supplement,
speak well for the diligence of the raisers of
Hybrid Orchids.

Potash Fertilisers.- It is satisfactory to
learn from the report* issued by the Board of
Agriculture that a process has been discovered
whereby the extraction of pot.ash in soluble
form from felspar may be carried out profitably.
In order for this to be done it was necessary to
produce from the felspar a second product of
market value. The process, invented by Mr.
•I. Rhodin and investigated by the Board, ad-
mits of the production of a potash fertiliser and
a white cement.

Finqer and Toe.— a leaflett i.ssued for tlie
benefit of farmers and gardeners in tlie Eastern
Counties gives a brief account of club root, or
finger-and-toe. It insists on the importance of
liming as a means of getting rid of the pest,
and advises the use of bone-meal, steamed bone
floiir, or bas4o slag in preference to super-
phosphate, and nitrate of soda in preference to
sulphate of ammonia. Gardeners who are
troubled with this pest will do well to dig in in
autumn a heavy dressing of quick-lime (J — lib.
per square yard) rather than to rely on the use
of slalced lime or clialk.

The Growth of Apple Rot Fungi at
Different Temperatures.— An interesting
account of the effect of temperature on the
growth of different fungi affecting the fruit of
the Apple is given by Messrs. Brooks and
CooLI^^G.J The important a>nclusion to be drawn
from theSr investigations ia that the initial

* Journal of the Board of Agric, Feb., 1917.

t Leaflet No. 2, Eastern Counties School of AgricuHnre,
Cambridge.

! "Temperature Belations of Apple E(it Fungi," Joum.
01 Aoric. Research, \'Ill.,i. Wasliington.

March 31, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

137

stagce of growth of these fungi are more checked

by low temiperatures tiian are the later stages,
and therefore immediate storage in low tempera-
ture is the best means of oher.king the develop-
ment of Apiple rot fungi.

A Veteran Gardener.— Mr. Henry Jones

celebrated his jubilee of service at C-arrow
Hoiise, Norwich, a couple of years ago. Forty-
four of the fifty years h;id been spent a&
giirdener to the Colman family, one of the most
distinguished members of which is Sir Jerejuah
CoLMAN, Bt., so well known to our readers for his
successful Orchid cultivation at Ga.tton Pai'k,
Reigate. Mr. Jones is a native of Suirey, and in
his early years he was employed in Messrs. Rolli-
son's nursery at Tooting, and in the nursery of
Messrs. B. S. Williams and Son, HiiUoway.
from wliicih place he went to f'anT>w in 1865.

aPUBLIOATIONS RECEIVED. — Artificial
Manures for Allotments and Gardens. By

George A. Cowie. (London : Henry .\Iunro, Ltd.)
Price 3d. — British Wild Flowers : Their Haunts
and Associations. By William Graveson.
(London : Headley Bros.) Price 7s. 6d. net. —
Labour and the State. By George Radford.
No. \'. of " Our Land " supplements. (London :
Adelphi . ) — Journal of the Board of Agriculture,
March, 1917. \'oL XXIII.. No. 12. (London:
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, Whitehall
Place.) Price 4d. — Addenda to Sanders' List
of Orchid Hybrids, 1915-1916. (St. Albans :
Sander & Sons.) Price 2s. 6d.

{Thi

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

Editors do not
Ih

opin

eziii

hull!

ponsible fo

'<■«(»■)

Experiments with Humooen (se«p. US).—
I read with mtercst Dr. H. K. Durliam's re-
murks on, the effect of humogen. The use of lime
in conjunction with bacterized peat intheWisley
experiments sometimes raised, sometimes de-
pressed, the yield according to the sajnple of
pea.t used. In no case was quite fresh slaked
lime used — it had always been e.\i>osed to the
air before use, and ha<I therefore become moif
or less "mellow," to use l>r. Durha.m's term;
indeed, in the 1915 series, lime had been added
to the soil many months before, and had cer-
tainly become wholly converted into carbonate.
(Lime was never added " during growth " as Dr.
Durham says.) Here the results were worse than
in any other series. But my main reason for
d.rawing further attention to the Wisley trials is
that Dr. Durham, in saying that we were able
to sihow no marked benefit from the use of
humogen, has overl(X>ked what is perhaps the
most important ix>int of all. Tlie experiments
in Series I. (1914) gave extraordinary results,
equal to anvthinig that has been secured else-
where (.see .Journal TtJIS.. XLL, p. 320);
Series IL and IIL (1914) fell far short; Series
IV. (1915) was somewhat inconclusive taken by
itself; and in Series V. (1915) practically no
effect was produced ; while in Series VI. (1916)
the effect was positively harmful. The evidence
goes to show that linmogen is not of even ap-
proximately rxmstant composition ; either varia-
tions have occurred in the initial peat sub-
stratum, in the cultures and materials added
subsequently, or in the mode nf manufacture.
and the result is that at present humogen is not
a flrtandardised article, and can be used with
profit only on an experimental scaJe. Assiuming,
as the results obtairod suc;gp.«it. that nitrogen is
the active principle in the humogen, published
analyses fron various sources c-onfirm tilie view
which experiments in the garden have le<l us to
ad'ipt. Dr. Diirha.n. gives hardly sufficient par-
ticulars to enable one to gauge the meaning nf
the results he eives. If the experiment which
h<» quotes with Potajtos. for instance, was
the result of comparing one pCiat-dres-sed plot
with one control plot, the 12 per cent, incirecsc
on the ridged land would prolw^hly mean nothing,
for it would not be outsid,e t.lic prolmble bounds
mf differences due to unconitrollable caiuses. This
seems the mope likell.y in thflt on the "ridge
lrprH'i«-<l " land the RaTr<> dressing of Ihumogen
niii.'iMl ;i depros.'sion in the vi.p|d (? of the sa-nip

%'a.rieity) of 12 per cent. Did the humogen (even
though used at tlie high rate of two tons to the
a,cpe) reaJly liarv-e any effect whatever? /•'. /.
Chittenden.

R.H 8. AND THE Purchase of Books (see
p. 127).— The majority of the Fellows cf the
Royal Hua-ticultural Society will, I sliould sa\-,
uphold the action of the council in refusing to
puroliase exipensive books at the present time,
however rare they may be. Before condemning
the Oounoil, it should be borne in mind that
horticulture is now passing throiigh a very
severe crisis. Perhaps, as the Rev. Joseph Jacob
sajTS, "the Council's ways want mending"; but
this is not the time for it to commit itself
to furt'her outlay. It would be better in
present conditions to reserve the money for any
unex:i5eoted call upon the society's funds. As
old books are the hobby of your correspondent,
one <<in iindenstand his lookiiig upon the matter
a-5 of the fir.s-t importance, but the Gnincil has
to consider the matter from a business point of
\iew. Cautions.

MR. HENRY JONES, GARDENER FOR FIFTY YEARS AT
CARROW house, NORWICH.

SOCIETIES.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL

MAitni 27.— A.s is to Ix- expci-.k-d, witili tho
advancing sro;;<in. tiio fortnightly meetings of
the above society at the London Scottish Drill
Hall, Buckingham Gate, are assuming greater
importance, both the num.ber of c.xJiibits and
the number of vi.silors being on tho increase.
The Perpetual-flowering Carnation Society held
its spring sHiow in connection with the R.H.S.
meeting, but the response was small, only four
exhibits being forthcoming in eight classes.

In the floral section of tho R.H.S. exhibition,
a fine feature was a; group of Alpines, chiefly
Saxifragas, from the Society's Gardens at
Wisley. It is only on rare occasions that such
superb pans of these beautiful spring flowers
have been seen at the London shows; indeed,
we doubt if the variety Gloria; has ever before
been Shown so well. "The flowers were as large
as those of Primroses, and formed an unbroken
sheet the width of the large pan. Very cJiarm-
ing, too, were S. lilacina, S. Irvingii, S. oppositi-
folia and S. o. splendens, for which latter the
Committee awarded a Ciiltural Commendation.
Besides the plants in pans there were some de-
lightful little specimens in pots, including S.
Bur.si»riana minor. S. liUcina and others. Per-
petual-flowering Carnations, Cyclamens, Ferns.
forrL'i! .shrubs, and Ro.'es, comiprLsed the re-
maining subjects. The Roses were .s/hown by
Mr. Eltsha J. Hrr-Ks, who wtis exhibiting a
new H.T. variety named Mrs. Elisha Hicks,
blu^h-pink in colour, deepening at the base of
the petals to shell-pink. The bloom is long and
)x>intod, of good shape, and lias exocptional
fragrance; it is borne on a stout stem, and the
foliage is robust — altogether a Rose of great
pi'ornise. l'"rom t'lie Society's (Jardens at Wisley
tlicre vva.s a, plant in lilonni (»f Parrotia pprsica

(.ee.fig. 47), wluch is vei-y seldom seen in flower
in this country, and aroused a good deal of
interest. Ihe inlloresceuce consists of a group of
crimson stamens enclosed in brownish scales

Ihe lai-gest group before the Narcissus Com-
mittee, wluoh was also, incidentaUy, the largest
and most prominent indi\jdual group in the
liall, was exhibited by Messrs R H Bath
Ltd., and consisted of Tulips, Daffodils and
Crocuses in bowls of fibre. The same firm also
exhibited some excellent Daffodils in a sepa-
rate group, and Daffodils were also shown by
Messrs. J. R. Pearson and Sons. Both col-
lections of Daffodils were remarkably good, of
bright, cleOiT colour and excellent form. ' In
Messtrs. Bath's collection, the golden Trumpet
variety King Alfred was represented by model
blooms, with perfectly foi-med perianth of pale
.yellow, and short, wide, frilled trumpet of a
deeper tone. Silver Dawn, Great Warley, Flame,
and Lowdlvam Beauty were also well shown!
The finest of Messrs. Pearson's varieties were
Florence Pe;uison, Mine, de Graaff, I.x)uise L.
Linton, and Mrs. B. Farmer.

The Narcissus Committee recommended an
Award of Merit to Naa-cissus Bonaparte for its
value for pot cultivation.

As in the floral section, the Society's Gardens
contributed the most interesting e-xhibit before
t.he Fruit and Vegetahle Committee. It con-
sisted of Carrots and Beets which were lifted on
the 26th inst. fixym sowings made on July 19
liast. Notwithstanding that 36° of fi^ost had
.been registered in the gardens, the roots were
perfectly sound, and excellent in every respect.
There were also from Wisley some Cabbages
r,-i.i,sed from seed sown on July 21 last, the varie-
ties being First and Best and Harbinger.

-It the 3 o'clock meeting of the Fellows, Mr.
James C. House gave an address on "Violets
and Violet-growing."

Floral Committee.

Pre.-<cnt: Mes.srs. H. H. May (chairman), W. J.
Beaoi, J. Hudson, K. C. Notcutt. J. Green, W B
Cranfield, G. Reuthe, J. Heal, E. F. Hazelton,
W. Howe T. Stevenson, C. E. Pearson J. F.
McLeod, J. Dickson, C. E. Shea. C. Dixon, A.
Turner, R. Hooper Peai-son, C. Elliott, W. P.
Tlhom®-in, E. H. Jeidcins and W. G. Baker.
Groups.

The following medals were awarded by the
Floral Committee for collections: — Silver Flora
Mrrlul to Mr. .1. C. Jenneu, Rayleigh, Essex,
for Pei-)ietual-flow(<ring Carnations ; Messrs.
Sti-art Low AND Co., Buslli Hill Poirk, Enfield,
for Perpetual-flowering Carnations and Cycla-
mens ; and Messrs. H. B. May and Sons, Edmon-
ton, for Ferns. Bronze Flora Medal to Messrs.
R. Tucker and Sons, Oxford, for Saxifragas.
Bronze Banl-nlan Medals to Messi-s. Barr and
Sons, King Street, Covent Garden, for Alpines
and bul.bous plants ; Messrs. .1. Cheal and Sons,
Craw]e,v, for Alpines and sihrubs; Messrs. W.
Cutbush and Son, Higftgate, for Alpines and
forced shrubs; Mr. Elisha J. Hicks, Twyford,
for Roses ; Mr. G W. Miller., Wisbeich, for
spring flowers; and Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston,
Kent, for Alpin-es.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitoh, and Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), R.. A. Rolfe, R. G.
Thwaites, E. B. Ashton,, T. Armstrong, A.
MoBean, J. Cypher, J. (^harlesAvortli, .1. E.
Shill, H. (J. Alexander Walter Cohb, S. W.
Flory, W. BoJton, C. H. Curtis, C. J. Lucas, R.
Brooman- White, and W. H. Hateher.
AWARDS.
Firsi-Class Certificate.

Cijpriprilium Eunjhiadcs The Baron (Hera
liur\jadrs x Alr,il)i<idi'.s), from Mr. J. E. Shill,
The Dell Gardens, Englefield Green. A noble
flower, of large size, the markings and colour fol-
lowing C. Hera Euryades. The dorsal sepal is
white with an emerald-gi'een base and heavy
blotching of dark puiiile. The petals and lip
are yellow-tinged and spotted with, dark
mahogany-red.

Awards of Merit.
Bra.88o-Cattleya Lady JelKcoe (B.-C. Dighyano-
Schriklerae x C. OiinlciViana albenn)'. from

138

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Tunbridge
Wells. A white flower of perfect form, tie
sepals having a faint tinge of rose colour, and the
broad fringed lip a yellow disc with a thin line
of purple in front.

So-phro-LacKo-CattUya Mense var. General
Xlvelle {S.-L.-C. Marathon x f^--C. rallhto-
qtossa), from Messrs. Charles worth and Co..
Haywards Heath. A richly-coloured flower, of
good size and shaipe, a.nd by far the best of the
thr-ee already shown. The broad sepals and
petaJls are i-eddish rose colour, witih a slight gold
sliade. The lip is crimson witih yellow lines at
the base

CaUleya Enid var. Silver Queen {Mossiae
Eeineckiana x Warscewiczii Frau M. Beyrodt).
Nearest to the fine C. Enid x Lambea-u. The
large flowers are pui-e white with yellow in the
centre of the lip and purple lines in front. From
Messrs. Charlesworth and Co.

Odontioda St. Quentin (Oda. Zephyr x 0dm.
Wiganianum), fixnn Messrs. Flory and Black,
Orohid Nursery, Slough. A distinct novelty,
with large, pule-yellow flowers blotched with
dark reddish-purple. The lip is blush-white
with a band of dark red in front of t-he yellow
crest. The colour and disposal of the markings
resemble Odm. Wiganianum.

Groups.

Mrs. BiscHOFFSHEiM, The Warren House, Stan-
more (Orohid grower Mr. H. Haddon), showed
Brasso-Laielio-Catitleya Queen of the Belgians,
Warren House variety (B.-L. Digbyano-pur-
purata x C. Mendelii H. A. Tracy), bearing on
a, seedling plant a flower of fine shape and «u,b-
etance, of a deep rosy-mauve colour, with yellow
disic to the lip.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Count, Horsham
(gr. Mr. Duncan) sent thnee seedlings, viz.,
Odontogloasum Delta (Eolfeae X Othello), a vej-y
dark flower of the 0. Harryanum class ; Odm,
ardentisper (ardentissimum x Jasper), a fine
flower handsomely blotched ; and Odontioda
wai-nhamensis (Oda. Ceciliai X Odm. ardentissi-
mum), a good flower, dark bronzy-red, with white
front and margin to the lip.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
,n. group containing a noble form of Brasso-Cat-
tleya Cliftonii, with rich purple front to the
fringed lip, the sepals and petals being blush-
white.

Messrs. .J. and A. McBean, Cooksbridge, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a group in
which tJheir specialities, hybrid Cymbidiums,
were well represented by forms of C. Gottianum,
C. Alexanderi, etc.^ the latter being specially
handsome, and varying in colour from pale yellow
to rosy-lilac.

Messrs. J. CiTHER and Sons, Cheltenham, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a. group of
spring-flowering Dendrobiums, in which the
forme of D. nobile and hybrids of the D. Cybele
and D. ApoUo cla'ss were profusely flowered.

Meissr.,. Armstrong and Brown, Tunbridge
Wells, staged handsome Odontoglossums and
Odontiodas flowering for the first time, including
Odontioda Ce.rens Orohidhurst variety (Odmi.
excellens x Oda. Charlesworthii), large, and of
fin© sihape, Indian- red, with the tips of the seg-
ments clear light jellow ; two plants of Odm.
Corona (Doris x ardentissimum), the one white,
blotched witHi f.urple, the other pink with more
profuse pui'ple spotting, and both very attrac-
tive.

Messrs. Flory and Black, Ordiid Nursery,
Slough, showed the original LaeJio-Cattleya In-
vincible Ora.ma which eeeui'ed an Award of Merit
in 1912, and which is still one of the best of its
c^asis.

Messrs. Sander and Sons. St. Albans, ex-
hibited a group of good I.rfielio-Cattleyas ; Cym-
bidiums, in-eluding C. grandiflorum and other
sfhowy Orchids. The two be.st were Brasso-
I^elio-Cattleya Wotan var. callistoglossa (B.-C.
Mrs. J. Leeonann x L.-C. callistoglossa). one of
the largest of the B. Digbyana crosses, rosy-lilac,
with effectively rayed yellow lines from the base
to the centre of the lip ; and Miltonia Bleuana
General Joffre, a very large blush-white flower
with pniple flush nn the bases of the petals and
lip.

Narcissus Committee.

Award or Merit.
.yrirris."!/' Bonaparte. — A variety ot the In
comparabilis tj-pe, recommended for award on
account of its suitability for forcing in pots. The
flower has a flattisih perianth of sulphui'-yellow,
and a broad, short-frilled trumpet of a richer
shade. There were about 12 good blooms in
each pot, carried well above the foliage, which
was stout in substance and not. inclined to droop.

©bttuarig.

Fig. 47. — flowering branch of parrotia

PERSICA.
(See p. 137. col. 2.)

Groups.

The Narcissus Committee made the following
awards : — Silver-gilt Flora Medal and Silver-gilt
Banhsian Medal to Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd.,
Wisbech, for Tulips and Daffodils, respectively.
Silver-gilt Banisian Medal to Messrs. J. R.
Pearson and Sons, Lowdham,, for Na!rcissus.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Prrxe/it : Mr. .J. C'theal (chairman). Rev. W.
Wilks, Messa's. E. A. Bunyard, W. H. Divers.
P. D.' Tuckett, J. C. AMgrove, P. Veitch, J.
Harrison, E. Beckett, 0. Thomas, W. Bates, W.
Poupart, E. R. AUan, F. Jordan and A. Bullock.

GsoRGE Kerswell. - We regret to learn
that Mr. George Howe Kerswell, nunserym^
and fruit grower, of St. Thomas, Exeter, died
of apoplexy on the 17th inst. , at the age of 75.
Mr. Kerswell was a snccessful grower of
Gentians, and was in the habit of showing them
at the fortnightly meetings of the Royal Horti-
cultural Societv.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Beeberis Leaves Eaten by Mare : G. H. S.
If, as we presume, the leaf sent is that of Ber-
beris AquifoSiiun, it is not known to be
podsonous to animals. The root is used in
the Ignited States, and to some small extent
in this country, as a tonic. As regards tbe
action of the active principle. Berberine. upon
animals, when administered in large doses,
poisonous symptoms have been produced. It
is possible that the prickles may have set up
intestinal inflammation.

Eucalyptus Unhealthy : T. J. H. There is no
fungous or insect pest present in the leaf of
Eucalyptus. The colour clhanges are probably
preliminary to the gradual deartSi of the loaf,
which is resulting apparently from some cul-
tural fault.

Gardening Engagements ; F. C. K. and E. H.
See reply to M. S. on p. 130 in the last issue.

Vines Failing : /. .-i. Unless the i-oots of the four-
year-old Vines had been restricted and special
cultivation had been provided so as to cause
tlliem to ripen early, 65° w-as 10° tooi high for
the night temperature during such weather as
hiis lately prevailed. That the heat has been too
much for the amount of daylight received is
]) roved by the fact that the intern odes im-
mediately above and below the abortive
bunches measure 4, and even 5 inches in length,
whereas they only ouglht to be 3 inches at tflie
jyre'Sent time, and those lower down the laterals
should be much shorter. The stems are also
lacking, not merely in siize, but in substance,
from the same cause.

Name of Fruit : Court. GoosebeaTy Apple.

Names of Plants : J. H. L. 1, Odontogloasum
crispum Lehmannii, a local form abnost inter-
mediate between 0. crispum and 0. Pesca-
torei and very varia.ble in the sliape and
niarkingE of the flowers : 2, Odontoglossum
luteo-'purpureum ; 3 and 4, C\T)ripediium Lucie
(ciliolare X Lawrenceanum) ; 5, Cj'pripedium
Oalvpso (BoxaUiii X Spicerianum) ; 6, 7, and
8. CN^iripedium Lathamianum (Spieerianum x
villosum) ; 9, Cypripedjum pavoninum
(venustumxBoxailii). — Somer.tet. 1, Saxifraga
granalata flore pleno ; 2, Eupatorium species ;
3, Nephrolepis exaltata elegantissima ; 4,
Eranthemum pulchellum : 5, Asplenium TW-
chomanes (Ma.idenhair Spleenwort, British) ; 6,
Ceterach officinarium (Scaly Spleenwort,
British).

Onions Not Keeping : H. B. The Onions are
attacked by Onion Solerotinia (S. bulborum).
The black 'growths (like little seeds or warts)
on the top of the bulb are ma-sses of the spawn
of the fungus in a resting sta.ge. The land
where the drop was gTOw»n will be infected, and
should not be planted with Onions for at least
three years.

Peach Shoots Diseased : West .irgyllshire.
The Peach shoots are attajcked by Botrytis.
see reply to .4. L., Henley, in the issue for
March 17. p. 120.

PoTATOS : East K^ni. The tubers are severely
affected with winter rot (dry rot), caused by
the fungus Fusarium.

PoTATOS FROM A TwELVE-ROD Plot : S. F. Seeing
that your plot is approximately 12 rods, ywir
estimate of a crop of one ton of Potatoa is a
liberal one, but not excessive. In rich soils,
with suitable manures and good cultiv^ation, a
crop of over 2 owt. per rod is sometimes pos-
sible.

March 31, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

■^ Slugs
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protect jour Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as WornriB, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

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Algae. Volume I. Myxophycei. PeridinieiE, Bacillarieje, Chlorophyceie, together with a
brief summary of the Occurrence and Distribution of Freshwater Alga:. By G. S. WEST.
M.A., D.Sc, A.R.C.S.. F.L.S., Mason Professor of Botany in the University of
Birmingham. With 271 illustrations. Large royal 8vo. 25s net. Cambridge Botanical
Handbooks.

The Anthocyanin Pigments of Plants, By muriel wheldale,

Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, and formerly Research Student at the John
Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, Surrey. Royal 8vo. ISs net.

Nature Study Lessons. Seasonally arranged. By J. B. PHILIP, M. A. With
23 illustrations. Large crown 8vo. 2s6dnet. Cambridge Nature Study Series.

Manuring for Higher Crop Production. By e. j. russell,

D.Sc, Director of the Rothamsted Experimental Station. With 16 illustrations.
Demy 8vo. 3s net.

Fungoid and Insect Pests of the Farm. By f. r. petherbridge,

M.A., Biological Adviser, School of Agriculture, Cambridge. With 54 illustrations.
Large crown Svo. 4s net. Cambridge Farm Institute Series.

Plants Poisonous to Live Stock. By harold c. long, b.sc,

(Edin.), of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. With frontispiece. Royal Svo.
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Write for
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if you wish to avoid mildew or
drainage troubles with pot plants.
It also shows other CRET advan-
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Specimen CRET Prices: 2J ins. 4/- per
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FORBES' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

Florlit't Floweri, Htrdy PUnti,

Veretable end Flower Secdi.

Free on Application.

JOHN FORBES (Hawiok), LIMITED,

The King s Nurserymen,

HAWICK, SCOTLAND.

ORCHIDS,

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Many Rar« and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly seniJ for Catalogue.

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& Co., Ltd.

SOUTHWARK ST,

LONDON, S.E.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[March 31, 1917.

1»il JL R K IB T< S.

CnrEXT n.iRDEA. March SS.
Cut Flowers, dtc: Average Wholf^^ule Prices

B.d.i.d
2 5-30
4 0-50

Anemone, fuleens

per doz. bun.

Arums, per doz.

Azalea, white.

per doz. bun.

Camellias, white

per doz. blms.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 0-30

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

DafifodilB. Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun 2 6- .5 0

— Barrii, per
doz. bun.

— Emperor, per
doz. bun. .. 4

— Henry Ir\ing.
per doz. bun. 1

— princepa. per
doz. bun

— Sir Watkin,
per doz. bun.
Victoria per

S.d. B d

1 C- 2 0

018 0

Narcissus.

- Soleil d'Or.
Guernsey. per
dnz, but!

5 0 — - Paper White.

per doz. bun. i
16-20 Orchids, per doz.:

Cattleya .. 1

- Coelogyne, per
doz. blooms . 2 0- 2 P
Cypripedium 2 0-30
0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crispum 3 0-40

Pelargoniums, per
doz. bunches,
doublescarlet 1.5 0-18 0

2 6-30

16-20

bun

Freesia, per doz.

bun 2 0-

Heather. white.

per doz. bun. 12 0
Lilium longi-

florum lone 3 0-
- short .. 3 0-
in c ifolium

5 0 1 Roses -

— General Jac-
2 6' aueminot. per

doz. blooms.. 2 6-30

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 6 0-80

— Mme. A. Cha-
teney.perdoz.
blooms .. 8 0-90

— Richmord-
perdoz. blms. 5 0-80

— Pink Queen,
perdoz. blms. 8 0-90

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms.. 7 0-80

Snowdrops, per

doz. bun .. 2 0-30

album, long.. 3 0-36 Tulips, white. per

r u b r u m
per doz.. lone.. 3 0-36

short .. 16-20

Lily-of-the-Vallpy

per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0
Narcissus.
Grand Prime,
per doz. bun. 5 0-60
— Pheasant Eye

per doz. bun- 4 6-50
French Flowers, &c.

doz bun. .. 30 0-36 0

— yellow,

— Darwin in
variety, per

doz. bun. .. 21 0-24 0

— mauve Darwin

per doz bun. 24 0-30 0
Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 2 6-40

Allium (Star) per o.n
doz. bun. . . 2 6

Ane''One double
pink perdoz.
bun 2 0

— single, mixed,
per doz. bun. 3 0

- single, red,
per doz. bun. 1 6

Cut FoIlPPe. fcc.

Adiantuni (Mai s.d.s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 9 0-10 n
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 8- J 0

— medium,
doz. bunches 12 O-m 0

- Sprengeri .. 10 0-12 0
Bronze foliage .. ! 0- 6 0
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches U 0-lB 0
RUMWKS.-In .iflditinn (n
rs there

Average Wholesale Priees.

1- s.d.-.(

Freesia, per doz,

bun 3 6-4

Marguerite, yel

low. per driz,

bun 3 0 3

S'ock. white, per

doz. bun .. 3 6-4
— pink, per doz.

bun 4 6-?

Avernge Wholesale Priees

S.d. E.d-
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 B- 0 R
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0- 2 f
Moss. gross

bunches .. 6 0-70
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved t 0

French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-16
a good supply of Daffnrlih

flo

fJV,

Gne

rge

nts nf

sponsible for fewer Roses and Tulips.

Sti>ck,

(Sta

nd thei--

„i,,l ■ ' i! nes. Rich

iinri - ■ !:■ ' White Stock Alli i

«liii.' I!.!'. 1 .It- in fair demand f,ii \l„
on Palm Sunday.

Plants In Pots, be.: Averajre Who!
s.d.s.d

val-;

B 0- e 0

Aralia Sieboldii.

dozen ..
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus

per doz.
- Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

le Priees.

s.d s.d.
Fe'ng in 32's. per

doz 12 0 1« 0

choicer sorts,
per doz. 4S's.. 8 "-12 0
10 0-12 0 Geonoma gracilis.

doz. green .. 24 0-3fi 0 Kentia Belmore-

Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0 —

— tray of 12's ..6 0-
Cineraria. 48's

per doz. . 12 0 15 0
Cocos WeddelU-
ana 48's. per
doz 18 0-30 0

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Croton. per doz. 18 0 SO f
Cyclamen. 48's

per doz. .. 21 0-24 0
Daffodils 48's.

p^r doz. .. 12 0-15 0
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. ,. 10 0 15 0

— per 100. in
small and

large 60's .. 14 0-24 0

ana. per doz. 4 0 8 0

larger per
doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana.

I 60's. per doz. 5 0-80
Latania borbon-

ica. per doz .. 12 0-30 0
Lilium longi-
florum. per

doz 24 0-.30 0

1 an ci folium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

— - album .. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites in

48's. per doz. 9 0-10 0
Pandanus Veitchii

perdoz. .. S6 0 48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6 21 0

.Remarks. — Fob plants are moxe in demand. Cyclamen,
Epa^ris, white Ericas, Boronia, Deutzia, Acacia, and a
few Spiraeas are on sale. There are also good 6uppll«s
of Glenistas and folias* plants, which are improving in
qu.ality-

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Priees.

Artichokes, Globe
per doz.

— J er u salem,
per cwt.

Asparagus. Paris

Green. per bun.
Beetroot, per bag
Beans, English,

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bag
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts.

per 24 lb.
Cabbage, per

tally ..
Carrots, washed.

per bag

— New, per doz,
bun

Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac. per doz,
Celery, per doz.

bundles
Chicory. English.

per lb

Cucumbers, per

doz

Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per lb...
Herbs, per doz.

bun

12 0 —
0 10 —

Horseradish, per s.d. '■

doz, .. 66 0 '

Kale, per bag .. 10 0
Leeks, per doz.

bun 4 0

Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz. 2 6
Mushrooms, per lb. 1 6-
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets .. 0 10-
Onions. per cwt 25 0-1
spring, per

doz. bun. .. 8 0
Parsley. perj bus. 10 0
Parsnios. oercwt. 25 0
Peas. French, per

pad .. ..10 0-1
Potatos. new, per

lb 14-

Rad ishes. per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz, .. 12-

— natural, per
doz. bun. . . 7 0

.Savoys, per tally 6 0 1
Seakale, per doz,

punnets .. 24 0
Shallots, per lb, 0 8-1
Spinach, per flat 8 0
Swedes, per ton 50 0-i
Turnips, per cwt. 6 0-.

— New, per doz.

bun 18 0-;

— Tops, per bag 12 0-1
Watercress, per

doz 0 6-

Fruit : AveFaga Wholesale Prlets.

«.d. s.d.
Almonds, per

cwt 70 0-74 0

Apples -

— Call f ornian
New towns.

per case .. 15 0-16 0
—English
Cooking, per
bus 13 0 16 0

— Main States,
barrels .. 55 0 66 0

— Oregon, per

case . 18 6 22 0

Bananas, Red, per

ton .. .. £25 —

— Jamaica, per

Grapes, con. «.d. s.d,

Gros Colman.

per lb 4 0-60

Grape Fruit, per

case .. ..34 0-35 0
KentCobs. perlb. 2 0 —
Lemons, per case 22 0-40 0
Nectarines, per

box .. ..4680
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 120 0 —

Coconuts, per

100 .. .. 31 0-.32 0
Oranges, per case 21 0 50 0

- Palermo Bit-
ters, per case 20 0-24 0

Peaches, per box 5 0-80

Californian 14 0 14 6

- Cape, per box 3 0 5 0
Plums, per box 2 6-80
Stra wherries,

forced.. .. 6 0-15 0
Tomatos. English,

per lb, ..2 6—

Walnuts, per

cwt 75 0-80 0

ton .. .. £22
Chestnuts. per

bag .. ..40 0-42 0
Cranberries, per

case .. .. 13 6 -
Dates, per doz.

boxes . . ..8 6
Grapes: Almeria.

per brl. .. 3) 0 35 0

Rejuiiks.— .Supplies of .Apples of all varieties are
iMuited, but there are fairly large stocks of Pears on
hand. Forced Strawlierries are now obtainable in
limited quantities. Orape.s are not plentiful but a fe*
Gros Colman are obtainable. English Tomatos are now
available Parsnips are scare? and expensive. Broccoli
Head.s are arriving from Cornwall and Roskoff. and the
market is glutted with Swede.s. Seakale is fairly plenti-
ful. The market is fairly well .supplied with Cucumbers
and Mushrooms for time of year: Dutch and Egyptian
Onions are now arrivinir E. H. R.. Covent Garden
Mnil-rt. March 2S, 7.1/7.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS

r. W. HigirS. Gardener to Uie late J- B. II.VXKEY,
Esq.. Fetcham Park. Leatherhead. as Gardener to
it. M.\RTINE.\U. Esq.. The Lodge, Holyport, near
Maidenhead. (Thanks for 3s. for R.G O.F. box.—
Eds.1

r R. Greenfield. Midland representative to .John'
Peeo \xd Son, West Norwood, for the duration nf
tlio war as Garden Superintendent. Garden Works
Department,, Messrs. WHrTE and Poppe, Engineers and
Munition Manufacturers. Coventrv.

i's.perdoz. 6 0-70 Spiraea, perdoz. 12 0-15 0

CATALOGUES RECEIVED,

Ltd.. Kilnfield Garde

Communications Beceived-— M. & Co.— H H.—
T. C— E. v.— F. W.. Barbados— A. Trevor-Bart,tve—
L. C.—C. J. M — E. M.— H. W.-G. M. T.— A. G.—
L. L.— W. L.— G. A.— C. P.

Do Not

Forget the
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" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
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The CHRONICLE is very
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the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers."

This letter was sent us by
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Write to us now, and
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March 31, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

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A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

POST FREK.

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NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
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Also in bulk at

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iMil.pliud from .si,,cki,

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C<i/n/o^)tit'.s- rif Prices sen/ free on Application

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Catalogue on application.

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ROSES, in all forms, new and old varieties.

FRUIT TREES, for the orch.nrd and garden.

HARDY TRKES and SHRUBS.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRO.NS and CAMELLIAS.

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Fr cf Lists "n application stating articlt'S rft/uir-tf,

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TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Makch 31, 1917.

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Primula, Handbook o{ the Hardy. By H. M.

Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
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Pruning. A Compendium of Outdoor Work, with
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Cobham. New Edition. Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rock and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley,
rockwork expert. A practical guide to the
making of Rock, Alpine, Wall and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants smt-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
500,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
preu).

Rose, The Book of the. By Rev. A. Foster-
Mellier, M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
Ss. 6d.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
Weathers. De.scription, Culture, Propaga-
tion, Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrationfi.
5s. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other-
wise. 2s. 2d.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San-
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper. Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W. Irving and
R. A. Malby. A practical work on the
Culture of Saxifrages. WeU Illustrated in
Colour and Half-tones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc-
tion to the Scientific Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. 5s. 5d.

Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta-
tion. By Prof. Hugo De Vries. Second
Edition. 21s. 6d.

Sitrawberry Culturist, The Illustrated. A Book
worthy of the attention of Raisers of New
Varieties, as of the General Cultivator.
Is. 7d.

Strawberry, The Book of the. With Chapters
on the Raspberry, Blackberry, Loganberry,
Japanese Wineberry, and Allied Fruits. Bv
Edwin Beckett. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition.) By
Horace J. Wright. Contains 8 Coloured full-
page Plat.es. With Chapter on Sweet Peas
for Exhibition by T. Stevenson. Is. lOd.

Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums. By William
Cuthbertson. Is. 3d.

Teratology, The Principles of Plant. By W. C.
Worsdell, F.L.S. Containing a large amount
of new and interesting information. Illus-
trated. Price 25s. 8d.

Tomato Culture tor Amateurs. By B. C.

Ravenscroft. Illustrated. New Edition. In
paper, Is. 3d.

Tomato Culture for Market. Bv J. Stoddart.
Is. Id.

Topiary, The Book of. By C. H. Curtis and W.
Gibson, of Levens Hall. 2s. lOd.

Trapping of Vermin and Birds, Practical. By
W. Carnegie. Is. 3d.

Trees: A Woodland Notebook. By the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., F.R.S., LL.D.
22s.

Trees and Shrubs, Beautiful Flowering, for
British and Irish Gardens. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Planting,
Pruning, Propagation, etc. Coloured Illus-
trations. 3s. lOd.

Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. By
W. J. Bean, Asst. Curator of Kew Botanic
Gardens. In two volumes, with Illustrations
and Index. 43s.

Tropical Gardening and Planting. By H. F.
MacMillan. Second Edition. Revised and
Enlarged, with many new features added.
14e. lid.

Variation, Heredity and Evolution. By R. H.
Lock. 6s. 4d.

Vegetable Culture lor Amateurs. By Trevor
Monmouth, arranged alphabetically with a
calendar of operations for the year. New
Edition. Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Vegetable Garden, The. By Henry de Vilmorin
and W. Robinson. New Edition. 15s. 7d.

Vegetable Gardening, The Principles of. By
Prof. L. H. Bailey. &;. lid.

Vegetables and Flowers, the Culture of, from
Seeds in Tropical, Semi-Tropical, and Tem-
perate Climates. By Sutton & Sons. Read-
ing. 320 pagers. With numerous Illustra-
tions. 5s. 6d. England; 6s. 9d. Abroad.

Vegetables, The Book of<- By George Wythes,
V.M.H. 2s. 9d.

Villa Garden, Mv. Bv S. Graveson. Illustrated.
2s. lOd.

Vines and Vine Culture. By the late Archibald
F. Barron. V.M.H. New Edition. Revised
and Enlarged. Illustrated. 6s. 5d.

Alpine Flora: for Tourists and Amateur Bota-
nists. Bv Dr. Julius Hoffmann. Translated
by E. S. 'Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp). 7s. lid.

Alpine Flowers for Gardens. By W. Robinson
Revised Edition. With Illustrations, lis.

Alpine Plants, Dictionary of (see " The Engli.sh
Rock Garden "). By Reginald Farrer.

Alpine Plants of Europe. By H. Stuart
Thompson. With Cultural Notes. 64
Coloured Plates. 7s. lOd.

Alpine Plants, Sub=. By H. Stuart Thompson.
Including Coloured Plates by G. Flemwell.
Price 8s.

Asparagus, The Book of. By Chas. Ilott.
With sections on Celery. Salsify, Scorzonera.
and Seakale. Illustrated. 2s. lOd.

Bacteriologv, Agricultural. By J. Percival,M.\
7s. lid".

Banana, The : Its Cultivation, Distribution, and

Commercial Uses. By W. Fawcett. With

Preface by Sir Daniel Morris. 7e. lid.
Bee^Keeping, Book of. A Practical Manual on

the Proper Management of Bees, especially

written for Beginners. By W. B. Webster.

Illustrated. Is. 3d.
Bees, for Pleasure and Profit. By G. Gordon

SauLson. With chapter on " Bee-keeping in

Hot Climates." Illustrated. Is. 2d.
Botanic Terms, Glossary of. By B. D. Jackson.

7s. lid.
Botanic Names, Dictionary of, and their
English Equivalents. By G. F. Zimmer.

2s. 9d.
Botanist, the Young. By W. Percival Weston

and C. S. Cooper. Excellent for young

people commencing to botanise. 3s. lOd.
Botany, Agricultural. By J. Percival, M.A.

7s. lid.
Botany, A Practical Introduction to the Study

of (Flowering Plants). By J. Bretland

Farmer, F.R.S. 121 Illustrations. 2s. lOd.
Botany, A Primer of. By Sir J. T>. Hooker,

F.R.S. Is. 2d.
Botany, A Textbook of. By Dr. E. Stras-

burger. Translated by H. C. Porter, Ph.D.

Revised. Fifth Edition. 779 Illustrations.

18s. 6d.
Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and

School Use. By Francis A. Kitchener. With

195 Illustrations. 6s. 4d.
Botany, Elementary. By Dr. E. Drabble.

2s. lOd.
Botany, First Course of Practical. By G. F.

Scott Elliott. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.
Botany, Lectures on Plant Physiology. By Dr.

Ludwig Jost. Translated by J. Harvey

Gibson. Morocco back, gilt top, 24s. 6d. ;

cloth, 21s. 6d.
Botany, Practical Plant Physiology. Bv

Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S. Recom"-

mended for use in colleges and schools.

36. lOd.
Botany, Structural. By D. H. Scott, M.A.

2 Vols.

P.^RT I. — Flowerino Pla>"ts. 3s.. lid.

Part II. — Flowerless Plants. 3s. lid.

An excellent introduction to the Anatomy

and Life Histories of Plants.
British Plants, List of. By G. C. Druce, M.A.

A detailed list of Species and Varieties.

2s. 9d.
British Plants, The Uses of. By Prof. Henslow.

4s. 9d.
Cambridge Manuals of Science. Cloth Edition,

Is. 5d., post free.

Bees and Wasps. By 0. H. Latter, M.A

Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Bed-
dard. F.R.S.

Insects, The Life Story of. By Prof. G. H
Carpenter.

Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. By
Frederick Keeble. Sc.D.. F.R.S.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Printed for the Gardeners' Ohroniole. Limited, by Lovb aitd Malcomson. Ltd., Dane Street, Hi(rh Hfilhnrn. London, W.0.1, and Published weekly by the Gardenert'
Ohronide, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Oorent Garden, Oity of Wettminster, Saturday. March 31, 1917. Agent for Manoherter : John Hitwood.

EarWVBLISHED 1541

W 3980

No. 1580. Vol. LXI.

{TBIKD't
BEBIIS/

SATURDAY, APRIL 7, 1917. {Registered « a Nawpaper.jPR'CE 3d.

K IPOST-FREI, Sid.

BVBSCMIFIIOir—ItUan*, IBhi Wortign, 1719 {22fr. tOe.] [$4 20t.] par •noum. Snfrtd at Hie Yark Ftt Offl** •* teeond-clats matttr.
Postal Address— 41, WalUntton Street, Caveat Qardea, W.C. a. Telerrapblc Address— "aardcbron. Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 139.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlitT dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANI;RE and other hig-h-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulirs
tree on appUcalion to DIOKSOS'8, Eoyal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Oon-
ftorratories, Winter Gardenfl, Vineries, Peaoh-houaes,
Portable Building, &c. Catalc^piee gjatia.

BLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will
have pleasure in sending a of>py of their 1917
Catalogue of Bcgoniaa and DeJphimums, &o., &c.,
free, if this paper u mentioned. Magnificent strong
root«i of our unequalled Delphmiuzus, in superb variety.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING& GLAZING
" Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
■' riastine " eupereedes putty. Full particuJarB from
W. OARSON & SOSS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the oounlJ^.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and stsaidard
varieties is rea«iy, and will be sent post free on appli-
cation. — (Dept. A) B. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbedb.

BATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illus-
trat«<l OataloKue of Choice Vegetable and Floweir
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
he sent post free on application. — fDept, A), R. H.
BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbeob.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Oroes, Ltd. , beg to offer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new ajid old, for presenft planting. Priced
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S BOYAL NUB-
SERIES, Waltham Cross, Herts.

TAMES GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

'■' »ervatories, Greenhouses, &r., and Heating Engi-
neer. Danvera Street. Chelsea, London, S.W.3. Wire. 201,
Western L^mdon, Telephone : 201 Western.

flUNYARD'S ASPARAGUS. — Orders

■*-' are now being hooked for these plants for delivery
in March. List, with full directions and prices, on ap-
plication.—OEO. BUNVABD ft CO., LTD., Boyal Nur-
Hcries, Haidstone.

"inOLAS, fiii.'st Scotch, 12 Bedding

' Varieties, correctly named, 2fl. 3d., post free. Early
Uhrysantbcmuma, 12 very fine varieties, 33. 9d.. post
free. Strong plants.— DOBBIE & CO., Florists, Edinburgh.

TVATKRER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-

»» l)i;s IM.ANTS and WATER LILIES. Largo
ttock.-i of tho hast aril imut popular varieties. Dcscrip-
tiv« CaUlogiio free. ,)iiHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SDTTON'S FLOWEE SEEDS.
The Best.

eUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

*^ BEADINQ.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

"RARR'S Beautiful LILIES. GLADIOLI,

-■-' CAXNAS. MONTBRETIAS. TIGRIDIAS. Sc, for
spring plantinc- Descriptive Catalogue free on applica-
tion.—BARR fc SONS. King Street, Covent Garden,
London.

fJARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

-a-* SEEDS of flne«t seSeatied strains and tested
growth. Catalogue tree on applioatdon.

BARR'S Hardy PERENNIALS, AL-
PINES. ROCK PLANTS, Aquatics. Climbers, Sm.,
for Spring planting. Catalogue free on application.

KELWAY'S graceful and beautiful
" LANOPRIM ■• IIVBRID GLADIOLI.
These new Gla<Iioli are most graceful, and provide
Yellow, Amber, .and Apricot sha*!^! not to be found in
our other largc-flu\vcre<l h.vbrid Gladioli.
They are quit* hardy and flower in July and August.
The.v flourish in towns, and ore invaluable for deoorat
ing hospitals, churches, and the home.
Send (or reduced War Price Lists of our new rarieties.

KELWAT & SON, Retail Plant Dept.,
LANGPORT, SOMERSET.

1 (\f\ fidfi LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

^\J\^ *yf\J\f 203. 100; Palms. Begonias, Orotons,

Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies. Hydrangeas,
&C. ; catalogues free —J. E. SMITH. London Fern Kur-
seriee, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In What Soils to Plant Them," with Catalogue,
free on application. Special selections, 12, 38. 6d. ;
25, 6s. 6d. ; 60. 123. 6d. ; 100. 258. All different, named,
strong stock ; please state position and soil. — Q. B.
PHIFPS, Alpine Nursery, Bamham, Bognor.

CALCEOLARIAS (GOLDEN GEM) ;
strong, cold-grown, 2fl. 6d. 100, carriage paid. —
ENGLAND & FURNESS, Freelanda Road Nurseries,
Bromley. Kent.

Ij^ERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Fcms. Basket Ferns, Store and Greenhouse
Ferim. Hardy Garden Ferns; oatalogues free.— J. E.
.SMITH. I/ondon Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

YOUNG ORCHARD, eight years old
Fruit Trees, must be cleared to plant Potatos. — Apples,
Pears. Plums, Is, 3d, each. 12s, per dosen. Specimen
Trees in Standard or Bush, Is, 6d, to 38, 6d, each. Varie-
ties include Newtons, Bramleys, Chri,stmafl Pcarmain,
WIllianiH, Vii'toria.1, and all leading varieties. Lareo
Bushes in GooscbeTries, and Red, Black, and White Cur-
rants, fjti. each, 58. per dozen. All in full profit. No
waiting years for fruit.— FRED PABKE8, Vine Gardens,
Wyberton, Boston.

For Advertisement Charses see pace ill.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ century's reputation for effeotivenesa in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Tlirip, American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, &c
Sold m boxes about lib., 51b., and 121b,. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE 00., LTD., Battersea, London. S.W.

(^MISSIONS and Failures made good by

^"^ parrhasing Storrie's Seedlings, Just r<*:idy for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct dates f*>r best possible re-
sults ; ail popular Greenhouse plant's. Summer Bedding,
and Ilnrdv Border Flowers, &c. Grand lot of Ovclanien
now ready. Write for catalogue.— STORRIE & STORRIE,
Flower Seeds Bpeciolists, Qlencarse, Perthshire.

pEACH LEAF BLISTER.— Bunyard's

-*- Medela has been proved by hundrt<l8 of practical
Gardeners a certain cure for this trouble; to be applied
in March and April ; 28. per quaj-t, 58. 6d. per gallon, in
cans.— OEO. BUNYABD & CO., LTD., Boyal Nurseries,
Uaidst«ne.

T AXTON'S SEEDS AND FRUIT TREES,

-'--^ — New Catalogues of the above now issued gratis.
Grand New Earl.v Pea. Laxton's Superb, &c., Fruit
Trees. A flue st.n'k to offer- may st.ill bo safely planted.
Pamphlet on Cultivation on receipt of stamped enve-
lope.— LAXTON BROTHERS, Nurserymen, Bedford,

AMERICAN-GROWN GLADIOLI,

direct from Childs. New York,— America, 17s, 6d, ;
Baron Jos Hulot, 17s, 6d, ; Brcnchleyenais, 12s, 6d, :
Halley. 20s. ; Niagara. 36s. ; Panama, 32s, ; Princcps.
32s, ; Childsi New Giant Mixed. 17s, 5d, ; Gl-off's Hybrids.
Mixed, 178. 6d. per 100. Packed free and carriage paid.
—J. M. STEWART, 15, Market Street, Nottingham.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA
TIONS. strong, healthy plants, now ready,
aniong.'*t which are the following varieties : 4s. 6d, per
doz, out of sand, 5s. 5d. per doz in pots — Enchantress.
Snowstorm, May Day, Lady NorthcliiTe, Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantress; 6s. per doz. out of sand, 7s. per
doz. in pots — Enchantress Supreme. Salmon King. Gor-
geous. White Enchantress. Champion. Triumph. Prico
List of Latest Novelties on application.— J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayleigh, Essex.

ORCHID PEAT, 63, and 7s. 6d. per sack :
Brown Peat, 10s, 6d, per yard in trucks ; in
bags 28, 5d, each, 303, dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 468,; C.N, Fibre. S48, doien bags; list
free,- J, HANDSOOMBE, F,B.H.8., Feltham, Middtesex,

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen,- Try
our splendiil Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 vards for 178, 5d, Patterns free,
-BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00, (71), Bradford,

CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT,

A sure remedy against this pest ; cheap, practi-
cal, effective; tarred felt discs will protect your Cab-
bages and Cauliflowers from maggot attacks; Ss. per
l.OOO, Is, per 100 (postage extra, 9<1. for 1,000, 4d, per
100); full instructions supplied; cash with order.— FRED.
ROBINSON, 13, Langdale Boad, Victoria Park, Man-
obester.

SITEEL HAND PLOUGH and TRENCH

^^ HOE. A Wonderful Little Tool. A woman can do
more with it than two men with spades. Price 3*:.,
carriage paid.— LAND TOOL CO.. 18, Allsop Street,
Baker Street, London, W.

TllE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 7, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

FRUIT TREES,

Herbaceous Plants, Khododendrons.

1,500 ROSES

in variety, Clematis, Carnations, Lilies, Gladiolus and
otiier Bulbs, cases of Japanese Lilies, .fi;.c.

jVfESSrtS. PROTHEBOR ,«^ MORRIS
•'■'-■• will SELL the above bv AUCTION at their Cen-
tral Sale Rofims, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

WALTON GRANGE, STONE,
STAFFORDSHIRE.

SALE OF THE COLIjEfTION tiF KAKE AM) VALU-
ABLE ORCHIDS FOR.MED BY THE LATE
W. THOIVIP-SON. ESQ.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-*■ have received in.'Jt ructions from the Executors

to SELL by AUCTION on the premises as above, on

Tuesday, April 24th, and two loUowing days,

at 11.30 o'clock each day precisely.

A list of the principal plants will be found in the
advertisement m this paper on March 3rd.

The Collection may be viewed by appointment with
the Head Gardener, Mr. J. Howes. Catalogues are now
ready, and may be had on application to the Auc-
tioneers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL EEGISTEH OF NURSERIES, MARKET GAB-
DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published by

jV/TESSRS. rHOTHE-ROE &, MORKIS

xTX every month. Copies may be obtained post free
on application.— Estate OflBces, 67 and f" *"
London, E.G.

FOR immediate disposal, old-fashioned
Freehold Nursery, about 3 acres,, well planted with
Fruit, &c. ; 10 Greenhoufies; about 400ft. run; mostly
haated ; dwelliug-liouse, stabling, seed oflaces, &c. ;
artesian well ; extensive frontage on main road ; bad.
health only reason for selling. — For terms, write E. D.,
Box 16, 41, Wellington Street, Coveivt Garden, W.C. 2.

PLANTS, Ac, WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

* old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchan^ge.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free.— SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughbormiirh Junction, London,
S.W.

MIS PEL LA NEOUS,

OILSKINS THAT DO NOT
STICK.

Oilskins thiat will give you good service amd stand
hard wear. Oilskins that never fail to keep out the
hardest rain or sleet— BEACON OILSKINS. Men's
Coats from 9/-, Leggings from 2/9. Sou'-westers 1/6.
Ohildren's Coats 8/6 upwards. Ladies' Smart Oilskins
18/6. Deal direct with us and save money. Send a
postcard to-day for our Free Booklet of " Weather
Comfort," describing money-back guarantee. — Send
now— before you forget— to BARBODE'S, LTD., 66,
BEACON BUILDINGS, SOUTH SHIELDS.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Llnas Ss. (Head-line counted as Two)i
6d. for eaeh succeeding line.

PRIVA TE.

BAILIFF or HEAD GARDENER; cap-
able ; wide business and trade nursery experi-
ence, with special knowledge of Hardy Plants and Rock
Gardens; age 33; single; exempt; South pi-efen^d ;
good SiaJary.— P., Box 4, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

WTANTED. HEAD GARDENER, with

' ' wife as good Ijaundre'^s, without children, or
grown-up family; another Gardener kept; cottage
found; Churchpeople.— Address, stating ages, length of
character in last place, and wages required, to G. B. D.,
King's Library, Dorking.

W'ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-^

' " DENER ; careful manager, having fii-st-class ex-
perK-noe, where 3 or 4 are kept; undeniable reference
lequiied ; ineligible ; good wages, cottage, and garden. —
Full particulars to G. HAMPTON. Noi-ton Manor, Sutton
Sootney, Hants.

Tl/'ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' » DENER ; ineligible ; married ; cottage provided ;
gooil wages.— Apply, MRS. DODD, Church Mead, Pir-
bright, Surrey.

ANTED, capable SINGLE-HANDED

GARDENER ; Help given ; for country bouj^e ; no
tJreenliouse ; cottage wan garden. — Address, G. B., c/o
Vinton's, 8, Bream's Buildings, London, E.G. 4.

WANTED, a good SINGLE-HANDED

"' GARDENER, Under kept; cottage and garden.
— ."Vpply, MRS. WITHAM, Whitmoor House, near Guild-
ford, Surrey.

W/'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER, tor

"' Inside and Gut; cottage or comfunable Botiiy
provided, also tire, hght, and vegetables ; good wages
to suitable man.— A. BRADBUUV, Biynlupus, Llan-
dudno.

T?t/'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER;

' ' good all-round experience; take tuin witli duty ;
wages, o2s per week ; 3 kept.— J. L:HAM3EKS, Ihe Gar-
deiis, Leigh Holme. Streatham, S.W. 16.

UiNUEH-SITV COLLEGE OF iNOKTH WALES.
DiLP.Uil'iViENT OF AGRICULIURE.

TN co2mection witli the Iwo Years' cour&e
-*■ uf piactioal instruction in Horticulture tor women
and gals arranged in co-operatiou with the Maiquis
of .\ngiesey and Colonel the Hon. K. Stapleton Couon,
tuere are two vacancies to be tilled up at once. Pupids
take a tuU share in the work of tae garden and are
paid for their services.

Full particulars and forms of application may be
obiained from

R. G. WHITE,
University CoJlege (Old Buildings),

March 31, i917. Bangor.

''PHE Lambeth Metropolitan Borough

-■- C^ouncil requires the services of a GARDENn-R
tinel.gihle for military service); wages, 30s. weekly,
plus ,is. war bonus. — Write, stating age and exiwri-
t.uce, to the BOROUGH ENGINEER, Lambeth 'lown
Hall, Brixton Hill, S.W. 2.

^i^ANTED, GARDENER ; ineligible ;

" ' good cottage, rent, taxes, rates free ; large
Wild and Kitchen Garden, Herbaceous Boideis, small
Greenhouse. Fowls ; state wages.— MRS. WORSDELL,
Aruside, Westmorland.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER or
drschaiged soldier would do; wages, 30s. — Apply,
LEWRY, Heathfield House Cottage, Eliot Vale, Black^
heath, S.E. 3.

WANTED, from April 16 to September 3U,
good Practical WOMAN GARDENER, to look
after Rock and Rose Garden and Herbaceous Borders ;
could live in with other sei-vants, or have lodgings near;
good wages given.— Write full particulars, REV.
MALLINSUN. Woodlands. Ledbury. Herefordshire.

T ADY GARDENER WANTED, May 8,

^-* thoroughly exi>erienced ; live in.— MISS CRAlGIE
HALKE'rr. l^ahill, E.\eter.

Y^ANTED, T\V(.) WOMEN GAR-

' " DENERS, e-xperienced In:^lde ; good wages. —
.V I'ply. HEAD GARDENER, Forest Park, Windsor.

T ADY GARDENERS WANTED, for

-'-' (a) Aberdeen ; HJiAD of 4 ; nice Garden ; Vege-
tables, very little Glass ; interview in town ; (b) Croy-
don ; SINGLE-HANDED ; 3 good rooms supplied ; 1
acre ; Vegetables. Conservatory ; (c) Gloucester ;
SINGLE-HANDED; 28s. week; vegetables, milk, and
furnished cottage supplied; Vegetables, Fruit, and
Flowers ; also FARM WORKER wanted ; live together ;
22s., vegetables, milk, Ac; small farm; (d) Slough;
SINGIJl.HANDED ; man kept for rough and hard work ;
Kitchen Garden, few Beds, Greenhouse ; and many
other postj;.— MRS. HUNT, LTD.. 86, High Street, Mary-
lebone, \V. 1. No engagement, no fee.

ANTED, T^VO WOMEN UNDER

GARDENERS, experienced Inside and Out;
Rose and Flower Gardens, Rockery, Herbaceous Bor-
ders, &c. ; accommodation provided, no board. — State
qualifications and wages expected, and send references
to MR. RODWELL, The Lodge. Butler's Court, Beacons-
field.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside and
Out) ; able to take duty ; wages, £1 per week
and Bothy ; duty and overtime paid.-rAppJy. with par-
ticulars, to H. A. PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize Court,
Hanipstead. N.W. 3.

ANTED. IMPROVER; Inside Houses

and Out; age 16; wages. 18s., Bothy, vegetables
and milk.— E. MORGAN. Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WANTED TWO SMART YOUTHS;
chiefly Outside ; wages. £1, with Bothy, milk
and vegetables. — Apply, H. PRINCE, The Gardens,
Polesden Lacey, Dorking.

ANTED. CLERK (Lady); quick at

Shoi+haiid. Typing, also Figures; comfortable
office; state salary, experience. — E. W. KING, Seed
Merch-ant, Coggeshall, Essex.

w

TRADE.

"WANTED, HEAD WORKING FORE-

' » MAN ; thoroughly experienced in Grape, Peach,
and Tomato growing.— Apply, giving full particulars,
wages. &c., to E. BOURGAIZE & CO., Leigh Vineries.
Wimborne, Dorset.

■WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN ;

"" Cucumbers and Tomatos ; market nui-sery,
Cheshunt district; wages 45s. weekly and bonus.- Apply,
stating age, experience, when disengaged, and send
reference to B. W.. Box 5, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

"1\7'ANTED, ONE or TWO MEN, experi-

' ' enoed in Rockery, Building and General Land-
.scape work. — Apply, stating wages, experience, with
copies of references, to BROADHEAD, Wooldale Nur-
series, Tliongsbridge, Huddersfield.

TyANTED at once, a practical WORKING

MAN for the general work of a small Nursery,
one House only, for working Roses and Clematis ; must
be successful Budding and Grafting, and good Hand
Pruning and Transplanting all Outside Nursery Stock,
and good at Violas ; must be ineligible, or beyond any
military call ; cottage found close to the Nursery. —
Apply, with references, stating age and wages required,
to JAS. HOLDER & SON, Crown Nurseries, Reading.

T^AXTED, a superior well-etlucated
'" WOMAN to take charge of the Packing Shed;
able to do simple Book-keeping, and good at making
up Wreaths, Crosses. Bouquets. &c., under supervision ;
hours, 7 a.in. to 5.30 p.m., with hour for breakfast
and dinner; 1 o'clock Saturdays. — Apply, with refer-
ences, stating wages expected, to"lhe OUTDOOR SUPER-
INTENDENT, The Horticultural College, Swanley,
Kent.

TyANTED. young LADY FLORIST, for

"" Croydon, First Hand; capable, energetic person
required— Apply, THOMAS BUTCHER. The Nurseries,
Statu Ji Road. .South Norwood, S.E. 25.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Elgnt words or less.

PRIVA TE.

QARDENER (Head) and MANAGER;

^-^ small Farm if required ; 30 years' experience ; 12
years as Head here ; holder of Botanical, Agricultural
and Horticultural certificates ; excellent recommenda-
tion. — G. GRIMMER, Norton Manor Gardens, Sutton
Scotney, Hants.

f^ ABBEY open Re-engagement ; first-

^-^ • class experience in all branches of Horticulture;
iccoiiimeuded by present employer.— Aston Rowaut Gar-
dens. Oxon, WalJingfortL

QARDENER (Head); Scotch; age 43;

^-^ 111 laige establishment ; thoroughly experienced
in all branclies ; active, good Manager ; for 12 year's
Head at O.sberton ; leaving through death of the Right
Hon. F. J. S. Foljambe; would undertake inanagement
of small estate ; excellent references ; used to producing
Vegetables and Fruit in large quantities. — Apply to
.TAMES B. ALLAN, Osbertou Gardens, Worksop, Notts.

(^ARDENER (Head) ; life experience,

^-^ gained in large establishments ; excellent refer-
ences ; married when suited ; ineligible.— SAUNDERS,
Bark Place Gardens, Henley-on-Thames.

QARDENER (Head, m good Single-

'-^ handed) ; capable and trustworthy in every way ;
life experience ; aged 44 ; good references ; would accept
post for duration of war.— A. BROWN, The Lodge,
Portley Wood, Whyteleafe.

(TJARDENER (Head, cr good Single-
^~^ HANDED) ; experience Inside and Out ; good refer-
ence.—HEATHER, c/o Mrs. Collyers, Hampton Cottage,
St. John's, Woking, Surrey.

IVTRS. LEOPOLD SALOMONS Recom-

-^'-■- mends her HEAD WORKING GARDENiBR ; age
SO ; 20 years Norbury Park ; left through death ; experi-
enced all brmnohes.— Apply, GEO. KENT, Pixham Lane,'
Dorking.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; where 2

^-" or 3 Under-men are kept; life experience in
good all-round Gardening ; can be highly reconi-
ipended; age 48; married, no family.— T. E.. Box 6,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-

^-" perienoe in all branches. Inside and Out ; in-
eligible ; married, one boy 14 years ; good references ;
leaving on aooount of emploj-er giving up the place. —
CHARLES DICKER. Puddingfon Hall, Neston, Cheshire.

QARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-

'-* engagement with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment ; life experience in all branches and stock ;
age 48; wages, 35s., house and firing. -J. SHRIMPTON,
353. Norton W*v. Letchworth, Herts.

Apml 7, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENER ELECTRICIAN (Head
Working), seeks situation ; life experience in all
branches of gardening; take charge, and do running
repairs to electric installation; age ^5; abstainer;
married ; one in family ; highest possible reference's. —
Wage, &c.. to M. J.." Box 26, 41, Wellington Street,
Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

G~ARDENER.— Good KITCHEN GAR-
DENER, well up in Vegetables and Fruit ; under-
take 2 Co«!>, Pigi, Poultry; age 50; wages, 30s.. house
and firing; or could manage mixed fann. — C'o T.
Grove 47, Chase Side, Old Southgate, N.

LADY GARDENER, fullv certificattd, 6
years' experience, desires post as HEAD Wi:>EK-
ING; could bring Assistant; South of England pre-
ferred — Elder Lodge. Fox Court, Corstorphinc, Mid-
lothian.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Post;

^-^ Single-handed or with others;; open Garden; near
London preferred.— M., c o MR. TAYLOR. Chapel Place,
Tunbridge Wells.

LADY GARDENER seeks Re-engage-
ment ; 2 years' experience in large private place
under Glass ; previous trade ; please state wages. —
E. H., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden.
W.C. 2.

SOLDIER'S Wife (son, 12 years). Hus-
band late Gardener, would clean and attend to
Bothy, or help in house, in return for cottage, coal,
&c. ; good references; aue 42.— MRS. Ct'TMORE. 104
Crystal Palace Road, East Dulwich, S E. 22.

TRADE,

pOOD PRODUCTION.— Advertiser de-

-*- sires responsible position. Intensive Crops, Pigs,
Poultry, Fruit, Tomatos ; conversion raw products into
vaJuable table commodities; unique mail order proposi-
tions.— " Strathmore," Llanfairpwtl, Anglesey.

ADVERTISER desires Situation; Market

•**- Garden or Fruit Farm ; some knowledge Vegetable
Growing, Poultry. Drive; wife would assist; abstainer;
ineligible.— KENNETT, 12, Southfields Road, Ea-sibnurne.

C^ENTLEHT.AN. i-ierted. v itli -ome ex-
^^ pcrience of Fruit Growing, seeks employment on
Fruit Farm; good references; salarv expected; might
invest small sum later.— Write, A. R., Box 6, 41, Wel-
lington .Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later then

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

t -. d.

Ordlnarjr Poaltloni _ _. ... per psga 10 10 0

Faclagf mattsr and Back Pafts .. ,, ,, 12 12 0

Half and quarttr fun, column aad half tnlunin

•paces, pro rata.

£ s. .1.

4 line space nok exceedkng so words 3 0

Per tnch, stngls colnmo •. ,., 7 0

Per Inch, across 2 columns _ ,„ 14 0

Per Inch, aorois I eolnmnt .. _, _. I I 0

Frant put* (no dlsplar allow* I) 1/- per line space,
[Headllns roaaled ai twe lines.]

For dlicoanta aprlr tn address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.
26 words, Is. ad., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These AdTSftlssmeDli most be errpsld, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c.. OUT OF EHPLOYHENT.

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

Thi DaniD KlNSDOM 1 SI- per annnn.

AltOAS .„ 17/6 „

Chtqtus and P.O. 8 to 6. made pniia.liU to "Gardeners'

CHRO."ilCI,K." LTII,

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: 1643 " Oariiohkon, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1643 GuaRAjLS,

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS TURF LOAM.

Flowering plants in .'iin. [lOt-
Standard varieties, 18/- per dozen, 110/- per 100.
Novelties, 22/6 per dozen, 130/- per 100,

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc

BORDER CARNATIONS

Strong plants in Sin. pots,

T/tJ per dozen, 50/- per 100.
All plants CAHR. PAID nmi t.nckftl free for cafh.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY .

A. F. DUTTOH-S NOTED CARNATIONS. poRBES' ILLOSTRATED CATALOGOE.

IVER, BUCKS.

RIVERS'

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees.

A LARGE AND SELECT STOCK
ALWAYS ON VIEW.

ILLUSTRATED AND

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOeUE

POST FREB.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

8awbridsreworth, Herts.

STATION : HAKLOW, G.E.R. I

ORCHIDS! ORCHIDS!!

Clitulugili- of

COWAN'S LARGE and FINE
COLLECTION of ORCHIDS,

un.l |..arti.ular.s of

COWAN'S NEW ORCHID
POTTING MATERIAL.

POST FREK ON APPLICATIOS .

It is now a statutory offence to post a cmtalogite unless
a written application is made for It.

JOHN COWAN & CO.,

Gateacre Nurseries, Galeacre,
LIVERPOOL.

Floriit'i Floweri, Hardy Plants,

Vegetable and Flower Seedi,

Free on Application.

JOHN FORBES (Hawiok), LIMITED,

TKe Kings Nurserymen,

HAWICK, SCOTLAND.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grrown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Rars and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nnrseries, CHELTENHAM.

CLIMBING PLANTS

tPrc»ent-Day Gardening Sericf)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction br William Robinaoo.)

Z] Practical H»ndbook on the Treatment of Olimb-
„ ing Plants, both hardy and tender specie§.
Illustrated with 24 full page plates, 8 of which
are reproduced in colour.

Pric e 2/ 10 pott free from:

Th* PUBLISHING DEPT.,

" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES.

41. Wellington Str*et, Covent Garaen, W.C, 2

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practicivl work on tho cultivation and manage-
ment of Hock Hardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of tho best and most popular works

on the subject.
Contatna S plates in colour. Price IjlO post /res,

THE POBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41. WellinBton

Street. Covent Garden, London. W.C. 2.

ONLY OBTAINED TO ORDER.

7N consequence of an Order of the Board of Trade prohibiting publishers
from taking back from retailers unsold copies of any newspaper or
journal the GARDENERS' CHRONICLE will only be obtained to order
in future. Fill in and despatch to your newsagent A T ONCE the form given
below, as you will now find it impossible to obtain a copy ai short notice by
any other means.

To Newsagent.

Address

Please deliver to me each week, at the address below, a copy of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE until further notice.

Signed ■

Address..

Date.

IV.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Ar-RiL 7, 1917.

White-Kin^ White
Mixture— Finest Spencers. Waved

Collections.— 6 plants each, 12 ^
3/3 ; 12.iitto. S/9 ; 25 ditto. 10/ ;

' Spring i.i Heat.

N<I. 4,6 tr

Sil. 4 (i f,,l
'lA. 4/- gj

TOMATOES.

SeedliDps fi lu^ilDt I
tranaplotg ) j)OltiCki

yr.. 1/- 1- 16

50. 1/6 »n 4 b

KKt. 2/9 ]i I 7 6

selection, 1 9

6 ditto. / ; I'J -litto. 5/6; 25 ,

Early Caul-flower Plants. 8d- d'.z.. 4 - Jnii ^p

TERIV1S.-C.\\.(» I'lejiee remit extra fur I ) U e ^r

Dl ir^l/'O St. John's, tl

Duv^rvo, IPSWICH, ts

SEEDS BY RETURN

FROM

RYDERS

ST. ALBANS

Easter Time is Sowing Time.

Seeds ordered from Ryders, St. Albans,
will re.Tch you by return of post. Send
your order to-day or write now for

ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE FREE.

SHORTAGE OF SUGAR

makes jam making difficult. Solve the
problem by using Sugar Beet.

SOW RYDERS
SUGAR BEET

for jam making. Full instructions for
sowing, growing and using with each
packet. Price 8d. per ounce, 4 ounces 2/6.

All orders dispatched by return post.

Orders value 2/6 Carriage Paid.

Only Address. No Agents.

RYDER & SON, ltd.,

Seed Specialists, ST. ALBANS.

SWEET PEAi
PLANTS.

Autumn Sown. Cold Grown. "m

PLANT NOW IN THE OPEN. |

Send for our New List of gg

90 VARHTIES INCLUDING 20 NOVELTIES. II

Orange Scarlet-Thom

Mauve— Bi-itrand Uf^l Impro\'ed
Blue iLight — Flma Norton Spencer
Blue iD rk— Lord Nelson Spencer
Lavender— Lavender Geo. Herbert
CaPmine — John Inguno..
Picotee *iOged— i velyn Hemue

GeaaBaaa:;i:i;juayuaaaLijauujaaajiaQi

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
-^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
1^0 io- (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturera of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND.'

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &e., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.0'
kfriars Wharf, Upper around 8tre.t, S.E.

Quott Gardkneks' Chronicle.

And

Horse Shoe

Boilers

For Economy.

Ab used in the
Botanical and
Zoological Gardens

PRICE OF

COMPLETE

APPARATUS

ON APPLICATION.

G.P.KINNELLUO

Ltd.

South wark St.,
LONDON, S.E

Pot Buying is
Easy with CRETS.

You don't worry about the number
of pots to a " piece " or " cast "
when you buy CRETS. They
are sold per 100. Economical
too, because so reHable, uniform,
healthful.

Specimen CRET Prices :—2y ins., 4/-
per 100; II ins., 75/-. Carriage Paid
on orders over 20/-. Safe Deli'
Guaranteed.

FREE SAMPLE "CRET' POT c
sting booklet giving pri<

Write

PETER BAILEY & SONS, LTD.,

2, Heaton Mersey Pottery, near Manchester.

BY APPOINTMENT.

Pauls' Royal Nurseries.

Waitham Cross, HERTS.

Large stocks of the following in excellent condition
for .Spring Planting, at very moderate prices ; —

ROSES, in all forms, new and old varieties.

FRUIT TREES, for the orchard and garden.

HARDY TREES and SHRUBS.

HARDY CLIMBING PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS and CAMELLIAS.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

SEEDS and Garden Sundries.

Frice Lists on application totaling articles riquired.

Wm. PAUL & SON,

WALTHAM CROSS, LTD.

SANKEYS^^S^'^POTS

Polwgll PofUrics. NOTTINGHAM

^^ The " PATTISSON " HORSE BOOTS

SIMPLEST I STRONGEST ! MOST ECONOMICAL !
QOLE.=! of best English Sole Leather (Waterproofed), with Motor Tyre Rnhher
''~ Studs, or of s.ilid KiiMier. Fii;. 1 can lie Refitted repeatedly, equal to New
Boots. Rubber Soles Strongly Recemmanded.

DSFD FOR MANY YEARS IN THE ROYAL AND IN
IHODSANDS OF THE PRINCIPAL GARDENS.

The " PATTISSON " BOOTS are the most durable on the
market, outUsting several sets of ordinary boots, and when
worn out can be many times refitted and are then f^quii to new
ones, but this may only bs satisfactorily done by us, the makers.

Fig. 2, A Quality.

SILVER MEDALS. Hundreds of Testlmon.

Royal Horticultural Soc., 1904 ials. Thf " Field " says :-

& 1914. Royal International " As good as anything that

Bshibitiun, 1912. could be devised "

Illustrated Prict Lists, from the Makers.

H. PATTISSON a CO..

4-6, Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM, S.W.

CONTRACTORS TO H.M. OOVT.

Apml 7. 1917]

TME GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

139

yo. USO.— SATURDAY, APRIL 7. 1917. '

CONTENTS.

Booki. notices of—

Oenu3 Eucal>T)tU3 .. I4j

Johnson's Gardeneri"
Dictionary .. .. 140

Plantae Wilsonianae.. 144
Bnitsein, ■.llotmeDts in.. 145
Escbscholzia Cambridge

Cream 145

Cotoneaster hiimifiisK .. 140
Farm, «rops and itock

CD the 147

Forestry—

Spring in the woofllami 140
Fruit planting, problems

of .

145

Gardeners and National

Service 144

Humogen, experimenti

vlth

146

Insecticides

Nitrogen-flxing bacteria 144

Obituary-
Van DiCToet, H. ..147

(irchid not«s and glean-
ings-
New Odontiodas .. 140

I*;iiTotiii persica .. .. 146

Roses, select varieties of
Societies —

Manchester and North
of England Orchid . .

Nursery and Seed
Trade

Royal Horticultural .. :
Societies, local
Strawberries, substitute

for littering .. .. :
Sulphate of ammonia for

Potatos :

Vegetables —

Mean Masterploe*

Bean .Mont d'Or

Leek, the value of the

Maincrop Potatos

Maximum yield, the ..

Par

System of cropping
Weelt's work, the —
Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, t!
Kitchen garden, th«
Orchid houses, the
Plants under glass

.. 14S

ILLUtTRATIONS.

Allotment, system of cropping an 141

Cockchafers 148

Cotoneaster humifusa 140

Eschsihiilzia Camlirldge Cream 145

INSECTICIDES.

IT seems probable Uiat there will be a demand
for British-grown fruit this year at prices
far in advance of those ruling hitherto, and
it will pay well to get the utmost yield possible
from every acre of orchard and fruit cultivation.
One reason why Canadian and Tasmanian fruit
is appreciated so much in this country is the per.
feet condition of each individual fruit, a result
partly due to the very thorough methods taken
to prevent damage by insects. These methods
are in some districts compulsory. WTiilst fruil
grorwn here is rarely perfect, that which is
imported is so to an extent wholly unknown
in this country

The use of insecticides is a practice that contri-
butes to perfect fruit to an extent only realised
when one comipares properly sprayed fruit with
fruit from trees not sprayed. I propose to dis-
cuss the matter from the point of view of the
man who has a sprayer and wants to make
what spiuy-fluids he needs himself. Some years
ago I helped to spray on a plantation with a
mixture of nicotine, quassia and soap, costing
10s. a hundred gallons ; it was found to kiU
about 40 per cent, of the Apple suckers. .V
mirture described below was substituted, cost-
ing 4s. to make, and it killed 90 per cent, every
time.

In all insecticides there are two things to think
of, whether the liquid will wet the plant o^
insect, and whether it will then poison or kill the
insect. For instance, for a caterpillar you must
fimt have a liquid that will wet the leaves, and
then add the poison that is to remain there and
kill the caterpillar when it feeds ; for some in-
.sects you have to think of another point, whether
the liquid will dissolve the waxy covering after
it has wet it. Thus, for woolly aphis of the
Apple, you want a wetting ingredient, a wax-
dissolving ingredient and a poisoning ingredient.

For wholesale use it niay pay to use an insecti-

cide made to kill a special insect, bat in general
the best plan is to have a standard wetting mix-
ture, and to add to it ingredients to poison or
dissolve wax of the various pests.

Standard Wetting AIixtures. — Three
formulae are given, of which the second may
be impossible in the present scarcity of potash
(soft) soaps. All the more valuable will be the
resnn-soap formula.

1. Resin, block or lump, 81b.
Washing or ciystal soda, 8 lb.

Dissolve the soda in 3 gallons of water, in a
vessel capable of holding at least 10 gallons ;
ȣ! it, and add the resin roughly powdered, a
ittle at a time, while it boils. When all is
dissolved add water slowly till it makes 10 gal-
lons. This is resin stock solution, and should be
diluted with nine times its quantitv of water.

2. Soft soap, 10 lb.
Water, 100 gallons.

Dissolve the soap in 10 gallons of water and
dilute 1 in 10. Use rain or soft water.

3. Bar or hard soap, 7 lb.
Water, 100 gallons.

Winter Washes. — In view of the R.H.S. trial
mUde in 1914-1915, it is only necessary to give
an excellent formula.

4. Make formula 1 and add 1 quart " creo-
.sote oil " to the stock solution. Dilute at
1 gallon to 7 with water. Spray tree-trunks
before the buds open. " Creosote oil " is usually
obtainable from ironmongers ; it is a black oil
smelling like tar. In .some places you can get
crude disinfectant fluids th.it make a milky mix-
ture with water: these will do just as well if
used at 1 quart to 4 gallons of water, but are
usually more expensive. The object of a winter
wash is to clean trunks and branches of moss
and of wintering insects. The best winter
washes under proprietary names were tested by
the R.H.S. in 1914-1915.

Caterpillar Wash. — Lead aiBeniate is the
safest substance in use for killing caterpillars
and such insects as weevils ; it is put on with a
wetting solution, and poisons the insects when
they feed. It is also used against Codlin Moth,
spraying the flower-trusses just after the petals
fall. As in some years we lose over 60 per cent,
of the fruit from this pest, a little arseniate put
on at the right moment is a useful help. Lead
ar.seniate is .sold by firms in paste form : the
only question, then, is, how much water is in
the paste and whether the grower is buying
too much water. It is easily made with a lead
salt such as lead acetate or nitrate and sodium
arseniate.

5. Sodium arseniate, IJ lb.
Lead acetate or nitrate, 3J lb.

Dissolve each separately in water; mix in a
barrel to, say, 30 gallons with cold water. Take
1 gallon of this and 1 gallon of Formula 1 —
resin stock solution — or Formulae 2 or 3. and
make up to 5 gallons ; spray at once. The lead
arseniate liquid in the barrel must be well stirred
up before mixing with the wetting solution, as
it settles down.

An alternative, and one that is particularly
valuable as a general protector of all fruit trees
and plants against biting in.sects, is lead chro-
mate, which I personally hold is the most valu-
able insecticide we have. It is made like the
last, substituting

f>. Potassium bichromate, 2i lb.
Lead acetate or nitrate, 5 lbs.

It forms a brilliant yellow liquid that is mixed
and used in exactly the same way as described
in the previous formula. The yellow chromate
will remain on the foliage for months. If made
as above it is entirely harmless to plants, and it
is an excellent protector.

7. Apple Sucker Wash. — It is against sucker
that growers waste much money on nicotine and
the like. If only, after spraying, they would
pluck a truss and count the live and dead suckers
in it, they could test the effectiveness of their
spraying. The best results obtained in a series

of trials in Middlesex were got by adding
1 quart of creosote oil to any of the three wet-
ting mixtures 1, 2 or 3, described above, and
spraying with a coarse driving spray at the
trusses.

Woolly Aphis.— This is a pest that needs a
wax solvent ingredient as well as a killing one.
The best is carbon tetrachloride, obtainable at
any chemist's, but methylated spirits or petrol
will do at a pinch. To 3 gallons of the
Formula 1 stock solution, or Formula 2 or 3
strong solution, add 1 pint of carbon tetrachlo-
ride and 1 oz. of "creosote oil." Dilute 1 to 7
with water and use as spray.

The grower will find here a new insecticide
in carbon tetrachloride. There are a num-
ber of such not yet obtainable, but any com-
petent chemist can get this liquid. It has the
advantage of being non-inflammable.

Woolly aphis is easy to dispose of if one can
get .at the colonies quite early. One can do a
great deal with a paint brush or a small sprayer
then, and avoid extensive damage later on.

8. Red Spider on Goosebekry. — The one
Essential thing for this pest on Gooseberry is
sulphur and a wetting wash. The best plan is
to take 3 lb. flowers of sulphur for every 10
gaUons of Formula 1 resin stock solution and
stir it well in the stock solution while it is hot,
then dilute 1 to 8 and spray lightly over the
bu.slies.

Aphis or Green Flt. — For all forms of green
fly .and black fly tlie safest thing is a plain
wetting wash such as either of our first three,
with nothing added. The ide;d wash for black
fly on Beans is yet to be found, in my opinion,
and it is not a.t all ea.sy to do anything with it
once it h.os got a hold. The same applies to
Plum green fly. Any spraying to be done must
be early, when the first colonies start.

Other Pests. — It is an advantage to know
just when to spray so as to get a pest in an
easy stage. I once got, I believe, every single
one of hundreds of brown scale on Currant by
spraying just as the young insects that winter
on the shoots and buds had begun to stir on
the first spring day. I was trying " miscible
oil " sprays at the time, and out of hundreds
of scales on shoots I examined, not one was
found alive. Mussel scale is a very easy pest
to kill, if one sprays almost any wash on the
b.ark and branches in June, just when the young
insects are out.

Growers accustomed to spraying may wonder
why I have made no mention of nicotine, quas-
sia or paraffin. The first cannot be got except
in the form of some proprietary wash, and it
is obviously impossible to refer to these ; the
second can be extracted from quassia chips, but
I have never personally understood how it
worked or what it did ; the third is excellent
it you can get the right oil and emulsify it,
but as this is impossible now I omit reference
to it. Growers will find this year that the sup-
plies of many insecticides may be precarious, or
that they h,ave been varied in composition. A
miscible form of the proper grade of mineral oil
is an excellent insecticide, but such cannot be
generally obtained at present except as proprie-
tary washes.

It is worth considering whether in every gar-
den, orchard and plantation the principle of
having on tap, so to speak, a harmless wetting
liquid, to which can be added lead chromate,
or sulphur, or creosote oil, will not make wash-
ing and the treatment of all pests very easy.
In all-round gardening the " wetting liquid "
serves for dipping pot plants, for washing Rose
trees, for touching mealy bug or scale, for
washing white fly or root mealy bug, for spray-
ing orchards, and by having one basis for
all outdoor mixtures, the proper wash for every
pest is very readily and easily made. It is also
an economy, and this year the economical pro-
duction of the maximum of saleable produce 's
a duty, as well as a source of profit. H. M.
Lefroy.

140

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 7. 1917.

ORCHID HOTES AMD CLEANINGS.

NEW ODONTIODAS.

Odontioda Buascinator (Oda. Bradshawiae
xOdm. Fascinator).— Mr. Jas. Smith, Orchid
grower to tilie Duke of Miariboroiiigili , sends
flowers Off two iorms of the above cross. One is
small, with d'ark red flowe.TB. There are whitish
maTkingis on the petals; ,th? lip is cream-whiite
at the base and roise-coJoured in front, with a
large chestnut-red blotch in the centre. The
larger form has broad sepals and petals of a
deep re'ldish-scarlet colour and a lighter red lip
with yellow crest.

Odontioda Bix (Od<i. Vuylstekeae x 0dm.
Rolieae), from C. J. Pliillips, Esq., The Glebe,
Sevenoaks, is, ion its present stage, a small
but pretty flower. In colour and mai'kinigis it
is nearest to 0dm. Rolfeae, but hp.s a decided
tinge of violeftMpurple on tihe Sreipals and petols.
The lip is broad and fiimely foaimed. showin.g tOie
influence of 0dm. Pescatorei w'hich took part
in the p,roductinn of. both paire.nits.

Odontioda Borham (Odai. Charlesworthii
X Odm. Vulcan) lias flowered with Mr.
Phillips for the firft time.

COTONEASTER HUMIFUSA.

Grown naturally from seed or cutting.s,
( 'otoneaster humif usa (syn. C. Dammeri) is
a perfectly prostrate p'lant, which roots freely
wherever the branches come in contact with the
.soil. It is invaluaMe for covering a sloping
bank or overhanging rodkwork.

This Cbtoneaster .is covered in autumn and
winter with brigiht scarlet, aflmost spherical
berries, but these tfam only be seen to advan-
tage on a grafted plant. A good strong stock
sHiould bs seIeote<ll of one of the common species
like C. frigida, and the grafts inserted four
'to six feet from the ground.

In the case of the plant illustrated . which is
growing at Aldenliam, the stock is forked and
the pro.strate form grafted on each of the
bi'anohes. In this way the best effect is ob
tained frOTn the cascades of blossom in early
summer, and briJliantly oolmired berries in
autumn and winter.

NOTiCSS OF BOOKS.

A New Gardeners' Dictionary."

As stated on the title page, this dictionary is
basBd on the original edition of 1846 of Jo/in-
foil's CotKir/e Garden Dictionary , but some of
the features of that classical work might well
have been left out or modified, especially some
of those relating to classification and geography .
Few of US could now clafisify a collection of
pla.nts according to the Linnean Sexual System,
and mlany of us have never learned it ; yet it
is retained for the older portion of the enumera-
tions, togi'tlwr with tJie Natui'al System of Lind-
ley. Additional genera are not thus classified,
the sexual system being omitted, and soine varia-
tions in natural methods introduced. Geographi-
cal terms have undergone little or no revision ;
some of those employed seventy years ago are
now obsolete, and almost unknown. Taking the
genus Acacia, we find some species recorded
from New Holla.nd, others from Australia, others
from Van Diemen's Land, others from Tas-
mania, others from Swan River, King George's
Sound and Western Australia respectively.
Abbreviations are used throughout the volume,
but they are not explained, either at the be-
ginning or at the end. Specialists may under-
stand what is meant by G.C, W.G.. B.M., B.R.,
M.D.G., L., and the rest; but the majority of
purchasers would not. The figures denoting

* Jnhnson.'a Gardeners' Dictionary and Cultural In-
structnr. Edited by J. Fraser and A. Hemsley. Svo, pp.
323. A n«w edition, based on the original edition of 1846,
recast and brought down to the year 1917. (London : George
Koutledge & Sons.) Price 128. net.

stature are more easily understood, once a clue
has been obtained. As to the claim on, the
title page that the work has been brought down
to 1917, it would have been better to let it
rest at 1910, as in the preface. There are names
enough; a. rough approximation giving some
85,000, including synonyms. Each generic name
stands in black type, followed by its etymology,
family, and other particulars, including cultiva-
tion. Species are classified according to dura-
tion and alphabetically, xvith English equiva-
lents of the names, height, flowering period,
colour, native country, date of introduction and
place of publication of many of the additions.
Although the book cannot be called a critical
compilation, it will be very useful to the gar-
dener who cannot afford a more expensive work.
From the foregoing description he can form an
idea of the nature and scope of the work and
the kind of information it contains. " Critical
species or forms of minor importance, having no

attention anxl money. Apart from the defects
pointed out, it is exceedingly well edited. The
typography is good ; the paper is good ; the
volume bound in cloth boards, weighing only
2^ Ibs'. — a consideration in these days of over-
mineraJised papers. IT.

Fli;. 4S. — C0T0NE-\STER HUMIFI'SA AS A GRAFTED
PLANT ON STANDARD.

horticultural value, have been omitted; also
most of the hybrids, which are not likely to
have any permanent value." This unfortunately
excludes the results of one of the most attractive
branches of gardening, claiming now an equal
right with any other for recognition. Yet two
columns of te.xt are devoted to " Hybridising
and Crossing." Returning to names. Of
many genera they are overwhelmingly numer
oils, mostly without any aid to selection for
small or moderately large establishments.
Reckoning the columns of names at 50 each, there
are at least, of Pelargonium, 350 species ; of Aca-
cia, 250; of Rosa., 300: of Mesembryanthemum,
350; of Erica, 350; of Rhododendron, 250; and
of Dendrobium, 450. With the exception of Acacia,
no guide is given to the selection of the best
species for va.rious purposes. Though falling
short of what it might have been under more
drastic re^'ision, this new edition of an old
companion is well worth the young gardener's

FORESTRY.

SPRING IN THE WOODLAND.

The present month will be a busy one with
the forester who is anxious to be abreast of his
work and determined to carry it through in the
most ethcient manner. Not only will there be
the felling and haulage of timber, but fencing
(lud drainage of woodlands, nursery work, and
preparation for bark stripping will all require a
fair share of attention.

Never before in the history of our country
has so large a quantity of home-grown timber
been felled and converted as during the past
two years, and the energies of our woodmen are
being taxed to the utmost. Sales of trees have
been numerous. The dry, frosty weather of
early spring was suitable for the removal of
heavy timber fi-om wowl? and plantations, and
vast quantities have found their way to our
coEieries and for war pui-poses to France and
I'landers.

The fencing of woodlands from which timber
has been removed should receive attention before
farm stock is turned out; while the removal
of debris from qpen ditches is impei"ative for
the health of the crop of trees. En(iuiries are
being already made for Oak and Larch baric, and
witih every probability of a substantial advance
in price, the revival of an almost obsolete in-
dustry of iiiu- woodlands is much to be desired.

Before the war the best class of Oak bark did
not realise more than £2 12s. per ton, but last
season fully £7 was the selling price, and there
is every probability that £10 will be reached
for well harvested Oak bark during the coming
summer.

As the searon of bark-stripping is of fhort
duration every preparation should be made be-
forehand, trees marked and numbered, tools in
readiness and squads arranged so that an early
start may be made, as by deferring the work
beyond the proper time there is not only a
perceptible loss in weight, but considerable de-
terioration in the quality of bark as well.
In most cases the time when the bud is just
expanding into leaf is that which gives the
greatest weight of bark of the best quality and
with the smallest amount of labour.

In the home nursery all vacant ground should
be trenched or dug over, and where the soil has
become exhausted by frequent croppings the
application of some thoroaighly decomposed
manure or leaf soil will greatly assist in the
production of healthy stock. By April seed beds
should be formed and seeds of the various forest
trees that it is consiidered advisable to pix)i>agate
in that way may be sown in thoroughly pul-
verised soil. Turn heaps of rotting weeds, and
add a small quantity of fresh lime.

Ground work of all kinds should be pushed
forward, hedges planted and shrubberies dug
over and pruning resorted to where necessary.
Though a dry March is a nurseryman's season
for the preparation of his seed beds, and the
sowing of a great part of his seeds, yet no
attempt should be made to get upon the land
intended for this purpose as long as the soil
.adheres to the feet, as the result is generally
an unkindlv and unfavourable seed bed.

Coppice felling should proceed rapidly, as with
favoui'able weather an early shoot from the stools
may be looked for. Firewood should be stacked
or lotted for disposal, branches made into fag-
gots for firelighting. and the manufacture of
charcoal, for which demand is good, carried out
wherever surplus rough timber is available.
J. D. W.

April 7, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

141

VEGETABLES.

A METHOD OF CROPPING.
The plan illustrated in fig. 49 shows a method
of cropping a ten-rod plot suitable for Scotti.-;h
"rowers. It will be seen that half the area is
devoted to Potatos, and the remainder to other
useful vegetables, including Onions, Leeks,
Carrots, Beet, Turnips, Beans, and green vege-
tables. The Parsnip, a verj- useful winter food
crop, is represented by one short row, whereas
Turnips, which possess much less food value,
are allotted five rows. The reason for this may
he that Parsnips occupy the ground for the
whole of the year, whilst Turnips, Beet and
Carrots can be succeeded in the same season by
other crops, such as Celerj' and winter greens.
It will be noticed that the practice of intercrop-
ping Cabbages with Broad Beans is recom-
mended, but the plan makes no provision for
intercropping Potatos witli Brussels Sprouts or
Kales, which is often done by amateurs, but not
always with success.

MMNCROP POTATOS.
Tht, notes on pp. 114 and 125 on the planting
of maincroj> Potatos particularly interested me.
In thi^ neighbourhood the belief exists that, un-
less Potatos are allowed to remain in the ground
for a considerable length of time after maturing,
their table qualitiee are not brought out to the
full. Lart season the farmers and small-holders
in tlhis district were digging well into, and
even at the end of. November, which seems to
me to be nothing short of courting <}i9ease. I
Icnow that it is impos.iib!c for many men to dig
their tubers earlier when other crops, such as
Corn, have to be attended to, threshed, and
marketed. Last sea.son I lifted two patches of
Pot.itT!;, one of the Factor and the other I'p-to-
Date, on August 3 and 4 respectively, which
were planted on March 21 and 27, sprouted seed,
and I wa<i looked upon as being more or less
mad for turning them out so early. Both varie-
ties showed signs of having completed their
growth and ripening, and yielded splendid
crops, and the skins rubbed a little. The tubers
w<?re ?tore<l in a cool shed on an earth bottom
and kept remarkably well, and we used them
up to Cbristmas. Those of TTp-to-Date were of
good table nualitv, and my only regret is that I
did not reserve some for cooking now. The
Factor is of inferior quality here. When I first
came here a gardening fi-iend told me that, un-
less I sprayed. I should not have a crop to keep.
I made enquiries, and found that Potatos in
th«Be gardens were never .5prayod. A short time
ago I was in conversation with a farmer who,
on the whole, grows Potatos very well, but whose
crop was badly blackened with disease last sea-
son. T asked him if he sprayed, and he said,
" No." He sprayed once, and could see no
benefit; so he has come to the conclusion that
he fares as well as other people with his crop.

The farmer in question also told me that
he saved his own seed every year, but
rigorously selected it, which he cuts and
plants in a perfectly dormant state, the
se^d being not more than 15 inches apart.
He also stores his tubers under cover, a system
which has mnch to commend it. insomuch that
they may he examined during inolement weather,
and certainly they keep well, for I had the
pleaHure of eating some which were veritable
balls of flour. He also guarantees tJhat a sacl'
of Potatos lifted and weighed in October wil.
weigh the same the following .Inly. E. B., Fota
Oardens, Qupenslovm .

PARSNIPS.
In his search for a "stable basis" of com-
parison between one food crop and another,
Mr. Simmons (p. 125) rightly insi.sts upon taking
into consideration the time a crop requires to
grow, and in doing this he gives figures that
place tiie Parsnip very low i^wn in the list of

food-yields per unit area. Are not his figures
somewhat misleading? A crop of 12 tons from
an acre of Potatos ready to lift in time to sow
Beet, etc., as a following crop is rarely secured,
fchougli it is not impossible, as the records of fche
Wisley trials (e.g. B.H.S. Journal, XLL, p. 290)
show, but surely a yield of 8 tons of Parsnips

the only factor in the production of high yields
of Potatos. Now the caloric-yield of Potatos
per pound is about 440, of Parsnips 240, or in
the proportion of 11 to 6. The gross yield, on
the assumption of a 12-ton Potato crop and a
16-ton Parsnip crop, will be as 132 to 96, nearly
enough the proportion of 1 to J . given in

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issnKii r.v TiiK <:laS(iow and

under similarly good cultivation is extraordin-
arily low. The average yield of early Potatos
in market garden practice is about 6 to 8 tons
to the acre, and of Parsnips 14 to 16 tons. We
may expect the latter yield at least on land
capable of producing as many as 12 tons anacreot
early Potatos, although good cultivation is not

the leading article in the Cardtntri Chronich,
February 34, 1917, p. 86. This is not so great
a difference as Mr. Simmons shows between the
two crops, but there is still the fact that a
second crop can be grown after the early
Potatos. The real difference, the difference in
net yield, is, however, not so great even as 1 to

142

TBE GARDEN ERIS' CHH07fICZn,

[Apmi, 7, 1917.

I suggests, for we ought to take into considera-
tion the energy expended in obtaining the crop,
and place that on the debit side of our account.
Since the area cultivated (say 1 square rod) is
the same under both crops, we may ignore in-
terest (that is, rent, rates and taxes) on the
capital represented by the land, and state our
expenditure in energy rather than in money.
It would be interesting to put the facts into
figures, but they would vary so much in dif-
ferent cases that little purpose would be served.
To secure the Parsnip crop cost the energy
expended in digging the ground after the pre-
vious crop, raking down, drawing drills, sow-
ing, thinning, occasional hoeing, lifting when
required, and the food value represented by
1 oz. of Parsnip seed, which meant the energv
contained in (say) i lb. Parsnips and expended
in hari-esting, cleansing, and distributing the
1 oz. of seed. What energy' must we debit for
the Potato crop? Its cost was the energv ex-
pended in digging the ground, raking down,
making drills or furrows, setting, hoeing.
earthing-UD, lifting and storing; in making ind
carrying the manures, both natural and arti-
ficial, and their application : in lifting, grading
and selecting the (say) 10 lb. of seed, its car-
riage from Scotland, and its sprouting, prepara-
tion, and carriage to the planting-place, and
possitily in securing, making, and applying
.sprays ag.oin.st disease; heavy items these,
though probably not enough where an acre-crop
of 12 tons of early Potatos can be obtain«d to
oust the Potato from its position as the premier
food-yielder. Put also in the balance the greater
certainty of the Parsnip as a crop, and the
margin is but small.

Beet, if nennle will but cat it as a vegetable,
will run the Potato even closer, and the Jeru-
salem Artichoke will not be far behind it. and
probably ahead of the Parsnip. These four
crops seem to give the greatest net returns of
anv of our garden crops. They are available
over a long period and provide varietv both in
flavour, in mode of presentation, and in the
kind of foodstuff contained — in the Potato,
starch ; in the Beet, cane sugar : in the Jeru-
salem Artichoke, inulin — a kind of soluble
starch ; in the Parsnip, both starch and sugar.
F. J. Ohitten(h.n.

TO OBTAIN THE MAXIMUM YIELD.

Many growers who have only a small area of
ground do not realise the fact that the depth
and height belong to them, and that by deep
tillage of the soil and a proper method of train-
ing, much more produce can be obtained than
is generaMy imaeined. Take the case of the
Runner Bean, which i.s a deen-rooting plant, and
much appreciates a deep, well-enriched soil. By
training the shoots to a good height and allow-
ing the plants plenty of room, the produce may
be doubled or trebled. They should be
allowed to grow 10 to 14 feet high, which means
tliat a miich leas qiuantity need be grown
than when they are given shorter supports. This
is a greiait gain, as it enaMes one to use the
ground thus set free for other crops. The same
applies to many va.rieties of Peas. Many root
crops, such as Parsnips, Oan-ots, and Beetroot,
give a much grea.teT weight of produce when the
plants have a deep and inviting rooting medium.
Eduyin BpcTcpII.

THE VALUE OF THE LEEK.

CoTi.tGEES and other owners of small gardens
in the South do not cultivate the Leek or recog-
nise its great value as a vegetable. When well
cultivated after the manner advocated by Mr.
Beckett, carefully coofced and served, its best
qnalitiee are fiuUy developed, and once the^e
are reaUised they can scarcely fail to be highly
appreciated. The hardy nature of the plant in-
creases its value, as the most severe frosts in no
way injuriously affect it. During the first week
of February, on three consecutive nights 29°,

32°, and 28° of frost were registered in these
gardens, and only the points of the leaves were
affected, whilst all other exposed green
vegetables, including hardy Kales, with the ex-
ception of Spanish Beet, were spoiled to such a
degree as to be pa.st recovei'y.

From the commencement of the war vege-
t.ibles have been .sent to the Navy from these
l.;iirdens, and the Leek, in its season, has helped
much in furnishing a supply. In most large
gardens tliei'e is usually a surplus of Leek plants
at the time of planting the main crops, and the
distribution of these amongst the occupiera of
small gardens Who may be in need of them
would ultimately make an agreeable addition to
the supplies of the kitchen, and undoubtedly, if
made goud use of, educate inexpei-ienced receivers
as to the utility of cultivating this estimable
vegetable. Thos. Coomber, Tht Hendre
Gardens, Monmouth.

DWARF BEAN MASTERPIECE.
I AM growing tliis excellent Bean somewhat
extensively this year, both under glass and in
(.jjen borders. The individual pods are of a
beautiful green colour, abundantly produced, and
extremely fleshy. The Bea.ns keep tender for
several days after certain other varieties become
stringy and unusahle. I have not attempted to
force this variety very early, but with moderate
forcing and making use of the sun heat by
dlosing the house early and promoting plenty of
atmospheric moisture, its behaviour has been
very satisfactory. I grew Masterpiece in the
open last year by the side of several other
varieties, and was well pleased with it.

WAXPOD BEAN MONT D'OR.
I HAVE grown this variety for many years for
its tender, golden pods, and in the majority of
seasons with good results. For a change from
the ordinary varieties, when gathered quite
young, the pods are mudi appreciated. The
plants should be allowed am.ple room and a good
position, as they arc not so hardy as the green-
podded varieties. By sowing at intervals, a
ooni&tant supply of tender pods may be had for
several weeks during the summer. //. Mark-
ham, Wrotham Parh Gardem, BarneJ.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DnuN, Foreman. Roj-al Gardens, Windsor.

Cucumbers.- Plants which were raised early
in the season will now be producing fruit, and
should receive careful treatment with regard to
thinning and stopping the yooing shoots. Side
shoots may be stopped at the first or second
joint beyond the fruit, according to available
sipace, and all worthless growth removed while
quite young. Old, ix>ugh leaves should also be
removed, as these harbour Red Spider and other
pests. Top-dress the bed with small quantities
of fresh .loil a.s often as the young roots a-ppear
through the surface. Syringe the foliage twice
daily during sunny weatlier, and maintain a
temperature of 70° by night, rising to 85° by
day in sunshine. Very little ventilation will be
necessary, provided the fire heat is stopped
eaaly in the day.

Herbs.— Tlie present is a good time to make
new beds of T'ai-ragon and Mint. Tarragon roots
may be s;)lit into small pieces with three or four
eyes and planted 2 feet apart on good rich soil.
The best way to make a Mint bed is to plant
green shoots when a few inches long on gix)und
which has been prepared some time before. The
soil should be light and rich. The cuttings may
be planted one foot apart with an ordinary
dibber. By this method, good strong roots will
be available for forcing next winter, as well as

a full supply throoighout the summer and
autumn. New plantations of Thynne may also
lie made now. If seedling plants' are available,
tliey should be pla-nted 18 inches apart each way
on good rich soil. Sage iruay easily be increased
by inserting cuittings 18 inchets apart ahout the
middle of April. Tlie cuttings sihoaild be re-
moved from the olid plants before much young
gi'owith has been made. Sweet Basil and Mar-
joram should be sown in a. temperature of 60°.
n.nd the seedlings pricked into boxes of rich .soil
ns soon as large enough to handle. If planted
<m a wlarm border in June, tliey will produce
large quantities of green lea-ves throughout the
Slimmer and autumn. Tlie ilarjoram may be
lifted and potted in September for winter use.
Chervil .sihould be sown frequently throughout
the summer in order to maintain a continual
supply of green leaves.

8piN4CH.-Make frequent sowings of Spinach
throughout the season, and select a cool position
for the crop. At Frogmore v;e sow weekly in
pits throughout the summer months, and give
a free supply of water at the roots. New Zea-
land Spinach makes a good substitute for ordi-
nary summer Spinach in hot. dry sea.sons. It
sown about the end of April in drills four feet
iipart, it will soon cover the ground and produce
«. large quantity of green leaves. Winter
Spinach has so-iffered seriously from the recent
cold winds, and should be encouraged to make
fresh growth by stirring the soil between the
ro'Vg with ,a. hoe. Sprinsr-sown Sipdnach which
is jiusit showing through the surface may be en-
couraged in the sfime w.ay. If slugs are jiresent
.iiuongst the seedlings, they should be destroyed
by frequent duisitings of soot.

v<TCF.- Plants raised from seed in the
beginning of March should be potted into small
pots before thev become drawn. Grow them in
a temperature of 50°, and not them into six-inch
nots as soon as ready. These plants should be
kept as near the roof glass as possible.

TuBNiPS.— A sowing of Early Milan and Snow-
biall Turnips .«hould be made at once. SnowbaU
will become fit for use by the time Milan is
finished. If fbrtnightlv sov.inRB of Snowball and
Wliite !\IodeI are made, there shoaild be no
scarcity of young roots throuahoait the season.
As the seiiSon ad,vances, a cooler situation may
be selected for them. .Mlow 18 inches between
the rows, and thin to 9 inches in the rows as
soon as the seedlings are large enough. D'ust
the crop with sifted wood ashes, and protect
it from birds as soon as the young plants show
through the surface.

Winter Grf""*.— Sowings of Kales. Early
Broccoli, and Halloween Giant Cauliflower
should be made at once. A small sowing of
Savoy may aJso be made. Endive for summer
use may be sown now in drills 15 inches apart,
thinned, and afterwards transplanted as soon as
the seedlings are fit to handle.

Radishes «nd Mustard and CRFSS.-Make
a sowing of Radishes in a .slightly heated pit
and keep the nit quite close until the seeds have
germinated. Water the plant,s freely with clear,
soft water, in order that they may grow quickly.
Musltard and Cress should be sown each week
in a waaTn pit.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLI.IBR. Gardener to Sir JEREMIAH COLMAN,
Bart,, Gatton Park, Reigate.

Akridfs and its Aluies.— Such Orchids as
Aerides. Saccolabium and Angraecum are show-
ini; signs of root activity. The plants should be
cleared of all traces of scale insects. Specimens
that have lost a number of their bottom leaves, so
that a part of their stem has become bare, should
be treated as follows : If a few aerial roots can
be retained, the stem may be shortened and the
plants potted afresh, with the leaves on a level
with the ton of the pof. Plants that are well
furnished with leaves need not be disturbed by
repotting . but should have the old material re-
moved from their roots, replacing it with fresh
compost. Aerides, including A. odoratum, A.
compost. Aerides, including».\. odoratum, A. Lo
Lobbii, A. Fieldingii, A. ,?anderae and Angrae-
cum sesquipedale, are best grown in pots on the
stage, whilst such Saccolabiums as S. violaceuin

AnoL 7, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHKONICZn.

143

and S. retusum, together with Angraecum fastuo-
sum, A. hvaloides, A. citratum, and A. Kot-
sch>-i grow beat in shailow pans or Teak-wocid
baskets suspended from the roof-ratters
In repotting these plants, place a quantity of
crocks in the bottom of the receptacles as drain-
a,ge material. Employ clean Spliagnum-moss as a
rooting medium, mixing portions of broken pots
among it to allow the water to pass through treely.
Fill the receptacles to their rims, the material to
be highest in the middle, and finish with a laser
of livin<' Sphagnum on the surface. Water the
root* copiously, place the plants in the warmest
house, and keep the moss moist by frequent spray-
in"s until growth is again active. At that stage
water may be supplied freely. Such species of
Aerides as A. Lindlevanum. A. crassifolium, A.
crispum and A. AVarneri are best grown in ;m
airj' position in the Intermediate House.

Cata«etum,iCvcnoche8, and Mormodes —
As soon as young growths develop from the
base of the pseudo-bulbs of Catasetum, Cyc-
noches or ilormodes, the plants should receive
attention for repotting. Shake the old com-
post from the roots, cut away all decayed por-
tions and pot the plant each season in a re-
ceptacle of moderate size only, for over-pottiiig
is injurious to these plants. Put plenty of
drainage material in the pots, and press the
compost firmly round the baee of the rhizomes.
Long, heavy pseudo-bulbs should be neatly ti d
to stakes. A suitable compost for these plants
consists of a mixture of Osmunda-fibre cut into
rather short ix)rtions, chopped Sphagnum-moss,
and sufficient crushed crocks to keep the soil
porous. The plants should be ^own near the
roof glass in the warmest house. Give them
similar treatment in watering to that recom-
mended for deciduous Calanthps.

FROITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jas. Hudson, Gardener to Leopold di
RoTHSCHaD. Esq., C.V.O., Gunnersbury House, Acton, W.

Trebs in Flower.— With the increased
length of days and occasional sunshine there
should be no difficulty in getting the flowers
to set well. The be"s are busy amongst the
trees, and the}' do not attempt to escape from
the house even when the ventilators are opened
to render the atmosphere more buoyant. In
damp, dull weather use a little extra warmth
in the pipes to assist in keeping the pollen dry.
When reducing the amount of ventilation in the
afternoons we give a general damping of the
bare surfaces.

Pines.— Plants of Queen Pines that are slic.w-
ing their fruits should be watered a little more
fre«»ly tlia.n hitherto. I have grown this variety
both in pots and planted out, but I prefer pots,
as the watering is more readily under con-
trol. Use warm water for Pines at all times,
but more particuharly at this stage of fruiting.
Do not permit an undue number of suckers to
develop, but leave only sufficient to ke"p iiip the
refpiired stock. Younger plants that ane in-
tended for fruiting next year s/hould soon l>e
ptytted int^i their fruiting-pots. The tempera-
tures of t.he Pine nits should be 65° min. by
night, and 80° to 90° by day with 'sun-heat.

Planting Vine*.— The first fortnight of
April is a good time for planting vines. If the
soil has been duly prepared, as advised, during
March, and protected from both rain and
snow, it should now be in a good con-
dition for making up. Dairing a drv spell it
should h.ave been uncovered, and, if poisible,
turned over. In making oiur present Vine
bor^lers. I formed ,a concrete ba^e of ground-
lime .and gravel. On this I laid four-inch agri.
cultural land pipes clo.9e together up and down
the border, and on that the rough rublle
drainage; it was finisihed off with mortar rubble.
On tliis the roughe.st pieces of the turves were
laiid out. and the border was built up ais solidly
as po.i«ible until the height for planting wia«
reached. The soil was made sli?htly to slope
outvvardis. The depth of the border was about
7) feet 6 inches, and the width for planting \\p.»
under 4 feet. Tliis is ample both in depth .q.nd
in width for at least two vears. It is better to
get the border near the house well perme;ited
with roots at the start. The Vines should be
distinctly on the move by the time of planting,

but not sufficiently so as to cause any check to
the growths. It is well to disbud up to the
roof. If tliree young shoots are left it wiU be
ample, one being ultimately chosen to form the
rf)d. Tlie roots should be completely sliakeu
out, and if they are much interlaced it will be
well to wash the soil completely off them. See
that some of the roots radiate away both to the
right and to the left, as well as in other direc-
tions. If any roots appear to be at all damaged,
they had better be cut off above the injury,
otHierwise it is better to lay them all out. Cover
lightly with soil as each Vine is being attended
to. Then, when all are planted, place more soil
to the depth of between tliree and four inches
over the roots. Press this down firmly with
the hands, and afterwards give a fair soaking of
lukewarm water to settle the soil. A light
shaking of litter from the stables will make a
good covering if the borders are outside, but in-
side it is immaterial. Permanent Vines should
be planted four feet apart. Tile after-treatment
for a few weeks as regards temperature should
be moderate. Do not attempt to excite growth
too soon, but rather wait for signs of root
action. As a night temperature. 55° should
suffice for the first few weeks. Take advantage
of the sun heat, however, in sunny weather
bv closing the house early in the afternoon.
Do not on any account overcrowd the newly-
planted Vinery with plants in pots.

THE FLOWKB GARDEN.

By W J. GmsK. Gardener to Mri DiiiPiTiB, leele
Hall, Stailordshire.

Annuals for Supplyino Cut Blooms.—

.\iinuals suitable for supplying flower.s for
cutting are Scabioius, Coreopsis, Gailla.rdia,
Cosmea bipinnata. Phlox Drummondii, Clarkia,
Larkspur, Salpiglossis, Heliohrysum, Alonsoa,
Marigold. Nemesia, Statice, Dianthus, Aster and
Stock. The seed of the majority needs to be
sown very thinly in boxes, r.aised with a mini-
mum of h«it and the seedlings transplanted in
cold frames 4 inches apart. The frames should
be sprayed and shaded daily, and kept close for
a week oa- ten days, when air may be admitted
in gradually increasing quantities. Certain
kinds, including Nigella, Poppy, Lupin, Esch-
seholzia, Gypsophila elcgans and Mignonette are
best sown where they are imtended to flo^'er.
Most of the plants will need a space of 12 inches
or more.

Calceolaria.— If the plants of bedding
Calceolarias aiv allowed to remain in the fi'ames
for too long they become drawn and crowded.
We lift our plants of Calceolaria. Pentstemon
and Marguerite w-ith good balls of soil and trans^
plant them, temporarily in beds on a warm
Ixyrder. Protection is afforded for a few weeks
by placing spa-re lights over the plants.

Pansies and Violas.— Young plants of
Pansies and Violas in frames arc in an excel-
lent condition for removal to their permanent
quarters out-of-doors. Continue to pick off all
flowers for the present.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Wkston. Gardener to Lady NORIHCOIl,
Ea.stwell I'ark, Kent.

Caladium.— If tlie old corms of Caladiums
have not been shaken free from soil, potted
afresh, and placed in a hot, moist house for an
early start, this work should be done now. The
plants may either be potted direct into small
pots, or, what is perhaps a better plan, and a
saving of labour, placed thickly in boxes on a
layer of leaf-mould, to be transferred later to
pots of a large size. Be careful not to damage
the brittle roots, and use a light, open compost
consisting of eaual parts fibrous loam, peat and
flaky leaf-mould, to which crusihed charcoal and
sharp sand are added. Caladiums require plenty
of heat and light when in active growth, and may
be grown in a Cucumber or >Ielon pit. Take
care that the corms do not receive an excess of
water before th?y have produced leaves.

CvpERUS ALTERN1F0LI08.— All the Cyperus ■
f.pecics succeed in quite ordinary conditions, and
are graceful and ornamental plants for the
amateur's greenhouse. C. ailternifolius can be
propagated with ease, so that young stock can

lie grown each season. A pinch of seed will
provide a good hatch ; or, failing this, a simple
method is to take some healthy leaves, cut off
the stalk an inch from the head, and the ends
of the leaves to witlvin 2 inches of the centi'e.
Place them in a pan of sand and water, and
place near the hot4W,a.ter pipes. After a short
time both i-oots and new growths will be
emitted, and the little plantlet.<? can be potted
uip. Young plants quicldy grew into decorative
specimens, and are nnich to be prefeired to old
divided plants. Two other species equally valu-
nhle ,i,re C. natalense and 0. laxus.

Oplismenus Burmannii varieqata.— This
pretty grass, better known in gardens as
Panicum variegatum, should be propagated at
this season. After the cuttings have been taken
off the old plants the latter may be discarded.
It is best to sto-ike the cuttings direct in tlie
pots they will occupy tlixoughout the season. Do
not fill tilie receptacle more than three-parts
with the soil in order to allow plenty of rooin
I'o-- top-dressings. The cuttings root freely in
a warm propagating frame or shaded corner of
a hot house. The plant thrives best in partial
shade — it is liable to be dried up in the full
glare of the sun and lose its freshness.

Gardenia.— Well-established Gaaxlcaiias _ in
l>ots with plenty of active roots require copious
supplies of water, and stimulants at regular
intervals at this srason, foi- drought might cause
a check to growth, resulting in the flower-buds
dropping. Gardenias planted out in warm pits
or low houses thrive exceedingly, but are
usually somewh.it later coming into bloom than
IK)t specimens, to which they make jui exceiUent
siuicession. amd the quality of the bloom is of
the best wlie^n the cultivation is gtwd. Examine
the plants regularly for meaJy-bug, which is a
gre<i.t pest of Gardenias, and spray or sponge
them with an insecticide before they come
into bloom, paraffin emulsion being a suitable
specific.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Dv \T \ TOOK, Gardener to the Hon. F. D.lvaT,
Abbotts Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

Gooseberries.— Bushes and cordons should
be spr.ayed a» the leaves are appearing, using a
strong solution of quassia extiiact. This may
with advantage be done several times. If mildew-
is feared, apply a dressing of sulphide of
potassium at the rate of 4 oz. to 10 gallons of
water. This should be used before the fruit
.ipjx'ars. Another sprinkling of lime will be
benefiiial to the trees and cround.

Apricots and Peacheb.-'Wiosc in flower
should have the blinds or protecting material
placed ovei' them each night, but taken off in
the daytime.

The Fruit BoROERS.-The work of pruning
and training should be finished by now, as the
blassoins will soon expand. Make a careful
examination of all trees to see that nothing has
been overlooked. Rake and make the fruit
borders tidy, burning the rubbish. An inch or so
of coal a.slies mixed with a little lime will give
the border a tidy appearance, is good for the
trees, pleasant to" walk on, and easy to keep
free from weeds, -besides acting as a deterrent to
slugs and insects.

Protection of Fruit Blossom.— When-
ever practicable, it is a good plan to give slight
protection to trees in bloom, especially in a
season like the present. Early Cherries, for
instance, should be protected at night. A piece
of tiffany should be hung over the trees, or,
failing this, some long strips of Bracken or
Heather can be tucked in between the branches
and removed in the morning.

Arrears.- Take advantage of the better
weather and longer evenings to do any v/o."K
that has been left undone through stress of
weather or lack of labour. See that the Straw-
berry plots are clean and free from weeds. Hand
weecling is tedious, but it is best at this seaiicn,
as weeds do not grow again if conveyed to the
fire and burnt. See tliat the newly-planted
Raspberries have been cut back, as it is a sreai
mistake to allow them to fruit the first vear.

144

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Ai-RiL 7, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Out correspondentt
would obviate delay in obtaining anmpera to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if thev would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relatinq
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that nil com-
municatio-ns intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/ie Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.
Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for nnminn. should be addressed to the
K'DITOBS. 41, Wellinffton Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ON'E SIDE ONLY OF THR PAPER, sent 0>-

enrly in the ueel: as possible, and duly sifjned bii
the' writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a gnnrantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

SUNTlAY, .\rTiTL 8-

Siimmer Tim.' cninr

one hour at 2 a.m.
MOND.^Y, APRIL 9—

B.G.A. Conference at Birmingha
WEDNESDAY. APRIL 11—

Rflv. Hort. Soc.'s C<ims. meet.

ClorkB to he put fo

AVERtRB ME*N TBMPBR»TTTRE fo
rleducpr! f

at Oi

'ich. 16.0°

hp pn^iiinir week
ne the la.t fiftv

*rTUAL Temperaturs :—

Gardeners- Chronicle Offlep,. II Wellinirton .Street.
Covent Gardrn, I.on.h.n. Wcdvesdny. April 1
(10 a.m.): Bar. 29.3; temp. 41.5°. Weather—
Cloudv.

SALES FOR THE ENSUINQ WEEK.

WEDNESDAY-

Sale of Frilit Trep.«, Roses, Herbaoenus PLnnts.
Lilies Gladiolus. &c., at 67 and 68. Cheapsido. E.G..
by Protheroe and Morris, at 12 o'clock

We cono-ratulate tho
Gardeners and Hrvrt icilltliral Section of
National Service, flio Department of Foofl

Production on its suc-
cessful efforts to help the gardener out of
the difficulties ^vhich liavo lately threatened
him.

During the past few weeks letters
have reached us from readers who have
felt uncertain as to their exact posi-
tion in regard to the appeals made by
the Director-General of National Service.
Most of our correspondents have asked in
effect whether they, as head gardeners in
charge of establishments where vegetable
production forms a considerable propor-
tion of the work done, and the care of
valuable stocks enters largely into the
management, might consider themselves a"<
already doing work of national import-
ance ; or whether thev should give up their
appointments and offer themselves for fre.sh
service. Points of difficulty have also
arisen in connection with the regulations
issuer! for restricted occupations, especially
in respect to the filling of vacant places in
mixed gardening establishments. These
doubts are now cleared up, for the Direttor-
Oeneral of National Service has issued an
explanatory memorandum on the subject.
It runs as follows : —

The Director-General of National Ser-

vice, recognising the great importance of
food production by small cultivators, has
agreed to the following recommendations,
made by the Department of Food Produc-
tion, on the subject of gardeners and
'national service: A gardener exempt from
military service, who is cultivating not less
than 1 acre of ground devoted exclusively
to vegetables, will be recognised as doing
work of national importance, and instruc-
tions will be issued by the authorities that
gardeners who fulfil this condition should
be left to continue their work. The acre
may be wholly in a private garden, or part
in a private garden and part in another
private garden or allotment. Similar con-
siderations will be extended to a gardener
who, though cultivating less than 1 acre
of vegetable garden, places his spare time
services for the purpose of advice and in-
struction at the disposal of the local food
production society or other organisation
formed for the purpose of increasing the
vedetable food supply. Vacant situations
which admit of the carrying out of these
conditions may be filled by men who have
enrolled as National Service Volunteers,
and may be retained until such time as
the men are required for national service.
Except in the case of luxury fruit? and
crops, provision will be made for the
similar retention of the minimum number
of skilled men necessary to maintain culti-
y;i,tion in fruit gardens, fruit plantations,
market gardens, and fruit and forest tree
nurseries, and also glasshouse? put to the
use of essential food production. On the
other hand, luxury gardening, beddino:-
out, lawn-tendine:, path-sweepinar, path-
rolling, etc., will enjoy no consideration
whatever; on the contrary, in the event of
places where gardeners are encaged in
such work becoming vacant, they will not
be allowed to be filled by meu within the
specified aees. It is not intended, how-
ever, to discouragre more than circum-
stances necessitate the upkeep of collections
of plants of great rarity or value the pos-
session of which in this country is a great
asset to the horticultural industry.

Nitroeen.rixing The existence of nitro-
Bacteria in gen-fixing bacteria in
Non-Lceuminoue f^ig j-oot nodules of
pianti. leeuminou.s plants is

now a fact of common-place knowledge,
and the part which the bacteria play in
formins: nitrosren compounds from the
free nitrogen of the air is recognised,
althousrh the details of the process are not
thoroughly understood.

The German botanist. "Frank, main-
tained when the discovery of the nodule
organism.s and their role was made, that
nitrogen fixation is a power widely spread
among plants. His contention has been
in part verified, and it is known that the
power of fixing and combining nitrogen is
by no means confined to members of the
natural order Leguminoseae. Among the
latest of the discoveries bearing on this im-
]iortant subject are those concerning the
occurrence- of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in
the leaves of various members of the

Rubiaceae. The discovery was mads
by Zimmermann and Faber,* who have
described the occurrence of colonies of
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the leaves of
Pavetta Zimmermanniana a small Rubia-
ceous tropical tree or shrub with opposite,
nearly elliptic, leaves. The leaves of this
species, and also of several other species
of the genus and of the genus Psychotria,
contain colonies of a nitrogen-fixing
bacterium (Myco-bacterium rubiacearum).
The bacterium is found in the micropyle
of the .seed, and when the latter germin-
ates, colonies of the bacterium grow
through the stomata of the young leaves
into the intercellular spaces, where they
become enclosed bv the growth of the epi-
dermal cells, and as a result bacterial
knots — .so many as peveral dozen in a leaf
— are formed.

If the bacteria are present the seedlin,gs
grow and flourish in soil containing no
nitrogen, but if the bacteria are destroyed
bv treating the seeds with hot water and
rnrros'ive sublimate, the lack of combined
nitrogen in the soil, and the inability of
the plant in the absence of the bacteria to
fix atmospheric nitrotren, result in th°
veUowing and dying of the seedlinis in a
few weeks.

It is noteworthy that Tnd^an agricul-
turists have long recognised tho ninnuri.il
ynlne of the leaves of various Rubiaceous
plv.tts.

Plantac WlL80Ni*N»e— Since the comnlet ion

of Fo-RBES and Hemstfv's Enymcrn'jnp nf
ChineM Planta a886-19051, there has been an
almost, continuous flow of l-t"fatuTe on the Flora
of Nnrth-Eastem Asia — that is. of China. Japan.
a.'irl Formosa. — the last mainly hv T)r. Hayata
anrl otiier Japanese hotani«ts. Now the ap-
noaranop of a thirrl part, of th° third volume
of the PJanfne Wifsoniana" brinss to a finish
th-' record nf some of the results of .the fruitful
journ'>vs of tlie most suo<'e^«ful of all botanical
t'-avellevs in Central and Western China, not
forgretting; DAVin, Hevpy. Forre.st. and others.
The measure of E. H. Wtlson's success is
known throu'jhout the whole botanical and
'horticultural world, and this part of the
PJanfae Wit^onia.nae. summarises the woody
element of his vast collections of dried speci-
mens, seeds, and plants, which are supplemented
by 850 excellent photographs of the vegetation,
and of fine examples of individual trees and
shrubs. The parts of this useful work have been
more or less fully noticed in tbe Carclcners'
Chronicle as thev appeared ; the first in th? issue
of February 3, 1912. Professor C. S. Saegent.
the Editor, contributes a Note to this final
part, from, which we learn that the entire work
comprises 2.716 species of woodv plants belong-
ing to 429 gen-ra and 100 families. Of these,
four genera and 382 species were previously un-
described. These totals do not include species
previously described in oth'r puhlicAtions.
Wilson's four journeys in China have added
to the ligneous flora 521 species and 356
varieties and forms in novelties, embracing
numerous valuable ornamental and useful kinds
of hardy plants. There are about 100 pages of
numerical lists of names, including numbered
specimens of all other collections examined in
connection with the elaboration of WrLSON's
four collections. These will be exceedingly
useful to individuals and institutions possessing
unnamed sets of any of the plants in question.

'Jahrbiiehtr /. Wissensch. Bot., 61, p. 586, 1912. and 64
p. 243, 1914 ; see also Plant Immigrants, Nos. 121-129, 1916.

April 7, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

145

ESCHSCHOLZIA CaMBRIOOE CREAM. —

This is a new and beautiful colour form of E.
califomica whicih not long since originated in the
Cambridge Botanic Garden. It was noticed by
Mr. F. G. Preston, foreman of the outdoor de-
partment. It is an annual in practice as to
sowing, and also as to its existence in most
gardens, but Messrs. Sutton and Sons re-
mark in their catalogue that Eschscholzias
are really perennials. It is better, perhaps,
to have them as annuals, for it is difficult
to imagine that as perennials they would
be so fresh and perfect as they are, and, more-
over, they ha-ve a length of season that nothing
can surpass. They ai'e all beautiful, and among
flowers of the border in bud there is nothing
more charming than the variety Rose Cardinal.
There are pinks and orange, yellow and rose,
and this addition is pale cream. Twigs of the
foliage of Eschscholzia are most useful for floral
decorations. The accompanying illustration is
from a photograph by Mr. Preston.

Allotments in Brussels.— Much attention
has been given lately to the work of the Com-
mission for Relief in Belgium. An idea of what
is required to keep the population alive may
be drawn from the fact that, in spite of the
intensive cultivation all over the country, only
one-fifth of the require<l breadstuff*" can be
grown in normal times. In Brussels 80,000 imxi
rations for adults were distributed on January
1, 1915; on January 1, 1916, this figure
had grown to 375,000 a day, or nearly one for
every two inhabitants of the town. Every
bit of land is under cultivation. An orga-
nisation existing before the war, " The
Corner of Land," has done much in this respect.
With the help of the local -Councils a subsidy
of 1 franc an are (9d. per 100 square yards) is
paid to those who break np waste plots, and
technical advice is given all over the town,
where, last year, not less than 500 acres, for-
merly uncultivated, were producing vegetables.
The Genus Eucalyptus.— The twenty-eighth
part of Mr. .T H. >rAir>Ks's Critical lirrisinn
(if Ihc f/riiiis Kiicah/plux, deals with a small
group of peculiar species, or forms, namely: —
K. vernicoja, E. Muolleri, E. Kitsoniana, and
E. viminalis. E. vernicosa is usually a shrub,
4-6 feet high, though occasionally it assumes
the form of a tree, 12-20 f->et. It is restricted
to the mcnintains of Tasmania, at elevations of
2,000-4.000 feet, and has apparently never been
introduced into this country. This is, per-
haps, the smallest species of th? genus, and it
is one of the few species known to produce
flowers in the opposite-leaved stage. E.
Mueller! is also confined' to th? mountains of
Tasmania, where it attains large dimensions,
often reaching a height of 200 feet. Nicholson '.s
Dictionary records it as having been in culti-
vation in this country. E. Kitsoniana is a
little-known species, apparently local in Vic-
toria. E. viminalis is an i^Iegant species, of
wide range in Eastern Australia, from Tas-
mania, South Austr.xlia, and Victoria, northward
to Southern Queensland, presenting considerable
variation in different localities, especially in the
. size and shape of the leaves. The synonymy,
too, is intricate. Some particulars of this
species may be found in the Oardmer/i' Chronicle
for November 24, 1888. According to M.\iden,
the foliage has a dainty fragrance not easily
described. He figures leaves of the adult stage
9 or 10 inches long, and half an inch wide in
the widest part, and he describes leaves of the
juvenile stage as a foot long.

Increased Price of Seed Potatos.—
Under a new Order issued by the Food Con-
troller yesterday — the Seed Potatos (Prices)
Order (No. 2), 1917 — the e\ii<ting provisions re-
lating to seed Potatos have been extended until
the end of April. The prices chargeable for seed
Potatos are also raised by £2 per ton all round,
and seed Potatos are now defined as meaning any
Potatos which will not pass through a riddle

having a 1-inch mesh, and will pass through a
riddle having a 2-incli mesh. The Order further
continues until the end of April, the existing
Orders being also applicable to seed Potatos in
Ireland.

The .Weather.— The re^onse of the people
of this country to the appeals made to them to
assist in the pi-oduction of increased quantities of
food has been satisfactory, and thousands of
men, women, and children are now spending
their leisure moments digging, preparing, and
planting the plots of ground assigned to them.
The weather, however, instead of being helpful,
has, on the contriry, hindered in every way the
progress of work on the land. Spring is scarcely
yet in sight, the Almond has yet to blossom, and
March has been, on the whole, colder than many
a December or January of late yeai-s. With the
beginning of April, it was hoped that an improve-
ment would take place, but such hopes were
doomed to disappointment, for during the first

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editors do not hold themttclves responsible for
the opinions expressed bu correspondents.)

Problems of Fruit-plantino.— My atten-
tion has been directed to some remarks on this
subject by Southtrn Grower in your issue of
March 10. Tliese remarks are so fully in accord-
ance with our own conclusions on the subject
that I am tempted to point out two minor de-
tails wherein our opinions differ. The writer
concludes that iia.mming the soil on plajiting may
be beneficial in very light soils, but is not ad-
visalbJe in heavy ones. The evidence, so far as it
is know'n to me, is, however, in tJie opposite
direction. The gi'eat majority of our experi-
mentfi were made in heaN'y soils — indeed, the
Woburn Farm itself is on the O.xford clay — and
it was in such soils that the best results were
obtaaned. In a case where the soil was very
light the results of ramming were nil, as, I
think, might naturally have been expected, for
ramming .sand is lil<ely to be as futile as the

ESCHSCHOLZIA CAMBRIDGE CREAM.

three days of the month the ground was white
with snow, and a keen north-east wind prevailed.
The thermometer sank each night below freezing
point, and e^eciaUy in the North very lo%v
thermometer readings were recorded, notably
29° from Berwick, which constitutes a record
for the present month.

Local Sooietiis.— At a meeting at Lidling
ton. Bedfordshire, held on the 30th ult. , under
the presidency of Mr. Frank Humphreys, chair-
man of the Parish Council, it was resolved to
establish a society, to be known as the Lidling-
ton Food Production Society, whose energies will
be directed toward the encouragement of in-
creased and improved crops in the cottage gar-
dens, alhotments, small holdings, and farms of
the parish. Mr. Horace J. Wright, by whom
the meeting was called, was appointed honorary
secretary. Mr. Wright will be glad to hear
from secretairies of similar organisations. His
addreee is White Lodge, Lidlingiton, Ampbhill.

proverbial ploughing of sand. The otlicr point
on which we must differ from Sonlhe.rn Grower
is that planting with ramming entails greater
exrpense. Of course, if we plant in the usual
way, and then ram, that means so much ad-
ditional labour ; but when the planting is
carried out according to our method of just
covering the root* witfli soil anyliow, and then
ramming, the operation is certainly quicker and
more economical than ordinary planting. One
great advantage presented by the ramming
method i,s, in our opinion, that it can be carried
out whatever may be the condition of the soil
at the tinm — short of its being frozen. Our
immediate object in planting is to secure con-
tact between the roots and the soil ; this in the
ordinary way is effected hy shaking the soil in
between the rootjs, and pressing down ; but if
the .soill i(s lumpy and sticky, the contact thus
obtained is very imperfect, and the results are
disastrous. On the other hand, a good ram-
ming infallibly ensures contact, and the more
easily so the worse the condition of the soil at
the time. We have planted many hundreds of

146

TME GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Apbil 7, 1917.

trees in sodl which was in a state w-hich would
iKive rendered ordinary planting oiit of the
queistion, and, so far a« I can remember, with-
f.iit a single failure. It is well, however, to
dra.w attention to one instance quoted in our last
leport on the subject, where ramming provetl
dieastrous. 'Iliis was in a cflay soil — the London
clay — which contained much sulphur, and the
temporary a/bsenc© of aeration induced by the
ramming resiulted in the formation of sul-
[ihuretted hydrogen, which killed the trees.
Luckily, fruit-growers are not likely to have
many dealings with such soil. Southern Grower
mentions tnvio rows of trees which he rammed in
his plantations, without producing any recog-
nisable effect. Of course, this absence of effect
may well have been a reaflity, and we obtained
such negative results in some of our own experi-
ments. But if tlie absence of results was
aeeumed merely from an inspection of the trees,
t\\i conclusion must be of very doubtful value.
Personal observation and impression is an alto-
gether fallacious guide in such mattere, and if
results are to be of any value, they must be
based on definite measurements of some sort.
Doubtless, a busy grower has no time for such
meaanrementfS, but if any gi'ower takes sufficient
interest in the matter to carry out planting triaJs
of this soi-t, we might in some ca.se6 arrange to
take the measurements for him, and thus place
his results on a firm basis. Southern Orower's
lemarkis on the subject of the effects of grass on
trees appear to us to be very much to the
paint. It is a subject on which we have still
much interesting work waiting publication, a.s
soon as the national drain on our supplies of
paper dliall have become less exhausting. Bnit it
is only a spedial instance of a general problem —
the effect of one growing plant on another.
Spencer Pichering.

Select Varieties of Roses {sec p. 121).
^Tlie slaughter of the innocents, so far as Gold
Medal Roises of recent years are concerned, is
surely proof — it proof were needed — of the un-
eati.sfiactory method adopted by the National
Rose Society of judging tlie merits of new varie-
ties. Such relatively new varieties as lona Herd-
man, Queen Mary, Countess Clanwilliam, Mrs.
Forde, Edward Bohane, Mrs. James Lynas,
Muriel Dickson, Majestic, Annie Crawford, Mrs.
Andrew Carnegie, Lady Mary Ward, and
Queen of the Belgians, all of which have been
av/arded Godd MedaJs, liave disappeared fix>ni the
"Select List." I agree that Rose lists require
curta.iling; mosit of them are far too long. Some
of the older varieties, however, will hold their
places in commerce for long against many of the
newcomers. I have alv/ays stix>ngly deprecated
the use of the word " Pernetiana." Apart alto-
gether from technical correctness, the word is
unfair. Persian Yellow has long been used as a
parent by cerfaiin Bi-itish raisers. Many fine
Roses that are certainly not " Pernetianas " are
descended from the Persian Rose. May I sug-
gest that the title of tJie section should from
henceforth be " Persiian Roses"? Tlie attempt
at classification in the new Handbook- is
lamentable, and is only making the confusion
that at present e-^ists worse than ever. Your
reviewer draws attention to this fact. I turn,
for exiample, to the heading " Hybrid
Wiohuradana," and find only one name. It is
Paul's Scarlet Climber. Then under the head-
ing " WJchuiuiana Riamblers" are the names of
several Roses tliat I always imagined were
"Hybrid Wwlmraianas." If Dorothy Perkins is
not a Hybrid Wiohnn-a-iaoia, what is it? Pem-
berton's White Rambler is described as the finest
Wliite Rambler. What about Sanders' White
Rambler ? It is the finest, purest, sweetest,
and most mildew-ipTOof W^ite Rambler in com-
merce, and is superior to White Dorothy in
every respect, yet it is omitted from the " Select
List," whilst White Dorothy is included. Petit
Louis and Chatillon Rambler, both of which
•Tre finer in every respect than Dorothy Perkins,
are also omitted. George M. Taylor, Mid-
Loth lan.

STRAWBERRIES: SUBSTITUTE FOR LiTTER

(see p. 130). — If the soil is moderately heavy, as
a good Strawberry soil should be, or the season
is not exceptionally dry, it will be better to do
without the litter. In place of it procur.^ gal-
vanised .sheep netting, which is three feet wide,

with a four-inch meah, and this will cover two I freely express regret; not Iwijig able to refer

rows. Lay the netting over the rows before to the paper here, my impression, is that I read
growtli commences. Place upright sticks in the m vain to get any definite information as to
ground at intervals on each side, and bamboo when the lime was applied and as to the result-
canes across the rows, fastened to these sticks ing carbonate (or any other) analysis of the
and under the netting. The netting should soil. The note in this Journal (my second
be close to the crowns of the plants at reference) contains no information concerning
first, and gradually raised as growth pro- lime or carbonate, as it lies before me. The
ceeds by pulling the sticks up a little, reiteration that " the material is not standard-
continuing this tUl the netting nearly reaches ised " in that reference, and also in his letter
the toips of the stems, when the flowers (Gard. Chron., March 31, 1917, p. 137), raises
are exjiandiing. Tlie fruit will be earlier, owing the question as to what is the criterion for
to tlie gi-oaind being warmed by the sun, standardisation? Until knowledge is forth-
it will be coloured all iround, " free from coming as to the nature of the effective agent,
dirt and dung, sweeter and more lu.scious, the existence of which many trials seem to
owing to thorough development and perfect indicate, it seems hopeless to call for a stan-
ripening, and will not be harmed by millipedes dardised article. Cannot Mr. Chittenden tell
or slugs. (Should one of the latter "crawl up a us what is the elusive constituent ? In the
stem and come in contact wiith the fresh zinc trials, in which the substance was placed indi-
coa.ting of tlie wire, it will make a hasty vidually to the plants, actual rows are oon-
descent. Also, the fruit wiU not he trampled trasted, those taken as controls being placed
on by a careless gatherer. When this plan is" in- proximally to the trial rows. The variety that
tended to be followed, every second sipaoe be- was used is named in my article. To what
tween the rows shomld be three feet instead of agency are we to refer the occasional benefit
two. The number of plants per perch will be of Humogen ; the evidence of my trials last
lepLsened. but the weight of fruit will be greater, year seemed to point to CaCOj as a factor;
because tliere wiU be no waste. Wm. Taylor. the ' old Humogen had given largely -increased

yield the year before. Had its goodness wasted

■^^^^■^^^^^^^i^^"^^^— — ^^'^™^^^^^" in storage in a dry condition? H. E. Durham.

Alternative Veqetableb.— I have addreased

CiTdT V TTi DT?J1P^J? to sir Arthur Lee, Director-General of Food

^^^^J^J- -t ^-^ KJJ^J^±^X\. Production, the following letter ;—" Potatos

/'N consequence of the decision of the Board of are scarce, and will very probably be altogether

Trade, which will come info force on May lacking until the new crop is gathered. It

1st. to prohibit the return to publishers of ^eems to me that it would be a sensible plan

,. . „ . 7 ., ,..- > n7^r■^r77Do■ '^ try to Substitute for them some new vege-

unsold copies of any journal, the GARDENERS ^^(^,^ ^^ ^,^;^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^^.^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^.f^,,

CHRONICLE will be obtainable after that date tije culinary art by new products. For instance,

only if ordered beforehand. We ask. therefore. the leaves of certain trees, well cooked, might

affreaders who desire a copy each week (and form substitutes for Cabbage and Spinach. The

are not already receiving it direct from this >«»"« leaves of the Cliestnut, of the Plane, and

, . , , J J j-i 01 many other trees, previously decorticated,

office) to give their local newsagent a definite ^^j^^t form in time of war, and'also in time of

order to this effect. peace, acceptable vegetables. I have always

heard that in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris,

ORDER FOR NEWSAGENTS. there were composed in 1871 excellent salads of

Begonia leaves. Are not salads of the highest

y^ yjf r Newsagent. quahty made of Chrysanthemum flowers ? The

young leaves of Rhubarb, which are thrown

Address away when the stems are used ; those of Clover.

^'nrr-Tio'' V-''rj-nV-i'»7r/-^r E- ""'^ cveu those of tender Ferns, could probably

Please deliver the GARDENERi> CHRONICLE ^e used in this way or as purees— and how many

to me each week at the address given below. others ? Of course, one would have to begin

by testing these new vegetables ( ? ) and only

^ use those which were found to be Avholesome

"'"^ and palatable after being well prepared."

Lu-cien Linden.

Address Sulphate of Ammonia for Potatos (see

pp. 113, 133). From a ipractical standpoint

Dr. H. E. Durham, in his trials, did not use

sulphate of ammonia to the best advantage.

^■^^^^^i^^^^«^"^""^i^^""^^^^i^"^^^^^" My experience on various soils prove that for

T^u ^ benefit it is useless to sow sulphate of am-
Parrotia persica (see pp. 137, 13b).— 1 he monia for Potatos when the tops are through
various plants of Parrotia persica at Aldenham jhg goji jj^g experiment made by Mr. Divers,
liave flowered very regularly for many years although best in his particular case, may not
past, and I have often used the branches for be taken as a general rule for a|yplying sulphate
vases with good effect. In respect of its claret ^f ammonia. The texture of soil will influence
colour, it is superior to its less well-known but moisture and temperature, and these latter play
also attractive relative P. Jacquemontiana, which ^ most imrportant part with lime usually found
bears yellowish-green flowers, and of which the ;„ garden soil in rendering sulphate of ammonia
finest specimen with which 1 am acquainted available for plant roots. Therefore the
is at Lord Ducie's, at Tortworth. Vicary texture of the soil should be a ruling
Gihbx. factor for the proper application of sul-
Experiments with Humogen (see pp. phate of anunonia for a Potato crop. Here
113, 137). — In reply to Mr. Diver's remarks, the soil is very gravelly, and I find the best
the 0.602 animon. sulphate per lineal yard was results are obtained by broadcasting about 1 lb.
applied as an equivalent in nitrogen content of sulpliate of ammonia per rod as soon as the
to that of the Humogen (if memory serves me soil is sufficiently dry for walking on after plant-
it was rather in excess of that amount) ; it ing. This is worked into the soil by the rain
was applied when the shoots were up, but before and hoeing, and becomes available as plant
earthing. In regard to Mr. Chittenden's re- food to the spreading roots when a stimu-
marks, seriatim, I used the term " mellow " to lant is most desirable to the growing plant,
express not only that the lime had been well Last season, although Potatos were generally
incorporated with the soU mechanically and by considered a bad crop, from disease; here dis-
the lapse of time, but also that it had been ease was almost absent. I do not say that sul-
there an adequate period for the establishment phate of ammonia will stop disease, nor contend
of a bacterial balance under the new conditions ; that Mr. Divers was wrong in his experiment,
by " raw " lime, that these conditions had not but I do maintain that the method of applying
been established. My reference to a particular sulphate of ammonia in one district may not be
portion of Mr. Chittenden's work (as given) good for a neighbouring district owing to dif-
was selected from the direct contrasting of ferent soil texture. Like Mr. Divers, I have
limed and unlimed patches; if from careless- noticed an extra vigour in seed Potatos
ness of reading and noting before leaving home on land that has been treated by sulphate of
I have given a false impression of that record, ammonia. G. H. H. W.

Amw, 7, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLS.

147

BOCIETIXIS.

BOTAL HORTICULTURAL,
Selentifle Committee.

March 27.— Present : Mr. E. A. Bowlfs,
M.A. (in the chair), Sir Everard im Thurn, Dr.
Voelcker, W. Hales, J. Fraser, W. C. Wors-
dell, and F. J. Chittenden (hon. sec).

Two-fiowered Snowdrop. — Mr. Bowles showed,
on behalf of ilr. Elwes, a two-flowered plant
of a seedling of Galanthus Ehvesii. It had
the usual two foliage leaves from the soil, but
the flowering stem bore a third leaf, about
three inches above the soil level, with a slight
swelling at the base, and having in its axil a
second flower. The axis of the bulb had ap-
parently elongated and carried' the flowering
stem up above ground.

Alnus ghitinosa. — Mr. J. Fraser showed a
series of seedlings of the common Alder (Alnus
glutinosa), which he had found growing near
the Thames and in other places. He drew
attention to the nodules on their roots, wbdch,
ho pointed out, were inhabited by organisms,
according to Hillier, which enabled the Alder
to obtain nitrogen from the air much in t)ie
same way as does Pscudomonao radicicola
in the case of Leguminous plants.

Crocuses. — Mr. Bowles showed a series of Cro-
cus flowers, including various formsof C. chiysan-
thus of different shades of sulphur and yellow,
forms apparently of C. biflorus, some of which
were of blue shades and intergrading in chry-
santhus ; C. Balansae with mahogany-coloured
outer segments ; a seedling of C. minimus, with
much larger flowers than usual, and with
more substance ; very small forms apparently
of C. venus collected in Montenegro, and per-
haps connected with Maw's curious plant from
that distric-t; seedlings of C. Sieberi versi-
color and crosses between that and the type
C. veluchensis from Greece ; a curious form
between C. Tommassinianus and C. banaticus
and others.

Double-spatked Richardin. — Mr. H. \V.
Ratcliff sent a double spathed Richardia
africana, with slight green markings on the
second, lower s|>athe. This development is
very uncommon in this and other species of
Richardia.

<!aU-likc growllis in Prumu.f PseudnceraKun.
— Mr. R. I. Lynch sent shoots of this rare tree
from Cambridge Botanic Garden, showing
groups of adventitious buds on swollen places
on the shoote ; the tree was otherwise healthy,
aud it was suggostcd that the probable cause
of the growth was damage by sparrows to the
hud at the end of a shoot and the subsequent
development of buds present in the axils of the
scale leaves.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

March 15— r,'.-mmi«rr in-psenl : The Rev. .J.
Crombleholme (in the chair). Messrs. R. Ash-
worth. D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan. J. Cypher.
A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans. P. Foster. A. R.
Handley, A. Hanmer, D. McLeod. W. Shackle-
ton. S. Swift, H. Thorp, and H. Arthur
(secretary).

A large Silver Medal was awardied to R.
A.SHWORTH. E.sq.. Newchurch (gr. Mr. Daven-
port), and a Silver Medal to Messrs.
Ctpher & Rons, Cheltenham, tor groups.

AWARDS.

First CLASS Certifk ates.

Odunlonia Maijfli Saruler alhii .is/imort/is
lor., flowers with while ground beautifully
marked with lemon yellow ; Lnelio-Cnlllcija
Beatrice var. Ashworthiae (('. Schrriderae X
/j.C. callistnglossn), a large flower of even
colour, with round lip of intense crimson, from
R. Ash WORTH, E.sq.

Outtleya Cownniae ulhii riir. Prinnenit {('.
Mossiiie Wfigeneri x InI.erlcxId Juliette), a
well-shaped flower with white lip and orange-
yellow markings in the throat ; C. Enid alba
rnr. Fairy Queen {M<)s.tiap IleinccKiiina X gigns
Frini Melnine Beijrndl). flower over 7 inchns
a4ros.s, with petals 3 inche."; wide. The lip is
broad, throat lemon-yellow with heliotrope-
coloured lines at t>h« base, froa P. Smith, Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Odontioda Red Cross var. Scarlet Piviperncl,
0. Keighleyensis var. magnifica, and Odonte-
glossum Louisa var. splendens {Ossulstonii x
pcscatorei Charlesworthii), from P. Smith, Esq.

Dendrobium Cybele West Point var., and D.
Atherton {ruhens grandiflora X Cybele), from
S. Ghatrix, Esq.

Cypripedium Persius {Lady Dillon X alci-
biades illustris), from W. R. Lee, Esq.
Awards of Appreciation.

Odontoglossum Bagdad (Emperor of India X
Jasper). 1st class; and 0. eximium var. rotundi-
florum, 2nd class, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

0. General Maude, 1st class, from S.
Gratrix, Esq.

BRITISH WHOLESALE FLORISTS'.

March 26. — At a meeting of the committee of
this Society, held on the 26th ult.. the president
gave a report of the meeting of railway ofiicials
and representatives of trade associations he had
attended (as the representative of the
B.W.F.F.) at the Clearing House, and stated
that the Railway Executive Committee would
not give way in regard to the order for prepay-
ment, but the railway companies did not
desire to relieve themselves, under prepay-
ment, of responsibilities hitherto accepted on
goods carriage forward. The railway com-
panies were prepared to open approved ledger
accounts for consignors at the point of con-
signment. He also pointed out that market
customers could arrange for deposit accounts,
against prepayment of carriage, at the place of
consigimient. The letter originally drafted by
the Market Sub-Committee for the use of sales-
men, etc., bad been submitted to various
Market Associations and to the Federation's
solicitor, and was generally accepted as suitable.
This letter, with the addition of a fly-leaf con-
taining a printed acceptance of the new con-
ditions for signature and return, was accBpte<l
by the committee, and the secretary was in-
structed to send a copy to each member for
their use if they so desired.

NURSERY AND SEED TRADE.

March 28.— The annual general meeting of
the Nursery and Seed Trade Association was
held on tne 28th ult . Mr. J. B. Slade
(Messrs. Protheroe and Morris) was appointed
chairman.

The committee's report and balance-sieet
from July 1, 1915, to December 31, 1916, were
submitted. The report showed that the asso-
ciation had made 542 inquiries relative to the
solvency and otherwise of traders throughout
the United Kingdom, and made 441 special
local inquiries. The report also showed that
the association and its solicitor had col-
lected during the above - mentioned pcrlud
£4,528 10s. lOd., principally by small paJ^nents
through the Courts. The question of a General
Commercial Import Tariff was raised in conse-
quence of a letter from one of the members,
and the following resolution, proposed by Mr.
Low, was passed : — ■

"That it is advisalble to consider the steps
to be taken to protect the interests of the
nursery and seed trades after the war, and that
the other trade associations be approached with
a view to some united action being taken."

Mr. J. E. N. Shei-wood (Messrs. Hurst and
Son) was appointed president, and one of the
trustees of the association in the place erf his
father who had acted as (president since
January, 1885,

©bttuarig,

H. Van Dievoet. — News has reached
honilou of tlic death of M. H. Van Dievoet,
niu'seiyman at Meysee, near Rruwsels. For years
\r. \'an Dievoet, wlio died at tlie age of 77,
htwl Ijeen burgomaster of his commune and
president of the Horti(niltural Society of Laeken,
the Royal residence. M. Van Dievoet was one
of tJhe last representatives of the <Jd school of
Belj^n hortdoiiltiiriate.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Mangolds.— The Majigold is one of th« most
useful of all roots on the farm, and one that is
callable of giving the heaviest yield of cattle
food. With ordinary cultivation, 30 tons of
roots per acre is a reasonable crop, and douible
this amount is obtained by some with suitalble
soil and locality and high cultivation of superior
varieties. For cows from November to May,
Mangold is the principal root food. Some may,
in the autumn, prefer Turnips or Swedes,
but Mangold is not so liable to taint the
milk. For sheep. Mangolds are invaluable
when the Turnip crop fails. With Rye.
Winter Barley, grass and Vetches during
April and the succeeding four months. Mangold
is excellent food, and when well stored the roots
iropix)ve, for the sugar which tliey contain
becomes manured. Horses and pigs appi'ociate tihe
roots from January onward. For poultry, too, in
small quantities, either cooked or raw, Mangolds
are useful, though too many in a raw state tend
to produce diarrhoea in the birds. No time
should be lost in finally ploughing the land that
was manured and ploughed in the autumn, a fine
tilth being necessai'y to ensure a good "plant."
Soil light in character and free from weeds need
not be again ploughed if cultivated during dry
weather ; a good tiltli is all that is required i ii
this case. The middle of April is a good time
to .sow the seed, at the rate of 8 lb. per acre for
the Tankard foiTn for tlie dairy, amd a Globe
variety for the greater bulk, for sheep.

Treatment of Cows Before Caivino. —
Persons of inexperience are liable to have cows
down with milk fever within a day or two after
calving, which may mean a serious loss. The
chief cause of milk fever in cows is their being
in too fleshy a condition at the period when they
are approaching parturition. Within six weeks
of this stage they should be most carefully fed on
good hay and straw, with water at all times avail-
able, in an open yard with shed accommodation,
.Sio tliat the animals can get abundant exercise.
When cows aJ'e thus treated milk fever is almost
unlvJiown, and the cows produce larger and moi-e
h«iilthy calves than wliore tliey are kept more in
the hmise. The animals must not be allowed to
get too low in condition, or the calves will
suffer. In the case of a cow in thin condition,
where only poor quality hay is available fur
food. 2 lb. of Linseed cake per day may be given
with advantage. A moderate-sized cow will con-
sume 10 lbs. of hay daily.

Sulphate of Ammonia for Wheat.

Farmers who applied sulphate of ammonia
in late autumn fco Whca.t, are recommended
by the Board of Agriculture to give an addi
tional J cwt. to % cwt. per acre to backward
crops on poor land. Where there w.is no autumn
dressing | to IJ cwt. per acre should be given.
On poor land the Oat crop should get | to 1 cwt
sulphate of ammonia ; on land in fair conditiou
i cwt, to 3 cwt. will suffice. Orders for sul-
phate of ammonia should be placed with manure
merchants at once. The price for the standard
grade has been fixed at £16 per ton delivered
at the purchaser's railway station in maker's
bags.

Wireworm.

One of the worst pesUs the farmer has to con-
tend with is wireworm. This pest cats the stem
of Oats and Barley inmiediately above the seed
ill the spring, and also devours the young growths
of Swede.s and Turnips directly they show
through the soil. Oats are generally sown on a.
grass plot intended to be broken up, or an ohl
Sainfoin ley, and the grass and couch roots form
a happy hunting ground for wireworms. Clean
(■ultivation and frequent moving of the soil, witli
liberal manuring, are good preventives, A filli|i
to the growth of the corn is required directly it
shows thi'ough the soil, in order to ha-sten tlie
formation of the second and third leaf, and after
that stage of growth wirewoi-m does no harm.
Three quarters of a cwt, of nitrate of soda, ui
1 cwt, sulphate of ammonia per a<TC, sown
evenly over tbe part of the field likely to be at
tacked, is a good ]»reventive. E. Molyn&ux,
Swanmore Farm, Buhop'i Wdthmn, Hanti.

148

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 7, 1917.

M A R k; £: T s.

COVE\T a.iRDEN, April S.

Cut Flowers. &e.: Avepae« Wholesnlo Prices
Anemone. fuleens. B.d.B.d.

per doz. bun. 2 6-80
Arums, per doz. 6 0-80
Azalea, white,

per doz. bun. 5 0 6 0
Camellias, white

per doz. blms, 2 0-26
Carnations, per

doz, blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 6 3 6
— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40
Daffodils. Golden

2 0-

Spur, per doz,
bun

— Barrii, per
doz. bun.

— Emperor, per
doz, bun.

— Henry Irving,
per doz. bun.

— princeps, per
doz. hun.

— Sir Watkin,
per doz. bun.

— Victoria, per
doz. bun.

Freesia. per doz.

bun

Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Lilium longi-

llorum long 5 0-60
short

lane ifoliu

album, long.. 5 0 —

— r u b r u m.
per doz.. long.. 3 0-36
short .. 16-20

Lily-of-the-Valley,

per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0
Narcissus.

rJrandPrimo,

per doz. bun, 5 0-60

Narcissus, con. s.d. s.d

— Phea-sant Eye
per doz. 'un. 5 6-60

— Soleil d'Or,
Guernsey. per
doz. bun.

— Paper White,
per doz. bun. 5 0 —

Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 15 0 18 0

— Coelogyne. per
doz. blooms . 2 0-26

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— 0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crispuni 3 0-40

r n Pelargoniums, per
5 U- .) u I jo2. bunches,

. doublescarlet 15 0-18 0

4 0- 5 U Primroses. per
^ „ „ „| doz. bun. .. 2 6-30

5 0-60, Roseg

— General Jac-
aueminot.per
doz. blooms.. 2 6-30

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 6 0-80

— Mme, A, Cha-
teney. perdoz,
blooms ,. 8 0-90

— Richmord
perdoz. blms. 5 0-80

— Pink Queen,
per doz. blms. 8 0-90

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms.. 7 0-80

Tulips, white. per

doz. bun. .. 30 0-36 0

— yellow,

— Darwin in
variety, per
doz, bun. .. 21 0-24 0

— m?.uve Darwin
per doz bun. 24 0-30 0

Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 3 0-50

2 0-26

6 0-70

2 0-26

5 0 -

French Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prises.

Allium (Star) per 8,d,'=.d
doz. bun. ., 2 6-30
Anemone, double

pink, per doz,
bun

— single, mixed,
per doz, bun.

— single, red.
per doz. bun.

2 0-26

Freesia. per doz.

bun

Marguerite, yel

low. per dnz.

bun

Stock, white, per

doz. bun
— pink, per doz.

bun

s.d. s.d-
3 6-40

3 0-36

3 6-48

4 6-50

Cut Follxee, &e. : Average Wholeiale Prleet.

s.d.s.d.

g 0-10 0

2 6- J 0

l.d.s.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6- 0 >
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun.
Moss. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved
- French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trail" ..

2 0-26

0-7 0

« 0 -

13-16

Adiantum (Mai

denhairPern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

moaus. long

trails. per

half-dozen ..

— - medium,
doz, bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri ., 10 0-12 0
Bronze foliage ,, 8 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 1' O-is 0
RBM.1RK3.— Owing to the Ea«t*r fe.sti
end cut flowers will be more in demand, and p
are likely to advance considerably- The severe we^
will probably check supplies. White Liliums
Richardias (Arums) are usually in good demand du
this week. It is diflicnlt to give correct quotatii
prices, as the arrival of Guernsey and French flowers
are now very irregular.

Plants In Pots, lie.: Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d, s,d. I s.d.s.d.

Aralia Si«boldii. ' Perns in 32's, per

dozen .. .. 6 0-60 doz 12 0-18 0

Asparagus plu- ] — choicer sorts.

moBus nanus. per doz. 48's. . 8 0-12 0

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0 Geonoma gracilis,

— Soreng«ri .. 8 0-10 0 1 fiO's.per doz... 6 0-80
Aspidistra, per | larger, each,, 2 6-76

doz. green ,, 24 0-36 0 i Kentia Belmore-
Cacti, various. ana. p»r doz. 4 0-80

per tray of 15's 40 — — - larger per

IS of

- tray of 12's
Cineraria. 48's.

per doz. . 12 0-15 0
Cocos Weddelli-
ana 48's. per
doz 18 0-30 n

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Croton. per doz. 18 0-80 6
Cyclamen. 48's

per doz. .. 21 0-24 0
Daffodils. 48'b.

p-r doz. .. 12 0-15 0
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 015 0

— per 100. in
small and
large 60's . . 14 0-24 0

- in 4«'3.perdo7. 6 l>- " "
Rbmarks. — All pot plants are in good deni

Hydrangeas, white Stacks, Mignonetjte. Lil
florum and white Spiraeas still sell freely.

doz 18 0-M 0

— Porsteriana.
60's. per doz. 5 0-80

Latania borbon-

iea. per dnz .. 12 0-SO 0
Lilium longi-

florum. per

doz 24 0-30 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

— - album . . 24 0-30 0
Marguerites in

48'B. per doz. 9 0-10 0
Pandanus Veitchii

perdoz. .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6-21 0
SpiraM. oerdnz. 12 i-is 0

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Artichokes. Globe s.d.
per doz. .. 5 6

— J er u salem,
per cwt. . . 16 0-

Asparagus. Paris

Green. per bun. 4 6-

Beetroot, per bag 10 0

Beans, English,

per lb, .. 1 6

Broccoli, purple
sprouting, per
bag . . . . 15 0

Broad Beans,
French, per
pad .. ..5 6-

BrusselsSprouts.

per 24 lb. .. 10 0

Cabbage, per

tally .. ..5 0-

Carrots, washed,

per bag .. 12 0-

— New, per doz,
bun 4 0

Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac. perdoz.
Celery, per doz.

bundles .. 36 0-
Chicory, English,

per lb 0 10-

Cucumbers, per

flat .. ..IS 0-
Endive, per doz. 3 0
Greens, per bag.. 18 0-
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
Herbs, per doz.

bun 4 0-

4 0

B.d.
6 0

20 0

5 0

2 0

6 0

9 0

15 0

6 0

40 0

1 0

20 0

20 0

8 0

Horseradish, per s,d, s.d.

doz, .. 66 0-72 0

Kale, per bag .. 12 0 -
Leeks, per doz.

bun 2 6 4 6

Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz. 2 0-6 0
Mushrooms. per lb. 1 9-2 0
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets .. 10-16
Onions, per cwt 25 0-33 0

— spring, per

doz, bun, .. 4 0 —
Parsley.per Jbus. U 0 —
Parsnips.percwt. 16 0 —
Peas. French. per

pad
Potatos, new, per

lb

Radishes, per

doz. bun.
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz.

— natural, per
doz. bun. ..7 0 —

Savoys, per tally 8 0 12 0
Seakale. per doz.

pannets .. 30 0-32 0
Shallots, per lb, 0 8-0 10
Spinach, per flat 12 0
Swedes, per ton 50 0-90 0
Turnips, per cwt, 66 —

— New, per doz.

hun 18 0-21 0

— Tops, per bag 12 0-18 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 6-08

7 6- -
16-19

2 0-30
16-26

per

.. 80 0

Fruit : AVBPaee Wholesale Prices.

B.d. s.d. I Grapes, con.

— Cape, per box
of 10 lbs. ..

— Gros Colman.
per lb

Grape Fruit, per
case ..

KentCobs. perlb.

Lemons, per case

Nuts. Brazils,
new, per cwt, 100
Coconuts, per

Almonds,
cwt, .
Apples —

— Calif ornian
Newtown B,
per case , . 15 0-16 0

— English
Cooking, per
bus 17 6 20 0

— Main States,
barrels .. 44 0 66 0

— Oregon, per
case . . 18 6-22 0

Bananas, Red, per

£25

per

£22

per

ton
— Jamaica,
ton ..
Chestnuts.

bag
Cranberries

case
Dates, per doz

boxes .. .. 7 6-86
Grapes: Almeria.

per brl. .. 30 0-85 0

100

31

Oranges, per caae 21

- Palermo Bit-
ters, per case 18

Pears—

— Californian 15
Cape, per box

per

12 0

40 0-42 0| Plums, per box
Stra wherries.

forced..
Tomatos. English

per lb.
Walnuts, per

cwt

0-12 0
I 6 —

75 0-1

Potatos.

Remarks— The price is now £12 per ton, as fixed by
the Food Controller, yet very few tubers are available.
Edirard J. Newhorn,' Coveni Garden and St. Pnnrras,
April S, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. John R. Carr. recently for 6 years Gardener
to E. J. Chatwin, Brnmsgrove. Worce.stcrshire, as
Horticultural Instructor and Demonstrator for the
(bounty of Glamorganshire.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Chicory : J. M. Successful exiperiments in the
cultivation of Chicory for its roots as a mix-
ture with Coffee were carried out in 1914
by the Aberdeen and North of Scotland
CoUese of Agriculture. The variety tested
was Magdeburg. The experiments showed
that the best soil for the crop is a deep loam,
and sub-soiling previous to the seed being sown
was proved to be a great advantage. No
farmyard manure should be used immediately
before planting, but dressings of artificial
manures are beneficial. The crop was planted
early in May, and lifted in November. Tlie
yield was 19 owt. per acre, and the returns
to the grower about £16 per ton. Tlie
ground roots produced excellent Chicory.
Tliere is considerable labour and expense en-
tailed in connection with th? crop owing to
the heavy dressings of manure necessary, and
the continuous cultivation to keep the land
free from weeds in the early stages.

Employment of Gardeners : W. B. You will
find that your question as to whether gar-
deners out of emploj-ment can be engaged by
private emplover? is dealt with in the leading
article in to-day's issue of this paper, p, 144.

FoRciNO BY Acetylene : M. Y. (See p. 125.)
Tile paragraph you refer to was taken from
The Recue Hortimle for March 16, 1917, p.
230. It is not stated exactly what results
followed the application of the acetylene gas,
except tliat they were " coraparables a ceux
fournis par I'etherisation." Nor is it stated
whence the information is derived, except
that it emanates from Switzerland, and is
descriptive of experiments made in Austria.
The correct temperature of the house is given
as 17° to 19°, falling to 14° at night; but
as it is not stated whether this measurement
is Centigrade or Reaumur, we omitted it as
not being sufficiently explicit.

Ghub : S. P. The grub is the larva of the cock-
chafer, or May bug, Molokmthai vulgaris (see
fig. 51). It is destructive to vegetable roots,
a.nd should be destiroyed.

Names of Fb.uits : Somerset. The Apples were
bruised and past : .send fruits earlier next
season.

Peach Tree Diseased : IF. If. The tree is
affected with Silveir-leaf , which is said to be
due to the fungus Stereum purpui'eum, but no
contix)] of the disease is known. Some authori-
ties consider that the injury is due to aji
excess of nitrogeno-us maitter in the soil. If

Fig. 51. — adult insects and larva of the
cockchafer.

the malady is restricted to a single branclh, cut
out the shoot ajid bum it.
Planet Junior Hoe : E. D. The Hand Planet
Junior lioe is sold by liorticultural sundriesmen
and most nurseiy firms, though the stock in
this country is said to be very low.
Potatos With Markings : A71 Old Reader. The
bix>wn ma.rkings in the- flesh of the tubers
(which are liaible in cooking to turn black afc
suoh places) aa-e charaicteristic of the disease
known as "siprain."' This is not caused by
any organism, but is due to some deterioration
of the Potato. Such tubers are quite fit for
food (in their sound parts), and are U-Piaffeated
for seed purposes.
Tomatos Unhealthy : IP. W. From your
description of the plants we suspect that they
are affected with disease. Send a specimen
for examination.
Vkqetable Imports and Production : E. L.
The total quantities of Potatos and other
vegetables imported into the United King-
dom in the years you name were, according
to statistics furnished us by the Board of
Agriculture, as follows : —

V'ear ending December 31.
9,447,316 3,332,164 2,170,717 1,803,174
9,19,^,164 7,,')13,513 7,477,693 6,848,247
1,682,988 1,676,617 1,394,897 1,049,282

Potatos . . cwts.
Onions tiushela
Tomatos . . cwts.
Vegetables, raw,
un enumerated,
value £

The acreage
the United

619,340 476,714 318,382 233,840

and production of Potatos in
Kingdom in the same years

Acreage. Production.

1913 1,173,418 7,604,804

1914 1.197.008 7,476,458

1915 1.202.259 7.540.240

1916 1,144,375 5,468,881

Communications Received.— A. Grove— L. P.—
W. Cuthbertson— E. M.— C. H. C— J. O'B.— L. h.-
Dr. D.— M. B.. Java— W. H. D.— W. H. St. Q.—J. M.-
C. J. M.-J. K.-J. E.

AiML 7, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK
FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
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advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.

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The 19 1 7 edition contains no
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been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 14 for each
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inside and out. Papor, Is. 4d.

(iardening. School, Cottage, and Allotment, A
Practical Guide to. By John WeathJera.
2a. lOd.

Glass, The Garden Under. By W. F. Rowle*.
Illustrated. 6s. 5d.

Grafting and Budding, The Handy Book of. By
.lames Ud;de. 7d.

Grape Growing for Amateurs. A thoroughly
practical book. Is. 3d.

Grape, The Book of the. Together with >
Chapter on the Histoi-y and Decorativ
Value of Vines. By H. W. Ward. Illue-
tratod. 2s. 9d.

(jreenhouse and Conservatory, Construction and
Heating. By Paul N. Hasluck. With 228
Illustrations. 2s. 4d.

Greenhouse, The Amateur's. By T. W. Sanders.
416 pages, 154 Illustrations. 5a. 5d.

Greenhouse Management, Pictorial. Edited by
Walter I'. Wright. Illustrated. Paper,
U. M ; cl.ith, U. 9d.

Greenhouse, The Book of the. By J. C. Talla«k,
Head Gardener at Shipley Hall. Illustrated.

is. lOdL

Hardy Flower Book, The. By E. H. Jenkins.

A Descriptive and Practical Guide to the

Cultivation of Hardy Flowers. Illustrated.

Cloth. 2s. lid.
Hardy Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Conifers and

Evergreens. By Geo. Buiiyard. A Popular

Handbook of 150 pages. SO Illustrations.

(l.scful hints. English and Latin namea

3s. lOd.
Herb Garden. By Francis A. Bardswell. 16

Full page Illustrations in Colour. 4s. 3d.
Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard, Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. By F. V. Theobald, M.A.,

etc. 328 Illu-strations. 30s. 6d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to

THE LIBRARIAN,

41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

VI.

TEE GARDENERS' CHROmCLE.

[Apbil 7, 1917.

W. RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of coat.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to anj port of the Kingdom to adviic

and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photograpUc mwi of Hortkiiltiiral

Buildings free on applicatioo.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. Ac, inp4>lied iron
itock.

LONDON OFFICE:

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor. " Gardener.' Chronicle."

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated
with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo-
graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. ::

// Vols.

Now
Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. ]. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. MA.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F.L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER, with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS.

V.M.H.

By GEORGE GORDON.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof. BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT.
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE. M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.
DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.
CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON
with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Gardea."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

► ami raafees the Gard^ „,,2^„, j
gay all the year rGi(M^?^:;^p£

Sold CTrrrnhrre in TINS ai ad. A. ^ »., and io BRANDED* SEALRD

BAGSi 7lbs..2a. «d.. t'>l>>9..4s.«<i. ;Mlbs..7s.*<t..e*l>»-1X>. 6tf. ilSib*. SO*. D'

direci (ram ih* Works, Camaie paid in «be Uoltad Kingdom fet Cask witta Ordrt ieisi^x e<l. TINS)

CLAY & SON. Manure Mf-.^ & Bene C'nis'iers. STRAT.'O^D, LONDON. E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

rnnted (or tJie Gardeners' Ohroniole, Limited, by Levi ajjd Maloouson, Ltd., Dane Street, Higb Holborn, Lcmdo-n., W.0.1, and Published weekly by the Gardenen'
Ohroiucle, Ltd., 41, WeUinfton Street, Ooremt Garden, Oity ol WectmiiLBter, Saturday, April 7, 1917. Agent lor Uanobeitei : Joan HiiwooD.

ivlAY .

No. 1581. Vol LXI. {™'.fs} SATURDAY, APRIL 14, 1917. /Registered as a Newspaper./ PR'CE

^ '•" ' I . (Post-five

SUBSCKII'Tloy— Inland, 1S'-t Foreign, 17,6 [22lr. /Oc.J [$4 26e.] /)er a>i>ii<»i.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address-

3d.

FKKE, Sid.

Entered at Ti'etr Tork l*ost Ojfice at second-class matter.
" Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543,

For CONTENTS see page 149.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
wilt be held over till the following week.

(^MISSIONS and Failures made good by

^-^ purchasing Slorxie's Seedlings, just- ready for prick-
ui^ out or potting on at correct dates for best poeeible re-
sults; aU popular Greenhouee plants. Summer Bedding,
iind Uaxdy Bolder Flowers, ic. Grand lot ol Cjolainen
now ready. Write for catalogue.— STORE IE & STORKIE,
Flower Se>e<ls Specialists, Glencarse, Perthstiire.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide
^-^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Ckimmended R.H.S. Scientiflcally-controlled Trials at
Wisley, 1911-15. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
BatterscB, London, S.W.

K

ELWAY'S

PAEONIES.

PERFECTLY GLORIOUS

Kriway's beautiful blue DelpbiniumB.
Kciway'8 brilliantly coloured Pbloxee.
Kclway'fl Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
Kelway'a new suid choice hardy perennnal plaoU ol oU
kinds.
NOW 13 the tune to ORDER for Spring plantinf.
Kelway'a famous Gladioli.
Kelway'B many coloured Pyrethrum*.
Kelway's gs.y OaiUardia*.

NOW is the time to SEND for partioulflrt to

KELWAY & SON,

Retail Plant Departmeoit,

LANQPORT. SOMERSET.

"RARR'S Beautiful LILIES. GLADIOLI,

-■-' CANNAS, MONTBRKTIAS. TIGRIDIAS. &c , for
ppring planting. Descriptive Catalogue free on applica-
tion.—liARR & SONS, King Street. Covent Garden.
London.

tJARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

'-' .SEEHJS of flnest selected stralna alod tested
growth. Catalogue free on application.

■RARR'S Hardy PERENNIALS, AL-

-■-' PINES. ROCK PLANTS, Aquatics, Climbers, &o.,
for Spring plun^ting. Catalogue free on application.

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

8t. Altkans.

"DLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

'-' have plea-sure in M-nrtiii(r a cnpy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, ic, ic,
free, if Miis paper is inentione«l Magnificent strong
r'Xit.s of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb Vftriet.^'.

■WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

"» LTD., TjAwrence Road, South Tottenham. Oon-
seryatories. Winter Gardens. Vineries, Peaoh-housefl,
Portable Buildinge, &c. Catalogues gratifl.

S

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-oUss Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Boyal Seed Ware-
bouse and Nurseries, Chester.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SUTTOK'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

aUTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,

'^ RBLVDISG.

WATERERS ALPINES, HERBACE-
OUS PLANTS and WATER LILIES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.— JOHN WATERER, SONS & CBISP,
LTD.. The Nutserjee, Twyford. Berks.

A/'IOLAS, finest Scotch, 12 Bedding

' Varieties, correctly named, 28. 3d., post free. Early

Chrysanthemums, 12 very fine varieties, 3s. 9d.. post

free. Strong plants.— DOBBLE & CO., Florists, Edinburgh.

■ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham

-■-•-' Cross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine stock of all the
t>e«t varieties, new and old, for present planting. Price^l
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES, Waltham Cross. Herts.

QPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Try
^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord T\voed ; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 vands for 17s. 6d. Patterns free.
-BKADFOED WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradford.

PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNA
TIONS. strong, healthy plants, now ready.
aniongst which are the following varieties : 4a. 6d. fier
doz. out of sand, 5s. 6d. p<-r doz in pnts— Enchantress.
Snowstorm, May Day, Lady Northclifle. Mikado, Rose
Pink Enchantre-*^ ; bs. per doz. out of sand. 78. per
doz. in pots — Enchantress Supreme, Salmon King, Gor-
geous. Whit* Enchantress. Champion, Triumph. Price
List of Latest Novelties on applioation. — J. C. JENNER,
Lynwood Nurseries, Rayleigh, Essex.

f ^RCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;

^' Brown Peat, IO3. 5d. per yard in trucks; in
hags 2s. M. each. 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech I.«af
.Mould, Yellow Loam. Stacked and Fre.sh Cut, Silver
.San.l ; 4-ton lots for 45s. ; C.N. Fibre. 24s. dozen hags ;
list free. — J. HAND.SCOMBE. F.R.H S., Feltham,
Middlesex.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
» of Scarlets, Queen of WbLtes. Ixively Blue (lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple); strong, clean, wcll-
riKiterl stuff from boxes. 50 for Ss. ; 9s. per 100; car-
riage paid for cjiah.— II. DUDDERIDGE. The Dorset
Niirsenos, Blandford.

UEED POTATOS.— Queen Mary and
^^ Royal Kidney, good sample through I4 inch and
over. 1 inch riddle, also Sharpe's Express, Early
Euli|).-.e and Duke of York, all earlies mixed; price
|jer cwt. on application.— MORLE & CO., 150-156, Finch-
ley Road. N.W. 3.

rf^LADIOLAS, extra choice Hybridi.? from
^-^ a celebrated prize collection ; Childsii, named,

25s. 100, mi.ved 14s. 100; Gandavensis. named. 20s..

mixed 12s. 100.— MORLE & CO., 150-155. Fincbley Road.

N.W. 3.

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata) ; our

•^^ magnificent collection, many now showing flower-
spikes, from Mr. W. Bull's wonderful 1st Prize Gold
MMal varieties, at half usual prices ; lists free.—
MORLE .k CO, 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

For Advertisement Charges see page v.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowera.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standard
varieties is readv, aflid will be sent poet free ou appli-
fiitiaii. — (Dept. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbech.

XJATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New iUus-

-'-' trated Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, with full cultural notes, is now ready, and will
be sent post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

rjREENHOUSE PAINTING c-iL' GLAZING

^-^ " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
" Pkstine " supersedes putty. l'\iU pautacuJ^ars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Batteipsea. Ageniis
throughout the country.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
• servatories, Greenhouses. &o., and Heating Engi-
neers. Danvers Street, Chekra. London. S.W. 3. Wire,
201, Western. London. Telephone: 201 Western.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In What Soils to PUint Them." witli Catalogue,
free on application. Sjiccial selections, 12, 38. 6d. ;
26, 5s. 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100. 25s. All diBereiil. named,
strong stock ; please state position and soil.^ — O, B.
P1IIPP8. Alpine Nur^ry, Bamham. Bognor.

CALCEOLARIAS (GOLDEN GEM) ;
strong, cold grown, 2a. 6d. 100, carriage paid. —
ENGLAND & FURNESS, Freelands Road Nurseries,
Bromley, Kent.

inn ^\i^(\ large garden ferns,

■•-"",""vr 20s. 100; PaJms, Begonias, Crotons

Dracaenas. Roecs, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. Ixindon Fern Nur-
series. Lougliborough Junction, London, S,W.

BAY TREES FOR SALE.— Twenty Speci-
men Pyramid Bavs, 8 to 10 feet high, in tubs.—
Price and particulars on aipplioation to J. B. CCKXUNO.
18, Willow Street, Derby.

CALANTHES FOR SALE.— Small Bulbs
of Veitchii, 6s. doz. ; .Sanderae alblflora. Sanderae
albescens, Wm. Murray, Byran, bella, Turnerii, cheap
Would make bulbs to flower next winter.— GEO. KENT,
Brt.cket Oanlena, Hatfield.

OFFERS WANTED for CASSELL'S
Popular Gardening, 2 books ; Fungoid Peets of
Cultivated Plants; Sander's Orchid Guide; Thonupson's
Gardener's Assistant, 5 vols. ; Orchids, by Wateon.—
G. KENT, Brocket Gardens, Hatfield.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH and TRENCH
HOE.— .\ Wonderful Little Tool. A woman can
do more with it than two men with spades. Gets more
useful every day. Price 3s.. carriage paid. — LAND
TOOL CO., is, AUsop Street. Baker Street. London, W.

FERNS! FERNS !!— Tree Fenis, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

FRUIT TREES.

Herbaceous Plants, Rhododscdrona.

1,000 ROSES

ill variety, Clematis, Carnations, Palms, Lilies,

Oladiolus and other Bulbs, cases of Japanese

Lilies, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
■will SELL the above by AUCTION at their Cen-
tral Sale Booms, 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C.
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

WALTON GRANGE, STONE,
STAFFORDSHIRE.

SALE OV THE COLLECTION OF RAKE AND VALU-
ABLE ORCHIDS FORMED BY THE LATE
W. THOMPSON. ESQ.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have received instructions from the Executors
to SELL by AUCTION on the premises as above, on
Tuesday, April 24th, and two following days,

at 11.30 o'clock each day precisely.
A list of tlie iiiincipal plants will be found in the
advertisement in tins paper for March 3rd.

The Collection may be viewed by appointment with
the Head Gardener. Mr. J. Howes. Catalogues are now
ready, and may be had on application to the Auc-
tioneers. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. 2.

PLANTS, &o., WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

■^ iifid CABBAGE PLANTS

fJ ,"\J\J W.\NTED at once; autumn-sown.—
Quotations to W. H. AGGETT. Office. Thurland Road.
St. Jamefi' Churchyard, Bermondsey, S.E.

WANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER for Hertfordshir* ; boy kept; no
Glassliouses ; good cottage.— Apply, J. F. CLERK, Esq.,
50. Temple, London, E.C.

MISCELLANEOUS.

THEY NEVER FAIL TO
KEEP YOU DRY.

If you write to-day for the " Beacon Booklet," you
are on the way tn weather comfort. It shows many
different styles in BEACON OILSKINS, and it will
show you the coat that vou want. Children's Coats
8/6 upwards. Men's from 9/-, Ladies' Smart Oilskins,
18/6. Long Leggings from 2/9. Sou'westers from
1/6. They alwavs keep out the wet. Send p.c. to-day
for our Free Booklet of " Weather Comfort," describing
money-back guarantee.— Send now— before you forget-
to BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66, BEACON BUILDINGS,
SOUTH SHIELDS.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER ; no Glass.— Apply by letter to CAPTAIN
BRETT JAMES. School House, Mill Hill, N.'W. 7.

w

Ma

ANTED. GARDENER ; good Single-
handed ; Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, no
r cottage.— MISS VVOTHERSPOON, Holmbury St.
near Dorking.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

H.tNDED). immediately ; no children ; experi-
enued; abstainer; cotUge.— Apply, stating age, wages
and particulars, to " Summerlands," Curdridge. Botley.

WANTED, GARDENER ; good wagos ;
Inside and Out.— Apply at " HiUfleld," Haver-
stock Hill, nearly opposite Belsize Station, Hampstead
Tube Railway.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Institu-
tion ; good all-round man, well up in Vegetables ;
abstainer; ineligible.— Apply, stating age, experience,
and wages required. SUPERINTENDENT, Turners
Court, near Wallingford. Berks.

WANTED, experienced MAN (Inside) ;
wages 28s. per week and house.— Apply, with
full particulare and references, to W. GROOM, Upper
Gatton Park, Mersthani, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER ; experienced
Assistant'; 30s., Bothy and attendance.— Testi-
monials. &c., to C. SIMPSON, Weinyss Castle, East
Wemyss, Fife.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Insibe and
Out) ; able to take duty ; wages, £1 per week
and Bothy ; duty and overtime paid.— Apply, with full
particulars, to H. A. PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize
Court. Hampstead, N.W. 3.

WANTED, FOREWOMAN, for Inside
and Out ; 3 in Bothy ; state wages, &o. — R.
LEARMUUTH, The Gardens, Sherfield Manor. Basing-
■stoke.

WANTED. TWO WOMEN UNDER
GARDENERS, one chiefly Inside, other Inside
and Out ; state wages expected, with or without board
and lodgings.— A. SHAKELTON, Burrough Hill Gardens,
Melton Mowbray, Leicester.

WANTED, capable WOMAN GAR-
DENER to look after Rock and Rose Garden
and Herbaceous Borders ; other Gardeners kept ; could
live in with other servant.s, or have lodgings near ; good
wages given.— Write full particulars, REV. MALLIN-
SON, Woodlands, Ledbury, Herefordshire.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER; experi-
enced ; able to take charge of Houses. — E.
SNELGROVE, Buckham Hill House Gardens, Uckfield,

WANTED, several JOURNEYMEN
(Inside) ; 24s. per week, with Bothy, &c. ; 12
o'clock Saturdavs and overtime paid.— Apply, with par-
ticulars, to C. H. WHEELER, Swinton Gardens,
Masham, Ripon.

WANTED, active YOUTH, 16 (Inside) ;
wages, IBs., Bothy, &c. ; alternate duties; duty
and overtime paid.— Apply. D. ROBERTS, Prestwold,
Lougliburough.

w

ANTED, GARDENER, by May 3;

other hand kept ; good wages, cottage near gar
Apply, C. DUNN. Ecclerigg, Windermere.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line-
Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

inust give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will he taken of their communications.
Name and address atone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, energetic SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER, thoroughly experienced Inside and
Out.— State age. wages, referenc&s. BRADLEY. Union
I'lub. Southport.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for Kitchen
Garden, cottage provided ; al.so HAN for Inside
work, to live in Bothy.— Address, G. L. WIGG, Rock-
sliaws, Mcrstham, Surrey.

WANTED, experienced UNDER FORE-
MAN for block of Tomatos ; good wages for suit
able man ; also NURSERY HANDS, wages 33s. per week.
Saturday afternoon and Sunday duty extra.— WVNN
E. HAMILTON, The Ivies. Waltham Cross, Herts.

BOROUGH OF BERMONDSEY.

EXPERIENCED MAN WANTED, for
Public Gardens (temporarilv ) ; principally Vege-
table growing ; ineligible ; 40s. inclusive.— W. H.
AGGETT (Supt.), Office, Thurland Road, St. James
Churchyard.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER, for
the Hon. Mrs. How.iRD ; cottage provided.—
State full information, and wages required, to THE
AGENT, Sibton Park. Lyminge, Kent.

WANTED. UNDER GARDENER, for
Inside and Out ; cottage or comfortable Bothy
provided, also Are, light, and vegetables; good wages
to suitable man.— A. BRADBURY, Brynlupus, Llan-
dudno.

WANTED, GARDENER, under Head,
for Vegetable and Outdoor work ; over 60 ; rooms
provided if married; iio family- Apply, INMAN, The
Grange, Hampstead, London.

WANTED, MAN ; chiefly for Kitchen
Garden ; ineligible ; wages 24s. and cottage.—
M. NICHOLLS, The Gardens, St. Clere. Kerasing, near
Sevenoaks. Kent.

'ANTED, IMPROVER ; Inside Houses
and Out; age 16; wages 18s.. Bothy, vegetables
,d mHk — E. MORGAN. Wossand Hall Gardens, Hull.

w

WANTED. IMPROVER (Inside) ;
wages 18s. and Bothy; duty paid cxtra.-^E.
BRISTOW, Leyswood Gardens, Gi-oombridge. Tunhridge
Wells.

w

ANTED, strong YOUTH, 16 to 17;

Inside and Out ; live in ; 7s. 5d. to lOs. per week.
Apply, GREEN, Amberley House, Gravelly Hill, Bir-

W ANTED, TWO intelligent well-educated
YOUTHS, age about 16 years, interested m
Shrub and Hardy Plant culture.— Apply, E. BECKETT.
.Aldcnham House Gardens, Elstree, Herts.

WANTED, TWO LADS, for Inside
w.irk; Bothv provided.— Apply, stating wages
expected, to J. MINTY. Oakley Court, Windsor.

TRADE.

WANTED, LADY GARDENERS, to
work in London Florists' business, furnishing
department.— .\ipply. WILLS & SEGAR, Royal Exotic
Nursery, Onslow Crescent, South Kensington, S.W.

WANTED, a LADY GARDENER, to
take charge of Packing Department ; must be
very neat and correct in her work.— MANAGER, Rudg-
wick Fruit Farm, Rudgwick, Sussex.

WANTED, thoroughly experient;ed

FLORIST, First Hand.— State wage, experience,
T.UT i FRANCIS, 135, Princes Street, Edinburgh.

WANTED, GREENHOUSE MAN ; ex-
perienced in growing Tomatos, Cucumbers,
Chrysanthemums, &«.- Reply, llALLIFORD NUR-
SERIES, Shepperton.

WANTED at once, a practical WORKING
MAN for the general work of a small Nursery,
one House only, for working Roses and Clematis; must
be successful Budding and Grafting, and good Hand
Pruning and Transplanting all Outside Nursery Stock,
and good at Violas; must be ineligible, or beyond any
military call ; cottage found close to the Nursery.—
Apply, 'with references, stating age and wages required,
to JAS. HOLDER & SON, Crown Nurseries, Reading.

w

ANTED, YOUNG LADY, for Florist
,d Seed Shop.— Apply, CUNDY, Sudbury, Suf-

SEED TRADE.—TRAVELLER required
by leading North of England firm of Agricultural
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to thoroughly reliable man.— Write, stating age, ex-
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lington Street, C-ovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, CLERK (Lady) ; quick at
Shorthand, Typing, also Figures; comfortable
office; state salary, experience. — E. W. KING, Seed
Merchant, Coggeshall, Essex.

SITUATIONS VACANT continued on page v.

April 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SWEET PEA

Autumn pi AI\|TQ ''°"'
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Make sure of plenty of the National Colours
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

V

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Apbil 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

149

yo. ItSl.— SATURDAY, APRIL U, 1917

CONTENTS.

Allotments, the cropping
of ]

Belfast, allotments in .. ]

Books, notices of —
Botanical Magazine ..

Daffodil show abandoned :

Digging;, the incredible
profit of :

Farm, crops and stock
on the home . . . . ]

Galloway garden, notes
from a ]

&Iarket fruit garden, the '.

Obitnary—
Duncan, David .. ]

Stredwick, James

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Oresitrophe rupifraga , .

Phytophthora, studies of
the genus . . .. :

Pigfc, the leedintrof

Potatos, seed, for London :

Kobinson, Mr. C. H. ., :

Rosary, the—

Decorative Roses, the
best ;

Etfects of the frost .. ]
Snapdragon Rust
Societies —

Linnean 1

Royal Horticultural . .

Scottish Horticultural :

United Hort. Benefit
I and Prov.

Sugar for fill it-preserving
Sundial, the construction

of a cheap .. .. :
Vegetables —

Lotigevity of seed!

Potato crops . . . .

Select vegetables
Week's work, the —

Flower garden, the ..

Fruits under glass

Hardy fruit garden, tb e

Kitchen garden, the ..

Orchid houses, the . .

Plants under glass

ILLUSTRATIONft.

Oresitrophe rupifraga 155

Sundial, a simply constructed 150, 151

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN. -IV.»

WRITIXC at the end of February in the
fatuous belief that we ha<l reached the
end of the severest winter since 1895, 1
expressed myself some.vhat arrogantly on the
way certain plants on the borderland of hardi-
hood had borne the ordeal. I should have
known better than to be deceived by a few mild
mornings, which were but the prelude to visita-
ticms of intense cold on March 7, 8, and 26, and
April 1 and 2. The temperature on the last of
these dateiB was— Shade 23° and (Jrass 14°, bciiij;
the lovvest April temperatures recorded in Glas-
{;ow during fifty years, except on April 24, 1908,
when the graas temperature fell to lli° Fahr.
This reiteration of Arctic conditions has wrought
far more mischief than all that went before, not
because plants had started into precocious
gi-owth ; on the contrary, they had been kept
well ba<;k by persistent low temperatures since
the New Year. 'Hiey suffered in March more
than they had done in weather of equal severity
in the short, dark winter days simply because
the days in March are neither short nor dark.
A good illustration of the effect of sunshine upon
frozen vegetation is presented by a fine epecimen
of TricHspidaria lanceolata, 10 feet high and IB
feet round the branches. Winter sunshine never
reaches it. being screened off by high tree-i to the
south and west, and the plant came scathless
through the severe frosts of February, carrying
myriads of pendent flower-buds which will swell
into carmine globes in June. But the sun of
March rises over the tops of the sheltering trees,
and about one-third of the bush ha* now been
seared as if by flome. I comfort myself with
the assurance that the bush will have a more
picturesque outline after the dead branches have
been cut out.

This morning (April 2), as I write, even the
common Daffodils have bowed their golden
coronets to the sward. Still, I do not think it
will be found that many thing.s have been killed
outright, although all prospect of blos.som on
such wall-plants a.? Clianthus puniceus. Sophora
tetraptcra, and Calceolaria violarea is utterly at
an end for this season. Carpenteria and the
common Myrtle are severely browned, but will
recover; while Abelia floribunda, Berberidopsis,

• For previous articles see .Tati. 1^, p. IS; Feb. 17, p. 09
and.March 10, p. IOC.

Buddleia Colvilei, and Lapageria — all en waUs-^
remain unhurt. The new Chinese honej'suckle,
Lonicera tragophylla, has proved as hardy and
as precocious in growth as our native species. It
as desiraible because of its rich yellow flowers,
although these are quite scentless ; but even on
our cloudy West coast it should be grown in a
north exposure, for it is terribly subject to the
I'avages of aphides if it gets too much sun. It
is surprising that the Chilian Myrtus Luma is
not more often seen in gardens near the sea. It
is true that neither the foliage nor the wiiite
flower which it bears in such abundance possesses
the fragrance of the European Myrtle ; but it is
a ver>' beautiful evergreen for all that, and
may easily be raised from seed.

Another fine shrub which one does not often
meet with is Berberis pinnata. (Mahonia fasci-
cularis of De Candolle) ; in fact, the only private
grounds, except my own. in which I can recol-
lect seeing it are the neighbouring garden at
Glasserton and the late Canon Ellacombe's lawn
at Bitton.

It may, however, be more commonly grown
than I .--uppose, seeing that in a young state it
is very easily mistaken for the common
Mahonia — B. Aquifolium ; but it is of far more
arboreal haliit than thait well-known shrub,
rising to a height of twelve or fourteen feet,
with a stem circumference of 18 inches. This
Barberry is usually a very gay object before the
end of March, crowded with fragrant yellow
blossom ; but this year it is very late, like every-
thing, else. A native of the Southern States of
North America, it is not so hardy as the com-
mon Mahonia, and should be given a position
sheltered from the cutting winds, for the chief
beauty of the plant consists in its fine pinnate
foliage.

Tlie mention of Mahonia brings to mind a
pretty display which took place a few evenings
ago in full view of our library window. A bull
in a china shop, a pike in a trout stream, a
schoolboy in the still-room— each may serve as a
tj-pe of destructive energy; but for unmitigated,
devastating plunder, commend me to a cock
pheasant in the spring flower border. Nor will
this most uxorious fowl consent to feed in soli-
tude at this season. He must needs bring his
khaki-clad wives to share his repast on the
blooms of Crocus, Dog's Tooth Violet, and Soxi-
fmga Burseriana, with crowns of young Clover
in the sward. Wherefore, so often as a cock
pheasant doth find his way into the flower
garden, there ensues a stealthy stalk, a deed of
blood, and precipitate flight of the feathered
harem. But on the evening aforesaid we
WaAched from the window the proceedings of a
pair of marauders, and could not find it in our
hearts to interfere with them, so brilliant was
the colour display in the level rays of the
westering sun. These thieves were cock golden
pheasanjts (Thaumalea picta) ; they had attacked
a bush of Berberis Aquifolium, .and were briskly
devouring the yeWcnv buds and blooms. Golden
pheasants, which one used to be told required
the shelter of an .aviary, are thoroughly
naturjilised in the woods here, and, though of no
value for sport or the game-larder, greatly add
hy their fant.ostic iplumage to the interest of a
woodland walk.

There has been some discussion of late in the
gardening Press about different forms of the
spring Snowflake — Leucojum vernum. I saw
lately in Sir John Stirling MaxweJl's grounds at
Pollok, Renfrewshire, a remarkable and very
decorative variety of L. carpathicum, or Vag-
neri. The flower s^talks are fasciated, and the
blossoms are ranged as a coronet or wreath at
the tops of them. One stalk bore as many as
eleven blooms in this fashion, producing a
peculiarly rich effect.

Never have I known the Algerian Iris (I.
unguicularis) to flower so profusely as it has
done in this ungenial season. Its position under
the wall of a greenhouse (now devoted to the

growth of Tomatos) ha® enabled it to keep a
succession of its delicately-tinted blooms right
through the long frost. Iris reticulata flowers
freely, and has done with it, but the Algerian
Iris goes on for months. Herbert Maxwell,
Monreith.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

Mabch this year did not " go out like
a lamb." There was frost here, 7°, as late
as the night of the 27th, and there was
a little snow during the night of the 29th. The
wind had been in one of the northern quarters
aJmost invariably for over a fortnight up to the
27th, and when it changed to the west on the
29ith it was nearly as cold as ever. Still, a con-
siderable portion of the month was favourable
to work on the land, the rainfall at my station
being only 1.45 inch, while tliere was a good
deal of sunshine in the latter half. There was
less rain in my district than was general in the
division of England to which it belongs, and we
had not one-fourth ,as much snow as was com-
mon further North. The soil, pulverised by the
severe frosts, works remarkably well where the
horse cultivation of orchards and the hand-
hoeing of the rows of trees and bushes have been
begun. Also, in consequence of the frosts, weed
.■seeds have not germinated as they have done
after recent mild and wet winters. Never before
have my ordhai-ds been in so clean a condition
at the beginning of tlie hoeing season as they
are this year. I'his, however, is partly owing
to the prolonged employment of a number of
women as hoers and as diggei-s late in the last
season. There is re>ason to hope that the com-
parative dryness of the Last three months has
been beneficial to the health of trees, particularly
in relation to fungous diseases, which h^d be-
come ramjKint after a series of wet and mild
winters.

A Very Backward Season.

Among the sixteen past seasons in which 1
have recorded stages of vegetation in my present
place, only two— those of 1901 and 1909— have
been nearly as backward as the present seiison
was a-t the end of March, in relation to the sub-
jects of my observation as a whole. In the fol-
lowing statements the stages of vegetation on
March 31 .are compared with those of some pre-
ceding seasons : —

GoosKBF.BBiK.s. — Leaf buds generally just
burst, a sta.ge reached last year on February 29,
.and ocaa.sionally earlier. In most seasons more
or less in leaf by the end of March.

Red CtiuRANTs. — ^Only a few leaf buds burst-
ing. In 191^ as forward by February 7, and
frequently hj-4.he. first week of March.

Black Cphrants. — Hardly any leaf buds burst.
In 1913 the bushes were partially in leaf by
Mardi 22, and occasionally they have been so
earlier.

Eabi.v-dlos.somi.no Peaks. — No buds burst,
though swollen. Last year as forward by Feb-
ward 29, and clusters of flower -buds were show-
ing on March 18.

EABLy-BLossoMiNO Plums. — No buds burst.
Ijast year a little blossom on Maroh 18 ; in 1913,
full blossom on Maroh 31 ; and in 1912, on
March 24.

E.\Ri.Y-Br.ossoMiNO ApPLES. — No buds burst.
Last year clusters of tlower buds showed on
March 18. In 1913 buds on one variety were
bursting on February 28. and a few bloseoms
Were ex:panded on Alarch 22. Still, Apples are
less backward than other kinds of fruit.

Raspberbiks.— No leaf buds burst. In 1914
one-fourth in leaf by March 31, and in 1913 by
February 15.

QtnxcES. — No buds burst. Last year one-
fourth in leaf on .January 31 ; in 1915, 1914, and
1913, by March 20 ; and in 1912 the trees w»r»
green with foliage on January 30.

150

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

Almonds. — No buds buret. In some seasons
in full blossom by th« end of March, and
occa.siona.lly earli&r.

Blackberries. — ^No buds burst. Occasionally
forvviarder by the end of February, and generally
before the end of March.

Primroses. — Very few in flower. Often more
in January.

Snowdbops. — These floweiis were fully out a
fortnight ago. They were as forward last year
by the end of January.

Yellow Crocuses. — In full blossom a fort-
night ago. Occasionally they have been so in
February.

D.iFFODiLS (Double Yellow). — None in flower.
Often have been so by the middle of March, and
occasionally ea-rlier.

Wallflowers. — Killed or partially killed by
frost. No blossom. Last year in full bloom on
March ffi, whaoh was earlier than usual.

Elder Leaf. — Buds generally burst. Often
have been as forward by the beginning of March,
and occasionally in February.

Lilac Leaf. — Buds not burst, but on the point
of bursting. Often as forward by the middle of
March, and in some years before the end of
February.

H-\wTHORN Leaf. — No buds burst. In 1913
one-fourth in leaf by February 20 in sheltered
s^ots, and often early in March.

FYowERiNO Currants. — Occasionally have
been forwarder by the end of February, and
usually before the end of March.

FORSTTHIA. — No buds burst. Last year in full
blofisom by February 12.

Dbutzia scabia. — No buds burst. Last year
more advanced by January 31.

Top-ORAFTiNO Apples.

My latest death -sentence on an unprofitable
Apple is that which has been passed on Gas-
Coyne's Scarlet Seedling, all trees of which in
one orchard and part in another have
been cut for top-grafting. Here we have
one of the numerous varieties which ought to be
put on the black list so far as commercial fruit-
growers are concerned, unless, possibly, those
whose land is quite light and dry may be ex-
cepted. The great trees now reduced to frame-
works for grafting liad been in the orchard ten
years, and they produced only one fair crop four
years ago, after which they developed canker
on trunks, main branches, laterals, fruit spurs,
and fruit buds more or less. The only other
varieties ever grown by me which have shown
any approach to the virulence of canker attack
suffered by Gascoyne's Scarlet were King of the
Pippins. Potto's Seedling, and Ribston Pippin,
all grubbed up long ago. Tlie cankers on the
trunks of the trees'about to be top-grafted have
long callused over, and plenty of branches can
be found for grafts free from canker below the
parts cut off. Mof.t of these trees will be re-
grafted with Bramley's Seedling, with Newton
Wonder on one row of trees, and Charles Ross
in the orchard in whidi only a"limited number
of the trees has been condemned, the rest, on
lightish soil, being comparatively healthy, so
that they are to have another season's trial.
Bramley's Seedling grafted on Irish Peach two
years ago has grown into fine and well-
fnmisihed trees. Irish Peach was condemned
for scab.

Bark Split by Frost.

For the first time I find slits caused by frost
in the bark of many Apple trunks from a foot
to two feet in lengtli, and about half an inch
deep. The trees mast affected are those
which are not over eleven years from the
planting, and full of vigorous growth. The pro-
portion of trees with these splits is not large —
not over one in twenty in any variety. Cox's
Orange Pippin is one of the most commonly
affected varieties, as might be expected, seeing
that it rarely misses anything bad that is going
about. It is desirable to get some Stockholm
tar into the cracks to prevent the entry of
canker spores. Southern Grower.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CHEAP
SUN-DIAL.

I HAD finished erecting my Rose arches, and
had' completed the laying of a long flagstone
walk, my fishpond and fountain were in full
working order, and I had to cast about in search
of further " improvements." So I decided to
construct a sundial : and the extreme simplicity
and low cost of the whole affair has prompted
me to describe the work.

First of all the site has to be chosen, and of
course the sunniest part of the garden is the
best, preferably at the end of a walk.

Dig a square hole, measuring 18 inches each
way and about 5 inches deep. Pour into this a
well-mixed compost of 1 part cement and 5
parts of grit, sand, or finely-broken brick, being
careful not to add any organic matter, such as

1

i

•-*-^^ ^ '^m

1

Fig. 52-

SIMPLY CONSTRUCTED SUNDIAL.

manure or garden soil, to the wet mixture. This
when set, a matter of a couple of days, will form
the foundation. If desired, the bottom stone of
the pedestal can be laid on the cement directly
it is poured into the hole. The column is 3 feet
9 inches in height and is constructed of blocks
of sandstone, shaped as little as possible, and
tapering slightly towards the top. These irregu-
larly shaped stones provide plenty of nooks and
crannies in which Sempervivum and similar
plants can easily be made to catch hold, if fre-
quently sprayed with water.

In erecting the' pillar it is best not to be in a
hurry. Lay two, or at most three, stones and
then let the cement harden. This will prevent
any slipping. Equal parts of silver sand a.nd
cement will make a good medium.

If the stones or bricks are old and green, or
mossgrown, as they should be, scrub them well
with a stiff brusJi dipped in water wherever it
is necessary for the cement to adhere, and do

not mix more of this very useful substance than
you require for immediate use.

The cap-stone should be flat on top. This was
easily managed in my case by grinding one stone
on another, with water to aid the abrading, and
a sipirit-level is necessary to get it horizontally
true. Tlie use of a plumb-line -in building the
pedestal is not practicable in the case of an
irregular outline. I ensured mine being upright
by walking round it as I laid each stone, and
observing carefully whether it appeared vertical.

It will be noticed that my capstone shows a
certain amount of masoning. It was my first
attempt, and was accomplished with an ordinary
hamniT and cold chisel : but in cutting stone be
careful to have a very firm rest for the block
you are operating on, and set the stone so that
you are cutting horizontally.

And now for the dial. Most of the sundials I
had seen had a metal face, but I had enough
engineering knowledge to avoid, if possible, the
wrist-racking task of graving a brass or copper
plate, and it was a chance stroll through the
churchyard that provided me with an alterna-
tive. Why not use slate? For I found myself
gazing at headstones of this material seventy
and eighty years old, absolutely unscathed by
the weather.

An old roofing slate was sawn in halves. Use
a fine-toothed saw for this, or repeated' scorings
both sides with a pointed Icnife-blade will ens-ure
a clean fracture. The two portions were' then
ground together with a little fine sand and
water, after which the dial was ready for mark-
ing out.

With regard to this task, all sorts of difficulties
and insuperable obstacles had seemed to present
themselves to me; but, in reality, they were
non-existent

One peculiarity must be noted here, and that
is that the clock and the sun do not synchronise
very frequently. For instance, on January 1 the
sun is 3^ minutes behind the clock, and this in-
terval gradually lengthens until February 12,
when it is 14^ minutes out. Then the distance
decreases until, on April 17, they are absolutely
together. By May 15 the sun has gained 3J
minutes, after which they synchronise again on
■June 15. July 16 sees the sun 65 minutes behind,
.and on September 2 the times coincide again. The
greatest variation occurs by November 3, when
the clock has been outdistanced by 16i minutes,
but Christmas brings, as it should, concord and
unanimity, for on December 26 they again agree.
All these variations are set out in extenso in any
good almanac, such as Whitaker's, and should
be available, as shown later, when setting the
dial in position permanently. For gi'a.ving the
numerals and shadow-lines an ordinary penknife-
blade answers admirably ; but it must be fre-
quently sharpened.

One verj' important feature is the gnomon or
shadow-plate, which is usually of metal, brass
being commonly used on small dials. It must be
cut to an angle coi-responding with the latitude in
which it is to stand. For in.»tance. Dover would
be 51 degrees. Harwich 52, Nottingham 53, York
54, Newcastle 55, and so on. Reference to »
reliable atlas will ensure this being correct. It
has frequently occurred that a sundial has been
moved from one latitude to another, w^hen it has
simply refused to work properly, to the surprise
and indignation of its owner. An historical in-
stance occurred as long ago as 263 B.C., when a
famous Roman general looted a dial from a
garden in Sicily and erected it in the grounds of
his Roman villa, with most unsatisfactory results.
In Dover museum is one of Roman workman-
ship, which when tested recently was, of course,
inoocurate.

My gnomon I cut from a piece of brass i inch
thick which I found in my scrap-box ; but, if
economy is urgent, and brass is certainly at a
high figure just now, iron, enamelled or painted,
will do equa.Uy well. See that the edges are filed
rectangular. Details of fixing can be gathered
from the sketch, and if you have no mechanical
ability, any engineering friend will quickly do

Apbit. 14. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

151

the job for you. I had mine all completed and
ready for screwing on in less than an hour and
a. half. The shape is a matter for individual
fancy, providing the angle of latitude is correct,
one or two suggestions appearing in the sketch.

First of all make a centre on the plate and
scribe with a pair of steel dividers or compasses
a 6-inch circle. Then rule a line through this
centre, which must lie due north and south
when in position ; then two more equidistant and
parallel lines which shall just cover the width of
gnomon (see shaded portion of sketch). Points
(a) and (b) should be about 1 inch from the
centre, and these points are the most important
of the whole setting out.

Do not cut hour-lines until after the dial if
fixed in position.

The toe of the gnomon or style, aa it is some-
times called, must just touch points (a) and (b)
when, screwed down.

Now, with dividers, take distances as given
in aketch, and transfer them to the circle, making
a small dot. This will give the approximate
intersection of the hour-line protracted from
either (a) or (b). Under these dots, or over
them in the case of a big plate, cut the numerals,
etc., and you wiU find, when completing, that
the figures are in approximately the correct
position. The gnomon is now screwed down to
the dial, tested for perpenddcularity with a set-
square, and is then ready for fixing.

On the day selected — a sunny one, of course —
look in Whilaier's Almanac and see what the
variation is. Say, for example, the sun is shown
to be 5 minutes in advance of the clock — i.e., the
sundial will register 12 o'clock when it is 5
minutes to 12. Be sure j'our watch is right, and a
few minutes before time wet some cement (pure
this time), fairly sloppy, drop it on to the cap-
stone and press the dial down on it, testing all
over with a spirit-l»vel to ensure a true horizontal
plane, and get the shadow dead in the shaded
portion at exactly 5 minutes to 12. Then leave it
severely alone. Your job is done. Next day, or,
better still, two days later, fill up spaces left
under dial with more cement and dress the
edges. All the foregoing applies to Greenwich
time only. Should the reader wish to have
actual meridian time, another reference to the
atlas will give him the longitude of his locality,
and he must simply add or subtract, as the case
may be, 4 minutes to or from th« clock time for
each degree E. or W.

Now by watching his dial carefully the builder
can gradually mark the actual line of the shadow
for each hour, half-hour, and quarter, not for
getting to refer to the variation for that day. aii<l
in the end he will find that the engraved numer-
als are in practically the correct position, and ho
will also find himself in pos.=ession of an instru-
ment as accurate as it is possible for one to be.
Bo sure to rule lines from (a) for a.m. and from
(b) for P.M. time, and use the curve of knife-
blade near the tip, rather than the extreme
point. Slate may be easily sawn with an old
hack-saw, and the edges filed or ground to shape,
so that a round plate, like mine, is quite practi-
cable.

No article on a sundial can be considered' com-
plete without a few words on mottos.

Perhaps one of the commonest is " Pererunt et
imputantur" ("They (the hours) pass and are
reckoned "). Other suitable ones that might be
mentioned are " Sic transit gloria mundi " or
" Tempus edax rerum," a motto that will ulti-
mately apply to your sundial, however well you
build it. To the man who is inclined to be horti-
culturally procrastinative I would offer the fol-
lowing old Scotch monition, " Take tent of time
ere time be tint."

For my motto I have chosen " Horas non
numero nisi serenas " ("I number only the
hours that are serene ") ; while in the child's
.slate which I have used to make another plate,
i« one which, freely translated, says, "Never a
step backwards."

" Let not the sun go down upon your wrath "

has a homely waniing that is particularly ap-
propriate to the sweetness and beauty of a gar-
den ; while a sad, yet beautiful note is struck by
my concluding examples. On the church dial of
a peaceful little Surrey village can be read, "In
coelo quies " ("In Heaven is resit"). To those
who wisli for a short motto I would sug-
gest one which tells the storv which all dials
teach. " The night cometh." 11'. /. Henrii.

(white, with a faint blush and light
purple disc), D. nobile Cvpheri, and D. nohile
Statterianum. Of the hybrids, D. Cybele
nobiliiis is one of the largest of hybrid Dendro-
biums and fine in colour; D. Apo'llo albuili and
D. Rubens, two extremes of the large-flowered
section ; D. Ainsworthdi intertextum, cream-
white, with purple disc ; D. xanthocentron, with
rich orange-coloured centre to the lip; D. Ophir,

P/an o/sfefis to
Pedestal AtCa)

put c/ais of
cenient fo
hold a/I fo-
^etfyer. Fill
shaded

sand, or

soil

Me/fjod of
laying

tricks
tojef-a
spiral
column

Sundial

(shaded ) niois <f^illSroW

V/JHeNey.FRGS

FlO. 63. — CONSTRUCTION OF A SUNDIAL; SHOWING DETAILS OF THK DIAL, GNOMON AND COLUMN.

_ ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

DENDROBIUMS AT CHELTJ<:NHA.M.

The house of spring-flowering Dendrobiiims is
always a great attraction in the nurseries of
Messrs. J. Cj-pher and Sons, Ohe]tenha.m, and
this season they are .specially fine. The foi-ms of
Dendrobium nobile range from the large
purplish -crimson D. nobile nobilius— one of
the oldest and sitill the best-coloured form when
the true plant is secured — to pure white. The
best intermediate forms are D. nobile clegans
(also an old variety and one of. the best in
shape and colour), D. nobile murrhiniacum

the oharming fragrant hybrid between D.
aureum and D. 'signatum. cowslip-yellow with
dark centre; and a pretty hybrid of D. Rolfeae,
larger than but with the same features a* the
parent.

ODONTONIA .BETBSHAM.
This is a very pretty novelty raised, and now
flowered, by C. J. Pliillips, Esq., The Glebe,
Sevenoaks, from seeds obtained by crossing
Odontoma Lairesseae (.Miltonia Warscewiczii
X Odontoglossum crispum) and Odonto-
glossum illustrisisimum (ardentissimum x
Lambeauianum). The seeds were sown on
July 8, 1913, and the first flower opened on March
20," 1917. The use of a good form of O. illiis

152

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

tfissimum as one of the parents has tended to
widen the segments of M. Lairesseae, and intro
duce very effective shades of colour. The petals
and sepals are broad, and overlap each other, the
margins exhibiting undulation inherited from
Miltonia Warscewiczii. The colour is brownish-
orange on a lilac ground ; the margins are lilac.
The basal part of the lip has yellow and brown
blotches; the rest is a shade of lilac.

VEGETABLES.

SELECT VEGETABLES.
I THANK J. F. for his information (see p. 115)
respecting Haricot and Butter Beans. With
reference to Kales, having grown all the varieties
known to me, with the exception of The Salva-
dor, which was once stated to be the best, I am
rather surprised that there can be two opinions
as to Asparagus Kale being the most useful and
productive sort, given good cultivation and
generous treatment. My trouble was to keep the
young growths gathered and eaten fast enough ;
in pre-war days our poultry and pigs were given
a tew bushels of this vegetable to prevent waste.
Tlhis Kale is always a good crop with me, grown
at altitudes from 400ft. to 900ft. J.

LONGEVITY OF SEEDS.

In view of the scarcity of Vegetable seeds this
Reason, any records of longevity will be exceed-
ingly useful, esipeoially as the scarcity may be
even greater next season. It is rather difficult
to estimate the age of seeds that have been pur-
chased, as seedsmen do not always supply seeds
of the previous year's growth.

Oaibbage, Broccolis, and Savoy grow well when
the seed is six years old, culinary Peas at two
years old. Lettuce at two years. Melon and
Ououmber at five years, Vegetable Marrows at
three years. I have not tested Runner Beans,
but have always been told they were of no use
after the first year. This would probably apply
also to dwarf Beans. I found that Tomatos only
gave a few plants after the first year. TJiese
were all kept in paper packets, placed in
wooden di-awers, in an airy room, where warmth
was supplied in bad weather from hot-watti
pipes.

It is usually the custom amongst gardeners not
to sow old seeds, and in view of the risk involved
it was a good principle to act upon when new
seeds could easily be c>btained. We may now,
however, be conipelled to vary this rule, at any
rate, for a time. W. H. Divers, Wcsldean,
Hooh, Surbiton.

POTATO CROPS.
Dr. H. E. Ddrh.\m's conununication in your
last issue opens up an endless question, but
withal, a most interesting one. In the counties
of Midlothian and East Lothian, where Potato
growing is considered to be exceedingly well
done by farmers, the usual distances for planting
are : — Drills, 27 inches apart ; sets dropped in at
about 12 inches apart. To plant an acre at these
distances requires about 19,500 sete, equal to
about one ton of sets, averaging 2oz. each. A
good crop in the Lothians is 10 to 12 tons per
acre, which is only equal to a return of rather
under li lb. per set. The average Potato crop
for Britain is about 6 tons per acre, which is
round about | lb. of yield per set. In my notes
in the Oardeners' Chronicle of December 30 (p.
312), I reported the yield at Wisley and at Edin-
burgh of nineteen varieties. Twenty sets of each
of these nineteen were planted ; the gross yield at
Wisley was 1,043 lbs., and at Edinburgh
1,015 lbs. The average yield per set or root at
Wisley was 2.745 lbs., or 2| lb., equivalent to a
crop of 14 tons 8 cwt. per acre. This is how it
works out, taking the nineteen varieties alto-
gether. Some of the sorts — notably Great Scot. —
showed a yield of nearly double that. Both at

Wisley and Edinburgh the sets Avere planted in
drills 30 inches apart, and the sets were place<l
18 inches apart in the drills. To plant an acre
at these distances would require 11,760 sets. The
cultivation at Wisley was spade cultivation. At
Edrinburglh the land was ploughed, but it is an
old market garden, and there is no difficulty in
getting a fine tilth 10 to 12 inches deep. My ex-
perience teaches me that in good land, strong-
growing second early and ]Main Crop Potatos re-
quire 3 feet between the drills and 18 inches
between the sets to do themselves justice. Re-
cently I had an interesting letter from Mr. John
Fra.ser suggesting that I might turn my atten-
tion to raising Potatos with dwarfer, sturdier
haulms for the special benefit of town-gai-deners.
Mr. Eraser pointed out that in confined gardens
the present-day Potato grew far too much to top,
and the yield was often disappointing. It is
just possible that one or two such varieties
might be found in a batch of seedlings. Does
not Mr. Molyneux think that with deeper cml-
tivation, to get a better tilth, and wider plant-
ing, farmers might materially increase their aver-
age yield on a paying basis? IF. Cvthhrrlson,
T)h iriiinqston. Midlothian.

The Week's Work.

THE FLOWEB GARDEN.

By W. J. Guise. Gardener to Mrs. Dejipster, Keele
Hall, Staffordshire.

Hardy Annuals.— Sow hardy annuals in
the open grdund from now until the middle
of May. In most gaixlens there will be
a limited supply of bedding plants due to
the scarcity of labour ; still, very effective
displays can be made by filling the beds
or borders with hardy annuals. Many pleasing
ooloiur effects may be obtained by grouping or
miais.dng, but sinnpler methods can be adopted.
For instance, Godetias, Lupins, Eschscholzias,
Nigellia, Siweet Sultan, or C!alendulas may be
sown in I'ows 12 inches apart. The plants
sliould be thdnined out to the same distance,
nie taller \iarieties of Larkspurs, Lavateras,
Lupinus, Ohrysanthemums, Coreopsis, Corn-
flowers, and Poppies will require more space
accordingly. For edging purposes suitable varie-
ties are Linarias, Limnantlies, CoUinsiia, Lepto.
siphon, Eschscholzias, Candytuft, Nemophila,
Siiponaria, Coreopsis, Linum, and the Dwarf
Godetias. If the beds have been well prepared,
only a light forking wall be necessary. Rake the
surface to a fine tilth, and cover the seeds with
.sifted soil from the potting-shed. Guard against
slugs by occasional dustings of soot.

Half-hardy Annuals.— Sow the seeds very
tlliinly in boxes or pans containing a light sandy
compost, and cover lightly with fine soil. A
fname placed over a gentle hot-bed will answer
the same purpose, but in either case very little
heat is necessia.ry. Directly the^ are large
enough to handle, prick them out into boxes oi-
frames 4 inches apart. The young plants should
be encouraged to grow sturdy by careful ventila-
tion,- gradually hardening tliem oft towards tlie
end of May.

Summer Bidding Plants.— Preparations

should be made to remove bedding plants to cold
frames. It is not advisable to retain the plante
in warm houses too long, but one must be
governed by the weather and district. Annuals
in boxes should be placed near the roof-gla«s a
week or so before being transplanted. Pelar-
goniums, Marguerites, and Ageratums may be
placed in the Calceolaria frames directly they
become vacant. Close attention must be given
to watering and ventilation to prevent damping.
Mate or other protective material should he
readv at hand in case of frost. Continue to

dibble out seedlings into boxes or close frames
whenever they are large enough to handle.

Forced Bulbs— These should be packe<l
closely in old frames as they pass out of flower.
Continue to give them water until the foliage has
died down. It will not harm the bnlba to re-
move the pots should they be required for other
purposes. Daffodils oan 'be planted on grass
slopes, in shrubberies, and by woodland walks.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DtTNN, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Cauliflowers.— Cauliflower plants which
have been wintered in cold pits should be
hardened carefully and made ready for planting
in some sheltered position as soon as the weather
is favourable. While the plants are .still in pots
do not allow them to suffer from want of water
at the roots. Early varieties, such as Magnum
Bonum and Great Dane, should be planted in
rows 20 inches apart and 18 inches between the
plants in the rows. Early London and Walcheren
may be allowed 2 feet each way. Water the
plants thoroughly before their removal from the
pots, and exercise great care in planting, so that
the roots may not be injured. The soil should
be made firm round the roots, and if necessary a
copious application of soft water may be applied.
If protection from rough wind can be afforded,
so much the better. Young Cauliflower plants
raised from early spring sowings should be
pricked into nursery beds as soon as large enough
and protected from inclement weather by placing
spare lights over them.

Peas.— A good sowing of Peas may be made
now to produce pods about the end of June.
Such varieties as Gradu.s, Discovei-y, Royal
Salute, and Superlative should be allowed
5 feet between the rows. Sow the seeds
thinly, so that the plants may not become
overcrowded. Several varieties may be sown
at one time, so that a continnal succession of
young pods may be available. As soon as one
sowing is through the surface, another sowing
can be made until the middle of .June, when
Distinction and Autocrat can be sown for late
supplies. Young Pea plants should receive sup-
port a.s soon as they are of sufficient height to
be earthed up.

Potatos.- As soon as the weather and the
state of the soil will permit, the planting of
Potatos should be pushed forward. The weather
during the past few weeks has been against this
work, but if the seed tubers have been laid out
singly, and air freely admitted to the store rooms,
the sets should be in good condition for planting
when circumstances are favourable. With regard
to the soil, although it may have been dug or
trenched in winter, it will be necessary to stir
it again to the full depth of the fork, and to
■ break it thoroughly while planting. For Main
Crop, and late, strongly growing varieties, 3 feet
should be allowed between the rows and at least
15 inches between the sets in the rows, the tubers
being buried 4 or 5 inches deep, according to
the nature of the soil. Potatos in pits .should
be freely ventilated during favourable weather,
:ind a liberal supply of water given when neces-
sary. In pits without fire heat, less water will
be required, but a covering of some kind should
be provided in frosty weather, or the foliage may
be injured bv coming in contact with the frosted
glass. Protection should also be provided for
the earlie.'it plantations outside, and a careful
watch kept over them as soon as they are through
the surface.

Carrots in Pits.— Ventilation must be
freely given to this crop. The final thinning
should take place as soon as possible, leaving the
plants about 3 inches apart each way. Occa-
."ional dustings of soot may be given previous to
watering the bed with clear, soft water.

French Beans.— If B-inch pots are available,
a sowing of French Beans should be made. Crock
the pots carefully, and fill them to within 2 inches
of the rim with good, rich soil. Eight seeds may
be placed in each pot, and covered with 1 inch
of soil. ,^s soon as the plants are thrnngh the

April 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONIC i.E.

153

surface, they should be raised to within 18 inches
of the roof-glass and fully exposed to the light.
A temperature of 60° is suitahle, and the plants
should be .syringed frequently. Fortnightly sow-
ings should now be made in order to keep an
unbroken supply. Plant.s from which Beans
are being gathered should be frequently syringed
and octas onally watered with liquid manure.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Fruit Trees in Pots.— Let fruit trees in
pots have very close attention with respect to
watering. Whilst an excess of moisture is harm-
ful, the roots must not suffer for want of water.
Watering should be very thorough, not a mere
superficial moistening of the soil ; and the fre-
quency of application should be regulated by the
condition of the weather. In sunny intervals
some plants may get unexpectedly dry when
growth is becoming active. Those in compara-
tively small pots may often need two, or even
three, waterings at short intervals. Remember,
too, that the soil in pots near the water-pipes
will dry up more quickly than others. Do not
yet commence to give manurial stimulants unless
the fruits are well advanced. When Peaches and
Nectarines are of the size of Hazel nuts it will
be quite time to begin. Let the first application
be of an artificial compound, containing plenty
of phosphates and potash. The amount that can
be held between the thumb and two fingers will
be enough to begin with for pots of 12 inches in
diameter. Repeat this about three times at
intervals of a week. Then withhold the
stimulant for one week, and water with
clear liquid manure from the farmyard, well
diluted at first. Pot fruits are, on the whole,
setting well this spring. Last year there were
many failures, both amongst pot trees and those
in the open. Plums are setting as well as
Peaches and Nectarines, hut if is too soon to
count upon pot Cherries. The blossom, however,
is abundant, and looks very healthy. As soon
as all the trees have safely "set their fruits, give
one fumigation as a safeguard against aphis and
other pests. Do not attempt to hurry the Cherry
trees. A few fruits may fall from these, as they
often do on the open wall : but if the falling is
excessive, it is an indication of too high a tem-
perature.

The Colo Orchard House.— The trees m
this structure, if no fire licit is available, will be
much later than usual this spring, but if careful
attention is paid to the ventilation, and the
ventilators are opened when the *un is shining
and closed early, so as to retain a little warmth,
there should be no danger of not securing a
good set. Keep the house quite dry whilst the
trees are in flower, but do not keeii the trees dry
at the roots. At this season the cold orchard
house is a good place in which to start other
batches of Strawberries, from which relays can
be introduced into warmth as occasion may re
(juire. .See to it that Strawberries still out in
frames do not suffer for want of water.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COIXIIB. Gardener to Sir JirbhIab Colman,
Bart., ftatton Park, Rei(;ate.

Calanthe.- The deciduous Calanthes that
have been resting since flowering are com-
mencing to make new growths, and should be
repotted just as fresh roots begin to develop
from their bases. Previous to repotting examine
each plant, turning it out of its pot, removing
all the rooting material from the roots, and
shortening the roots to a sufficient length to hold
the pseudo-bulbs firm in the soil. Thoroughly
cleanse the plants of scale insects and mealy
hug ; this latter pest is found in clusters
at the lower parts. In all these operations,
take care not to injure the buds or young
shoots. Remove the back p.'cudo-hulbs. leaving
only those of the previous year. The pots
should be almost half filled with clean crocks,
for perfect drainage is essential, covering
the crocks with a layer of rough Sphagnum-
moss or half decayed leaves. The plants may
be potted singly in 5 or 6 inch pots, or several

may be placed together in larger receptacles.
Keep the base of the pseudo-bulb at least half
an inch below the rim of the pot with the
young shoot resting on the surface of the soil,
but in no way cover the shoot ; press the
compost moderately firmly around the base of
the pseudo-bulb. A suitable potting mixture is
composed of one half rich, fibrous loam, broken
up rather roughly, and with all the small par-
ticles removed ; chopped Osmunda-fibre. a
little bone meal, dried cow dung broken up
small, and Sphagnum-moss, adding sufficient
coarse silver sand and crushed crocks to render
the compost porous. After potting, use water
sparingly until the new roots have developed
well into the comipost and liave begun to cling
to the sides of the pots, after which they will
require copious supplies of moisture until the
new pseudo-bulbs are fully developed. The plants
should be grown in plenty of heat and atmospheric
moisture, and should not be exposed to too
much sunshine. The back pseudo-bulbs that
have been remove<l may be employed to increase
the stock. Arrange them on a layer of Sphag-
num-moss in a shallow recejptacle and place
them in a warm, moist house, where they will
quickly produce new growth.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS,

Heliotrope.— Young jdants of Heliotrope
;triick in autumn and now coming into bloom
should be given short sticks to support the
flowering sfhoots. Tie them up before they get
tx) far advanced, and place them tWnly in a
light position, on a damp base if possible.
When the pots are filled with roots, some extra
feeding and abundance of water will be neces-
sai-y, especially as the season advances. Helio-
trope plants trained in standard form have be-
come very popular for arranging amongst dwarf
plants in the conservatory or show-house, if only
for their fragrance. To maintain a succession of
plants in bhxmi. a number of the smaller ones
should be pinched agajn and shifted into larger
pot« a littfe la.ter. Cuttings taken now and in-
serted in ordinary sandy soil will root readily
now, and will continue the succession right
fclirougli the season. Tlie variety Lord Roberts
pi-cdwccs large heads of violet flowers, and is
one of the best for general purposes. The
.Speaker and Roi des Noirs are both good varie-
ties. The latter is, perhaps, the darkest of all.

The Fernery.— All the Ferns should be
I leared out, the woodwork and glass washed,
back walls limewashed or scrubbed, and all made
clean before rearranging the plants on the
stages Examine all plants to see if the drain-
age is perfect, and repot any that may require
it. ."V good, open compost is required, composed
of rough turfy loam, peat, plenty of rubUe,
broken crocks, charcoal, and sharp sand, so that
the whole ie thoroughly porous. Pot very
firmly. The blinds should be in readiness to
shale the l'"erns after being disturbed.

Nephrolepis.— The majority of forms of
Nephrolepis e.xaltata are of strong and vigorous
habit, and will repay liberal treatment. At this
season, when Ferns are making new growth,
plenty of atmospheric moisture should be
maintained. Ventilate the house a little
when the temperature i ises above 65°, but shut
the house early in the afternoon to conserve
the sun-heat. The temperature can then rise to
80°. lyater in the season, when growth is prac-
tically completed, many Ferns are benefited
by cooler and drier conditions. Some of the
best of the Nephrolepis are N. todaeoides, N.
Whitmanii, N. Marshallii, N. Marshallii com
jiacta, and N. siiperbissima.

Late Cyclamen.-Two year old plants now
in full bloom should be kept quite cool, and
•sh.ided from bright sunshine. See that plenty
of water is given at this stage. .\ny specially
good forms selected for seod-bearing should be
removed from the main batch, and placed on a
shelf in a light and well-ventilated house. Re-
duce the number of blooms to ensure the matur-
ing of a reasonable number of strong seed-pods.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

B\ «■. .\. Look, Gardener to (he Hon. F. Davey,
.\bbotts Wood. Gcidalming, Surrey.

The Pear Midqe Diplosis pyrivora).—

Tills pest, which of late years has been very
prevalent and has done considerable damage,
will soon be making its presence felt. Spray the
trees (espeoially on south and south-west walls)
with a weak solution of petroleum emulsion,
wliich will destroy many midges in the larval
state. The perfect fly appears during April,
from eggis deposited in tlie flower by the fly
while the trees are in bloom. The fly is very
small, only one-tenth of an incJi long. The
female is busy depositing her eggs for three
weelcs or a month. She lays tihem in both the
opened and unopened flowers. The petals are
pierced a.nd the eggs deposited on the anthers,
and in a short time tlie fruits swell rapidly,
turn a pale colour, and commence to di'op from
the tree. As an additional remedy and partial
preventive, dress the soil under the trees witli
fresh soot oi' Icainit. Doyenne du CJomice,
Williams' Bon Chretien. Marie Louise,
Jargonelle, and Pitmaston Duchess are among
the varieties most liable to attack.

Red and White Currants.- To combat
aAtiiolns of the Ouriiaiit moth, spray the trees
witli petroleum emnkion before the leaves are
fully ai>en. These moths begin their feeding
and billing in April, or as socii as the foliage
is sufficiently .ulvaiiced.

Fruit Prospects. -The unu-sually severe
weather we have recently experienced may have
a beneficial effect on tlie crops, as it has re-
tarded the too-early development of flower buds.
.^lany are quita six weeks later than last year.
Should no very late frosts occur, we may ex-
pect a record ci'op of hardy fruits. In this dis-
trict jVpples and Pears are covered with plump
flower buds, some of the flowers are on the point
of bursting, while Plums, Damsons, and Chervijes
are also in first-rate condition. Those on warm
walls will f.are the worst if a severe frost occurs
early in May. ^strawberries aippear to be grow-
ing strongly. If they have not already been
mulched, no time should be lost in doing this
necessary work. osiJecially on light, sandy soils.

Peaches and Nectarines.- Draw down the
blinds each evening over the trees that are in
flower, and remove tlieni very early in the morn-
ing when there is no frost. Kxamine the foliage
each day to see that no aphis is present, and
the moment any is detected, take strong mea-
sures to exterminate it, or it will spread rapidly.
Use a siprayer or fine syringe, and apply strong
soUitions of quassia extract, which should be
mixed with water at a temperature of about
70°. Spray every portion of the tree, and re-
peat the operation for several mornings. If
mildew is detected, spray with sulphide of po-
tassium at a strength of about an ounce to 3
gallons of water, or dust the foliage with flowers
of sulphur.

Grafts.- Look well after newly-grafted trees,
and s?e. that the grafting material is intact — the
wind or simw may have displaced it. If the
substance is mossed over, it rarely requires .a
second doing.

Strawberries sown in February should now
be pricked out into boxes or frames at about
six inches apart, or potted up into 60-sized
pots. Put them into a g?nial temiperature for
a week or ten days to recover from the shift,
and then harden them off in frames.

General Work.- The work of prinnng,
tving and s|jraying should now be finish 'd and
liie disbudding of Apricots will soon claim at-
tention, as the flowers are opening. Steps
should be taken to pollinate some of the stronge.jt
flowers, in the absence of bees. A rabbit's or a
hare's tail on a stick is a good and expeditious
way of distributing the pollen. The shoots grow
very rapidly, and disbudding should commence
quite early. A little should be done about every
two days. Some shoots must be removed en-
tirely, "and others stopped to make spurs. If
cold! inclement weather and frost are anticipated,
pull down the blinds, or other protecting
material, for a few more nights, but do not use
heavy, permanent coverings.

154

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14. 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Our rorretrondrnit
would ohvinle delay in ohlaining nnnwert In
their romvKinirntiunt and KOie ii« Jaiirh time and
IrotMe, if Ihei/ aniM kiadli/ nlmrrrr the nntirr
printed werklii tn the I'lJurt that nil IrllrTH Tclnttuii
to flnaiirini innttrm and In advert isi-iiirnti Hhnnld
he addre»«rd tn the riJl)r.I.sllBn ; and thai all enai
nniiiiratinax intended for publication or referriu'i
tn the l.itfraii/ deiiartment, and all plantu to tie
vnnied. uliniild ' lie directed to th( EmTOns. The tun
deparlmenlH. rnhlinhincj and Editorial, are distinct,
and mnrh iiniieiemiari/ delay and confusion arise
when letters are mindireeted.

Illustrations.— TAe Editors will be qlad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., bat they cannot be respon-
silile for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
niunieationt or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
reapnnsible fnr any opinions eijnesse.d by their
cnTrenjiondents.

Local "Ne-vra Correnpondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
errnts lil-ely to be of interest to our renders, or of
nail matters vhich it is desirable to briny under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Cniiimuniniiinnx shnuld be

W'KITTr.N ON ONIC .SIIIK fiNlY OK TIIM rATKIl. Sent /f.w

early in the neck as pns.iihlc. and duly sigiieil liy
the writer. If desired, the signature will nnt lie
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

riiriisnvY. .\PKil, 19—

M;ni.liMt<T and N. ot Kniflancl Orchid Soc. meets.

H..M1I ,Si«-i<>lv of .\ils (4.30 11 111.).— l/pctnie liv R. S.

riiiis.iri <.Ti ■■ The Indiinliial and Ecnnoniir Tlovr-lop-
, iii.iil lif Inilian For<'«l I'rcKlucts.'

AVRRAoa MiiAN TiupERATtiRi for the eniuing week
deduced from ohwrvatinns during the lait flfty

111 (^

oh. 47.r

*CTIIAI. Tbmpbraturi : —

Oardeners' Chronicle Offloe. 41. Wellington Street.

Covont Cai.lcTi, T,<ind<,n. "

(10 a.m.): Bar. 29.0; (c
Cloudy.

■ALES FOR THB INaUINS WEBK.

WF.nNBsn.w-

Fruit Trees. Herbaceous I'lante, Kiwea. I',
(iladioIiKs, Lilies. &c , by Protberoe and Moni
57 and 68. Cbeaiiside, E.C, at 12 o'clock.

We offer no apology for

The Cropping: of i>^aiii drawing attention

Aiiotmcnta.* (o tlic series of paiiiiili-

lots on War gardening
issued by the Hoyal Horticvdtural Society,
'I'lie latest edition is in succession to others
that have dealt with snch subjects as
"Economy in the Caidrn " luid " The
Cultivation and Miinuring of tlie Soil,"
(•onsci|uently it is d(-voted to the very im-
portant (juestion of cropping. The authors
have taken as an example an allotment of
twenty rods (one hundred and fifty feet
l)y thirty feet), and they have drawn up a
sclieine of cro])]iing which is recom-
mended as capable of yielding the largest
amount of produce that can be expected
from an area of the size mentioned. Being
designed primarily for the present season,
xve are not surprised tn find that about
one-half of the ai'ea is reserved for main-
crop Potatos, owing to the s\iperior food
value of tjie produce. The present scarcity
of the coveted tuber is further recognised
l)y the inclusion of early varieties which,
in otiher circumstances, it '■« clear would
liave been omitted owing to their inferior

•■ The Cropping of an Atlnlment or Small Kitchen (larden.
Royal Horticultural Soclet.v.) Price Sd,

yield. There is almost an apology, too, f(ir
including two rows of Peas in the schcnie,
it being recognised that the yield per unit
(if area is so small that, during the war,
lliev are to be regarded as a luxury crcip.
Tliey are allowed here because it is Icll
Ih.il allotment holders have generally iir-
(|uirod the habit of growing them, but a
iiint is given that better value would lie
forthcoming from Broad Beans or Haiicot
Ueans. There are few popular crops that
are actually omitted, but amongst them is
Celery, owing, it is said, to the plant being
specially subject to disease. Many of
<iur readers will feel some surprise that
lirussels Sprouts are also discarde<l
• because they give only poor returns."
l''oi- the rest, the forbidden crops are of
little impoi-tance, and include Chicory,
Salsify, Scorzonera, and Dandelion. The
last-named, however, may be depended
ii])on in many instances to put in an a|i
]iearance unbidden. Having enunieiateil
the exceptions, it is not necessary to name
lh(^ chosen crops, which will readily occur
to anyone, but as to their propoi-tions it
may i)e said that, following upon some
consideration of the food values, the pro-
]iortions are based on the conclusion that
the four most productive crops are Potatos,
Parsnips, Beet and Artichokes. A plan
is provided, and in this the plot is divided
for convenience into two parts. There
aie numbers on the plan that refer to the
crops listed, and in the lists or tables
the following details are given: — Names
of crops and varieties to grow, the
number of rows of each, the amount of
seed reipiired, the time to sow, the dis-
t.ince of planting, and the time at which
I lie (10)) should mature. Oreen lines in
llic pl.iii .show the position and number of
rows of each of the main crops, red lines
show the inter-crops (such as Broccoli and
Kale, between rows of Potatos), and black
lines the crops that will be off the ground
by mid-July, and so allow late summer
sowing of crops for winter use.

For the convenience of those who intend
to keep their allotments for a longer period
a table is added showing how best to
plant the crops next season, from the point
of view, of course, of successional crop-
ping. In addition to all this, each crop
is dealt with under a separate heading,
and a few apposite truths relating to their
management stated in the briefest and
simplest manner possible.

Experienced gardeners will not need
such a guide as is afforded by this latest
pamphlet, but amongst the many thou-
sands who have as.sumed the responsibility
of cultivating allotments this season for
the first time there must Vie many who have
nil first-hand knowledge whatever as to
what relation the different crops .should
have to each other. For their instruction
nothing could be more valuable than this
little book prepared by the staff at Wisley,
and it may be hoped that profes,sional
gardeners who may visit allotments for
the purpose of giving advice to novices will
take the opportunity of recommending it
to those most in need of help.

"Botanical Maoazine."— The quarterly

viilunie of t/he Botanical Maf/azine, coiataining
the monthly parts for January, February, and
.March, Rives illu.stration.^ and descriptions of
the following plants: —

AMournopiLVLLus Khrrii, tab. 8,692. — A
lian<iKonie Aroid from Siajii, with solitary leaf,
of whidi the petiole is over 3 feet long and the
lamina 3-secit, each portion being suli-divideii
p'nnately. The spathe is green i.sh yellow,
marked on the exterior with greeniiih-wliite
blotches. Tilie ripe berries are deep blue.

Cytisus albus, tab. 8,693. — The I'ortugal
Wliite Broom is a fa-vounite in gardens because
of its hardinee*!. The history of the plant's in-
trodiiotioii to this country on three oi'casions,
together with the confusion relating to its classi-
fication and nomenclature by systematists, is
<lealt with at len.gitih.

COTONEASTER S.\LICIK0LIA VAR, RUOOSA, tab.

8,694. — A graceful shrub from China, growing
up to 10 feet high, and producing diill-whitis'h
flowers in small corymbs, the blooms being suc-
ceeded by small, ovoid, coral-red berries.

QuEuciis DENSIFLORA, tab. 8,695.— This Ever-
green Oak is exceedingly abundant in certain
parts of America, but is one of the rai'est of cul-
tivated Oaks in this country ; yet it is described
uis being, in some respects, the most attractive
of all tilie haixly evergreen .species. The tree
tinnsiplants with difficulty, a fact which may
help to acconnt for its scarcity here

Rhododendron discolor, tab. 8,696. — A larg*",
white-flowered sipecieis from Westeni Hupeh, said
to be the equal in beauty and fragrance to any
of its immediate allies, and one of the latest of
the group to flower.

MAtmANDiA PuRPUSU, tab. 8,697. — This attrac-
tive i>lant is new to cultivation in this country.
It is a native of Mexico, but may prove hardy
in warm, dry situations. Plants at Kew have
grown to a height of about 3 feet, but show no
tendency to climb, as do meet Maurandias. The
flowers are rose-purple, with a leaf-oalyx. The
species promise a good )ilant for gardens.

Senfx}jo MoNROi, tab. 8,698. — At Ludgvan
Rectory, Cornwall, this New Zealand (iruundsel
forms a comipaot bush 3 feet in height and 4 feet
through. The flowers are developed in lax,
corymbose heads, and are about the si/.e and
colour of the Ragwort.

I'lLBA FoROETii, tab. 8,699.— The foliage of
this \'enezuela.n Urticaceous plant is very hand-
some, with shades of bronze, dark green, and
yellowish-green. The dense clusters of small,
w'hite flowers on the male plant are also attrac-
tive, ra.ised on long pink stalks well above the
leaves.

Anouloa Cliftonii, tab. 8,700. — This species
was introduced to cultivation by Messrs.
Charle.sw'orth and Co., who exliibited a speci-
men at the R.II.S. meeting on .January 25, 1910,
when the Orchid Committee awarded it a First-
class Certificate. The petals are primrose-
yellow, .sepals deeper yellow, and lip tinged with
cinnaimon -brown.

Bbrberis Stapfiana, tab. 8.701.— One of the
numerous liarberries introduced from China by
Mir. E. H. Wilson. The small, ovoid, crimson
berries riipen very late in the season — ^O'Otober
and November.

Clematls Fargesii var. SouLiEi, tab. 8,702.
— This Clematis is a native of Western
Szechuan, China, and a member of the Vitalba
group. The flowers are wlliite, and of delicate
satiny texture. The plant is of great promise as
a garden climber, and it continues in bloom
from June to SeiJtember.

Mesemrrvanthemum Pillansii, tab. 8,703. —
The remarkable spathulate petals distinguish
this species from all others of the genus. The
plant was found by Mr. N. S. Pillans in Cape
Colony at a.n elev,i.tion of 2,000 feet, and Mr.
Pillans presented a inpecimen to the Cambridge
Botanic Gardens, where it flowered in June,
1914. The flower heads are attractive in the
outer purplish pet.aJs. each fomiing an elliptic-
lanceolate blunt blade ; the inner petals are
jiliorter a"d white.

Arnir 14. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

155

R.H.S. Daffodil Show Abandoned. -In

consequence of the continued inclemency of the
weather the President and Council of the Royal
Horticultural Society, acting on the advice of
the Society's Daffodil Committee, have decided
to abandon the special Daffodil show fixed for
the 17th inst.

Allotments in Bilfast.— In Belfast 6.000
plot holders are at work, 4.500 having taken
over plot* since November last. The Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland has arranged for a course of popular
lectures in Belfast on the cultivation of vege-
tables, insect pests, iplant diseases, soils and
manures, and has Lssuod a pamphlet on Allot-
ment Gardens in Belfast, by Mr. G. H.
Oliver.

SNAPDNAaoN Rust.— Experiments* made by
Mr. W. L. DoR.\N on the effects of fungicides on
rust of Antirrhinums lead to the following
conolusionfi : Bordeaux mixture is useless. Eau
celeste (copper sulphate and ammonia, i per
cent.) destroys the spores of the fungus, but i.i
apt to injure the foliage. Sulphur dusted on
the plants interferes with the germination of
the sipores of the fungus, and hence is nsofnl in
the control of tlie disease.

Midland Daffodil Show Abandoned.—

The Midland Daffodil Society's annual ex-
hibition, originally fixed for the 26th inst. in
the Birmingham Botanic Gardens, ICdgbaston,
has been abandoned. The committee has also
decided not to hold the anniuil meeting this
year ; the officers for 1917 will continue in office
during 1918.

Mn. C. H. Robinson, rcprasctitativeof Messrs.
J. Bentlky, Ltd., manufacturing horticultural
chemists, has recently undergone a serious opera-
tion. His many friends in the gardening world
will be pleased to learn that he is making satis
factory progress towards recovery.

Thb Fecdino of Pigs.- a valuable report
on experiments with different feeding stuffs is
issued by the I'niversity of Leeds. Tlie need for
experiment in this direction is particularly
urgent just now owing to the high price of meals
usually fed to pigs. In the Leeds experi-
ments dried yeast was tried, with success. Of
two lots of ten pigs fed with five parUs ."harps
to one of bran, to which food, after six weeks, a
little barley meal and treacle were added in
place of some of the sharps, the lot which had
half a pound of yeast in place of that quantity
of sharps gained 92 lb. live weight per head
against 70J lb. gain of those which had no
yeast. The addition of fif.h mea,l to the diet
■was also found to be of advantage, and it was
also shown that Palm kernel cake could be used
to replace one-fmirth or one-fifth of the ghaip-i.
Those interested in pig-keeping should procure
a copy of the report.

8«EO POTATOS FOU LONDON.— The Timi'A

reports that in tlie House of Commons Mr.
Flavin asked the Secretary to the Local
Government Board whether he was aware
that numerous applications had been made
to the London County Council for seed Potatos
by small cultivators in many parts of Lon-
don, that all the forms and regulations had
been complied with, and even the money pa.id
for the seed Potatos by the ajiplicants over six
weeks ago, and why many of these people had
not yet received the see*! for which they had
prepared their plots of l.md. Sir R. Winfrey
gave the following replies in Parliamentary
papers : " The answer to the first and
second parts of the question is in the
affirmative. Part of the consignment han
been delivered, and the greater part of
the balance is now in transit. The weather
during the past six weeks has been very
unfavourable for bringing seed Potatos from

Flor'sln' Kxchange,

Scotland, frequent, frosts have interfered with
the loading, and made the railway journey
risky. The Potato.i in question are maincrop
varieties, suitable for phinting until the end of
this month (April). In view of the present
we;ither, it will be undesirable to plant the
majority of the plots to which the hoii. member
refor.^ before the middle of the month."

Studies of the Genus Phytophthora.—

This genus of fungi comprises not only P. in-
festans of ill-fame w.ith Potato-growers— an<] we
are all growers of T'otatos nowadays— but other
species of destructive parasitic habit. It is,
therefore, of gi'eat ralue to investigators to
have an experimental diagnosis* such as is pro-
vided by Jlr. J. RosEXB.viiM. Tliis author has
studied the behaviour of the si]>ecies under
diverse nutritive conditions, and the table sum-
marising the results which he has obtained
whould be very useful to th'e mycologist enga.ged
in identifying .■species.

ORESITROPHE RUPIFRACA.

f)nF.RiTROPHr; RirirnAri^ (sec fig. 54) is a
perenni.al belonging to the Saxifrage family,
nearly allied to 'I'iarella, Heuchera and Par-
nassia. It forms a woody root-stock, and pro-
duces leathery leaves about 4 inches long by 3
inches wide, on petioles of about the same
length. The white flowers are produced in
March in panicles on stems about 6 inches high,
and are persistent, like those of Rodgersia,
turning to a greenish colour with age. The
plant is a native of Northern China, and was
first introduced into cultivation by Mr. F.
Mkyeh, who found it growing in the Nankow
Pass, and sent plants to Kew in the year 1913.
Specimens first flowered at Kew in March, 1915,
and the species, is again flowering this year. It
promises to be quite hardy, and when it has been
prnpnirated will be pl,int.-'d mit. 11', /

Publications Received. — £Arperimen<j in
the Disposal of Irrigated Crops through the

Use of Hogs. Bulletin .\.>. .ISN, Cnitcl .St.ilcs
Department of .Agriculture. ( Wasliiiigton D.C,
U.S.A.: (Hivcrnmcnt Punting Olllcc.) Price
5 cents. — Report on a Trial of Tarred Felt
Discs for Protecting Cabbages and Cauli-
flowers from Attacks of the Cabbage-Root
Fly. Hy J. T. Wa.lsworlli. (C.irnbridgc : Cni-
versify Press.) — Journal of the R.H.S. Gardens
Club. No. L\., 191i;. —Journo/ of the Kew
Guild, 1917. Vol. 111., No, ,\.\IV, (Lon.lon:
Taylor & Francis). — Herbs Used in Medicine.
By Mrs. John I). Ellis, (London : N.ition.il llcrb-
growing Association.) I'ricc .Ss,, post free. —
Paynter's System of Poultry Rearing. (London ;
' iiunlni L /c Press). Price 3s. Gd. net. — Gar-
dening : A Complete Guide. By H. H. Thomas,
(London : Cassell & Co., Ltd.) Price Is. 3d. net.

• "Stiidlosof tlieaeiiim Phytophthora," ,/<.u«/i. of Arjri.
lieiearcli, VIII., 7, Feb. 1817.

THE ROSARY.

SOiME OF THE BEST DKCORA'J'IVE ROSES.

In a hot gravel soil one is forced to grow what
one can. rather Iban what one will. But the fol-
lowing Roses have been very successful for the
past two seasons : —

Mrs. Abtiiur Waddet.l. — Tliis very vigorous
Rose, with fine foliage, heads my list, the deep
copper and yellow flowers, though on the thin
side, being very beautifnl and plentiful. I have
knfKwn it eqiua/U.y successful on Essex clay and
in sunny France, whore il is highly appreciated.

.Mr.s. EDW,\Rt) PbwKLT,. — A Tie.Tutifully shaped
crimson Rose, verging on scarlet; a vigorous
grower, with fine, dark foliage, a free flowerer,
and Iho best all round red Rose I know.

R.vr)lANOE. — A very popular variety (for forcing
especially) in America, and but little known in
this country. Deep pink in colour, very tree-

156

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Aphil 14, 1917.

flowering and weather-defying, and much admired
here as an autumn Rose. Not that it does not
flower freely all summer, but that in cold, wet
weather, when the others are also finished, it
oarz'ies on bravely and attracts attention.

Ladt Alice Stanley. — Another free 'bloomer
of exquisite shaded pink, with bronze leaves. Not
(with me) a vigorous grower, but, like Mme. E.
Herriot, perpetually in flower. Its first bloom
was hardly over when the second crop began, and
it flowered from middle June to the end
of July, rested in August, and flowered all the
autumn. I even cut a handful of buds in
Christmas week. A border of fifty plants, with
Lavender as a backing and an edging of Pinks,
was good all summer, especially as a thick plant-
ing of the Pink " Carnation Poppy," and the new
lavender-hued Shirley, showed behind the Laven-
der hedge.

Lady Hillingdon. — This variety is a wonder-
fully free flowerer here, and the orange-coloured
buds and red-brown foliage are much admired.
Everyone lovee a crimson Rose, and I find
very effective a big square bed of General
MaoArthur, with a dozen plants of Oorge
Dickson and George V. in the middle, the two
last pegged down and throwing u|p over a dozen
blooms to each shoot.

For cutting for tall vases, can anything be
more beautiful than a long stem of Lady Water-
low, that superb pillar Rose? Such giant light-
green leaves, and such a beautiful fluffy salmon-
pink Rose.

That Rose of exquisite form and colour, Mrs.
\V. J. Grant, so " miffy " and disappointing in
its growth, will make a splendid bedding Rose
if the crimson variety be used, and it be pruned
back each spring like an ordinary bush Rose.

Prixcess Mary.— This single scarlet Rose is
higihly decorative in a mass, and has wonderful
foliage. It is bound to be a great Rose for
bedding.

RosIb Mmj5. Edouard Hkrriot. — This superbly-
coloured Rose was a great success last summer,
and did not seem at all affected by the cold, wet
weather. Fifty plants were put out the autumn
before, and provided cut bloom for the house
from June till mid-October. The bloom is thin
and the colour soon goes in water, the glorious
deep-coral buds or half-open Roses changing to
a pretty coral-pink, loose-petalled flower. But
nothing el.se evokes so much admiration as a
table decoration or for bowls. Owing to scarcity
of labour they were rather roughly treat-ed, and
planted very quickly on a wide kitchen garden
border in rows, across which border a boy
made a trench and shovelled in some manure on
the otntl'r side of the row, so that there were
alternate rows of Roses and manure. The plants
did not make a great deal of growth, as they
flowered too profusely to allow of that. Last
autumn they were taken up and properly
plnnted in trenched ground, and it will be in-
teresting to see if they do well the second season
or go off like some others of the same race.

Of the many new Roses shown .at the R.H.S.
last summer the following seemed to me the
finest, hut, of course, their habit of growth is yet
to be seen, ^though many of them were described
as "very perpetual." The finest yellow variety
was Golden Emblem, almost the Rose the late
Dean Hole sighed in vain to see. Mrs. C. E.
Shea is a dazzling cherry-colour, while Cheerful
reduced a stand of j\lme. E. Herriot near it tn
comparative dullness of hue ! K. of K. is a fine
red garden Rose, and Flame of Fire, a brilliant
orange, ran Mrs. C. E. Shea very close for the
finest-coloured Rose in the Show.

Other lovely Roses were Golden Spray, semi-
single, a yellowish-cream of Hugh Dickson's,
who also had Charles Douglas, crimson, and
Ulster Gem, yellow, single, that pleased me very
much. Souvenir de Georges Fernet, crimson,
and Chrome, Janet, a chamois-tinted Rose ; Mrs.
Willoughby, lemon and white; Christine, cad-
mium-yellow; Gladys Holland, cream and pink;

and Isobel, single, coral and yellow. A.
Marlineau. Hurst, Berkshire.

THE FROST AND THE ROSES.

Now that the time has come when Roses have
to be pruned — and although we may have no
purely luxury gardening, we may snatch an hour
to attend to Rose beds — it will be discovered,
we fear, that the frost has done more damage
than seemed to be the case. Although outwardly
the shoots appear sound, the pith of many varie-
ties has taken on an ominous grey colour which
bodes no good. It is curious that the cortex
of a plant should appear to be untouched and
the deeper-lying pith destroyed. The observa-
tion is, perhaps, worth the attention of the plant-
physiologist !

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions exiireased hy correspondents.)
SUOAR FOR FRUfT-PRESERVINQ.- A few
vve;ks ago I communicated with Lord Devon
port on the subject of the provision of sugar
this season for fruit preserving. He replied
to the effect that " Private individuals wiU be
well advised not to count upon any supplies
other than those they can secure by saving from
the ration allowed for domestic consumption."
The subject of the provision of sugar having
recently been one of considerable comment in the
Press, it is reassuring to notice that Captain
Bathurst stated in the House of Commons that
" There is no intention to interfere with the
legitimate saving from the domestic supply for
the purpose of making jam." Householders
have accordingly a clear line of action now be-
fore them, and it is hardly necessary to point
out the wisdom of preserving as much fruit as
possible this season. Amongst other reasons is.
that the strain on butter production next winter
will be lessened, and this may prove an im-
portant consideration in the future. It is true
that Captain Bathurst also said : " As to the
preservation of fruit, sugar, if available, would
be supplied to domestic preserves," but I am
strongly of opinion that as the matter all turns
on "if available" we should do vvell to save
now from our ration and not trust to the remote
chance of more being forthcoming. W. Wilks.
Secretary, Royal Horticultural Society.

Wbathbr at BRADFORD.-At 8 a.m. on
.Monday, the 2nd inst., during a blizzard the
thermometer registered 20°— 12" of frost. We
have had severe frost every night since the 2nd
inst., until to-night, the 5th inst., when snow is
tailing. Jf. Lambert. .Maiufichl Road Hr„d-
ford.

«;Tw ''''«<=,'»«'>'BLE Profit of Diqoino."-

Whalst the fertile fields of France are being
churned into sterile chaos by high explosives and
the gentle German with his pedantic and silly
obsession of thoroughness is destroying the fruit
trees as he sullenly retreats, the soil of Englano
IS being subjected to the greatest upheaval that
it has known for many a year. Thanks to the
increased facilities for obtaining land now, allot-
ments by the hundretl thousand have been 'taken
up, and at this Easter time no one can walk
abroad without seeing the bent backs of annies
of diggers. Although the eternal pessimist has
been abroad among these people who are deter-
mined to ensure their food supplies by "digging
themselves in," he has not heen able to check
their ardour. For that the sporting sense of the
English is responsible. They know that they aie
a nation of amateurs, and not of experts." and
are cheerfully prepared to undertake operations
which others would embark upon only after much
instruction and study. It is pleasant to reflect
that this peculiar trait — so specially English-
has high merit as well as grave defect. It makes
of Englishmen a nation of triers. It gave them
an army as well as a Food Controller. It is
giving them vegetable gardens which, though
they will produce less than the diggers hope,
will yield more than the pessimists proclaim.
.Sometimes, • it is true, the unobservant sowing
Parsnip seed on a windy day may not observe
that the seed flies away as it is sown ; but ama-
teurs may be wise as well as foolish, and one of

the former, sowing Parsnips on Easter Sunday,
was seen to be followed by a girl carrying a
watering-can, and watering-in the seed as it was
sown in the drills. As is but natural it is the
middle-aged and older people who, for the most
part, are most active in digging just now. They
understand the need better than the young, and,
moreover, digging which is boredom to youth, is
a diversion to the middle-aged. "There be
sports are painful, and their labour, delight in
them sets off." Gardeners everywhere are
making it a matter of professional pride that the
amattur enthusiasts of the spade shall have the
benefit of their assistance, and besides giving
set demonstrations, many of them are giving
practical "at-homes" at stated times, during
which inquirers may come and see and learn how
to garden. Thus the keen and skilled gardeners
on the staff of the London and .South Western
Railway are in their scanty leisure helping not
only one another, but also the gardeners in their
neighbourhood. Those who only think of food
in terms of corn and meat do not regard all this
multiplicity of effort on the part of small culti
vators as meaning much. But they are wrong.
It means a permanent addition to' the fertility
of the soil of this counti-y, and it means, more-
over, the acquisition of a greater thriftiness
which, once learned, will be applied in many
directions to the national benefit. One of the
wisest of seventeenth-century men, "the most
sensible, the least prejudiced great man of an
age that boasted a galaxy of great men," Thovas
Puller, divine, historian, and wit, gave long
ago the text for this present discourse, and one
which we coidd wish might he preached from all
the pulpits in the country : — " Oh. the incredible
profit by digging of ground ! For though it is
confessed that the plough beats the spade out ol
distance for speed (ahnost as .much as the press
beats the pen) ; yet what the spade wants in the
quantity of the ground it manureth, it recom-
penseth with the plenty of fruit it yieldeth, that
which is set multiplying a hundredfold more
than what is sown." And the sequel is appo-
site. It is " incredible how many poor people
in London live thereon so that in some seasons
gardens feed more people than the field." F.

S O C I S T< IE S .

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL

Ai'RiL U. — The fortnightly meeting in the
Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, on Wednesday last
was less important than usual, and there were
fewer visitors. The four Committees sat, but
only one award was made, by the Orchid Com-
mittee, namely a First-class C'iertificate tlo a
variety of Odontioda. The chief groups were
those of Orchids, Tulips, Daffodils, and Alpine
plants. Mr. Elisha Hicks exhibited a new
climbing Rose named Climbing Hillingdon, with
the rich apricot-gold colour of Lady Hillingdon.
and showed also some fine blooms of his novelty
known as Mrs. Elisha Hicks, which he brought
for the first time to the previous meeting. The ex-
hibit of Tulips was the most imposing group in
the show. It was staged by ilessrs. R. H. B.ath.
Ltd., and the plants, like those shown by this
firm at previous meetings, were growing^ in bowls
of moss fibre. Messrs. Barr and Sons displayed
some excellent Daffodils; pot plants of Loveliness
and Mrs. G. H. Barr were exceptionally fine.
Amongst the cut blooms were fine flowers of the
Trumpet variety Golden Chief, which resembles
an enormous flower of Golden Spur ; Golden Ar-
row, a Cyclamineus hybrid of the richest golden
colour ; and the old Santa Maria, whose deep yel-
low trumpet is a perfect shape, and the perianth
segments curved somewhat after the manner of
the blades of a propeller. (Much admiration was
shown for Mr. Clabence Elliott's exhibit of
Alpines in pans, each of which was arranged to
resemble a miniature rock garden, with pieces of
stonework, and here and there a tiny Conifer
to lend variety. There were no exhibits before
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee, and as only
three members were present, there would, in any
case, not have been a quorum — an event whi<"h
has not occurred for many years past.

April 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

157

Floral Committee.

Present : Messrs. H. B. May (chairman), W. J.
Bean. .J. Hudson. J. Green, T. Stevenson. J.
Heal, \V. Howe, J. F. McLeod. C. E. Shea.
C. E. Pearson. .T. W. Blakev. V. Dixon, ('.
Elliott. W. A. Bilney. H. Cowley. E. H. Jen-
kins. G. Paul and W. B. Cranfield.
Groups.
The following medals were awarded : — Silci r
Flora Medal to Mr. Elisha J. Hicks, Twyford,
Berkshire, for Roses. Sih-er Banl-.'sian Medal to
Messrs. Allwood Bros., Wivelsfield. Haywards
Heath, for Perpetual-flowering Carnations.
Bronze Flora Med(ds to Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston.
Kent, for Alpines, and a new Rhododendron
fn^m China — R. strigillosuni. with hairy stems
and petioles, and rosy red flowers ; and Mr.
Clarence Elliott, Stevenage, for Alpines.

Narcissus Committee.

Present: Messrs. E. A. Bov.les (chairman),
G. H. Engleheart, G. W. Leak, C. Bourne. F. H.
Chapman, W. B. Cranfield, P. R. Barr. and
C. H. Curtis.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded : — (rold
Medal to Messrs. R. H. Bath. Ltd., Wisbech,
for Tulips growing in moss fibre. Silver-gilt
Banksian Medal to Messrs. Barr and Sons, for
Narcissus.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Messrs. Frederick .J. Hanbuiy (in
the chair), Jas. O'Brien (hon. secretary), J." Wil-
son Potter, R. A. Rolfe. T. Ai-mstrong, Walter
Cobb. J. E. Shill, R. Brooman-White, and .1.
( 'harlesworth.

AWARDS.
First class Certificate.
(h/iiiitinda Curtiuutiun Orc/iidhurs! variety.
from Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchid -
hurst, Tunbridge Wells. A magnificent variety,
with flowers nearly 4 inches across, and of fine
fonn, the outer parts of the segments being
cream white, the inner dark Indian red. and the
bases of the petals white. The broad lip is
cream-white in front, with red markings arouiKl
the yellow crest. The plant, with its four-
branched spike of forty-nine flowers, wajs one of
the finest Odontioda^ ever seen.
Genkral Exhibits.
Messrs. Ap.msthong and Brown were awarded
a Silver Banksian Medal for a group of very
handsome seedling Odontoglossums and Odon-
tiodas, spei ially noteworthy being Oda. Royal
(!em, and Cooksoniae.

Messrs. ('harlesworth and Co., Haywards
Meath, staged a group, in -which the hest novelties
were Laclio Cattleya Colombia (Jeannette X
Wellsiana), a great improvement on L.-C Gnt-
toiana. one of its ancestors, an<l with a very fine
purplish-crimson lip ; and Laelio Cattleya Circe
(Alcippe X Hypatia), an interesting instance o^
<olour development. In its ancestry are Cattleya
Trianae, C. Mossiae, C. Warscewiczii, Laelia
purpurata, L. oinnabarina, and L. harpophylla.
The yellow in the last two predominates, and
results in a clear ihrome-yellow flower, with pur-
plish-crimiwn front to the lip.

Messrs. Sander anu Son.?, ,Sl. .\lbans, showed
a selection of good hybrids, including four good
white (^attleyas, the pretty Odontioda Leda,
Laelio Cattleya .loy Sander, and a plant of
Laelio Cattleya Fred. Boyle var. Kerchoveae,
with two spikes of blush white flowers.

Messrs. Sthart Low and Co.. Jarvisbrook.
Su8se.\, exhibited their new Laelio-Cattleya
Oenius (L.-C. Coronis x C. Enid), in colour
primrose yellow, with a rose tint, the lip beiny
reddish purple ; L.-C. Calabria, light buff with
iirange disc ; a fine scarlet Sophronitis grandi-
flora. and some cut spikes of Vandas.

.Mr .T. K. Shill. The Dell Gardens, Engltfiell
Green, showed a fine plant of Cattleya Lady
Rowena (labiata alba X Suzanne Hye de Cromj,
with large, pure white flowers of fine shape
aTid substance ; the disc and base of the lip are
of orange colour, with white veining.

liv«red a lecture, entitled " Prof. T. H. Mor-
gan's Work on the Mechanism of Heredity."
and suramarised the results of recent work in
-America by Prof. Morgan and his fellow-workers
on the cytology of the question, especially upon
the fly Drosophjla. The lecture was illustrated
by diagrams and many lantern-slides.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

April 3.— The monthly meeting of this as-
sociation was held at 5, St. Andrew Square.
Edinburgh, on the above date, Mr. Phillips, the
president, in the chair.

A paper on " Medicinal Plants and National
Requirements." by Mr. R. Clode Gcykr, was
read, in Mr. Guyer's absence through illness, by
Mr. Eddington. Mr. Guyer said that since the
commencement of the war the cultivation ot
medicinal plants had been brought into great
prominence ; but, unfortunately, through a
threatened shortage of a few very important
drugs, a wrong impression had been created as
to present and future needs. To co-ordinate and
organise production a society had been formed,
and it was to be hoped that the benefit of the
experience gained would lead to success.

Mr. Guyer descrribed in dietail the proper
methods of collecting and drying the plants,
which are matters of paramount im^portance from
the commercial point of view, and the marketing
of the material. He then discussed the methods
of cultivation appli<able to the various kinds c
plant*, those required in large quantities being
specially adapted to field cultivation, such as
Peppermint, Fennel and Caraway, while Aconite,
Colchicum. Fo.xglove, Chamomile, Belladonna,
Henbane and Valerian were more suited to
garden cultivation.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT AND
PROVIDENT.

.\PRIL 2.^The monthly meeting of this
Society was held in the R.H.S. Hall on Monday,
the 2nd inst., Mr. Chas. H. Curtis in the chair.
Two members were allowed to withdraw
£26 4s. lOd. from their deposit accounts. The
sum of £53 19s. 8d. was passed for payment to
the nominees of five dece;ised members, all of
whom were killed in action. The sick jxiy foi-
the month on the ordinary side was £61 17s. 3d. ;
.State Section, £11 lis. 8d. ; maternity claims,
£12. The suggestion to form a women section
was again under discussion, and the secretary
was instructed to communicate with the Com
missioners for further information, which will
be dealt with at the next meeting.

LINNEAN

.Mabch 29. — At the monthly meeting of the
above Society, .Sir David Prain, president, in
the chair, Mr. W. Bateson, F.R.S., de-

©bituarie.

Jami* Stbedwick.— We learn with regret of
the death of .\lr. .lames Stredwick. of Silverdalc
Nursery. St. Leonards. Mr. Stredwick was one
of the most successful exhibitors and raisers of
Dahlias of recent times, and he also raised many
fine Chrysanthemums. He took up the culture of
Dahlias as a speciality about 27 years ago. as
the result of a success he gained with this flower
at a loqal show. Turning his attention to the
raising ot new varieties, he was successful in
obtaining a number of good novelties, includin.;
one named after his son Harry. Others were
named Magnificent. Night, Eclipse, and Mayor
Tuppenny. He worked for a number of years at
the improvement of the Cactus Dahlia, and did
much to counteract the natural defects of the
section. Chrysanthemums were in a secondary
degree a speciality of his firm, and he raised
.several good new varieties, including Maiy
Fariisworth, wliich was illustrated in these pages
on Nov. 20, 1909. p. 347, on the occasion of this
varietv's receiving an Award of Merit from the
Hoyal' Hoiticultiiial Society.

David W. Duncan. The Florists' Kxeliamje
announte.s the death of Mr. David W. Duncan,
florist, of Arlington. Ma.ssachusetts, U.S.A., on
February 23, aged 51 years. Mr. Duncan was a
native of Brechin, Forfarshire.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

CiBUAGE FOR Cattle.— For cows and pigs,
as well as for sheep and dairy cows, Cabbage
is a ^particularly valuable crop. No other green
crop can produce .io much food for cattle on the
s-aine area. If Early and Late Drumhead
xarieties are sown early in April, the former
wiU be ready for use at the end of September,
and the late variety from November onwards.
The heads will keep quite good until the end
of February, thus maintaining a succession of
food for five months. So hardy is the l^ite
Drumhead variety that the severe and continued
frost this season did not injure the heads
here. The advantage of a Cabbage crop
of. say, 50 tons per acre, when fed off
by sheep, is that a heavy manurial dressing
is left behind for the succeeding straw or
Potato crop. These Cabbages are mild in
flavour, and do not taint either milk or butter.
Good seed costs from 3s. to 4s. per lb. ; 1 lb.
of seed is sufficient to raise plants to cover an
acre. The seed bed should be in an open site,
d?ei)]y and well manured. A fine tilth is neces-
sary to ensure even germination of the seed.
Previous to sowing, scatter superphosphate
freely over the seed bed. Sow the seed thinly.
When the plants are large enough to handle,
tliey should be finally planted, the eai'ly vai-iety
in the second plough furrow, the later sort being
given more space in the thii-d furrow. Choose
dry weather for planting, and dip the roots in .i
(hick solution of soil and superphosphate or soot
and water.

Shelter for Chickens.— The present weather
is most unfavorable for newly - hatched
chickens, especially where they are e.\posed to
easterly winds. Many devices can be employed
to provide temporary protection. In most gar-
dens at this time of the year shrub pruning
is an annual operation. The branches and clip-
pings of Laurels, Yews, Firs and various coui-
ferae can be utilised, and will make quite a
warm permanent shelter. On the north or east
sid? of the site where chicken coops are placed,
stout stakes, 3 feet long, driven in the ground
2 feet apart, allowing 1 foot in thickness for
the shelter, make an easy and iJermanent sup-
port. Pack the pruiiings neatly between the
stakes, and if there is danger from rats, small-
meshed wire-netting can be run round.

The Wheat Prospect.— In this part of South
Hants, where grain of good quality is usually
obtained, the Wheat crop this spring does not
look promising, especially early-sown plots after
Clover on stiff soil. The trouble is, in my
opinion, due more to the excessive rainfall during
October, November and December than the
ssvere frosts. For the purpose of effectively
burying the Glover and preparing a good seed
b3d, we use the pressor, with the result that
such excessive amounts of rain as fell in
October, November and December could not per-
colate quickly thixiugh the soil, but caused stag-
nation, resulting in weakened growth. Expe-
rience forces me to the conclusion that this
method of Wheat-growing on stiff soil is wrong.
Oats will be substituted for this crop next year,
and the Wheat will be grown in fallow ground.
A dry March favours Wheat in any soil, es-
pecially that which is heavy. Whether the cus-
tomary harrowing early in April to break the
caked surface of the soil, and afterwards making
the plant firm with the roller will result in an
improvement, rt-mains to be seen. Some writers
advise the use of sulphate of ajnmonia as a
top dressing at the rate of 1 cwt. per acre, to
give a fillip to growth. My experience does not
warrant the iis» of this fertiliser, for while it
produced an improved growth and colour in the
straw and flag, the Wheat was of ptiar quality.
The plant on the parts of the field — flight soil —
on which it was used had too many blighted
ears. The Corn, generally, did not fill out, but
remained " boaty," or. as the term implies,
hollow ill the centre. My preference as a stimu-
lant is 2 cwts. superphosphate per acre, scattered
evenly previous to harrowing early in .'Vpril.
A'. Molyneiix, Swaiimore Park Farm, Bishop's
Waltham, Hampshire.

158

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

M JB. R K E: T S.

lOVEXT OARDE.\, A}ird 11.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal ealesmen. who are responsible for the quota
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supplv in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occaiionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Cut Flowers, &c.: Avepasre Wholesale PHees.

B.d. s d

Narcissus,

— Pheasant Eye
per doz. oun

— Soleil d'Or.
Guernsey. per
doz. bun,

— Paper White,
per doz, bun.

Orchids, per doz,:

— Cattleya .. 1

— CoeloByne, per
doz, blooms., 2 0- 2 fi

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— Odon toelos-

3 0-40

3 0-36
0-18 0

2 0-26
2 0-26

4 0-60
2 0-26

2 6-30

6- 3 0

Anemone, fulgenB, 8,d,s,d.

per doz, bun. 2 6-30

Arums, per doz, 3 0-40

Azalea, white, " ^ „

per doz, bun, 4 6- ,5 0

Camellias, white

per doz, blms, 16-20
Carnations, per

doz, blooms,

best American

varieties .. 2 0-30

— Oarola (crim-
son), ex, large 3 6-40

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz,
bun 2 6-36

— Barrii. per
doz. bun.

— Emperor, per
doz, bun,

— Henry Irving,
per doz, bun.

— princepa, per
doz. bun

— Sir Watkin,
per doz, bun,

— Victoria per
doz. bun.

Freesia. per doz.

bun

Heather, white.

per doz, bun. 12 0 —
Lilium longi-

florum long 3 6-40
short

lancifolium

album, long,, 2 6 3 0

— — rubrum.
per doz.. long.. 3 0-36
short .. 16-20

Lily-of-the-Valley.

per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0
NareisBUB.

Grand Primo.

per doz. bun. 3 0-40

Fr»neh Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prises.

Allium (Star) per B,d. = ,d.
doz, bun. .. 2 6-30

Cauliflowers, per s.d, s.d

doz 5 6-70

Celeriac, per doz, 6 0 —
Celery, per dOz.

bundles .. IS 0-24 0
Chicory. English.

per lb 0 10- 1 0

Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 18 0-20 0
Endive, per doz. 3 0 —
Greens, per b»g.. 16 0-20 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
Herbs, per doz.

bun , n 8 0

Horseradish, per " " 72 n

doz, .. 66 0 "^ "

Kale, per bag .. 10 0
Leeks, per doz,

bun 60 -

Lettuce, Cabbaie

andCos,perdoz, 1 6- 2 6
Mushrooms, per lb, 1 6- 1 9
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets .. 10 10
Onions, per cwt 28 0-34 6

Pelargoniums, per
-6-36 doz, bunches.

doublescarlet 1,5 0

2 n- 3 ft Primroses, per
„ . . . doz. bun.

3 0-60 Roses-

— General .lac-
nueminot, per
doz, blooms, .

— Joseph Lowe,
per doz, blnis,

— Mme, A, Cha-
teney,perdoz,
blooms

— Richmond,
per doz, blms,

— Pink (Jueen,
oerdoz,blm8.

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms. .

3 0-36 Tulips, white.per
doz. bun.

— yellow.

— Darwin in
variety
doz. bun

4 0

per

. 18 0-24 0
— mauve Darwin

per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0
VioletB, single.

Princess of

Wales.. .. 3 0-50

An

imone. double
pink, per doz.
bun 2 0 2 6

— single, mixed,

per doi. bun. 3 0-40

— single, red,

per doz, bun, 16-20

Freesia, per doz,
bun

Marguerite, yel-
low, per doz.
bun

Stock, white, per

doz. bun.
— pink, per doz.
bun

s.d. s.d
3 6-40

4 6-50

Cut Foliage, &e. : Average Wholaial* Prlees.

Adiantum (Mai s.d,s,d,

denhairFern)

best, per doz,

bunches ,, B 0-10 0
Asparagus plu-

moaus, lone

trails, per

half-dozen .. 2 6- S 0

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sorengeri .. 10 0-11 0
Bronze foliage .. 8 0-80
Carnation foliage,

doz, bunches 4 0-60
Croton foliage,

doz, bunches 12 0-16 0

s,d. B,d.
Cycai leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 0-08
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches . . 6 0-70
Myrtle, doz, bun,

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz, bunches 10-13
Smilax, per bun,

of 6 trails

Remarks,— Th<"re was a good demand for cut flowers
throughout last week for the Easter decorations. Sales-

found no difficult;
grades were in demand
(Arums) and white T.
and prices rose considi
creased tlie supply of
Home-grown Daffodils
nd the large con: '

stocks,
?s, Richardias
good demand,
re weather de-
s and Violets:.

its fron;

•*Xd

Ev

Na

Channel Islands

(consisting "chiefly of Daffodils) 'sold freely at good
jirices. Many enquiries were made for white Tulips.
Imt they .are exceptionally scarce this season. Darwin
Tulips, especially red ones, were cleared immediately
the market opened, and many buyers had to order in
.idvance to obtain their requirements.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Artichokes, Globe s,d,s,d,

per doz, -. 8 0 —
— J er u s alem.

per cwt. .. 16 0-20 0
Asparagus. Paris

Green, perbun, 2 9 3 0
Beetroot, per bag 12 0 —
Beans. English,

per lb. ..! 1 6- in

Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag ,, ,. 16 0 —

s .1. ^ .1

Broad Beans,
French, per
pad .. ..60-70

BrusselsSnrouts,

per 24 lb. ..10 0 —
Cabbage, per

tally .. ..10 0-12 6

Carrots, washed,

per bag .. 14 0

1 6-

Onions, spring. per s.d, s,d,

doz, bun, .. 4 0 —
Parsley, perjbus. 11 0 —
Parsnips. percwt, 24 0-30 0
Peas. French, per

pad .. ., 10 0 —
Potatos, new, per

lb.
Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-30
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz. .. 16-26

— natural, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0 —
Savoys, per doz, 4 0 5 6
Seakale, per doz,

punnets ,. 21 0-30 0
Shallots, per lb. 0 8-0 10
Spinach, per flat 10 0-12 0
Swedes, per ton 50 0-90 0
Turnips, percwt, 11 0

— New, per doz.

bun 18 0 -

Tops, per bag 15 0 —
Watercress, per

doz 9 0 11

Fruit : Average- Wholesale Prices.

«,d,s,d. Grapes,— con, s,d,s,d,
Almonds, per ' — Cape, per box

cwt . ..80 0-85 0 oflOlbs. .. 8 0-20 0

Apples— — Gros Colman.

-Californian Der lb 4 6-60

Newtowns. KentCobs.perlb, 16-20

- Fn'^^l^i s'h Lemons, per case 22 0-40 0
Cooking, per ^. ^ ^^ ^ "^^ new, per%^wt,'lOO 0-120 0

- Main States, - Coconuts, per
barrels .. 44 0-66 0 100 .. ..31 0-32 0

- Oregon, per Oranges, per case 21 0-50 0
case .. 18 6-20 0 - Palermo Bit-
Bananas, Red, per ters, per case 18 0-22 0

.. £25 — Pears—

- Jamaica, per \ — Californian 15 0-18 0

ton .. .. £22 — I _ Cape, per box 6 0 8 0

Chestnuts. per Plums, per box 6 0-10 0

peck .. .. 5 0-56 strawberries.

Cranberries. 0" forced.. .. 6 0-15 0

Grapes: Almeria, Walnuts, cer

perdoz. lb. .. 10 0-12 61 cwt 75 0-90 0

REMARKS.-Supplies of Apples are decreasing. The
Pears now available consist of Californian and Cape
varieties, notably Williams's Bon Chretien. Winter
Nelis, Olapp's Favourite, and Beurre Hardy. Forced
Strawberries are still limited in supply. Numbers of
Grapes are now on offer, including English Gros Oolman
and several Cape varieties, black, white, and red.
Asparagus is now obtainable, mainly Pans Green
Cavallion, and Lauris, besides some from English
growers. Seakale is much scarcer, but Wort.hing and
Guernsev Beans are fairly plentiful. Forced Mint is
Dlentifui and Mushrooms continue to be supplied in
fair quantities. There are a few English Tomatos on
offer and fair supplies of Broccoli (Cornish and Rascofl)
are arriving. Flats containing 2, 2J and 3 dozen Cucum-
bers are fairly plentiful. Outdoor greenstufis continue
difficult to obtain. E. H. R.. Corent Garden MnTket.
April 11. 1017.

( (iiU'fNsATiuN FOR Accidents : .SA re »•.-//»;;/. The
ainoinit of damages you will receive as com-
pensation for youi disablement depends on
many circumstances; among others, on the ex-
tent of the injury you have received. You
should send in a formal claim to your em-
ployer for the amount to which you consider
you are entitled, and he, in his turn, will sena
it to the society in which he has insured his
risk® under the Act— provided he is so insured.
The amount to -which you are entitled will be
settled by the department in charge of such
claims.

Cucumbers in Frames : /. M- Collect a
quantity of stable manure and leaves for a
hot-bed, mixing them together in an open
yard every second day If box frames are
used, the 'hot-bed should be at least 3 feet
wider than the frame, allowing a margin of
18 inches all round on which to place fresh
fermenting materials late-r. The seeds should
be sown singly ir small, clean pots and ger-
minated on the hot-bed. Cover the pots -with
glass, and allow a small space for moisture to
escape, but not sufficiently wide to allo-w of
mice reaching the seeds. See that the bed
does not become too hot through excessive
fermentation, or the seeds may be damaged.

When the plants have mad« two rough leavas
they may bs planted on mounds of light, rich
soil. As soon as roots shovf through the soil,
pinch out the tops of the plants so that sever.-il
leading growths may be produced from the
liase. Train the shoots on the surface of the
bed, an.-^ .stop them when they have grown to
a length of about 18 inches. Before the shoots
extend too Ear the bed should be made up with
suificienl soil to carry the crop through the
season. Careful attention must be paid to
stooping and thinning the shoots, or the frame
will become crowded with foliage. It is bettjr
to stop and thin the plants once or twice
weekly than to remove large quantities of
foliage at one time. During the growing and
fruiting periods the plants may be watered
freely with liquid manure. Admit air
to the frame with caution — it is better to
shiido 'he p,t lightly on sunny days than to
admit a large quantity of cold air. All The
Year Bound is a .good variety for frame ox pit
cultivation.

Land for a Nursery : T. B. With reference
to your desire to obtain land after the war for
carrying on the business of a nurseryman an<l
florist, we learn that there are no public funds
available from which a-dvances may be ex-
pected. With regard to the provision of
land by County Councile for purposes of small
holdings, these authorities are authorised by
the Small Holdings and Allotments Act, 1908,
to provide small holdings for pei-sone who
desire to buy or lease, and will themselves
cultivate the holdings. Under Section 61
(1) of the Small Holdings Act, the expres-
sions "agriculture" and " icultivation " in-
clude horticulture and the use of the land for
any purpose of husbandry, inclusive of the
keeping or breeding of live stock, poulti-y, or
bees, and the growth of fruit and vegetables.
If vou write to the Board of Agriculture,
Whitehall Place, London, S.W., for their leaf-
let No, 215, this will give you further informa-
tion.

Names of Plants : M. S., Cheshire. Brassia
verrucosa,— TT, A. T., Hove. 1, Acacia cyano-
phylla. 2, Acacia longifolia, 3, Acacia poda-
lydiifolia. This last is a rather uncommon
9pe<-ies, illustrated in the Gardeners' Chroniele,
January 4, 1908, p. 11.—/. H. W. 1, Maokaya
b'ella ; 2, Adiantum foi-mosum ; 3, Microlepia
(Davallia) platyphylla.

Nectarine Flowers Failing to Set : C. W.
The branch you send is perfectly healthy, and
the flowers well developed. The failure of the
tree to set fruits is probably due to some
check, most likely the result of hard pruning,
which you state the tree received to prevent ex-
cessive" growth. If the tree continues to make
gross growth this season, it should be root
pruned in the autumn,

RiCHARDiA WITH DocBLE Spathe : C. If, S. The
abnormality is not uncommon, and we fre-
quently receive examples of these twin Arums.
You will find a reference to the same
phenomenon in the report of the Scientific Com-
mittee of the R.H.S. in nur last issue, p, 147,
It is probably the result of cultivation, the
plants receiving more generous treatment than
in a wild state.

Rose ; Delia. If the shoot to which you refer
arises above the grafted part, it will flower,
however many segments the leaf may possess.
If. however, it appears to be of a totally dif-
ferent growth, with smaller foliage, it may
have arisen from the stock, in which case your
friend's advice that it be removed should be
followed. It is usually a simple matter to de-
termine whether the growth arises from the
stock or from the scion. Suckers, as .shoots
from the stock are usually termed, always
come from the base; they are generally very
long, spiny, of pale green colour, and bear
smaller leaves.

Communications Beoeived-J^ ^SP~,^- t p
— Phipps, Merton— A. T. H.— H. V. 0.— A. J. P.—
-A W-R I L-W, F, R., B.E.F., France— P, L, R.,
Warlington-D, C-W, B. H,

April 14, 1517.]

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THE WEATHER.

THE WEATHER FOR M.AJiCH.
March was a. cold month with a low raiafall. Apart
from the gules of the 4th and 5th there were no
high winds. Snow fell on seven days, and lay con-
tinuously from the 6th to the 14th. The rain-gauge
yielded 1.93 inch, collected during 17 days of precipita-
tion, while the number of "' rain days " (over 0.04
inch) were eight. The heaviest fall, of 0 92 inch, was
on the 10th. L)f sunshine we had 124 houi-s — an average
of 4 houi-s per day, and a percentage of 33. There
were eight sunless days. The highest barometric read-
ing was 30.410 inches, on the 15th, and the lowest,
28.966. on the 29th, the mean for the month being
29.831 inclie,s. Temperature varied between 54°— the
highest maximum on the 18th and 25th— and 8°. the
latter being the lowest minimum, and recorded on
the 9th. The lowest maximum was 33°, on the 7th.
and the highest minimum 40°, on the 25th, while the
means of the maxinxa and minima were 43° and 30°
respectively. From these data we get a mean tempera-
ture for the month of 37°, a mean range of 13°. and
an absolute range of 46°. On 17 days the temperature
fell below the freezing-point. There were 26 nights
of ground frost, the mean minimum on the grass being
26°. with a lowest reading, of 4°, on the morning of
the 9th. The means of the wet -bulb and dry -bulb
thermometers were 34.8° and 36°. giving a relative
humidity of 80 per cent. At 1 foot deep the soil tem-
perature fell from 37° to 34° and then rose to
39°. The prevailing winds were westerly. James
yfalloch, St. Andreirn Training College Gardenx, Kirk-
fon of Mains, Dundee.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

READING GARDENERS'. — The subject of the
sowi n g of veget ahles in .1 u ly and August was dealt
" with at the recent meeting of the above Associa,tion
by Mr. H. C. Loader. The Gardens, Erlegh Park,
Reading, Mr. Loader said that land might be
treated in such a way as to produce two useful crops
within twelve month's, without undue strain, by the
sowing ind planting of vegetables in July and August
on ground wh.ch h^ alrejwly borne crops of early Peas,
Potatos, Caulifluwers, dwarf Beans. Beftts, or C-arrots.
I'Vt these crops the ground would have been well tilled
and manured during the previous winter and spring,
and therefore not much labour wa-s required to prepare
the .soil. Early thinning was necessary for success.
The k'<;turer Wu-u dealt with the vanc-ties of vege-
tables he had found f^ucce.ssful late in the season.

WARQRAVe AND DISTRICT QARDBNER*'.— Ihe

MX>)nd lecture on war-time gardening before the mem-
Iters of this Association was given on March 28 by
Mr. C. Moore, gardener to Mr. W. E. Cain. Wargravc
Manor, and entitled " Cropping the Allotment." ,\
|)lan of a 20-pole plot was drawn on a large blackboard,
and on it were marked positions for t-he various crops
recommended. The lecturer dealt with the following
vegetables, giving a short description of how to sow
or plant, and mentioning the best varieties : Artichokes.
Peas, early and late Potatos, Parsnips, Runner Beans.
Onions. Carrots. Beet. Broad Beans, Cabliage Marrows,
Flinch Beans. Shallots. Cauliflowers. Lettuces.
Parsley, and herbs. Inter-cropping and rotations were
cxpliained. The hon. secretary (Mr. H. C-olehy) advo-
cated the formation of an Allotment Holders' Socieity,
and nntline-d the method of proceeding for its estab-
lishment. A vegetable show for allotment holders and
cottage gardeners is being arrange-d for the autumn.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr. J. Watson Jun-. for the pa*<t 10 yeai-s Gar-
dener to H. CoMPTON, Esq.. and H. Marx, Esq..
resi>ectivelv at " Eastcott," Kingston Hill, Surrey.
as Gardener to W. P. Willson. Esq.. Pixholnie
Court. Dorking Surrey. [Thanks ■ for 2b. for the
R.G.O.F, bnjc.— Fds-I

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

.1. H. PkarsOn and Sons. Lowdham. Nottinghamshire.—

Bulbs and Stra.wberries.

Foreign.
Vrr.MORiN. Andrieux et Cir., 4. Quai de la Mogisserie,

Paris. —Hardv Plants.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on tlie cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Oardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
CotUaim S plateg in colour. Price i/iO i>08t free.

THE PDBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, WelllnBton

<>treet, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words fop 1/6, and 6d for each
sueceedins Eleht wordg or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

muit give full parliculars, otherwise no
notice will he taken of their communications.
Nctme and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
tnto communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Hender.

PRIVATE.

BAILIFF or HEAD GARDENER; cap-
able ; wide business and trade nursery experi-
ence, witli special knowledge of Hardy Plants and Rock
Gardens ; age 33 ; single ; exempt ; South preferred ;
good salary.— P., Box H, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. W.C. 2.

rj ARDENER (Head) ; fil-st-class experi-
^-^ enoe in all branches, including Fruit, Vegetables,
and E.sta.te Management ; age 48 ; no family at home. —
T. BENNETT, Maplehurst. Woodhouse Eaves, Lough-
borough.

rjJARDENER (Head) ; life experienc«>,

^-^ gained in large establishments; excellent refer-
ences ; ineligible ; married when suited ; age 30. —
SAUNDERS, Martyr Worthy, Winoheeter.

QARDENER (Head); fii«t-class expert;

^-^ practical knowledge in every branch of Horti-
<:uUure. with E-state management if nece»#ary ; at
liberty.— A. B., Box H, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDENER (Head) or GARDENER

^-* B.\U..1FF ; age 46; fully experienced in the man-
agement of large tiardens and all kinds of Estaec work;
could organise for food production ; disengaged. —
GARDENER. 23 Moreton Road, East Grinstead.

GARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-
DENER-BAILIFF ; well up in all requirenicnte of
good efitablishinent ; thoroughly exi>ericnced, both Out-
side and under Glass, also Landscape work ; excellent
references ; 14 yeani Head ; age 48 ; married, no
family.— R. PRATT, Clayton Hall Oardens, Newcastle,
SUSs.

fJEAD WORKING GARDENER re-

^^ quires permanent situation ; well up Inside and
Out; over military ago; long reference; near a town
preferred.— W. WHITE. The Homestead, London Road,
Windlesham. Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; Where
2 or 3 Under Men are kept; life experience in
go*Kl all-round Gardening; can be highly recom-
mend«l ; age 48; married, no family.— T. E., Box 6.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

(^ARDENER (Head Working) sw>ke re-

^-* engagement with lady or gentleman in good estab-
lishment ; life experience in all branches and stock ;
age 48; wages, 35a., house and firing.— J. SHRIMPTON,
353, Norton Way, Letchworth, Herts.

WM. CUTBUSH & SON have sever;
flistcla.ss GARDENERS on their register wh
I all be well recommended. — Full particulars on applic:
fion to Highgate Nurseries, London, N. 6.

T ADY GARDENER ; Inside experience

-'-^ chiefly, desires post under Head Gardener ; good
recommendations; quick and willing; Lancashire pre-
ferred. — BRADLY, Groavenor Place. Birkenhead,
Cheshire.

TRADE.

Itf ANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN ;

■^'-^ qualified to take entire responsibility; good re-
ferences from up-to-date London and provincial nur-
series.—FH. Box 3, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. W.C. 2.

■pLORIST, FRUIT and VEGETABLE

-*- BUYER; 7 years' experience of Covent Garden;
good knowledge of Market Nurseries; discharged sol-
dier ; active.— E. H. SEYMOUR, 5. Shaftesbury Avenue
New Barnet. Herts.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisem;nts intended for insertion in the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

LAD, aged 17, seeks Sitaation in Garden ;
good reference.— A. BEAROCK, Trent College,
Long Eaton, Derbyshire.

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'rule^jninis : l.^i4:t " GAHI>.'llItuN, Hanii. I.onihi.n."
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ONLY TO ORDER.

/'N iOii.tc(/iience of the devi.sio7i of the Board 0/
Trade, which will come info force on May
1st, to prohibit the return to publishers of
unsold copies of any journal, the GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE will be obtainable after that date
only if ordered beforehand. We ask, therefore,
all readers who de.'tire a copy each week (and
are not already receiving it direct from this
office) to ^ii'c their local newsagent a definite
order to this effect.

ORDER FOR NEWSAGENTS.

To Mr Newsagent.

Please deliver the GARDENERS' CHRONICLE
to me each week at the address given below.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 14, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His Majesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— 121, St. Vincent Si.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor. " Gardeneri' Chronicle."

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume Is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 Vols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN, V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman af R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB,

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS, M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringhana :

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS, By THOMAS
STEVENSON,with Chapters by CH \RLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMEK, F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H. and R.
HOOPER PrARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.

Author of "The English Flower Gardea."

(Double volume 2/6.)

' Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from

THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellin?ton Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

iited for the Gardeners' ChronicJe, Limited, by LOTE AND Malcomson, Ltd., D.tae Street, High Holborn, London, W.0.1, and Published wceWv bv the Onl^de
Ohroiuolc, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Ooveut Gai-den, Oity of Westminster, .Saturday, April W, 1917. Asciit tor Manchester : John Hbywood.

Established 1841.

No. 1582. Vol. LXI. {^^}

SATURDAY, APRIL 2i, 1917.

■j Registered as a Newspaper. J '^f'-'t HQ,

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For CONTENTS see page 159.

NOTICE TO AOVERTISEKS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
traine from London the hour of going to prees
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

HERBACE-

OlS I'LANTS and WATER LILIES. Large
stoclis of the best und niogt jiopuliir varienes. De^Hinp-
liTC OataJogue tree.— JOHN W.VIEREH, SONS & CKlSl',
LTD., The Slirserios, Twyford, Berks.

X/'IOLAS, 'finest Scotch, 12 Bedding

' Varieties, correetly named, 23. 3d., post free. Eaily
Clirj'santhejiiuiiis, 12 very fine varieties, 3s. 9d-, po»*t
Iree. Strong plants.— DOBBIK 4: CO., Floristj), BdJiiburij-h.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Gross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine srtocit o( all the
best varieties, new and old, for present planting. Priced
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S BOVAL SUIt-
SEKIES, Waltlum Cross. Herts.

/^MISSIONS and Failures -made good by

^— ' purchasing Storrie's Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out. or potting on at correct dates (or best poemible re-
sults; all popular Greenhouse plants. Summer Bedding,
and Hardv Border Flowers. &c. Grand lot of Qyolamen
now ready. Write for catalogue.— STORRIE & STOHRIE,
I-'Iower Seeds Specialists, Glencarse. Perthshire.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half "a

^-^ i-*-ntury'9 reputation for effectivenesB in prevent-
ing anU destroying Red Spider, ScaJe, Me,ily Bug,
Thrip, Amoric-an Blight, Green and lirown Fly, &f.
Sold in l)ox<w '.iboiit lib., 3ib., and 12lb., by Deaien*
in Gitrden Sundries. Wlioloaale : TRIOE'S PATENT
CANDI>E CO., LTD., Bafrtersea. London, S.W. U.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

G rowers,

TJLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

-■-' have plea.sure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, Sec, Ice..
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magod^oeait strong
roofs of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

TITM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

•'LTD., I^awrence Boad, South Tottenham. Con-
eervatories. Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses,
Portable Buildings, 4c. Oatalogues gratis.

TJARR'S Beautiful LILIE.S. GLADIOLI

-■-' CAXXAS, MOXTBRETIAS. TIGRIDI.\.S, &c., lor
*prmg planting. Descriptive Oatologue free on applica-
tion. — BARR Si SONS, Kin^ Strceit, Oovent Garden,
Xondon.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

-■-' SKI-;ns of finest feIeo.te<l atrains and tested
srrowth. Oatalogue froe on application.

B

ARR'S Hardv PERENNIALS, AL-
PIXKS. ROOT PL.iXTS. .\quiitics. Olimbera, &c.,
Sjiring planting.— C»italogue free on application.

s

UTTONS VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SLTTOS'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

OUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

^^ READING.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS. CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
Xew Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standard
varieties is readv, and will be sent poet free on appli-
cation. — (Dept'. A) R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbech.

"OATH'S SELECT SEEDS.— New illu.s-

■■^ trat*'d Catalogue of Choice Vegetable and Flower
Seed5, witJi full v^-ultunU notes, is now ready, and wiill
be eeut i>osi free on applioatdon. — (Dept. A), R. H.
BATH, LTD., Tlie Floral Farms, Wisbech.

KELWAY'S graceful and beautiful
■ LANGl'IUM " HYBRID GLADIOLL
These new Gladioli are mf>st grarefuJ, nnd provide
Yellow. Amber, ami Apricot sJiadea not to be found in
(nir other large-flnwere*! hybrid Gladioli.
They are (juite h.irdy and' flower in July and August.
Tliey flourish in towns, and are invaluable for deco-
rating h'jspitals. churches, and tlie home.

Send for reduced War Price Lists of our new varieties.

17"ELWAY & SON, Retail Plant Dept.,

-*^ LAXOrORT, SOMERSET.

"DUSINESS METHODS.— Experience in

^-^ tlie world of rrMjiineroe shows that there are two
ways of conduotini; a businc.<«, the ono being to charge
aa much as possible for what is >old. exacting a high
rate from one cu.vtonuT and a low price from anotJier.
and tlio other io have a fixed prioo for everything antl
stick to it. The first method is to I>e condemned from
every point of view, hut mainly because it punishes
the best purchasers, thoae who are ready to pay what
is reasonably a«ke<l when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The Gardenerg' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It gnarante<>s that its advertiw'ment rates are
not alterwi for any cufltomer. big or little, old or new ;
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Com*e-
qupntly. whilst if is nr>t possible to grant concessions.
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to a.<»sure each advertiser that he pays no more
than anyone else.

rkRCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
^-^ Brown Peat. lOs. 6d. per yard in trucks; in
baps Z". M. eacli. JOs. dozen ; Oak and Beech T#af
Mould. Yellow Loam. Stacked and Freiih Cut. Silver
Sand ; a-ton M.i for 15s. ; C.X. Fibre. 24s. dozen bags ;
list free. — J. HANDSCOMBE. F.R.H.S., Feltham,
Middlesex.

CSTEEL HAND PLOUGH and TRENCH

'^ HOE.— A wonderful little Tool. .4 woman can do
mov€' with it than two men with spades. Gets more use-
ful every day. Price 39., carriajce paid.— L.^ND TOOL
CO.. 19, All.»>p Str».-t, Baker Street, London, W.

"VERBENAS.— Miss Willra.>tt (nink), King

~ of Scarlets. Onepn of Whites. I/.>veIy Blue (lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple) ; Btrnng, clean, well-
root.ed stuff from boxes. 50 for 5s.; 9». per 100; oar-
riaee nald for oa.sh.— H. DUDDERIDGE, The Dorset
Nurseries. Blandford.

For Advertisement Charges see page iii
QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

'-^ ■■ Vitrohte," superior to White Lead Paimt.
■■ Flastane ' supersedes putty. PuU pmrticuhuis from
W. CARSON & SONS. Giove Works, Battersea. Agenits
throughout the country.

J GRAY, LTD., BuUder of Con-

• servalories, Greenhouses, &c.. and Healing Engi-
neers, Danvers Street, Chelsea. London S.W 3 Wire
201, Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western. '

T) I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

MANURE -,uul other hig-h-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushu-oom SpanwK Priced oirouJaira
froe on a|)plication to DICKSON'S, Roral Seed Ware-
house uiKl Nurseries, Chester,

OPORTSMEN, Fanners, Horsemen.— Try
*^ our splendid Yoi-kshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears like
leather ; sliowerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns free.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradfold.

OEED POT ATOS. -Queen Mary and
*^-' Royal Kidney, good sample through IJ inch and
over, 1 inch riddle. also Sharpe's Expres.s, E^riy
Eclipse and Duke of York, all earlies mixed; pries
per cwt. on application.— MORLE & CO., 160156, Finch-
ley Road, N.W. 3.

/^LADIOLAS, extra choice Hybrids from
^-" a celebrated prize collection ; Childsii, named,
25s. 100, mixed Us. 100; Gandavensis, named, 20s.,
mixed 12s. 100.— MORLE & CO., 150-156, Finchley Road,

A MARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata) ; our

■'-'- magnificent colleclinn. many now showing flower-
spikes, from Mr. W. Bull's wonderful 1st Prize Crold
Medal varieties, at half usual prices ; list« free.—
MOBLE .& CO., 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

VIOLAS, strong plants of M. Mott

^ (mauve), .\. Grant (dark blue), .4..,y Barr (pink),
J. PilUng (edged), L. Knox (i-reani), Mosetey Perfection
(yellow). 9d. doji., 4s. 6d. 100, oarringe paid.— EMGLAND
& FURNESS, Freelanda Road Nurseries, Biromley, Kent.

QIANT ASPARAGUS.— Strong roots, 2

^-'" years 38., J years Is. 6d. 100; packing box, 6d.—
JOHN FLOWER, Asparagus Grower, Morestead, Win-
chester.

(?}ERANIUMS, strong lautumn struck ;

^-" any be<l<ling sort, Ivyleaf or mixed; also Fuchsias,
Lord Roberts; Tomatots, readv for planting; all 3s. doz.,
13s. 100, oarr. paid.— P ARM ENTER., Basildon, Eases.

PERNS! PERNS! !— Tree Ferns, Climlb-

-*- inig Ferns. Basket Ferns, Stove and Greeniho^iee
Ferns, Hnrdy Garden Feme ; oatalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, Londoni Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
I^mdon,, S.W.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
111 What. Soils (o Plant Them," wi.fili Oatalojrue,
free on appUcalion. Special selections, 12, 59. 6d. ;
25, 6h. 6d. ; 50, 12s. M. ; 100, 25s. All different, named,
st.ronif stook ; please state positiioni and soil. — G. R.
PHIPPS, Alpine Nursery, Baniham, Boguor.

THE GARDENEHS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

ind

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

Herbaceous Plants, Rhododendrons.

ROSES

in vajietv, Cl€m.iti5. Carnations, Lilies, GMadiolus,
other autumn flowering Bulbs, cases of Japaneea Lilies, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,
will SELL the above b\ Al'CTIOX at the-ir Cen-
tral Sale Rooms, 57 and 68, Cheapsitlf. E.C. 2.
On view morning of sate and oatakigui-s had.

WALTON GRANGE, STONE,
STAFFORDSHIRE.

SALE OF THE COLLECTION OF RARE AND VALU-
ABLE ORCHIDS FORMED BY TILE LATE
W. THOMPSON. ESQ.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have received instructions from the Executors
to SELL by AUCTION on the premises as above, on
Tuesday, April 24th. and two following days,
at 11.30 o'clock each day precisely.
Tlie Collection may he viewed. 0;it;i]oguos of tlie Head
CirJener, Mr. J. Howes, and of the .Auctioneer's, 67 .and
68, Olieapside, London, E.C. 2.

BUSINESS WANTED,

WANTED, Xiirsery Market Garden or
Orcliard, to rent. State what Gta.ss an<I .alt pax-
ticulaa-s.— KILL UROVE NURSEEY, Kidderminster.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

■pROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul-

■*- TURAi.. Makket Garden, and Estatk ArmONHERs
AND Valuers, 67 and 68, Chcapside, London. EC, and
at Leyt'Tnistoue, E. Monthly Hoi-ticultural Register had
on application.

P O MARKET GROWERS.— To be Sold,

•- FREEHOLD NURSERY. 3.000 feet run af Gla.ss
(over 1 acre), uwful Trade Building*, and 2 acres of
Land. Special terms of payment can be arranft^l. Im-
mediate piMie.'isioik— Particulars of PROTHEROE &
JIORRIS. 67 and 68. Cheapside. E.C. 2.

fyO MARKET GARDENERS. — £30 will

-^ rent, or £500 will brry, excellent 5-roonied Gotta^
in O.-itordshire village ; li miles from station ; 2i acres ;
'.ind two 75-feet Glass Houses ; all in first-class condition. —
Apply, H.WILET & DULAKE, Estate -Vgents, Oxford.

PLANTS, Mto.. WANTEta>.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants sultaiile foj- stock ; cash or exchan|fe.
Tise other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH,
^.:>ndon Fern. Nurserv, Loughborough Junction. London,
.S.W.

WANTED. 3 cwt. Jer. Artichokes, for
planting ; 5,000 Cabbage plants weekly : Garden
Seed Potatos, an\- variety; for cash. References, London
Joint Stock Bank — W. F. RAMSH.\W & CO., Seed Mer-

oliants, SunderUaijd.

PLANTS, Ao., FOf? SALE.

BAY TREES FOR SALE.— Twenty Speci-
men Pyramid Bays, 8 to 10 feet high, in tubs.—
I'rice and particulars on application to J. B. COOLING,
'8. Willn Stjeet. Derby.

1 nn (ififi LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-^"^ »Vl_»\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begond.as, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Rcses, Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies, Hvdr,
cS:.c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. London Fern
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

MISCELLA NEOUS.

BUY YOUR OILSKINS

onlv

DIRECT FROM US.
e you money, but we give you befte

quality than offered by any otlier firm. Beacon Oil-
skins are biade with the patent finish, and are always
?oft and pliable. They never crack or stick, and they
fever fail to keep out the hardest storms. Don't buy
inferior Oilskins. Send your order to us. and if
you are not convinced that BEACON OILSKINS are
*'ie finest value you have ever seen, you can send
t'lem back and have your money returned in full,
r'lildren's Coats from 8/6, Men's 9/- and upwards,
ladies' Smart Oilskins, lff/6. Leggings from 2/9. Sou'-
^vpsters from 1/6. Send p.c. for the free Oi Isk J n
rnoklet.— BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66, BEACON BUILD-
INGS, SOUTH SHIELDS. (5)

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Linas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each sueeeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full •particulars, othenvise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters sq addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

W^ANTED, HEAD AVORKING ,GAR-

* ' DENER ; 4 kept ; exi>erieJiced ; luarhed ; ineligible ;
care of poulti'v and small estate. State wages (cottage
pixjvided), nge, length of choracter, an-d if of the Churcb
of England, and when free.— VISCOUNTESS KNUTS-
FORD, Knees\\x>rth HaLl, Royston, Herts.

WTANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

^ ' DENER (ineligible) ; thoroughly experienced Vege-
tables, outdoor Fruit, and smaM liome farm, Hen'bnceous
Borders, small Greenhouse ; preference to man with son
under military age ;is Second ; liouse, coals, and vege-
tables found. — Full particulars of experience, age, wages,
and copies of testimonials (if any) to PRESCOTT, High-
Linds, Woldinghum, Surrey.

WANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-
DEN'Eli of 4; thorough laiowlerlge of Glass: in-
eligible ; single preferred.— Writ* fuUv <o BRO.U)LANDS,
Haverhill, Suffolk.

WANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED
G.UiDEXER; hoy under; ineligible; nnir-
ried or single ; experienced Outside and In. — -*.ppty,
MILLS, Besselsleigh Manor, Abingdon.

WANTED, igood SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER ; Under kept ; cottage and ga-Men.—
MRS. WITHAM, Wliitmoor House, near Guiklfoa^d.

WANTED, capable GARDENER; willing
to learn electric light engine, and with knowledge
of cows preferred ; diiefiy Vegetable growing, small Green-
house ; help given ; must- be ineligible and have good
re.ferences. \V.:ges, 30f. and good cottage and gajxlen. —
FuU poi-Uc-ulors t<v HOXBLE, MBS. HAMILTON RUS-
SELL, Yaj-lington House, AVincanton. Somerset.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; in-
elig.ble. or discharged soldier ; some experience
witli Inside Plants and Fruit; duty alternate weeks;
t'CMjd wages.— E. C. WICKENS. The Gardens, Tewkesbur\'
L.dge, Fore.st Hill.

\\rANTED, YOUNG MAN; ineligible;

• " Insid-e and Out ; some experience ; furnished
room provided; state wages and experience — W. DIXOiN,
Waresloy Park Garder,s, near Sandy, Beds.

T^TANTED, MAN, for Kitchen Garden
' " and Pleasure Grounds, with some experience ;
good wages given. — Apply, with references, to G.^R-
DEXER, The Manor House, Stanmore, Middlesex.

"Y\7'ANTED, experienced MAN for Kitchen
' ' Garden.; take turn with dutv ; good cottage and
garden provided ; state w.-iges. .-Vlso two IMPROVERS ;
one inside, one outside ; state wMges, with Bothy. —
Apply, HE.U) GARDENER, Hejon's Ghyl], Uckfleld,

WANTED, good Kitclien Garden
LABOURER; married or single; ineligible or oveir
militiiry age. — Applv, stating wages required, with good
cottage or Bothy, "to \V. G. CLE.4.VEB, Bknkney Hall
Gaixlens, Lincoln.

WANTED, IMPROVERS or YOUNG
WOMEN' for Fruit and Plant Houses, in large Gar-
dens, with some experience. State wages required, with
Botliv, milk, aiid vegetables ; overtime paid for, also
travelling expenses.— A pp3y to W. J. GUISE, KeeOe Hall
Gardens, Xewcasile, Staffs.

"WANTED, IMPROVER (16) ; Inaide ;

* ^ 18s., BotJiy, &,c. ; alte<rnute diifties; duty and over-
tmie paid. — Apply, D. ROBERTS, Prestwold Gajdens^
Loughborough.

■WANTED, IMPROVER; Inside the

' ' Houses and Out ; age 16 ; wages 18s. , Bothy, vege-
tables, and mUk.— E. MORG-^N, Wassand Hall Gardens,
Hull.

WANTED, at St. Leonards School
for Girls, St. Andrews, Fife, a fuUv qualified
ami welleducate.! WOMAN, to act as HEAD GARDENER
and INSTRUCTOR in GARDENING; knowledge of the
growth and sale oi Vegetables and the care of Grass
IS essential, and some experience in teaching desirabte.
—For further particulars apply to the HE.\D MISTRESS.

WANTED, for a Hospital Garden in
Chipham, a LADY GARDENER ; nmist be strong ;
need not be fuUy trained ; Vegetables and Fruit ; 39s.
weeltlv. — Applv pei-sonally or bv letter to MISS
MILDRED RANSOM, 195, Edgwaxe Road, W. 2.

\\7"ANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS, to

• ' work under Ladv Head ; Inside and Out ; ■cottage ;
inunediatelv. State wagets, expeirience, &c. — Applv, MISS
FULLER, the Gardens, Lower Woodside, HatfieJd.

ANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS

for Inside ; wages 26s. per w'eek- ; lodgings near-
Ai)ply, HEAD GARDENER, Forest Park, Windsor.

w

WANTED, LADY GARDENER; experi-
enced, chiefly Inside; wages 25s. — Apply, W.
HIGGS, The Lodge Gardens, Holypoirt, near Maidenhead.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, to share
fuinislied cottage with another ; chiefly Greenhouse
work ; under supervision of Head Gardener. — Apply, witlb
full partieuJars, to N. NICHOLLS, Aston Hall Giurdens,.
Preston Brook, Warringiion.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER; some
e.vpeiience; chieftv Inside. — Pa.rticukirs to A. J,
SMITH, The Giu-dens, The Gore, Hiulington, Hounslow,.
Middlesex.

WANTED, LADY DECORATOR for
house and table decoration, and a.^sist in Glass-
houses in spare time. — -Apply, ELDER, Huj-sley Park,
Winchester.

WANTED, capable WOMAN GAR-
DENER to look after Rock and Rose Garden
and Herbaceous Borders ; other Gardeners kept ; could'
live in with other servants, or have lodgings near; good
wages given.— Write full particulars. REV. MALUN-
SON, Woodlands. Ledbury, Herefordshire.

GARDENER.— A WOMAN required, with
not less than 6 months' jwactical experience oni
faxm oa* gai-den ; to live in furnished rooms with another
farm worker.- MRS. ME.YDE-W.\LDO, Hever, Kent.

WANTED, T^vo WOMEN GARDENERS
(He.\d Working and Under); bov kept; go<xt
wages ; furnishetl rooms.— F. SCHUSTER, ESQ., The Hut,
Bray, Maidenhead.

WANTED. Two Young WOMEN as.
UNDER G.^RDENERS; chiefly Outside work; ex-
perience not necessary if willing. State wages wanted.
—HEAD G-\RDENEH,' Great Tangley Manor, Wcnersh,,
Surrey.

WANTED. Two WOMEN UNDER-
GARDENERS for general G.ai-den work, both In-
side and Out ; take turn on duty (no fires).- .4.pply, stat-
ing age, experience, and wiiges. w^ith Bothy, coals, light,
milk, and vegetables, to DUNKLEY, Clifton HaU G.aiden5,
Nottingham.

WANTED, Two WOMEN UNDEP-
GARDENERS for Inside work, with some e.^peTl-
ence ; slate wages; lodgings found.— J. CHILD, Porters
Park Goi-dens, Shenley, Herts.

TRADE.

WANTED. MANAGER for Seed De-
ixirlmemt ; must be tlioroughly efficient and prai'-
tical ; good salesman and organiser ; knowledge of generoS
nurserv trade : able to take full control if niecessnry.—
Full particulars to HOPWOODS, Nni-serymen and Sefds-
men, Oheltenham.

April 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SEED TRADE.— TRAVELLER requiretl
by leading North of England firm of Agricultural
Seed Merchants to represent them in Durham and
North Yorkshire; permanent situation and good salary
to thoroughly reliable man. — "Write, stating age, ex-
perience, and salary required, to F. S., Box 16, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.— Want«l. <is

-^'^ Warehouse Foreman, experienced Man who under-
stands Clovers and Grasses and machinej.v for same. —
Appiv bv letter, «ith full pajticulars of cxperien<'e, refer-
ences, sind wiages required, to CHARLES SHARPE &
CO., LTD., Sleafoml.

WANTED, MAN, for small Nui-sery ;
help in general work of same ; speciality cut
foliage; wages 35s. — CHIPPERFIELD, Hampton Hill,
Middlesex.

WANTED, One or Two LADY GAR-
DENERS, for work in a Carnation Nursery. —
ApplF, seating age, experience, and wages required,
to IIESSRS. PERCY LOVELL & CO , LTD., The Manor
es, Durrington, near Worthing.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six woris fop 1/6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

rnu^t give full jjarliculdrs, ot/ierwise no
notice will be taken oj their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

TIAILIFF or HEAD GARDENER; cap-

■^-^ able ; wide businr^ss and trade nursery oxperi-
en^-e, with sperial knowledge of Hardy PLaitU «n<l Hock
(iiirdens ; age 33; single; exempt; South preferred;
good salary. — P., Box 4, 41, WeUingtca Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

i^ARDENER (Head) or GARDENER

^-^ BAILIFF; age 46; fully experienced in the man-
agement of large Gardens and all kinds o( Estate work;
could onranise for food production ; disengaged. —
GARDENER, 23. Moreton Road, East Grinstead.

TJEAD GARDENER, Superintendent in
-^-■- large estahlihrhment. is open for engagement; tho-
roughly coivrersant in all depiirtment^, both Indoors and
Out ; big list references.— Terms and particulars io P. R.,
Box 21, 41, Wellington Street, Co%ent Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Head); life experience in

^-^ Eof>rl estahljshniont.s ; used to Home Farm, breeding
of «(f)ck, ."■uijcrintcnding of all departments on estate,
landscaping and planting, and care of choice Tree.i and
Shrubs, Rockeries, ond Water Gardening, and the general
routine of a small estate, is open to engage with any lady
or gentleman thai is wantihg a pmclical man witli wide
experience ; energetic .and resotirceful ; age over 50 ;
f.aiuily from liomc : good house and wages required auil-
.ible to position ; highly reconunended from present em-
ployer, 9 years' service ; 14 years' Head with previous
employer ; would like pLoce near Ix)ndon, or within 30
miles. .\n interview preferred.— MANAGER, Box 24, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

(^ARDENER (Head) and MANAGER ;

^-" small F:irm if required; 50 years' experience; 12
years a^ Head here ; holder of Botanical, Agricultuiral,
and HorticultuT.T-l certiflcate« ; excellent recommenda-
tion. — G. GRIMMER, Norton M,inor Gardens, Sutton
Seotney, Hants.

rj}ARDENER (Head, where 3 or more aie

^-^ kept); life exiierience In.side and Out; underetunds
.lei-sey cow.-;, utility poultry, incubatac^n.; disengaged
April 30 ; ineJigible ; niarrie<l ; please 8tat« wages.—
WHITTLE, 2, Braywick Cottages, Maidenhead, Berks,

r^ARDENER (Head) ; first-class expert ;

^-^ practical knowledge in every branch of Horti-
culture, with Estate management if neceafiary ; at
liberty.— A. B., Box 14, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head Workixg) ; 47 ; life
experience, or GARDEXEKBAILIFF ; stock and
poultrv : abstainer; no family; excellent refs. — R. J., Box
22, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working, where 2 or

^-^ 5 more men aj-e kept ; life experience in all
br.inches of Gardening ; can be liighly reoomnieiided ; age
48 ; married ; no faniilv.— T. E., Box 20, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working) or GAR
DENER-BAILIFF; well up in all requirements of
good establishment : thoroughly experienced, both Out-
side and under Gla^^s, also Landscape work ; excellent
references ; 14 rears Head ; age 48 ; married, no
fcimily.— R. PRA'TT, Clayton Hall Gawlens, Newcastle,
Staffs.

(?< ARDENER (Head Working, where 2 or

^-^ 5 are under) ; life's experience in all branches ;
good references ; manied ; age 49. — J. HARWOOD, 6,
Robertson Road, Preston Park, Brighton^ Sussex.

C;j HY. SHOEBRIDGE seeks situation
^ • as HEAD GARDENER in good esUiblislunent ; life
exi>erience in all branches; 14 ye.ors as Head; ineligible;
disengage<l. — C/o Mrs. Payne, Swinford, near Rugby.

"p^OREMAN (Inside) requires situation ;

-*- life experience gjiined in large estajblishments ; ex-
cellent references ; ineligible ; ag« 26. — Apply, A. J.
DEW, TongswxMxl Gardens, Hawkhuist, Kent.

QARDENER ; good at Vegetables and

^-^ Fruit ; willing to umlerUke 2 cows, pigs, Qn<i i>oul-
tJ-\- ; miirried (2 oJiikiren) ; age 60; wtiges 28s., cottage
and firing.— GARDENER, cjo T. Grove, 47, Ohase Side,
Old Southgate, N.

T^ISCHAR(;ED Soldier roouires situation

-■ -' a,. rXDER GARDENER (not disabled).— H. NORTH,
The CVillage, Whillev Ri<ige, Brockenliursl, Hants.

VOUNG MAN (ineligible) seeks re-en-

-•- gagemcnt in good private eslabliahment as JOVK-
NEVMAN (First); 5i i-«fcrs' experience, Inside and Oul ;
good refs.- ERSEST MITCHELL, Latlhom Gardens. Onus
kirk, Ijancs.

T ADY GARDENER requires Post as

^^ He.i.d in small Gairden ; 3i vcars' exp.*rienoe ; near
London essential.— Apply, MISS WING, Redlyncli, near
SiUisbuxy.

T ADY GARDENER reciuirce re-enpaoc-

-^-^ nionl, nf.Ti- .Middlesex district; e-xiKTiencc in Glass,
Vegetables. Fruif.. Flowers, and general work ; not
single. Iwmded. -Write lull dctailB, W., Box 19, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

IVfRS. LEOPOLD SALOMONS rooonv

■*■'■■■ mends her HEAD WORKING G.VRDENFJJ ; ng^-
50; 20 years Norburv Park; loft through drath; expori-
encerl all branches.— Apply. GEO. KENT, I'ixluini Lane.
Dorking.

■pOUR LADIES, 6 weeks' training, Vepe-
-*- tables, S'.-ck Post from May 12 as Gar<ien hands,
under experienc-e<l Gardener,— Apply, MISS PORTEJi,
Upton House, Cheeter.

'T'WO LADY GARDENERS reo.uire Post
-■- togt'ther, vtnder Head; chiefly Outside: near South-
East. London suburbs as po.ssibIe ; year's e.\pe<l"ieiH"e In-
door and Out, inoluding mowing.^ — G., Box 12, 41, Wel-
lington Strcot, Covent Garden, W,C. 2.

'T'WO LADIES, 6 weeks' training in Vegc-

-*- tables, se<^k Posit. .is GaT<len hands from Mav 5. under
experien<-e<i Gardener.— Apply, MISS VERNON, Upton
House, Chester.

TRADE.

SITLTATION required immediately, as
OHARGK HAND; 10 years last pl.-ice ; life "expiii-
en<x: with Cucumljers, Tomatos, Oixrmitions, and Ohrvsaii-
themums; no ohje<-tion to Market Ganlen work; excm|,t ;
age 31. — .\ddri-ss, GROWER. Box 23, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W,0. 2,

/THROWER Cuciunbers, Tomatos, and

^-^ general run of Nursery produce ; over miUtary age ;
good references ; at liberty ; no fault <A own threugb
leaving present situation.— G-\RDENER, c/o Mrs. OolcB,
Bradninch, Devoni.

pOOD PRODUCTION.— Gentleman (in-

•*- eligible), with some previous practical experience,
requires employment on Fruit and Vegetable imrm, 'wbare
other gentlenieii' or Itwliee are emplm-ed : usual wiagee,
or in lieu board and lodging^. expected ; co\ikl in^vest in
approved, well-established concern latex. — Address, D. U.,
Box 21, 41, Welliiigrton Street, OoveJit Garden:, W.C. 2.

Xj^LORISTS. — Young Lady requires re-en-
-■- gag^menb ; orer 12 leai-s* experience Designs, Bou-
quets, Wreaths. Plants; some experience Seeds, Bulbs. —
Letters, MISS FLORAL, c/o 29, Graham Road, Worthing,
Sussex^^ ^

The Gardeners' Chronicle

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/'N consct/ucncc of the decision of the Board of
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

1

!

1

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FORBES' ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

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Poultry Farming for Beginners. By
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The Nurseries, CRAWLEY.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
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Fig. 2. A Quality.

The "PATTISSON" BOOTS are the most durable on the
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CLAY & SON. Ma-ure

IT IS THE
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FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

April 21. 1917]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

159

®ard^mra' Cljrnnirk

No. ISSS— SATURDAY. APRIL SI. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Acid phosphate for Roses ICi , Lawns and
Apiary, the , ., KjT

British Pine seeds for

France . . . , . . uu
Campanula speciosa . . 166
Craigendowie Training

School 166

Cropping in brolienup

pasture 164

Farm, crops and stocli

on the home . . . . 167
Food production—

Brussels Sprouts ., 161

Glasgow allotmeats .. 161

Plovers 162

Potato crops . . . . 161

President Wilson's ap-
peal to growers in
America .. .. 162

Pumpkinsand Squashes 161

Relative food values . . 161

Rooks .. .. Kii

Fruit and the lood supply 165
Huniogen, experiments

the

■ith

Inglis. Mr. David

Campainila speciosa
Lilium Grayi
Lilium Parryi

166

LLUSTRATIOW*.

I od
problem

Lilium bulbs, effect of
fri.st on :

Marlfet fruit garden, the :

Obituary-
Letts, E.Iward Harris :
Moore, Mrs. Margaret :

Oranges :

Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Hybrid Orchids .. :

Potato, a mammoth ]

K.H S.WarHorticultural
Relief Fund .. .. :

Sax:frasa Gloria ..

Seed-raising within the
Empire :

Societies —
Manchester and North
of England Orchid ..
Royal Horticultural

Strawberiv, the White
Wood

M'aste land for crops
after the war ..

Week's work, the . . 162,

THE EFFECT OF FROST ON LILIUM
BULBS.

APO.ST-BAG swollen by letters from corre-
BlJoiideiits seeking information on the effect
of fro&t on lidlies is a pretty sure sign
that a good deal of interest is taken in the sub-
ject, sufKcient, in fact, to warrant a review of
the position.

On the whole, and so f;i.r as the bulbs are
concerned, the genus Ijdlium is a remark-
ably hardy one in the literal sense of the word,
as distinct from the interpretation that has been
rather loosely placed upon it of late years in
horticultural circles.

In the Monograpli of the, Gcntig Lilium the
geographical distribution of Lilies is given as
from the 10th parallel to about midway between
the 60th and 70th, not so very far from the
southern limit of the Arctic Circle. By far the
greater number of species is native of countries
in which the winters are long and normally
severe, and only two — L. neilgherrense and L.
philippinense — have been found within the
tropics. They are out of the reckoning so far
as British gardens are concerned, and so is the
group of subtropical species, though not for the
same reason.

In the case of the last-mentioned section, it is
not so much the effect of frost on the bulbs
that makes their cultivation in the open such a
one-sided gamble, as the fact that being either
precocious or tardy their normal season of
growth places them at the mercy of the weather
at a time when it is alm<«st habiitually in-
clemejit.

That is what renders the garden cultivation of
L. longiflorum, for instance, impossible in
Great Britain, for the young growth is almost
certain to be cut down between the beginning of
March and the end of May. Others, again, are
so late in growth that in normal seasons the
leaves are falling off tlie trees before the plants
have been able to open their flower-buds, and
L. sulpbureum is a case in point.

An enumeration of this section includes, be-
sides L. longiflorum and sulpbureum at opposite
ends of the' scale, L. nepalense, L. Wallichi-
anum and L. Thomsonianum. as well as L. Lowii
and the other Bui-mese Lilies.

The degree of cold the bulbs of many species
normally bear in their natural habitat is as-
tonishing, and is certainly never reached in this
country. The Manchurian species, for instance,
of which L. tenuifolium is best known to culti-
vators, probably suffer a lower temperature than
other Lilies, though in parts of Canada L.

philadelphicum run them close. The European
Lilies, among which the Martagons predominate,
are all frost-proof, and bulbs of L. candidum,
chalcedonicum and croceum, as well as dalma-
ticum, pomponium, pyrenaicum and Szoviazia-
num may be frozen tight without hurt.

One may say the same of many of the Japan-
ese species — even those of the southern half of
Hondo — and both L. speciosum and L. auratum
are frozen to an almost unbreabable ball of ice
without permanent injury. L. Hansonii takes
no account of cold, nor L. Batemaniae either :
L. japonicum and rubellum do not seem to mind
it, while L. cordifolium, L. Glehnii, and the
diminutive L. medeoloides are as hard a« nails.
It has long been known that bulbs of L.
tigrinum may be exposed to verj- severe cold
without coming to any harm.

L. auratum, macranthum and speciosum
magnificum are wild plants of islands off the
southern coast of Japan, and one might
suppose that they would almost certainly
be injured by extreme cold. Yet a score
of bulbs of each species in pots, purposely
left out in the open last January aaid Feb-
ruary, with nothing between them and tlie
heavens, are now growing strongly. Bight weeks
ago they had been frozen so hard for more than
a month that it was impossible to examine a
bulb without first of all thawing out the pot
and its contents.

In common with many Chinese plants of more
or less recent introduction, L. regale is just
emerging from its first experience of the
rigotirs of a severe British winter, and if
other plants from the same country turn out to
have been so little affected as this one, gar-
deners may well rub their hands for joy. Seed,
-seedlings, and mature bulbs alike have come
through an ordenl that tried man and beast very
severely, and almost seem the better for it. The
same may be said of L. Willmottiae, for a
basket of bulbs of this species intentionally left
on the top of a wall, fully exposed, and with
nothing to hide their nakedness from wind, rain,
snow, and all the other terrors of last January
and February, were turned into glistening balls
of ice for weeks on end. Incidentally, the bulbs
underwent a colour transformation, changing
from white to purple ; but that had nothing to
do with the cold, and i."! j^ characti'ri>tic of many
white Lily bulbs when expose<i to the action of
light. That during the thaw in the third week
of February some of these bulbs should have
formed part of the dietary of marauding rodents
seems to show that refrigeration does not spoil
their edible qualities.

Other Asiatic species that are not embarrassed
by low temperatures are L. Henryi, in a lesser
degree L. Sargentiae, and thp so-called L.
Brownii group. L. polyphyllum, from the
Himalaya, survives, and no one need have any
anxiety about L. giganteum, even though as a
rule the bulbs are only just below the crust of
the earth.

It is not possible to speak with so much con-
fidence of all the North American Lilies, though
L. canadenee, Grayi (see fig. 55), supej-bum and
philadelphicum are able to stand anything they
ever get in the way of cold in this country.

It is among the lilies of the Southern and
Western States Uiat one must look for victims
in winters such a« that now drawing to a close
in such dawdling fashion, and neither the
Washington Lily nor L. rubescens has come
through the ordeal any too well. Though by
no means moribund, the bulbs of these are
shrivelled, and have obviously had a serious
check. L. Kelloggii, L. columbianum and
Bolander's Lily have' been crippled, but in a
minor degree ; L. pardalinum, in all its many
forms, is unhurt, while, contrary to one's ex-
pectation, L. Parryi (see fig. 56) shows no hurt.
L. Cates/baei is the only species that appears to
have been actually ldlle<l by the frost, though
L. carolinianum has had a narrow escape.

When the mercury falls to within a notch or
two of zero, and to flesh and blood the wind
seems far below that numbing point, no amount
of covering serves to keep frost out of un-
healed frames ; a few weeks since frame ther-
mometers were registering a state of affairs that
prepared one for the discovery of pans and
their contents frozen to a solid block. The
result has obviously been a temporary set-back,
but it is equally ob\-ious that no permanent
harm has been done.

The foregoing notes refer to Lilies that have
come under the writer's observation. They in-
clude all species in ordinary cultivation, as well
as many, not specifically mentioned, that are not
yet commonly met with in gardens. It is un-
questionable that in the first two months of the
present year the bulbs passed through a crucial
test, for in the case of every one the ground
was frozen hard to a point well below them. A.
drove. Kenton's. Upper Oid/iani, Berku,
April 15.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

AWKW.\BD AlilNGTON.

Allinc.ton Pippin is a healthy-growing Apple
and a great fruiter in alternate seasons. But
its habit of growth is more awkward than that
of any other variety grown by me. It sends
out a prodigious number of slender laterals at
all angles, and often pointing downwards.
ITnless these are thinned out annually,
a tree becomes a thicket of brandies. As the
variety produces a superfluity of natural fruit
spurs, there is no need to prune for artificial
spurs, and the best plan is to out off all super-
fluous lateiials close to the main branches. The
le;iders Should be left entire after a tree is well
furni.ihed wiitli branches, as the difficulty is to
get sufficient upward growth. Summer pruning
is piirticuilarly desii-able for this variety, to pre-
vent the waste of sap by cutting out cleanly all
superfluous laterals as soon as they have started,
and thus concentrating the vigour of a tiee u)khi
the loaders, which are apt to be too .slender. The
only other \Tariety in my orchards whic-h has a
.siniiliir hiUvit of giH>wth is I^ane's Prince Albert.
With this viariety there is the same tendency to
throw out laterals in wrong directions, but this
Apple is a much Jess vigorous grower than
Allington, and is less liable to become densely
crowded with laterals. Its treatment, however,
should be the same as that described above.

Grass Orchards and Insects.

The note on this subject from Mr. W. H.
Diverii on p. 119 is interesting. He does not
suggest any reason for immunity from cater-
jjiillars of the winter moth and aphides in grass
<M-chards when ara.ble orchards near by were
att;icked. Possibly it is because trees with
lilenty of sappy wood are prefeiTed by apliides
when depositing their eggs, and the abundance
of such wood would be greatest on cultivated
groun<l. Certainly they attack young and sappy
trees more than old trees with less tender new
growth on them. This expla-nation is tlie only
one that I can suggest in relation to the a.phis.
As to the winter moth caterpillars, it may be
that they have more difficulty in burrowing into
the solid grass land tlian into the so£t cultivated
soil when they fall to the giviind to pupate, so
that many of them become the prey of birds be-
fore they can bury themselves. It would be in-
teresting if other growers would state whether
they have observed the difference mentioned by
Mr. Divers ; also, whether they have found more
or le?s fungous disease in grass than in arable
orchards.

Winter Spbaying.

Winter spraying is most likely to prove
effective against a,phides and Apple suckers,
if it ever is so, just before the fruit buds open.
Lime alone, 2 cwt. to 100 gallons of water, is

160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

DOW the favourite specific, as it is believed to
impede the action of aphides so that many of
them perish, if it does not kiU them outright.
But lime-spraying is a laborious operation, and
few growers, it is to be feared, have enough
hands at the present time to carry it on exten-
sively. As for lime-sulphur, which can be
a;pplied more expeditiously, it is not a good in-
secticide, and after a prolonged experience in its
use, I cannot say tJiat I am convinced that it
has any material effect in the extermination of
either aphides or Apple suckers. Lime alone
was used by me last year, but it was not a great
aphis season, even for unsprayed trees, and
Apple suckers .were as numerous as usual in niV
orchards. My preference is for lime-sulphur, be-
cause it is a fungicide, and there is the hope

a serious matter where trees are to be profusely
wetted, as they should be in winter spraying.
The winter strength of lime-sulphur should not
be used after the foliage has developed ; but I
have often applied it with impunity when
fruit buds were on the point of opening. There
will be no time for the winter spraying of
Plums in my orobardis this season, other tha.n
Monarohs, which were done some time ago to
prevent bud-eating by birds. There has not been
any bud-eating worth notice at present, but
whether this immunity has been due to spray-
ing or to the scarcity of bullfinches in my dis-
trict cannot be stated.

Unripe Apple Shoots.
Unripe Apple shoots of last season's growth

voted to them. An Orange house should be well
lighted, ventilated, and lofty.

In 1913, through the courtesy of Messrs.
Rivers, who grow Oranges extensively, I was
able to get a few grafts to put on some
Lemon seedlings I sowed the year previously.
The varieties were St. Michael's, Sustain and
Embiguo ; they were put on in Januai"y, and
grew apace. Last year (1916) I allowed them
to carry fruit for the first time, which finished
to perfection. The fruits were large, clean-
skinned, with a very thin peel, deliciously fla-
voured, and full of juice. My largest fruit was
lOi inches in circumference, and weighed slightly
over 9 ounces. The size of the pots varied from
6 to 8 inches. The compost is made up of equal
parts loam and well-rotted leaf soil, with a

.'>»-

Fir.. 55.— I.ILITM CIlAVl,

that it may do something to check the develop-
meint of icab and brown rot, particularly of scab
on the wood, to prevent it from sending out
spores to infect the leaves, from which the
disease extends to the fruit. But tliere is so
much uncertainty as to the efiicacy of winter
.spraying against insects or fungous diseases that
I should be disposed to give up a tedious opera-
tion which takes men from other important work,
it it were not for the desire to cleanse trees of
moss, which Ume-sulphur of full .strength does
well. If the concentrated fluid tests about Z2°
Baume, as factory-made lime-sulphur should (and
as that of my own nraking does), I use it in the
proportion of 1 to 12 of water. If nicotine were
added, the mixture would be improved as an in-
secticide ; but the ccstliness of this addition is

HIE 1L\!11>1I>

IF THE NllliTU AMEIU

(See p. 159.)

are unconnnonly numerous. Tlie wet weather
and lack of suusliine experienced last autumn
supply a probable esplanatdon. Soullievn

Grower.

ORANGES.

In private gardeins good use could be made
of some of the liouses by growing fruits of the
Citrus family, such as the Orange, Lemon, and ■
Lime ; by means of a few trees a crqp of fruit
could be grown much superior to imported
fruits. Those who take up the cultivation of
Oranges should grow only the best varieties.
For the sake of convenience the plants should
be grown in pots instead of being planted out
in borders, unless a structure is entirelv de-

sprinkling of charcoal and a little sand to give
it porosity.

I endeavour to ripen the fruits under twelve
months by starting the trees in January ; fire-
heat is used only early and late in the season,
but we make as much of the sun's rays as
possible in between. The trees are watered and
syringed with rain water until the fruits show
colour, when syringing is discontinued, and a
drier atmosphere kept, with only sufficient water
to keep the trees healthy. 'The fruits finish
ripeinimg here in a temperatui-e of 55° to 60°,
never higher. TIhe trees have sufficient ventila-
tion at all times. Soot-watei- and a little Clay's
are all the stimulants given. After the fruit is
cleared, the trees should be sponged with QuassU
Extract or soft soap, and removed to a lower

April 21, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

161

temperature for a little rest before being started
again. A temperature of 45° will suit them
nicely.

If reipotting is required, this should be done
after growth commences, and over-potting should
bi strictly avoided. In the early part of the
season my trees are grown in an ordinary plant
stove. Once a week a little Quassia E.xtract
should be mixed with the syringing water ; it
■will lielp to keep scale insects in check. A
tree or two of the Seville or marmalade Orange
should be in every collection. I have this year
grafted some more varieties, and they are now
pushing their growth.

When well grown. Orange trees are amongst
the most attractive of plants, their glossy, ever-
green foliage making a magnificent foil to the
fragrant flowers and golden fruits. Thovias
P. P. MarP/iail, Horticvltvral Supt., Thf
HnrlicuUural College, Swanley.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

PUMPKINS AND SQUA.SHES.

As the present scarcity of vegetables will
probably recur at this time next year, any
vegetables which will keep well are worthy of
consideration. The Pumpkin is not often grown
in this country, though in the Australian
Colonies, in South Africa, and in America it is
second only to the Potato in importance as a
food crop. Pumpkins or Gourds, including
Squashes, are easily stored, and keep -well for
ten months or more. Tliey provide a welcome
change, and besides being eaten as a plain vege-
table can be cooked in many ways. Pumpkin
pie being especially good. They are easily
grown, the tre.ntment being much the same as
for Vegetable Marrows. To get fruits of the
largest size in this climat« the seeds should
be sown in February under glass, but thev may
be sown now in heat and gently forced on,
hardened off, and planted out at the end of
May or beginning of .lune. pnttinir. if pos.«ible,
a clorbe over the yoimg plant for a week or
so after pl.inting. If a cloche is not available,
large pot's or boxes Tilaced ovc- the plants at
night will serve. WHien established, if the
weather is favourable, they will grow very fast,
and as soon as the first flowers appear they
should be hand-nollinated to make sure of fer-
tilisation, though it is generally not necessam'.
At least two plants should be grown, and they
should be croiis-pollinated. as the fruits do not
always set well with pollen from the same
plant. When three fruits of the larger or six
to eight of the sma!ler-fruit<'d varieties have set,
all the later flowers should be picked off, and
the main shoots and ,iny subsequent laterals
after the second leaf stopped.

The most useful and the best keeping variety
of Pumpkin, which is grown universally in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, is the Ironbark. The
Hundredweight is similar (and po.ssibly the
same under a different name). This can easily
be grown to 401b, or 501b. in this countrj-.
allowing only one fruit to a plant, and feeding
liberally. In Au-stralia fruits are seen up to
120 lbs. Rut if three or four fruits are allowed
to mature they will be, 15 to 25 lbs. each, and
these are more useful. Another good large
variety is Largo Tours or Mammoth French.

The best-fl.avoure<l Pumpkin is one known as
The Turban or Turk's Cap in New Zealand,
but it probably has other names ; the French Hed
Etampes is similar. This is also a handsome
fruit, having a buff-orange skin, with scarlet
tiosses on the top part. It is .n, medium sized
Pumpkin, weighing from 15 lbs. to a maximum
of about 60 lbs., but the plant. ■; take up Ic.sa
spare, and more fruits per plant can be grown.
It 1.1 said to be less hardy than the Ironb.ark,
and I have not grown it here, but in New Zea-
land it grows quite well.

The best Squashes are the Mammoth White
Bush, Early White Bush, and the Hubbard.
They keep well, but are also good to eat in a
young state like Vegetable iMarrows.

The fruits of both Pumpkins and Squashes
should be harvested when rij^e. or as late as
possible before frost comes, and the less ripe
ones eaten first. They keep best in a dry, cool
store protected from frost. A. J. Bliss.

POTATO OBOPS.

The information and statistics given by W.
Cuthbertson (see p. 152) concerning the field
cultivation of Potatos in the LoUiians shows
the practice of gi\"ing them a apace of 27
by 12 inches to be identical with that of the
farmers 100 to 200 miles further north. His
siiggestaon that second early and maincrop
varieties should have a space of 3 feet by li
foot reminds me that many Potatos are grown
far too large for the table, necessitating the
cutting of tlie tubers before they can be boiled
soft in company with others of more moderate
size. Would not closer planting result in giving
an equal weight of produce, from a given area,
of tubers of moderate size ? In dry seaJJons all
the large Potatos lose greatly in weight before
they can be boiled. Any cutting of the tubers
impairs their flavour, and there is a loss of
starch, even in cold water. After boiling, this
starch is poured away with the water. I still
think there is room for a dwarfer Potato -witli
sturdy haulms for small gardens. Sturdy stems
would mean that they could stand upright, and
also be capable of producing a heavy crop, for
there is a correlation between weight of produce
and the stem and foliage. A dwarf, heavy-
cropping Potato would be an acqui-sition, not
merely for town gardens, but also for small ones
in the country, where the conditions bring about
similar results. W'hcre a sm.all garden is sui-
rounded by high walls, clo.5e-boarded fejices,
hedges, trees, or houses which obstruct the
light and e.\-clude the beneficial action of air
and wind, the Potatos grow tall, fall down,
and givo but few and small tubers. A great
m.iny still think this is duo to the poverty of
the soil, and proceed to manure more or less
heavily, whioh only augments the evil. Many
gardens have becji ruined for Potatos by the
application of farmyard and poultry manures
until the soil is .sour and overburdened with
humus. The plants become a prey to aphides
and various funu'ous dLseases ; and when the
foliage decajis, the Potatos are dug up, a.nd
prove watery and almost uneatable. There is
very little starch in them, and late varieties
are woree than early ones. The best remedy
foi- thi^i state of matters is an allotment in an
open situation. J. F.

The depth of cultivation and the distances
for planting are .purely matters of circum-
stance. I have just completed the planting of
a seven-aci-e i»lot on the " Downs," where the
soil has ain average depth of 8 incJies overlying
chalk. To attempt to plough deeper would
bring up too much chalk, wliich would not be
an ad\'antQ,ge. The rows are made 2 feet
6 inches apart, and the tubers set 15 inches
asunder in the rows. On this plot the growth
is never luxiniant, neither is the crop heavy,
but the coolcing quality of the tubers is quite
satisfactory, and, as a rule, tihere is not much
disease. This is the eighth successive year
Potatos have l>een planted on this site, always,
until this year, with a change of seed,
generally Scotch-grown Uip-to-date. Where the
soil is deeper, richer, and the growth more
lu.tviriant. I adN'Ocate deep cultivation and
ample space for the more \-igorous growing
sorts, especially in gardens where trenching is
done, and where the soil is of a heavy, tena-
cious character. On many farms where the
soil is -stiff it is difficult to plough so deeply
as one could wi.sh owing to the presence of
3arge flints, whioh ,are freely mixed with the
sulxsoil. In ligllit, loamy soils there is no ex-
cuse for shallow cultivation, and an advantage

would certainly be gained by deeper ploughing.
The manner in whicih the different varieties
gi-ow should govern the distances apart ; dwarf
gix>wing sorts need not have so much space as
those of greater vigour. E. Molijiicux.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

In j-our interesting review of the recently
published pampldet by the R.H.iSi. on the
cropping of al'lotments, you express surprise
that Brussels Sprouts are discarded from the
list of vegetables retiommended. I have many
times of late put the question to market
grow era of vegetables, " Wliat is the most
valuable of greeai winter vegetables? " and
have ianariably received the reply, "Brussels
Spi-oute." How any person with Icnowledge of
the subject, or, I would say, knowledge of
what constitutes a fuJl crop, coxdd argue that
"tihey give wily poor returns," I anr at a loss
to understand. Well-grown plants are ready
to pick from early in October and continue
in bearing until the middle of April, when the
tops further yield much usefid food. With the
exception of \-arious forms of Kale, no other
green vegetables have stood the severe weather
of the past four montlis so well as Brussiels
Sprouts.

Much complaint of this crop is due to want of
appreciation of the fact that to cultivate Brus-
sels Sprouts- well a long season of growth is re-
quired. Too many persons are sowing the seed
when they should be putting the plants out in
their final quarters. If the plant has not time
in which to make free growth, say, 3 feet to 4
feet high, how can a full crop of Sprouts be
obtained ?

The miserable plants so commonly seen are
but an a.palogy for the real thing, and the
s<x)ner those who complain of the uselessness
of BniaseLs Sprouts tak-e a lesson in what is
truly representative of the pki.nt the better for
aJl conoemed. E. M.

Tinc RKLATIVK FOOD VALUES OF

DIFFERKNT CROPS.
Mh, I), W. Simmons, writing on " Tlie Rela-
tive Food Values of Different Vegetable Ciy>ps "
(p. 123), .states tliat much is being written that
is true so far as it goes, but is not calcu-
l.Tted on a stable basis. I agree entirely, for
Mr. Simmons goes on to draw comparisons be-
tween Potatos and Parsnips, based" on figures
very unfair to the latter and a bit flattering to
the foi-mer. 'llius, 8 tons per acre he oonsiders
a fair eBtimate of a crop of Parsnips. I have
known many crops of Parsnips which amounted
to at least 16 tons per acre. I have not so
much experience of Potatos, but such as I liave
makas. me tlrank that 10 tons per acre would bo
a vei-y fair estimate for the crqp, not 12 tons.
Mr. Simmons doen not make any allowance for
the difference in the cost of growing an acre of
each of these crops, whioh is very considerable.
Oix p. 153, undea- " Frudt Prospects," advice is
given to "lose no time in mulching Straw-
berries." I was always told not to mulch
Strawberries, Gooseberries, Gin-rants, or kindred
fruits early, but to wait until the fruit is set,
and experience teaches me the wisdom of the
admonition. The risk of danuige by' frost is in-
creased exceedingly by mulching. Wm. I'ouparf,
Tivickenham.

GLASGOW ALIjOTMENTS.

The Piirks Committee of the (Tity of Glasgow
Jias now provided upwards of 4,(X)0 allotments,
and thei* is still a demand for more. The
laiid is mainly acqiiire<l under the ordeni of the
Board of Agritmlture, and has principally been
inioccupied. In order to meet the demand, a
popular feature of the Tollcross Park is to be
.sacrificed by laying out the park occupied by the
deei' for allotments.

TOO MANY ROOKS.

CoMPL.MNTs are being received from all parta
of the country on the damage done by rooks,
especially to newly-sown com. In moderate

ICli

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

numbers, it seems ceiitain that rooks do good to
the farmer by destroying wirewonn and other
pefcts ot the soid. But in majiy districts tlie
number has become excessive, and where that
is the case steps should be taken to destroy
them. Probably the best method of attack
is to shoot the young rooks just before
they are able to fly away from their breeding-
place, some time about the middle of May. This
sjTstem has two advantages — (1) it supplies the
basis for ix>ok-pie, which is on excellent form of
food ; (2) it leaves the rooks alone while the
youmg birds are being fed by the parents, during
whiich time the rooks chiefly eat insects. But
this yeai' cartridges are scarce, farmeJs are busy.
and it is difficult to aiTange a (ihoot just at the
right time. Ajiotther method of reducing the
numbers of rooks is either to destixjy the nests
or to scare the birds off the iieists some cold
nigihit after the eggs are laid and before they
are hatched. TJie eggs become chilled and fail
to hatch out. Wlien soared from the nest, the
birds will probably desert it, and move to
anothei' clump of trees. Hence it is desirable to
arrange the scaring method over a considerable
area of the neighbourhood. If the owners of
rookeries are unwilling to allow the birds to be
molested, the help of the Secretary of the E.xecn-
tive Committee sliould be invoked. When the
numjbers of rooks are really excessive, it is ini-
poa-tant that prompt steps should be taJsen.

ENCOURAGE THE PLOVER.

The common green plovex is a good friend to
the farmer; it eats lan'ge numbers of wirewonn s,
leatherjacbets, snails, slugs, and many other in-
jurious creatures. In \'iew of this fact, the
aipathy disiplayed by agriculturists in regard to
tlhis Valuable bird is astonishing. Every en-
couragement sliould be gi'veTi to tlie birds to
multiply, and the luxviry of plovers' eggs should
be foregone — ^in wiar-tdme, at any rate. The
small addition to the food supply the eggs afford
is dearly bought if it is consiidered how many
gruibis the resulting birds would h&ve eaten.
Tlarmers should, therefore, discourage the collec-
tion of plovers' eggs on their land. The birds
will begin nesiting vei-y late this year owing to
the cold weather, and should be given every
chance of hatching out the first clutch of eggs
that they lay.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

HYBRID ORCHIDS.
^Continued from March 3, p. 95.)

preisiD'Ejmt wiuson's appeal to
ajiericaa^ gro'w'ers.

In the course of his appeal to the American
na^tiion for their whole-heai'ted co-operation in
jthe war, President WiUson addressed the follow-
ing word® to fa<nmers and aJl pixxlucers of
food : —

" The sujpreme need of our own nation and
of the nialbioiis with whom we are co-operating
is an abundance of supplies, especially food-
stuffs. The importance of an adequate food
supply, especially in the presejit year, is super-
la.tive. Without abundant food, alike for the
armies and peoples noAV at war, the whole great
entterprise upon whioh we have enibarked would
break down and fail. The world's food reserves
are low. Not only during the present emer-
gency, but for some time after peace shall have
loome, both our own peo^ple and a large pro-
portion of the people of Europe must rely on
the harvests of America. Upon the farmens of
(this coimlti-y, therefore, in a laa'ge measure rests
the fate of the war, the fate of nations. May
Ithe nation not count upon them to omit no
step that will increase the produotiion of their
land or bring about the most effectual co-
operation in the sale and distribution of their
products? Tlie time is short, and it is of the
most imperative impoi-tance that everj-thing pos-
sible be done, and done immediately, to make
sure of large harvests. I call upon young men
and old alike, and upon able-bodied boys, on
the land to accept and act upon this duty.

"I paj-ticularly appeal to farmers in the
Soutli to plant abundant foodstuffs as well as
cotton. They can .show their patriotism in no
better and more convincing way than by re-
sisting the great temptation of the present price
of cotton, and by helping upon a great scale
to feed the nation and peoples evei^'ivhere who
are fighting for their liberties and our own. The
variety of their crops wild be a T,-isible measure
of their comprehension of their national duty.
The Government of the LTjiited States and the
Giovernments of several States stand ready to
co-operate. They will do everything possible
Ito assist farmers in securing an adequate supply
of seed, lan adequate force of labourers when
they are most needed at harvest time, and
means for expediting the shipments ot fertilisers
amd farm maohinery, as •well as the crops them-
selves when they are harvested. The course
of trade shall be as unhampered as it is xmssible
to make it, and there shall be no unwaiTanted
mlanipulation of the nation's food supply by
tjhoise who liandle it on it® w-ay to the con-
Btuner. This is our opportunity to demonsti-ate
the efficiencv of a great democracy, and we
elhall not fall short in this."

Bra»so-Catt1« ya Lady .Tellicoe
Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya Diana
Brasso-Lselio-Cattleya Harrisonii. .

Cattleya Rosery

Cypripedium Perseus..
Dendrobium Atherton
Dendrobium Gatton Jewel . .
T>endro>)ium Oatton Monarch
Tlendrobium Lady Southwark

Pendrobium Rf-cina

I)endrnlniim Wiccanatum var. Helius

FulopbiellaRolfei

laslio-Cattleya rirce
Ta^flio-Cattleya Colombia ..
Lae'io-Cattleya Pompln-odite
Laelin-Cattleya Genera] Maude . .
Laelio Cattleya Genius

Laelio-Cattleya .Seire

Miltnnia Venus

Odontioda Belice

OdontiodaBix

Odont'oda Horham

Odcntioda Brascioator
Od -ntioda St. Quentin
Oi^ontosflossum Baghdad
Odontoglossum Berlinge
Odnntoglossum Broteham ..
OdontoBlossum Corona
Odontoslossum Nortia
OdontoploBiura Tackii

Odontonia Betesham

Sophro-Cattleya Ashworthiae
Sop'iro-'l.aelio-Cattleya Iris . .
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Jleuse

B.-C. Digbyano-Schroderae x C- Gaskelliana albens
B.-C. Mrs. .T. Leeraann x L -C. Bominiana ..

L -C. Juno X B -O. Mrs. ,T. Leemann

Lord Rothschild x Scliroderae

Lady Dillon x Alcibiades illustris

Euryalus Rubens X Cybele

Bartelsiannm x melanodiscus

Lady Col man x nobile Harefleld Hall

Lady Colman X cheesingtonense

L«dyColman x Euryalus Gatton Purple

Wiganiae x sisnatum anreuni

Peetersiana v EHsabethae

Alcippe X Hypatia

Jeanette X Wellsiana

Dominiana x Aphrodite . .

L.-C. Rubens Lanibeauiae X C. Hardyana

L -C. Coronis X C. Enid

L.-C. bletchlevensis X C. Percivaliana

vexillaria x Phalaenopsis . .

Oda. rosefieldiensis x Odm. Her Majesty

Oda. Vuylstekeae x Odm. Rolfeae

Oda. CharlesAvorthii y Odm. Vulcan

Oda. Bradshawiae x Odm. Fascinator..

Oda. Zephyr X Odm. Wiganianum

Emperor of India X Jasper

amahile x Fascinator .. .. „
aniabile x Lanibardianum
Doris X ardentissimum

Jasper x Phoebe .. .. ..

blandum x Rolfeae

Odontonia Lairesseae X Odm. illustrissirauni

Doris X Blackii

L.-C. Thyone X 8. -C. Doris

S.-L.-C. Marathon x L.-C. callistoglossa

Armstrong and Brown.
Stuart Low and Co.
Flory and Black.
Duke of Marlborough.
W. R. Lee, Esq
S. Gratrix, Esq.
Sir J. Colman, Bart.
■Sir J. Colman, Bart.
Sir J. Colman, Bart.
.Sir J. Colman, Bart.
Sir J. Colman, Bait.
Charlesworth and Co,
Charlesworth and Co.
Charlesworth and Co.
Duke of Marlborough.
Charlesworth and Co.
.Stuart Low and Co.
Sander and Sons.
Charlesworth and Co.
C. .1. Phillins. Esq.
C J. Phillips. Esq.
C. J. Phillips. Esq.
Duke of Marlborough.
Flory and Black.
R. Ashworth, Esq.
C. J. Phillins. Esq.
C. J. Phillips. Es((.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
Stuart Low and Co.
c. J. Phillips, Esq.
R. Ashworth, Es(|.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Fo

Royal Gardens, Winds.

Seed-sowino.— Make the principal sowing of
autumn and winter Broccolis, Borecole, hardy
Cabbage, and Savoy during the next few days
on ground fully exposed and not too rich. Sow
the seeds in shallow drills made 1 foot apart.
The bed should be netted to prevent small
birds from destroying the crop. Veitch's Self-
protecting Broccoli is indispensable. For fur-
nishing supplies in autumn and early winter
Early Market, Early Feltham, and Snowdrop
will continue the succession. St. Patrick's Day,
Main Crop, April Queen, Mid Feltham, Model
and Victory are sown at Windsor, and seldom
fail to pi-oduce regular supplies until the earliest
Cauliflower are ready to cut. Plants from a
sowing of Halloween Giant Cauliflower made
now will produce heads throughout October and
November. This Cauliflower is not likely to i'e
injured by early frosts. iChristmas Drumhead
Cabbage, :Copenhagen ,Ma|rket Clabbage, and
Savoys should be sown in quantity about the
end of April.

Chicory.- Sow seed of Chicoi-y now and
again a fortnight later in drills made 18 inches
apart. Thin the plants to 9 inches in the rows
as soon as they are large enough to handle.
Slugs must be kept in check by dusting soot
or lime along the rows in the early mornings
whilst the foliage is damp.

Carrots.— A good breadth of Carrots should
be sown as soon as the soil is in a suitable con-
dition, choosing such varieties as Jlonument,
Model, and Intermediate. The seedlings should
be thinned as soon as they are of sufficient
size. Dust soot along the rows on frequent
occasions, and stir the soil lightly with the
Dutch hoe as often as circumstances permit.
Further sowings of stump-rooted Carrots may
be made up to the middle of July, selecting a
sheltered situation for the latest sowings, the
plants from which may remain in the ground
throughout the winter. It is from these late
sowings that Carrots are being, (supplied at
Windsor now.

Autumn-sown Onions.— The plants should
be lifted carefully from the seed-rows and
transplanted in rich soil. Onions will be a
valuable crop throughout the coming summer
and autumn, and these autumn-sown plants
will be of great service, as the crop sown in the
open during March is almost certain to be late.
After the seedlings have been thmned and trans-
planted, make (he plants that still remain firm
in the ground as soon as the soil is dry enough
Keep the bed free from weeds, and give occa-
sional dustings of soot and artificial manure
during the growing season. Onions raised in
boxes this spring should be ready for trans-
planting, and the work should be done as soon
as the weather is favourable. Lift the plants
carefully with a trowel, and plant them in
rows made 18 inches apart, making the soil firm
around the bulb with the hand. Protection from
rough winds may be necessary until the plants
become re-established. Later, the Dutch hoe
should be lightly worked between the rows to
keep the soil free from weeds.

Endivf. —Plants of the latest batch of En-
dive which has been wintered in cold pits
should be kept quite cool. Ventilate the frame
freely by night and day, and shade the plants
during bright sunshine. Cover the lights with
some tliin material ten days before the plants are
required for salad. Make another sowing of
Endive as soon as possible in rich soil, which is
necessary to obtain a quick growth.

Lettuce.— Plants of Lettuce raised in Feb-
ruai-y, and transplanted in heated pits, are
making good progress. Stir the soil frequently

Apkil 21, 1917 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

163

between the plants, and give a liberal supply
of clear, soft -water at the roots. The pit
should be closed early in the afternoons to pro-
mote a quick growth. If slugs are troublesome
use lime around the walls of the pit or lightly
dust it over the crop. Lettuce may now be
sown in the open. Sow the seeds thinly, and
thin them as soon as they are large enough,
leaving the plants in the seed rows 9 inches apart.
Moke further small sowings every three weeks
throughout the season, and thin the seedlings
before they become drawn. Monument is a
splendid Cabbage Lettuce for summer use, and
will stand a long time without running to seed.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Bv Jas. HtmsoN, Gardener to Mr. Leopold de
Rothschild. C.V.O.. Gunnersbury House, .^cton, W.

Melons.— With the advance of spring Melons
should be showing more vigorous growth,
and those who have not attempted to force
their plants unduly will now reap the reward
of their patience, for the increased power
of the sun's rays will greatly favour the
crop. In American gardens Melons are grown
even in winter when frosts are intense, but the
secret of success in that country is the rela-
tively greater amount of sunshine. The earliest
fruits will be set by now in many gardens, or
on the point of setting. From now onwards keen
the growth thinly disposed, and concentrate all
the energies of the plant on the development of
the fruits. When the Melons are seen to be
swelling feed the roots with a little weak manure
water. Guard against a dry, arid atmosphere
by damping the bare spaces on frequent occa-
sions, and keeping the evaporating troughs filled
with w.ater. .Syringe the plants freely if there
are any indications of red spider. Look to the
successional crops, and sow more seed to keep up
the siijiply of fruits according to the demand.

MiLONS IN Frame*.- One of the beet
metho<ls of obtaining Melons of high-class
quality is to grow them in frames, but not .xo
much fermenting material will be needed in pits
as in frames, hence there is an economy in the
use of j)it3, with possibly some aid from water
pipes. The seed should be sown without delay,
whether for frame or pit culture. It will be
e.T.sy to obtain sturdy plants now, but do not
allow the growth to be checked before they are
planted out. Seeds of Cantaloupe Melons should
be sown, and the frame prepared for the plants,
for Cantaloupes do best in frames. Any frame
with the glass in a sound condition is suitable.
Paris Favourite is one of the be.it varieties.
Spare frames may be ready by the middle
of May, and one barrow-load of sweet fer-
menting materia! will be ample for placing
under each mound of soil on which to set a single
plant. Make the dung firm, also the loam, before
planting is done. Half-hardy Melons may be
grown in the same way as Cantaloupes. There is
an advantage in cultivating the Melon in this
way at the present time in the saving of labour
and sparing the plant-houses for other fruit crops.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Collier. Gai-ilencr to Sir Jeremiah Colmax,
Bart., Gatton Park, Koigate.

Denorobiom.— The spring-flowering Dendro-
hiums are passing out of flower, and many are
developing roots from the bases of the new shoots,
Well-establisbed plants growing in good materi.il
and with sufficient room in the receptacle
for the present season's growth only require top-
dressing, first picking away some of the old com-
post from between the surface roots and replacing
it with fresh material. Others with compost
loose and sour should be repotted. Turn the
plants out of their pots, remove the old
potting material and all decayed portions of
the roots and useless pseudo-bulbs, leaving only
two or three pseudo-bulbs behind each lead-
ing shoot. Ordinary flower ])ots or fairly deep
pans are the most suitable reccpt.acles in which
to grow these Pendrobiums, and they should be
only large enough to just accommod.atG the roots.
Fill the pots to about one-fourth of their depth
with clean crocks, placing a layer of short por-

tions of Fern rhizome over the top in order to en-
sure perfect drainage. The rooting medium may
consist of either Osmunda-fibre or A 1 fibre and
vSphagnum-moss in equal proportions ; the fibre
should be cut into rather short pieces, and
all the fine particles removed. Add sufficient
crushed crocks to keep the compost porous. In
repotting, work the compost well between the
roots and press it moderately firm, keeping the
base of the plant just below the rim of the
receptacle. The surface of the soil may be
covered with a layer of chopped Sphagnum-moss
at once, or later when the new roots have grown
freely, the latter being the better plan." Tie
the pseudo-bulbs to stakes to keep the plant
secure in the pots, as plants that are not firm in
the soil rarely become well-established. Water
newly-potted plants with e.xtreme care, as there
is a danger of both the young roots and growths
damping off if too much moisture is applied
during this early stage. Whilst growing freely,
let the plants have plenty of sunlight, short of
scorching the foliage. In hot weather light
sprajings overhead each afternoon will be
beneficial. The old pseudo-bulbs that have
been removed may be propagated if an in-
crease of the stock is desired, selecting those
with dormant eyes that have not produced
flowers. Each pseudo-bulb should be labelled and
placed on a stage in a warm house for a week or
two before inserting it. In preparing the pseudo-
bulbs for rooting, cut them to a single eye at a
point that has not produced a flower. Cut close
to the eye at the top end, leaving rather more
of the stem at the bottom to insert in the com-
post, and the portion of stem will also help to
sustain the young shoot. The cuttings may be
placed in 4-inch pots, half-filled with crocks for
drainage, putting a layer of Sphagnum moss over
the crocks and filling to the rim with a mixture
of finely -chopped Sphagnum-moss and coarse
silver sand. Insert the cuttings firmly in an up-
right position, taking care not to cover the dor-
mant eye. They may be rooted in a warm propa-
gating frame, that should be slightly ventilated
each night, but closed during the daytime. Kee])
the rooting material on the dry side, and spray
the plants lightly on bright days. When the
young growths are about an inch long, shift the
plants into small pots, using similar compost to
that for established plants.

THE FLO WEB GARDEN

By W. J. Guise. Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Kccle
Hall, Stjinordshire.

Plantinq Violets.— Directly the weather is
favourable Violets that were propagated in frames
should be transferred to rich, well-cultivate<l
ground in the open. In a shady position the
plants will not be so liable to attacks of red spider
as when planted on hot, sunny borders, where it
is practically impossible to "keep this pest in
check. Detach the strongest side-shoots from the
old plants with a few roots wherever possible.
A space of 18 inches should be allowed each
way between the plants, to permit of a
free use of the hoe, and .allow foi^syringings,
and occasional dustings of soot. The method
we adopt at Keele is to scoop the holes out
with a trowel, place two or three crowns to-
gether, and cover the roots with light, sandy
compost. The plants arc syringed on bright d.ays.
Care must be taken not to injure the foliage, or
the plants may receive a check to growth. The
following arc good double varieties : — Comte de
Brazza (white), Mrs. D'Arcy (mauve), Mrs. J. .T.
Astor (heliotrope), and Lady Hume Campbell.
Good singles include Princess of Wales (probably
the finest sincle Violet in cultivation). La France,
Raroness do Rothschild, and Askania.

Ornamental Gbassb*.— Annual and peren-
nial grasses are useful plants for mi.\cd beds
.md borders, and for the margins of streams,
and forming large clumps on lawns. If the
graceful, feathery panicles are cut in the autumn
and carefully dried they will be found useful for
decorative purposes. The stems of Agrostis
nebulosa and A. pulchella are suitable for arrang-
ing with cut flowers. Seed of annual grasses may
be sown now. Eragrostis elegans, Lagurus ovatus,
Hordeum jub.atum, and Chloris elegans are all
ornamental species. The taller-growing Erian-

thus,. Eulalia japonica, Polypogon, and Elymus
canadensis are also very attractive.

The Rock GAROEN.-Should any difficulty be
experienced in replacing failures amongst Alpines
the vacancies may be filled by Violets and such
annuals as Portulaca, Calendula, Tagetes, Ager-
atum, Godetia, Gypsophila muralis. Candytuft,
Nemophila and Eschscholzia

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Westox. Gardener to Ladv .\orthcotb
Eastwell Park, Kent.

Souvenir DE la Malmaison Carnations.-

Flants of " Malmaison " Carnations which have
been kept practically dormant during the
winter are commencing to grow freely. Give
the plants occasional top-dressings with Carna-
tion manure, and use a little diluted soot-water
at frequent intervals. More water will be re-
quired than hitherto, but on no account
keep the soil saturated, or the plants wiU
become unhealthy. Plenty of ventilation should
be afforded whenever the weather is favour-
able. Plants grown in these conditions invari-
ably produce the finest of flowers, the colour
being much deeper, and the blooms of greater
firmness and solidity, than when the phants are
forced into bloom early. Tie the flower-spikes
neatly to stakes as they lengthen. If first-class
blooms are required, all flower-buds, except the
terminal one, should be reanoved as soon as they
develop. The variety Princess of Wales is still
verj- popular vrith growers. Other excellent
varieties in various shades are Princess May,
Mnie. Patti, Lady Coventry, Duchess of West-
minster, Maggie Hodgson, and Lady Nunburn-
holme. The last-named is a deep apricot
colour, and the blooms possess splendid lasting
qualities.

Perpetual- flowering Carnations.— Shift

young plants of Pmiietu.il flowering Carnations '
into larger pots as soon as the roots have
reached the sides of tlie small pots, for if they
are allowed to become pot-bound a check will
result, the shoots will become hard, and very
slow in starting into growth. Return the plants
to a light house, and keep this structure a little
warmer than hitherto until the plants commence
growing again, when plenty of air should be given.
Pinch out the points of the shoots to induce
the plants to break freely. A collection of the
best varieties includes Champion, Pink Sensa-
tion, Aviator, Colleen, Triumph, Carola, Scar-
let Carola, Circe, Gorgeous. Mary AUwood,
May Day, R. F. Felton, Salmon Enchantress,
and Baronesse de Brienen.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. COOK, Gardenor to the Hon. !••. Uavey,
Abbotts Wood, Godalniing, Surrey.

Fruit Blossom.— All fruit trees are very
late in blooming, but Pears, Peaches and
Nectarines are on the point of expanding their
flowers, and measures should be taken to protect
them from frost, although, being so late in the
season, tliere will be less danger than usual.
Perhaps the greatest evil to be feared now are
cold winds. Showery weather is the best for fruit
setting, with intervals of bright .sunshine. I have
not noticed either a bee or a fly in our late-
Peach house, but have sprayed the trees every
d.iv while they were in flower, and have never
had such a fine set. Keeping the trees on the
moist side also prevents aphis from spreading.

Crops on Fruit Tree Borders.— Vege-
L-iblcs .'.hould not be iil.nitcd «iMiin 4 feet of
wall trees, as this rouiu is iii'cdi-d fur operations
to kee]) the trees healthy. Moreover, the surface
roots of the trees must not be disturbed by digging
the ground for the vegetables. Inferior wall
trees arc often the result of impoverishing the
border with roots of other crops.

Alpine Strawberries.— The beds or borders
ill which Alpine Strawberries are planted should
receive attention. If the roots have been lifted
by action of the weather, they should bo pressed'
firm in the soil ag.ain. At the same time, add a
;good top-dressing of old potting soil, which will
favour a rapid recovery from injury caused by
the frosts.

164

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

EDiTORiAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Our corrtigpondentg
would obviate delay in obtainmg ayiswers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that aU com-
municatio-ns intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are 7nisdirected.

Illustrations.— r/ie Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.
Letters for Publication, as well a.t specimens of
plants for naming, .•ihould be addressed to the
EiDITORS. 41. Welliug-ton Street, Covent
Garden. London- Communications should be

WRTTTEIN ON ONE SIDE 0?JLY OF THE PAPER, SCnt OS

early in the week os pos-fible, and duly signed h)/
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE EKSL'INC WEEK.

TUESDAY, APJUL 24—

Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Corns, meet. Nat. Auricula aiirl
Primula Soc.'s (Southern Section) Show with R.H.S.

Average Mean Temperatorb (or the ensuinf; week
deduced from obwrvations during the lait fifty

Actual Temperattiub : —

Gardeners- Chronicle Offloe. 41. Wellington Street.
C.iV.-Ht (iai(l™. T..aulnii. rinn„(to,i, April 19
(10 a.m.): Bar. 30.0; temp. 53.0°.' Weather—
Showers*.

■ALES FOR THB CNSUINa WKBK.

TDJSSDAY, WEDNESDAY AND THUR.SDAY-

Sale of the collection of Orchids formed by the
?5*„^^'-, Tliompiion, Esq., at Walton Grange, Stone.
Staffs, by Protheroe and Morris, at 11.30 each day.

WEDNESDAY—

Roses, Rhododendrons. Carnations, Gaadiolus,
Lihes, &c.. at 67-68, Clieapside, at 12 o'clock, bv
Protheroe and Morris.

It is to be hoped that
Seed Raising the present difficulties
the Empire. whicli b&'iet those to
whom we look for
providing year by year the seeds for our
gardens may not only be overcome, but
may also be turned to the permanent ad-
vantage of the Britisli Empire. A.mong
these difficulties are, first, the lack of trans-
port, and second, the lack of labour.

As is well known, the .shortage of trans-
port and the activity of the submarines
are seriooiisly restricting the free
exchange of commodities. Botli ex-
port and import are interfered with.
Pedigree stock seeds raised in this coun-
try and ordinarily .sent abroad to better
seed-rai.sing districts for producing seed
in large quantities are often held up, and
as a consequence the supplies which should
be returned to this country are not forth-
coming. It might be argued that this is
not altogether a. disadvantage, inasmuch
as it .should lead to a large increase of
seed-raising in this country. But. unfor-
tunately, this happy solution is by no
means ahvavs practicable, and this for two
reasons. In the first place, there are
important vegetables — and aliso flowers
w'hich fail to ripen their seeds well

in this country. This, we believe, is
the ca«6 with Cauliflow'er, Carrot and
Onion, and among flowers Phlox and
Aster. In the second place, with the
existing lack of labour many seed farmers
who were in the habit of accepting con-
tracts for seed raising are less disposed
than in normal times to enter into con-
tracts. It is probable also that with the
higher prospective prices for purely agri-
cultural crops, fai'mers are finding, on
balancing probable profits and amount of
labour available, that it is more profitable
for them to grow corn than to raise vege-
table crop® for seed. The urgent need for
increasing the Wheat supply is, moreover,
causing agriculturists generally to look
with disfavour on the farmer who gives
up part of his land to growing minor
crops. The fact that this prejudice is due
to shortsightedness does not mitigate the
seriousness of its eSect. Hence from a
multiplicity of causes the outlook of the
seed industry is by no means too cheerful.
Yet by a strange irony the present time
oSers an opportunity for the drastic re-
vision of our customs with respect to seed-
raising. In the past a large .section of this
trade lias been allowed to pa.ss into
German hands. With their customary
thoroughness, the Germans had made
something like a monopoly of the seed
trade in some parts of the world.
Of the seed they sold, some was of
their own growing, but much was
raised by other countries and purcha.scd
and .sold again by the Germans, There
would seem to be no reason why much of
this trade should not pass permanently
into the' hands of British firms. It is
true, as we have said, that not all seeds
can be raised succes.sfully on a large scale
in this country; but, on the other hand,
many of the seeds of vegetables and flowers
might quite easily be raised here. In any
case, the Empire, which comprises every
soil and every climate, gives ample ground
for the raising of all the seeds of every
kind of vegetable and flower which we
reqtiire. Why, therefore,- should not the
great firms of British seedsmen seek the
co-operation of the Government and en-
deavour to arrange a system of seed-rais-
ing wdthin the Empire which should free
them and ourselves for the future of the
risk of finding our supplies cut off or cur-
tailed in time of war?

At present the working up of pedigree
stocks — raised with infinite pains in this
cotmtry — is by no means always satisfac-
tory. Those stocks sent to another country
may or may not be properly attended to,
even though tihe senders themselves
despatch skilled men to supervise the
rogueing. As a result, the seed derived
from these stocks is not always as
" true " as it should be, and that through
no fault of our seed trade. Specialised
seed-growing stations within the Empire,
properly staffed, and co-operating
with the great seed firms to secure the
production and multiplication of the best
seeds, would b,e of the greatest benefit to
British horticulture, and should be of no
less benefit to the seed industrv. The loss of

crop from the growing of inferior or un-
true varieties is often great, and that loss
is almost entirely avoidable. In a better
organised Empire the limitations of what
can be achiewed by the individual and
what must depend on collective action will
be recognised. If this recognition were
to be applied to the seed industry it would
result in the further specialisation of that
already complex business. It would put
the resources of British science at the dis-
posal of the seedsmen engaged in improv-
ing the strains of plants, and it would
make provision for the raising of the best
.strains in the most suitable climates.

R.H.S. War Horticultural Relief Fund.

— A.n orchestral concert will be held at Queen's
Hall, Langham Place, on Saturday, the 28th
inst., at a'ilS p.m., in aid of the R.H.S. War
Horticultural Relief Fund. The programme is
to be rendered by the StrOilling Players
.\mateur Orchestral Society. The concert has
the pa.trana.ge oi H.T?.H. the Duke of Con-
XAUGHT. K,G., and other distinguished
personages.

Acid Phosphate for Roseb.— Tests made
on the ooniipara.tjve flower-producing virtues of
acid pliosphate (80 lb. per 100 cubic feet of
soil) and bone meal of a correspoaiding value
lead to the conclusion that the fonner artificial
manure is the better flower-producer. It is
claiimed that on the average the plants treated
with thi.s manm-e produce 2^ flower.'i more than
tjicse treated with bone meal.

Croppinq in Broken-up Pasture.— An

interesting account* by Mr. C. Hutchinsox of
the cropping of land which had been under
gi^ass (poor paeiture) since the early nineties
Billows both" tie seriouisn ess of the damage due
to wire-worm, and also the effects of cultivation
in overcoming the pest. The pasture was steam-
pknighed in September, 1915. A Potato crop
taken in the following year on part of the area.,
although attacked by wire-worm, yielded 6 tons
to the acre. In the case of ^^^leat, it appeared
from the re.sailts of 1914 tliat shallower plough-
ing might be beneficial in keeping down wire-
woi-m, and the Wheat crop in tlie foUowijig
year aippeared to confimi tliis obsen^.tion.
Potiatos in 1915 were atta.cked as severely by
wire-worm as in the pre'v-iouB year, but in 1916
the attack was only slight. Nor was the Wheat
which followed the Pota.to crop attacked. The
results of the experiment also indicate that
after grass laud has been turned up Oats are
a safer first crop than Wheat.

Mr. David I noli*.— Mr. D.^vid Inglis, who
succeeded the ilate Mr. David Thomson
as gardener to 'the Duke of Bucclettch
at Drumlancdg Castle, Thornhill, Dumfries-
shire, is retiring at Whitsuntide. Mr. Inolis
will be succeeded by Mr. Robkkt Stuart, for-
merly gaa-dener to the Right Hon. Viscount
Maitl.wjb, ait Thirlstane Castle. Lander, Ber-
wicksliire, and recently engaged in the Pa,rks
Department, (ilasgow. Mr. Ixglis will reside
in futui-e at Thornhill.

British Pine Seeds for France. -In order
to assist in re-establishing the forests of France
so severely devastated during the war, the
Agricultural Relief of Allies Committee, with
the co-operation of the Royal English Arbori-
cultural Society, are this week sending a
quantity of seeds of Scotch Pine to Dieppe.
Nearly 1,000 lbs. of the seed have been ob-
tained from British forests, and will be given
to the peasants and small proprietors who in
France own a considerable area of forest land.
Free facilities for the conveyance of the seed

* " An Experience in the Breaking-np and Croppinir of
Old Pasturea," Journ. of the Board of Agric, March, 1917.

April 21, 1917.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

165

have been provided by the British War Office.
The gift has been greatly appreciated by the
French Government, and the mature trees will
form a permanent memorial near the battle-
field of the close alliance and sympathy, not
only of the British and French troops, but of
the farmers and arboriculturists of the two
nations.

Fruit and the Food 8uppLV.-In an
address to the Fellows of the Royal Horticul-

waste domestic products such ae bones, fur, wool
wast«, feathei-s, and caJciimi carbide residue
was emphasised. The lecturer ad\'ised land-
owners to plant experimental plots in districts
where fruit is not generally grown.

The Cultivation of Waste Land After
THE War.— It is the opinion of many that the
cultivation of allotments on -waste land should
continue after the war until such time as the
owners need the sites for building and other

Federation having been notified through tlie
Wood Green District Council that the Prime
Minister says : " It is not practicable to
guarantee the occupation of vacant land as
allotments for more than one year," expresses
its dissatisfaction with this answer, and respect-
fully suggests to the Prime Minister the de-
sirability of reconsidering his decision on this
question ; (2) That the Government be asked to
introduce a Bill giving security of tenure to allot-

V

Fig. 56.

-LILIUM PAURVI, A SPECIES UNHARMED BY THE RECENT SEVERE FROST I

(See p. 159.)

COLOUR OF FLOWERS YELLOW MARKED WITH PURPLE.

tural Society on the llth inst. on " Increasing
the Home Fruit Supply," Mr. E. A. Buxyard
called attentiom to the need of more careful
selection of varieties to cover as long a season
as possible, and to the [wssibilily of storing late
Appli-',=! and Pears in boxes, wrapping each fruit
in paiper. He stated that the hardy fruits will
keep perfectly, and if frozen in an outside ssiied
no harm results if the fruits are allowed to
thaw slowly. The manurial value of many

legitimate purjioses. Such persons argue tliat/
much labour and expense in tilling and
manuring will be wasted if the ground is per-
mitted to fall into a derelict condition again
after the ce.s.sation of hostilities, and that the
retention of the plots by the growers would be
for the public weal. The Wood Green Allot-
ments Federation gives voice to this opinion in
the following resolutions passed at a meeting of
this Society held on March 31 last : (1) This

ment holders of unoccupied lands subject to the
payment of a moderate rent, say, of 6d. per
pole, the holdings being retained so long as
the land is not required for building purposes.
A Mammoth PoTATO.-The mouths of
many a queueast would water at the sight of
the "Potiito, an illustration* of a tuber raised,
apipropriately enough, at Eureka, in Oaliforriiia.

« Uortimlture, llaich 10, 1917.

166

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

Fourteen inches long, the taiber of the ^'ariety
Dutch Red weighed 4^ lb. Another of 16
inches was cut into six pieces and baked, and
six people failed to consume it all, although its
quality was said to have been excellent.

Craigendowie Training School for
Women.— Oood work in the way of training
women for agriculture is being done at Craigen-
dowie, Broughton, near Preston. The owners of
the place, Mr. and Mrs. Ritchings, have laid out
seventeen acres of the estate as a market garden,
and here they train six students at a time for two
months in various kinds of agricultural work. At
the end of each period of two months, the trained
students are sent to situations, and fresh recruits
take their places.

Publications Received.— /ncome Tax
Simplified. By Arthur Fieldhouse and H. Ewart
Fieliihouse. Third edition. (London: Simpkin.
Marshall & Co., Ltd.) Price Is— Rockeries :
How to Make and Plant Them. By H. H.
Thomas. (London: Cassell & Co., Ltd.) Price
Is. 3d. net. — A List of the Most Desirable Var-
ieties of Most Kinds of Fruits. Drawn up by the
Royal Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee,
(London: W. Wesley & Son.) Price 2s. net.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves respomible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Lawns and the Food Problem. -Instead

of destroying lawns, I propose that Runner
Beans be grown as follows : — Cut out pieces of
the turf about 1 foot square and 3 indhes thick
all over the lawn, leaving, say, 2 feet of space
between the holes so cut. In a lawn 27 feet each
way, we should thus obtain eight rows of eight
holes each, or sixty-four holes with turf between
them and turf round the margin of the planta-
tion. The soil in the holes need not be removed,
but should be loosened up. The sixty-four
turfs can be stacked in any spare part of
the garden to be put back next November.
The Runner Bean I suggest growing is that
known as " White Dutch." It is one of those
Beans that can be n.sed as a "Haricot" or
"Butter Bean." It is very nutritious a® a
winter food, a good cropper, and does well in
this country. Most of this class of Bean are
grown in Italy, and do not do W'ell with us. I
have eaten the "White DutA " Bean, and con-
sider It of even better flavour than the Italian
gi-own varieties.' To return to our plantation.
In May or early June plant four of the Beans

Fig 57 — campanul\ speciosa

iPhotogi nil by li
FLOWERb LIGHT PURPLE

CAMPANULA SPECIOSA.

TSe iUustrat'on lin fig. 57 sliows a group of
this rare Pyremeao Clampanula growing in the
rock ga.rden at Kew. 'The plant belongs to the
siame section of the genus as the better-known
species, C. alpina, C. barbata. and C Allioaiii,
with the haibit of the last named in srpreading
by means of imdei-gronnd stolodis. Growing
frcnn 6 inches to 1 foot high, the stems are
stout, and branch from the base upward, with
large flowers borne singly on rather long
stalkis. Tlie blooms vary in colour from
light to dark piu'ple, and are produced during
the month of June. The long, narrow leaves,
as well as the stems, are covered with hairs.
This species is only found in the Pyrenees,
growing in high limestone cliffs and rocky places
ajnong debris, in which the roots wander about
in the loose, stony soil, sending up rosettes of
leaves here aaid there. A plant of this name is
dUusbreuted in Bol. Mag., tab. 2649, but this is
now considered to be a variety of 0. glomerata.
Monaiine conditions will suit this plant, which
seeds freely, and is easily raised from seeds.
W. I. '

in each of the squares and put a stick to each
Bean. For sake of economy one stick and coir
to each square can be made to do, instead of
four sticks to the square. As isoon as the Beans
begin to run, feed them with weak mamire
water. When they begin to bloom and set, in-
crease tlie feeding judiciously, and so through
the summer. By careful pinching of the
leaders, "pickings" may be taken of green
summer beans, and yet many left to ripen and
dry for winter use. I have made a careful
undea--estimate, based npon long experience,
and have found that even allowing for green-
gathering in moderation, 1 lb. of seed should yield
40 lbs. of Beans to be dried for winter use !
Tliis is worth doing, but with intensive and
careful feeding even greater results may be ob-
tained. In November, when the crop is
gathered in, the sticks are put away, the turfs
are replaced, the la.wn cut with a scythe and
well rolled. It is sui-prifiing how soon it
is as good a lawn as ever. A plantation like this
could be made very pretty as well as useful,
looking something like a little hop garden, and
what is best of all, a good and valuable food crop
may be grown on a small lawn without destroying
it. " Edward Lovctt, Croydon.

Experiments with Humogen (pp. 113,
137, 146). — Dr. Durham, in commenting on my

conclusion that humogen supplied for the Wis-
ley experiments was not standardised, asks
what is the criterion for standardisation. There
are two criteria by which a manure may be
judged : (1) By direct measurement, where
chemical analysis shows within narrow limits
of error the quantities of its constituents, but
which often fails as an infaUible criterion be-
ca^use the methods of estimating "available"
a® against " unavailable " constituents are, in
our present state of knowledge, necessarily em-
pirical, and for othe.r reasons ; and (2) by in-
direct measurement, w-here the results of itfi
application to a crop in a given set of con-
ditions are measured. The espei-imental error
in such attempts at indirect measurement are
often large, but where care is exercised to re-
duce this error to relatively small dimensions,
the latter is the more reliable. It should be
remembered that there are many difficulties to
be overcome in devising experiments in gardens
which are peculiar to the conditions existing
there, and these difficulties call for special
measures in order to reduce the experimental
error. The object of the Wisley experiments
with humogen was to ascertain in the first
place whether the material would give the re-
sults claimed for. it. In Series I. it induced
greatly accelerated growth ; in the following
five series no marked benefit was derived. If
the quality of the material had been the same
in every case, i.e., if it were of standard
quality, the results obtained should have been
of the same order all through. They were not,
therefore, judged by the second criterion ; the
material was not standardised. Published re-
svdts fi'om other sources confirm this view, and
some of them show that the quantity of nitro-
gen present in the different samples analysed
varied within wide limits, so that, judged by
tlie first criterion also, the substance was not
standaixlised. It is imix^ssible here to enter
fully into the question as to what the occasional
(and at first frequent) good results were due. It
must suffice that there was nothing in the
appearance or manner of growth of the plants
in Series I. at Wisley repugnant to the idea
that the active agent in the humogen was
nothing more mysterious than available nitro-
gen. I have already pointed out the probable
causes of its fall from its original standard.
Though the figures Dr. Durham gives of his
Potato experiments aie insufficient to enable
one to judge of the probable degree of the ex-
perimental error ir the results he obtained, his
statement that "actual rows are contrasted,
controls being pkced proximally to the trial
rows," suggests that one row of treated
Potatos was compared with one of untreated.
We are not told how many plants constituted
a row, but the results of weighings made at
Wisley (which I quote below) show that where
the average weight of the plants in a row of
twenty Potatos is compared with that of the
adjoining rows of the same variety, receiving
in all things equal cultural treatment, and with
equal exposure, the differences may be as great
as those disclosed by his figures where humogen
and no^iumogen, additions are contrasted.
AVERAGE WEIGHT OF CKOP.=i FROM 20 PLANTS
IN EACH ROV»r.

Row 1. Rnw 2. Row 3;
lb. lb. lb.

Arran Chief 3.90 3.51 3.70

Balmoral Castle 3.95 4.15 3.42

Great Scot 3.13 2.19 2.60

Stirling O'astle ... 2.52 3.13 2.75

Windsor Oastle 2.02 2.61 2.77

These figures ' merely illustrate the need for

duplication, at least in garden experiments.

F. J. Chitfc)i<l'''i.

Saxifraqa Gloria.- At the meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society on March 27 last
Saxifraga Burseriana Gloria was awarded a
First-class Certificate by the Floral Committee-,
which fact is omitted from youi- report of the
meeting on page 137. As many depend upon
your journal for the list of plants to which
First-class Certificates and Awards of Merit
have been made I draw attention to the matter.
W. T.

White Wood Strawberry.— May I be
allowed to express my thanks to Mr. E. A. Bun-
yard for his kindness in presenting me with plants
of the Wliite Wood Strawberry so praised by
Jane Austen. A. N.

April 21, 1917.]

SO CIS TIES.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

167

THE APIARY.

ROYAL HORTICDLTDRAL.
Scientific Committee.

April 11. — Present: Messrs. W. Hales (in
the chair), F. J. Baker, J. Fraser, andiF. J.
Qhittenden (hon. sec).

Fasciaied Rose. ilr. J. Frashk showed
shoots of a Rose very much fasciated towards
the top, and, ae often ha.ppens, cylindrical at
the base.

Chlorosis in Fagus .^ylvaiica. He also ex-
hibited shoote of Beech wlhich he had collected
on a challv hill in which aJl the leaves were
yellow, and remarked upon the frequency of
the occui-rence of chlorosis in plants gi'owing
in chalky soil. The disease appears to be due
to insufficiency of iron, and is usually curable
by the addition of iron sulphate to the soil.

Apple Bark Splitting. ilr. B.vker showed
s|>ecimens of Apple shoots in which, during
the past winter, longitudinal splits in the bark
had appeared. The splitting has occuiTed in
many places, and is probably due to severe
frosts. The branches exhibited had evidently
been taken from trees growing in a wet Isoil.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

April 5. — Committee present : The Rev. J.
t'lombleholme (in the chair), 'Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, A. G.
Ellwood. J. Evans, P. Foster, J. Lupton, D.
McLeodj W. Shackleton, and H. Arthur (secre-
tary).

AWARDS.
First-class Certiticates.
Odontoglossum ardentissimum, var. Daphne
{Pescatorei x crispum), a perfectly round
flower, with large, even blotches on the sepals
and petals; Odontioda Gladys var. Superba
{(/da. Urad.ihawitic x Oda. Fe-iratorei), a
flower of good form that has an almost white
ground, with bright markings; the edges of the
sepals and petals are of a beautiful shade of
pink. All from Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoglossum Thwaitesiae var. Ohurka
{liussli X Uarryanum), O. Wilps {Promeren.t
X Aireworth). a very densely spotted flower,
both from P. Smith, Esq.

Odontioda Zenobiu licardwood var. (Od.
Cliartesworlhii x 0dm. percullum), a large
flower of good form and substance, coloured
deep maroon, with a large, flat lip; ln>m Sir
.f. Rl'THERFORD, Bart.

Awards op Merit.

Odontoglossum crispum var. Jfosr, .^op/iro-
Caltleya Marathon superba. Sophro-I.aeUu-
Cattleya Meiise, and Cypripedium liaaji (I/ap-
pnrtiana X Triumphans), all from P. Smith,
Esq.

Odontoglossum ardentissimum Gladys. 0.
Jiisper Conyngham var., Odontioda Beechensis
and <>. Adonis {Oda. Vuylstilcri X <>dm.
Doris), all from Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoglossum crispum Bagged Bobin and
(idontiodn Golden Queen, both e.\hibited by
R ASHWORTH, Esq.

Awards of Appreciation.
First-Class.
Odontoglossum Amethyst (Lambeaulanmn
X eximium), from Dr. Craven Moore.

O. Lambeauianuni var. Spleiidens, from P.
Smith, Esq.

Cultural Certificates.

To Mr. ,ToHN Hartley, for Odontoglossum
crispum Harryanum, the flower-spike carrying 19
large flowers.

Mr. E. Thompson, for Eulophiella Eliza-
bethae, with two spikes of flowers.

Sih-i r Med(ds were awarded to R. Ashworth,
Esq.. \,?wchurc,h (gr. Mr. Davenport) and Dr.
Craven Moore, Victoria Park. Manchester (gr.
Mr. T. Airan), for collections.

■- "— ..unR.— i^"iiiig iipiu many

bees die of starvation, and the bee-keeper
should make certain that there is plenty of food
m the hives. The condition of the larder can-
not he judged by seeing bees on the wing on
line days. The family is increasing in nun°bers
where a good queen heads the colony, but the
stock of food' must be more or less depleted
after the long winter. April and Mav are critical
months. Make a brief examination "of the hives
when the sun is shining and the weather
generally genial. The time best suited to the
operation is from noon to 2.30 p.m. or 3 p.m.
Colonies in need of food should be fed. Note
should also be made of the brood. Where none
exists, it is safe, without further search, to
infer that the stock is queenless, and these
bees should be united to a hive headed by a
good queen. Where the quantity of brood is
below normal, and the stock weak, these shoui<t
be used for uniting to a stronger colony. To
unite successfully, it is necessai-y to move the
stocks towards each other gradually, about a
yaixl, not aiiore, daily — not including a <Liry
when the bees are not flying. After smoking
each hive, dust the bees lightly with flour from
a dredger to give both the same scent to pre-
vent fighting, and place the frames for each hive
alternately, but do not spread the brood nest,
or the young brood will be killed by cold,. Spring
cleaning should be deferred until the end of the
month, when all floorboards .should be scraped
thoroughly and well washed with disinfectant, of
which there are many on the market. To prevent
disease place disinfectants in the hive after cleatis-
ing it. Where the bees have died, bum the con-
tents of the hive in case disease has been the
cause. Thoroughly treat the hive wiih a strong
disinfectant wa.sh, then, when dr\', scorch the in-
terior with a blow lamp such as plumbers use.
and expose the hive to strong sunlight for a few
davs.

©bttuar^.

Edward Harri* Letts. — .Mr. Edward
Harris Letts, garJenor for 42 years to the Mar-
quis of Zetland, died at Aske" on the 3l8t ult.,
aged 70 years. Mr. Letts was born at Guils-
borongh, Aorthamplonshire, and educated at the
local Grammar School. His first gardening ap-
pointment of inqiortance was as foreman at Sand-
ringham, under .Mr. Penny ; he remained at Sand-
ringham for a period of about two years, leaving
to take up the imsition of gardener to the Marquis
of Zetland at Upleatliam. He remained in charge
of the gardens at Upleatham for 7 years, when
ho was appointed in a similar capacity at Aske,
where he remain-d for 35 years. He "practically
remodelled the gardens at Aske, where improve-
ments were carried out over many years with the
special object of securing winter and spring
effects. Mr. Letts was a skilful cultivator of
Orchids, Camations, Chrysanthemums, Begonias,
and other exotics, and he grew hard-wooded
plants well, including Himalayan Rhododen-
drons. Fruit was also well grown at Aske,
and produce from the gardens won many
important prizes at the principal provincial
shows. The late Mr. Letts was a man
of genial and kindly nature, ready to im-
parl the benefit of his experience to the young
men under him, and his memory will be long
clierished by a wide circle of friends. He leaves
a widow and ^niwii up family.

Moore, Mrs. Margaret.— We rep;ret to learn
of the death, at the advanced age of eighty-eight,
of Margaret Moore, widow of the late Dr" David
Moore, Ph.D. Dr. Moore, who died on June 9,
1879, was for many years the Curator of the
Botanic Garden at Glasnevin, Dublin, a position
in which he was succeeded by his son, 'Mr. (now
Sir) Frederick W. Moore, who still holds it at the
present time. It will be observed that Mrs.
Moore had survived her husband for nearlv forty

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Rape.— As a catch crop tor ploughing iu to
manure the land, Rape is valuable.^ To the
sheeip farmer it is indispensable, especially for
lambs in the sjiring months, as voung sheep are
partial to the nourishing leaves. Rape is
valuable this year as an article of food, as
It has come through the winter with less in-
jury than almost any other green crop. Rape is
usually sown with Swedes. In a five-coulter
drill one row of Rape is sown to four of Swedes.
The Rape produces so much more top than the
Swedes that the lambs have an extra quantity
of succulent food. As a catch-crop or a manurial
crop preceding Wheats to be fed off by sheep,
4 lbs. seed per acre is required, either broad-
casted with the hand-seed barrow, or di-illed
early in July. A fine seed bed is a necessity to
ensure quick and even germination. Where
Charlock infests the land, drilling is to be pre-
ferred, as this admits of horse-hoeing between
th3 rows. If only this quantity of seed is sown,
thinning will not be necessary.

Swedes.— This crop has come prominently
into notice this season as an article of human
food owing to the shortage of Potatos. The
farmer depends largely upon this crop as shee.p
food during Alarch, April and May. It can be
followed by Rye, Winter Vetches, Barley, and
Rotation Grasses with Mangold. Unfortunately
this season nearly all varieties of Swedes hero
have suffered from frost. Swedes can be given to
cows in October, but if used to excess, and at
the wrong time, they are liable to taint both
milk and butter. For fattening cattle of all
kinds, Swedes are probably the best of roots
from October to May if they are carefully
stored. The crop per acre varies according to
the variety and the method of culture. From
18 to 30 tons per acre is a good result under
ordinary cultivation. Swedes are convenient in
that they can be grown fairly well with the
aid of artificial manure alone, which is a boon
where farmyard manure is scarce. If the
land has previously borne a straw crop, is free
from weeds, and has been autumn-ploughed,
4 cwt. of superphosphate, 30 per cent, strength,
will grow a full crop of Swedes. In southern
counties Swedes suffer much from mildew if the
see<l is sown before the middle of June, and a
spell of dn.' weather sets in in July. Thinning
c.'innot be done too early; a free, quick growth
right from the beginning should be the aim.
Stirring the soil about the plants with the
horse-lioc, or even harrows drawn crosswise over
the rows before thinning will hasten growth ;
2 lbs. of seed per acre is ample. /■;. .\loliincux.
Swanmore Park Farm, Bishop's Waltham, Hants.

THE COMING SHORTAGE OF FEEDING
STUFFS.

The President of the Board cjf Agriculture
has issued a grave warning to farmers on the
subject of the serious shortage of feeding stuffs
for live-stock.

There will he a reducticm of no less than one
and a half million ton.s — about one-sixth part of
the whole amount of concentrated feeding stuffs
on wliich farmers could formerly rely. Restrio-
ticms on imports accounts for a million tons, wliile
the milling regulations will put another half-
million into bread for man instead of food for
beast.

Farmers must face the situation, and lay
their plane accordingly. The President does
not wish to enforce compulsory rations for
animals, but they can only be avoided if the
gnod-will of all concerned — .stockmen no less
than fanners — make them unneces.'«irv. Save in
the one inst^ince of milch cows, the food of all
classes of live stock must be cut down, and the
greatest use made of a.ll home-grown supplies.
There will be no fat-stock sh6ws, and no fat
Christmas beef this year. At present the num-
ber of live stock is large, and, as the year goes
on, a reduction must be made. In the interest
of our future flocks and herds young breedim;
stock must bo saved, but other animals must
be got ready for market, and sent to the
butcher in a. leaner condition than in h.ippier
davs.

168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 21. 1917.

JM[ JL S^ K S T S.

COVENT GARDEN, April IS.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
report.s. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that the.'je quotations
do not repre.sent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day t-o day,
but occaiionally several times in one day. — Ed3.
Plants in Pots, &c- : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d.

s,d.s.d.

5 0 6 0

8 0-12 0

9 0-10 0

6 0- li 0

Ferns in 52's. per

doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts,

per doz. 48's..

Genistas, per doz

of4S-s..
Geonoma gracilis,
60's,perdoz

larger, o»ch.. 2 6-78
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz, 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

Cocos Weddelli- ' — Forsteriana,

ana 48's, per 60's. per doz. 6 0-80

doz 18 0-30 0 Latania borbon-

ca. per doz.. 12 0-30 0

Aralia Sicboldii

dozen ..
Asparagus plu-

moBus nanus

per doz.

— Sprengeri ..
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 24 0-36 0 i
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0 — j

- tray of 12's ..50 —
Cineraria 48*8.

per doz. .. 12 0-15 0 |

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0

Croton. per doz. 18 0-30 6 L 'Jj.V.™ _ll°/A

Cyclamen. 48's

per doz. .. 21 0-24 0

Datfodils. 48'8

florum.nerdoz. 24 0-30 0
lancif olium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0
album .. 24 0-30 0

p r doz. .. 12 0-15 0 Marguerites in

Ferns. in thumbs
per 100..

— per 100. in
small and
large 60's .. 14 0-24 0

- in 48's. per doz. 6 0-70
Rkmarks. — Good plants of white.

Hvdranffea, and a few Roses in pot6. are

No doubt an improvement in the weather will bi

an increased demand for flowering plants.

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices

48'i, per doz. 9 0-10 0
10 0-15 0 I Pandanus Veitchii

I per doz. .. 36 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-

pola. each .. 12 «-21 n

Spiraea, tier doz. ^■> 0-ls n

e. blue, and pink

offered.

Anemone. fulfiens. s.d.e.d.

per doz. bun. 2 6-30
Arums, per doz. 3 0-36
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun. 4 6-50
Camellias, white

per doz. blms.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 0-30

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

Dafifodils Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun

— Rarrii,
doz, bun,

— Kmperor, per
doz, bun.

— princepa. per
dnz. hun

— Sir Watkin
per doz. bun.

— Victoria per
dnz. bun. ..

Freesia. per doz.

per

bun.

2 0-

Heather. white,

per doz, bun, 12 0
L i 1 i um longi-
florum long 2 fl

short

1 ancifolium
album, long.. 2 6 —
— - rubrum.
per doz.. long.. 3 0-36

short .. 16-20

Lily-of-the-Valley

per doz. bun. 24 0-,SO 0
Narcinsus.
Grand Primo.
per doz. bun. 2 0-26

Narcissus, con. s.d. B.d.

— Pheasant Eve
ner doz. 'un 2 0-30

— Soleil d'Or.
Guernsey. per
doz. bun. .. 2 0-26

16-201 Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 12 0-15 0

— Cypripedium 2 0-30

— Odontrgl'.s-
sum crispuni 3 0-40

Peas, white an t

coloured. 'p?r

doz. bun. .. 6 0 12 0
Pelargoniums, per
2 0-26 doz. bunches.

doublescarlet 15 0-18 0

2 0-26 Primroses, per
doz. bun. .. 2 0-26

3 0-60 Roses

— General Jac-
2 0-26' nueminot. per

doz. blooms.. 2 0-26
2 6-30 — Joseph Lowe,

perdoz. blms. 4 0 —

4 0-60 — Mme. A. Cha-
tene.v, perdoz.

16-20 blooms .. 40-60

— Richmord
perdoz. blms. 4 0-60

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms.. 4 0-60

Tulips, white. per

d07. bun. .. 21 0-24 0

— yellow.

— Darwin in
variety. per
doz. bun. .. 18 0-24 0

— mr>uve Darwin
per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0

Violets, single.
Princess of
W.ales.. .. 3 0-50

French Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices
Allium (Star) per a.d.=.d. I Ane

doz. bun

Anemone, double

per doz. bur.

— single mixed.

per doz. bun.

Anemone con.

s.d.s.d.
— single, red,

per doz, bun, 16-20
StocV, white, per

doz. bun. .. 3 «- 4 6

Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices

Adiantum (Mai- s.d.s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 7 0-80
Asparagus plu-

mo»us. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30
— medium.

dnz. bunches 12 P-18 0

Sorenfferi .. l" f-lJ 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 ''• 5 0
Croton folini.-.

doz. bunclies 12 0 15 0

s.d. s.d-
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gros s

bunches .. 6 0-70
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small -leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails .. 2 0-26

Remarks. — I-ilium longiflorum is lower in price than
for some considerable time past. A good number of
Roses are now on the market, and the blooms are ex-
ceptionally fine. The best selling varieties ai^ Mme.
Abel Chatenay, Lady Hillingdon, Ophelia, Joseph Lowe.
Sunburst. Liberty, Richmond, Aaron Ward, The Bride
(white), Melody, and White Molly Sharman Crawford.
There is also a good selection of Darwin Tulips, in-
cluding blooms arriving from Guei-nsey in good con-
dition. Sweet Peas are some of the latest arrivals
offered this week, and there are also a few blooms
of Spanish Iris. Single Violets are scarce. Carna-
tions, so far. are sufficient for the demand, a few very
fine blooms of Sensation being the largest on the mar-
ket. Blooms of other sorts are only moderate in size.
Gardenias are obtainable. With' the c-xoeption of
Adianfmu Fern (Maidenhair), foliage is scarce.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe

perdoz.
— ,Jer u salem,

per bag
Asparagus, Paris

Green, perbun
Beetroot, per bag
Beans, English.

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bag
Broad Beans.

French, per

pad
BrusselsSprouts,

per 24 lb, ..
Cabbage, per

tally ..
Carrots, washed.

per bag
Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Celeriac. perdoz.
Celery, per doz.

bundles
Chicory. English,

per lb

Cuc'imbers, per

flat ..
Endive, per doz.
Greens, per bag..
Garlic, per lb...
Herbs, per doz,

bun

s.d. s.d.

6 0-80

40 0 —

2 9-36
14 0 —

13-16

12 0 —

7 0 -
12 0 —
10 0-15 0
18 0-20 0

25 0-30 0

8 0 —

9 0-12 0
0 10- 1 0

16 0 -
4 6-50
16 0 -
0 10 —
4 0-80

Horseradish, per s.d.

doz. .. 66 0-

Kale. per bag .. 16 0
LeelfS, per doz.

bun 4 0-

Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz. 2 6-
Mushrooms.per lb. 1 9-
Mustard and

Cress. per doz.

punnets .. 10
Onions, per cwt 27 0

— spring. per
doz. bun. .. 18 0

Parsley. peribus. 8 0-1
Parsnips. perewt. 30 O-i
Peas. French, per

pad .. ..10 0-1
Potatos, new, per^'

lb 19

Rad ishes, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz. .. 10-

— natural, per
doz. bun. .. 5 0

Savoys, per tally 15 0
Scakale, per doz,

punnets .. 24 0
Shallots, per lb. 0 8
Spinach, per lb. ■ 1 6
.Swedes, per ton 50 0-
Turnips, per cwt. 10 0

Tops, per bag 16 0
Vegetable M.ar-

rows per doz. 9 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 9

20 0

30 0
0 10

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices,

s,d, 3,d

10 6 1

B.d.s,d,
KentCobs.perlb, 16-20
0-85 0 ' Lemons, per case 25 0-40 0
Nuts, Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0

— Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 31 0-32 0

Oranges, per case 40 0 70 0

— Palermo Bit-
ters, per case 18 0-22 0

— Californian 16 0-18 0

— Cape, per box 6 0 8 0
Plums, per box 6 0-10 0
Stra wb erri es,

forced.. .. 4 0-80
Tomatos. English.

per lb. ..26-30

Walnuts, per

cwt 65 0-85 0

£25 -
£22 -

7 0-86

Almonds, per
cwt

Apples—
-English
Cooking, per
bus 20 0 —

— States, brls.. 65 0-70 0

— Oregon, per
case .. .. 18 6-20 0

Bananas, Red, per
ton

— Jamaica, per
ton ..

Dates, per doz,

boxes ..
Grapes: Almeria.

— per doz lb

— Cape, per box
of 10 lbs. .. 8 0-20 0

Reiurks.— Supplies of Apples are very limited, but
a consignment of these fruits from Australia is ex-
pected to arrive next week. Pears now obtainable are
from Californian and .\frican sources. .Almeria and
Cape Grapes are the onlv kinds available. Oranges
and Lemons are both limited supplies. The supplies
of forced Strawberries are increasing daily. We.st
Indian Bananas are -still very scarce. The following
foroed vegetables are on sale : Seakale, Cucumbers,
Tomatos. Asparagus, Beans, Mushrooms, New Potatos
and Vegetable Marrows. Rhubarb is very plentiful.
Cornish and Roscof Broccoli continue a good supply.
All green vegetables are very scarce. E. H. R.,
Coreni Gnrdrn Market, April IS, 1917.

ENQUIRY.

ORNAIIENTAL VEGETABLES.
It is well known tTiat certain vegetables, such
as Beet, Parsley, and Runner Beans, add to their
culinary qualities an appearance during growth
that is decidedly ornamental. In maity gardens
there are large beds that are usually devoted to
flowers which this season could perhaps be made
quite attractive with selected vegetables. I
write in the hope that an idea of this kind has
already received attention from some of our lead-
ing gardeners, in which case I am sure many
readers would thank them for any details they
can give us of approved schemes of phanting.
r. R. H.

■ from
fail to
.ne be

" 1 here are lew sardenen. and still (ewer amateurs, i
not on occasion require immediate information upon various
of practice. But either from an unwillingness to inquire, o
not knowing of whom lo make ihe inquiry, they too often
obtain the information they are in want of. And let no
alarmed lest his questions should appear triOing. or iHosl
person ignorant of that which he ought to know. He is the
wisest man who is conscious of his ignorance; for how litde da
the wisest really know I— except that they know little. If one
man is unacquainted with a fact, however common, it is probable
that hundreds of others in ihe same position as himself are
equally in want of similar information. To ask a question, then

is lo consult ibe good of others as well as of one's self,"

Gardmerk' Chronicle, No. 1, Vol. I., Januani ?, ISU.

Correction. — In the list of decorative Roses,
p. 156, for crimson variety of Mrs. W. J.
Grant read climbing variety.

GuccMBERs Unhealtht : G. M. Smith. No
disease is present on the Oucumber seedlings.
The injury lia® been caused by some error
an cultivation.

Destroying Tree Roots : Acre.fi. A method of
destroying tree roots by means of blasting
was described in the issue for Februarv 24
last, p. 92.

Names of Plants : G. H. B. 1, Quercus Turneri ;
2, Juniperus communis var. f astigiata ; 3,
Photinia serrulata.

P.\XCR.4T1UM AND GaBDENIA UNHEALTHY : F, H.

Hughca. Bulb mites are present on the Pan-
cratium bulb. Remove the outside scales and
burn them ; then wash the bulbs with liver
of sulphur, 1 oz. to 1 gallon of water. The
sipocific may be applied by means of a brush.
No fungous or insect pest is present on the
Gardenia. The yellowing of the foUage sug-
gests a lack of either iron or nitrogenous matter
in the soil. Try the effect of a little liquid
manure and sulphate of iron.

Plants in Tubs ; Amateur. From your de-
scription of the plants with "long, green
leaves and bunches of blue flowers on a long
stem " we suspect them to be Agapanthus
umbellatus. Keep them in the stable luitil
about the middle of May, when they should
be placed out-of-doors and watered freely.

Pruning English Yews and Hybrid Rhododen-
drons: A. W. It is not too late to cut back
the Yews, as the best time to do this work is
just as the trees are starting into growth, which
this year is later than usual. The Yew will
break away again readily from the old wood,
but we should advise you to give your plants
a good top-dressing of manure when they com-
mence to grow, as the Yew is a gross feeder, .
and well repays for a little assistance at the
right time. The remarks on Yews apply also to
Hybrid Rhododendrons, except that the top-
dressing should consist of .spent, not fresh,
manure, or peat ; well-rdtted leaf-mould will
serve if the other two materials are not ob-
tainable. Care must be taken to cut away any
growths that arise from underground after-
wards, as these are most likely to be from the'
stock. ' Rhododendrons will not flower again
until the second or third year after they are cut.
down.

RiCHARDIA LE.4VES TuBNING YeLLOW : J. E.

The unhealthy condition of the foliage is not
due to fungous disease or insect pests. The
cultural treatment has been at fault, but
without knowing how the plants have been
managed we cannot say in what direction.

Soil for Cuctjmbers : Amateur. The compost
should consist of rich, fibrous loam mixed
with well-rotted manure, wood ash, and a
sprinkling of fertiliser. If the soil is de-
ficient in fibre add a quantity of well-rotted
leaf -mould.

Apru. 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Do Not

Forget the
Gardener-
Soldiers.

" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
Theodora Guest. You will see
that I am now in Mesopotamia.
The CHRONICLE is very
welcome to me out here ; it seems
good to read all the news in
the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers."

This letter was sent us by
a soldier in the Mesopotamia
Force. YOUR soldier friend,
who was a gardener before
he went to the front, is a
gardener still in sympathies
and interests. HE longs to
know what is going on in
the gardening world now,
and has no means of knowing
unless YOU help him. Send
him the GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE. Keep him
in touch with current gar-
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most grateful for such an
act of friendship. Send us
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— 8/9 — and we will take all
the responsibility of sending
the paper regularly to your
friend, also reminding you
punctually when the sub-
scription is about to expire.

Write to us now, and
give us his address.

41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND,
LONDON, W.C. 2

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS

Flowering plants in Sin. pots.
Standard varieties, IS/- per dozen, 110/- per KTl.
Novelties, 22/6 per dozen, 150/- per 100.

BORDER CARNATIONS

Strong plants in Sin. pots,

7/ti per dozen, 50/- per 100.
All plants CAllR. PAID and packril free fi.r cash.

A. F. BUTTON'S NOTED CARNATIONS.

IVER, BUCKS.

NOWREAnY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK

FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.
The 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

iSWEET PEAI

= AUTUMN PI AMTO COLD =

^ 80\vx. I^ba^^m I Ob flKOWN. =

= There are some places in most Gardens quite un- =

= suitable lor the growth of Vegetables, Imt where =

-= sick iiii.l wmin<l.-.l. you must grow Some. =

~ The wopld would be a dull place without the =

= cheering influence of flowers. =

i PLANT NOW IN THE OPEN I

RED, WHITE & BLUE I

tlh 1 Deep}— Margaret Atlee

'" u ) Spencer ,.
Kill.: E<lward Spencer
Lt 1 1ft Emperor
t Sydenham

Cerise iDeep — 1-:
Whlte-c...n..t.uu.

Ktm nvke

Kins WTiite

MIXTURES.

The Popu
CoIIectlo
Important

tb«t Hie

Cold G

N'lt less tbao 5:1 at the 100 rate.
s.— 6 plante each 12 vari,.tles. our t
5 9 : Sfi.lttto. 10 a : WtdUt.., 18 6.

Per dox. 100 =
.. 8<l 4/« =
.. 7d. 4/- =

All. 5/. =

s<l. 4 IS =

s.l. 4 6 =

:fl. 4 - =:

Xll. 4 6 =

, »rt. 4'ii =

«ll. S'li =

. lid. 3li _

Sil. 4 « =

StI. 4 <i =

lOll. .'.« =

. 1«l. 4 - =

•J«l. S- ^

. f.d. xr< =

4)1 '.>4 =

:).l. 1(1 =

ileotlon, =

pla,

thoi

mn and W
;ast diriert
: Spring ill Heat.

the 1

Sown and ^

TOMATOES.

is fniil will undoubtedly be very much moPe
enslve this season. Iberelon' nil who Clin Hboiilit K>»^«^
■ own aui.iiUfs. .SUirt now if jou liiive a heated gieen-
*?. Seedlings TrnDBplotd.

Baloh'B Ge

Bides Rec... .. -

Bucks' Tre<iCo .. )

uLLKCTUlNa. -Tl3Ht yon m u TEST

I X.

la. 2/.
no. 6/-

00. 10 8

tlirO Kuity Villi

lection, 1/9:

46

BEST:

6 ilitt^. 3/3 : 12 dittii, 5/6 ;

CauIifloiverB, tiRn.|.iiiii. .1 sii.'Im.. 4 . im.

TOMATO "BUCKS' TRESCO"

When properly

t requested :^

fiM

W''

^wi'

m

Mm

^m.

w

^,.

40Ibs. per plant ; t
trusses hot
to 54 Ton

30 to =

12lbs.
Delivery April.

Ighing

2/- du:

ready great this |=

TOMATOES FOR THE OPEN. |

|!n.,K v..iir mmIii- 1..i iil,ni1.« lirnv for delivery /lIliT ^^

May 15lh. I'l'l.-.^s nncl Varieties im- ;i" ii^-L-i iHiiuti =:

fni Trati',|ii.i til -Mr. ■ ■ ur ex boxes. I'lit ex pots int- ^^

w,— ir , i i.uirt.v tiiimcd "Holmes Open =

Transplanted l-l:>iH^ nn'ii foi Immediate =

delivery. I'"' 100. —

Brussels SproutH 4il. -int =

Lettuces, <:>Liii.:iu'e

Onions. ..Mi'uii'nio

Sage. -II iiu- 1

CYCLAMEN.

SCHIZANTHUS, '

Primulas IVIalacol
Marguerites, Mrs

. 3/8 ilu:

elslo'r Strain," in 7iM'3/-d<./.. =

alba, .'N li"M>», i«ar™. 3'- .In/. =

ers. i-N l.iism, a/- .1™, ; 15/- 101). =

BUCKS, ®* ''°'"''*' ^

IPSWICH.

THE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

[April 21, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the " GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Alpine Flora: for Tourists and Amateur Bota-
nists. By Dr. Julius Hoffmann. Translated

by E. S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp). 7s. lid.
Alpine Flowers for Gardens. By W. Robinson.

Revised Edition. With Illustrations, lis.
Alpine Plants, Dictionary of (see "The English

Rock Garden," by Reginald Farrer).
Alpine Plants of Europe. By H. Stuart

Thompson. With Cultural Notes. Price

7s. lOd.
Alpine Plants. Sub. By H. Stuart Thompson.

Including Coloured Plates by G. Flemwell.

Price 8s. 6d.
Annuals, Hardy and Half Hardy. By Charles

H. Curtis. Contains 8 Coloured Plates.

Is. lOd.
Apples and Pears. Bv George Bunyard, V.M.H.

With 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
Asparagus, The Book of. By Chas. Ilott.

With sections on Celery, Salsify, Scorzonera,

and Seakale. Illustrated. 2s. lOd.
Bacteriology, Agricultural. Bv J. Percival, MA.

7s. lid.
Banana, The: Its Cultivation, Distribution, and

Commercial Uses. By W. Fawcett. With

Preface by Sir Daniel Jlorris. 7s. lid.
Bee-Keeping, Book of. ,A Practical Manual on

the Proper ^Management of Bees, especially

written fur Beginners. By W. B. Webster.

Illustrated. Is^ 3d.
Bees, for Pleasure and Profit. By G. Gordon

Samson. With chapter on " Bee-keeping in

Hot Climates." Illustrated. Is. 2d.
Botanic Terms, Glossary of. By B. D. .lackson.

7s. lid.
Botanical Names, Dictionary of, and their

English Equivalents. Bv G. F. Zimmer.

2s. 9d.
Botanist, The Young. By W. Percival Weston

and C. S. Cooper. Excellent for young

people commencing to botanise. 3s. lOd.
Botany, Agricultural. By J. Percival, M.A.

7s". lid.
Botany, .\ Practical Introduction to the Study

of (Flowering Plants). Bv J. Bretland

Farmer. F.R.S. 121 Illustrations. 2s. lOd.
Botany, A Primer of. Bv Sir J. D. Hooker,

F^R.S. Is. 2d .
Botany, A Textbook of. By Dr. E. Stras-

burger. Translated by H. C. Porter, Ph.D.

Revised. Fifth Edition. 779 Illustrations.

18s. 6d.
Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and

School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With

195 Illustrations. 5s. 4d.
Botany, Elementary. . Bv Dr. E. Drabble.

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Botany, First Course of Practical. Bv G. F.

Scott Elliott. Illustrated. 3s. lOd. '
Botany. Lectures on Plant Physiology. By Dr.

Ludwig .Tost. Translated by J. Harvey

Gibson. Morocco back, gilt top. 24s. 6d. ;

cloth, 21s. 6d.

Botany, Practical Plant Physiology. By

Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S. Recom-
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Botany, Structural. By D. H. Scott, M.A.
2 Vols.

Part I. — FtowEKiNG Plants. 3s. lid.
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British Plants, List of. By G. C. Druce, M.A.
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British Plants, The Uses of. Bv Prof. Henslow.
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Bulb Book, The. A Practical Work on Culti-
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Bulbous Plants, Beautiful. Bv Jno. Weathers.
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Bulbs and their Cultivation. Bv T .W. Sanders.
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Bulbs, The Book of. Bv S. Arnott. Illustrated.
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Calendar of Garden Operation. The. Based on
the original work compiled by the late
Sir Joseph Paxton. M.P. Adapted to the
requirements of Cottage Gardeners, Allot-
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members of the staff of the Gakdenkrs'
Chronicle. Ilustrated. (New edition in
the Press.) Is. 3d.

Cambridge Manuals of Science. Cloth edition.
Is. 4d. each, post free.
Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. Bv

Frederick Keeble, Sc.D.. F.R.S.
Plant Life on Land. Bv Prof. F. O. Bower,

F.R.S., Sc.D.
Earthworms and their Allies. Bv F. E. Bed-

dard, F.R.S.
rne Earth. Bv Prof. J. H. Povnting.

F.R.S.
The Atmosphere. Bv .\. J Berrv, M.A.
The Story of a Loaf of Bread.' By Prof.

T. B. Wood, M.A.
Bees and Wasps. Bv O. H. Latter. M.A.
Soil, The Fertility of the. Bv E. J. Russell.

D.Sc.
Insects. The Life Story of. By Prof. G. H
Carpenter.

Carnation Culture, Commercial. Edited by J.
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Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By Laurence
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Carnations and Pinks. Bv T. H. Cook, Head
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Coloured Plates, reproduced from colour
photographs. Is. lOd.

Carnations, Picotees and Pinks. Bv John Eraser.
Fully Illustrated. 8d.

Chemistry of the Garden. By D. R. Edwardes-
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China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest
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Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson. With
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Climbing Plants. By W. Watson, A.L.S. With
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Coco. nut. The. Bv Edwin Bingham Copeland.
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Cottage Gardening ; or, Flowers, Fruits and
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Cucumber Culture for Profit. By W. Dyke. A
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Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs, Potters. By
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Cyclopaedia of Horticulture, The Standard. Bv
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Daffodils. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob. With
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Dahlias and their Cultivation. By J. B. Wroe.
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Dahlias. By George Gordon, late President of
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Date-Growing in the Old World and the New.
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Dictionary of Hardy Flowering Plants (see
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Directory, Horticultural (see ('I'ardrneri Chronicle
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Diseases and Garden Pests, Book of Plant.
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Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees. By
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English Rock Garden. By Reginald Farrer,
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No. 1683. Vol LXI. {]^^}

HUHSCJtll'TlO.y-Jtilrind, IS-; J-'or
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For CONTENTS see page 169.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

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GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
• Vitrolite." superior to Wtite Lead Paint.
'■ Plastine " supersedes putty. FuU particulars from
W. C.^RSOS & SONS, Grove Works, Batt«r«ea. Agents
throughout the country.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-
• servalories, Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engi..
neers, Danvers Street, Ohelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire.
201, Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
>I.\NLKE ami other high-class Fertilisers; ulso
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circiiiaja
/ree on application to DtCKSOX'S, Royal Seed Waje.
house and Nurseries, Chester.

MACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited,
Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London Office, 8, Camden
Road, N.W.

WATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-
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stooks f'f the best and most popular varieties. Dcst^rip-
Uve OataJogue Ircc.^IOHN W.^TERER, SONS & CRISP,
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VIOLAS, finest Scotch, 12 Bedding
Varieties, correctly n<uiied, 2s. 3d., post free. Early
Chrysanthemums, 12 verv fine varieties, 3s. 9d., post
free. Strong plants. —DOBBIE i CO., Florista, Edinburgh.

BATH'S CARNATIONS. PANSIES,
DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
New Illustrate<l Catalogue of the bc^t new and standard
varieties is rea<lv, and will be sent po-st free on appli-
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Farms, Wisbech.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT KELWAY'S

pOLOUR BORDERS of hardy plants, ar-
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KKLWAY & SON. Retail Plant Department,
Laiigport, Someirset.

GRAPE VINES.— Hard, short-jointetl.
mid fruit beaTiTig ; also Planting OaJies. List on
opplic-atiom— WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

S

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SLTTO>fS FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
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OMISSIONS and Failures made good by
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GISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide
and Fungicide.— Over 50 vears" reputation ; highly
Commended li.H.S. Scientiflcallvcontrolled Trials at
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Wholesale : PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
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ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
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s

EXPENSIVE ADVERTISING. In these
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the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
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The price of paper is nearly three times what it was
age is much increased, so that the wholesale distribution
formerly, printing rates are higher, and the cost of post-
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SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen.— Try
our splcnilid Yorkshire Whipoorrl Tweed; weaTS like
Iclther ; showerproof ; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns free.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradfomi.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Hrowu I'cMt. lOs. 6d. per yard in trucks; in
hags 25 6<l. eni-h. JOs. dozen ; 0.ik and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Tx>.am. Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots (or 45s.: C.\. Fibre, 24s. dozen hags; list
free.— .J. IIASD.SOOMBE. F.R.II.S., Fcltham, Middlesex.

FOR SALE, 24 standards FUCHSIAS : 10
\,.;ir- oUI : average heig>ht 3ft. Sin, ; good heads. —
K C ITDDLE, Scampston Hall Gardens, Rdllington,
York.

ROCK GARDEN PLANTS, Where and
In Wlwt .V>ils to Plant Them," with aatalogue,
free on application. Speci.al selections, 12, 3s. 6d. ;
25, 69, 6d. ; 50, 12s. 6d. ; 100, 25s. All diflereiit, n.-imed,
strong sto<'k ; please state position and soil. — G. R.
PHIPPS, .Alpine Nursery, Baniham, Bogin^^r.

For Advertisement Charges see page ii

"DLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

-■-' have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &.c., &c.,
free, if tMs paper is mentioned. Magnifloemt strong
roots of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

\YM. DUNCAN TUCKER cS:. SONS.

" ~ LTD-, Lawrence Road, South Tobteniham. Con-
servatories, Winter G;iirtiens, Vinordes, Peaoh-houees,
Portiible Building, &-c. Catalogues gratis.

"DARR'S Beautiful LILIES, GLADIOLI,

-■-' CANN.\S, MONTBRETIAS, TIGRIDI.'VS, &c., for
spring planting. Descriptive Catalogue fu'ee on appliol^.
tion. — B.UIR & SONS. King Street, Oovent Gtvrden,
London.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

-*-* SEEDS of finest selected atj-ains and tested
growth. Catalogue free on oppIicaUon.

BARR'S Hardy PERENNIALS, AL-
PINES, ROCK PLANTS, Aquatics, Climbers, &o.,
for Spring pl.aiiting. — Catalogue free on applioation.

FOUR NEW PRIMULAS, coUected by
Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa, A.M., R.H.S., 3s. 5d. P.
liutams, A.M. R.H.S., 73. 6d. P. vincaeflora, A.M., R.H.S.,
58. P. coni<\i, A.M., R.H.S., 5s. The set of four grand
novelties for 18s. Full descriptive catalogue of these
and other new Chinese ptants post free on application.—
R. WALLACE & 00., LTD., Coldhcstec, Essex.

B

AY

TREES FOR SALE.-

— Twontv Speci-

men Pyrai

lid Bav>

, 8 to 10 feet high.

in tubs.-

Prir

e an

d partic

liars on

application

to J. B.

COOUNG,

18.

Willn

Street,

Derby.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH and TRENCH
IIOE. — .\ wonderful Little tool. A womaTl can do
moro with it than- two men with spades. Gets more
useful every day. Price 53,, carriage p.uid. — ^LAND TOOL
CO., 19, Allsop Street, Baker Street, London, W.

1 nn (\(\(\ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-*- " " fyJyfyf 20s. 100 ; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

VIOLAS, strong plants of M. Mott
(ni-iuve), A. Grant (dark blue). Amy Barr (pink),
J. Pilling (edged), L. Knox (creajn), Moseley Perfection
(yellow), 9d. d07,., 4s. 6d. 100, carriage paid.— ENGLAND
& FURNESS, Freelands Road Nurseries, liromley, Kent.

TOMATO PLANTS. SUTTON'S SEED.
Sunrise, Princess of Wales, &c. ; buds showing ; out
of Large 50's, 15s. 100, 7s. 6<l. 60, 28. doz. ; out of 54's,
£1 100, 10s. 60, 33. doz.— OREO0R.Y, Eanioore Lodge,
Garstang, Lanes.

SECOND-HAND ]2in. Green's Lawn
Mower, in good condition, for sale. What offers?
— SHARMAN & LADBUBY, Melton Mowbray.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-.
ing Ferns, Basltet Ferns, Stove and (ireen house'
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns; c.ata.logues tree. — I. E.
SMITH, London, Fern Nursery, Loughborough Jiiiiotio*.
London, S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

Herbaceous Pliints, Rhododendrons.
ROSES

in variety, Clematis, Oarjiations. Lilies, Gl;idiolus, and
otJier a-U'tiunn.flowerinjj Bulbs, ciises of JapaJiese Lilies, &-*■.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,
will SELL the above bv AUCTION at their Cen-
tral Sale Roonw. 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C. 2.
On view morninjg of sale and catalogues had.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

NEARLY READY. CROWX Bvo. 3s. 6d. NET.

" JOTTINGS OF A GENTLEMAN

^ GARDENER."

A Practical Guide to Flower Gaxdeiiing fotr Amiateoir
Gairdeners ; to w-hdch is added Some Suggestions on
Growin.g Food Plants during- the War. By E. ' T.
ELLIS, F.R.H.S.

ABSTRACT OF CONTEJSTS.
Starting a GaTden.
Anniials, Bieiiraale and Perennials.
Colour Borders.
Rook Gardens.

Weeds, Pests, Disea^se^, Patlis.
Propa^goftdon of Plants.

Soilig and Manures and their Management.
Expeffiment in Gardendng:.
Picturesque Vegetable Gardening.
Galeawiairs.

London :
L. REEVE & CO., LTD., 6, Heniietta StreH:, W.C. 2.

PLANTS, Ac WANTED.

T\rANTED. 3 cwt. Jer. Artichokes, for
* ' planting ; 5,000 Cabbage plants weekly ; Garden
Seed Potatos, any viarietv ; foa' cash. References, London
Joint Stock Bauk.— W. F. RAMSHAW & 00., Seed Mer-
chaats, Sunderland.

Tl/'ANTED. 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' * old plants suitable for iptock ; cash or exchan^.
See other advertisements ; oatalogriies free. — SMITH,
London Feirn Nursery, Lougibborough Junction, London,
S.W.

T^/'ANTED, Motor Lawn Mower; new or

" ^ sernnd-hnnd ; 20in. or 50in. ; in good condition. —
HEAD GARDENER, Hindhead Court, Hindheod, Surre?'.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SAL» .

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (nink), King
of Scarlets, Queen of Whites. Lovely Blue (lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple) ; strong, clean, well-
rooted stuff from boxes. 50 for 5.s. ; 9s. per 100 ; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DDDDERIDGE, The Dorset
Nurseries, Blandford.

/^LADIOLAS, extra choice Hybrids from

^-^ a celebrated prize collection ; Childsii, named,
25s. 100. mixed 14s. 100; Gandavensis, named, 209.,
mixed 12s. 100.— MORLE & CO.. 150-156, Pinchlev Road,
N.W. 3.

AMARYLLIS (Hybrids of Vittata) ; our

"^~*- magnificent collection, many now showing flower-
epikes, from Mr. W. Bull's wonderful 1st Prize Gold
Medal varieties, at half usual prices ; lists free. —
MORLE -& CO.. 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

MISGELLA NEOUS.

IF YOU'VE NEVER WORN

BEACON OILSKINS

You've yet to learn the bodily comfort that they aflord
in wet and stormy weather. They are proof against
the hardest storms, and have no disagreeable stickiness.
We sell them on the understanding that you may
have your money returned if BEAOON OILSKINS don't
satisfy you— there's no risk in dealing with us. We
specialise in Oilskins. Men's Black Coats from 9/-,
Long Leggings from 2/9, Sou'-westers from 1/6, Chil-
dren's Oilskins 8/6 upwards. Ladies' Smart Oilskins
from 18/6. Send p.c. for Free Beacon Booklet, and
rhoose the style that suits your purpose.— B.^RBOTJR'S
LTD., 66, BE.\CON BUILDINGS, SOUTH SHIELDS. (6)

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended 'or insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISH! R not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10

Facing matter and Back Page ... ,, „ 12 12

Halt and quarter pages, cohimn and half column
spaces, pro rata.

£ s.
4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3

Per inch, single column 7

Per inch across 2 columns 14

Per inch, across 3 columns 1 1

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space,
(Headline counted as two lines]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS 'WANTED.

These Advertisements most be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The Unitkd Kingdom i S'- per annum.

Abroad 17/6

Cheque) and P.O.s to it made payable to " Gakdebers'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: l.'i43 ' Ga: dchron, Rand, Londos."
Telephone : 1543 Gerrard.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Linas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. fop each suceeedlne line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

muxt give full 'particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send thetn
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehmxd.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters So addre.<ised are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

VyANTED, HEAD GARDENER, near

Lmulon ; 3 or 4 assistants kept : must be tho-
roughly compet«nt in all dep-iirtments ; house, coal, and
gas found.— Write, giving full particulars of experience,
stafing age and wages expected, to A. F., Box 2, «
Wellington Street, Covent Gaixlen, W.C. 2.

"WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ^ DENER : 4 kept ; experienced : married ; ineligible ;
(are of jioultri' and small estate. State wages (cott.i?e
provide<l), age, iCTigth of character, and if of the Church
of England, and when free.— VISCOUNTESS KNUTS-
FORD, Kneesworth HalJ, Ro,i,-ston, Herts.

WTANTED, Singlt^handed GARDENER;

' T go.xl wages.— Apply, CAPTAIN BRETT JAMES,
St. .\iigusttnes, Totteridge, Herts.

W/'ANTED, capable GARDENER : willing

' ' to leirn electric light engine, and with knowledge
of cows preferred ; cTiiefly Vegetable growing, small Green-
house ; help given ; must be dnieligible : and have good
references. Wages, 30s. and good cottage and gai'den. —
Full p.lridculars to HONBLE! MRS. HAMILTON RUS-
SELL, Yarlington House, Wincanton, Somerset.

TY'ANTED, good all-i-ound GARDENER

(Inside and Out) for Garden ill North London ;
must be e.xperienced and reliable ; another kept ; wagej
3O3. ; giKxl house and vegetables.— State full particulare tc.
-X, Y. Z., Gresiham House, Old Broad Street, London.

YL/'ANTED, GA,RDENER^ ineligible ;

single-handed ; understanding Vines and Conserva-
tory «"ork; i-ooms, coal, and gas found. State lamiJ'v
age, and w^ges.— PUGH, " Claremomt," CuUoden Road,
Enfield, N.

TITANTED, SECOND GARDENER, for

Inside ; di&cbarged soldier preferred ; good wages,
ujth Bothy.— State experience -to HAWKINS. Gadsden'
Hayes, Kent.

"WANTED, Two JOURNEYMEN; ex-

pcrienre<l (.Inside and Out), with Bothv, vegetables,
and good wages; ineligible.— Write, stating 'age and ex-
perience, to H. SWAIN, The Garden, Wilton Park,
BeaoonsfieLd, Bucks.

TINDER GARDENER for London suburb

*-^ required, with all-round Outside experience.—
Write fully, stating age, if married, experieaice, wages
requii-ed, and when free, GARDENER, 14, Bartholomew
Close, E.C. 1.

"WANTED, MAN, over military age
(single it possible), wit.h knowledge of Carnations
and all-roun<l Gardening, to look after Gtirdens till end
of War for owner on War Service. — Applv. bv letter,
stilting salary required and references, to CAPTAIN
HASTINGS WHEELER, Ospringe Pla-?e, Faversham.

"VirANTED, discharged soldier (married),
with knowledge of Gardening: offered suitable em-
ployment, with good cottage.- Apply, stating age, ex-
peiien^e, and number of ohildren, JEFFERSON Lap-
worth Hall, Hocldev Heath, Birmingham.

Tl.T'ANTED, IMPROVER, for Inside and

^ Out ; able to take duty ; wages £1 per week and
Bothy ; duty and overtime paid.- Applv, with full par-
ticulars, to H. A. PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize Court,
Hampstead, N.W. 3.

■WANTED, IMPRjOVER, Inside and Out ;

' ' oge 15 to 16; wages 18s., Bothv, vegetables milk.
— E. MORGAN, Wassand Hall Gardens, Hull.

WT'ANTED, at St. Leonards School
' " for Girls, St. Andarews, Fife, a fullv qualified
and well-educated WOMAN, to act as HEAD GARDENER
and INSTRUCTOR in G.\RDENING ; knowledge of Vb»
gix>wtll and sale of Vegetables and the care of Grass
is essential, and some experience in teaching desirable.
—For further jjarticulars apply to the HEAD MISTRESS.

"WANTED, Two WOMEN GAR^

^ ' DKNKRS ; experienced : chiefly Outside ; one part
tune attending . cottage, which is provided furnished —
Apply, with particulars, THE GARDENER. Huirdoott
House, Salisbury.

"Y^TANTED, good Practical WOMEN GAR-

' ^ DENERS for Herbaceous Borders and Rock Gair-
dens, &c. ; Bothy and tlie usual perquisites. — .'^.pply,
stating .age and experience, to A. FBESHW.4TER, Pains
Hill Gaixiens, Cobham, Surrey.

■W^ANTED, Two WOMEN UNDER

" " GARDENERS ; experienced Inside and Out, Rose
and Flower Giudene, Roofcer.v, Herbaceous Borders, &c.,
mowing ; accommodation provided, no board.— State quali-
lications and wages expected, and send references to
MR. RODWELL, Tlie Lodge. Butler's Court, Beaeonafleld.

WANTED, Two WOMEN UNDER GAR-

' ' DENERS for f-ne-nl G.atvlen work, both Inside
niKl Out; take turn on duty (no fires).— .^ipply, stating
age, experience, and wages, with Bothv, coals, liigtit, milk
and vegetables, to DUNKLEY, Clifton, Hall Garden*,
Nottingham.

T ADY GARDENERS WANTED. —

■^-^ HKAD for (a) Somerset, tiWed family; (b) Pdimer,
28s., 30s., vegetables, fruit, paddock, 1 Under kept.
HEAD and UNDER for (a) Battle, Sussex, good salary,
fairndshed cottage and coal, chiefly vegetables, g^aiden
about 3 acres, Undeo- would cleaii and \viash car (2-
BevLter); (b) Hexbam, vegetables chiefly, little glass; (c)
Wolverhampton, good e.xperience required, Under must,
he able to milk; also for Derby and Surrey. SING-LE-
HANDED, (a) Slough, 26s., vegetables, and' nice rooray
cottage, near residence, chiefly Vegetable, Kitchen Gm--
den, ^ an acre, scfm© help given; (b) Salop, 2 wanted.
one for Ga.i-<ien, other to assist and milk 2 cows, male©
butter; (c) Somerset, temporary for 3 months, plain
Garden ; (d) Worces., Vegetaible and Fniit growing, must
have training and experience, and other po^s, — MRS.
HUNT, LTD.. 86, High Street. Man-lebone^, W. 1. No
fee to Itidy Gapdeners. Ail suited entdrely free.

"WANTED, YOUTH, about 16 to 17 years

" ' of age, to work in the Houses as Impi-oveir ; w^ges
16s., Bothv and vegetables; Sundiav duty and overtime
paid ; 1 o'clock on Saturdays.— W," L. BASTIN, Buscot
Gardens, Faringdoni, Berks.

April 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

TRADE.

WANTED, MANAGER for Seed De-
partment ; must, be thoroughly efficient and prac-
tical ; good salesman, and orgimiser ; knowledge of general
nurseiT trade ; able to take full control if necesQairj-. —
Full fKLTticuIars to HOPWOODS, Nurserymen and Seeds-
men., Olieltenham.

WANTED, at once, FOREMAN for
general Xurserj- and growing planu for food pro-
duction. ; good wages. — All particxilais to CLARKE'S
XL'RSEKIES, Hampton, Middlesex.

WTANTED, MAN ; ineligible ; well up in
^^ Oiu-mubers and Toniatos ; good prospect to obtain
Foreman poation. — Write, L. J., Box 26, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, near Chester, experienced
GROWER for Fruit Trees, Tomatoe; Cucumbers,
it'.— 8, Burford Avenue, WhaUey Rjan^, Manchester.

FLORIST'S and NURSERYMAN'S MAN
WANTED for shop.— G. POCOCK & SOS, Goldesrs
Green.

\YANTED, LADY FLORIST; able to

' ' buy well ; must be artistic maker-up ; good salary
to right person. — Apply, with full particulars, experience,
ajce, 4-c.— W., Box 27, «, Wellington Street, CoTent
Garden, W.C. 2.

WT'ANTED, immediately, smart young
' » LADY FLORIST: experienced: with knowledge of
See*I Trade preferred ; must have good references. — Stat«
a«e and salary required to BROOKE. BRAY & SONS,
Sharrow Vale, Sheffield.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d fop each
succeeding Eight words or less.

tiardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full jmrlicuUirs, otlierwiae no
notice wtll be token of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
mtuations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
tnto communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

QARDENER (Head) ; first-class expert ;

^-" practical knowledge in every branch of Horti
culture, with Estate management if necessary : at
liberty.— A. B., Box 14. *<H, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

/Z'ARDENER (Head), where 3 or more are

^-" kept ; life experience Inside 3fn\ Out : good refer-
ences : single ; age 33 ; ineligible : plea*ie state wages. —
W MILLER, c/o Mis. Winter, 5, Ormonde Terrace, Mean-
wood Road, \jeeds.

QARDENER (Head), SooUili, age 43, in

^-* large establishment ; thoroughly experienced in aU
branches: a«-tive : good manager; for 12 years' Head at
Osherton : leaving through death of the Right Hon.
F. J. S. Foljambe : excellent references : used to pro-
ducing Vegetables and Fruit in large quantities.- Appjv
to JAMES B. ALLAN, Osberton Gardens. Worksop, Notts

QARDENER (Head or good Single-

^-^ HANDED) ; active, capable, reliable all-round man ;
life experience ; good references : ;i^e 44 ; married.—
A. BROWN, 98, North End Road. W. Kensington.

QARDENER (Head Working, where 3 or

^-^ 4 are kept) : life experience m all branches ; 8
years as Head; good refereiKies : ineligitile; age 35: mar-
ried (no famUy).— G. H. AKERMA.V. The Lodge, Cavers-
fleld, Bicester, Oxon.

east:?

(_1ARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or

^-^ 3 more men are kept ; life experience in all
branches of gardening ; can be highly recommended ; age
49; married (no familv).— " T. E.," "Box 25, 41, WelMng-
tou Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

(?J.ARDENER (Head Working) requires

^-^ permanent situation ; well up Inside and Out ;
over militarv age : long reference ; near a town pi^-
ferred.— W. WHITE, c o H. White, Sunningdale Nur-
series, Windlesham, Surrey.

r^ARDENER (Head Working), where 3

^-^ or 4 are kept ; hie experience in all branches, in-
cluding home stock ; excellent references ; 4i yea.i-s last
eituation, 8 previous; married ; age 41 ; ineligdble ; dis-
eng-dged — SADLER, 1, Jloee-cottages, Oox Gaieen,
Maidenhead.

rjARDEXER (Head Workixg) seeks situa-

^^ tiou ; life experience in all branches ; highest refer-
ences ; age 47 ; married.— E. LIMEHOUSE, 62, Pretoria
Road, Romford.

/TJARDENER (Head Working); expert in

^-^ all branches ; where 3 or 4 are kept ; 29 \eairg in
present situation ; age 53 : wife and one daughter at
home ; leaving through death of employer ; Churchman.
— Applv. GEORGE JAGO, Pond-dhu Gardens, St. Austell,
Cornwall.

(7J.ARDEXER (Head Working, where 2 ..r

^^ 3 ire under) ; life experience in all braneJies ;
good reference* ; married ; age 49. — J. HARWOOD, 6,
Robertson Road, Preston Park, Brighton, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks re-
engORemeni ; life eaperieuce Inside and Out ; mar-
ried ; over militarv age ; daiighter (19) as under if re-
r^uired.— \V. GRIFFIN. Victoria Villas. Wrolton Hill, >'ew-

burv.

rjARDEXER (Single - handed); go.xl

^-^ Vegetable gi\>wer ; tio Gloss; wife nianuge poultry
if desired; middle flged—" GARDENER," Bos 27, 41.
Wellington SUeet. Covent Goixlen, W.O. 2.

QARDEXER (ineligible); quite willing to
^^ help Head G;ti\lener for the 'diiraition of war;
Kiowing VeffcUbles and Fniit ; Inside and Out; ogo
43; single ; good references. — GARDENER, c/o Mri*.
Coles, Bradmiich, Cullompton, Devon.

VOUNG MAN (26), rejected, seeks situa-

-■- lion &A GARDENER (singU^-hnndod) ; good refer-
ence.— E. L., 1, Pointer's Cottages, Hum Street, Ham,
Surrey.

VLADY GARDENER; 1 year's exiuri-
eiu'c ; caiKible ; would like a post in the.neiglibour-
hood of Rodlell, Herts; either to live in- the house
during week or in lo4lging»; would prefer to work under
Gardener or owner's dinxrtions.— Apply, C, at Oolney
Pi.rk, St. Albans.

nnWO LADY GARDENERS (friends) de-

-^ sire re-engagement in or near Luton) if poeeibln ;
2 years' coUege Imining— L. M. HAMLEfr. The Club
House, Putt«ri<lgc Park, Luton.

TRADE.

Ill,-)

(in-
A her©

pOOD PRODUCTION

-^ eligible), with some pn-vii.us pr.u-tu^i:

requiree employment on Fruit -and Vegcial>io

other gentlemen or ladies are empioye<l ; \i8ual wages,

or in- lieu board and lodging, exj>ect«I ; <-oiiI<l invest in

approved, well-CKtablished concern Later. — .\ddreis», D. R.,

Box 21, 41. Wellington Stj-e«t, Covent Gajxien, W.O. 2.

SITUATION required immediately as
CHARGE HAND; 10 years last place; life experi-
ence with Ducum'bers, Tomatos, Ohrysantiiemuma, an<l
Carnations. Ploai^ state wogea offered, including m-er-
lime and Sunday work; exempt; age 31.— WHITE, 123.
Albury Road, South Meretbom. Surrey.

A/FAX (42) seeks permanent Situation ; ex-
■^"-•- i>erii*m-e<l \'inL*s, Tomatos, Ohrysaiithemunis ; total
abstainer. Kindly state wages. — WINGHAM, 54. Frith
Road, Ije>ton«tone, Essex.

i^LERK (Head) or Book-keeper; 19 years

^— ^ in previous situation ; 2 years in present ; age 47.
—J. a, 60, Woo<lIands Park Road, Harringay, N. 16.

F

LORIST, as Manageress or First Hand
in lii^rh-class'businjees; excelJent ref«rejw'e«. — T. B.,
1, 41, Wellington Street, Covemt Garden. W.C. 2.

NOW READY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

YEAR BOOK

FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT oNCE
to avoid disappointment.
The 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing lj4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

ONLY TO ORDER.

TN consequence 0/ the decision of the Board of
•*- Trade, which will come into force on May
Isf, to prohibit the return to publishers of
unsold copies of any journal, the GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE will he obtainable after that date
only if ordered beforehand. We ask, therefore,
all readers who desire a copy each week (and
are not already receiving it direct from this
office) to give their local newsagent a definite
order to this effect.

ORVER FOR NEWSAGENTS.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

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April 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1(.9

THE

Xo lfS.3 -SATTJPr>AY. JPh'ILeS 1917

CONTENTS

Almond, flowering of the '.

Diffotiil flies

Farm, crops and stock

on the home
Food production, in-
creased—

Brusse's Sprouts

Caliba-je root flv

CWery '.. .. :

Encnurase the plorer :

Potat^o crops

Potatos.'sprayinir

Seed crrowin;:; on heavy

T'^ncler gl;
Vegetabl
Fruit prospects
mulchin:;

..175

Galloway garden, notes
from a

Molyneux, Mr. Edwin .. :

Obiiuary
Heath, Henry .. .. ]
Want, C. . . - - ]

Orcliid notes and glean-
ings .. .. :

Onhid seeds ^

Sticietiea —
Haywards Heath Hor-
ticultural ,. . ;
National Auricula .. i
Koyal Hoi-ticuiiural -■

Spring beddins plants ..

Trees and shnibs . .. :

War items

Week's work, the 172,

■ LLUaTt^ATIOI^tt

AlanKium platanifolium ^ .

ilaiit houses used for food proituction at Ascott

Odontuglossum crispum Ureadn 'Ui;ht

U'eevils, clay-coioured and black

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN, v.*

WEITIXCi last month (see p. 143j in praise
of Berberis piniiata (Mahnnia fasciru-
laris of De Ciinilolle), I re:iiaike<l that
I coiikl recollect meeting . with it in but two
gaj-deiis besides our own. Sijice then I have
Jia^ the privilege of examiiiing the treasures
in t/he paradise surrounding Ctierhays Castle
in Cornwall, among which are several plants
of the Barberry. They are young as yet,
but will make a fine display when they
attain to full stature. Also I hear Uiat
tiere is a fine sTiecamen 15 feet high in
the grounds of Coreewall, near Stranraer,,
where Mr. Carried Budhanan has a collection of
interesting plants, well-grown and skilfully
tended. ^

Xo genus of flowering plants has received from
bota/iiists a more appropriate name than Chiono-
dora. We have not yet coined a good one for it
in English, the literal translation of its scientific
title — iOlory of the Snow — being too i)om|:oiis for
everyday purpose ; but how these little foreigners
have gloried in this April of the Snows ! Be the
frost never so keen, or the wind never so bitter,
they never bo^' their bright heads. Tliey run
into a considerable range of sizeand colour, all, I
presume, varieties oif the type C^ Luciliac. Some
bulbs which I scraped out of an Oak copse near
Ccttinje, in Jlontene^gro, turned out to bo a small,
but brightly coloured, form of the variety sar-
densis. which loses nothing by having discarded
the white eye of the type. Meet companions for
the charming bulb.< are Sanguinaria, Narcissus
minor, and Dog's TootHi Violets, r<»e coloured
and white ; while the variety so ))reposterou.'=ly
named gigantea (it is but 6 inches hi?h) flowers
a fortnight or three weeks later and .-iccords \vell
with the c.itron-<x)loured variety i>f hoop-petti-
coat (Nardssus triandms). Chionodoxa. gigantea
varies a good deal in colour, having a
tendency to unipleafring slaty grey and im-
nure ipink ehadeiR, which should 1)e nith-
lesfily extirpated. The best forms bear pale
(=lry-blue blossnms. It is not until the second
season after planting that C. gigantea does much
to justify the high praise it has received : hut
once the bulb'S are established the blos/'oms in-
crease annu.ally in profusion, and, like all varie-
ties of Chionodoxa. C. gigantea propagates itself
freely both bv seed and offsets. It is w'ell worth
(he trouble of saving and scattering the seed
under choice deciduous shrubs such as Viburnum •
Oarlesii. Hamamelis, Enkiianthus, Exochord.a and
tlie llike. I think I overhear some experienced
cardener mutter: "Why ."o much fuss over a
thing of such simple requirements as Cbiono-

• For nrev'nns articles see J»n. 11. p. IS; Feb. 17, p. B9 ;
March 10, p. 105 ; and April 14, p. 14ft.

doxa? " Biut all amateurs are not ex:perienced,
and so many people have exipressed disappoint-
ment with C. gigantea in its first season that
perhajw this is one reason why it is. not so often
seen as it deserves to be.

Comparatively few amateurs seem to have real-
ised the beauty of several North American speoies
of Dog's Tooth Violet (Erythronium), The Euro-
pean and Aisiatic E. Dens-canis is easily natural-
ised in Britj&h woods — at least where pheasants
do not abound. Where they do, the plant has
not much chance of perfecting its seeds ; for
aJithough rabbits do not molest the attractive
foliage, pheasants pick off and devour every
blossom. There are some pretty colour varieties
in the common Dog's Tooth, but none can com-
pare with the soft brilliance of E. Job nsondi from
British Columbia, which is supposed to be a
geographical variant of the CaJifornian E. revolu-
tum. though it does not roll back the segments
of its periajith into so tight a Turk's ca-p as dis-
tinguishes that form. The generic name Erythro-
nium — the Ruddy One — was assigned to the Dog's
Tooth before the American speoies were known
to European bot,inists. It now covers several
species of which it is far from being descriptive.
E. americaiium. for instance., the ycUow Adder's-
tongue of the Eastern United States, has flowers
of a clear yellow, stained with purple at the base
of the petals, and E. californicum carries many
flowers on a stem nearly a foot high, the petals
being creifni -coloured mlh an orange-tinted base.
These Wfstem Dog's-Tooth Violets form the sub-
ject of an interesting paper by Mr. Carl PurHy in
Flora ami S;/lva. vol. ii.. pp. 250-256, which
eljould be studied by those who mean to cultivate
thesie beautiful spring flowers. The best manure
for them is wood ashes. ' ' Before a brush or forest
fiir«."says> Mr. Purdy, " I have often seen V,. cali-
fornicum gi-owing to a height of 6 or 8 inches
with but a single Rawer; after a fire it may be
16 inches or as much a? 2 feet high, with from
four to sixteen flowers."

I have said that rabbits will not cat the leaves
of E. Dens-cnnis (we have never given them the
option of sampling the .American snecies). for the
same obscure reason. I suppose, that thev avoid
nearly all of the lyily familv (whereof the Dog's
Tooth is a member), from the Rt.-i.tely and succu-
lent-looking 1. ilium gigantcum (o the common
Wood Hyacinth. Even those Dilies like
L. auratum and L. tigrinum, whereof the bulbs
are esteemerl as wholesome food in the Far East,
we can pLant out without any protection against
the well-nigh omnivorous i-abbit.

Mr. Purdy states that none of the American
Dog's-TooUi Violets, except the white-flowered £.
Hartwegii, increase by offsets from the oorm.
The corm is aniiu.al, like the tuber of an OicMs,
withering away after flfwcring, while a new
coi-m forms alongside it to produce the next
season's growth. This can hardly apply to the
European sjjccies, whicih foi-m Uiige flowering
clumps if left undisturbed. I intend to ascertain
the mode of increase so soon as the leaves decay.
The flower borders are more bare this year
than they should be t<»wards the end of April,
which makes the curious shilling nuts of the
Creeping Cromwell (Lithofipermum purpureo-
coeruleuml more conspicuous than in ordinary
seasons. Rightly deiscriptlve is the generic name
of this "plant — Stony-seeded — for the nuts are
f)f flinty h.ardness. resembling white porcelain or
dcntail enamel more closely than any vegetable
product th.it I know of.

Early-flowering Rhododendrons have had a
chequered experience this season. On the whole
they have fared better than during the mild
spring of 1915. which lurrd them into premature
growth until, in the fii-st week of May, a couple
of night/5 of bitter frost tunied all the freeh
young Eihoo'is into black ruin. The cold weather
which persisted througlhout the fir.st three months
of the present year has acted in salutary restraint.
New growth is only jrst istiirting now (April 21),
and R. arboreum. which opened it« first blooms
on March 10 in 1915, have delayed display till

the present week. Of R. bai-batura there axe
two forms — an eai-lier and a later. Of the earlier
and more hairy variety, a bush about thirty
years old began to flower here in February, and
during a brief mild spell was a brilliant object
with hundreds of blood-red trusses. It is a sor-
rowful object now, with all its splendour turned
to russet. Tlie later form, with richer foliage
tlian the otlier, is now taking ujj the running,
showing how deeinable it is to gi-ow both forms,
thei-eby securing a douMe chance of escaping
frost. The rose-coloured variety of R. barbatum
has not flowered with us yet, but it is almost
better than the type.

jVIany of the newly inti-oduced Chinese species
start dangeixnisly early into growth and flower ;
but tliey also liave lucidly been kept back by
this ferocious spring. Fbr instance, R. paohy-
trichum flowered last year on March 1, whereas
it has only opened its fii-st bell to-dsiy (April 21).
It is a desirable plant, the flowei'-buds being
bright carmine, opening to a pale rose-coloured
blojsom. It is reported as growing to a height
of 20 feet ; but, unlike most Rhododendrons of
arboreal habit, it begins to flower when a couple
of feet high.

And now, speaking about Rhododendrons, let
nie make a clea.n breast of the folly whereof I
have been guilty for an unmentionable number of
year-s. It may serve to prevent others being led
astray. Situated as our garden is, within a mile
of the sea, we have been in immemorial habit of
using sea-sand for propagating and cultural pur-
po.;es. It answers well enougti for such plants as
do not abhor lime ; Ivut it never occurred to me
that it is composed largely of trituiuted shells
until lately I was staying witli a frieaid whose
Cornish home ds within shouting distance of a
beautiful s;i.ndy bay. He spoke of his difficulty
in getting sand of the right sort for using in
raising Rhododendrons from seed. I pointed to
the aforesaid bay ,and asked if that was not
good enough. " Seventy per cent, of lime." was
his terse reply. Returning home, I dropped sul-
phuric acid on some of our sand ; it fizzed vigor-
ously, and I became awa.re of the stupidity which
had thwart6<i, and in many cases entireJy nulli-
fied, my .ittempt to raise Heath plants and lime
hating Lilies from seed One lives and learns;
the pity is that sometimes one has nearly done
with living before learning. Herbert Maxwell,
Monreith.

P.S. — Writing yesterday, I accused the
pheasants of nipping off the flowers of Erythro-
nium. This momiing reveals the fact that there
is some other agent of the Evil One at work. A
gtx)up of E. revolutum, aixiund which wire net-
ting had be^n placed so as to render access by
pheasants iinpo.ssible, ycfite>rday had a fine
flower-bud between each pair of mottled leaves.
This morning every bud ha-o been eaten clean off.
Whether this be the work of a .'lug, a field mouse,
or a vole has vet to be determined.

ORCHID NOTES AKD CLEANINGS

CVPUIPEDIUM Q1IAR.RYIENSE,
A FLOWER of this new hybrid, originally raised
by Messrs. Armstrong ,^nd Brown, is sent by
Francis Swanzy, Esq., The QuaiTy, Sevenoaks,
with whom it has now flowered. The parents
are C. gigas (Harrisiaiium x Lawrenceanum )
and C. Gaston Bultel. It is a fine, bold flower,
of perfect shape, the petals, which are I4 inch
wide, and the dorsal sepal (3i inches across),
being flatly displayed. The hybrid is nearest
to ('. Oaston Bultel. on which it is an improve-
ment. The dor.sal sepal is white at the margin,
the surface bearijig a network of dark claret-
coloured lines on a pal.o rose ground. The petals
and lip are tinged with ros^ colour, and have
fine nurplp lines; the petals also bearing lilies 'f
purple spotting on the lower inner half. The
united lower sepals are broaldly ovate, pale
green, with chocolate-coloured lines.-

170

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Apkil 28, 1917.

ORCHID SEEDS.
An interesting test made by Mr. J. Charles-
worth, of Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., gives
an estimate of the enormous number of seeds in
a single capsule of many large-fruiting Orchids.
He seleoted a capsule of Cymbidium Tracyanum.
The flower had been s.et with pollen of the same
species, andi in due time the capsule ripened,
Mr. Charlesworth undertook the task of attempt-
ing to arrive at the approximate number of
seeds by counting a determined proportion which
had been previously weighed, and by compari-
son with the weight of the bulk, after making
all allowances for a possible over-estimate. The
total an-ived nt was 850,000 .^eeds in the ovary.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

AXANGIITM PLATANIFOLIUM.
This shrub has been grown in gardens for
over 30 years, and will be known to many as

BROWN AIND GREEN OAK TIMBER.

What is known in the trade as Brown or Red
Oak timBer is only found in this country, and
in a very limited number of stations there. It
should be understood that Btowu Oak timber is
a strictly English product that is more or less
confined to the midland and eastern counties, and
does not exist on the Continent. The largest
and most valuable trees of this kind that 1
have had to deal with are growing on the Duke
of Bedford's property, at AmpthiU, though
probably a tree pointed out to me by the
woods manager at Welbeck, which had been
sold for £100, contained timber quite as valu-
able. At Ashridge. in Kent, there are many
valuable Brown Oak trees, also in the famous
Rockingham forest in Northamptonshire, where
quite lately £105 and £76 were paid for trees of
this type. Tliere are other estates where Brown
Oak timber is to be found, but the above are the
principal.

Strange as it may appear, all the best trees

Fig. 58, — aiangitim PLATANipoLitrM at aldknham.

Marlea platanifoUa. It .is nearly related to the
Cornus, though it has little in common with
that genus so far as appearance is concerned. It
ift a native of Japan and China ; Chinese speci-
mens were collected by Mr. Wilson in 1907.

Alangium platanifollum is well worth grow-
ing flis a foliage plant. In outline the sharply
lobed leaves resemble those of the Plane, but
are far more luxuriant, dee.ply veined, and
richly coloured, this last characteristic making
it conspicuous in a hot, di-y season. Thie leaves
average frora, six to nine inohea aci'^ss. The
fltnveTis, which are rarely seen, are small, wihite,
and ratiher insagnificami.

Sitrong, vigorous, pithy shoots three to five
ifeet long are thrown v\p from or near .the
base every year, and these are liable to be
<lamaged by severe frosts. TJie ,planit Ulus-
tra,ted, growing at Aildenham, though severely
cirt this winter, has been pruned hard back and
shows every sign of breaking out into growth
this season.

The best position for this shrub is one
mcvt Ito'O much overhung by tall trees, and
where theire is plenty of room flor development
of the foliage.

be brown from decay, and certainly many of
those at Ampthill. where some of the most
beautiful wood is produced, are in such a con-
dition. On the other hand, the highest-priced
and most beautiful Brown Oak timber that I
have seen was from a tree that was perfectly
free from rot or blemish, and had not been pol-
larded. There is, however, considerable differ-
ence in the colouring and texture of wood pro-
duced by poUarded and unpoUarded or maiden
trees. The timber from the pollard Brown, or
Red Oak, is usually of fantastic shapes in grain-
ing, with a great variety of beautiful figuring, .
owing largely to the growth being stopped verti-
cally and spread over the butt end. It has
been said that Brown Oak owes its colour to
the activity of a fungus living in the wood,
but specimens of the timber from Welbeck and
Woburn fail to substantiate the statement. It
is far more likely that the absorption of iron
from the soil is the cauf^e of tlie^ beautiful colour-
ing in Brown Oak, and experiments now in hand
tend to uphold this theory.

Gbeen Oak. — The beautiful rivid green
colour assumed by Oak timber under certain
conditions is said to be due to the action of
the parasitic fungus, Peziza, or Helotium aerugi-
nosum. In this country Green Oak timber is
comparatively scarce, the finest samples that I
have seen being from an estate in Kent, and
another in the North of Ireland. I learn that
in lower Normandy a large number of the Pear
trees have their wood coloured green, and in
other parts of the Continent the timber of the
Birch and Beech are similarly tinted. The
appearance of the green colouring in the timber
of the Oak is not an indication of disease in
the tree, but rather of its having attained to
maturity. Although in France it is known as '
" green rot," yet this is a mistaken appellation,
as the timber is remarkably hard, and the texture
unaffected, whilst the durability of the wood has
been found to be quite equal to that of the ordinary
Oak. Owing to the scarcity and high prices of
Green Oak timber, experiments have been under-
taken to produce the desirable green colour by
artificial means, but without succefs. Green
timber of Oak and Pear is much appreciated,
both on the Continent and at home, for artistic
cabinet work. Submerged Oak sometimes as-
sumes a green colour, particularly when the
timber is embedded in mud. A. D. Wcbsttr.

of the Brown Oak have been sent to America,
where the timber is greatly valued and exten-
sively used as veneer. The dining room in the
White House at Washington is entirely panelled
with English Brown Oak, while thin v.eneers
of the same timber are extensively used in the
making of the best class of furniture and in
the decoration of Pullman cars. So valuable
is Brown Oak timber that it is used in thin
veneers of from thirty to forty to .the inch.
In this country there are but few fnmiture
specimens of the solid Brown Oak, though
in one old country mansion in Bedfordshire a
bedroom suite is entirely made from the wood.
The cause of the natural white timber turning
to a rich brown, or chestnut colour, is a vexed
question, though it is generally ascribed to
certain properties^ in the soil. In some caseaiit
is brown from infancy. Mr. Michie, woods
manager to the Duke of Portland, whose ex-
perience with Brown Oak timber on various
estatefi is perhaps greater than that of any other
person, tells me that, in his opinion, the par-
ticular Oak which produces the brown timber is
a dijtinct variety or species. In the case of
trees that have been pollarded, the timber may

RAISING PLANTS FOR SPRING BEDDIN^I
IN 1918.

The latter half of April is the beet time to
profiagate Aubriebias, Mossy Saxifrages, Phlox
amoena. Phlox subnliata, and its varieties,
-Wabis albida and its double form, Primroses
and Pblj-anthuses,

Aubriebias .should be attended to first, as they
are very uncertain in rooting if dry winds pre-
vail before they are established. Tlie old stock
plants should be divided, securing a portion of
root to each port.ion if possible. If the old
stems are long and wiry, make holes in the
ground with a trowel, and curl the stem® in
tJiem, making the soil very firm. The rows
should be one foot apai-t, and the plants nine
inches ajmrt in the rows. The plants should
almost cover the space by October. Saxifrages
may be placed 6 inches apart in the rows, as
they do not spread so wide as Aiibrietia. Tlie
other plants mentioned shou.ld be the sa.me dis-
tances apart as the Aiubrietias. Althougli it
may be impossable to pay so much atteuition to
these plants as formerly, it will be well to rai.^
fresh stock in order to presei-ve the varieties for
future years, for if left too long in one position
the old plants become weak, and are liable to
die in hot, dry weather. W. H. Divefx, We-^t-
dean, Hooh. near Siirbiton.

April 28, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

171

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.
E. M. is quite right to insist (see p. 161) that
Brussels Sprouts are the most valuable of green
winter vegetables to the market gardener, but
Jiis standard of values is not the same as that
which, in the present circumstances, the authors
of the statement in the R.H.S. Pamphlet felt
bound to adopt. In choosing crops to recom-
inend they had to bear in mind the limited size
of the garden with which they were dealing,
and the urgent need for obtaining the largest
quantity of food over as much of the year as
possible. The choice lay between Savoys, Kale
and Brussels Sprouts for the main supplies of
winter greens. Comparison of the yields given
by these crops under good cultivation showed
that one might reasonably expect 2^ cwt. of
Savoys from a square rod (and suitable choice
of varieties will carry Savoys well into March),
1^-2 cwt. of Kale from the same area, or 75 lb.
of Brussels Sprouts (or, including the tops,
100 lb.). These are average good market-garden
yields, calculated over several years' cropping.
There is no doubt which is the most remunera-
tive crop from a market-gardener's point of
view, but these figures amply justify the state-
ment that Brussels Sproute "give only poor re-
turns " when judged by the quantity of food
produced by them. The. Authors of the R.H.S.
Pamphlet.

LATE CELERY AS A GREEN VEGETABLEf

Having a surplus of plants when plant-
ing the main batch of Celery last summer,
and fearing a shortage of vegetables, we planted
a good number of the plants in a skeleton frame
1 foot apart in the rows and 9 inches from plant
to plant. The first week in December the stems
were tied together loosely, and about 3 inches
of soil was placed round the base of the plants.
They are now (April 20) found to be extremely
palatable. Trimmed, well wasJied, cooked
whole and served as an ordinary green vege-
table, they make an excellent and appetising
dish, eaten either with a little butter or with
cooked meat.

POTATO CROPS.
OvERcnowDiNG is one of the chief causes of
failure with Potatos, and especially amongst
mid-season and late varieties. The stronger-
growing sorts, planted in wet, heavy land, need
plenty of room for the light and air to reach
the ground. That this detail is of the utmost
importance can easily he proved by a careful
examination of the outside roots and the out-
side rows, marking the difference between the
yield and condition of the tubers as compared
with those in the centre of an overcrowded
patch.

» I do not agree with J. F. as to closer planting
than is generally advocated. A space oi 3 feet
between the rows and 20 inches from tuber to
tuber is a suitable distance for all main crop
varieties. It does not follow that large tubers
will be the only result; a heavier jield of a
better quality will be obtained than when
planted closer, unless, of course, the soil is
very high, light, and poor in quality, when the
distances may be slightly decreased."^. Brrl-ni.

SEED GROWING ON HEAVY SOTTAS.
The Bonving of seeds, and especially small
ones, in tenacious or clay .soils that have been
only a short time under cultivation, may lead
to disappointment owing to the young plants
being unable to penetrate through the surface
of the soil. This difficulty is increased if the
surface, after being trenched or dug, has been
pulverised by the action of the weather, or the
Bake aA the time the seeds were sown., and sub-
sequently caked by rain before the young plant.?
haTe had time to appear above ground. In

these conditions it is impossible for plants such
as Carrots to break thi'ough. Difficulties of
this kind may be overcome by carefully br,eak-
ing the crust of the soil by tapping it with the
teeth of a rake, which is best done immediately
before the soil gets dry after being made wet by
rain, or by the aid of a spray or rosed watering-
can. A better way, however, of dealing with
this matter is to cover the seeds at ithe tim.e of
sowing with finely-sifted, light soil. I have
adopted each of these plans with success.

Jly attention was last season drawn to a field
sown with Mangolds upon which heavy rains
had caused a hard crust to form upon the driUs,
beneath which the young plants were found to be
in a curled state. The owner hesitated upon
being advised to run a light horse-roller over the
diills in order to break the crust, fearing the
plants might thereby be seriously damaged. This
was, however, ultimately done, and with per-
fectly satisfactory result-s. TItof. Coomber, Thr
Ilendre Gardens, Monmouth.

pinched out as soon as they began to run. The
result was that they flowered profusely, and
the pods being picked as soon as they were
ready, a display of blossonis, with their marked
contrast of scarlet and white, was kept up for
a long time. This bed was not only generally
admired, but it yielded a good return in tlie
shape of edible pods. Another way in which
I have noted Runner Beans gi-own so as to dis-
play their ornamental qualities to the best ad-
\Taiitage was as a tall screen, and allowed to
climb up lofty sticks. In this case the white
and scarlet flowered forms were planted alter-
nately, and owing to the marked contrast the
display, when at its best, was a very striking
one

Another class of vegetables well worthy of
consideration for their ornamental features aJ'e
tlie different Kales. In their case, of course, it
is not the flowers but the foliage which is so
ornamemtaJ, especially those in which the
leaves are exceedingly curl-ed and crisped. The

V\',. 59. rrii.isArroN of I'Lant ihh'sks foh food i-nonrcTioN in .mr. lf.oi'oi.h iik iKrnisciiii.D'i
GARDENS AT ASCOTT.
(See p. 174.)

ENCOURAC^E THE PLO\KR.
The beauty and utility of the pU^ver (see
p. 162) are indisputable, but it is not necessary
to give up eating the eggs on that account. In
Holland there is a large traffic in the eggs,
which are chiefly, I believe, exjjorted to this
coun/try. Almo.st everv- egg is taken up to
May 1, after which date they are protected by
law. Under this system the plover has largely
increased i" numbers, I sup|>ose, owing to the
fact that tho Later batches of young would, in
any case, have a beitter chance of coming to
maturity tli.m the very rarly ones. Chaf. E.
Pearson.

ORN-VMENTAL VEGETABLES.
Your corresipondent, P. li. //., page 168,
does well to direct attention to the fact that
some vegetarbles, ar|)art fix>m their economic
value, are well worthy of consideration from
an ornamental standpoint. This matter was
brought marke<Ily home to ine lasit summer,
when I had under my observation a large bed
filled with the Painted Lady Hunner Hoan. The
pjonts wore grown without «ti(ks. and the tops

variegated kinds, tof>, imixirt a colour feature,
quite distinct from the unifomi green of the
others.

Aipart from the Beet and Parsley mentioned
by yoiir corresipondent, the Asparagus, when
the plume-like shoots are developed, is not only
ornamental when growing, but u.sefnl whe.n cut
for aiSKOciating with flowers in vases for home
decoration.

The Fern-Like leaves of the Carrot, Um, are
very attractive, especiaJJy in autnmn, when
they acquire a reddish tinge, wihile as an orna-
mental foliaged sMbject the Endive must not be
piissed over, as well-grown plants are decidedly
attractive. Of plants bearing a sub-tropical
aspect, the Globe Artichoke is .well worth grow-
ing for this pui^jose alone, while much the
fame may be said of the common Fennel. Now
tliat we have an early race of Majw or Indian
C5orn, thejse plants will, given favourable
weather, ynedd a number of much-aippreciated
cobs, as well as form an attractive feature in tho
garden. Other plants might be named ; indeed,
to many, the ornamental value of a uniform
crop of nice young Cabbage is great. W. T.

172

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

THE SPRAYING OF POTATOS.
In order to put the means of spraying within
the reiich of aJlotment holders and ga.rdeners
generally, the Food Production Department
is ordering from the manufacturers a large
supply of the best types of Knapsack spray-
ing machines, and is making arrangements
for the sending out in packets, ready for
making up. of tlie mateiiaU for spraying. Par-
ticulams wall be ready about May 1. For the
bejiefit of those who have not had experience in
the use of the Iviiaipsack spraying machine, de-
monstratdon& by experts are being arrajiged in
different paiis of the countryi An illustrated
leaflet desciibdng how smd when to spray will
be reafly for .is^ueun about ten days' time, and
may be haid firee!,of_ cost on application to the
Director qf the^ Horticultural Section, Food Pro-
duction Deipai-tment, 72, Victoria Street, Lon-
don., S.W. 1. The price of the Knapsack spray-
ing machines which have been selected is £3
each, inol;usdve of packing and delivery. It will
probably be found tliat the orgauisations that
have been established in the villages will pur-
cliase these machines, and an-ange for the carry-
ing out of the spraying operations on the allot-
ments, as tlie smaller cnltivators would other-
wise be unable to obtain the spraying outfit;
eveji at the low piice stated above.

THE CABBAGE-ROOT FLY AND TARRED
FELT DISCS.

Reference to a trial made in the use in this
country of discs of tan-ed felt for warding og
the attack of the Ciibbage-root fly has already
been made in these pages. A full account of the
tiiial ha« since been published.*

The damage done by the Cabbage-root maggot
— the larva of Chortophila brassica— is well
known. Plants attacked by this pest appear to
stand still and flag during periods of sunshine.
The resultant loss of crop is often very consider-
able. Since the fly lays its eggs in the soil close
to the plant, and since the larvae which hatch out
have no great powers of travelling. American
horticulturists conceived the idea of warding off
the attack by placing a paper " collar " around
the base of the stem of the Cabbage or Cauliflower
plant. The first experiments, made by Prof.
Tracy in 1887, were not successful, but when the
paper was replaced by tarred felt — as was done
by Prof. E. S. Goff in 1889, the experiment suc-
ceeded in a striking manner, and grower,^ in
America are now using the method on a large
scale.

Mr. Wadsworth's tests of the value of the tarred
discs are also favourable. With Cabbages—
whereas 7.6 per cent, of unprotected plants were
attacked, none (out of a total of over 4O0 plants)
of the protected Cabbages suffered from the pest.

With Cauliflowers, 15.4 per cent, of the unpro-
tected plants were attacked— 72 out of 466 —
whereas not one of a similar number of pro-
tected plants succumbed.

Tarred discs ready for use may be obtained from
F, Robinson, 13, Langdale Road, Victoria Park,
aianchester. They sshould be ,put on soil^ which
has been raked smooth, so that the discs lie
flat on the ground, otherwise the female flies
may crawl beneath them and deposit their eggs
near the plant. The discs should be put in
position immediately after planting out.

To ensure complete immunity from the
Cabbage-root fly tJie seedlings in the seedibed
must be protected. This, we believe, is done in
America by screening the seed-bed with fine
gauze or muslin. Much damage is nndoubtedly
done by the a-ttack of this pest on planted-out
Cabbages and Cauliflowers, and we recommend
those who have in the past suffered loss from
this cause, and who are not satisfied with other
methods of prevention, to make use of the tarred
felt discs.

* " Report on a Trial of Tarred Felt Di»cs for ProtectinR
Cabbaces and Cauliflowers from Attacks of the Cabbage
Root Fly," by .T. T. Wadaworth, Ann*h o/ Applied Biology,
111., 2 and 3, Jan., 1917.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN TJARDEN.

By J. DUN'X. Foreman. Royal Garden,?, Windsor.

Beet.— A sowing of Turnip-rooted Beet may
be made now, and another in ten days' time, for
summer supplies. Several sowings of Glcibe or
Turnip-rooted Beet should be made thi'oughout
the next two months. This crop needs rich
soil. The main crop of Beet need not be sown
before the middle of May. Make a careful ex-
amination of all seeds which were sown early
in March, and if their gennination is not satis-
factory, sow again before the season is too tar
advanced.

AspARAQUS Beds.— The surface of Asparagus
beds should be carefully pricked over with the
points of a digging fork as soon as the soil is
sufficiently dry. Although this work may have
been done early in the season, the recent heavy
showers have flattened down the surface of the
beds. T'he soil should be made as fine as pos-
sible, all hard lumps bein^g broken small.
There is no better time than the^ present for
making new bedfi if the soil ii3 sutfioiently di-y.
If the ground has been prepared in winter by
trenching and manuring, the surface should now
be lightly broken up, and the roots placed in
position,' allowing at least 18 incJies between
the plants each way. A covering of three or
four inches of fine soil from the space between
the beds should then be placed over the roots
as quickly as possible, as exposure to the sun
and air is very injurious. In selecting a place
for new beds heavy, stagnant soil should be
avoided. Moreover, do not select a position
whidh is exposed to rough winds, as this has a
detrimental effect on the plants in the autumn
unless they are secured to sticks or wires.
Asparagus seeds may now be £-.>wn in drills
18 inches apart in order to produce a stock of
young plants for future plantations. Sow the
seeds thinly and keep the ground quite free
from weeds during the summer months.

CucuMBFRs in Box Frames. -In order to
maintain the necessary heat in these frames,
frequent additions should be made to the fer-
menting materials which surround the box, and
a covering of some dry material placed over the
frames at night. The plants will now be making
'good progreiss. and will benefit by a ton-
dressing of light, rich soil, which should be
applied before the -plants have extended too far
over the bed. Stop the shcots at the secojid or
third joint beyond the fruit, according to the
space, and never allow them to become crowded
by permitting side shoots to run unchecked.
Another sowing may be made to produce plants
for succession. Sow the seeds singly in small,
•cilean pots, and place tliem in .t mild bottom
heat. All Tlie Year Round is a good variety
for tills purpose.

Mushrooms.- Beds made up at the present
time either in a cool, open shed, or behind a
north wall, will be more productive than those
in an ordinary Mushroom house. If horse
droppings are available, they should be collected
and placed in a dry, open shed, where they
should be frequently turned until a sufficient
quantity has been prepared. When thoroughly
sweetened, and when the temperature of the
material is about 80°, the bed may be made
up. Jjcave it loose until the heat begins to
rise, then tread the droppings tightly, and spawn
when the heat begins to decrease. The bed
should be about 18 inches deep when finished,
so that a mild heat may be retained in the
manure as long as possible. If beds are made
in the open the droppings may be placed behind
a north wall and the bed made in a sloping
manner 4 feet wide and about 3i feet up the
wall. This must be made quite firm by treading
or ramming, and spawned at a temperature of
80°, the surface of the bed being made quite
firm afterwards. In a day or two, when all
chance of excessive heat is over, a cover-
ing of new loam should be a/pplied, after which

a quantity of long litter may be spread over
the surface to prevent evaporation.

ToMATOS.-TomatOG for outdoor cultivation
should now be ready for potting into 6-iiich pots.
MaJje the soil moderately firm,' and place the
plants in a temiperatnre of 60° until they become
esitaWished in the new soil. At this sUge they
should be freely ventilated, and gradually pre-
pared for (planting on a south waU about the
end of May. Plants in pots which are ripening
their fruits will benefit by a top-dressing of
fine loam and artificial manure, and by frequent
applications of weak liquid manure from the
farmyard. Stop the plants as soon as a suffi-
cient number of trusses has been secured, and
remove all side shoots as they appear. A
temperature of 65° should tie maintained with
sufficient ventilation to keep the atmosphere in
a buoyant condition. Make another sowing^ to
produce plants for fruiting in August and Sep-
tember. .Grow these plants in a cool, well-
ventilated house, and pot them on as it becomes
nece^isarv.

Ridge Cucumbers may also be sown now
and grown in a modera.te temperature imtil
taiey produce two rough leaves, then harden
them gradually for plajiting early in June.

THE FLOWEB GARDEN

By VV. J. Guise. Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele

Hall, Staffordshire.
Perpetual - flowering Carnations. - OU

surplus plants of Perpetual-flowering Carnations
from the greenhouse will provide large quantities
of flowers through the summer and autumn if they
are planted outside in beds or borders. Prepare
the ground as for border varieties, and talse
care to rid tlie soil of iusect pests. Guard
against deep planting, which might cause the
stems to rot. Allow space between the plants to
facilitate the work of watering, hoeing, and tying.
Make the soil iii-m about the ixiots. During warm,
dry v/eather liberal waterings and syringmgs are
necessary. The following are a fevv of "the best
varieties for planting outside: — Britannia, May-
day, Mikado, Mrs. C. W. Ward, Mrs. H. Burnett.
White Enchantress, Lady Alington, British
Tiiumph, and Duchess of Devonshire.

The Water Garden.— It may be neoessaiy
to divide and replant some of the stronger-
growing plants neiir the water's edge; for in-
stanlce, Gunnera manicata. Certain of these
moisture-loving plants ai'e gross feeders and re-
quire plenty of decayed manure. Water plants
usually remain in an excellent condition of
growth for many yeai's, and should not be dis-
turbed unless it is absolutely necessary. Re-
move dead foliage and rubbish, and apply suit-
able top-dressings i-o plants that require it.
Irises in variety, OalUias (MarsJi Marigolds),
Spiraeas, Tritomas, Ranunculuses, Astrantias,
Myosotis palustris, tall Polygoaiums, Cimici-
fugas, Heraerocallis in variety, Funkias, Epi-
lobiums, Lythrumis, Arundo conspicua, Boc-
conias, Arundo Dooiax (a very effective pl.int),
Phragmites communis (the Golden Mar-
gined Water-Reed), Aconitums, Richardias,
Primulas, and Liliums are all suitable for plant-
ing by the waterside. Oertain Liliums also
thrive in marshy places, but they will not toler-
ate stagnant moisture, and peat should be used
freely when planting them.

Standard Bfop-ing Pi awts. Plants in-
tended to be trained as standards for the
flower-beds should be neatly staked, and all
side growths removed as they appear. Directly
the plants have grown to a suitable height,
pinch out the points of the leading shoots to
fonin a "head!." The 'plants should be re-
potted as they require increased root-room.
Fuchsias, Heliotropes, and Pelargoniums re-
quire only a moderate hea.t. Frequent
waterings and syringinga are necessary, with
occasional applications of liquid manure or con-
centrated fertiliser. Apply top-dressings of
rich material to large specimen plants in tubs
and vases.

Aoapanthus umbellatus — AgapanthuH
umbellatus is a gi-oss-feediiig plant, and should
be given manure-water at frequent intervals

Aprtl 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

173

If the plants were not re^potted last autumin
they should be given a shift without delay, or
a top-dressing of rich loam and decayed manure
may be given instead.

Hydrangea.— Plants of Hydrangea hortensis
in tubs should have the surface-soil removed,
replacing this with rich, loamy compost. Ver\'
little pruning is necessarv beyond removing ex-
hausted or decayed wood. Liberal supplies of
^\ater and frequent applications of liquid
manure are essential to produce fine heads of
bloom. The plants should be allowed to re-
main in a cool house for the present.

EvERLABTiNO FuowERs.— Helichrvsum give.s
fluwers of several beautiful colours. The spikes
should be cut before the blossoms are fully ex-
panded. Statice, Xeranthemum, Aeroclinium.
and Rhodanthe are also showy genera. The seed
should be sown now to raise plants for flowering
in summer.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. F. Davey.
Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

The L»ckey Moth (Cli$sioc«mpa ncus-
TRiA). — This moth is very destructive, e.-ipecially
to Apple and Pear trees. The eggs are deposited
. in the autumn in close rings around the branches.
The rings often contain from one to two hundred
eggs, which usually begin to hatch in mid-April,
but they may be later this year. The grubs very
soon form a wob, which enclo.ses both fruits and
shoots, on which the insects feed voraciously, and
c ause great injury to the tree. To combat this
pest, spray with arsenate of lead. Isolated cases
may be dealt with by hand picking, either burn-
ing the grubs or dropping them into a pail con-
taining a strong insecticide.

Fios.— If Fig trees are starting into growth
and frost continues, let them have some tem-
porary protection, even if it is removed daily,
as the young growths are very tender and sen-
sitive of cold and frost.

Apricots —Apricot trees are much later in
developing their growth than usual this season,
and especial efforts must be taken against in-
sect pests which are most harmful when growth
is slow. The trees should be sprayed with quassia
extract twice a week as a preventive.

Insect Pests.- Keep a sharp look-out for
aplris on Peach and Nectarine trees. Petro-
leimi emulsion is a suitible specific for this
pest, and it should be applied as a very
fine spray to the foliage early in the day, wet-
ting every part of the leaves. In these early
• lays, when growth is slow, aphides, if allowed
to spread, would destroy many of the flowers.
Warm the spray to 75°, and it will not matter
in the least if it wets the flowers, provided they
become dry again before night-fall. Continue
to draw down the blinds at night in case of
severe frost until the (blooms are set, leaving
nothing to chance.

Treks 'N Odd Cornfrs.— See that no tree
has esciipod notice in jiruning, remembering that
even if it grows in an out-of-the-way place it
has still a purpose to serve. A good mnlch of
manure will greatly assist growth.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Hy .Tab. Hmisos, Gardener to Mr. Leopold db
ItoViismnD. C.V.O., Gunnersbury House. Acton, W.

Fios IN Pots.— Figs raised from cuttings
inserted early in .January- should be ready
for shifting into 8i-in. pots (24's). In these
[)ots they will, if kept growing without
a check, yield a few fruits by September,
without in any way harming them for
aucjther season. Bottom heat will not be
necessary, nor fire-heat, during the hottest
months of the year. Our plants of late Figs in
pots are starting well into growth. Thev are
syringed daily and watered a little more freely
tiiflii hitherto. The plants will soon need more
r(K>m to prevent growth becoming weakly and
attenuated, but until the other kinds of fruits
in pots are cleared from the hou.ses, it will not
bo possible to give them all the room they need.

Strawberries in Pots.— May is probably
the most criticai month for Strawberries in
pots, and the grower must exercise great care
in guarding against attacks of red spider. A
vinery, even if it be the late house, is scarcely
suitable for Strawberries during the coming
month. A late Peach hotise is better, but even
there a sharp watch must be kept for the
pest. If, however, the advice previously
given to dip the plants in a pailful of
sulphur and water is followed, it will have done
much good. The berries will ripen now in a cool
house if exposed to the stmlight. Do not give
an excess of water at the firiishing stage of the
fruits, or the flavour will be impaired. As soon
as the crop is cleared, if the plants are re-
quired for planting out, remove them either to
a cold frame, or in the open, under a north wall.
I prefer to gather the berries in the morning
rather than later in the day ; they are then
firmer and pack better. Endeavour from now
onwards to start the latest batches in cold
frames or pits. The flower-trusses will soon be
showing even on plants still in the open. Ad-
mit air to the frame or pit both night ajid day
in order to keep the conditions drier. Make a
note of the requirements for next season's forc-
ing and reduce the stock w^herever possible to
save labour. A saving of labour in watering
may be effected if the pots are plunged to their
rims in frames. The lights may be removed en-
tirely for a part of the day.

num-moss. Cattleya aurea, C. Warscewiczii,
and their hybrids are now starting into growth,
but slioidd not be too liberally supplied with
water at the roots until the young shoots aiave
attained the height of 2 or 3 inches. The plants '
should be exposed to more sunlight* than is
tisually allowed others of this genus. This latter
remark also applies to Brassavola and its
hybrids.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

CaTTLEVA, L.AELIA, AND Lafuio-Cattleva.

— Many species and hybrids of C'attleyas and
allied genera, incUiding C'attleva Trianae,
C. bicolor, C. Leopoldii, ajid such hybrids as
C. Iris, C. Adula, C. Atlanta, C. Hopkinsonii,
also Laelio-Cattleya callistoglossa. L.-C
bletchleyensis, and many Hrassavola hybrids
that flower during the late autumn and winter,
are developing new roots from the base of the
front pseudo-bulbs, and this i.s the best time for
ve-potting the plants. Healthy specimens that
require increased rooting space shoidd be trans-
ferred to larger pots, taking oare, if the com-
post is in a sweet condition, not to disturb or
injure the roots more than necessary. If the
roots cling so firmly to the sides of the pots that
the plants cannot be taken out without damag-
ing the roots, break the pot for the purpose.
Exercise discretion in the size of the pot used.
The less' robust kinds should be given a smaller
receptacle, with a trifle more drainage than those
of more robust growth. Ctit away any useless
pseudo-feulbs that are bare of leaves, retaining
only two or three behind the lead. Plants that
have sufficient pot -room and are in a satisfac-
tory condition at the roots may be tOD-dre.sse<l
instead of re-potted. Remove some of the old
compost from between the roots, and replace it
by fresh materi.al. Unhejilthy plants growing
in sour .soil should be taken out of the pots,
their decayed roots and useless pseiido-bulbs cut
away, and the plants placed in receptacles only
just large enough to ■■ucommodate them. Those
with long, heavy pseudo-bulbs .should be
secured firmly to strong stakes. The old
pseudo-bulbs that have been taken off may, if
they possess sound eyes at their base, with a
TMirtion of the rhizome, be nlaced in small pots
with plenty of drainage, and a little Sphagnum-
moss, giving them a position in a moi.st part
of the hou.se. It is advisable to stand all
newly potted plants together at the wannest
part of the house, and keep them shaded from
direct sun.^hine. giving them special treatment,
in the matter of shading, watering, and spray-
ing. For a few weeks they will need very
little direct w.itering at the roots, but thev may
be sprayed overhead whenever the weather is
favourable. The surroundings should be kept
moist by frequently damping betiveen the pots,
until root-action again becomes general, when
they may receive ample supplies of wafer at
the' roots and reasonable exposure to the sun-
light. Use as a potting meditum either Os-
munda or Al fibre, cnt rather short, some
small portions of crushed crocks and Sphag-

PLANTS UNDERCLASS.

By J. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwell Park, Kent,

Thfe Ferns. These Ferns are most orna-
mental for the conservatory and show-house, and
for standing in tea-houses, corridors, or balconies
during the summer. The plants are producing
new fronds, and should be given a little extra
attention. Healthy vigorous plants growing
in large pots or tubs, need not be disturbed
at the roots. If given an abundance of
w-ater, and a generous supply of stimulants.
Tree Ferns may be grown in the same
receptacle for many years. Encourage the
development of new growth and roots by
syringing the stems two or three times daily.
Tree Ferns thrive excellently in large conser-
varieties or planted out in borders ; and as they
do not soon outgrow theix positions they are
more manageable than Palms, Dicksonia
antarctica is probably the most popular of
these Ferns, the growth being robust and
healthy, D. squarrosa is also a free grower ;
whilst Cyathea meduUaris and C, dealbata
are both suitable for cool greenhouses and
remain in better health than when grown
in warm, close houses, Alsophila australis
and A. excelsa can also be grown in the
same conditions, but these are scarcely equal in
beauty to the Dicksonias and Cyatheas. Tree
Ferns in full growth need copious supplies c(
moisture, both at the roots and stem, and the
fronds should he syringed regularly. Syring-
ing will help to keep the plants free from thrips
and other insect pests.

HvoRANQiA.— Plants of Hydrangeas startect
into growth in heat early in the season should
be afforded stimulants regularly when in full
growth. Those that have been grown in
a cool place during the winter should be
brought into a slightly warmer house to fur-
nish a succession to the early batcli in flower.
Top-dress the roots if necessary, but do not give
them much water until growth is further ad-
vanced, H, hortensis and H, paniculata
grand iflora are» valuable for decorative purposes.
The newer varieties — Avalanche, (leneral
Vicomtesse de Vilbraye. Mme. E, Mouillere,
Mariesii, President Falliferes, and Radiant are
great acquisitions.

Primula obconica.- Plants of Primula ob-
conica should be well supplied with soot water
and weak liquid manure about twice weekly.
Shade the house during bright sunshine, or the
(lowers will ipiickly lose their brilliant colouring.

Primula KEWiNsis.-This yellow-flowering
plant thrives in treatment similar to P,
obconica. If a batch of Primula kewensis
is required for early flowering the seed should
be sown now. Use light, sandy soil, making
it firm in the pans or pots, and water it
before sowing the seed. The slightest sprink-
ling of soil or sand on the seed is all
that is required. Place a piece of glass over
the pan, and geiminate the seeds in a warm
house or frame. Shade from sunshine, and take
care that the soil never becomes dry, for neglect
in this respect is often the cause of minute
seeds failing to germinate. Apart from their
usefulness as pot plants, both Primula obconica
and P. kewensis are suitable for planting under
the greenhouse stages at the edges of the path-
way, and are especially effective if a little lOck-
work is introduced. There are other plants
suitable for such places, including Begonia
Rex, Ferns. Aspidistras, and Cineraria.si of the
stellata and cactus -flowered' typea. Others of
mossy or creeping habit may be utilised to fill
spaces between the flowering plants.

174

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

tDITORIAL MOTiCB.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER, 41, WelUngton Street,
Covent Garden. 'W-C-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
nunh/ obii'ifc drhiij in obtaining answers to
tlif/r contmunicatwns and save us tnuch time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
he addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
viuuirulions iulcudrd for pjildimtiini or rcfrrrinii
l„ II, ,■ I. Iter, It,, ,lri,n,l,„ci,t. „„,l oil ploiil'' 10 !„■
ii„,ii,;l. .-.h,,,,!,! I„- ,l,n-.t,;l I,, II,,' Ki. irons. The tiro
drjiinliociils. r,ililisl,,i,fi and Edilorinl. a,e disliii,-t.
on, I lull, -I, uiiurcessttr// delay and confusion arise
,rhru l,-ii,'r:y are misdirected:

Illustrations.— r/ic Editors will be glad to receive
Olid to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions eJ^pressed by their .
eorrc^ponilents.

Local Ne-ws. — Correspondents will groatly oblige
hit scu,liu,j to ihr Editors early intelligence of local
I',,-, I Is lil,Jij I,, h>- ,'f interest to our rtaders, or of
ti,t,j ,,,,,ii'':'s i,l,irl, ,1 is desirable to bring under
III,'' „„li,,- „f li,iili,',i!t,irists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plonis for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communimtions should he

WRITTEN ON ONB SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Average Me-^n Temperature for tHie ensuing week
<le<lin'ed from observations during the last fift;\ -
years at Greenwich, 49.4.°
AcTUAi Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street
Ooveiit Garden, London. Thursday, April 26
(10 a.m.): Bar. 30.1; temp. '\8°. Weather—
Sunny.

Many gardeners are

Food Production making good use of

under Glass. their glass-houses for

the purpose of increas-
ing food production, but it may be
doubted wliethcr thiic is to be seen any-
where in the Kingdom such a remarkable
demonstration of what may be done in
this direction as that in Mr. Leopold de
Rothscliild's garden at Ascott, near
Leighton Buzzard. Recognising that the
food problem was bound to become more
and more serious as, time went on, and
desiring moreover to maintain through-
out the year as large a supply of fresh
vegetables for the hos]iitals in winch Mrs.
de Rothschild and himself are interested,
Mr. Leopold determined last winter to
raise the largest possible quantity and the
greatest possible variety of vegetables
under glass. As he himself puts it, " I
have turned Ascott and Gunnersbury into
market gardens."

In carrying out this programme Mr.
Rothschild has the advantage of the assist-
ance of three able gardeners — Mr. Hudson
and Mr. Reynolds at Gunnersbury, and
Mr. Jennings at Ascott. Mr. Jennings,
whose work we have now to describe, has
been with Mr. Rothschild for fifty years ;
yet, in spite of this long period of service,
he is as vigorous as the plants he prows.
Among the most striking crops which are
now being raised at Ascott are the Potatos.
The " seed " was planted on January 9,
and no attempt was made to force the
plants, which, in fact, were grown as
" cool " as possible. The varieties planted
a.re Sliarpe's Victor and Sharpe's Express,
l>oth of which are producing excellent

crops. These new Potatos are at least as
good as any in the market. One of the
two large, span-roofed houses planted with
Potatos is shown in fig. 60. The seed
tubers, it should be added, were planted
in borders, well drained, and raised about
a foot from the ground. In a third small
houSe the crop, now in large part lifted,
was grown in a centre bed, with 1 foot of
soil. As the Potatos are lifted, their place
is taken by Cabbages of the variety
Harbinger, which, planted at 1 foot apart
each way, are growing vigorously.

The most remarkable feature of all the
vegetable crops is their vigour ; they seem
to have suffered not a Jot from the extra-
ordinarily sunless season through which we
have passed.

On the side stages of the last-mentioned
house, with Potatos in the centre, Cabbage
Lettuce has been planted, and is ready for
use. The variety selected is Paris Market,
and the plants growing in a bed, with
G inches of soil, have made wonderful
growth. Another division of this hou.se is
devoted mainly to French Beans in pots.
The plants are vigorous and clean, and are
producing a heavy crop.

Mr. Jennings is carrying out the pro-
gramme laid down, namely, to produce all
the food that can be produced in the most
thorough-going manner. Up every column
and pillar of the houses climbing French
Beans are growing. The borders of the
narrow Apricot houses are planted with
strong dwarf Cauliflowers, and on either
side of the Potatos in the span-roofed
houses already mentioned is an early Pea
of Mr. Jennings' own raising. The variety
is one on which the raiser deserves to be
congratulated. From 4 to 5 feet high, it
begins to bear very near the ground, and
continues to the top of the haulm. Al-
though single-podded and round, it bears
very freely, and is of excellent flavour.
Tlie pods are of medium size, aiid arc well
filled. In front of the Peas are " borders "'
'planted with Cabbages (Harbinger and
Early April), Cauliflower (Forerunner),
and Lettuces (Paris Market and Paris
Green).

To make room for more vegetables which
are already outgrowing their seed-beds,
the Roses planted out in beds in another
large house are to go. The Carnations,
which are always such a beautiful sight,
are, however, to be allowed to remain in
part, for the hospitals require flowers as
well as fresh food. The formal garden
will have to rely on vegetables for its
formality. It has Been cleared, and is now
ready for planting.

Needless to say, with the example of
Mr. Leopold de Rothschild before their,
eves, the inhabitants of the villages of
Ascott and Wing are also doing tlieir
utmost to produce ample food crops.

Of the 2S4 cottages in Wing 126 have
gardens. Fiftv-seven of these are of 10
rods or upwards. For those who have no
cottage garden, or whose garden is small,
allotments are provided. At Lenslade the
allotment ground measures 28i acres, and
is divided into 170 plots, ranging from
10 to 40 poles each. At Wing there are

three allotment fields: CeSs Close (3^
acres), 56 plots of 10 poles each; Moor
Hills (5 acres), 40 plots of 20 poles each ;
and a third. Aver (2^ acres), at Moor Hills,
is now being broken up to provide yet
another 18 plots of 20 poles each. More-
over, for the inhabitants of Wing, Lady
Wantage has provided 23 acres of allot-
ments, which are cultivated by 174 people.

Thus in Ascott and Wing there are no
fewer than 617 plots (allotments or cottage
gardens). The soil, though for the most
part of a sandy nature, is fertile, and the
fact that each allotment holder receives a
load of manure accounts in part for the
excellent condition of the ground. What
chiefly accounts for it, however, is the
industry with which the allotment-holders
cultivate their ground. On the day of the
visit to Ascott, of which the foregoing is a
brief impression, the Director of Horticul-
ture recently appointed by Sir Arthur Lee,
of the Food Production Department, had
been asked by Mr. de Rothschild to give an
address on the importance of food pro-
duction, and it needed all the kindly per-
suasion of Mr. Leopold to detach the allot-
ment-holders from their work on the
ground. However, all went to the meet-
ing, and agreed enthusiastically that
everyone at Ascott should try to do more
even than he was already doing to produce
food.

It should be added that the work in the
glass-houses at Ascott has been carried on
in spite of the labour difficulties, which
are as acute £liere as elsewhere. Old men
and young women have to do the work.
and it says much both for them and for
Mr. Jennings' energy and power of or-
ganisation that Mr. Leopold de Rothschild
has succeeded in giving such a splendid
demonstration of food production under
glass.

Horticultural Club.— The next house
dinner of the Horticultural Club will take place
r>t 6 p.m.. on Tuesday, Mav 8, .it the Hotel
Windisor, Victoria Street, Westminster. In tihe
coarse of the evening 5Ir. J. K. Ramsbottom
will deldver a lecture on " Investigations in
Fusarium Disease of Daffodils," illusti-ated by a
series of lanteim elides ohtained during the in-
vestiigatiom® caiTied out at the Royal Horti-
pultnral Society'*; Gardens .it Wi&ley.

Seedling Ro9i?8 at the Drill Hall. —

As was announced in the (^ardrner.^' Chronicle
for Maa-ch 51, p. 136, owing to the exceptional
cincn instances now prevailing, and the call for
National Service, the Ck>uiicLl of the National
Rose Society has cancelled the Bummer show,
which wag to have been held at the Royal
Botanic Gardens on Friday, July 6, 1917. In
order, however, that .nurserymen and others
may have an opportunity of exhibiting their
novelties. a.rrangements have been made, in con-
junction with the Royal Horticiidtural Society,
for hoildniiig a special display of ."needling Roses
at the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, on Tue.sda.y,
July 17, and also for an autumn meeting to be
held in the same hall on Tuesday, September 11,
1917.

POREWTRV AND HYGIENE.— Piof. A. HeNRY

will deliver, under the auspices of the Chadwick
Trust, three public lectures at the Royal Society
of Arts. Adelphi, London, on May 8, 11, and 14.
at 8 p.m. The subject of the lectures will be
" Forests, Woods, and Trees in Relation to
Hygiene."

Apbil 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

175

Thk Flowering of the ALMOND.-The

Almond tree growing near Wande-wortJh Com-
mon, aibout five miles from the centi'e of Lon-
don, the flowering of which is observed by us
every year for pm^wses of comparison, is only
now (April 25) partly in bloom. The unusual
severity of the winter and early spring has re-
tarded" every sort of growth, and the Almond
sharee with many othei trees an altogether abnor-
mal lateness in flowering. The tree has been ob-
served each rear since 19M. and the dates,
reckoning backwards from 1916, Irave been as
follows: February 18. March 9, March 2,
Januarv 25, Februarv 24, March 11, Jilarch 12,
April i -March 23, March 20, Februai-y 28.
anarch 7, March 21. Laet year the date of
flowering was the earlie.=.t but one. in consequence
of a mild winter and early spring. This year
the date is three weeks behind the latest hitherto
recorded, namely, April 1.

Mr- Edwin Molyneux.- The many friend.^;
of our valued correspondent, Mr. Edwin
Molyneux. farm steward at Swanmore Park.
Bishop's Waltham. will hear with deep re-
gret of the death of Mrs. MoLVXErx after
an intermittent illness, lasting several months.
Young gardeners who passed through Swan-
more during the years that Mr. MoLTXErs had
charge of the gardens will recall the pleasant per-
sonality of Mrs. iloLYKEL-x. whose kindness to
the many visitors to Swanmore will not soon be
fciro-otten. For several years past Mr. Molynecx
Vias" received valuable help in dairying and
other matters from his oidy daughter, who will
now be called upon to fiU the unfortunate gap
left by the bereavement.

War Items.— M. Jean de Vilmorin. brother
of M. Pnti-rppE DE VrLMORrs, has been appointed
a Captain in the Cavalry regiment in which he
is serving at Salonica. M. Pierre de Vii-
MORIN, the youngest son of M. Maurice L. de
VlLMOBLN, lias been awarded the War Cross for
gallantry. M. Pierre de Vilmorin is only
eighteen years of age.

Lieutenant R. F. Ami'HI.ett. of rnrkdiilc

Wolverhampton, eldest son of his Honour .TuJk.-
15. H. .\mphlett, was killed in ai-tion on thf 5tli
inst. He was a member of the Wolverhampton
Town Council, and secretan.- to the Wolver-
hampton Floral Fete Committee.

We regret to leatn that Captain Douglas

CCTBUSH, M.C., of the 5th Middlesex Regiment,
was killed in action on the 10th inst. Captain
CuTBUSH was the elder son of Mr. W. H. and
Mrs. CuTBUSH, of the Barnet Nurseries. He was
educated at Bognor and Tonbridge, and attained
bis majority last month. He spent some time in
the bulb fields of Holland, but at the outbreak of
war was in Orleans, France. He came home im
mediately, and on his arrival in England offered
himself for the Army, but was rejected as medi-
cally unfit. He then assisted at the Ale.xandra
Palace with the Belgian refugees until after
Christmas. He was taken ill at the Palace, but
recovered, and was given a commission in the 5th
Middlesex Regiment in May, 1915. and was sent
to the Front in October. 1915. In January. 1916.
he was wounded by gunshot in the thigh, and
was in hospital and on light duty for nine weeks.
On November 10 he was awarded the Militan,'
Cross, and the following notice appeared in the
(,'azette : — " He displayed great courage and
ability in reorganising his company, and con-
solidating the position under heavy gunfire. He
set a fine e.\ample." The commanding officer has
written to Mrs. Cutbush as follows • — " His loss
is our loss as well as yours, as he was an excep-
tionally keen, brave, and capable officer, and
greatly beloved by all his brother officers. He
led his company, of which he had command, with
skill and judgment, and exposed his own person
with an absolute disregard of fear. At the time
of his death his company was under heavy
niaehine gun and sniper fire, and he was struck
in the head by $ bullet."

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(.The Editors do not hold themselves responsible lor
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Fruit Prospects and Mulching (see
p. 161). — It would be instructive to know in
what way the early mulching of Strawberries
increases the risk of the flowers being damaged
by frost. A mulch of fresh strawy cow -dung ap-
plied during February should diminish this risk
because the straw will have 'been washed by
rain to a lighter colour than the soil, and the
manure will keep the soil colder ; this helps to
retard the flower-spikes, until such times as
frost may be past. Possibly the ideal time for
mulching busli fi'uite is as soon as it can be
seen that the crop will be worth the labour ; to
apply it earlier means waste of labour and
manure, as barren bush fruits are in most gar-
dens better without a mulch. To apply it later
may possibly mean the loss by evaporation of
valua.ble water stored in the soil from earlier
rains. J. E.

SOCIETIES.

ROTAL HORTICDLTDRAL.

April 24. — The fortnightly meetings, held
in the London Scottish Drill Hall at Bucking-
ham Gate, are attracting increasing numbers
of visitors, and the exhibits are also more
numerous than in the early part of the year.
The weather on Tuesday last was exceptionally
fine, and this circumstance added to the
success of the meeting. The National Auricula
and Primula Society held its annual exhibition
in conjunction with the R.H.S. Show. There
were several interesting exhibits of Paimula.s,
but the war had its influence on this show as
on others.

In regard to the R.H.S. exhibition. Orchids.
Daffodils, Roses, Carnations, Fems, forced
Shru^bs. and Alpines comprised the main
features. Probably the finest exhibit was a
group of Narcissi staged by Messrs. Bahr
AND Sons, which received a Gold Medal.
Messrs. Dobbie and Co.'s exhibit of Tulips was

Fig. 60. — vegetable chops in the glas.s houses at ascoti.
(See p. 174.)

Daffodil Flies.— Daffodil growers may be
remiiuled that the present is a good time
to l<K)k for the pupae of the Merodon grub,
which are imioli later tliis season tli.an usual.
During the past week I have collected from
the ])lots in which the bulbs were not
taken up more than twice as many pupae
as all the Hies caught last year. Even here,
in the comparatively warm climate of South
Devon, they had evidently only recently
pupated, as I also found two grubs whi<-h had
just left the bullis preiparatory to pupating ; a.iid
in more northern districte they will probably be
a week or more later. Where the bulbs are
planted isingly in rows, it is easy to note a
bhmk ; but where the bulbs have been undis-
turbed for two or three yea.rs a failure is not
nearly so obvious. The pupae are always found
JHBt above the unflowered bulb within less than
a 2-in. radius, and aboait half an inch below
the surface, to an inch at the most. After a
very little experience, they are quite easily
found by scraping away the soil over and
around the suspected spot with the pointed end
of a. label. A. J. liliss.

also of outstanding merit. Several noted Rose-
growers brought collections, of which the blooms
were of more than ordinary merit, espec-ially
considering the late inclement weather. Mr
Elisha Hicks' group included the spocie.-i
R. Willmottae, which bears delightful little
blooms of delicate rose-pink colour, and has slen-
der, upright stems, on which the red prickles
stand out conspicuously ; the sulphur -yellow
flowered R. Hugonis ; and R. Moyesii, with
crimson blossoms.

Mefsrs. B. R. Cant and Son.s showed some
superb blooms of Edward Mawley, and fine
flowers in vases of the new H.T. Lady French.
Messrs. Frank Cant and Co.'s exhibit was
chiefly remarkable for some magnificent blooms
of Mrs. Foley Hobbs.

Perpetual-flowering Carnations, which have
formed a feature of the shows all through the
winter, are decide<lly improving as the weather
becomes warmer and finer. Messrs. Allwood
Bros, and Messrs. STUiUiT Low and Co. both
displayed extensive groups of the best varieties.
In addition to the Carnations, Messrs. Low and
( 'o. showed a collection of Acacias and the

176

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

beautiful clear blue Leschenaultia biloba major.
Messrs. W. Cutbush and Sons showed forced
shruljs covered with bright flowers, amongst
which Lilacs and Azaleas were especially promi-
nent.

A pleasant change from the bright masses of
flowers was afforded by a long table of
exotic and hardy Ferns, staged by Messrs.
H. B. Mat and Sons. These beautiful
foliage plants are never more attractive than
in spring, with the delicate young fronds
of tender green. Messrs. H Cannell and
Sons' collection of Zonal Pelargoniums in-
cluded old favourites as well as the newer
sorts. Specialists in Alpines and hardy flowers
contributed large groups of Saxifrages, Andro-
saces, Primulas, and Aubrietias. Mr. G.
Reuthe's collection included the beautiful Teco-

Pearson, B. Crisp, J. P. McLeod, H. J. Jones,
H. Cowley, R. W. Wallace, J. Dickson, C.
Dixon, S. Morris, C. Elliott, C. E. Peaii-son,
E. H. Jenkins, J. Hudson, C. E. Shea, and
W. A. Bilney.

Award of Merit.
A.niJrosace ciliata. — This dwarf Alpine from the
Pyrenees forms a dense, cushion-like growth, con-
sisting of a series of rosettes, the taller of which,
in the centre, had nine flowers. Each side-siioot
was also flowering profusely. It is a plant of
dainty appearance, the relatively large flowers
being of rosy-carmine colour, with a deeper
coloured eye. The specific name is from the
ciliated margins of the leaves, which are imbri-
cated and of oblong-lanceolate shape. Shown by
Messrs. U. Tucker ktm Sonl;.

1^; ll ODONTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM dreadnought.
i); 11 ^ 1 relimmary Commendajtion, April 24, 1917.)

philaea cyanocrocus, and Bongardia Rauwolfii,
ai monotypic genus of the Berberideae, with
glaucous stems and compound leaves, striped
with chocolate-brown ; the yellow flowers are not
unlike those of Chelidonium nuajus. Messrs.
R. Tucker and Sons showed some charming Al-
pine gems in Androsace pyrenaica, A. ciliata,
and Primulas. Alpines were also well shown
by Messrs. J. Cheal and Sons, the Misses
Hopkins, Mr. G. W. Miller, and Messrs.
John Waterek, Sons and Crisp, whose Saxi-
fraga Rocheliana and Primula Crispii with
large rosy-purple blooms, were especially fine.

Floral Committee.

Pre.tent: ^Mess^s. H. B. May (chairman),
W. J. Bean, J. Green, G. Reuthe, G. Harrow,
J. Heal, E. F. Hazelton, J. W. Moorman, T.
Stevenson, W. Howe, J. Jennings, R. Hoopei-

Medal Awards.
The following medals were awarded to groups
Silver Flora Medals to Messrs. W. Cutbush and
Son, Highgate, for forced shrubs and Alpines
Mr. E. Hicks, Twyford.for Roses. Silvei
Banksian Medals to Messrs. Allwood Bros.
Wivelsfield, for Perpetual-flowering Carnations
Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, foi
Roses; Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Enfield, for
Perpetual -flowering Carnations and Acacias;
Mesisrs. H. B. May and Sons. Edmonton, for
Ferns. Bronze Flora Medals to Messrs. F. Cant
AND Co., for Roses ; Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech,
for hardy flowers : Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, for
Alpines. Bronze Banhsian Medals to Messrs. H.
Cannell and Co., Eynsford, for Pelargoniums;
Misses Hopkins, Shepperton, for hardy plants :
Messrs. Waterer. Sons and Crisp, Ltd.,
Twyford, for Alpines.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colnian, Bart, (in the
chair), Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jafi. O'Brien
(hon. secretary), W. Bolton, W. H. White,
Walter Cobb, J. Charlesworth, T. Armstrong,
C. J. Lucas, Pantia Ralli, R. G. Thwaites, F. J.
Hanbury, R. A. Rolfe and R. Brooman-White.

Award of Merit.
Laello-Cattleya Serbia rar. pcrfecta (L.--C.
St. Gothard x C. Enid), from Messrs. Charles-
worth and Co., Hay wards Heath. This is the
third variety of this fine hybrid' to be recognised
by the Orchid Committee, and the best in colour
and size. Although it is the third remove from
its ancestor, Cattleya Wameri, one of the parents
of L.-C. Gottoiana, that fine and distinct species
asserts itself with enhanced qualities in the
hybrid. The flowers, which are of the largest
ill Cattleyas, are of perfect form, the segments
overlapping and well arranged. The sepals and
petals are light rose colour ; the lip is purple
with a lilac margin and orange-coloured disc,
into which light purple lines run from the base.

Preliminary Commendations.

Odontoglossum crisjnim Dreadnotight (see fig.
51), from Messrs. Armstrong and Brown,
Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A grand seed-
ling, obtained by crossing two finely-blotched
forms of 0. crispum, and resulting in a richly-
coloured flower the like of which has never ap-
peared among imported specimens. The flower,
although the plant is small, is large and per-
fectly formed. The sepals and petals are of
bright reddish-claret colour with white margins,
the lip being white blotched with dark red in
front of the yellow crest.

Odontotilossum Rex (0. crispum x 0. In/brid
unrecorded), from Messrs. Armstrong and
Brown. A large flower with white ground ; the
inner parts of the segments are densely spotted
with mauve-purple, the fine labellum being a
specially attractive feature.

Groups.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown were awarded
a Silver Flora Medal for an attractive group of
hybrids. Miltonia Hyeana sandhurstiensis is a
fine white flower with a faint tinge and veining
of pink and a reddish-crimson mark on the lip.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Hay wards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Banksian Medal
for a group rich in Odontoglossums, Odontiodas
and Laelio-Cattleyas.

'Messrs. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, staged
a group of Laelio-Cattleyas and other hybrids
and interesting species. Novelties were Laelio-
Cattleya Watsonii (L.-C. Canhamiana Rex x
C. Schrdderae alba), a pretty white flower with
violet-coloured blotch on the lip, which has a
yellow disc and pui-ple lines .at the base.

Narcissus and Tulip Committee.

Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles (chairman), Miss
E. Willmott, Messrs. Joseph Jacob, Herbert
Smith, W. F. M. Copeland, F. Herbert Chap-
man, George Monro, jun., R. W. Wallace, J. D.
I'earson, and Chas. H. Curtis (hon. sec).

There were several nominations for the award-
ing of -the Peter Barr Memorial Cup " for good
work done in connection with Daffodils " ; the
voting was unanimously in favour of Mr. Walter
T. Ware, of Inglescombe, Bath, who will hold
the cup for the ensuing year.

Award' of Merit.
Xarcissus Michael. A bold, shapely, trumpet
variety of large size, and deep, solid, golden-
yellow colouring. This variety was raised by
'Mr. J. C. Williams, and exhibited by Messrs.
Barr and Sons, Cqvent Garden.

Groups.
The most important exhibit was a large group
of cut Daffodils staged by Messrs. Barr and
Sons, for which a Gold Medal was awarded.
The flowers had come chiefly from the firm's
nursery at Rosemorren, near Penzance, and were
notable for their fresh, clean appearance. Trum
pet and giant Leedsii forms were conspicuous
among the two hundred varieties comprisine the
display. Lord Roberts, Lolah, the handsomo
King Alfred, the white Peter Barr, Tityus,

Apkil 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

177

(L'leopatra, a new Australian seedling named
The King, after the style of King Alfred, with
three new yellow varieties named Michael,
Nereus, and "PhiJieas respectively, were among
the best trumpets. Brilliant small-cupped sorts
were Firebrand, Jasper, Furnace, and Blazing
Star. •

Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, put up a
delightful group of Tulips consisting of Cot-
tage, Darwin, and other late-flowering sorts.
The flowers had all been grown under glass, and
although another three days' growth would have
improved them so far as size is concerned they
were in just the condition purchasers love to
buy their blooms i Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.)

Fruit and Vegttable Commliiee.

Freient: Messrs. J. Cheal (in the chair), E. A.
Bunyard, \V. Wilks, F. Perkins, J. G. Weston,
H "Markham, J. AUgrove, Geo. Keif, E.
Beckett, A. Bullock, A. K. Allan, P. C. M.
Veitch. W. H. Divers and W. E. Humphreys.

The only exhibit before this Committee was a
collection of desiccated vegetables, shown by the
Allunce Veget.\ble Company, Ltd., 52, New
Broad Street, London.

Potatos, Carrots, Onions, Spinach, Parsnips,
Beet, Swede Turnips, Cabbage, Sage, Parsley,
and Celery tops were exhibited in the dried form,
with specimens soaked ready for boiling. The
Committee awarded a Silver-gilt Knighlian
Medal, and expressed a wish to see cooked
samples at the next meeting.

NATIONAL AURICULA AND PRIMULA
(Souihern Section)

Apeil 24. — The annnual exhibition of this
society was held in the London Scottish Drill
Hall, Buckingham Gaite, in conjunction with the
R.H.S. fortnightly meeting. The exhibition
was much smaller than usual, Miss Lowensky,
.Mr. Bennett-Poe, and Messrs. Phillips and
Taylor being the chief contributors. Miss
Lowensky, Tittenhurst, Suiminghill, Berkshire,
was awarded the James Douglas Memorial Chal-
lenge Cup offered for the best six varieties of
Auriculas in Class 2. Miss Lowensky showed,
among others. Acme, Mrs. Phillips, Harrison
Weir, and Buttercup. The same exhibitor also
won 2nd Prizes for (a) 4 Auriculas, dissimilar,
and (b) 6 Alpine Auriculas, dissimilar, (c) 4
Alpine Auriculas, dissimilar. She showed the
best Alpine Auricula with white or cream centre,
the variety being Mrs. Douglas ; and Mr.
Bennbtt-Poe was second in thi.s class with the
same variety. Mr. Bennett-Poe's chief suc-
cesses were in the classes for (a) single
specimen of self-coloured variety, in which
he showed a veiy good plant of HaiTison
Weir, (b) 6 Alpine Auriculas, dissimilar, staging
Argus. Dean Hole, Mrs. Douglas. Teviot-
dale, Ro.sy Morn, and Phyllis Douglas, (c) 4
Alpine Auricul.TS. dissimilar, with Dean Hole,
Teviotdale, Argus, and Mrs. Douglas. This
latter was adjudged the best premier Alpine
Auri<ula in the show. Mr. H. W. Mason, Ban-
stead. Surrey, was awarded the 1st Prize in the
(lass for 6 Alpine Auriculas, open only to ama-
teurs. His best plants were King George and
Commander.

Mr. G. W. Miller, Wisbech, had the field all
to him.«elf in the classes for Primulas and Poly-
anthuses; he was awarde<l the 1st Prize in six
cl,a6«es. His pans of double Primroses were ex-
ceediniily choice. Mr. James Douglas, Eden-
side. Great Bookham, staged a non-competitive
exhibit of choice Auriculas, and Messrs.
Phillips ani> Taylor, Bracknell, showed a group
of Alpine varieties.

HAYWARDS HEATH HORTICULTURAL.

.^Pitn. 7>. — .\t the annu.iJ general meet-
ing of the above Society, Mr. IT. M.
Knight presided over a good attendance of
members. Mr. Plummer presented the financi.il
report, which showed a balance in hand of £24
3.^. lOd. The accounts were adopted. Colonel
.Stephenson R. Clarke, C.B., J. P., was re-elected
president. Mr. H. Plummer hnn. trea.surer, and
Mr. G. Pi-eveitt hon. secretai-v. Mr. Prevett
stated that the Society undertook to cultivate the
gardens and allotments of soldiers on service.
Tlia number had gone up to 140. Of that num-

ber, 120 had been dug. The members of the
local Volunteer force, who had assisted in the
work, had dug between 70 and 80 gardens, and
the rest had been done by private gardeners. The
chairman announced that there would be no show;
this year, and the meeting than went into com-
mittee to discuss further the question of the up-
keep of the soldiers' gardens.

Henry Heath.— We regret to announce the
death of Mr. Henry Heatti, formerly nursery-
man and florist of Covent Garden, at his resi-
dence " The Elms," Oakthorpe Road, Palmer's
Green. Deceased, who was in bis 78th yeai',
retired fix>m business some ten years ago. and
was sucx^eded by his son Henry, of BarroweJl
Green, Winchmore HiU. The funeral took place
at Old Edmonton Churchyard on Friday, the
20th infit.

C. Want.— We regret to record the death,
on the 15tli inst., of Mr. C. Wlant, for twenty-
eight yeai"s gardener at Clare Lawn, East
Sheen. A native of Leatherhead, Sui-rey,
he was in eaiily life coimected with the cele-
brated " Downside " collection of Orchids. Be-
fore going to Clare Lawn in 1889. he was em-
ployed at Givon's Gixjve, Leatherhead. He
leaves a widow and only son.

THE APIARY.

By CHLOnu.
IWater.-I would impress on bee keepers the
need of providing pure water for the bees. I
have found a dithculty in inducing bees to utilise
that provided. In apiaries I have visited the fol-
lowing plan has been adopted : — Take a vessel of
cold water and drop on it a few drops of melted
wax, the scent of which attracts the bees, and
the flakes will provide floats on which the bees
can rest to take in a supply of water. Another
precaution, which appealed to me, was to place a
sheet of glass well above the water to prevent
the e.Kcremcnt of Hying bees from falling into the
water, which should be kept as pure as possible,
for all must be aware by now that the danger of
Isle of Wight disease arises from the spores of
Nosema apis being in the excrement. It is
asserted that the glass allows the sun's rays to
warm the water, and this is a further inducement
for the bees to make increasing use of the water
so provided. Of course, this all implies that all
other sources of water must be banished from the
vicinity of the hives— all empty vessels, tins, etc.,
which might catch rainwater and so become con-
taminated.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

BlCKWHEAT.

Now that there is a prospect of a sliorlage of
ordinary food for fowls, it behovee all who keep
them to strive their utmost to grow substitutes.

The common Buckiwiheat (Polygoniyn Fago-
pyrum) is a plant that might be employed with
advantage. In the past Buckwheat was mainly
groiwn in odd corners of Kelds ivituated on the
margin of woods a® an encouragement to
phe<i«:i.nt8. and not as a. crop to lia.rve«t. The
commo.i Hnckwhc-at is an annuail plant, with
smooth, pinkish stems wihioh grow to a height
of 3 feet. Tlio flowers grow in crowded
panddes. I'^h flower possesses five pinkisfti-
whiite sepals, eight stamens, and an ovary,
which, when ripe, forms a dark-brown nut
similar in shape to, but smaller than, a Beech
Nut.

The grain is extensively employed as poultry
food, and a little is sometimes mixed with oats
f{)r horses.

As a honey plant for bees, Buckwlieat is ex-
cellent, the tlcrtvers lasting over a considerable
period .

Ploughed in green like Mustard, Bnckwheat
adds huinuis to the soil. The plant cannot with-
stand frost either in the spring or autumn, and
seed should not be sown before the middle of
May. Cold, sunless weather is against rapid

growth, and consequently against the produc-
tion of seed.

Light, sandy, or chalk soils are moi'e favour-
able to growth, being warmer than heavier,
colder gi-oimd.

loo much manure induces rampant growth at
the e}^pense of seed, and aLso renders the plant
more easily injured by cold. On a warm loam,
witli a moderate ainount of manure and good
tiltli at sawing-4,ime, one bushel of seed per acre
drilled shallow will, in a good season, pix>duce
four quarters of seed per acre. The end of
.\ug\iet or the early part of September is a
reasouaible time to especl the bulk of the crop to
be ripe. As the plant continues to grow until
frost ohecks its progress, it is useless to expect
all the seed to ripen, therefore it is wise to out
early and secure the best seed. i). Moly/tevx.

Corn Production.

The Bill which Mr. Prothero introduced to the
House of Commons on Wednesday, April 25,
has for its immediate object the raising at home of
a large proportion — if possible so large as 82 per
cent. — of the food required by the people of these
islands.

It is difficult to believe that anybody who is
living through the expieriences of the present
can doubt not only the desirability, but the sharp
necessity for douig eveiything that can be done
to secure this end. And this, not only because
of the present somewhat menacing outlook, but
also in the permanent interests of the nation.

The prime means whereby Mr. Prothero pro-
poses to accomplish this increased production of
Corn are by giving a guarantee with respect to
minimum prices and by fixing a minimum wage
for agricultural labour.

The increased production is to be brought
about by the breaking up of grass land, of
which it is estimated that eight million acres will
have to be added to the present aiiea.

Even with a total of twenty-seven million
acres of arable land there would be only three-
fifths of the area of the country under the
plough, as against itwo-thirds in France and
nine-tenths in Denmark.

In spite of labour, climatic, and other dif-
ficulties, 300,000 additional acres in England and
Wales, and 700,000 acres in Ireland have
already been converted into arable land, and the
programme which the Board of Agriculture has
set for itself is to secure that each county shall
increase its arable in due proportion, so that, if
possible, in two years hence three million acres
may be added to the land under the plough.

Small cultivators are to contribute towards
the 18 per cent. necess,ary to complete the sup-
ply of home-grown food, and we believe that if
sufficient facilities are given to them they will
be able to do this.

If. out of the casual and somewhat chaotic
conditions with respect to agriculture which pre-
vailed before the war a vigorous, defined and
practical policy for the colonisation of these
islands were to emerge, something, and some-
thing worth while, would have happened to com-
pensate in some' measure for the waste of the
war.

Census 'OP Horsbs, Live Stoc'k, and
Agricultural Machinery.

A census of horses and mules, and a census
of cattle, sheep, pigs and agricultural machinery
in Great Britain on April 21, 1917, are to be
taken at the end of this month, in connection
with the measures necessary for obtaining horses
for the Army, for increasing the production and
economising the use of grain, and for conserving
food supplies (particularly meat and milkj.

Orders have been made under the Defence of
the Realm Regulations making it compulsory on
every person who owns any horses or mules, or
any cattle, sheep, pigs or agricnitur.al machinery,
to make a return, by May 1 at the latest, on fornn
which have been prescribed for the purpose and
are to be obtained from any police station — a
buff form for the census of horses and mules and
a white form for the census of cattle, sheep, pigs.
and .agricultural machinery. Every owner of
any of the animals or machinery in question
should take care to provide himself with a form
(if he has not received one from the police) in
time to have his return ready by the end of
the month.

178

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

i^ JL R K e: X s.

COVENT GARDEN, April i5.

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Anemone fulgens. a. d.B.d. B.d. B.d.

per doz. bun. 2 0- 2 fi Peas, white ani

Arums, per doz. 2 0-26 coloured, per

Azalea. white. doz. bun. .. 6 0 12 0

per doz. bun. 4 6-50 Pelargoniums, per

Camellias, white

perdoz.blms. 16-20
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 0 3 0

— Oarala (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun

— Barrii. per
doz, bun.

— Emperor, per
doz. bun.

— princepB. per
doz. bun.

— Sir Watkin
per doz. bun. 2 6-30

— Victoria, per
doz. bnn.

Forget- Me- Not.

per doz. bun.
Freesia. per doz.

bun

Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Iris. Spanish blue.

per doz. bun. JO 0-36 0
Lilium longi-

florum long 16-20

— — short .. 16-20
1 an cifolinm
album, long..

rubrum,

per doz.. long.. 3 0-36

short .. 16-20

Lily-of- the- Valley.

per doz. bun. 24 0-30 0
Narcissus.
Grand Prime.
n»r doz. b'ln. 16-20

— Pheasant Eye
per doz. t'un. 2 0-30

Orchids, per doz.

— Cattleya

— 0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crispum

16-20
16-20

2 0-30
13-16

2 6-30

16-20

2 6 —

doz. bunch

double scarlet 6 0-80
Primroses. per

doz. bun. .. 16- —
Roses -

— General Jac-
Queminot, per

doz. blooms.. 16-20

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 2 6-30

— Lady Hilling
don. per doz.
blooms

— Liberty. i>t
doz. blooms. .

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edoua-d
Herriot. per
doz blooms..
Ophelia, per

16-26
3 0-40

3 6-40

6- 3 0

d07. bio

3 0-50
3 0-36

— Prince deBi
garie ..

— Richmond
perdoz.blms. 2 6-36

— Sunburst, per
dor. bloiTia.. 2 6-36

— White Molly
Shaiman Craw-
ford, per doz
bl'oms .. 4 0-50

Stephanotis. P'r

72 pips . ..30-36
Tulips, white.per

doz. bun. .. 11 0-24 0

— yel'ow.

— Darwin in
variety, per
doz. bun. .. 12 0-18 0

— mauve Darwin
per doz. bun. 21 0-24 0

12 0-15 0 Violets, single.
Princess of
» 0- 4 0 Wales.. .. 3 0-50

Remarks.— Cut flowers are now more plentiful, and
prices are considerably lower tbroughout the market.
This week very large quantitiies are bein^ received from
Ihe Ohannel Islands. Daffodils and White Narci^s are
offered at ver>' low prices. There is also an atyundanrt-
euppl.v of home-grown Daflfodite. Roses are rheaper, ond
some exceptionially fine Mooms of the folilowing varietdes
are on safe : — Mme. Abel Obatenay, Mme. Bdouatrd Her-
liof. White Molly Sharman Crawford. MeIo<ly, Lady
Hillingdon, Prince de Bulg.arie. President Oarnot. Ophelia,
SunjbUTst, Liberty, and Richmond. Sweet Peas are in-
creasing in quantity. Some fine bunches of white, pink,
and mauve flowers are being receivexl from our own
growers, and a few boxes from Guemse.v. French
flowers are finishing, owing to the warmer weother.
Owdng to delay, majny baskets are received here ini on
unsaleable condition. Spanish Iris is also making its ap-
pearance, and a few bunches of blue are hieing sold at 5s.
pen' doE- blooms.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe s.d. ».d. ' s.d. s.d.

per doz. . SiO- 7 0 ; Kale, per bag .. 10 0

— J er u salem,
per bag .. 42 0 —

AspTragus Lauris 4 0-60

— Paris Green,
per bun. .. 3 6-40

Beetroot, per bag 16 0 —
Beans. English.

per lb.
Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad
BruBielsSprouts,

per 24 lb. . .
Cabbage, per

doz

Carrots, washed.

per bag .. 25 0 —
Cauliflowers, per

doz 4 0-60

Celeriac. per doz, 5 0-60
Celery, per doz

12 0 -

2 6-30

per

lb.
Radishes.

doz. bun.
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz.
— natural, per

doz. bun.

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d. s.d.

Almonds, per

cwt 80 0-85 (

Apples —
-English

Cooking, per

bus 20 0 —

— Oregon, per

case .. ..22 0-24 I
Bananas. Jamaica.

per ton . . £22 —
Cranberries, per

cask .. .. 11-0-12
Dates, per doz.

boxes .. ..7 0-8
Fig- (Worthey),

perdoz. .. 15 0-24 i
Grapes: Almeria,
. - perdoz. lb. .. 10 6-15

B.d. s.d.

LeekB.p6rdoz.bun.3 6-5 6
Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz. 2 0 4 0
Mushrooms.perlb. 2 0- 2 3
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punneti .. 10-16
10-16! Onions, per cwt 18 0 —

— spring, per
doz. bun. .. 12 0 —

9 0 — Parsley. peri bus. 14 0 —
Parsnips nercwt. 25 0-27 0
Peas. Channel

7 0 — Islands. perlb. 2 6-30

— French, per
pad .. .. 7 6-90

Potatos. new, per

Grapes-con.

— Knglish (new-
season) Ham-

bro. per lb. .. 6 0-80
Lemons, per case 25 0-40 0
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0-100 0

— Coconuts, per

100 .. ..31 0-32 0
Oranges, per case 40 0 70 o
Peaches, perdoz. 21 0-24 0
Pears—

Californian 16 0-20 0
Straw b erries,

forced.. .. 6 0-10 0
Tomatos. English,

per lb. ..26-30

Walnuts, per

cwt 65 0-85 0

Remarks. — Apples continue to be limited in supply.
A shipment of AuBtraiian. irudts is now due. The first of
the new EngJish crop of Blaok Hamburgh Gnapes is *o
hand this week, ojld Fi^ and Peaches are also available.
Supplies of morning gatlhered Strawberries are increasing
■ laily. The forced vegetables now obtainable are Peas,
Beaiis, Cucumhers. Asparagus, Seakale, Vegetable Mar-
ix>ws, Tomatos, and new Potatos. French salads are
plentiful, but all varieties of ^green vegetaibles are,
usual at this season, so ^ rr n ,-, * ,-,

Market, April iS, 1917.

10-13

4 0

E. E. R., CoveiH Garden

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Books : Corre^poyidcnt. Forbes and Hemsley's
Enumeration of Chinese Plants is out of print,
and can only be obtained second-hand. You
might be able to get a copy from John Whel-
don and Co., 38. Great Queen Street, W.C.
The list was published in the Linnean Society's
Journal, vol. 23, etc. Plantae Wilsonianar
may be obtained from our publishing depart-
ment. It consists of nine parts, price 12s. 6d.
each part.

M.«ZE. OR Sweet Corn : F. W. C. The heads
of Maize, known as Sweet Com, form a <Je!i-

. . dies .. 10 0-15 0 Savoys, per tally 15 0 20 0
Chicory. English. Seakale, per doz.

perlb 0 10-101 punnets ..300-390

Cucumbers, per i Shallots, per lb. 0 6-10 0

flat .. .. 13 6 — Spinach, per bus. 5 0 —
Endive, per doz. 2 0-30 Swedes, per ton 50 0-90 0
Greens, per bag. . 14 0 — Turnips, per cwt. 10 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10 — Tops, per bag 14 0 —
Herbs, per doz. 1 Vegetable Mar-
bun 4 0-80: 'rows perdoz. 8 0-12 0

Horseradish, per Watercress, per

doz. .. 66 0-72 « doz 0 8-09

Fig. 62. — black and clay coloured weevils.

cious vegetable. Unfortunately it is a some-
what precai'ious crop in this country, and
grown in the ordinary way during a wet or
dull and sunless summer is of little use,
but it is worth . a little extra trouble
in order to overcome these difficulties. The
seed should be grown in gentle warmth
in bo.xes during April, the seedlings potted,
and finally planted out in frames, on an old
hotbed for choice, in a sunny position, treat-
ing the plants in much the same way as for
Vegetable Marrows ; gradually harden the
plants, and, finally remove the lights entirely
towards the end "of May. Plenty of water is
essential during spells of dry weather. Spare
plants may be planted in well-prepared ground,
in a sunny position, from the middle to the
end of May, and if these are potted up and
encouraged to make strong plants before put-
ting them out. so much the better. The cobs are
fit for table in a green state before the seeds
commence to harden. As well as being useful
as a vegetable all the varieties of Indian Corn
are extremely ornamental.
Names of Plants : Shirehampton. Anemone
Hepatica, double pink variety. The species
is commonly known as Hepatica triloba in
gardens.—/. H. L. 1, Odontoglossum
Wilckeanum (crispum X luteopurpureum) ; a
very good fonn. It may be either an imported
natural hybrid, or home-raised ;. 2, Odonto-
glossmn gloriosum ; 3 and 5, forms of Cypri-
pedium Lawrenceanum ; 4, Cypripedium bar-
batum nigrum ; 6, Cypripedium conspicuum
(villosum X Harrisianum).

Nuts ; F. T. The nuts are the seeds of Lecythis
Zalbucajo, and are sold in shops as Sapucaia
nuts. The tree grows to a great height, and
is mostly found in Brazil, the iprancipal
source of the seeds Ijeing Para.

Scale Insects on Peach Tre,e ; M. M. Sponge
the plants with weak paraffin emulsion. Dis-
solve one ounce of soft soap in a pint of boiling
water, and whilst it is stiU boiling hot pour
the mixture into two pints of paraffin and
churn until a creamy fluid is obtained. Use
one part of the emuLsiion to 50 or 60 parts of
water. Next winter treat the trees with 3
caustic alkali wash, using a brush to remove
the scale. Syringing the trees when dormant
with watei' at a temperature of 145" is also
effective.

Slow Germination of .Vegetable Seeds :
E. It. W. If the Onion and Carrot seeds
were sound they should gernjinate sajtisfac-
torily even though a long time has elapsed
since they were sown. These vegetables take
much longer to germinate than the others men-
tioned. Wood-lice would not affect them. The
best way to destroy wood-lice is to pour boil-
ing water on their haunts.

Weed with a Bulb : M. L. Y. — We think you
have made a mistake in calling your weed
iSiheep's Sorrel (Rumex acetoseUa). That plajit
does come into the garden occasionally, but
is easy to eradicate. M'et, cold, poor, and
sour soils are those where it appears in
thousands, apd is most at home. In such
places it can be gradually eradicat-ed by
drrainioig and liming the soil to counteract its
sourness. You state that your plant has a
bulb, which points to it being an Oxalis or
Wood Sorrel. Several of the South African
species have become a nuisance in this
country — some in greenhouses and others out-
doors. 0. corniculata maintains itself out-of-
doors in gardens in any p<irt of the coiintiw,
bait it is not buJhous, being the only Soutli
African species tliat is fibrous rooted, main-
taining itself by seeds. A notorious bulbous one
is 0. cernua, with yellow flowers ; hut some
others are quite as bad in the borders of
greenhouses, not outdoors. They seldom
flower, but increase rapidly by means of
bulbs, and digging merely disperses them
m,ore widely. Gas-lime, at the rate of 1
pound to the square yard, is the most likely
agent to kiU the bulbs. It should be applied
in autumn when tjie border is empty.
Wlien the plant comes into full leaf early in
summer you can dust the foliage with sul-
phate of ammonia, not exceeding 1 ounce to
the square yard, while other plants occupy
tihe border. A third part of common salt
mixed with it would make it more effective.
Both these salts should be perfectly dry and
powdei-y when used, and .should be dusted
only on the foliage, as far as possible. The
bulbs will most likely throw up fresh foliage,
but repeat the treatment ea^^h time this
occurs, preferably in dry weather, and dur-
ing the early part of the season, when rain
is not so prevalent as in the autumn. The
object of this is to exhaust the reserve food
in the bulbs. Pea-flowered or Leguminous
plants should not be grown in the border
■whilst these salts are being used.

Weevils ox Roses -.A. G. L. The insects attack-
ing your Roses' are clay-coloured weevils.
Otior'hvnchus picipes (see fig. 62). Your
method of catching them at night is
the best one to pursue. They drop from
the plants on being suddenly disturbed,
and especially if a bright light is flashed
amongst them. By spreading a white cloth
beneath the plants you would be able to
trap the creatures easily, or sheets of paper
smeared with a sticky substance might be used
instead of the white cloth. Another method of
killing the insects is to fumigate the house late
at night ^vith hydrocyanic acid gas.

Communications Beceived — .Sir H. M.^f:. M.—
\ T B— R G H.— J. H., Kew— Rev. W, F.^J. R. J.
—Nat. Chrys. Soc.— T. H.

Apbil 28, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICZE.

Do Not

Forget the
Gardener-
Soldi

lers.

" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
Theodora Guest. You will see
that I am now in Mesopotamia.
The CHRONICLE is very
welcome to me out here ; it seems
good to read all the news in
the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers."

This letter was sent us by
a soldier in the Mesopotamia
Force, YOUR soldier friend,
who was a gardener before
he went to the front, is a
gardener still in sympathies
and interests. HE longs to
know what is going on in
the gardening world now,
and has no means of knowing
unless YOU help him. Send
him the GARDENERS'
CHRONICLE. Keep him
in touch with current gar-
dening affairs. He will be
most grateful for such an
act of friendship. Send us
a subscription for half-a-year
— 8/9 — and we will take all
the responsibility of sending
the paper regularly to your
.friend, also reminding you
punctually when the sub-
scription is about to expire.

Write to us now, and
give us his address.

41, WELLINGTON ;i ST., STRAND,
LONDON, W.C. 2

MANY YEARS REPUTATION^ y

WEED
KILLER

tASTING RESULTS -NO NEW EXPERIMENT.

LABOUR SAVERS.-EuREKA- uwn sanr.

UME Nicotine Insecticides Fumers.
spray5, and other chemicals 8c sundries.
See List please ask your agent for the Eureka

ARTICLES- They ARE ALWAYS SATISFACTORY IF ANY

Y in 08TAINING WE SEND DIRECT CaRRIAGE PdlO

. OalvAdjrissTOMUNSON & HAYWARD L? LINCOLN.

VAPOUR
CONE

LETHORION ::

Fumigator

Introduced 1885.

The marvellous effiect of thi.s
simple and cheap method of
Fumigating Greenhouses is
fully borne out by the
enormous increase of sales
year by year.

Only a match required
for starting the Cone. Full
directions for use on each
Cone.

Thousands of testimonials
receiTed from all parts.
Prices.- No. 1. 600 to 1,000 cubic rt., B<t. ; No. 2, 1,600
cubic ft , 8d. ; No. 3, for 2,000 to 2.600 cubic ft. 1/-.

> » T H E NEW
AND MOST
SUCCESSFUL

"TENAX

Grafting Wax

It is a much required "HOME-MADE" article

to meet the requirements of all Nurserymen and

Gardeners. .S

It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

other preparations for all Grafting and Budding

Purposes.

To be obtained tlirouKh the Nursery tnd Seed
Trade generally.

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chemical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON. S.E.

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS

Flowi-riiif,^ plants in .liii. pots.
Standard varieties, 18/- per dozen, 110/- per KKI.
Noveltie.i, 22/6 per dozen, 150/- per 100.

BORDER CARNATIONS

Strong plants in Sin. pots,

7/ti l>er dozen, 50/- per 100.
All plants C.U;n. PAID ami packrd free /..;• cash.

A._F.JUTTON'S NOTED CARNATIONS.

IVER, BUCKS.

SANKEYSt^'^POTS

Brfrra'jntf)iii»l<fffft'T^imffflmt

mcHAfto SANKey * son, ltp.

BolwellPoy«ries. NOTTINOMAM.

isWEET PEaI

rA MakeSureof Good Supplies of the National Colours. ^

I RED, WHITE & BLUE |

^ hvents will pr..)b:il.ly happen qiiii- klyuow. ^

^ Remembep previous victories aad*the grre.it deiumid ro

B' I' r Euil.lfiii-- The Sweet Pea is the nost useful of M

JA all Flowers (or this purpose. gj

gl SPECIAL OFFER.— UW Best in the c.Ioir., ;; fi. Vg

I PLANT IN THE OPEN NOW i

Ki BEND FOR OUR NEW LIST

^ 90 VARIETIES, INCLUDING 20 NOVELTIES

YA The following arc a few sell " "

*l Plnk-Hetcules ..

K Cream

Pink I Deep)— Margaret Atlee

Per doz, 100
8ll 4/1*
7rt, 4 -

Hll. 4 (>
H«l. 4 <i

^ Scarlet— s,Ai let Empe

^ Orange Pink— Edrom Beauty . .

M Purple- Ivnyal Purple ..

(g" Maroon- King Manoel ..

■^ Mauve -Kertrand Deal Improved

A. Blue iLlght)— Weiigwood

iDarki — Lord Nelson Spencer

Llla

ander— Lavender Geo, Herbert

nine— John Ingman..

tee Edged— Kvelyn Hemus

1^ MIXTURES.

BJ Spencers— Waved

W Large Flowering

1^ The Popular

^ Not le^ than M at the 1()(

SA Colleotlons.— 6 plants each 12 vari<-t

Kj 3 3:1-2 ditto. 5 9 ; 25 ditto. lO d.

© Important.- We cannot t<_>o «troni;Iv fiuphft-iRe

yl lh»t these plants are Autumn and Winter So

>B Cold Grown. There n^ ;» vast difTerenoe t.etw

GJ plant* and those raib.L-d in the Spring in Heat.

. Oil.

:si;

. (ill.

. sil.

4 ft

. Sal,

4«

9)1.

7d.

4 ■

. <><l.

:i ft

4il

■n

. :l<l.

i»

selection.

CYCLAMEN,

SCHIZANTHUS.

elsloF Strain.-

TOMATOES.

Craig, Comet,

Seedlings Transplntd.
(ready (or (ready (or
trannplutg.] poltlug).

selection, 1/9 t

^ Pitlbasket, Sup

yS Kondlne. Sunrise .

^ Balch's Gem, Beatall

rA Hide's Recruit

^ Bucks* Tresco

^ COLLECTION!

5fl BF.8T ; 3 pU

©• ti ilitto. 3/3 ; 12 ditto. 6/6 ; 26 ditto. 10/-.

% TOMATO "BUCKS' TRESCO'

yA Till- (;.ri.K when properly grown i- "ithi.nt douia i

^. i.a nt Cultural hints with all purchases,

H requested.

©• ll-''! til" f.iU.-wIng ur

t.

unsolicited te^itiinonial from a tcentld'

> 40lbs. perjplant

54 Tomatoes.

.«

record of a single trusH vrelghlng

^ over 12lbs.

Ss riuii,, lM.i.~pl-mlwl. e« l.o^i«. ready for iH.ttlni!.
« wi •/ a ; 14 - li«i Delivery April.

2/6 .loz,

5 - il"/,
35- IHM, Delivery May.

TOMATOES FOR THE OPEN.

n.Hik \niir i.mI.th inr pljiiitH nnw for delivery .■lilei
May 15th. Prices and Varieties hh us iminl .timv.
fit Transplanted, lli.'^,. m.- ex boxes. iml ex potSJirc

W.- -.tiiTiiily !.■> iiirri-i a variety iiaim-d "Holmes Open

\v\vH 2 3H../, ; 7 - .■■": 12/6 100 Ex potw. 4/- .lu/.. ; 27/6100.

I Spr

4)1.

•ilt

Leek
Letti
Onl

4il.

ibftge or Con

ns. Ail.iiCmlg (Special) _ .

Sage. ^ttrwDS l-rear old plant**, 3tl, each ; 2/J do;

FUTURE DELIVERY.

9k your orders

Delivery May 15th

Caullflov
Celery...
Leeks r- .
Lettuces
Onion 1

I BUCKS,

St. John's,
IPSWICH.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[April 28, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the " GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE trom the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

English Flower Garden, The. An Illustrated
Dictionary of the Plants Used, and
Directions for their Culture and Arrange-
ment. By W. Robinson. With numerous
Illustrations. 15s. 7d

Ferns, The Book of British. Bv C T. Druery.
Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Ferns, Choice, for Amateurs. For the Garden,
Conservatory and Stove. Illustrated. With
full directions for their Cultivation, and
Formation of Ferneries, Rockeries, etc. By
George Schneider. New Edition. 3s. lid.

Fern Culture. By A. Hemslev. Well Illus
tiated. 2s. 9d.

Perns and Fern Culture. By J. Birkenhead.
Third Edition, revised by F. Parsons. Is. 2d.

Fertilisers and Manures. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S.
Ss. Sd.

Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.
Bentham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.
Seventh Edition. 9s. 5d.

Flora, British, Illustrations of the. Bv W. H
Fitch and W. G. Smith. 1,315 Wood En-
gravings. Revised and enlarged. 9s. 5d.

Floral Decoration, British. By R. F. Feltun.
Containing 26 full-page Illustrations (12 in
colour). 4s. ^

Flsrists' Bibliography, The. By C. Harnian
Payne. Second Edition, with Supplement
and Index. Cloth, 5s. 4d.

Flower Garden, The. By T. W. Sanders. The
Formation and Management of a Garden,
and the Culture of Outdoor Flowers and
Plants. 450 pages. 104 Illustrations. 8s.

Flowering Plants, Classification of. Bv Alfred
B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 1. ' Gymno-
sperms and Monocotyledons. 400 pages.
Illustrated. 10s. lOd.

Flowers and Flower Culture. By H. W. Ward.
8d.

Flowers, The Book of Hardy. By E. H. Jenkins.
A Practical Guide to the Cultivation of
Hardy Flowers. Illustrated. Cloth. 2s. lid.

Flowers, The Book of Old Fashioned. By Harry
Roberts. 2s. lOd.

Forestry, English Estate. By A. C. Forbes.
Copiously Illustrated. 328 pages. 12s. lid.

Forestry. The Development of British. By A. C
Forbes. Illustrated, lis.

Forestry, The Practice of. By Percival T. Maw.
A voluminous and practical manual. It
deals also with the financial aspect of
Forestry. 17s. 6d.

Forestry. Webster's Practical. Fourth and
Enlarged Edition. Illustrated. 5s. 4d.

F;cnch Market Gardening. By John Weathers.
With practical details of " Intensive Culti-
vation " for English Growers. Preface bv
W. Robinson. 3s. lid.

Fruit Farming, Practical, for Commercial Fruit-
growers and others. Bv Cecil H. Hooper.
3s. lOd.

Fruit Farming for Profit. By George Bunyard.
A practical treatise on all the more profitable
Fruits. Sixth Edition. 2s. 9d.

Fruit Garden, The. By George Bunyard and
Owen Thomas. 13s.

Fruit Growing, Profitable : for Cottagers and
Small Holders of Land. Bv John Wright,
V.M.H. A Gold Medal Essay, written for
the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.
Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fruit, Hardy, Culture for Amateurs. By S. T.
W^right, with notes by W. D. Drury on
Fungi affecting Fruit Trees. Illustrated.
Is. 5d.

Fruit Ranching in British Columbia. By J. T.
Bealby. Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Fruit Trees and Their Enemies. With Spraying
L'alendar. Bv Spencer Pickering, F.R..S.,
and Fred. V. Theobald. Cloth, is. 9d.

Fruit Trees in Pots. By Josh Brace, twenty-two
years Foreman for Thos. Rivers and Son.
illustrated. 5s. 4d.

Fruit Trees, The Scientific and Profitable Cu!=
ture of. From the French of M. Du Breuil.
Fifth Edition, carefuUv Revised bv George
C;ienny. With 187 Woodcuts. 3s. 9d.

Fruit and Vegetables, Packing and Selling: for
Cottagers and Small Holders of Land. By
R. Lewis Castle. A Gold Medal Essay, writ-
ten for the Worshipful Company of Fruit-
erers. Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. By Dr.
M. C. Cooke. Many Coloured Plates. 5s. 6d.

Garden Beautiful, The. for Home Woods and
Home Landscape. By W. Robinson. Illus-
trated. 7s. lOd.

Garden Planning and Planting. A Guide to the
Laying-out and Designing of Flower Beds
and Borders. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth. Is. 9d.

Garden, Chemistry of the. A Primer for
Amateurs and Young Gardeners. Bv Her-
bert H. Cousins, M.A. Is. 2d.

Garden Craft in Europe. Bv H. Inigo Triggs.
£1 15s. 6d.

Garden Designs, The Book of. Bv Charles
Tlionger. 2s. lOd.

Garden Flowers for Town and Country Gardens.
By John Weathers. Coloured Plates. Ss- 4d.

Garden Furniture, The Book oJ. Bv Charles
Thonger. 2s. 9d.

Garden Guide. By W'alter P. Wright. A Prac-
tical Handbook for all Garden lovers. 100
Illustrations. Cloth, Is. 9d.

Garden Plants, A Practical Guide to. By John
Weathers. Contains descriptions of Annuals.
Biennials. Perennials. Flowering and Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs, Conifers, etc.. and
also the be.st kinds of Fruits and Vegetables
that may be grown in the open air. 1,192
pages. 153 Illustrations. 21s. 5d.

Garden Receipts. Edited by Charles W. Quin.
Fourth Edition. Is. 84d'.

Garden, The WellConsidered. By Mrs. Francis

King. 4s. lOd.
Garden Under Glass, The. By W. F. Rowles.
Contains much practical information. Price
6s. 6d. Illustrated.
Garden Series (edited by R. Hooper Pearson).
My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles.
M.A., Chairman of Scientific Committee of
Royal Horticultural Society. With Pre-
face by Reginald Farrer. '320 pages.
Contains 15 Coloured Plates and 24 Half-
tones. Price, 5s. 6d.
My Garden in Summer. By the same author

as above. Price Ss. 6d.
My Garden in Autumn and Winter. By the
same author. Issued 1915. Price 5s. 6d.
Gardener's Assistant, The. New Edition by
William W'atson, Curator, Roy.il Gardens,
Kew. 6 vols., cloth, 8s. 5d. each. Also in
2 vols., Roxburghe binding, 52s.

Gardeners' Clironoe Horticultural Directory

(58th Year.) Revised edition for 1917. This
unique Horticultural Directory contains,
amongst other valuable information : — A
Register of the principal Nurserymen, Seeds-
men and Florists. Mansions of the United
Kingdom, with their Occupiers and Head
Gardeners. Horticultural Builders and Engi-
neers ; Landscape Gardeners. Horticultural
and Floral Societies ; Fruit, Flower and Vege-
table Trades' Societies. Principal Fruit and
Flower Salesmen and Commission Agents in
London. List of County Staff Instructors in
Horticulture appointed by the County Coun-
cils. Principal Public Parks in Great Britain
and Ireland. Indispensable to every Nursery-
man and professional Gardener. Every pos-
sible means i.s taken to revise this work each
year; this involves over ]5,000 communica-
tions by post, as a form for verification is
sent to every name included in the lists.
Published on Januarv 1 each year. Price
Is. 4d.

Gardening, Alphabet, of. By T. W. Sanders.
Illustrated by diagrams. Is. 9d.

Gardening, Encyclopaedia of. By T. W. Sanders.
A Dictionary of Cultivated Plants, Flowers,
Fruit. Vegetables, Trees and .Shrubs, with
Description and Popular and Technical
Names. Cultivation, etc. 465 pages. 3s. lid.

Gardening, Home. By W. D. Drury. A manual
for the Amateur, containing instructions for
the Laying-out, Stocking, and Cultivation of
Small Gardens. Is. 3d.

Gardening, Pictorial Practical. Edited by Walter
P. Wright. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth, Is. 9d.

Gardening. School, A First Book of. By A.
Logan. Is. 9d.

1,500 Gardening Questions Answered. A useful
Handbook for the Amateur Gardener, deal-
ing with every phase of Gardening, both
inside and out. Paper, Is. 3d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41, Wellington Street, Co vent Garden, W.C 2

Pi,jite<i for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lote iKD Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Lmidon. W.0.1. ^*--f^t. High Holborn, and Published weeWy by the Gardeners'
Ohroniole, Ltd., «, -Wellington Street, OoTOOt Gttrden, Oity oJ Weatminater, Saturday, April 88, 1917. Agent for Mfcn cheater : John Hbywood.

JUN 7 - ]

No. 1584. Vol. LXI.

SATUEDAY, MAY 5, 1917.

i Registered as a Newspaper.] "R'CE 3d.
I (Post-free, Sjd.

SVBSCRIPTIOS— Inland, 1SI-I Foreign, 17 6 I22fr. 10c.\ [s4 26c.] per annum. Entered at Aeic York I'ost Office at second-class matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address— " Oardchrod, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS «ee page 179.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier difpatch of the morning
traing from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

WTM. DUXCAX TUCKER & SONS,

' ^ LTD , Lawrence Eoad. South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gajxlens, Vineries, Peach-houaes,
Portable Buildings, &c. Oataloguea gratis.

TJARRS VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

■*-* SEEDS of finest selected strains and tested
grawtb. Catalogue free on application. — BAJIR & SONS,
King Street, Coreni Garden, London.

pOTATOS. — Selected seed can still be sup-
-*- plie<i. Write for list of kinds and prices. —
1I0BBIE.S, LIMITED, Xorfolk Nurseries, Dereham, . Lou-
don Depot, 17, Broad Street Place, Loudon, E.O.

WATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-
OUS PL.\STS and W.WER LILIES. Large
etookfl of the best and moBt popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.^IOHN W.ATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks.

AT'IOLAS, finest Scotch, ,12 Bedding

' Varieties, correctly named, 29. 3d., post free. Early
Ohrysanthemums, 12 ver>' fine varieties, 39. 9d., poet
free. Strong plants.— DOBBIE & CO., Florists, Edinburgh.

FOUR NEW PRIMULAS, coUected by
Geo. Forrest, P. helodoia, A.M., R.H.S., 3a. M. P.
nutans, A.M, R.H.S., 7s. 6d. P. vincaeflora, A.M., R.H.S.,
58 P. conico, A.M., R.H.S., Ss. The set of four grand
novelties for IBs. Full de9<'rlptive catuloguo of these
and other new Chinese pliants post free on application. —
R. WALLACE & 00.. LTD., Colohcstor, Essex.

IILACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

•■-' have plca-sure in Bending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &c., &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magnificent strong
roots of our une<iualled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

/:jREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-* '■ Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. PuU particulars Irom
W. CARSON & SONS. Grove Works, Batteraea. Agents
throughout the country.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

^^ • eervatories, Greenhouses, &c,, and Heating- Engi-
neere, Danvers Street, Ohelaea, Ix>ndon. S.W. 3. Wire.
201, Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western.

(^ISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ (?entury'9 reputatioa (or effectiveness in prevent-
ing: •and destroyinf^ Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bu^,
Thrip, American Blig-ht, G^reen and Brown FJy, &o.
Sold in boxea about lib., 31b., and 121b., bv Dealers
lib Garden 9undrie«. Wholesale: PRICE'S' PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD.. Batteraea. London, S.W. U.

S

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

OUTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,
'^ READISG.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, and other flowers.
Xew Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and stAnd.ard
varieties is rejidv, and will be sent post free on appli-
cation. — (Dept'. A) R. H. BATH. LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbech.

K

ELWAY'S Beautiful Blue Delphiniums.
Kelway"s Brilhantly. coloured Phloiee.
KeLway's Colour Borders, ever in bloom.
KelNv-ay's new ond cJioice Hairdy Perennial plante

of all kinds.
Kelway'8 Famous Gliidioli.
Kelway'a man v coloured Pvret brums.
Kclway's Gay' GoilUrdias.

Write for KedxK-e<l Price Lists to

KELWAY & SON. Retoil Plant Department,

Longport, Somerset.

BUSINESS METHODS.— Experience in
the world "f coniineroe shows that there ai-o two
ways of conducting a bu9jne.'>3, the on© being to charge
OS much as possible for what is sold, e.\acling a high
rate from one customer and a low price from anoUier,
and the other to have a fixed price for everything and
stick to it. The fir«t methcxl is U> be condemned from
©very point of view, but mainly because it punishes
the best purchasers, those who are ready to pay what
is reasonably a^ked when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The Gardcnerg' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It guarantee** that it-n advertisement rates are
not altere^l for any customer, big or little, old or now;
all pay the name price for a similar thing. Conse-
quently, whilst it is not possible to grant concessions.
it is novertheh-sH the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to a.<isuro each advertiser that he payfl no more
than anvone else.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers. Horsemen.— Try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears like
leather ; showerproof ; 7 varda for 17a. 6d. Patterns free.
—BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO. (71), Bradford.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Itrowii IVnt. lOs. 6d. per yaixi in trucks; in
bags 23. 6d. earh. 303. dozen ; Oak and Beech I..eflf Mould,
Yellow Ijoam. Stacked and I-Veeh Out. Silver Sand;
4-ton ilota for 45s.; C.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen ba^^; list
free.— J. HANDSOOMBE. F.R.H.S.. Feltham, Middlesex.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH and TRENCH
HOE.— A wonderful little tool. A woman can do
more detail work nith it than two men with spades.
(Jets more use-fiil every da/. M<iny repeat orders re-
ceived, inrltMling Royal Kew Gardena. Price Js., carriage
paid. — LAND TOOL CO.. AUsop Street, Baker Street,
London.

VIOLAS, strong plants of M. Mott
(mauve), A. Grant (dark blue), Amy Barr (pink),
.J. Pilling (edged), L. Knox (cre-am), Moselev Perfection
(yellow). 9*^1. do?... As. 6d. 100. carriage paid.— ENGLAND
& FURNESS, Freelanda Road Nurseriee, BtromJey, Kent.

Fop Advertisement Charges see page il.

QMISSIONS and Failures made good b^

^^-^ purchasing Storrie's Seedlings, just ready for prick-
ing out or potting on at correct dates for best possible re-
sults; all popular Greenhouse plants, Simimer Bedding,
and Hardy Border Flowers. &c. Grand lot of Qj'cilamea
now ready. Write for catalogue.— STORRIE & STORRIE,
Flower Seeds Specialists, Glencarse, Ptirthshire.

"OOSES.- Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham

-■-•^ Cross, Ltd., beg to offer a fine stock of all tlia
best varieties, new and old, for present planting. Priced
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES. Waltham Cross. Herts.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE tind other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Iniprove<l Mushroom Spawn. Priced circuJaira
free on application tn DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house ami Nurseries. Chester.

S

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Growers,

PERNS! FERNS! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-

"*■ ing Ferns, Basket Fema, Stove nnd Greenhouae
Fenis, Hardy Gaixien Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH, Londoni Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

rjRAPE VINES.— Hard, shoi-t-jointed,
^-^ rtn<l fruit beairmg ; niso PJanting Ooites. List on
opplicatiom— WILL TAYLER, Hampton, Middlesex.

T AWN BOWLS.— 50s. Association set
-*-^ Lawn Bowls, 4 pairs superior full size eeledwi
ligTiujn, me<liuni biai*, with 2 jacks, complete, in atroiig
box, uTLUsed, price 29s. 6*1. ; also 2 new pairs finest
Stun<lar<l Match Bow,ls, absolutely accurate, 3 bias,
officially tested and stamped, lis. 6d. padr, or whole lot
for 49s. M. .\pproval.— Box 707, Gilyard's, Darley Street,
Brad f 00x1.

Ij^OR SALE, two fine Agave Americana,
yellow edges ; ino l^iTge for owner's ^eenhouse. No
ri.i.xsonable ofler refused.— Write, AGAVE, c/o Blanche,
273, Brighton lioad, S. Oroydon.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of Scarlets, Queen of Whites. Ix>vely Blue (lavender
blue), Prince-RS of Walej? (purple) ; strnng, clean, well-
rooterl .stuff from br.xe.s. 60 for Sa. : 9s. per 100 ; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DUDDERIDGE. The Dorset
Nurseries. Blandford,

SEED POTATOS. — Lincolnshire Arran
Chiefs, King Edwards, 281bs. 78., 561b9. 139. 6d. ;
bags free. Iiimie<liatc despatch.— S. G. KIMBEJl. Higli-
fleld, Southampton'.

FOR SALE, a few large Palms ; Pony Lawn
Mower ; idso Leaf Sweeper.— -Apply, MR. BILLL
MOUE, Caversham, Reading.

PAUL CRAMPEL. — 500 plants for sale,
last vear old stools. What offers?— W. B., Box 4,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

20s. 100: Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangreas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Pern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

THE gardenehs' chronicle.

[.May 5, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 12 o'clock.

A choice n-- i ; m. m mi Jinses, Hardy H«rb;ic*oui5 Plants,
Muxlmlen I . i v.nicucs of Oaiii.itiniis amd Pico-

tees, Bff;' I ' I \ ! -. Gladiotos, niKi other Bulb?;
also JapaiK.-i' Li!.- -. i:i sniall lots .and cases.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
Willi sell the above br auction, at tlieir Central Sale
Rooms. 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. ii.
(In view nioniing of sale and catal.igiies bad,

SOUTHGATE, N.

OLBAKAXCE SAL]', liV (M;l)l;i; OF THE EXEOtlTORS,

MESSRS. i'i;tiriih:i;i)E & morrts
have receiv ,1 ■:;, mi ,,ii. from the E.'iecutors of
the late Mr. C. H F.-ilin;,' In sell bv auction on Hie
premises, Sotitligate Houk-. .Southgate, X.,

On Tu'^sday and Wfidne^dav. May 15th and
16lh. 1917. at 12,30 o'nloTk reciselv.
tlie whole of the STOVE, GREENHOUSE, .and BE.DDIXn
PLAXTS, Oroliids in. Tarietv, together witih a quanrtitv
of FAR:iIIXr: IMPI.EMEXTS. Farm Horse, Fa,i-m Oart,
I!i,i, r" III ml r,.',,., 11,1 t; ,l,c &c. ; a.lso a CAPITAL
■\"1( I , i:, I \ , : l;,;Mi I ,; [ wi I ,, ; i.ge ,and Cart. H-ar'-es-,
Itr I, ,. , I ,; ^it, i, I,,, 1,11 Frames, Greenhouse
St.i^iii", l',,(,, s; I, k ,,t I,,, Mill, s 11 ndn' Tools, &c.

Mm- l.p vicwwl. Catalogues bad at the Gardens; of
Messrs. VV, T. Riickett & Son, Solicitors, 103, King's
Cross Ro.ad. W.C. 1 ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68.
Cheapside, London, E.C. 2.

Teakwood Gaxden, Furniture, comprising seats, chairs,
tables, &e. ; Ga.rden Ornajnemts, Old and Modem ;
,Taoanesie Dwarf Trees and Miniature Gardens

TVIESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRTS

-'■'A „!•■ se" the above a,t their Centr.il Auction, Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC. 2.

On Fnrtay. May 18th. at 1 o'e'oek
On view two days prior and morning of sale. C^ta-
loigues on appliciition to the Auctionee,rs,

CORK, IRELAND.

e Sold by Auc'ion on Thursdav, May 171h,
1917.

The okl-estab'ifhed Xursery of Baylor, Harlland & Son,"
.,f .\,ivlc^iirn,, Cork, as a goin^ concern. Famous Fo.\
naffodils and old Cottage Tulips.

W. MARSH & SOXS, Auctioneers,
70. South Mall. Cork.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL RBrJISTER OP XIIRSEHIES, MARKET GAR-

DEX.S, FLORISTS' AXT) SEED BT'SIXESSES to be Let

or Sold, Published by

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

XTX everi- mmith. Copies niav be obtained post free
on appli"afion.— F,st,ate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London. E.C.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED,

"WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

^ " old plants suit.able for .stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH,
Ix'udon Fern Xurserv, Loughborough Junction. London,
B.W.

MIS CELL A NEOUS.

T»^i[,^ KEEP YOU DRY !

BEACON OILSKINS never fail to keep out the wet.
That's why they are worn by hundreds of farmers,
gamekeepers, and other outdoor men, women and
children. You should wear them it you want weather
comfort. They aren't sticky like ordinary oilskins.
We return your money at once if they don't satisfy
you. The Beacon Booklet will show the style which
suits you best. Men's Coats from 9/- up; Children's,
8/6 up; Ladies' Smart Oilskins, 18/6; Sou'-westers, from
1/6. Send postcard to-day for this Free Booklet of
" Weather Comfort." — Send now — ^before vou forget — ^to
BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66, BEACON BUILDiNGS, SOUTH
SHIELDS. (1)

l^XPENSIVE ADVERTISING. In these

-'-^ days, when every firm has to advertise or see
its business decline, it is necessary to make sure that
the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
justify the expenditure. It is this consideration
that has led most keen business men to discontinue
the wasteful method of advertising bv catalogue. If
enquiries be made of any printing firm "it will be found
that catalogue printing has fallen away since the war
bv about 80 tier cent., nor is this to be wondered at.
The price of paper is nearly three times what it was
formerly, printing rates are higher, and the cost of post-
age is much increased, so that the wholesale distribution
of large catalogue-s is now too expensive for business
purposes. The newspapers, though they themselves
are produced at much greater expense all round, have
nevertheless refrained from increasing their prices for
adverti«ement,s. and it is by utilising these permanent
media that profitable advertising may etill be practised.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISH! R not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ s. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page ... ,, ,, 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

£ s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch across 2 columns 14 0

Per inch, across 3 columns ... I I 0

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space,
[Headline counted as two lines ]

For discounts apply to address belo-w.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The Unitkd KiNGiiuM IS/- per annum.

Abroad 17/8 ,, ,,

Chtques and P.O.a 'o 'e rruuie payable to "GARDENERS'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. W.C. 2.

Telegrams: 154S ' Garhouron', Rand, London."
Telephone : 1543 GERRABD.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Linas 3s. (Head-line eounted as Two),

6d. for each sueeeedlne line

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

mti,sf give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initial.<t at Post-offices, as all
Letters «o addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVA rr.

XyANTED, HEAD GARDENER; man

' * over military age. O'l- woman; cottage, 30s, a week ;
2-; acres Garden; assistance given' ; Vegetjables specialitv ;
Bnxmoor, Hert?.— Apply, E. A. MITCHELL INNES, ESQ.,
K.C., Farrnr's Buil<lin,g. Temple, E.C. Tel., Il46 Central.

WTANTED, HEAD WORKIXG GAR-

'^ DEXER (ineligible); thoroughly experienced Vege-
tables, out-floor Fruit, and small home farm. Herbaceous
Borders, .smiall Greenhouse ; preference to man with eon
under miliiary age as Second ; house, cools, and vege-
tables found. — Full particulars of experience, age, \rage^,
and copies of testimoniaJs (if any) to PEESCOTT, High-
lands, Woli^ingham. Surrey.

WTANTED, practical SINGLE-HANDED

' " GVRDKNKR for Ripon : some help given.— Apply,
with particulars and wages required, \vi,th cottage, &c.. to
O. H. WHEELER. Swinton Gardens, Masham, Ripon.
Also a 'S'OUTH for Swinton Gardens; good wages, with
Bothy, kQ. — .\pply as above.

TY'AJ^TED. gardener, for Berks, who

i* w illing to learn aind m.ajiage electric engine ;
cottage found.— Apply, first instance, to MR. BILUmORE,
Caversham, Reading,

"yy ANTED, GARDENER or LADY GAR-

DENER. — Write, stating expe,iience and wages re-
quire<i, to .SPENCER WHITEIIEAD, Unber Grove, Esher.

A THOROUGH home for Vegetable GAR-

-^ *- DENER who understands poultrj* ; live in ; good
wages, good food.— 67, Wigmore Street, London, W.

TITANTED, IMPROVER, Inside and Out ;

age 15 to 16 ; wages 18s., Bothv, vegetables, miOs.
— E. MORGAN, W-iss-^nd HaU Garden.s, Hull.

T^ANTED, several YOUTHS, 16 to 17.-

Inside and Out ; wages 18s. i>er vveek ; Bothy, &c. ;
Sunday dut,,v «nd overtime paid : 1 o'clock Satiirdays ;
travelling expenses paid.— C. GARRATT, Canwell Half
Garden.s, Sutton Coldfleild, Birmingham.

TVT^^'TED, LADY GARDENER, for

Ghi-is Department. —State aige, experience, wages
leqiiired, to GEO. W. HAGON. Burwalls. Leigh Woods,

Bristol.

TY^^'TED, a LADY GARDENER or ex-

' ' perienced GARDENER (man1 for dtiration of war ;
man and hoy kept.— GERTRUDE LADY PEXRHYN, Hall
Place, West Meon, Hiunpshire.

W^ANTED, at St. Leonards School

' " for Girls. St. Andreu-^. Fife, a fuUv qualified
and well-educated WOMAN, to act as HEAD GARDENER
and IXSTRUCrrOR in GARDENING; knowledge of the
growth and sale of Vegetables and the oare of Gra«s
is essential, and some experience in t-eaching desirable.
—For further particulars apply to the HEAD MISTRESS.

"I^XPERTMENTAL and RESEARCH
-■-^ STATION. Olieshunt, Herts.— Young lady required"
to assist in taking measurements anid keeping records of
crop production. Applicants must be accurate ajnd re-
liable in their work. Previous expedience in sdence is
desirahle but not essential. Hours, 7.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
— Apply to the Director, stating age, experience, wages
reiuired, enclosing -a copy of one recent reference.

T^yANTED, LADY GARDENER, • under

another ladv : all-round experience. — Apply tO'
MRS. ROBIN.SON, Redlynch House, near Sa,lisbury.

T ADY GARDENERS Wanted; all suited
-■-^ entirciv free of charge.— Head, for Dorset, 4'
I'nders kept ; good deal of glass. Two Unders for Berlts
(7 kept) ; must understand Peaches and Carnations, GlfflSS.
Bexhill tsingle-handed), 3 acreis, small amount Flowers,,
Vegetables ; girls' school ; live with mistresses. Cheshire,
Groom-Gardener, with boy ; i acre ground: small pony,
dogs. Derby, Under, good He.Td Man Gardener, who
trains well ; gentle^voman, could live in house. Heaifoipd^
2 required, one for Garden, other for small farm (3 cows).
Hants, single-haTide<l, with bov : electric light, plant.
Slough. 25s. and fiii-nisbed I'ottage. chieflv Vegetables.
Sussex, 2 wants as Head and Under ; Garden. 3 acres,
obiefiv Vegetables; aiKl other good posts.- MRS. HUNT,
LTD., 86, High Street, Marylebone.

WANTED, young WOMEN GAR-
DEVERS. one for Houses, others for Pleasure-
Grounds ; Mve in furnished house, witli attendance. —
Apply, stating reference, to A. J. COBB, Duffri-n Gardens,
near C-ardiff.

,

WTANTED, highly respectable WOMAN;

' ^ wifbnv or wife of a Gardener now in. Army pre-
fernxl, to act as Housekeeper to 4 or 5 young women
Gardeners.— Apply to A. J. COBB, Duffrviv Gardens, near
Cardiff.

WANTED, for Glass-house.s, a LAD of
16. or a single Man : to live in Bothv : Sunday
diiti- and overtime paid extra.— Apply to HEAD GAR-
DENER, Wyfold Court, near Reading.

TRADS.

WANTED, MAN ; ineligible ; well up in
Oiicumbers and Tomatos; good prospect to obtain?
Foreman position. — Write, L. J., Box 26, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

T^ANTED, GROWER;- able to take-

' ' r-harge : Bedding Plants and Ferns. Please state
w-aiges a-equired.— B. E.", Box 9, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, in London district, a reliable-
M-\N (ineligible) for Gra,pes and Cncumbea-s ; wages
40s. and overtime— T., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

T^ANTED, Competent Cucumber Grower ;

' * also Tomato Grower and one w-ith experience of
Vines ; ineligible. State age, w-ages reqiiire<l, and where
experience gained. — NOWELL, B<>deji, WeUingtoa,.
Salop.

"OELIABLE MAN (ineligible) wanted in

-*-*' Lon.ilon Nurserv for market Ferns. State wages. —
R., Box 8, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2:

-May 5, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for each
suceeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address atone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as ail
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

(:;jARDENER (Head), Scotch, a^e 43, in

^^ large establishment ; thoroug-bly experienced in all
branches; active; good manager; for 12 rears' Head at
Osberton ; leaving through death of the Right Hon.
F. J. S. Foljambe ; excellent references ; used to pro-
ducing Vegetables and Fruit in Jarge quantities, — Appiv
to JAMES B. ALLAN, Osberton Gardens, Worksop, Notts

JJEAD GARDENER and BAILIFF ; age

46 ; .advertiser seeks an ai>pointment where a
tliorough conipetent and trustworthy in.an is required ; 14
years' present situation ; highest recommendation a;* i
character and ability; 30 rears* experience. — J. H., B' %
3, 41, Wellington Street, Ooveut Garden,, W.C. 2.

TJfEAD GARDENER.— Mr. M. G. Town-

-■■-■- LEY wishes to highlv recommend W. CL.WTOX
(over miUtary age) as HEAD G.\RDEN'ER, whel¥ i or
more are I(ept ; thoroughly capable man ui all brandies ;
excellent organiser and economical.— Address, W. OLAY.
TUN, Melchhoume Park Gardens, Shambrook, Beds.

(^ARDEXER (Head) or (MRDEXER-

^-'' BAILIFF ; cxperience<l in all branches of Gopdon-
in«, farm, and estate; excellent references.— .\pply. E. F..
General Post Office, Sevenoaks.

QARDEXER (Head Working); perma-

^-* nent situation, London district ; life experience in
Grapes, Oucun>bers, Tomatos, Flowers, and Vegetables;
Inside and Out; good reifcrences; ag© 14; married.— S.,
Box 10, 41, WelUngtoii Street, Covent Garelen, W.C. 2-

QARDENER (Head Worki.ng) ; perma-

^"^ nent ; wlicre 2 or 3 men are kept ; life expea-ience
in ail branches of Gardening ; can be highly recom-
mended ; age 49; married (no lamilv). — T. E., Box 6. 41
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

(^ARDEXER (Head Working) seek.s a

^-* situation; life experience, gained in the cultivati,,n
of Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, including Vines and
Peaches; higbU- recommended; ineligible. — R. FLINX,
Cranford House Gardens, near Hounslow.

QARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or

^"* 3 are kept ; life exporience in all branches nf (gar-
dening : also estate work if required ; 16 years in present
situation as IIea<l ; leaving through e-titate being sold ;
can be highly recommended ; age over 61 ; still strong and
active.— A. .JUSTIN, Wonham Gardens, Bampton, Devon.

QARDENER (Head Working), in large

^-^ establishment ; first-class experience in oU branches
of the profession ; good organiser ; personal reoommenda-
tione; age 46.— J. L. G., Box 11, 41, Wellington Street,
Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

/^ARDENER (Single-handed) seeks situa-

^-^ tion ; 47; married; 18 years present situation; no
GI.iss ; cottage and good wioges required. — FR.\NK
HRARNE, White Lodge, Botleys Park, aiertsey, Surrey.

/^ARDEXER (Single-handed) ; no objec-

^"^ tion to poultry ; ineligible ; would prefer wliere
allotment could be obtained.— .\pply, by letter onl.v, W. O.
BAKER, 10, Oonrtantine Koad, Hampslead, N.

/^ARDENER seeks re-engagement; life ex-
'-'' perienoe ; ago 38 ; singile ; ineligible ; leaving
through place being sold. — GREEN. 8. Sleaford Villas,
Evelyn Road, Acton Lane, Chiswick. W. 4.

'PWO LADY GARDEXERS; 18 months'

-■- experience. Outdoor and Indoor (Vines. Peaches,
Cucumbers, &c.), desire situation together in Midland?.- -
MISS COOMBS, 20, Foregate Street, Worceel<T.

Y'OUXG LADY (17), strong, tall, just
left college, wishes position as help to professional
Uidy Gardener ; South of England ; walling to give ser-
vices for instruction and board. — '' Ventnor," Roedean
Road, Tunbridge Wells.

nrWO GIRLS, eight weeks' training, Vege"-
-*• tables, require post under Head Gaixlener ; can
drive and wash motor if desired; free May 14. — ill.
RICHARDSON, Upton House, Chester.

TRADE..

YfAXAGER or FOREMAN; life experi-
-^'* ence in the trade: controlling labour and prcduo-
ing crops in large qu;uitities, of Plants, Flowers, Fruit,
\"egetab!es.— LAl'REXCE, 83, Warwick Avenue, Padding-
ton.

4 DVERTISER requires situation ai^j

"*-^*" LaiKUtMpe Foreman or Traveler; life experience m
the trade and private; age ^b; well recommended; or
wDukl rake g->od Head G-^rdenpr's place for duration of
war.— A. B. C, Box 5. 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. W.C 2.

A SI RSTITI TE for onlinary -21 o/- clast
-^ 80 scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet
T*,i iu. (or eiiual to stout 21 ox.) in thickness.
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourtible prices,
free anil sound in the country in quantities. We i
ordinary 21 oz. Bntleh Sheet Claeei under t
conditions.

Manufacturers of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."
Mixed ready l..r use. In 141b.

tlDd and 1

^wt. wide-neck cans.

AND

BEST

LINSEED on.

PUTTY.

C.mplctc I'ri. c l.i-t of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes. &c., "n apiilicatinn.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.G.

And BiBOkfrli

Street, S.r.

AHliKNKlUs' CilKcNlCI.E.

Horse Shoe

Boilers ^

30 VMtrs.

-"Hlk

For Economy. (\; ^
Aa used in the ^n,
Botanical and
Zoological Gardens.

pmCE OF

CeMPlETE

tPPtRtTUS

ON tPPllClTION.

C.P.KINNELLUO,,

Ltd.

Southwark St., >
LONDON, S.E.

1

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
ConfaiTi* S pla'.ee in colour. Price 1 110 post /ree.

THE PCBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Welllnston

Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

ssssisiSiiiss^i(i(ai(3ti^ss:ar(3^G)K'G)^^

FOOD

FOR MIND AND BODY.

TOMATOES.

I

Ivfnr T^

[9' Allsa Craig. Comet, )

54 Fillbasket. Supreme, J. & I/- 50, 1/6 50. 4'6
M Kondine. Sunrise .. 1 pka. 100. 2.9 lO-), 7-6
>J Batch's Gem, Beatall ) I/- 'J5. 1 6 12, 2/-
S Blde's Recruit .. f P'^'- *' 2 6 50. 6-
K( COI.LECTIONS.-Thit you uny TEST wh.ci suits You
jS bfbT: :f i.Uots >.»L.h. 4 varieties, our selection, l.g;
O fi ,litto. 3'^ : 12 ditto. 5'6; 25 ditto. 10/-.

5^ Bucks' Tresoo: .Se^dliiurs. 5/- loo. Tiftusplatu."! ,-\ l,..\cs.

[0' 2 (•.>'■/-,, 7 6 .'0 ; 14 ti 10.1. Ex pots. S - (ioz. . 35 - Ifio,

5^ TOMATOES FOR THE OPEN.

® n™k your orders tor rl.ints now tor deUvery :rit.-i

l>9 May 15th. Prices and Varieties Mre :i- l>-t..l :>i...v.

@ for Transplanted, these aie ex boxes, but ex pots^ne

nl 4 - rloz. 27 i: lO'r. for all varieiies.

Jg We stro„...|v re oioei.d a variety nanu-.l " Holmes Open

t>. Air" ,„e„no,„,l ,.h„vel. .; heavy crop,,rr. I'n.r. ex

^ I.ixes2 3cl.i2. ; 7 -.'.11; 12,6 100. El pots, 4/- .In.!. ; 27 6 100.

i VEGETABLES.

k^i; Book your orders now f.M ptimts .^f the f.>i]..winL;

» Vetrtai.hsf..r,.lai.tioErn ihe..p.i]. Delivery May 22nd

•£^ and onv/ards. l>..2. li.o

55 Borecole or Ka'e. :; \arieiies 2d. 1 :{

M Broccoli .« int.. r,„i.n,.»ei)5v,.rietle» .. 3d. 110

yj Broccoli, si. ...1...- «l.,te or Purple .. .. 2d. 13

M Brussels Sprouts iL' varieties) 31. 110

© Cabbage i:; i,..i.ti.-i 2d. 13

Ki Cabbage. i(.. I Ci.klinif 3d. 110

ifi Cauliflowers uirietiiis) 3d. 1 to

tl. Celery, ...1 . whit-) 4d. 24

Ijij Leeks .' I ....li.sl 2d. 13

^ Lettuces, f.t. l.ai;e or Cos 2d. 13

^ Onion J . ....t..M 3d. 110

g! Savoys i .a....vi 2d. 13

ISWEET PEA

I PLANTS.

gj AUTUMN AND WINTER SOWN, i nM LM,un,l

I

.el Edward Co

kj Fiery Cross

^ Golden Ckii

« Harmony

B Inspector

© Jean Irelan

rj J rb Loader

A King mauv.

19. lYlrs E. Cov

IVlelba >

a tilt

© Ne

yj PonCO I 1.... ......< 1. 1.. I., lowers ., 1- J

a Rosy Rapture « h.t. ti. ..,...;, ,..a.Kiu ro.y pink 1,'- J

© Stanley Crisp I'.ir. »h.t. ..t ireat .ul.stance 9d. 1

iri The President l>a//1>..^ .rniK.' s.arlet self 1'- 1

^ The Ludy t vellne i..»... v n.auve 1/- 1

<S>, Victory f..r.. I .'.■.|. .1 I 1'- 1

--' /arrlor r i, i, ..!..-„,,,., ,, 1-1

GENERAL COLLECTION.

I

I

PlnVt iDeep)— Mnrgnrpt Atlei

U 'k. U

.L,,l Hpenci.

:et

.... lleauty
.1 ".

1

nj Scarlet s. a.

,5 Orange I:

y. Orange Scar

V4 Orange Pin*

£)' Purpte l:..va

Vi Maroon K.

ifl Mauve li.l.

19, Blue .Light.

^ Blue Dark

!fl Plootee F.rtged I, .in, lie

gj Blcolor Mr- I .itl.i..il~.n

nt Cerise .Deep -i:.liLL Ta>loi

,S Whlte-Kinu WhIU-

,<y Lllao-I'r "

■g Spenoe

MIXTURES.

Autumn and Winter Sown .u
e iH a vast dilTerence t.etweeii aii.
I in the Spring I.. Heat.

•LOWS GIANT STRAIN."

_ Red, White and Blue 50 2/.. too 3/11.

k;! " Collections. -Il..r seleetloQ frotii tlonertil Cull

HS 70 Ml. I. I...., '. F.lants each 12 varl.-tiea. 3,3; 12 (11

,ei 2-. .int.. iO(i

►Jl Important, -w,

■g that li.e... plant- a.

^ Cold Crown, ri.

Plan,, rrn.l those ra.

^ CYCLAMEN.

3 V:.:;;.;

W SCHIZANTHUS, " Excelsior Strain." in 7: s 3/- Om.

■g Primulas Malacoi

bli Heliotrope, "Lord

S, Lobelia •■ Mrs. cm

iC iviarguerltes. Mrs.

K! TERMS.-f «.".

^ m l/^l/'Q ®*- «John's,

I D^/wrVW, IPSWICH.

E>ij3J20(ja[3ias)iJSi5iE)apjsiE>5!^w>ia0iiE>a

PLANT IN THE OPEN NOW

90 VARIETIES. INCLUDING 20 NOVELTIES.

NOVELIIES \ d<>7. doz.

gd. 14
9d. 14
gd. 1/4

na. 4/« g^

Mil. 4 11

H<l. 4/6

HI. 4/-

Nll. 4/U

S<l. 4/11

v<i. ;i/«

7d. 4/-

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 5, 1917.

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Mat 5, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

179

©arirnrrs' Cljrnnuk

Xo. 16S4 —SA TURDA Y, MA Y 5. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Black Currant, abnormal

bio

I the

180

Hookj, notices u( —
The Conifers and
Taxads of Japan .. 17»

Bulb imports from
France ISo

Chionodoxas .. ..186

Damage to plants . . 186

Farm, crops and stock
on the home . . . . 187

Food production, in.
creased —
Brussels Sprouts . . 181
By school children .. 181
Lawns and the lood

problem .. ..181
Mole draining.. .. 181
Nettles as a vegetable 182
Planting Potatos .. ISl
Potato crops . . . . 181

French horticulture
after the war . . . . 135

Fumigation wit.h hydro-
cyanic acid . . . . :

Grass, the effect of, in
orchards

Humogen, experiments

■ith

Obituary—

Siusleton, Robert .. 1
Wilson, Edward .. 1
Wo, d, James .. .. 1
Or,.hid, a sale of ,, 1

Peter Barr M emorial Cup ]
Potato, a mammoth . . 1
Potatos in Iceland

seventy years ago . . ]
Potatos, spraying . . 1
Saxifraga apiculata.alba 1
Sedum rarifiorum .. ]

Shrubs damaged by fr^st 1
Societies —

Koyal Horticultural .. 1
Sun heat, the value of . . ]
War item . 1

Week's work, the 182, 1
Women and the land .. 1

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Black Currants, abnormal blossom on

Pinus pumila

Savoy and Brussels Sprout, hybrid betwee

Saxif ragm apiculata alba

Sedum rarifiorum ..

the two Southern isles of Tanega and Taku), P.
koraiensis, and P. parviflora, are well known in
cultivation in Europe. AVilson abolishes the
P. pentaphylla of >Iayr, which cannot be dis-
tinguished from P. parviflora. even as a variety,
and states that the dwarf si>ecimens with short
needles of the latter sipecies owe their peculiar
habit to tJie fact that they are grafted on
P. Tlnunbergii, which stunts their growth. The
two hard Pines of Japan axe P. densdflora, the
Eastern representative of the Scots Pine, which
it resembles in its perpetually scaling reddish
bark, and P. Thunbergii, the representative of
~the Austrian Pine. The latt-er has influenced
Japanese art more than any other tree, and is
a familiar object in paintings, wood-carvings,
and embroideries.

The Japanese Larch, styled Larix Kaempferi
Shrgent in this book, but beet known as L. lep-
tolepis Gordon, is the most important discovery
that the East Ixas yielded to European forestry.
According to Wilson, it often grows in pure
Htmds of considerable area, but is also found in
mixed woods with otjier Conifers, and with
broad-leaved trees like Oak. Beech, Hornbeam,
and Birch. Its maximum size is about 110 feet
in height and 13 feet in girth ; but siuch trees
are rare, the average b.ing about 35 feet high
and 6^ to 10 fe£»t in girth. The wood is very
durable, and is valued in Japan for use in ship-

Wilson recognises six species of Spruce in
Japan, including the lately discovered Picea
Koyamai, of wihioh there are seedlings growing
in the Arnold Arboretum. P. bicolor, of which
two ^^aJ■ietiee have been described by Shirasawa,
is certainly represented in England by two dis-
tinct forms, one of which, however, bas not pro-
duced cones. Wilson ignores these. The blue
Spruce of Hondo, commonly cultivated in Eng-
land, and diietinguishedi by Mayr as P. hondoen-
sis, is united by Wilson with the Continental
P. ajanensis, tlie agigrega.te being known as
P. Jezoensis, Carriere. In cultivation in Eng
land, it vnW be advisable to keep up the two
former names, until the seedlings of P. ajanen-
sis assume the adult foliage and produce cones.
The name P. Alcockiana must be discarded, as
being based on mixed material of two species.
The Japanese Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga ja-ponica)
is an extremelj' rare tree, very distinct from the
Oregon species in its moderate size and slow
growth, rarely attaining 100 feet in height. The
Formosan Pseudotsuga Wilsoniana, Haynta,
seems to be identical with the rare Western
Chinese Pseudotsuga sinensiis. Dixie, of which
there were seedlings growing in 1914 in
Ohenault's nursery, Orleans.

Wilson recognises five Salver Firs in Japan,
and adopts the name Abies homolepis for the
species ordinarily known in England as A.

THE CONIFERS OF JAPAN.

THIS remarkable work on the Conifers and
Taxads of Japan,* lately published by the
Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A., is the result
of a year's travel in that country by the dis-
tinguished English boUnist, Mr. E. H. Wilson,
whose explorations of the Chinese flora are so
well known to gardeners and foresters. Mr.
Wilson has had the rare advantage of seeing in
the wild state all the species which he describes.
The plates, taken from photographs of the
trees in their natural surroundings, add much to
the interest of the book, which, in addition to
being a critical botanical study, is replete with
information on the habit and habitat, and on the
economic and decorative uses of an important
group of plants.

Wilson admits thirty-eight s]jeciec of in-
digenous Conifers in Japan, only fourteen
of which aire found v/ild outoide of
that country. The Ginkgo, now generally
considered to Ix'long to another order,
is cultivated in Jafan around tcmpliis, ae
it is also in China. Its occurrence in the wild
state was until lately denied, but Frank N.
■ Meyer, botunical explorer for the U.S. Depart-
mentt of Agricult^ire, states that it " grows spon-
taneously in rich valleys over some ten square
miles ntnr Changhua Hsden, about 70 miles west
of Hangchou, in the Ohelciang province, China,
where the trees are so common that they are cut
for firewood." Wdl'son gives an interesting
account of the five species of the order Taxjiceae
that occur in Japnn, and mentions a magnificent
tree of Torreya nucifera s,t Kamo, in Scvtsuma
province, which is 93 feet in height and 18 feet
in girth. This species is readily distinguished
from the Chinese Torreya grandis by the shoots
becoming reddish-brown in the second and third
years, whereas in the latter snecies they remain
yellowish-green until they ultimately assume a
grey-ish tint. In New England the Japanese
Yew is the hardiest of all the species.

Six Pines are found wild in Japan, of wliich
Pinus pumila is the most remarkable. It is
creeping in hlabit, with one or several main
stenjs which lie flat on the ground for 30 to 50
feet, emitting roots freely throughout their whole
length, and sending up a tangled mass of lateral
branches from 1 to 8 feet high. The other three
white Pines of Japan, P. Arniandi (native of

• The Cm'jrTH and Taxadu of Japnn. By E. H. Wilson.
Pp. ixl, 1-91, with 60 full-page i lustrattons lisucd Ileceni-
b«r 30, 1918, as J'uMicattmn ol Ihr Arnold Arboretum, No. 8.
(Cambridge, Mais , U.ij.A )

Fig. 62. — pinus pumila.

building and for pit-pix>ps, railway sleepers, and
telegraph poles. It is extensively planted, not
only in the main island, wliere it is indigenous,
but vil-o in Hokkaido, where no species of Larch
occurs in the wild state. Wilson makes the im.
portant observation that the scrubby form (var.
ilurrayana, Maximowira) growing at high ele-
^,•l'taons (7,500 to 9,500 feet) on Fuji-oan is the
direct resiult of local ecological conditions, and
is not of a fixed character, as proved by the
plants growing in the .Arnold Arboretum. Seeds
were collected in 1892 at the upper limit of the
scrubby Larch, and trees raised from them are
now 40 feeit high, having grov. n as rapidly as
trees raised from seeds collected from the ordi-
nai-y form at low elevations. This experiment
requires fuller confirmation, as it contradicts the
results obtained at Swiss and German experi-
mental .stations, where seeds of various Cbnifers
from high and low elevations were sown. Larix
kurilensis, with pubescent, reddish shoots, occur-
ring in Saghalien and Kurile Islands, is regarded
by Wilsan as a variety of L<;irix dahurica, native
of the mainland in Korea, Manchuria, and
Northern China ; but the structure of the leaves
and cones apix!ars to be distinct. Moreover, as
grown at Kew, the habit of true L. dahurioa and
L. kurilensiis is strikingly different, the ajipear-
ance of the latter being quite unlike that of any
other species.

brachyphylla. He considers A. umbcUata Mayr
to be a varitAy with green cones, but there is a
possibility that this tree is a hybrid between
A. firma and A. homolepis. The latter is the
finest of the Silver Fins in .Japan, attaining
about 120 feet in height and 20 feet m girth.

Perhaps one of the most interesting parts of
the book is the graphic description of the famous
forest in the southern island of Yaku-shima,
where Cryptomeria japonica is dominant, grow-
ing in a mild climate, from .sea-level to 6,000 feet,
in a lich soil with abundant rainfall. TTie wood
is highly valued, selling in .Tapan at fancy
irrices. It is fragrant, pale brown in colour,
often beautifully spotted and figured, and much
prized for house decoration and furniture-
making. The wood is extremely durable, trees
felled 80 ye;irs ago lying quite sound on the floor
of the forest. Cryptomeria is much planted in
Japan from the extreme south to the north of
Hondo. It takes root readily from cuttings,
brandlies as thick as the tliird finger, and from
12 to 20 inches long, being put in the ground
close together during late autumn, winter, and
early spring, according to climate, and in time
these grow up and form new forests. Seeds
produce better and more quickly growing
trees, bmt the initial cost is greater than by
using cuttings. Cryptomeria does not quite rival
in size its close allies, the two Sequoias of Cali-

180

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 5, 1917.

Fig. 63. — normal blusso.m df elm:k cvkrani.

fomia, but iniinen«e trees occur, those in the
famous avenue on Koyaisan being 200 feet high
and 20 feet in girth, and about 650 years old.

Thuyopsis dolabrata, of South Japa.n, is a
small tree, but the north^ern form, var. Hondai,
with larger cones, attains a height of 110 feet.
The JaipaJiese Thjuya rarely exceeds 50 feet in
height, but, ais seen in a few rare examples in
England, is very handeome and distinct. Of the
two Japanese Cypresses, Cupressus obtusa is the
more vaJua.ble, as the wood is more esteemed
than that of any other Conifer by the Japanese,
who use it largely in afforestation worlj, but only
on the best sites.

Of the Junipers in Japan Wilson recognises
five species, reducing to a variety of J. communis
tihe peculiar Alpine shrub distiugiuished by Mat-
isumiura as J. nipiponica. J. chinensis, var. Sar-
■5-iitii. is a verv peculiar ir-di^vniiiis varietv. re-
maTka.ble for its long spreading stems, whicli hug
tihe goxjund. It was introduced in 1892 into the
Arnold Arboretum, where it has proved perfectly
hardy, and is used for forming neat, low, wide-
sipreading masses of green foliage close on the
soil.

These few notes will show the interestong
cJiaracter of tliis handsome volume, which is fuU
of information valuable alike to the gardener
and to the forester. .1. Henni.

ABNORMAL BLOSSOM ON
BLACK CURRANT.

The Blacli Currant variety plots at the Wye
College Fruit Experiment Station, East Mailing,
have now been under observation for two seasons.
The observations are yielding many useful facts ;
but perhaps one of the most interesting is the
appearance of abnormal blossom. Several plots,
notably the North Holland Black and the Lee's
Prolific plots, early showed signs of so-called " re-
version " or " nettlehead " ; but until 1916 all
these bushes continued to set some fruit. In the
spring of 1916 it became obvious that one bush
of Lee's Prolific was conspicuously "nettle-
headed" ; this was quite apparent early in May,
;!nd the bush was kept under observation from
(hat time. During a general examination of blos-
soms, abnormal trusses were noticed on the bush
in question, and on May 24 the inflorescence was
described and phdtographed. The following is
the description: — The fruiting spurs of the
:ilinOrmal inflorescence consist of one or more
i^mgle blossoms each on a sho-rt pedicel (stalls),
Idgether with several nacemes (trusses of
flowers). The abnormal condition of the blossoms
differed in the two instances.

The single blossoms were below normal size. A
single whorl of iiTegular eepaloid leaves, reddish

in colour took the plice of petals and sepa.ls, but

limited iiomd the ba e of a superior ovary;

111 tht II iiml tlm it will be remembered, the

i\ 1 lutein 1 Ihe pistil was apparent, and

til 1 ^^ 1 igns jt ludimentary stamens. The

^ in i^it. foimd to be lull of ovules, but the

bli s mib failed to set fiuit.

In the cise of the idLemes, the flowers were not
iieailj so fai developed. On first appearance, as
is shown in the illustration (fig. 65), tihey looked
'ike small unopened buds. A close examination
allowed that there arose from the peduncle (main
stalk), instead of a number of single blossoms, as
.nniiially eaich on its own pedicel, a number of
Aliat appeared to be minute buds (often four or
live) on ea-ch pedicel. These "buds" were
ilmost obscured by numerous threadlike bracts,
in the axils of which they were produced ; but the
buds and bract® were so compact on each pedicel
is to give to the naked eye the impression of a
single flower-bud in an early stage of develop-
ment. These "buds" were dark brown in
colour as if dead.

Both types of abnormal blossom appeared on
each "spur," and were fairly frequent over the
whole bush, which showed no normal flowers and
set no fruit. The blossoms shrivelled up and
remained hanging on the bush through the
winter, just as the normal stalk often hangs if

Fig. 64. — reveeted branch of black currant
lee's prolific, showing the nettle-headed-
like growth and abnormal trusses
blossoms at the spurs.

OF

the fruit has dropped off. The bush in question
sliowed no vied'bie sign of "big bud," but was
vea-y "nettle-headed." A single "big bud" is
now apparent.

Other bushes which had been marked as show-
ing the earlier stages of "reversion" were ex-
amined for this abnormal blossom, but none -was
found. All these bushes had some normal flowers
and set scxme fruit.

It is therefore impossible at present definitely
to connect this abnormal blossom with "rever-
sion," and more detailed observations will be
made this year-. However, it would be

. /

Fig. 65. — abnormal blossom of black

lee's PROLIFIC. A SINGLE FLOW
SUPERIOR OVARY IS SHOWN AT X.

CURRANT
ER WITH

useful to know whether growere^ of Bla.ck
Currants have observed these abnormal flowers
at all generally, and, if so, whether they have
noticed them upon "reverted" hushes. As the
blossoming season is at hand, any reliable evi-
dence would be most helpful. If these abnormal
blos.soms should prove at all common upon " re-
verted " Black Currants at the stage when they
cease fruiting altogether, such information might
be of use in discovering' the real cause of "re-
version." It seems likely that though the con-
dition called "nettle-headed" may be caused by
injurv to terminal buds, by " big bud," and the
Oapsid Bug, where "reversion" leads to com-
plete sterility some defect in the flower is to
be looked for. /?. G. Hattim ,mrJ J. Amos.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

SHRUBS DAMAGED BV FROST.
Many Veronicas and Crinodendrons in
these gardens have been killed hv the
frost, whilst certain Rbcdodendirpns, Azaleas.
of the Hexe variety, and some plants of
A. amoena have been badly injured. Abutilon
vitifolium I thought was dead, but I find that
growth is breaking from the hai-d wood. The
Azaras have been badly crippled, as have also
Ceanolhuses. Some Ericas, including E. Insi-
tanica, have been killed, whilst others are in .full
bloom, quite unharmed. These remarks also
apply to Olearias. Plants of Eucalyptus have
been cut to the ground level. Acacia retinoides
has been killed outright. Rhododendron ciliatum
lias lost all its flower trusses on some bushes,
while others are now .showing flower. Veronica
Hulkeana, though very badly injured, lis breaking
into growth from the hard wood. A handsome
plant of Berberidopsis corallina has been killed
outright. W. A. Cooh, Abbot's Wood Gardens,
Godalming, Surrey.

SAXIFRAGA APICULATA VAR. ALBA.

S. apiculat.a is a well-known early-flowering
species which has been grown under vaiious
names, including scai-dica and Malyi. It is evi-
dently a hybrid between S. sancta and S.
Rocheliana. The influence of the latter parent
is partly proved by the appearance some seven
years ago in three or more different gardens of

May 5. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

181

the ivhit* variety (see fig. 66) amongst patclies
of the yellow apiculata. The albino is a free-
growing, fioriferous plant of the same habit as
the type, the pure white flowers being produced
in loose heads of three or four. Both forms are
valuable for the rock garden^ where they look
' best planted in rock crevices, although they do
equally well on flat ledges. S. apiculata is also
suitable for pot cultivation; epecimenfi flower
very early in an Alpine house and last for a
lonir time in bloom. IT'. I.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

PLAXTIXG POTATOS.
I HAVE always planted all varieties of Potatos
in rows, two feet apart, and at a distance of
one foot between the sets. At Belvoir Castle
gardens last year the variety Evergood grew
thirty-three and a half inches in height, and was
a perfect thicket of stems all over the plot,
yet the result when lifted was 22 tons 2 cwt. of
ware and seed per acre, and 4 tons 7 cwt. of
small tubers. I do not consider this would have
been exceeded by wider planting. No disease
attacked the tubers, although other varieties
near it were affected ; the maximum growth made
by the tops in 24 hours was 2i inches. Factor,
a variety which produces only a moderate amount
of haulm, growing by the side of Evergood gave

11 tons 0 cwt. 3 qrs. per acre of ware and seed,
and 2 tons 3 cwt. of small tubers ; also 1 ton
8 cwt. diseased tubers of various sizes. Tliis
gives a total of 14 tons 11 cwt. 3 qrs. per a^re,
against 26 tons 9 cwt. of the more vigorously.
growing variety. 'Ihe plants were grown in

strong soil overlying lias clay, and were given
every encouragement in the way of cultivation
and manure ; it should be noted that Evergood i.j
I'.ot of first-rate quality when cooked. Experi-
ments made at Ketton Hall with various
manures, some 25 or 30 years ago, gave

12 tons 2 cwt. of ware and seed, and one ton of
small tubers per acre, as the highest yield. The
crop was under field cultivation, on a shallow
soil — 6 to 9 inches deep — oveilying o<)hte lime-
stone, the variety being Magnum Uonuni.

ir. //. Divers.

LAWNS AND THE FOOD PROBLEM.
It would be interesting to know wlieie, or in
what country, your correspondent, Mr. Lovett,
produced 40 lbs. of dried Beans from 1 lb. of
seed, as stated on p. 166. Such statements ap-
pear somewhat encouraging to the would-be food
producer, and may result in the unnecess^iry
waste of valuable land. My experience in this
<ountry in producing dried Beans as a source
of iotxl for winter use is that they are a very
precarious crop, and nothing like so productive
and adaptable to our climate as the Pea when
grown and used for a similar pur[)06e.

'.. //. //. ir.

FOOD PRODUCTION BV SCHOOL
CHILDREN.

At Abergavenny, in Wales, 24 acres of land
have been rented and laid out in narrow rows
for Potatos. Nearly every child in the higher
departments of the public elementary schools has
taken a row, paying 7s. in 28 weekly instal-
ments of 3d. each to cover the expenses. The
organisers of the scheme arrange for manuring,
ploughing, moulding and haulage ; while the
children will be expected to set the Potatos,
clear the rows before moulding, lift and pick
the crop, and put it into bags. It will then be
delivered at their homes. Some 1,100 row.s have
been taken, and it is hoped that about 120 tons
of Potatos may be obtained from the 24 acres.
POTATO CROPS,

I HAVE grown Potatos in gardens with soil
varying from almost pure sand to ground over-
lying the red sandstone, and as heavy as brick
earth a foot or so under the surface. In all

cases I would be guided by the nature of the
soil and the surroundings as to the distances
between the rows and sets. I have never planted
late or maincrop Potatos in the garden, but
relegated them to the field. Even where we
had 11 acres inside the garden walls and more
ground outside, those planted in that garden
were first and second earlies tuot mid-season
ones, if I may be allowed to use tlie expression).
\^'hen Sutton's JIagnum Bonum was first sent
out as a strong-growing white kidney, suitable
for field cultivation, we planted it in the fields
on the home farm, with good results. I have
dissuaded hundreds of would-be planters from
growing maincrop Potatos in gardens, and par-
ticularly those who desire to plant them 3 feet
apart and then plant a row of Brussels Sprouts
or some other member of the Brassica tribe
between them. Mr. E. Beckett (p. 171) in
advocating a space of 3 feet by 20 inches for all
maincrop varieties must refer to rich and deeply
cultivated soils. If he refers to field culture the
land in his district must be in very fine condition
indeed, otherwise the Potatos would never cover
the ground. I have been observing the Potato

A powerful plough engine is arranged to pull,
not a plough, but the draining tool. This consists
0(1 a round steel plug about 3 inches in diameter.
It is fixed to the bottom of a strong coulter or
knife, the top of which is attached to a frame
mounted on wheels. When pulled by the engine or
its wire rope, the frame runs along on its wheels,
the coulter makes a cuf in the soil, and the steel
plug, two feet or so below the surface, is
dragged through the solid clay, leaving an open
3-inch channel beliind it. Tlie cut made iby the
coulter soon closes up, but the 3-iii bore re-
mains, and makes an effective drain something
tike a mole run. It wiU'last for 10 to 20 years.

The mole drains may be laid seven or eight
yards apai-t, but if the land lies in ridge aiid
furrow, the drains must follow the lines of the
furrows.

It is usual to form the main drain of the
field with pil>es, and let the mole drains run
into them. But, if necessary, for the time being,
the main can be made a mole drain also, or
the small drains run sti'aiglit into a ditch, so
that pipes can be di^ensed with altogether till
peace returns. Before the war, the ccst of mol(

Fig. 65. — saxifraga ai'Icixata amia.

U'hotogra'ph by C. P. RaffiU.

fields tilled by the plough in Middlesex and
Surrey for many years past, and could not under-
stand why they were so poor. Only within the
last few years have I seen a satisfactory crop
of Potatos in the field, and that was on chalk.
'Hie modern rac-e of Potato is of greatly increased
vigour, and that miiy be beginning to tell in
farm culture in the home counties. Mr. Beckett
did not say how many stems he allows on his
sets. That would have some bearing on the size
of the tulbers. ./. /''.

MOLE DRAININO.
Farmkks who^e land is heavy often lose by
nndrained fields, or fields where old drains have
become choked. But pipes caauot now be ob-
tained, and there is no labour to lay them if
they could be got. In many cases, the trouble
could be met by the cheap system of mole
draining, as carried out in Essex and other
south-eastern counties. To make mole drains
a success, the subsoil must be a fairly stiff
clay, with no big stones or pockets of gravel ;
it must neither be quite flat nor of irregular,
hilly surface; and thevvork must be done when
the top is dry and firm, and the subsoil moist,
a condition often found in April and May.

draining was from 20s. to 25s. an acre, and
this cost was often covered by the improvement
in the crops of the first year. Farmers with
suitajble clay land, w.hether grass or arable, who
have not the necessary tackle themselves, should
get their County War Agricultural Executive to
arrange for the mole draining of their fields.

BRUSSEDCS SPROUTS.
The value of Brussels .Sprouts has been proved
during the recent severe winter in a marked
degree, but, as E. M. points out, the plants
need a long season of growth. A method of cul-
tivation which has never failed here, but has
enabled us to pick Sprouts from late September
till April, is as follows : A frame is placed upon
a mild hotbed, and filled with sifted soil from
the potting shed. The compost is made firm,
and the seed sprinkled thinly on the surface,
covered lightly and watered with a rose can.
Tlie frame is covered with a mat until the seeds
germinate, and afterwards ventilated fully. As
soon as the plants have made two rough leaves,
a space in the gar<len about six feet wide i.s
ediged with nine-inch boards, the ground well
raked, the seedlings pricked out about four inches
a|iart, well watered, and covered with an old

182

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May S, 1917.

fisli net. The plants are damped overhead on
warm days, and well watered at the roots occa-
sionally. They soon make fine plants, and are
i^ady for planting out when the leave.3 touch
one another. I always plant second early
Potatos four feet apart on ground, choosing, if
possible, land that has been recently cropped
with Celery and Leeks. As Koon as the Potatos
are through the soil, the Brussels Sprouts are
planted between the rows, eighteen inches apart.
The Potatos may be earthed up without harming
the Brussels Sprouts, and when the former are
dug. the soil can be drawn up in turn to the
stems of tlie green crop, thus giving them sup-
port until they are staked for the winter.
Staking is beneficial as the plants yield much
better if kept upright, and the space between
the rows is utilised for late Turnips. It is a
mistake to plant Sprouts closely as the stems
lose much foliage : besides, the damp from the
leaves in autumn makes picking inconvenient.
The variety Veitch's Exhibition gave us etems
between four and five feet long, with very firm
Sprouts from top to bottom. If the Sprouts are
not picked too close to the stem, they will
develop a second crop of greens. Golewort

Rosette and Hardy Green have proved invaluable
this winter, and were not injured in the slightest
bv frost, but Spring Cabbages are a 60rry crop.
R W. Thatcher, Carlton Park Gardens, Market
Harhorough.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

It is to be hoped that the planting of Brussels
Sprouts will not be lessened by the statements
in the R.H.iS. pamphlet (see pp. 161, 171), al-
though they may be tru© in respect to light and
open soils. The figures given in the Gardeners'
Chronicle (page 171) by the authors of the
pamphlet, comparing the yield of Savoys and
Brussels Sprouts per square rod, are convincing
enough as to the relative produce values of the
two crops. Yet, if I were asked to grow only
one green crop for yielding a continuous suppily
during winter, I should select Brussels Sprouts
as being the safest crop. From the point of view
of the cottager and allotment holder, one favours
the growing of Brussels Sprouts for a winter crop,
and they are the easiest, cheapest, and safest
crop, giving a succession of produce on the " cut
and come again " principle.

To grow good Savoys that will give a supply
until iVIaroh, at least three varieties are required,
and the seeds used must be obtained from a very
reliable source, otherwise failures by non-
hfirting or by bolting may be experienced.
Three varieties will mean three separate packets
of seeds, which will also mean a surplus of seed
unless the allottees co-operate. I do not recom-
mend the buying of plants unless the source of
the seed is guaranteed. The ultimate croo of
Savoys will depend a great deal upon the state
of the weather at planting time in June and
.luly ; if the young plants suffer from drought
they will not develop good heads. According to
the weather in winter each batch of Savoys may
require to be utilised at once ; this would be
a great trouble to the cottager, and again if
the weather in January and February is too
mild, the late batches will bolt to seed and not
heart in at all. When comparing the Savoy
with the Brussels Siprout, it seems that the
Sprouts liave the advantage bv crapping more or
less pernetually. especially if one is careful to
pack only the lower and most open Sprouts
on each plant, leaving the ton intact until the
last.

To those anxious to include Brussels Sprouts
in their allotment scheme, I have suggested that
they should raise plants 'by sowing seed early
in March and pricking the plants out towards the
end of April, one foot anart, with eighteen inches
between the rows. This ensures very sturdy
plants, which will produce Sprouts quite near
the ground. As soon as the early Potatos are
being lifted the plants of Brussels Sprouts are
transiferred to the Potato ground ; they should
be taken up with a good ball of soil by means

of a spade and planted as soon as possible to
prevent flagging. The distances I recommend
are two feet or two feet six inches between the
plants, and if the Potatos are in rows, two feet
apart, let the Brussels Sprouts be planted in
alternate rows, that is. four feet apart. Between
the rows of the earliest^lanted Brussels Sprouts,
Beetroot might be grown ; the roots usually come
large enough this way ; the later-planted
Brussels Sprouts could be intercropped with
Spinach, Turnips, or Lettuce, as the demand
required.

In autumin, when these " snap " crops are over.
Spring Cabbages could be planted at eighteen
inches apart, then in the following spring, after the
Brussels Sprouts have become useless, their place
coui'.d be taken by Dwarf Beans, or even trenches
made for Celery and Leeks. On larger plots the
system of cropping might be : after Peas, dig and
manure liberally, and in spring sow Spinach,
Turnips, Early Beetroot, or plant Lettuces in
rows, three feet apart. Raise the Brussels Sprout
plants as suggested above, and plant them out
at the end of May, between the "snap" crops,
allowing two feet six inches between the plants,
and three feet between the rows. The temporary
criijis ale away Ijefore tlie leave.s nf the Brussels

The Week's Work.

-nVBRID BETWKKX I HI
BRUSSELS SPEOUT.

Sprouts get large. Liquid manure or dry poultry
manure may be given at intervals up to mid-
August to assist the plants to grow tali with
strong, straight stems. All decayed leaves must
be removed during autumn and winter to allow
the Brussels Sprouts to dry.

After the Brussels Sprouts, dig in any waste
leaves and shoots (not the roots) and crop with
Potatos or utilise the ground for Leeks and
Celery.

When the authors of the R.H.S. pamphlet
considered the question of Sa^'oys versus
Brussels Sprouts, I wonder whether they thought
of a compromise by using the " Savov Sprout
(see fig. 67). It w'iU be a very useful vegeta.ble
Avhen it has a longer stem, and this feature is
sure to come with selection. A. D. T.
NETTLES AS A VEGETABLE.

Ix view of the shortage of green vegetajbles,
th-! common Nettle may be made use of as a
substitute for the next few weeks while the
shoots are tender.

The green tops, cut 6 inches long, well
washed, and boiled for twenty minutes in a
small Quantity of water make a most appe-
tising dish much resembling Spinach ; indeed,
in the opinion of some, superior to that
vegetable. E. M.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Roval Gardens. Windsor.

Leeks.— If seeds were sown in February with
a view to producing large Leeks the plants should
be ready for planting permanently. Narrow
trenches may be prepared in the same manner
as for single rows of Celery, digging a quantity
of decayed manure into the bottom of the trench.
Lift the plants carefully, and set them 18 inches
apart in the rows. After the planting is finished
water the plants to settle the soil about the
roots. As the season advances, place soil care-
fully around the stems, until the trench becomes
filled with earth. .The crop should receive liberal
supplies of liquid manure throughout the sum.-
mer : one of the best times to apply this stimu-
lant is just previous to earthing up the plants.
Good Leeks, suitable for ordinary purposes, may
be grown without trenches, provided the ground
has been trenched, and well enriched with de-
cayed manure. In this case set the plants in
rows, made 18 inches apart, allowing a space of
1 foot between the plants in the rows. Another
good way of growing Leeks is to make deep
holes with a dibber, and drop the plants in the
holes to the full depth of the stem, with just
sufficient crumbling soil to cover the roots. The
Leek is very hardy, and is often available when
most green vegetables have been destroyed by
frost.

Scarlet Runner Beans. — Runner Beans
form one of the most remunerative of crops, and
will repay for extra labour incurred in a tho-
rough preparation of the soil and care of the
plants in their early stages. Tliey should be
planted in ground that has been trenched and
manured during the winter, and allowed to
remain rough on the surface until the time of
planting. Early pods may be had by sowing
seeds in 4-inch pots now, and growing the seed-
lings in a cool structure until it is safe to trans-
plant them in the open. They will need protec-
tion hoth from rough winds and fixists for 3
time. The main sowing mav be made in the
open about the middle of May. It is im-
portant that the sticks be placed securely
in the rows as soon as the plants are large enough
to require support. Scarlet Emperor and White
Emperor are two reliable varieties.

French Beans— An early crop of French
Beans may be obtained by sowing in beds in cold
pits. If the soil has been used for other crops
during the winter it should be dug deeply and
manured. Plant the Beans in shallow drills,
covering them lightly with fine soil. Keep the
pits closed until the young pla.nts show through
the surface, when a little air should be admitted
during favourable weather, and some protection
given hy night. Beans may also be sown in small
pots, and raised in heat with a view to planting
them in cold pits. Plants in pots from which
pods are being gathered should be given liberal
suDplies of liouid manure, and syringed twice
daily to keep red spider in check.

Cauliflow'RB —All Cauliflower nlants which
have been wintered under gla.ss shonld be planted
out at once, or they may become stunted. Water
them carefullv before thev are put out. and
again when planting is finished, continuing to
give careful attention to this matter until they
become established. Frequent applications of
manure water at the roots while the plants are
growing will favour their development. Canli-
flower plants in large pots should be stimulated
by frequent light dressings of gua.no, or water-
ings with linuid manure from the fannyard
Seedling Cauliflowers. Brassels Sprouts, and
spring-sown Cabbage should be transplanted into
nurserv beds as soon as they are of sufficient size
for .shifting.

Potato*.- !\Iain Crop and late Potatos should
be planted with as little delay as possible. Pul-
verise the ground thoroughly, and allow plenty
of room for the plants to develop. Strong-grow-
ing varieties require a space of 3 feet between

Mat S, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

183

the rows, and at least 15 inches between the sets

in the row. Exercise great care in handling the
tubers not to break the young shoots. The seed-
tubers of aU varieties are making shoots and

should be afforded much ventilation to pre-
vent the "spears" from becoming spindly. As
soon as the shoots of the earliest plants show
through the surfa<?e, protect them from frnst- by

applying a covering of some light, dry material.

which should be kept in readiness for the pur-
pose. Keep the soil drawn close up to the stems,
but do not allow it to cover tie tops.

PLANTS UNDER QLASS.

Gloxinia.— The earliest plants of Gloxinia are
developing their flowera. 51ace them close to the
roof-glass in order that the flower-stems may
grow firm and erect. When the pots are filled
with roots, use a small quantity of artificial
manure and a little soot vvat-er weekly. Seedlings
raised from seed sown last January should be
repotted when they are well rooted, for if they
become pot-bound they will receive a check to
growth. Gloxinias grown in a moderate tem-
perature, staged thinly, and grown in plenty of
light, develop firm foliage and .give fine blooms
over a long period.

Watcrino Plants in Pots.— At this season,
when many plants have been re-potted, and are
not re-e.stabiished in the new soil, great care
and judgment are necessary in watering. The
danger is greater now that the care of the
plants is, in many establishments, in thq hands
of inexperienced assistants, who. at the
slightest sign of drj-ness on the surface of the
soil are apt t^ use the water-can. Once a plant
falls into an unhealthy condition through over-
watering, it is a hard matter to restore it. Soil
used for potting should be sufficiently moist
just to hold together when pressed in the hand.
It will then contain sufficient moisture for the
majoiity of plants for several days. In hot,
sunny weather, light sprayings will be needed to
keep the plants fresh. When the roots need
moisture they should be w-ell soaked, and this
should suffice for some little time. Plants should
never be repotted when the soil is dry. If
possible, they should be watered thoroughly
the afternoon previous to potting, thus allow-
ing time for the surplus moisture to drain
awav. Plants that have been resting all the
winter, and with comparatively little foliage,
require very little more moisture at present
than a daily spraying. As growth increases,

increase the amount of water to the needs
of the plant. I..arge Palms. Cordylines. and
other specimen foliage plants, that h.ive been
grow'ing in the same pots for several years,
require a greater amount of moi.sture. Cy-
perus. Isolepis, Panicum, and other grasses
that .are usually grown in small pots, can never
be kept in a goo<l condition without an abund-
,Tnoe of water at the roots. AVhon the pot^s are
filled with roots the soil mu.'t never be allowwl
to become dust dry, or the plants will quickly
become shabbv.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. roi.l.lPR. aar<1<>n.'r M Sir .TbrbmiaH Coi.MAN,
Bart., Gatlfin P.irk. R.^igate.

CoELoovNE.— Plants of Coelogyne cristata and
its varieties that have been afforded a short period
of rest since passing out of (lower are starting
into growth, and may be repotted, but as these
plants are impatient of frequent root disturbance
they should not be repotted unless it ia absnlutelv
necessary. Large specimens may be afforded
bigger receptacles, and those in" an unhealthy
condition divided and the sound portions potted
separately. In repotting shake the old soil from
the roots, and remove the useless pseudo bulbs,
leaving only four healthy pseudo-bulbs behind
each leading growth. A number of these leading
shoots may be placed together, more or less, ar-
cording to the size of the specimen desired.
Pans of medium depth form the most
suitalile receptacles, and they should be
half filled with clean crocks to ensure per-
fect drainage, covering -the crocks- with a
layer of Sphagnum-moss. Arrange the com-

post highest in the centre, and direct the
young growths towards the middle of the plant,
pressing the materials moderately firmly about
the rhizomes. A suitable rooting medium con-
sists of rich fibrous loam and Osmunda-fibre in
equal proportions, removing the finer particles
and adding a liberal quantity of crushed crocks
and Sphagnimi-moss. Grow the plants in a shady
position in a house having an intermediate tem-
perature, and give them very little water until
the roots have made considerable progress, and
the pseudo-bulbs have regained their plumpness.
At a later stage they should be given abundant
supplies of moisture, and sprayed frequently over-
head. If a plant is in a health}' condition, and
does not require repotting, remove some of the
old compost from the surface and replace it with
fresh material. Such portions as may be pro-
jecting over the sides of the pots should be
trained towards the centre of the plant and
pegged to the compost.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\, Cook, G^irdener to the Hon. Arthcr Datey,
Abbotts Wood, Godalming. Surrey.

Ol*BUDDINa:PsACH AND N'CTARINF TrEED.

— As soon as the trees are suthciently advanced
the work of disbudding, as the removal of
supei-fluous shoots is termed, should be com-
menced. Remove all forerigbt and nseleis
shoots, and see that a strong "break" is left
at the base of each remaining shoot or branch.
for it is these that will form the fruiting
branches of the following season. Leave at
the apex of each growth a suitably placed
leader, which, if not required for extension,
may be stopped at a later period. In the case
of young trees, leave as many growths as are
necessary to furnish the wall space, taking care,
however, not to train in more than are required.
Arrange the shoots thinly and evenly in order
that the wood may become thoroughly ripened.
Do not hesitate to remove fruitless branches
where their places would be profitably occupied
by new growths. It is at this season that over-
crowding of the branches becomes apparent, and
as crowded branches are often harbourers of
insect pests, and develop only pujiy fruits and
unripened wood, the importance of proper thin-
ning of the growths cannot be over-estimated.
Disbudding should not he completed at one
operation, but the trees should be gone over
three or four times, removing the stronger
shoots first, and after this, the weaker ones.

Newly Grafted Trees.— Examine the 8cion.s
on stocks recently grafted, and take measures to
secure the young shoots against damage by strong
winds. The shoots may be tied to small sticks
inserted in the ground. Another method, where
the stocks are seedlings growing in rows, is to
insert strong stakes in the soil at intervals and
fasten Bamboo rods across the top. The small,
upright stakes may be tied to the cross-pieces and
the shoots secured. On dry days .spray the grafts
with lukewarm water. Keep the soil stirred
with the hoe and free from weeds.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By J^s. HrrisoN, Gardener to Mr. Leopoui db
RoTHscniLD, C.V.O., Gunnersbury House. Acton, W.

ViNERiEB.- 1 am more than ever convinced
that it does not pay to start permanent Vines
before the New YeaJ. More especially is this
true in gardens where fogs are frequent, and the
atmosphere much beclouded. Pot V'ines are
best for obtaining early bunches, but these are
somewhat costly. The berries are colouring,
but no attempt should be m,'ide to hasten their
ripening; rather keep the temperature some-
what lower. If the temperature of the hou.'se is
65° at the time the fires are banked, and a little
air is admitted through both the top and bottom
ventilators, the berries will finish well. These
remarks apply also to early permanent Vines,
with Grapes commencing to colour. Where, in
later Vineries, the berries are swelling after
stoning, do not allow the Vines to make an
undue amount of growth, but stop the shoots
freely. It may be advisable, however, to, allow
a little latitude in this respect to obtain an
equal distribution of leaf-growth without
crowding. Keep a sharp watch for red spider

and syringe the Vines freely with water
directly the pest is detected. Do this at the
time of closing the houses. The shoots of
Vines in this stage of growth should be tied tc
the wires. The thinning of the bunches on
later Vines should be done forthwith. I do not
approve of the tying up of the shoulders of large
bunches, there is no practical utility in such
a practice: far better reduce the size of tihe
bunches at first.

Cherry Trees in Pots. -Cherries have set
remarkably well in these gardens on pot trees,
and the fruits are swelling fast. The bunches
have been cleared of the scales at the base around
which a few caterpillars often harbour. To de-
stroy this pest, and to guard against attacks of
aphis, the house has been fumigated. Witii
milder weather no fire-heat will be needed. Our
earliest fruits are showing colour, the variety
.being Guigne d'Annon.ay. The plants need a
top-dressing, and will be given a mixture of Hop,
manure, manure from a spent Mushroom-bed and
turfy loaim. The compost should be used on the
damp side in oixler that it may cling together
when pressed in a ring around the top of the
pot. Water freely trees that are bearing well,
and feed theni on two or three occasions with
weak liquid manure, at a strength no darker in
colour than sherry wine.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Gi'isE, Gardener (o MrB. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Staflordshire.

Dahlia. — Shift young Dahlia plants into larger
pots as they require more root-room ; steady-
growth and plenty of water are essential to
success. The points of the shoots should not be
pinched out, but a neat stake placed to each
plant. Occasional syringings with an insecti-
cide will keep the plants free from aphis. Place
the old tubers in cool fra,nies. and rover them
with a light composit. The roots may be divided'
now or at a later period.

NvMPHAEA. — During the nc,\t few weeks
Water Lilies may be divided and replanted, and
it will facilitate the work if the lake or pond
in which they are grown is emptied. The lakes
at Keele are in a valley, and each can be emptied
independently of the others. If the depth i;t water
varies, plant the shallow parts with varieties that
are the least robust and with compact habit, re-
serving the deeper parts for stronger-growing
sorts. For most varieties a depth of 2 feet is
suitable. Shallow baskets form the best re-
ceptacles in which to plant, and light perforated
tub.s. boxes, or even sacking are ,'dsci suitable.
Failing these, mounds may be made with stones
with the tops situated just below the watel-level.
The plants should be tie<l in the receptacles,
which .should be filled with rich, fibrous loam.
After the plants have been sunk in the water no
further attention is necessary beyond removing
decayed foliage, dead flowers, and rubbish. Es-
tablished plants will readiily respond to toip-
dressings of fresh, fibrous loam. A few of the
best varieties are Nymphaea sanguinea (blood-
red). N. Gladstoniana (white). N, Froebelii
(crimson), N. Ellisiana (purple), William
Dnogue (pale pink), and N. Laydekeri fulgena
(crimson). The last-name<l should be planted
in shaHow water. Nymphaeas may be raised
from seed sown under glass in pots filled with
a loamy compost ; place the pots in tubs con-
taining sufficient water to ju.st cover the surface.
Change the water occasionally. Place the seed-
lings in small pots directly they are large enough
to handle, returning them to the tubs imme-
diatelv. .Shift them into larger pots as required
and plant them in the lake when they are of a
suitable size.

Plantino Hollies. -If care be taken to lift
specimen Hollies with a good ball of soil success
in present planting will be assured. Syringe the
roots with clear water directly the plants are
lifted to keep them moist until they are again
covered with earth. Ram the soil firmly around
the ball of roots, and water the latter" liberally
directly planting is finished. A mulch of
moisture-retaining material spread over the roots
will be beneficial. In dry weather syringe the
plants daily for a week or ten days after
planting.

184

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[.May S, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB. 41, WelUng-ton Street,
Covent Garden, "W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Our corresjwndents
would obiiute delay in obtaining ansivers to
their comviunications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pubusher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all ptants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations-— r/ie Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Eilitors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munication's or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
corresjjondents.

IjOcal ITe^ws- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by srnd/ng to the Editors early intelligence of local
fivenls likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
ouy mattcis which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EiDITOBS. 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature irill not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

fumigation is finished. The authors give
the following simple method for finding
the cubic contents of the house : Make a
sectional plan, thus: —

Atebage Mean TEiiPERirnRE tor the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the la^t fifty
jeaiTS ;vt Greenwich, 51.0".
ACTUAL Tempbratcre : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington StreeT,
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, Mav 3,
10 a.ni. : Bar. 29.8; tt.np. 61.5°. VVealii:r—
SunnT.

SALES FOR THS CNBUINQ WEBK.

WEDNE.SDAY—

Herbaceous I'lants, Rhododendrons, Hoses, C-urnatii.ii..*,
Begonias, Gladiiolns, and Lilies, by Prothei-oe ^&
Morris, at 67 and 68, Olieapside, E.C., at 12 o'clock.

The conclusion reached
Fumigation with by Messrs. Sassar and

Hydrocyanic * i t> j * •

Acid ea.s. and Borden* is one

which has been already
urged in these pages, that hydrocyanic
acid gas (hydrogen cyanide) is, in com-
petent hands, a safe and certain means of
destroying all — or almost all — the insect
pests found in greenhouses, including
thrips, aphides, white flies and scale
insects.

The authors recommend the use of
porcelain or glazed earthenware jug-
shaped jars as generators, and advise that
the jug should l>e provided with a corru-
gated cover of copper or corrugated iron,
the grooves of which allow the gas to escape
more gradualh' than is the case when open
jars are used.

Other appliances required are a balance,
reading to 1-1 0th ounce, an 8 ounce
graduated ja.r for measuring acid and
measuring acid and water, and bags or
tissue paper in which to place the cyanide.

Before fumigating, replace all broken
glass in the greenhouse and seal all cracks;
adjust the ventilators so that they may be
opened from the outside of the house after

• Fumioation. of Ornamental (rreenhouse Plftnts with
Hi/ irocyanie Acid Gas. Bull. 513, U.S. Dept. of Agric.

Area of section = A -I- B -)- c.

Area of A = 20 x r, = 100 sq. ft.

B = ML'^J? = 'V,

15U
] ,50 X length = cubic contents (feet).
If the bouse be |-span: —

^r 4

\.

A

1 ' \

II 5

Area of section =«a-i-d-(-b-i-c.

Area of a = ti x S = 48 sq. ft.

D - 18 X 5 = 90 „

« X -i , ,

,, B -= = 12 „

213 ,.

213 J< length =culjic contents (feet).

Do not fumigate earlier than one hour
after sunset nor in windy weather. Choose
a night neither ver.v cold nor very
warm, for the best results are obtained
between 55° and 68° Fahr. When the
house contains a mixed collection a liglit
fumigation only is safe, and this will not
destroy eggs. Hence a second fumigation
must be given after eggs undestroyed b.y
the first have hatched out. The materials
are sodium cyanide, sulphuric acid, and
water.

Sodium cyanide may be bought in
1 ounce lumps, must be kept in airtight
tins lalielled " Poison," and stored in
a safe place. It must contain 51 per cent,
cyanogen. Commercial sulphuric acid
(about 1.84 specific gravity or 66° Baume),
93 per cent, pure, gives satisfactory re-
sxilts. Keep it in glass-stoppered bottles
and store them in a safe place. If spilled
on the hands or clothes it burns them seri-
ously.

Tender succulent plants are more
susceptible to injury by hydrocyanic
acid gas than are woody plants. When
delicate plants are among those to be

treated, use the fumigant at the rate
of ^ ounce of sodium cyanide per 1,000
cubic feet. The authors eradicated white
fly with three successive fumigations at
intervals of seven or nine days by using
^ ounce of sodium cyanide per 1,000 cubic
feet, in Houses containing Coleus, Ager-
atum. Heliotrope, Fuchsia, and similar
plants, and the foliage was uninjured.
Houses which do not contain Roses, " As-
paragus ferns," Verbena, Antirrhinums
or Sweet Peas, may be treated with
^ ounce sodium cyanide per 1,000 feet.

Cattleya Trianae sufiered no injury from
fumigation with this strength for one
hour. Chrysanthemums, on the other
hand, were burned severely. Adiantum,
Lastrea, Nephrolepis and Polystichum
were uninjured by fumigation with ^ or |
ounce sodium cyanide. For each ounce of
sodium cyanide use 1^ fluid ounce of sul-
phuric acid and 2 fluid ounces of water.
Having fixed on tlie amount to be used
in each generator so that the total amounts
are those required for the whole house,
add to each generator just the measured
quantity of water, and after that the
measured quantity of sulphuric acid : then,
having previously weighed out the requi-
site amounts of sodium cyanide and having
wrapped each in a paper bag, carry the
bags to the end of the house furthest from
the door and drop gently but quickly a bag
of sodium cyanide in each generator, and
in no case stop during the operation until
outside the closed door of the house. It
is best to placiO generators at every 20 or
25 feet. Short exposures with greater
strengths are better than long exposures
with a weaker strength of fumigant. One
hour is generally a .satisfactory period.

Ventilate thoroughly after fumigating
and before entering the house. With a
breeze, ten to fifteen minutes is suflicient,
but on a still night allow double the time
to elapse. Do not fumigate when the
temperature is above 70° F. or below
55° F. — at all events, not below 50° F.

Light increases the chance of injurv.
Therefore fumigate at night, and if on
the following day it is very sunny shade
the house.

Much moisture in the house will not in-
crease the risk of damage to the plants,
but since the gas is soluble in water the
strength will be reduced. It will be best
to syringe the plants four or five hours
before fumigating them, so that any excess
of moisture will have time to evaporate.

If the air is very moist and also very
warm — 70° to 75° F. — the foliage suffers,
but at 00° to 65° F. high humidity
(98° to 100°) produces no damage to the
plants. It is a great advantage to have
a fumigating bos of a capacity of 200 cubic
feet in order to test the strength of fumi-
gant that a particular class of plant will
stand.

Finally, the authors of this valuable
bulletin make the interesting observa-
tion that the growth of many plants is
not only uninjured, but actually stimu-
lated by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid

May b. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

185

"Peter Barr" Memorial Cup.— As we

announced last \ve«k. the Narcissus Committee
of the Royal Horticultural Society lias aiwarded
the " Peter Barr ilemorial Cup " to Mr.
W-VLTER T. W.iBE. of Inglescombe, Bath. It
will be remembered that this cup was established
as the outcome of a wish of some of tte late
-Mr. Bakr's admirei-s to do something to per-
petuate his memory, and a joint committee of
the Floral and Narcissus Committee of the
R.H.S. was appointed to carrj' out the project.
This joint committee placed the cup in the hands
of the R.H.S. to be awarded every year by the
XarcLssua Committee to anyone who, in its
opinion, has done good work of some kind on
behab' of the flower.

French Horticulture After the^ War.—
Our contemix)rary, the Eevue Horticole, reports
an address given by Monsieur Chate.vat, vice-
president of the Societe NationaJe d'Horticulture
de France, and president of the Union Com-
merciale des Horticulteurs et Marchands grainiers
de France. The addrets was given before the
Association Xationale d'Expansion Economique,
and ocmtained a programme of mea^sures which
he suggested should be taken after the war.
in order to restore French horticulture, and still
further develop it. Monsieur Ch-^tenat recom-
mended, among other things, a protective tariff,
special railway rates for produce, the registration
of approved novelties, the suppression of the
system of foreign middlemen, the capture of
inarketfi beyond the French frontiers, a complete
commercial organisation, and thi- diffusion of
horticultural instruction.

PoTATOs IN Iceland Seventy Years Aoo'
— " How capricious the Potato plant was last
year, you will see by the inclosed extract from
a Gei-inan paper, which announces, that of all
places Iceland was particularly favoured with
good Potatos. ' According to news from Iceland,
that island was visited last autumn by a variety
of succe.ssive epidemic diseases, among others,
a bloody flux, which some considered as a con-
sequence of the eruption of Mount Hccla. Mor-
tality was generally very great. In the autumn
and winter of 1846 and 1847, smoke was observed
to issue from the volcano. In Reikjavig, and
the neighbourhood, earthquakes were felt on tlie
15th February, and on the nights of the 2iid and
3rd of March, and alarming movements were
experienced at Heidabaj. in the parish of Thing-
valle, so that the houses nhook, and ever^-thing
that was loose fell down. It is, however, worthy
of remark, that the cultivation of Potatos, which
is not very extensive in this island, was extra-
ordinarily successful last autumn in the north ;
so much so that the crop returned thirty-fold at
tlie manse of Loevaars. in the northern district.' "
<!ar(lpnfr.i' C/irnnicle, May 1, 1847.

Appointment. — The Secretary of the War
OfHce has i.ssiied the following item of news: —
Mr. J. A. Cooper, agent for Sir .Tosslyn Gore-
Booth, Liasadell, Sligo. Ireland, has recently
been appointed to take charge of the new Raw
Materials Finance Branch, which deals with the
finances of such m.itters as Home and Colonial
w(X)l, hideii, flax, jntc, hemp, and timber.

\VOMEN AND THE U*ND.-The Board of
Agriculture has appointed the Women's
National I*and Service Corjis as agents for the
orgajiisation of women workers for temporary
■unslailled agricultural work. The chief need at
present is for supplementary labour in places
where local labour is scarce, to secure the ade-
quate weeding of crops, and, later, the harvest-
ing of Com and fruit.

Sale of the Walton Grange Orchids.—
The sale by ^Iessr.s. Protheroe and Morris
last week of the collection of Orchids formed
by the late Mr. William Tho.mpson was
very successful, both trade and private buyers
being well represented. The total amount
realised was just under £2,900. Odonto-
glossums, for which the collection was noted,
re.ilised good prices. O. crispum Solum
fetched 60 gs. ; 0. c. Palatine, 44 gs. ; 0. c.

Alabaster. 30 gs. ; 0. c. Perfect Gem, 20 gs. ;
0 King Albert, 50 gs. ; 0. Waltonense Ala-
baster, 35 gs. ; 0. Walton Gem, 36 gs. ; and
other hybrids from 20 gs. to 35 gs. each, t'attleya
Lady Veitch sold for 34 gs., Cypripedium
Actaeus Bianca W'estonbirt variety 22 gs., C.
Desdemona 26 gs., and C. Waltonense magnifi-
cum 20 gs.

Import of Bulbs from France.— French

bulb growers are uneasy lest the prohibition on
the import of bulbs from foreign countries into
England be extended, during the current year,
to apply to France, which has hitherto been
excepted" from the general prohibition. The
growers have prepared _their crop for 1917, and
feel that it would be a hardship, involving
huge loss, if the harvest were excluded
from these islands. Several of the larger
organisations representing the interests of the
bulb growers approached the French Govern-
ment on the subject. Monsieur Clemextel
replied that he had placed the matter beiore
the English Government, representing to them

in this way with certain plants without having
fii'es at all. When tliere are only occasional out-
bursts of sunshine, tlie restricted ventilation sus-
tains the heat during the dull periods. The
gi-owtli that plants make under sun-heat is
healtiiier and more \'igoron8 than that produced
in considerable aa-tificial heat, which, if em-
ployed ill excess, causes great mischief. Nothing
contributes more to the benefit of Orchids, stove
and other hot-house plants than high
temperatures that result from sun-heat,
especially in spring and autimin. Excellent
crops of Cucumbers have been grown in un-
ventilated hoojs&s heated by sun-heat, and with
very sinall amounts of manure forming the hot-
beds inside. Maich might be said on the sub-
ject, but as the requirements of different gar-
dens vary much, it will suffice at the moment
to call attention to the subject. Owing to the
war. many plant-houses will be diverted from
their customaiy use, and by utilising sun-heat
and providing hot-beds, they may be employed
to pro^nde food crops, and much of the necessary
work, proi^'ided it is properly supcniised, can be

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I.— SEIU'.M UARll LIlItr.M : FLOWEIIS WHITE.
(.S<-f p. 186.)

the advantages of permitting tlie entry intcj
Britain of the pnxiucts of the French bulb
growers.

Th« Value of Sun Heat.— There is every
reason to holic-vc tliat greater use could be made
of 8Un-h«U for maiintaining the temperature in
glass structures employed for growing plants
and fi-uits, and in \'iew of Uie present need for
economising fuel, gardeners should give
the que.stion their serious attention. In
many gardens there migiht be greater restric-
tions on the ventilation of the houses, esi>ecially
dn the spring, when, owing to the presence of
cold winds, ventilation is by no means an un-
mixed blo^sing. At such times ventilation from
the bottom ventilators will generally be
sufficient, some e.scape at the top being provided
by the laps in the glass and other small openings.
On bright days, before the sun becomes power-
ful, check or damp down the tires, as these will
not be needed again until the afternoon, damping
down the floors and closing or partly clcsing the
ventilators in order to maintain the required
temperatui'es. In summer much can be done

carried out by means of unskiiled labour. TJiere
is just one poinit on which a word of warning
is necessary, namely, the d.mger there is in re-
ducing the ventilation on sunny mornings for
the pui-pose of increasing the tempei-ature. The
higher the temperature, the more moisture is
necessary, and in its alisence scorching would
be bound to follow.

■ War Item,— Private Alfred Davis writes us
as follows : " I thank you for posting me the
Gardeners' Chronicle each week to Mesopotamia,
where it is i;eiid with much interest by me and
my comiades who in civilian life are gardeners.
My address is 'Somewhere in Mesaix>tamia,' as
usual. I sliallbe glad to hear from any of the
Inwood boys who are now serving their King and
Country in the various theatres of the war.
Some of us who used to be at Inwood will, I
hope, meet again after the war, unless we get
a ' top-diiessing,' as we say in gardening
language. No doubt many gardeners will be
glad to see their men back from the
wars.' I see by the Gardeners' Chronicle that
many of the large gardens in England have sent

186

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May S, 1917.

all their staff, so our head gardeners will be
much overworked, especially at this time of
year. However, instead of thinning Grapes, we
have to now thin the enemy, and we hope to
•top-dress' him heavily. I wish the old papor
every success."

SEDUM RARIFLORUM.

The distinct C.hinese species of Sedorn, illus-
trated in fig. 68, has a perennial woody root-
stock, and produces numerous annual stems. The
shoots are well furnished with narrow, green,
sharp-pointed leaves, and terminate in an inflor-
escence of satiny-white flowers. Unlike the
majoiity of the members of this genus S. rari-
florum is of a neat, attractive habit, with stems
from 4 inche,? to 5 inches high, forming a com-
pact, bushy-like tuft. The plant is quite hardy at
Kew, having survived the recent co'.d winter in the
rock garden, and is now coming np strong again.
Specimens were received at Kew from Mr. F. N.
Meyer, of the America,n Legation in Pekin, who
found it in the Chihli Province in Northern
China in 1913. They flowered freely in June the
next year. The species is easily propagated by
means of cuttings, and does well in freely
drained, gritty soil. W . J.

HDME CORRESPONDENCE.

[The Editors do not hold thnnselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Experiments with Humoqen (pp. 113,
137, 146, 166). — As concerns chemical stan-
dardisation of Humogen, Mr. Chittenden ap-
parently relies or '.he " quantity of nitro-
!jen " ; burely this can be of littl; valne
until (me knows ' in what combinations th.it
nitrogen exists. If a nitrogenous body is the
agent at work, the actual amount of that body
must be estimated before chemical standardisa-
tion comes into argument. The method of " in-
direct measurement " hardly seems to be of the
nature of a criterion of standardisation, for so
many of the factors at work are unknown
or not at present recognisable. The rows
were about 10 yards long with 16 plants ,;
the figures represent the produce of each plant in
lbs. Yeast and lime 4.61 ; Rito 3.35; old Humo-
gen 4.09; nil 4.04; nil 3.72; new Humogen 4.06;
nil 3.20; nil 3,64; nil 3.52. Ridge trenched area
nil 3.98; am. snip. 3.95; ditto 4.06; new
Humogen 3.64; nil 4.07; ditto 4.06; ditto 4.05,
all consecutive. Sixteen other rows are only
counted in the grand average, the ends of
some coming near a Hornbeam hedge and
another a diffei-ent variety. In the ridge-
trenched area, except the Humogen row, the
figures per row are practically level ; on the
other patch the untreated rows have rather
greater limits, but only one came up to the 4 lbs.
In such small trials definite results must show
some 20 or more per cent, of concordant dif-
ference. I hardly think that we can yet name
the bodies which may be considered to contain
available nitrogen in such complex material ; nor
yet tell how much of their respective nitrogens
are really available, and that until we can do so
we are not in a position to lay down a law of
standardisation. Differences may also be due to
instability, inherent or due to some factor to be
discovered. With the diiferences between rows
given by Mr. Chittenden, it would appear ad-
visable to place the rows at right angles in
alternate croppings. H. E. Durham.

Damage to Plants by Frost and Wind
/IT Broaostairs.— Tile extent to which vege-
tation has suffered here from the very severe
we.it her of the past winter can now be fairly
well estimated. Some plants have been injured
more by the violent, biting winds than by low
temperatures; others have been hopelessly in-
jured, or killed outright, by intense and con-
tinued frost, I do not propose entering into full
details, but will give a few examples of plants

generally classed as hardy in the South of Eng-
land, including the South-East, my selections,
where not otherwise explained, being from the
" front," where there are no trees bigger than
medium Laburnums. Not less, probably, than
25 per cent, of the shrubs are Euonymus japo-
nicus in variety, and these have proved the
hardiest of all the kinds with which they are
■associated. Exposed for days to the full blast
of a half-gale from the north-east, with the
lowest temperature about 25° Fahr., the leaves
were killed, but new shoots began to unfold
with slightly milder weather. Many of the
ordinary green-leaved variety are throwing foli-
age of a clear yellow of tlie Evening Primrose
hue, giving the bushes the appearance at a short
distance of bearing terminal flowers of an orna-
mental character. Broadstairs, like some other
southern watering-places, has been noted for
some years tor the almost ubiquitous Chrysan-
themum (Pyrethrum) frutescens, in front gardens
of all aspects, where it flowered profusely almost
all the year round, especially in southern and
western aspects. Apparently ■ not a solitary indi-
vidual has escaped death, and there were many
fine specimens of considerable age. Berberis
Darwinii and B, stenophylla in the shrubberies
on the "front" are quite dead, or badly in-
jured, owing partly, perhaps, to repeated hard
pruning and consequent loss of vitality. Sweet
Bays and Laurustinus, and young Pinus insignis
are severely cut, more probably from wind than
low temperature. New Zealand Veronicas have
succumbed in exposed situations, whilst the
Mexican ChoLsya temata has escaped in sheltered
places. Wallflowers and Stocks are killed, or
injured, in similar situations, A large tree of
Cupressus macrocarpa below the cliff in the
north-east cusp of the bay is only slightly dis-
coloured, whilst younger examples in the town
have the appearance of being dead. What
strikes one particularly in this connection is the
unequal distribution of cold waves, and their
effects. For example, the minimum 'on Feb-
ruary 3 at R,amsgate was 20° Fahr. ; at Broad-
stairs, 24°; and at Margate, 21°; whilst at
Canterbury, less than twenty miles inland, the
thermometer fell to 7° Fahr, on February -1,
the Broadstairs instrument registered 19° Fahr,,
and on the '6th it dropped To 4° below zero at
Benson, near Wallingford, Berkshire, This.
I believe, was tbe minimum for the month in ail
England. Benson is less than 200 feet above sea-
level, and one is puzzled fo account for this local
development ot cold ; but meteorological records
offer many problems difficult of solution. Tl'. B,
Hemsley. '

A Mammoth Potato.- The immenfie tubers
of PotatrO Dutdh Bed, mentioned on p. 165,
must have been imposing, and, no doubt, many
in this country would desire to grow the variety,
if only out of curiosity or by way of e-xperiment.
The climate of California would be in favour of
quality ; and if the name indicates that it is of
Dutch origin, it would also suit the sandv soils
of that country, T!ha.t would also raise the sius-
picion that it was this variety, or one resembling
it, that came under my notice some decades
ago in the fields of a relative, Tihe tuber was a
reddisJh-pui-pIe Iddney (I have not seen the illus-
tration in Horticulture), vai-ying from 6 to 9
inch«is in length jnder field culti\Tation, I had
eome tuber*?, but the variety was never culti-
vi.ted to any extent. A laree number of the
tubers were stabbed by the fork in digging them,
notwithstanding care. One could never tell how
far they extended from the stem of the plant.
They were equally troublescraie to left by the
plough. J. F.

Effect of Gr<ss in Orchards (see p. 106).

— Tlie following observations may be of interest
to Southern (^roxmr. Some of my Iris plants
were left unweeded last year and the ground
around these was lightly carpeted with young
glass. When top-dressing them this spring I
found that wherever the soil was bare the roots,
or some of them, were running out horizontally
quite close to the surface, being but half an inch
deep or less, so that it was impossible to hoe or
stir in the manure without disturbing or break-
iu'jr them. But where the ground was covered
with grass the roots were all much deeper and
the whole sod close up to the tips of the rhizomes

could be pared off one to two inches deep and
turned over without meeting with any roots.
This was the case without exception, irrespective
of the variety, for in some instances the grass
was on one side of the plant only, and there the
roots ran deep, while on the other side, in the
bare soil, the roots were on the surface. Nor
does the condition of the soil have any influence,
whether hard trodden, as in the alley ways, or
loose between the rows. If grass in orchards has
the same effect on the roots of the fruit trees,
forcing them to run deep, it may perhaps explain
the checked growth and diminished size of the
fruits. A. J. BU.?i>.

The Spraying of Potatos.— The note on
this subject in your last issue {see p. 172) con-
cludes with the remark that " it will probably
be found that the organisa'tions that have been
established in the viiages will purchase these
machines, and arrcmrje Jor the carri/iiu/ out of
the spmying (ipenutions on tliC' ctlolmnnts."
If that be done, the risk to which the crops, in
other circumstances, would be subjected, will
be considerably reduced. The few words of the
quotation which I have italicised are of the ut-
most importaflice if the Potato crop is this year
to be as immune from disease as it is possible
for human effort to make it. In some districts
allotments may be numbered by the hundred —
I write from one where there are six hmidred
of a permanent character within a mile, and I
know not how many more plots of a tempora.y
character that have only been started this year.
In all the districts there is, at the present,
no gardening society or organisation. Whjn
recently giving an address on Vegetable Culture
I urged upon those assembled to form themselves
into an allotment-holders' association for the pur-
pose of purchasing spraying machines, artificial
and other manures, and. it necessary, to secure
paid men to undertake the work of spraying at
the right time. I pointed out that a farthing
subscription per week, or, say, a shilling a year,
would from the number given produce an annual
income of £30, a sum which would go a long
way towards purchasing spraying machines and
materials. But even with that difficulty over-
come, there is still the greater one to be faced
of getting the spraying done before the disease
puts in an appearance. In the vast majority of
instances, those having allotments have but an
hour or two in the evening to devote to them,
and so infectious a disease as the Potato disease
may overwhelm whole areas before, in the
ordinarv course of evr.nts, it can be grappled
with. Jloreover, the ordinary allotment holder
knows little of the infectious nature of the
disease, or, th.at it is important when spraying
that all parts of the plant — the under-surfaces of
leaves as well as the upper-surfaces — should b©
wetted. The many thousands who this year are
cultivating plots of ground for the first time are
in an even worse plight. This is revealed by the
elementary questions they put to one from time
to time. Hence it would appear that in districts
where no organisation exists nothing short of a
Bi-operly-organised band of sprayers — men or
women — can adequately meet the case. H.

Chionodoxa. — Sir Herbert Maxwell's re-
marks on Chionodoxas on p. 159 induced me to
look up what Mr. Bowles had to say a.bout
Chionodoxas in My Garden in Spring. Sir
Herbert does not refer to Tinolusii, the only
fonm which is now in bloom with me at Dudding-
ston — all the others are over, ilr, Bowles says
of it : " C, Tinoli (wrongly spelt Tinolusii some-
times, as if named after a man instead of the
mountain), but which I and also the Dutch
growers find lias a habit of dying after seeding,
otherwise it would be a pleasant wind-up to the
Chionodoxa season," I have not found it behave
in this way in Scotland. I have half a dozen
little colonies of it planted three or four years
ago, and I find it improving every year. On
my taJble now I have beautiful sprays of it, each
carrying eight very bright star-shaped flowers —
large, pure white centres with soft blue tips—
quite an inch and a half from tip to tip, I
consiider it the most brilliant of all the Chiono-
doxas, Possibly our climate in the north is too
cold for it to set seed, and hence it behaves
otherwise with me than with Mr, Bowles, I
shall observe carefully this season and see if any
seed-pods form. W. Cuthbertson, Duddint/slon.

Mat S, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONIC1.E.

S O C I £ X IE S .

187

®bttuar)2-

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientiftc Committee.

April 2H.-~rreie lit: Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.
<in the chair), Sir Everai-d im Thurn, Messrs.
E. M. Holmes, J. Eraser, E. J. Allard, W.
HaJes, aiid F. J. Ghdttenden (ton. sec).

Forma of Agrostis alba. — Mr. J. Eraser
showed a. series of specimens of forms of
Agi-osttts alba from various localities, iUuetrating
the wide range of variation which this species
exhibits in its range from seashore to wet pas-
ture lands.

Primula steitocalyx. — Mr. Bowles showed speci-
mens of the two forms of this Chines© species,
the one with, the other without, scent. Mr.
Farrar has given an account of the two in Ms re-
port of his Chinese journeys. He also showed
flowers of the form called Primula Loczii, nearly
related to P. farinosa, but fonning stolons and
several plants around the parent one.

American Gooseberry Mildew. — The following
note on obsen-atione made by Mrs. E. V. Home
at the R.H.S. Laboratory at WisJey on the
effect of Burgundy mixture on the winter fruits
of the -Vmerican Gooseberry mildew was read : —

During the late autumn and winter I collected
and e.xamined a large number of twigs from
Gooeebem- bushes affected with the American
Gooseberry mildew at Wisley, which had been
arprayed with Burgundy mixture by Dr. Home
an July, 1916, with the object of discovering
whether the spra_\-ing had destroyed the vitality
of the peritheda (winter fruits).

Spraying wag done after mature winter fruits
liad formed on a large number of the twigs.
Prior to the spraying, several twigs were
labelled, viz. : 1, Twigs without mildew ;
2, twigs with white mildew only, perithecia not
formed ; 3. twigs with mature perithecia.

The results were as follows: —

1. Twigs not mildewed at the time of spray-
ing : No mildew subsequently appealed.

2. Twigs with white mildew, but no peri-
thecia at the time of spraying : No perithecia
were subsequently observed, with the exception
of a very few young ones in a few cases,
probably present at the* time of spraying. The
contents of these were .s-hrivelled.

5. Twigg with mature perithecia present at
the time of sprajTng : The perithecia contained
shrivelled asci and shrivelled a&coepores, or
aecoe]x>res which, when immersed in water or
dilute sugar solution and pressed out of the
perithecia, burst within a few seconds. The
asccspores were not discharged naturally and
failed to germinate.

The perithecia from unsprayed bushes, used
as a control, discharged perfectly healthy asci
and ascospores, whicli did not Inirst when im-
mersed in sugar solution, but sometimes burst
in water after the lapse of a comparatively long
period. Ascospores were discharged from these
jjerithecia and collected on cover-glasses
arranged at a distance of one quarter of an inch
to over two inches from the perithecia. On
several occasions the ascospores gemiinated, pro-
ducing a short germ tube. Unsprayed twigs
from other localities yielded similar results.

Twigs sent for e.xamination fi-om a locality
where the operator admitted that the bushes
were sprayed with a mixture incorrectly pre-
pared yielded a large proportion of perithecia
capable of ejecting spores.

The ejection of ascospores has been observed
in Deceml>er, Jannary. March, and jVpril.

From these results it is eNndent that spraying
with Burgundy mixture was elective, not only
in preventing the appearance of milde\v, but
also in destroj^ing it when present, whether in
an early or in an advanced stage in it« life-
hjistorj'.

The mixtures used were: —

Oopper sulphate 9| oz.

Sodium carbonate (washing soda) 11 oz.

Soap powder 6 oz.

Water 6 gallons

and

Copper sulphate 9| oz.

Sodium carbonate (washing soda) 11 oz.

Soa/p jKnvder 12 oz.

Water 12 gallons

Robert Singleton.- ilr. Robert Simpleton,
fov sixty-five years in the eihplov of Messrs!
E. P. Dixon and Sons, Ltd., Hull," died at his
residence, 70, Ryde Street, Hull, on the 2Sth ult.,
m his seventy-mnth year. For nearly fiftv vears
of this long period deceased was manager of the
firm's nursei-j- at Sciilcoates, and afterwards at
Ccittingham. He attended to his duties until a
week prior to his death, but had a seizure on the
13th inst., and died five days later. As a nur-
ser>-nian he ranked high in his profession, and
was well known to gardeners and members of
the nursery trade throughout the country. He
will be well remembered by the older generation
of gardeners as a successful exhibitor at tJhe
leading shows thirty years ago.

Edward Wilson.— We learn with regret of
the death of Mr. Edward Wilson, for twenty
years gardener to Lord Lilford, at Lilford Hall,
near Ouiidle. Mr. Wilson was well known in
Nortlianiptonshire and South Lincolnsliire, also
in the Preston district of Lancashire. After
occupying tlie position of foreman at Lilford

THE LATK nOBERT SINGLETON.

Hall for tliiee years, he was apipointed gardener
to the Earl of Lindsey at Uffington House, leav-
ing Uffington to take up a similar post to the
Hon. J. Powys, at Preston, where, during his
two years' stay he made many improvements in
the gardens. When the present Lord Lilford
succeeded to the peerage, Mr. Wilson was in-
vited to return to Lilford Hall as gardener,
where he served for twenty years, Three years
ago, failing healtli comijelled him to seek well-
earned retirement, and his resignation was
accepted with great regret by Lord Lilford,
who granted him a pension.

James London Wood. We announce with
deep regret tbi' diath, on the 25th ult., of Mr.
James Loniioii Wood, managing director of the
firm of William Wood and Son, Ltd., horticultu-
ral sundriesmen. Deceased, who was 72 years of
age, had been unwell for some considerable time,
and died as the result of an operation. For
over 50 years Mr. Wood was the proprietor of
Wm. Wood and Son, Ltd., Wood Green; in 1895
the business was formed into a limited company,
with Mr. J. L. Wood as managing director,
which position he held at the time of his death.
He was a Freeni.an and Liveryman of the City of
London. He leaves a widow, three daughters,
and seven sons, four of whom hold commissions
in the Army, another being in the Royal Naval
.\ir Service. During recent .years, Air. A. J.
Wood, the eldest son of deceased, has taken an
active share in the management of the company.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

The RE.4.KING of Tttkkeys.
Th.\t turkeys can be reared successfully at a
profit no one with experience will deny. Many
imagine that these birds are espiecially diffi-
cult to manage, and as a consequence they are
deterred from keeping them. With good man-
agement turkeys are not difficult. Much, how-
ever, depends upon th© weather, which has a
distinct influence, for a dry summer is all in
their favour, whereas continuous wet and cold
cause cliills, diarrlioea, and roup. Even with
these drawbaclcs the beginner need not be de-
terred if only he will follow advice.

Where turkeys are required every year, either
privately or for sale, it is wise to "keep stock
birds. A healthy hen will lay thirty eggs in
one season. This estimate will guide the begin-
ner as to how many hens he requires. One
male is sufficient for ten hens. Some recommend
not mating turkey pullets with a cockerel, but
with the latter mate hens — year-old birds — and a
year-old male with pullets. " My experience leads
me to say that pullets and cockerels together are
quite satisfactory.

^ A free grass run is a distinct gain for the birds.
The only objection to. this is that the hens are fond
of laying their eggs away in seclusion, which
means that without constant watching the
eggs will be lost. Jin orchard of an acre or two
would be an ideal run, and secluded places can
be arranged with boughs, under which the hens
would make their nests. The birds should be
well fed, but not made too fat. Oats are good
food during the day, and plenty of green
food, with warm meal in the morning. A
regular supply of grit is essential for shell
formation, which has a bearing upon hatch-
ing results, as thin-shelled eggs are easily
broken by the hens. Although turkeys are easily
hatched in incubators, I prefer to put them
under hens, as I think the poults make greater
progress, especially during cold or wet weather.
Ten eggs are sufficient for one hen to cover pro-
perly, and twenty-eight days is the normal
perio<l of incubation. When the poults hatch
loniove the shells, but do not attempt to hasten
hatching by the removal of the shells 'from the
chicks, for if the chicks are made to bleed they
are almost sure to die.

Allow them to remain under the hens until
thoroughly dry, as they do not need food for
the first twenty-four hours. Place a boarded
floor coop on grass, covering the floor with a
dry, rlean bag for warmth, and frequently
change the bag for at least a fortnight, accord-
ing to weather conditions. The first feed should
be hard-boiled eggs, soaked chicken meal, and
chopped green onions. Failing the List, green
chives are a good sub-stitute. The chicks sliould
be fed four times daily, just a little at a time.
For the first fortnight" they shouUl be confined
to a wire run in front of the coop on grass,
changing the site daily. Stale ground and stale
food are against success. As the poults in-
crease in size the coop should be moved on to a
new site at least twice daily.

Stimulating the Corn Ckop.
Among cereals no crop responds to a little
stimulant quicker or with more advantage to
the yield than Oats. When the seed is sown on
land not in good heart — which at times cannot be
avoided because of a shortage of manure — the
Oats come up weakly and require stimulating to
ensure a full crop. ' Where wireworm is preva-
lent, certain fields will be found to be more
infested with the post than others, and weakly-
growing plants suffer the most. One hundred-
weight of sulphate of ammonia, or even half that
quantity, sown evenly over the plot will give the
necessary fillip to growth, thus combating the
wireworm. It will add several saicks per acre to
the crop, and give a corresponding increase
in the bulk of straw, which is a valuable asset,
and will be specially useful next winter as
food for store cattle. Barley may be treated in a
similar manner, but the stimulant should be
applied more cautiously, as this cr0|p is more
liable to be "laid" by high winds and heavy

i88

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 5, 1917.

rains when the ears are large and the straw
long as ripening draws near.

Vvheat that requires a fillip shoiiild be treated
with superphcksphate, especially when a TOot
crop is to follow. Harrowing and rolling wheat
does much to make it grow sturdily. The
stirring of the soil admits air to the roots, and
the roller following close behind consolidates the
soU about them, encouraging the .plant to tiller,
increasing the number of growths and ultimately
the ears of Corn.

If a few plants are pulled up in the harrowing,
they, will not be rais;ed, whilst the benefit gained
by an increase in -viigour of the e.xisting pk.nte
will more than compensate for the slight loss
in numbers.

Sheep's Food.

Providing food for sheep is on« of the inost
difficult probleaiis the farmer has to deal with.
The recent severe weather denuded the fields of
Swedes and Turnips, and delayed the growth of
Kale and Rape, leaving the sheep almost un-
provided for until they could be fed on gi-a&s.
I know from experience how difficult it is to
provide for a flock of 900 sheep, for if they eat
grass, it will be at the expense of the hay crop.
Pitted Swedes.

Last autumn, owing maiinly to a shortage of
labour and the experience of mild winters, the
pitting of Swedes was almost entirely omitted.
Tlie method of pitting the roots in the field
is to put them into heaps, say. of 5 bushels,
without interfering with the roots or tops. They
are then covered with 6 inches of soil, which does
much to protect the roots from frost. The
Swedes are spread over the ground a few days
before the sheep are fed to them to allow the
blanched tops to wilt a little, for the tops might
produce scour in the lambs.
Mangolds.

Many large farmers who in the past did not
favour the Mangold, are sowing several acres
of this crop. In my opinion no root crop on the
farm is more useful — the roots are always saleable,
and this season are worth £2 per ton. They
are suitable for sheep, cows, pigs, horses and
poultry, and as a crop they produce a huge
quantity of food. Varieties of the Globe section
give the heaviest yield. The Tankard varieties
are superior for sows in milk, and for fattening.
as they contain most saccharine matter.

Early Potatos.

Potatos planted early in light soil where wee<Is
are showing should be harrowed over to check
the growth of the weeds, and render easier the
earthing up of the plants later.
Store Cattle.

vStore cattle wintered in yands would now be
better in fields where there is even a small bite
of grass. Their appearance will quickly be im-
proved, and the shedding of their old coats ex-
pedited. If the grass is not plentiful, ithey may
be given a few Mangolds. E. fifolyneux.
The Corn Crops.

The condition of Wheat in France. Italy,
Switzerland, and Egypt is reported to be aver-
age, and in Great Britain and the United States
rather under average, while that of Rye in
France, Italy, Switzerland and the United States
is average. Barley in France, Italy, Switzer-
land and Egypt is in average condition : while
Oats are average in Italy and the United States,
but under average in France and Ireland.

The probable yield of Winter Wheat in the
United States has been estimated at 230,363.000
ewts. , or 10.7 per cent, below the corresponding
production last year

The total production of Wheat in Argentina.
Australia, and New Zealand in 1916-1917 is esti-
mated at 121,991,000 cwts., and that of Oats at
16,960.000 cwts.. while the yield of Maize in
Argentina and Australia is estimated nt
33,670,000 cwts.

llflE JL f^ K: JB T s.

TRADE NOTE.

Messrs. .J. Weeks and Co. (Chelsea), having
had their offices at 72, Victoria Street, comman-
deered by the War Office for the period of the
war, have taken temporary offices at 92, Vic-
toria Street, S.W. 1.

Ferns - con s.d.s.d.

choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 8 0-12 0
Genistas, per doz.

of 48s . . 9 0-10 0

Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... 0 0-80

larKer, each.. 2 8-78
H\'dr:in{?eas. blue

48's.32's per dz.l8 0-36 0

— pink, 48's, per
doz. . . 15 0 IS 0

— white, 48's. per
doz 15 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. p«r doz. 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forateriana.
60'B. per doz. 5 0-80

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz.. 12 0-30 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

florun). perdoz. 24 0-30 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-30 0

- — album .. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites in

48'8. per doz. 9 0-10 0
Mignonette. 45's.

perdoz. .. 12 0-15 0
Pandanus Veitchii

perdoz. .. 86 0-48 0
Phoenix rupi-
I cola, each .. 12 8-21 n
large 60's .. 14 0-24 0' Spiraea, perdnz. 12 0-15 0
in 48's. per doz. 6 0- 7 0 | Stocks. white,
pink and red.
per doz, .. 12 0-18 0
sizes are now at their
re plentiful, and prices

s.d.a.d.

Aralia Siebo\dil,

dozen .. ..5060
Asparagus plu-

mosuB nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 10 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0-36 0
Beronia ■ hefro-
phylla. 48's,
perdoz. .. 21 0-24 0

— megustegma.
48's. per doz. 21 0-24 0

Cacti. various.

per tray of 15'8 4 0 —

tray of 12's .. 5 0 -
Cineraria. 48*B,

per doz. .. 9 0-10 0
Cocos Weddelli-

ana 48'3. per

doz 18 0-50 0

— 60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Cyclamen. 48's

per doz. .. 15 0-18 0
E icas tersoluta,

48's. p-r doz. 18 0-24 0
- candidissima.
48's. perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— Wilm reana.
48's, p»r doz. 15 0-18 0

Ferns. in thumos.

per 100.. .. 10 0-15 0

— per 100. in
small and

Ferns in 32's. per

doz 12 1-18 0

Remarks. — Fern.s of van
best. Flowering plant

are easier. The chiei attractions are white and pink
Ericas, white and pink Hydrangeas, white Marguerites,
white and coloured Stoclis, Mignon^te, Genistas, and
Cinerariap.

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d.
Anemone fulgens.

per doz. bun. 2 0-26
Arums, per doz. 16-20
Azalea. white,

per doz. bun. 3 0 3 6
Camellias, white

per doz. blms. 16-20
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 0 3 0

— Oarola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

Daffodils. Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun J.I 0- 1 3

— Barrii, perfl

doz, bun. .M\ 0- 1 3

— Emperor, per

doz. bun. .. 1316

— prlnceps, per

doz. bun .. 0 9-10

— Sir Watkin

per doz. bun. 10-13

— Victoria per
doz. bun.

Forget- Me -Xot.

per doz. bun. 6 0 —
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Iris. Spanish blue.

perdoz. bun. 27 0-30 0
L ilium longi-

florum lone 13-16

short .. 16—

lane ifolium
album, long.. 2 0-26
- rubrum.
per doz.. long

short

Lily-of-the-Valley.

per doz. bun. 24 0-30 0
Narcissus.

— Pheasant Eye

per doz. bun. 2 0-30
Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 10 0-12 0

— Odontoglos-
sum crispum

1 3- 1

1 6 —

3 0-40

2 0-20

s.d. s.d.
Peas, white and

coloured, p-r

doz. bun. .. 6 0 12 0
Pelargoniums, per

doz. bunches.

double scarlet 6 0-80
Roses -

— General .Jac-
queminot, per

doz. blooms.. 10-16

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 16-20

— Lady Hilling
don. per doz.
blooms .. 16-26

— Liberty, p r

doz. blooms.. 2 0 3 0

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms .. 2 0-30

— Mme Edoua d
Herriot. per

doz blooms.. 2 8-

— Ophelia, per

doi. blooms.. 3 0 —

— PrincedeBul-

garie . . . . 2 6-30

— Richmond

perdoz. blms. 2 0-26

— Sunburst, per

<\m. blo""T>.. 16-26

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
bl-oms .. 2 0-30

.Stephanotis. p'r

72 pips.. .. 3 0-36
Tulips, white. per

doz. bun. .. 12 0-15 0

— yellow.

— Darwin in
variety, per

doz. bun. .. 12 0-18 0

— mauve Darwin

per doz. bun. i 18 0-21 0
Violets, single.
Princess of
Wales.. .. 3 0-50

signments were received from Guernsey and from the
Scill.v Isles last week-end. It is some years since such
large quantities of flowers arrived in Covent Garden
fix>m Hie Channel Islands. There is an abundant supply
of Roses this week, and also of Darwin Tulips. These
blooms arrive in excellent condition. Spanisli Iris
(blue) is getting more plentiful. Other coloui-s have
.vet to arrive. French Gypsophila is one of the newest
arriyals, but flowers from France are praotioally
over for this season. A few bunches of Sweet Peas are
arrivinsr in very fine condition. A small quantity of
Steph<Tnotis is also re.^cliing the ni.arket. finding a ready
sale. Guixlendas are more plentiful, and lower in price.

Vegetables : Aver-age Wholesale Prices.
Artichokes. Globe s.d. a.d. 'i s.d. s.d-

per doz. . . 4 0-46! Lettuce. Cabbage
— Jerusalem. | andCos.perdoz. 1 6- 6 0

per b.ag ..400 — Mushrooms. per lb. 1 6- 1 9
Asparagus Lauris 3 6-50 Mustard

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantum (Mai- s.d.s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 7 0-80
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

- Sprengeri .. 10 0-lJ 0
Bronze foliage . . 3 0-80
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0

Cycas leaves, per

doz

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun.
Moss. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved
— French, per

doz. bunches
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails ..

— Paris Green,

per bun. .. 2 6-30
Beetroot, per bag 16 0 —
Beans, English.

per lb. ..0 10- 1 4

Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bag .. .. 12 0 -
Broad Beans,

French, per

pad 4 6-50

Cabbage, per doz. 3 8-50
Carrots, washed,

per bag .. 26 0 —
Cauliflowers, per

doz 4 0-60

Celeriac. perdoz, 7 0-80
Celery, per doz.

bundles .. 12 0-36 0
Chicory. English.

"8-09

Cress, perdoz.
punnets .. 10-16
Onions, per cwt 20 0 —

— spring. per
doz. bun. .. 6 0 15 0

Parsley. peribus. 3 0-40
Parsnips. oercwt. 25 0-27 0
Peas. Channel

Islands, perlb. 10-16

— French, per
pad .. ..6 0 —

Potatos. new. per

lb 0 10- I 0

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 10 2 0
, Rhubarb, forced.

per doz. .. 16 —

— natural, per
doz. bun. .. 3 6 4 6

I Seakal". per doz.

12 0-30 0

perlb 0 8-0 9 punnets

Cucumbers, per — (natural)

flat .. ..16 0-17 0 doz 18 0 —

Endive, per doz. 2 0-30 Shallots, per lb. 0 6-10 0

Greens, per bag.. 12 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10 —
Herbs, per doz.

bnn 4 0-80

Horseradish, per

doz. .. 66 0-72 0

Kale, per bag .. 10 0 -
Leeks.per doz.bun.4 0-6 0

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. ! Grapes-^con. s.d. s.d.

Spinach, per bus

Swedes, per cwt. 8 0-10 0

Turnips, per cwt. 16 0 —
Tops, per bag 10 0 —

Vegetable Mar-
rows, per doz. 8 0-12 0

Watercress, per

doz 0 8-10

per

Almonds

cwt. .
Apples —
-English

Cooking, per

bus 20 0 —

— Oregon, per

case . .. 26 0-27 0
Bananas. Jamaica.

per ton .. £22 —
Cranberries, per

— English (new
0-85 0 ' season) Ham-
bro. per lb. .

' 0-10 0

Mu-uats, per

..20 0 —
Lemons, per case 25 0-35 0
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0
— Coconuts, per

100 .. ..31 0-32 0
Oranges, per case 40 0 70 0
Peaches, perdoz. 9 0-18 0
11-0-12 0 1 Pears
Dates, per doz.

boxes .. .. 8 0-96

15 0

Fig; (Worthing).

per doz.
Grapes: Almerla.
- perdoz. lb. .. 15 0-18 0

REM.AKKS. — Stocks of Apples

- Calif ornlan 23 0 —
Stra wherries.

forced.. .. 0- 8 0
Tomatos. English,

perlb. .. 2 0-23

Walnuts, per

cwt 65 0-85 0

Pears are very
the usual consignments of .Australian .\pples
are not yet. to hand. Supplies of new English Black
Hamburgh Grapes are daily expected to increase, and
the first consignment of (the new crop of Muscat of
.Alexandria is to hand this week. Supplies of forced
Strawberries, Peaches and Figs have increased during
the week. Cape Fruits are over for the season. Vege-
tables now obtainable are Marrows, Seakale (naJtm-al
and forced), Tomatos (English and Channel Islands),
Cucumbers. Beans. Peas, Asparagus (English and
French). New Potatos, Lettuce (Cabbage and Cos),
Radishes, and Mushrooms. Rhubarb (natural and
forced) is fairly plentiful. Ordinary vegetables have
been more plentiful this week, especially Broccoli and
Turnip Tops. E. H. R., Covent Garden Market, May S.
1917.

ANSWERS TO C6RRESP0NDENTS.

Ceeosotkd Plant Boxes : F. L. I. You are
right in suspecting creosote to be harmful to
plant life, and you should not use the boxes
you have creosoted for growing Tomatos until
you have charred tlie whole inside of the wood-
work, preferaibly with a blow-lamp. This will
serve a doulble purpose — at will destroy the
creoeote and preserve the wood from decay. _

Names of Plants : G. II'. Luzula campestris
(Field Hairy Rush). To rid your lawai of this
weed, remove as many of the plants as possi-
ble by weeding, and then give the turf a, Jigiht
dressing of nitrogenous manure, which will
increase the vigour of the natural gi-asses, and
in time suppress the Luzula. — K. T. Malton.
Aegopodium Podagraria (Goutweed). Dig up
the etoloniferous root-stocks and burn them.

Remarks. — The market is crowded with Daffodils.
In addition to the home-grwn blooms, very large con-

Comiuunicatioiis Beceived.
E. E. B.— O. H. C.

W. Outhbertson—

May 5. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the '' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Gardening, Scliool. Cottage, and Allotment. A

Practical Guide to. Bv Jolin Weathers.

2s. lOd.
Glass, The Garden Under. By W. F. Rowles.

Illustrated. 6s. 6d.
Grafting and Budding, Art of. Bv Charles

Baltet. With niustrations. 2s. 9d".
Grafting and Budding, The Handy Book of. By

James Udale. 7d
Grape Growing for Amateurs. A thoroughly

7)ractical book. Is. 3d.
Grape. The Book of the. Together with a

Chapter on the History and Decorative

Value of Vines. Bv H." W. Ward. Illus-
trated. 2s. 9d.
Greenhouse and Conservatory, Construction and

Heating. By Paul X. Hasluok. With 228

Illustrations. 2s. 4d.
Greenhouse, The Amateur's. Bv T. W. S.aiiders.

416 pages. 154 Ulu-strations." 5s. 5d.
Greenhouse Management, Pictorial. Edited bv

Walt<>r P. Wright. Illustrated. Paper".

Is. 3d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.
Greenhouse. The Book of the. By .1 C Tallack.

Head Oardener at Shiplev Hall. Illustrated.

2s. lOd.
Hardy Flower Book, The. By E H. Jenkins.

.■\ descriptive and practical Guide to the

Cultivation of Hardv Flowers. Illustrated.

Cloth. 2s, lid.
Hardv Trees. Flowering Shrubs. Conifers and

Evergreens. Bv Geo. Bunyard. .-V Popular

Handbook of 160 pages. 50 Illustration.s.

Useful hints. English and Latin names.

3s. lOd.
Herb Garden. By Francis A. Bardswell. 16

Full page Illustr.ations in Colour. 3s. lid
Herbs, The Book of. Bv Lady Rosalind North

cote. 2s. lOd.
Hereditv in the Light of Recent Research. Bv

Tj. Poncaster. Is. 2d.
Holly, Yew and Box. By W. Pallimore. 280

pages. 175 Illustrations. Contains the lUus

trations of Hollies published in the mono-
graph by the late Thomas Moore, in the

G.ARDKVFRS' CunoNin.K. 8s.
Horticultural Directory. .■\lmanac and Address

Book for present year. (See OardenTf'

flirnnirlr Horticultural Directory. )
Horticulture, A Primer of Practical. Bv J.

Wri-ht. Is. l.;,.!. •
Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard. Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. Bv V. V. Theobald, M.A.,

etc, .328 Illustrations. 30s. 6d.
Insects, Injurious and Useful. .An Introduction

to the .'itudv of Economic Entomology. Bv

L. C. Miall, F.R.S 100 Illustrations. 3p. 9d,
Intensive Culture of Vegetables on the French

System. By P. Aquatias. Illustrated

3s. lid.
Iris, the Book of the. Illustrated. By R,

Irwin Lynch, 2s. lOd.
Irises. By W. R. Dykes. MA. With Prefncp

bv Prof. Bavlev Balfour, F.R.S. Contains

8'fnll page Coloiired Plates. Is. lOd.
Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary. New Edition.

98. 6<1.

ow.
. Is

An
. Id.

■ing.

By

!',>

W,

, B'

> W.

Wr

icht.

Auia

tcur.

Ts.

2d,

Judging, Rules for. Issued by the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society. Latest Edition. Is. 6d.

Land of the Blue Poppy, The. By F. Kingdon
Ward. With Illustrations and Maps.
12s. 6d.

Landscape .\rchitecture. The .Art of. By Samuel
Parsons. A practical and authoritative work.
Illustrated. 15s.

Lawns. By -Sutton and Sons. Reading- In
paper cover. Well Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Lan-ns and Greens. By T. W. Sanders. .\
CJuide to the Formation and Management of
Lawns, Tennis Courts, etc. Illustrated.
Paper, Is. 2d.

Lilies. By A. Grove. With Preface by H. J.
Elwes". F.R.S. Contains 8 Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

LilV. Book of the. Bv W. Goldrin;;. Illustrated.
" 2s. 9<1.

Little Gardens and How to Make the Most of
Them. By H. H. Thomas. A handy and
useful work for the Amateur. Paper.
Is 3d. : cloth, Is. 9d.

Mango. The. By G. Marshall Woodrow.
account of its Culture and Varieties.

Manures and the Principles of Manuring.
C. M. Aikman. 6s, 10,1

Manures for (iarden and Farm Crops,
Dyke. Cloth, Is. 9d.

Manuring, The Science and Practice of.
Dyke, with introduction by J.
.\ most practical work for the -■
.\rarket and Professional Gardener.

Manuring of Market Garden Crops. The. By
Bernard Dvcr and F. W. L. .Shrivcll. New
Fditi.m. is. 3d.

Market Gardening, The Book of. Bv R, Lewis
Castle. Illustratwl. 2s. 9d.

Mendellsm. By R. C. Puniiett. F.R.S.
and Enlarged Edition. 5s. 4d.

Mendel's Principles of Hereditv. Bv W.
sen. F,R S. 12s, 6.1.

Mushroom Culture for Amateurs. Bv W.
Mav. New Kdition. Thorouglilv
Illu'strated. Is. 2<I.

Mushrooms, and How to Grow Them. ■ By John
F, Barter. An excellent Tre.itise. Illus-
trated. Is. 2d.

Mv Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles, M.A..
Chairman of Scientific Committee of Royal
Horticultural Society. With Preface hy

Reginald Farrcr. " Mr. Bowles

has the time to be his own gardener, and
has thereby gained that firsthand know-
ledge of plants without which any writer on

horticultural subjects is ant to he

neither interesting nor informing." Price
5s. 6<i.

My Garden in Summer. Bv the same author.
Price Ss, 6d.

My Garden in Autumn and Winter.
same autlior. .5s. 6d.

Orchids and their Cultivation. Bv
n'Brien, V.^r.H.. Hon. sec. of the
Orchid Committee. Contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates from colf>ur photography.
Is. lOd.

New
Bate

J.
vised.

Bv the

.Tames
R.H.S.

Orchids: Their Culture and Management. By

W. Watson {Curator, Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, KewJ, and H. J. Chapman. Illustrated
with 180 Engravings and 30 Coloured Plates.
2Ss. 8d.
Orchids for Everyone. By C. H. Curtis. With
53 Coloured, and 43 Black and White
Illustrations. 21s. Bd.
Orchids. Fertilisation of. Bv Chas, Darwin.

Illustrated. 3s. lid.
Orchid Grower's Manual, The. By the late B. S.
Williams. 800 pages. Numerous Illustra-
tions. 16s, 8d.
Pansies, Violas and Violets. By W. Cuthbert-
son and R. Hooper Pearson. With 8 full-
page Coloured Plates from colour photo-
trraph.v. Is. lOd.
Pansies and Violets. Bv D. B, Crane. P.aper,

Is. 2d. : cloth. Is. 9d'.
Peach, The Book of the. By H. W. Ward.
A Practical Handbook on the Cultivation of
Peaches and Nectarines under Glass and
Out-of-doors. 2s. lOd.
Pears and Plums. The Book of. Bv the Rev. E.

Biirtrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.
Pinus, The Genus. Bv George Russell Shaw.

Price £2 13s. 6d,
PlantBreeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Dom'estic Plants. Bv Prof.
L. H. Railev. Illustrated. 8s. lid.'
Plant Life. By C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.
Practical Plant Physiology. Bv Frederick

Keeble. F.RS. lUustrated. 3s'. lOd.
Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. The
Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the
Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.
Plants and Trees. Diseases of Cultivated. By

Cemae Ma.ssec. Well Illustrated. 7s, lid.
Plants. A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.
Bv Dr. Paul Sorauer. Translated by F. E.
Weiss, D..Sc. With 33 Illustrations. 9s. 6d.
PRESENT-DAY GARDENING. Edited by R.
Hooper Pearscu), Managing Editor of the
G.^RDENKRs' CtiRONiCLT:. Each of the seven-
teen volumes followinc contains 8 full-page
Colonred Plates. Is. lOd. each.
1. — Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition,^
1914.) Bv Horace J. Wricrht, late Secre-
tary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on "Sweet
Peas for Exhibition," by Thos. Steven-
son.
2. —Pansies. Violas, and Violets. By William

Cuthhertson, and R. Hooper Pearson.
3— Daffodils. Bv the Rev. J. .Tacob. With

Preface bv the Rev. W, Wilks, M.A.
4.— Orchids. By .Tames O'Brien, V.M.H.,
.Secretary of the Orchid Committee of
the Roval Horticultund Society.
S._Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late

Alexander Dean.
6.— Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook,
Head Gardener at Sandringham ; James
Doujrlas, V.M.H ; and J. F, McLeod,
Head Gardener to the late ^Tr. Picrpont
Morgan.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN.
41, Wellington Street, Co vent Garden,

W.C. 2

THE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

[Mat 5, 1917.

To the Trade.

NOVELTIES IN CYCLAMENS

St. GEORGE'S STRAIN.

Four New Varieties to be Sent Out in 1917,

QUEEN MARY. ST. GEORGE. MRS. L. M. GRAVES. CRIMSON ST. GEORGE.

Large salmon-coloured flower. The best Ornamental Leaved Variety. Salmon Scarlet. (See Illustration. )

Very fine growth. Flowers salmon pink. R.H.S. Award of Merit. R.H.S. Award of Merit.

We also offer the following

favourite varieties : —

BRILLIANT.

Extra Dark Crimson. Rich
Colour, very free.

BRILLIANT—

GIGANTEUM (NEW).

A superb novelty. Very robust

grower. Fiery crimson flowers

of much greater size than any

other of its colour.

BARONESS
BURDETT-COUTTS.

Pure White. Short broad
Petals. Very free Flowering
Variety. Certificated R.H.S.

CRIMSON KING.

Bright Crimson. Certilioated

R.H.S.

DAME BLANCH—

GIGANTEUM.

Pure White. Large broail

Petals.
DUKE OF CONNAUGHT.

Giganteum Variety. Purpli^ll
Crimson.

DUKE OF FIFE.

(iiganteum Variety. Dark

Rose.

EXCELSIOR.

Oiganteum Variety. White,

with Purple Base. Extra largt'

Flowers, ^ucn

GRANDIFLORA ALBA-

GIGANTEUM.

The largest White grown.

Enormous Flowers. Splendid

grower. Certificated.

MONT BLANC—

GIGANTEUM.

Pure White. Large Flower. A

Mountain of Snow. Certificated

R.H.S.

MAUVE QUEEN.

Giganteum Variety. Delicate

MauTe shade.

PRINCE OF WALES.

Giganteum Variety. Bright

Red, large Flowers. Award of

Merit, R.H.S.

PRINCESS OF WALES.

GiganteumVariety. Deep Pink.
Very free.

PAPILIO.

A charming new break.

Popularly termed Butterfly

Cyclamen. Mixed colours.

PICTURATUM.

Giganteum Variety. Light
Rose tinted. Claret Base.
Certificated R.B.S. and R.H.S.

PRINCESS MAY.

Pale Pink. Award of Merit,
R.H.S.

ROSY MORN.

Giganteum Variety. Delicate
Rose tinted. Claret Base.
Certificated R.B.S. and R.H.S.

SALMON QUEEN.

Soft Salmon Pink.
SUNRAY.

Giganteum Variety. Deep

Pink, with Claret Base. One

of the Best.

SALMON KING

" OUR-OWN."

Vastly superior to any other
salmon in the market.

MRS. BUCKSTON.

The Salmon Cyclamen with
frilled petals.

CALCEOLARIA-
HERBACEOUS.

St. George's Giant Flowered.

SCHIZANTHUS

GRANDIFLORA

HYBRIDA.

Veitch's Strain.

CRIMSON ST. GEORGE.

The sensational variety ot r.117, and a grand acquisition, having the magnificent decorative foliage of St. George,
with vivid crimson flower, which are produced in abundance well above the foliage. The effect is very telling,
and the combination of flower and foliage will make this variety pre-eminently a favourite for table decoration,
sick-room, etc. Award of Merit, Pv.H.S.

ST. GEORGE'S NURSERY CO., HARLINGTON, Middlesex.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chionide, Limited, by LovB akd Makjomson, Ltd., Dane Street, Hieb Holhnrn, London, W.0.1, and Published weekly by the Oardeoei*'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Ooveot Garden, Oity of WertminBter, Satchdat, May 5, 1917. Agent lor Mancheiter : John Hbtwood.

Supplementary Illustration : Copped Hall, Essex.

OiKiiENERS' Chronicle, May ^^^J»f jjllltl.

Coll<rg<

Established 1841

No. 3^55

No. 1585. Vol. LXI. {J^^^}

SATUKDAY, MAY 12, 1917.

SUBSCBIPTIOy— Inland, 1SI-; Foreign, 17 6 \22tr. tOc.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 2.

i Registered as a Newspaper.^ ' "'^t aau.
I (Post-free, 3jd.

(S4 26c.] per annum. Entered at y^tr York l*08t OJ/ice aa second-ctass matter.
Telegraphic Address— " flardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 189.

NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the earlier dispatch of the morning
traine from London the hour of going to press
has again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisements received after 6 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

VIOLAS, finest Scotch, 12 Bedding
Varieties, correctly named, 29. 3d., post free. Early
Cbrysanthemunis, 12 very 8ne varieties, 33. 9d., poet
free. Strong plant*.- DOBBIE & CO.. Florists, Edinburgh.

SOW IS THE TIME TO PL.*.ST KELWAYS

C^OLOUR BORDERS of hardy plants, ar-

^-^ ranged to give a succession of bl'ooin during the
Spring, Summer, and Autumn. NOW THAT LABOUR
IS SCARCE, these borders wive the diffluulty of having
a Garden always in Bloom without the trouble of re-
planting and lifting the plant* every yoar. Plant a
border now, and you will be able to enjoy its beauty
lor several years without nny additional expenao. Send
the measurements of your beds or borders, and we will
recommend a selection of plants suitable for your die-
triot, and quote our special reduced Wax prices.
KELWAY & SON, Retail Plant Department,
Langport, Somerset.

WATERER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-
OUS PLANTS and W-\TEK LILIES. Large
stooks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.-JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nuraeries, Twytord, Berks.

"DARR'S VEGETABLE AND FLOWER

'-^ SEEDS of finest Belect«i strains and tested
growUi. Oiitalogue tree on opplii'ntion.— BARR & SONS,
king .Street, Covent Garden, London.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Hoad. South Tottenham. Oon-
servatories. Winter Gardeais, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Oatalogues gratis.

pOTATOS.— Select«d seed can still be sup-
-*• plied. Write for list of kinds and prices.-
HOBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries, Derciham, Lon-
don Depot, 17, Broad Street Place, London, E.O.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
" Vitrolite," superior to While Lead PainA.
" Plastdne " supersedes putty. I^iU ]>articular8 from
W. OARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

T WEEKS & CO.'S Offices, 72, Victoria
^ • street, S.W. 1, are commandeered for War pur-
poses. They are now at No. 92.

FOUR NEW PRIMULAS. collect<»d by
Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa, A.M., R.H.S., 3s. 6d. P.
nutans, A.M, R.H.S., 7s. M. P. vineaetiora, A.M., B.H.S.,
58, P. conioa, A.M., R.H.S., 59. The set ot tour grand
novelt.i(.s for IBs. FuU desiTipUve i-alalogue of these
and other new Chinese pkijits pt)Ht free on application. —
R. WALL.tCE & CO.. LTD., Coldhester, Essex.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE

SUTTONS FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEDS.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other highclass Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spaviii. Priced cdrculara
free on applicaiion to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Grower!

ROSES.— Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Oro«e, Ltd., beg to offer a fine stook of all ths
best varieties, new and old, (or present planting. Prioed
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
SERIES. Waltham Cross. Herts.

BATH'S CARNATIONS, PANSIES,
DAHLIAS, OURYSANTHEMUIIB, and other flowers.
New Illustrated Catalogue of the best new and standard
varieties is rcadv, and will be sent poBt free on ippU-
oation. — (Dept' A) R. U. BATH, LTD., The Floral
Farms, Wisbech.

BUSINESS METHODS.— Experi«no« in
the world of commerce shows that there are two
ways of conducting a busine.«s. the one being to charge
as inuoh as possible for what is sold, exacting a high
rat* from one custriiner and a low price frcun another,
and the other to have a fixed price for everything and
stick to it. The nn<t metliod is to be c^ndemnod from
every point of view, but mainly because it punishes
the best purchasers, those who are ready to pay what
is reasonably asked when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The dardenert' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It guarantees that its advertisonipnt rates arc
not altered for any customer, big or little, old or new,
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Conse-
quently, whilst it is not possible to grant concessions,
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to assure each advertiser that he pays no more
than anyone else.

For Advertisement Charges see page ii.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH AND TRENCH
hoi;.- A w.nil.Tful little tool. A woman can do
more detail work wilh it tiian two men with spades.
Gets more useful every day. Many repeat orders re-
ceived, including Royal Kew Gardens. Price Js., car-
riage paid. Garden Tools of all variety. Good line in
Hose Pipes and Fittings. Please mention requirement!!.
No catalogues this season.— LAND TOOL CO., Allsop
Street, Baker Street, London.

LAWN BOWLS.— 50s. Association set
Lawn Bowls, 4 pairs superior full size selected
lignum, mcliuni bias, with 2 jacks, complete, in strong
box, unused, price 299. 5d. ; also 2 new pairs finest
St,and.-ir<l Match Bowls, absolutely accurate. 3 bias,
offlciallv tcitwl .ind stamped, lis. 6d. padr, or whole lot
kI. Approval.— Box 707, Gilvar<r9, Darley Street,

for 49s.' e
Br.idford

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plant* suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; oatalogues free. — .SMITH.
London Pern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-" and Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. Scientiflcally-controlled Trials at
Wislev. 1914-15. Sold by Dealers in Garden Sundriet.
Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,

Battersea, London, S.W.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con-

*^ • servatories, Greenhoufies, &c., and Heating Engl*
neers, Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire,
201, Western, London. Telephone : 201 Western.

"OLACKMORE .^- LANGDON, Bath, will

-*-* have pleasiiTO in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of BegoiiJEus and Delphiniums, &c., &c.,
free, if this i>ai)er is nieii'tione<l. Magnificent sti'on^
roots of our unequalled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of Scarlets. Queen of Whites, Lovely Blue (lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple) ; •trong, clean, well-
rooted stuB from boxes. 50 for 5a. ; 99. per 100 ; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DUDDERIDGE, The Dorset
Nurseries, Blandford.

SEED POTATOS, Sootrh-giowii, and once
grown in Lincolnsliiro from Scotch Seed: Kinf
Edwards, Up to-Datcs, Dalhousies, Evergoods, Queen
Mary, and other good varieties. 14s. per 5b lb., carriage
piKl. Prompt despatch. — FRED PAEKES, Wyberton,
Boston^

VIOLAS, strong plants of M. Mott
(mauve), A. Grant (dark blue). Amy Barr (pinli),
J. Pilling (edged), L. Knox (cream), Moseley PerfeotioD
(yellow), 9d. dot., 4s. 6d. 100, carriage paid.— EiNGLAND
& FURNESS, Freelanda Road NurBeries, Bromley, Eeat.

KENTIA FOSTERIANA. — For Sale, 9
well-grown I'.^lms, 10 to 12 feet high.— Full par-
ticulars, apply MOUNTFORD, Coriad Gardens, Goring-

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns. Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free— J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

GENTIANA VERNA, 12 large clumps,
5s.. free; 6 Dryas octoiietala, 3s.; 6 Osniundi
regalis 39. ; 6 crested Osmunda. 5s. ; 2 Neotinia iiUacta,
3s.— O'KBLLY. Bofanist, Bally vaiighan, Ireland.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Peat, lOs. 5d. per yard in trucks; in
bags 2s. 5d. each, 30s. do7.en ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow jMom. Stacked and Fresh Out, Silver Sand;
4-ton lots for 45s.; C.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen hags; list
free.— J. HAND.SOOMBE. FR.H.S., Feltham, Middleeex.

1 AA (\(\t^ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

iLfU 9\J\r\J 2o». 100; Palm.'!. Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Cloxini(vs, Lilies. Hydrangeas,
&c. ; oatalogues free— J. E. SMITH London Fern Nur-
series, r.<iu(fhboriiiigh Jiinctidn. I(ni|:n. S.W,

THE gardenehs' chronicle.

[Mat 12, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

SOUTHGATE, N.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell bv auction on ll.e premiises, SoutHate
House, Southgat*. N., by oixler of the Espnutors of tile
late Mt. C. H. Ffjliiig,

On Tuesday and Wednesday, May 15th and
16th, 1917, at 12.30 o'clock precisely.
Mie GREENHOUSE, BEDDING PLANTS, and OrcJlids
FAHMING IMPLEMENTS, Horee, tort, Riok Oloth and
Poles, Hay Rake, BROUGHAM, Harness, Rugs, Fo«-tl
Sheds', Frames, and Sundries. .. , j'

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, 67, Oheapside, London,
E.G. 2.

Teatwood Garden. Furniture, compriising seapts chairs,
tables, &r. ; Gawien Ornojnemts, Old and Modeim ;
Japanese Dwarf Trees and Miniature Gardens.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above at their Central Auction Rooms,
67 and 68,' Oheapside. London, E.G. 2.

On Friday. May 18th. at 1 o'cloeli.

On view two <la\s prior and morning of sale. Cata-
logues on ar.pli.atiou t-i the Auctioneers^

BUSINESSES FOR SALM.

FOR Immediate Disposal as a Gtnnq Con-
cern the old-established Business of SEEDSMEN
and NURSERYMEN carried on by R. P. Ker 4: Sons at
Basnett Street. Liverpool, and the Nursery. Grassendale.

Oflera will be received for either the whole or separate
portions of the business, and for the pedigree stocks of
Amaryllis. Cyclamen, .kc. .

Offers to be sent in not later than the 1/t.h inst.
For particulars and orders to view apply to the trustee.
HAROLD SADLER, of Messrs. Finney. Son & Sadler.
Chartered Accountants, 31, North John Street. I/iver-
pool.

SMALL Nursery and Florist ; main road,
S E _Five well-built Greenhouses, "heated, front
show hoiise. stable, &c. : 7-roomed bouse. Price for
Greenhouses .rad stock, £100. Rent £32 per annum.— A.,
Box 15. 41. Wellington Street, Covent Gaixien, W.C. 2.

PROPERTY TO LET.

GLASSHOUSES to Let at once; terms
niodt^rate ; also good Ground, in large or small
lots. Residence, with excellent rooms, available on the
premises. Close to station and easy distance from Lon-
don. Lady college students preferreil.— IIORTUS, Box
20, 11. WeMingtnn Street. Covont Garilcn, W.C. 2.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

•SriENTIFir BOOKS AND SERIALS.

JOHN WHELDON & CO. have the largest
.=itfok in tlie country of Books in all departments
of Science and Natural History ; also Transactions and
Journals of Learned Societies. &c., in sets. runs, and
single volumes or numbers.
Libraries or small pareele purchased for cash.
SPECIAL CATALOGUES : Gardening. Botanical. Agri-
cultural. Ornithological. Entomological. Geological,
Chemical. Microscopical, etc . gratis on application.
38. GREAT OUEEN STREET. KINOSWAY. LONDON.
W.C. 2. Telephone : Gerrard 1412.

NOTICE.

TX/ILL JACK LUCAS, formerly a Gar
' • dener at Ho'ilv Court, Highgate, kindly communi-
cate at once with Mrs. Pearson, Hotel Eu.ssell. Russell
Square, W.C. 1.?

■ MISCELLANEOUS.

"D EDDY & SONS, Torleven Work.s,
* I'orthlereu, Ojrn.walll.— The largest manulaoturers
of- GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and spe iaUy strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-inch
and one inch mesih, at 4d. per square yard. LIGHT
NEW s.iuare mesh, suitable for Strawberry Beds, at 3d.
per square yard.

These Nets are bound all round with stout cord, and
oover their measured length and width. Any length or
width suppliw.1.

Repaired Nettmgg in all sizes in stock. State youx
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makeis of TENNIS NETTINGS. RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, W.\SP NETTINGS, PACK-
ING an<l TARRED TWINES of aU kinds.

AU Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
PAID, on receipt of order.

■pOR SALE, 8 volumes Nicholson's Dic-

-*- tumary also Thompson's Assistant, 6 volunies.
in good condition. What offers ?— Reply to E. W. LLTFF.
Shakenhurst Hall Gardens, Cleoburv M<irtimer. Salop.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the n
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later tha

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ s.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page ... ,, ,, 12 12 0

Half and ijuarter pages, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns 14 0

Per inch, across 3 columns ... 110

Front page (no display allowed) !/• per line space.
[Headline counted as two lines ]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

2W words Is. 6*1., and Pd. for every additional 8 words

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The United Kingdom 1 S'- per anmun.

Abroad 17/6 „ .,

ChtqMPJt and P.O.n '0 'f mudt payable to "GARDENERS'
Cheoiiclb," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: 1.54S ' Oardchron, RAND, London."
Telephone : 1643 GERRARD.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

FouF Lines 3s. (Head-Iln'' counted as Two),

6d. for eacli succeedtni; line

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

i7iui<t give full partirulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

(rordencrs writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Postofficea, as all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
•Sender.

PRIVATE,

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
iNHl, I^ady. or ineligible Man. skilled in Vege-
tables an<i Houses — R., Berkhanipstead Place, Berk-
liamipstead.

WANTED, a thoroughly competent work-
ir*T ME\D GARDENER; iiomial staff 3.
temporarily reiduced owing to the war; must be active,
wililinjg, ajiid obliging ; excellen t cottage on tte pre-
mises ; prefereni^e given to a married couple without
fhildren, or with son or daughter old enough to help in
the gardeffi ; a knowledge of rougli carpentry, painting,
or giliazing would be an advantage. — Apply, giving full
particulars as to wages required, and details of previous
situations, tn A. F. CHARRIXGTON. Eai-, East. HiH.
Oxted, Surrey.

■V\/'ANTED, GARDEINER (Head Wot^k-

' ~ ING) : over military age, or exempt service ;
very little Gd'Oss. Also Second, able to dnve. — Applv.
giving full particulars. MRS. ALEXANDER, Rowhill
Orange, Wiliiiington, Kent.

\\/^ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

* ' DENER; must be thoroughly experienced in all
up-to-date Gardening. Inside and Out ; reference to last
employer indispensable. — Write, stating age, wages, and
full pax-ticulars, to MRS. NORMAN DUGDALE, Dulton
Manor, L<ingridge, Preston.

VyANTED, FOREMAN, for Houses ;
' " married or single; inedigible ; thorough knowledge
of Fruit and Plant culture essential; cottage or Bothy.
State wag-es. — Apply, CHARLES BLICK, Gardener,
WarreJi House, Hayes, Kent.

Yl/'ANTED, FOREMAN, for Inside;

' ^ private establislunent ; not. eligible; 259, per week,
good Bot.hy, milk, and vegetables ; 3s. pea- week war
bonus. FuH particulars as to age, experience, references,
and when at liberty, to FISHER, SON & SIBRAY, LTD.,
Roval Xurseries, Handsworth, Sheffield.

FOREMAN.— Wanted, at once, FORE-
M.\N for Greenhouses; must thoroughly under-
stand the propagation and cultivation of Orchids,
Ferns, and miscellaneous flowering plants. St^t« age,
experience, and wages required. — Send copies of refer-
ences and all particulars to THE CURATOR. Botanical
Crardens. Birmingham.

REQUIRED, a Single-handed, good all-
round GARDENER, with help; ineligible; married;
cottage. State wages. — MRS. SEVERNE, The Lodge,
Then ford, Banburj-.

GARDENER (Single-handed) wanted for
simple ground; little Glass, no Kitchen Garden;
tad kept.— Write or apply after 6 p.m., stating age and
e.\perience, also wages required (without cottage), to
MRS. LEWIS, Spedan Towers, Branch Hill, Hampstead
Heathy

ANTED, a Good SINGLE-HANDED

GARDENER.— OWEN POWELL, Esq, Harmef
Wolwjn, Herts.

w

WANTED, Good JOURNEYMAN, also
IMPROVER (Inside), to take duty; wages £1
and 18s.. with Bothy, &c. ; Sunday duty and overtime
paid.— \V. WENMAN, Hickleton Gardens', Doncaster.

Two JOURNEYMEN WANTED for
Glass, also one for Kitchen Garden and one for
Flower Garden, &c. ; must be willing and not afraid
of work. — Applv. stating wages required, with Bothy,
to GEO. KENT! Brocket Gardens, Hatfield. Herts.

VyANTED, GARDENER, ineligible, niar-
' ' ried, no family ; cottage, 4 small rooms and
scullery ; wages 24s., vegetables ; permanency. —
WHITING, Tollington. Gosmore, Hitchin, Herts.

Tl/'ANTED, UNDER-GARDENER; non-

■ ' eligible ; small lodge and garden. — State age,
wages, and length of character, to MRS. CHARX,ES
SMITH. Ravenswood, Wokingham.

AATANTED, MAN, for Pleasure Ground
' * and Kitchen Garden ; ineligible ; single ; to live in
Bothv ; £1 a week. Also an Improver for the Houses ;
I2s. 'pel- Week, with Botiy, &c.— HEAD GARDENER,
Leigh Park Gardens, Havant, Hands.

th

T^ANTED, MAN ; experienced Inside

' ' wages 32s. per week and cottage.— Applv
fuU particulars, to W. GROOM, The Gardens, Upper Gat-
ton Park, Merstham, Surrey.

TYANTED, a SINGLE MAN, ineligible

' ^ ' for the Forces, to work horse for carting, &c. ;
must be able to thatoh hayst-acks and build same;
wages 23s. per week, with 2s. war bonus ; leave at 1 on
Saturdays during long days. — Apply, G. KENT, Brocket
Gardens, Hatfield.

ANTED, ineligible MAN or YOUTH.

:o work under Gardener; a married man would
dered.— Apply, GUBBINS, Swalcliffe Park, Ban-

w

lyTR. J. B. ROWELL, of " The Durrant."

•^ ■*• Sevenoaks. requires the services of a CHAUF-
FEUR-GARDENER (male or female). Applicants should
state age, experience, and wages required.

WANTED, Discharged Soldier or Woman
GARDENER ; must have experience of Indoor
and Outdoor work.— Send full particulars to H. S.
PHILLIPS, Tlie Gardens, Leighton Hall, Iron Bridge,
Shropshire.

■Y\;'ANTED, strong YOUTH, age 16 to 17,

' ' for Pleasure Groun*is. — State wages required,
with full particulars, LANGDOWN, Framewood Gardens.
Stoke Poges, Slough, Bucks.

WANTED, YOUTH for Inside, age about
16 to 17 vears. — State e.vperience to C.
HARDING. Ragley CJardens. Alcester.

"VyANTED, Strong YOUTHS, 16 to 17, as

" * Improvers for Houses and PJeasure Grounds ;
■wages l8s. and Bothv ; dutv and o\-ertijne paid. —
STEVENSON", Wobum Place, Addilestone.

Tl/'ANTED, several YOUTHS. 16 to 17;
" '^ Inside and Out; wages 18s. per week; Bothy, &c. ;
Sundav duty and overtime paid ; 1 o'clock Saturd^ivs;
travelling expenses paid.— C. GARRATT, Canwell Hall
Gaidens, Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham.

jvUt 12, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WAXTED, LADY GARDENER, inmiedi-
tlratelv ; laside and Out ; to v:ofk under Lidy
Head : share cottage. State wages, esperience.— MiSS
FULLER, The Gardens, Lower Woodside, Hatfleld.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, experi-
enced, for Inside work; another kerpt ; state
wages required, with Bothy. Jic— MR. S. HAYES, Head
Gardener, Plymyard, Easthani, Cheshire^

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, expe-
rienced in Vegetables and Greenhouse work. —
Apply by letter. W., 69, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 15.

LADY GARDENERS WANTED, aU
suited entireh- free of charge. Berks, as Fore-
woman. 6 Unders kept ; JOs. week; good deal Glass.
Fruit, Orchids, Carnations; very good Head kept; only
2 miles from Maidenhead. Bucks. Head Man kepi;
small Greeniouse. Kitchen Garden, Flowers. Efisei, as
Secon.i i!\ Charge ; go<-Xl Head Man kept and Women
and Men Unders. Hants, only 3 miles from a town.
Head and 2 Unders required ; man and boy kept ; Head
can take pupils- or do little Market Gardening. Lirer-
pool, as Head, 5 Unders kept ; good deal Glass. Shrews-
bury, as Head; 30s.. cottage, coal, and vegetables; large
Garden. Gloss, and Fruit ; 2 boys and 2 men and 1 other
ladv. Surrev, care of small Garden ; work is Ught ; 25!.
and good cottage. And others.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86.
High Street, Marylebone. Xo engagement, no fee.

WANTED, Two WOMEN UNDER G.>R-
DESERS for general Garden work, both Inside
and Out ; take turn on duty (no fires).— Apply, stating
age, experience, and wages, with Bothy, coals, light,
milk, and vegtables, to DUKKLEY, Clifton Hall Gardens,
>*ottingham.

WANTED, Two YOUNG WOMEN GAR-
DEXERS. willing to undertake general garden
work ; Bf.Miv available, or lodgings if desired. — Apply,
gardener' Wykeham Abbey. Yorks.

TRAOE.

FOREMAN WANTED, to take full charge
of Carnation .Nursery, Mirldlesex, where Tomatos
Are largely grown during the war; must be well up
in Tomaios. Carnations and Chrysantlieniuuis ; very
good salary, cottage and garden, to capable man.—
D. H. ROBERTSON, 7, Clifden Road, Twickenham,
Middlesex.

WANTED, MAN; ineligible; well up in
Oucumbers and Tomatos ; good prospect to obtain
Foreman position.— Write, L. J., Box 26. 51, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, Competent Cucumber Grower ;
also Tomato Grower and one with experience of
Vines ; ineligible. State age, wages required, and where
experience gained. — NOWELL, Eoden, Wellington,
Salop.

WANTED, in London district, a reliable
M.V-N (ineligible) for Grape* and Cucumbers;
wages 10s. and overtime.- T., Box 7, «, Wellington
Street. Covemt Garden, W.C. 2.

"DELIABLE MAN (ineligible) wanted in
-^^ London Nursery for market Ferns^ State wages. —
E., Box B. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 6.

WANTED, for Farm Seed Warehoiise, a
capable FOREMAN ; must be able to guperintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade ; also
Warehouseman, neat sack stiti-her and tyer indis{)ensabte ;
also f<ir Gar<len Seed Department, an experienced Hand,
must be able to take entire <-harge. Gond w.iges offered.
All applicants must tie ineligible.— A B.. Box 19, M,
WeUington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

TXTANTED,

~^ in Londo

LADY GARDENERS, to work

n Florists' business. Furnishing De-

partment — Apph

. WILLS & SEGAR. Roval ExoUc

Nursery. Onslow

Crescent, South Kensington, S.W.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/8, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Eight worda of less.

PRIVATE.

GARDENER (Head), Scotch, age 43, in
large establishment ; thoroughly experienced in all
brajichee ; active ; good manager ; for 12 years' Head at
Osberton ; leaving through death of the Right Hon.
F. J. S. Foljnmbe ; exccUcnt references; used to pro-
ducing VegeUibles and Fruit in large quantities.- Appiy
to JAMES B. ALLAN, Osberton Gardens, Worksop, Notts

HEAD GARDENER- Mr. M. G. Town-
ley wishes to highly re.-ommcnd W. OLAYTON
(over mUitary age) as HEAD GARIJENER, where 3 or
more are kept; thoroughly capable man in all branches;
excellent organiser and economical.— Address, W. CLAY-
TON, Melchboume Park Gardens, Sharobrook, Beds.

HEAD GARDENER. — Mr. M. G.
TowxLEV Wishes to highly recommend W. Clayton
(over military age) as HEAD GARDENER where 3 or
more are kept ; t-horoughly capable man in all branches ;
excellent organiser, and economical. — Address, W.
CL-\YTON, Melohbourne Park Gardens, Sharnbrook,
Beds.

GARDENER (Head) and Estate Manager,
age 48 ; life t sperienoe in good establishments. —
Terms and particulars to X., Box 18, 41. Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head) or GARDENER-
BAILIFF ; life experience ; thoroughly competent ;
practical experience in all branches ; excellent testi-
monials ; undertake management of small estate. —
RITCHIE, 79, Warwick Road, Banbury.

GARDENER (Head) or GARDENER-
BAILIFF, where several are kept ; over military
age ; highest, references ; life expeneuce ; disengaged. —
W. H., 1, Sydenham Cottages, Basthampstead Road,
Bracknell. Berks.

G-'ARDENER (Head) or GARDENER-
' B.VIUFF ; practical experience in all branches ;
18 years as Head ; over military age ; married, no
family.— Address. HORTUS, c;o Wright, Mere Road.
Barby, near Rugby.

GARDENER (Head Working), in large
establishment ; first-class experience in all branches
of the profession ; good organiser ; personal peoommenda-
tions; age 46.— J. L. G., Box 11. 41, WeUington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working); practical
life expeneuce in all branches ; ineligible ; age 50 ;
disenga^red June 4.— GARDENER, The Lodge, HiUfleld,
Haverstock Hill, Hampstead. N.W. 3.

WM. CUTBUSH & SON have several
(irstclaiss GARDENERS on their Register who
can be thoroughly recommended; well up in Fruit and
Veg«.a,ble cultivation, used to care of .Stock and I,and
if required. — Full particulars on application to High-
pate Nurseries, llighgate, N. 6.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or
3 are kept ; life experience in aill branches ; g^Kjd
references ; over militarv age ; married (no family) —
J. DOWNHAM. Wells Bridge Cottage, Ascot, Berks

GARDENER (Head Working) , perma-
nent, where 2 or 3 more men are kept; life ex-
perience in all branches of Gardening; can be highly
recommended; age 49; married, no family. — T.
ELLIOTT. Gardener's Cottage, Longniead, Bishopstoke.
Hants.

GARDENER (Working); ineligible; 20
jears Head Norbury Park, Dorking, seeks re-en
gagement through <leath of employer; thoroughly experi-
enced all brnncJics; u*ed to growing Uirgo quantities
Vegetables and Fruit; awarded medals, &c., .at R.H.S.
meetings ; highest references.— Apply, GEORGE KENT,
Pixham Lane, Dorking.

rjARDENER (Single-handed) ; thoroughly

^^ oxperienwd Kitchen Garden. I>awns ; good know-
ledge of Flowen* ; undertake p<:iultry if requir<Hl ; near
town ; good references.— GARDENER, Bungalow, Chart-
field Avenue. Putney Hill. S.W. 15.

tpOREMAN (Inside); age 27; ineligible;

■'- 10 years' exi>erience. Vines, Poaches, and Plants ;
good references; disengaged; Kent or Surrcfy preferred. —
G. HUMPHRIS, 22, Aj-nho, near Banbury.

rf^JARDENER, experienced ; Second or

^-^ Single-handtHl ; discliarged ; wife willing to assist
in Garden ; married (no family) ; age 31 ; wages 30s. ;
I'otuige aiui t^>al ; Surrey preferred- — tJHOVE, Gardener's
Cottage, Brighton Road, .\ddle8tone, Surrey.

IZITCHEN GARDENER (rejected) seeks

^ Situation; pennanency ; life exparienoe ; well recom-
mended ; good referenoee. Please state wagea. — H.
HURJf, The Gardens, Polesden Lacey, Darklnjf, Surrey.

T ADY GARDENER seeks re-enpagement.
'-^ West of Kiigkind ; to work under Head ; W)nie ex-
I^rienrc ; hospital or market srardt-n preferrod.— MISS
McOALMONT, St. David's Vicarage, Exeter.

QENTLEWOMAN, 1 year's training in
^-^ HorticuHuro, and 14 months' praotical experienoe,
wish«8 Conservatory and Greenhouse work; would aesist
in Vegetable Garden ; employers only apply. ---(MISS)
M. GRANT, Sandle Manor. Fordingbridf©, Hants.

A GARDENER'S daughter (trained) seeks
"^^^ reengaffemen* to manage Grennhouse, Frames,
Seedlings, &c.— MISS F. MAY, at Bamfleads, Hftslemerr,
Surrey.

'PWO LADY GARDENERS require po.st

-*- where o-xiK-rienee in Glass ; South ; separate rooms :
14 months' training; good reterenoefl.— LANGDON, West
Lodge, Sexhill.

YOUTH, 16, 1 year experience, Outside,
-■■ requires Situation in good Garden.— Particulars
to CAVE, Gate House, Wrabness, Essex.

TRADE.

M

Bo

ANAGER or FOREMAN in Nursery;

30 years' e-\[>erience ; age 17 ; Belgian.— T. H. M.,
13, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

IT'OREMAN and GROWER ; life experi-

-*- emres Cucumbers, Tomatos, and general maj-ket
produce ; pots and out stuffs in large quantities ; over
military age.— 11. H., Box 14, 41, WelUngitan Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

M

ARKET GARDEN.— WOMAN seeks

tuation from middle of June; 2 yenrs' general

T ADY would like Post in Model Dairy,

-*--* willing to help on land, somewhere on Metropolitan
line; to live out.— SMITH, 17. Buxton Road, Willesden

^•^!S^SS3)^^Si^^^l^^&i^gi^gi^^^

VEGETABLES.

orders now fni

Delivery May 22nd

3d. 1 10 n^

SWEET PEA
PLANTS.

AUTUMN AND WINTER SOWN.

PLANT IN THE OPEN NOW

ea VARIETIES, INCLUDING 20 NOVELTIES

fELTIES.

Mil

4/«

7<i.

4/-

H<l,

4/«

Kll.

4/11

nil.

r.;.

111.

4;.

,%>

■ Oil.

.'■,'«

Kll.

4)>

PIcotee t.dged 1

tolyii Hemu

.. 11)1.

3«

Blcolor Ml. ( i,tl.

CertsH ^Doep 1.1

th Taylor

Lilac I'iiw,.' K

7d.

4 -

MIXTURES.

L.irdo Flowering

4il

The Popular

•■Collections. '

1 ~.>l. . thin

.i |,i:i,it»each v: -„il

1li-H,

3 3 . 1-.'-

lilh. 59

■J.. .Ill I'l ID (1.

Autumn

and Winter Sown

Cold Orown. r;>r

dllTerence ii,i«..-n

l.tiiiu. iiii.l tho.o nii-L

d In tlio 8p

ring 111 Heat.

CYCLAMEN,

•• LOWS

Willi,-, 4 -
2 l>

GIANT STRAIN.

•

',",;,;';,,„,,,. 1

..2- ..

SCHIZANTHUS.

"Excelsl

.p Strain," In 7. •«a/-

dOJ!.

1 Roberts

•• i-N 1...V,.. .. a/-

doz.

Lobelia •• iylr«. C

bran." < v

TERMS. <• " "

1 li,,-, n-.

II r\ti* (or poBtageor r

11.

DON T OMIT THIS OR IT

WILL CAUSE DELAY.

0 Dl l/^l/O St. John's,

1 DUVi/IVO, IPSWICH.

IV.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 12, 1917.

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

6d. & l/- Tins & 15/- per Cwt.d.o r. Lone
of all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" GO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal .7/ Roval Horticultural |
Exlvhilio'i. IQII.

M ANXv gC^ARS? R EPUTATIJO n:

WEED
KittER

tASTING RESULTS - NO NEW EXPERIMENT.

LABOUR SAVERS.-EUREKA- l^wn sand.

SoiLFutiE Nicotine insecticides Fume

SPRAYS. AND OTHER CHEMICALS 81 SUNDRIES,

_ SEE List Pleace ask \our AGtrnT for the Eureka

ARTICLES- They ARE ALWAYS SATISFACTORY IF ANY
DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING WE SEND DIRECT CARRIAGE PAIC

.N.AdilrissTOMllNSON &HAYWARD tFUMCtlLHi

BENTLEY'S—

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strength I to 80.

Double Strength 1 to SO.
Patent Powder: I to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd..

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS

Flowering plants in 5in. pots.
Standard varieties, 18/- per dozen, 110/- per 100.
Novelties, 22/6 per dozen, 150/- per 100.

LETHORION ::
Fumigator

CONE

Introduced 1885.

The marvellous effect of this
simple and cheap method of
Fumigating Greenhouses is
fully borne out by the
enormous increase of sales
year by year.

Only a match required
for starting the Cone. Full
directions for use on each
Cone.

Thousands of testimonials

Kegi6t«red Trade Mirk6L'&57. rcccived from all parts.
Prices. -No. 1. 600 to 1,000 cul.ic (t , 6d • No 2 1 600
cubia ft., 8d. ; No. 3, for 2,000 to 2.600 cubic ft. 1/'-. '

4i

TENAX

»» T H E NEW
AND MOST
SUCCESSFUL

Grafting Wax

It is a much required "HOME-MADE" article

to meet the requirements of all Nurserymen and

Gardeners.

It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

otker preparations for all Grafting and Budding

Purposes.

In Tins, each 6d., 1/-, 2/-, */-, 6/-. Also in bulk at

raducea rates.

To be obtained throagh the Nursery and Seed

Trade generally.

BORDER CARNATIONS

Strong plants in Sin. pot.s,

7/0 per dozen, 50/- per 100.
AH plants CAHR. PAID and packed free for cash.

A. F. mmn noted carnations.

IVER, BUCKS.

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chomical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON, S.E.

'SANKEYS^^S^^POTS

mCMARD SANK£y^A SON, LTP.

B ■

^
^

\0* SOLE AGENT: Cq>

/ T. T. PASCOE, \

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

^*

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Hordcultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Oualitv.

Lowest Prices.

Mat 12. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

189

(Bavbmtv^^ CljrnnirU

No. 1685.— SATURDAY, MAY i^, 1917,

CONTENTS.

Allotment holders and

the cinematograph .. 194
Allotments .. ..194

Campanula Ephesia .. 190
Copped Hall destroyed

by fire 194

Farm, crops and stock

on the home .. .. 197
Food production, in-
creised-
Butter Beans .. ..191

Celeriac 191

Celery 191

Credit for farmers .. 191
Fruit prospects and

ulchii

191

Potatos under glass . . 191
Potato wart disease in
Edinburgh .. .. 1

-HintoB Admiral, spring
Howers at . . , . ]

Kew, interestin'; plants

at.

194

Market fruit garden, the 189

Obituary—

Cuthliert. W. C. J. ..

Sanderson, Capt. Harry
Orchid notes and glean-
ings—

Dendrobium Alpha
var. Eleanor.,

New hybrids , .
Peas, bottling green
Plant note —

Leschenaultia biloba
major . .
Pruausserrulata
Khubarb as a substitute

for Spinach
Societies—

Koyal Horticultural .
Stocks, trial of ..
War Items
Week's work, the—

Flower garden, the ..

Fruits under glass

H ardy fruit garden, the

Kitchen garden, the ..

Orchid houses, the ..

Plants under glass

ILLUSTRATIONa.

Campanula Epheiia lf,0

Copped Hall, Essex. (Supplementary illustration.)

Schi/,anthu8, specimen plant of !!»«

PrunuB serrulata, flowering shoot of ini

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

No rain of any consequeiioe fell in my die
trict in the latter half of April, while
there was absolute diwughl in the last
twelve days "of the month. Although there were
fourteen days on which rain wa« mea&ui-able,
tflic qusuitities were very small, on only one day
being as much as a quarter of an inch. The
total wae 1.45 inch, including melted snow.
Sunshine wa* abundant on most days, but
it was not until the 19th that the temperature be
came warm by day. and the nights remained cold
until after the 23rd, when there was a slight
frost. We did not get rid of cold wind from
one of the northern quarters, in which it had
remained nearly all the month, until the 28th.

A Spurt in Vegetation.
More progress in vegetation was noticeable in
the last week of April than had taken place
during all the preceding part of the spring.
Garden crops from seed that had remained below
the surface for weeks came up suddenly, and full
plants were gladly seen where there had been
but little hope of them. Fruit-buds on Pears,
Applec, and early Cherries were also sudden in
opening, so that compact clusters of blossom buds
were to be seen on most varieties by the last day
of April. This, however, is very late. During
sixteen preceding seasons spent at my present
place the cluster stage of Apples has only once
been as late as April 20, while it was once as
early as March 18, and has been common at or
before the end of March. This year the earliest
cases were noticed on April 28. The compari-
son is similar with Pears. As to early Cherries,
they have usually been in full bloom before the
end of April. The latest of fruits this season, how-
ever, is the Plum. No buds had burst, even on
IMack Diamond or Monarch, the earliest bloomers
grown by me, by the end of April, while never
before during the sixteen seasons have they failed
to show full blossom before that date. One record

is as early as March 22, and there are three
notices of fuU blossoming on March 31. May
Day without a Plum blossom is really phe-
nomenal. A blossom here and there showed on
May 3. Gooseberries and Red and Black Cur-
rants did not show blossom at all commonly
until April 30. This is late, but not so much
behind the normal conditions as ai-e the instances
of tardy fruit development given above.
Fruit Prospects.
There is a jjreat promise of fruit here on all
the varietSee of Pears, and a tremendous one
on most of them. Many a time nearly as fine a
presentation has failed to insure good crops, but
the extraordinary lateness of this year's blossom-
ing will be a great safeguard. Moreover, the
trusses of blossom buds have a bold and sturdy
appearance. Nearly all varieties of Apples are
also full of promise, the exceptions being chiefly
cases of alternate-year fruiters, which gave good
crops last season. This year, however, is pre-
ponderatingly the "on" season for such varie-
ties, as well as for others which are not absolutely
alternate-year fruiters. Last year was an " off "
season for Lane's Prince Albert, which is now
densely studded with opening fruit-buds.
Bramley's Seedling did fairly well with me last
year, though the crop was" a light one in the
country at Large, but the present promise is far
beyond that of last season. Cox's Orange Pippin
gave a light crop in 1916. but pi-omises well at
present. One oroluard of Apples planted in 1909
is showing a general promise of fair fruiting for
the first time, as previously only a few varieties
have yielded fniit to any confUderable extent. I
do not e.xpect a great crop of Plums, as some
varieties give only a passable pix>mise. Czar, \'ic-
toria. and Pond's Seedling yielded abundantly
last season, but will yield Ic-is plentifully this
year. Early Rivers gave a fair crop in 1916, and
promises to do aUnit as well tliis season. Presi-
dent planted in 1909 has only just recovered from
having been allowed to crop too much three year,'*
ago, bwiidos which it has suffered from brown
ixjt. Belle de I»uvaJn, planted a ye*r Liter, has
not cnuppad yet, and still is almost devoid of fniit-
buds, it is a pity that this variety is so slow in
coming into bearing, as it is wanted to repl;ice
Victoria, now discredited by its liability to silver
leaf. Monarch is the only Plum which promise?
to exceed its usually modest production in my
orchards. Birds have hardly touched its fruit
buds, which are much more numerous than usual.
Nearly all my Gooseberries have been grubbed
up, in consequence of an attack of American
mildew, but a small lot left are full of blossom
buds. Both Red and Black Currants look like
bearing well.

It is hardly necessary to say that good shows for
fruit do not necessarily lead up to good crops.
We cannot have plenty of fruit without a fair
abundance of blossom, but we can have the latter
without being blessed with the former. Our
fruit trees and bushes have all the possible
troubles of the season before them, and their
performance may prove far below their present
promise.

Beginning of the Insect Season.

Knowing that tiroo varieties <»f young Applas
in my oldest orchard, planted to replace
some grubbed up a few years ago, in
eluded a few trees infested with aphis
eggs, I made a systematic search for egt^s
among the mature trees on one side of the.ii
on April 6. There are eleven varieties, and I
did not find a single aphis egg on any one of
them. As the first row is 324 feet from the first
row of the young trees containing cases of aphis
egg infestation, an aphis attack upon it would be
mysterious. Even if it be true that ants carry
aphides from one tree to another, of which I
have never seen or read any direct evidence, it
can hardly be supposed that this conveyance,
even by easy stages, from one row of trees to the
next, would cover 324 feet. Up to the end if
April no live aphis had beer found on any of

the eleven varieties of mature trees, though an
object resembling a dead insect was found on one
burst fruit-bud. Sucker eggs, more or less, were
found on all. The first aphides were found en
one of the egg-infected young trees on April 21,
masses of them outside the bursting fruit buds,
and on wood buds right up the new shoots. They
were obviously just hatched by the warm sun-
shine. As the trees were to be lime-sprayed on
April 23, consequences were awaited with keen
interest. The spraying was done, and on the 24th
the infested trees were examined. AH the young
insects were found to be dead, and at first it was
supposed that the lime-wash had killed them.
Fortunately, however, two infested trees had
been left unsprayed, as tests, and when these
were examined it was found that the aphides on
them were also dead. Now, on the night of
.\pril 23 there was a slight frost. It was only
2° as tested on three thermometers side by side,
4 feet from the ground, on a wall of ray house
facing the north. Possibly there might have been
3° in the orchard, as more open to the north-east
wind then prevailing, though the orchard ad-
joins my garden, and the level is no lower where
the infeated trees stand thaji the site of my house
is. The result is interesting as showing that a
very slight frost is sufficient to kill newly-hatched
aphides. This may be taken to explain why we
are nearly or quite exempt from aphis attack in
some seasons, as we were last year, or at least
as I was, except on a few of the young trees re-
ferred to above. There is also another point
worth notice. If it had not been for test trees
having been left unsprayed, the killing of the
aphides would have been attributed to the lime,
and probably many cases of supposed success
from iime-spraying are as fallacious as my sup-
position was, before examining those test trees.
The fatality of slight fix>8t to the newly-haitohed
aphides in this instance covers two species, as
Mr. Theobald, of Wye College, found both
Aphis mali and A. pyri (commonly called A.
sorbi) among the dead insects sent to him.

The first Apple suckers of the season were
found on April 29, on Warner's King, Beauty of
Bath, and Mr. tiladstone. They were extremely
small, and probably just hatched. A few thrips
and two tiny caterpillars were also found.
Late Top-Grafting.

In consequence of the lateness of the season it
was not deemed advisable to begin the top-graft-
ing of Apples until April 20, although tlieroweire
over 200 trees of Oii-scoyno'a Scarlot Seedling to
operate upon. Kvon then, and up to May 2, tlie
bark did not alip as easily as was to be desired.

SOWINO LtJCERNE IN ORCHARDS.

This work has been done in one Apple orchard
and in part of another, in both of which bottom
fruit has been grubbed up for some time. The
start was on April 20 in an orchard planted -n
the autumn of 1900. There the trees are too
much over-grown to allow of horse-cultivation,
and the seed, 30 lb. per acre, was sown broad-
cast and hoed in at once by a gang of women and
two men. It is unfortunate that drought has
prevailed since the sowing. Still, the seed has
germinated quickly where the surface is not
rough. In the other orchard the land was culti-
vated and harrowed up and down and across be-
fore the sowing, and harrowed after the seed was
sown, women having to hoe it in only around the
trees where the horse cultivation left squares.
As there are two rows of Cordons down the
middle of this orchard, stopping the cross culti-
vation at that place, only one half could be done
at a time, and when the second half was culti-
vated the land had become so hard that it turned
up in a very rough condition, and cannot be
finished until rain softens the clods. This is un-
fortunate, as it was desired to sow the seed and
get it growing as early as possible, because the
start of the crop would be much more favourable
before the land was partly shaded by the foliage
of the trees than afterwards. Southern Grower.

190

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[:May 12, 1917.

CAMPANULA EPHESIA.

Ci^TAiN Campanulas are found in South-
Haetern Europe and Asia Minor that have white,
woolly foliage, the befit linown being C tomen-
tosa and C. lanata. C. Ephesaa (see fig. 69)
belongs to this group, and is found on Mount
Ephesi in Lydia, a district of Asia Minor. The
species was introduced into cuMivntion by Sir
John Barran, Bart., of Samley Hall. Ripon, and
it flowered for tihe first time in thifi country in
July of laist year. The plant grows naturally
in crevices on rock faces, and forme large, bushy
planits, which are evidently perennial. The
tomentose, silvery leaves, with sinuate margins.

charis x nobile) and D. regium, and named
it D. Alpha in 1910. D. endocharis was ob-
tained from a croas between D. moniliforme and
D. aureum. The interesting point is that D.
regium, crossed with other varieties whose
ancestauR bore either Bmaller or only equa.lly large
flowers, has, in this case, resulted in increasing
the size of the flower while practically retaining
intact its form and colouring. The flower is
rather more than 4 inches across, the petals being
1\ inch wide. The ground is white, tinged and
veined with rosy-mauve. The lip, which has the
form of D. regium, is sulphur-yellow in the tube,
the front being coloured like the petals, but
rather darlccr.

Fig. 69.

{.Fhotografh by W. Irving.

-CAMPANULA EPHESIA : COLOUR OF FLOWERS PALE LILAC.

are produced in rosettes, from which sipring
numeax>us branching stem®, 1 foot to 2 feet
high, covered for most of their length with large,
pale lilac-coloured flowers. The plant illustrated
was a side shoot taken from the original plant
and presented to Kew. The old plant made a
fine bushy specimen with some twenty or tliirty
stems abundantly furnished with flowers. W . I.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINCS.

DENDROBIUM ALPHA VAR. ELEANOR.

A FLOWER from a plant of this handsome and
interesting hybrid is sent by Sir Jer;emiah
Colman, Bart., ( atton Park, Surrey, who first
flowered the cross between D. euosmum (endo-

NEW HYBRIDS.

Brasso-Cattleta Cyn'thia. — A flower of a
new hybrid raised between Cattleya Walkeriana
and Braesavola Digbyana ie sent us by Mr. F. C.
Puddle, gardener to W. H. St. Quintin, Eb<j.,
Scampston Hall, Rillington, Yorkshire. The
flower is of medium size for a Brasso-'Cattleya,
and light rose in colour, with a darker 'rose vein-
ing, the disc of the lip being greenish-yellow, and
deHcately fragrant. The distinctly three-lobed
lip of Cattleya Walkeriana brings about a
narrowing of the middle of the lip of the hybrid
which does not improve it floraUy, but is in-
teresting as showing the conflict between the
diverse features of the j-iarents. C. Walkeriana
is shown strongly in the broad, winged
column. Another dissiniUarity which has had
to be accommodated in the hybrid is that

C. Walkeriana, unlike most other Cattleyas,
flowers from a sheathed rudimentary process
from the rhizome, which does not develop into
an ordinary pseudo-bulb.

Cypripedium Helice. — A hybrid between C.
bellatulum and C. Psyche (bellatulum x
niveum) is also sent by Mr. F. C. Puddle, the
raiser. As might be eX(pected, the primary and
secondary influence of C. bellatulum pre-
dominates, but the introduction of the soft, white
C. niveum has made clearer the white ground,
and enlarged the petals in a remarkable manner,
their outline being ahnosrt perfectly orbicular,
and their width (li inch) slightly exceeding the
dorsal sepal. The sepals and petals are white,
the upper sepal having feathered lines of claret-
coloured blotches. Tlie petals are closely spotted
with the same colour, and the lip and staminode
with very small, claret-red spotting. The lower
sepals, hidden behind the broad petals, are white,
with purple spotting at the back, and several
thin, purple lines on the STirface. As a flower
it is much better than the spotted forms of C.
Godefroyae.

Cattleya Eileex.— Messrs. Stuart Low and
Co. send a fine flower of a hybrid raised
between C. Dowjana and C. Carmen (Luddeman-
niana and Warscewiczii). The flower is six
inches across, has petals two inches wide, and a
proportionately large and well-displayed
labellum. The sepals are rose-purple, with a
yellowish band down the two lateral ones. The
petals are darker rose-pui-ple, and the tube of
the lip is of a still deeper shade. The front of
the lip ie deep ruby -crimson, and a series of
yellow lines run from the base indicative of C.
Dowiana, the lines being shaded with yellow-
on each side in a manner to be traced to C.
Warscewiczii.

PLANT NOTE.

LB9CHBNAULTIA BILOBA MAJOR.

I W-A.S interested to read on p. 176 that this
beautiful blue-flowered Leschenaultia was shown
at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society on April 24 last. Introduced from the
Swan River district of Australia in 1839, the
typical Leechenaidtia biloba soon became popu-
lar as a hard-wood epecimen plant, soxch as
were at that time so generally cultivated. In
the FlorkuUural Cahinet for" 1845, it is fre-
quently referred to as a feature in the groups of
hard-wooded plants shown at the e.xhihitions
at Chiswick and Regent's Park. Mention is
made in the same work of a specimen 4 feet
by 4 feet in Mrs. Lawrence's garden at Ealing'
Park, which was at that time famous for its
hard-wooded plants. The improved L. biloba
major seems to have been inti-oduced soon after-
wards, and in time to have superseded tile typical
form. At the International Horticultural Exhi-
bition held in 1866. it was shown in several
of the competing groups. After this date it
would appear to have almost dropped out of
cultivation tiU about 35 years ago it was brought
prominently forward by Messrs. Balchin, of
Brighton. Plants were grown in their branch
nursery at Hassocks that were remarkable
not only for their robust health, but also
for their richly-coloured blossoms. The dis-
posal of the nursery led to the Leschenaultia
in question almost disappearing from public-
notice. Another species, also extensively
grown an the 40's of the last century,-
was L. formosa, with blossoms of salmon-scarlet
tint. It is a weaker grower than L. bilaba,
though a specimen 2 feet high and 4 feet in
diameter is referred to in the work quoted
above in the notes from Ealing Park. It must,
however, have gradually declined in favour,
probably owing to the difficulties attending its.
successful cultivation.

Another species is L. splendens, which is
stated in the Dictionari/ of Gardening to be
spionymous with L. laricina. The flowers of
this sipecies are bright scarlet. TT. T.

May 12. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

191

PRUNUS SERRULATA.

In the wonderful succession of flowering trees
that beautify the pleasaunces of England from
April until the end of June, there are none with
richer aittraotions than the many forms of
Pruntis serruJata wihich have come to us from
Japan. In his recent work on the Cherries of
that country, Jlr. E. H. Wilson has difitin-
guished about two dozen of these Cherries.
Prunus sejTulata was originally described and
named by Lindley in 1850, in the Horticultural
Society's Traiuactiom, but his type specimen,
now preserved at Cambiridge, has no flowerfi. The
t}"pe i&. however, no doubt the \o\\ tree with a
short trunk, wide-spreading branches, and
double white flowers, not uncommon in gardens.
Of late years many charming varieties have
been imported from Japan, tht flowers varying
from single to double and from pure white to
pink and rose. There is also a pleasing pendu-
loois variety of recen.t introduction. The finest
flowered forms, such as the one named after the
late James II. Veitch, have blossoms quite two ,
incJiee across. This variety, which has latterly
been reintroduced under the Japanese name
"Benifugen," has rich, rosy pink flowers.

The variety illustrated in fig. 70 is one of the
single-flowered forms in the collection at Kew.
As may be judged from the picture, it carries
a remarkable wealth of blossom, sometimes fol-
lowed by a few black Oherries. The wild form
of Prunus .semdata (as distinct from the type,
which is IjindJey's tree) may not be in culti-
vation, but, according to Mr. Wilson, it is com-
mon in Japan, south of the Nikko region, and
in thickets in Western Hupeh, China.

The flowering season of the various forme
ordinarily extends over four or five weeks,
begin'iing late in April. This year, when
all vegetation is backward, we have not h.-i<i
them in April, and the season wiU probably be
curtailed. One or more of them should be in
every garden, even the smallest. The trees
bloom with great regularity — one may say, in-
deed, that they never fail — and the flowers are
rarely injured by frost. The pUnt thrives in a
good loamy soil and a sunny situation. /!.

^ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

FHirr I'HOSPEi'TS A.Nl) M I'M 11 1 N(;.

y. E. asks (see p. 175) : "In what way does
the early mulching of Strawberries increase the
risk of damage by frost? "

Because the temperature is lower over a mulch-
ing than over vacant dug land. This may be
proved by the fact that frost shows earlier and
later on the mulching than on the neighbouring
ground not mulched. The same thing occurs on
a lawn or grass field, and the rime is visible for
a longer time. Therefore the flower-spikes have
to contend with more frost when the ground is
mulched. Why is this? Because there is always
a certain amount of warmth rising from the
earth ; mulching hinders this (irocess, therefore
the frost has more power.

1 have often seen Rhubarb which was showing
abnvK the litter (most market gardeners cover
Rhubarb with littery manure as far as possible)
cut to pieces by the frost, while that on adjoin-
ing ground not littered suffered no damage.
H'm. Pnuparl, Marsh Farm, Twichenham.

BUTTER BEANS.
BuTTBR Beans are likely to be much more cu!-,
tivated this season than has hitherto been the
case in this country. Almost any variety of the
Dwarf Beans may be utilised for the purpose ;
the Wax-jKxi, or Butter Bean, is excellent, and
so is Magnum Bonum. The seeds of these beans
should be sown at once in a sunny position. The
ripe seeds should be harve.st<Kl at the end of
September or beginning of October, pulling up
the plants and hanging them up to dry. After

drying is thoroughly assured, the Beans should
be shelled and kept in a dry position. They will
keep good for a long time.

OELERIAC OR TURN IP-ROOTED CELERY.
Celeriac is one of our most useful winter
vegetables, but the plant is not nearly so mucli
grown in this country as its merits deserve.
Previous to the war, Celeriac was imported in
very large quantities, and realised high pr:ce.'».

E

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U'I'Otogrnph by C. P. Rnffilt

Fig. 70. — flowering shoot of prunus
si hrulata.

The crop is very simple to grow, but if it
is to be at its best it requires a long season of
growth, and sliould be planted at once, on the
flat, on rich ground, 2 feet from row to row and
1 foot 6 inches from plant to plant. An abun-
dance of water should be given all through the
growing season, and the surface soil stirred fre-
quently with the Dutch hoe. The roots should
be lifted and stored in sand in a shed on the
approach of frost, where they will keep sound

all the winter. A trial of this vegetable was
conducted in the Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens at Wisley last summer, and some very
tine stocks were seen there.

CELERY.
Though it is the usiiaj custom, and a very
commendable one, to prepare and plant Celery
in trenches, especially for the mid-wintei- and
spring crops, the plant can be grown successfully
with much less trouble for early and late autumn
supplies on the flat. The ground should be en-
riolied with manure and deeply worked, setting
the plants in beds of six or eight rows each. The
roots sliould be well supplied with water, and fed
with liquid maniire. Dusting the growth fre-
quently with fresli eooit is beneficial. The stems
may be blanched entirely by means of rough
brown paper, thus saving an enormous aino'unt of
labour in earthing-up. The quality also is im-
proved when the pl.'vnts are blanched, in this way,
the "sticks" being cleaner, and seldom attacked
liy slugs. A further advantage is that the roots
can be easily supplied with water in dry weather.
Kilw'in Beckrit. ' --

POTATOS UNDER GLASS.

We have been lifting new Potatos here for
the past fortnight grown under glat-s in
Cucumber and Melon houses. The varieties are
I'jarly Queen and Dunnottar Castle. Many of
the tubers weigh over half a pound each. About
l<>bruary 9 the houses were cleared of pot
plants, and a layer of leaves was placed over the
galv.anised iron ,«iheets. under which are hot-
water pipes. On the leaves was put leaf-mould
to the deptli of four inches, and the sprouted
tubers planted in this. As the plants pro-
gree.«6d, mouldings were given with only the leaf
soil from the woodland, but just prior to each
moulding Potato manure was applied, and the
soil watered. 'Ilie de{>th of soil when we
tinished moulding was about eight inches. Both
\arieties made rem;u-l«iible growth, Early Queen
averaging three feet in height, with beautiful
dark-green foliage. Tliis variety should have
plenty of room, as some of the best tubers are
I>rodiiced at the end of roots which are sometimes
a foot long.

Dunnottar OasUe will undoubtedly become a
])opular variety for culture under glass, as it is
of dwarf habi'l, with strong stems. Another
large house, 120 feet by 15 feet, is almoet
wholly devoted to Potatos, which are nearly
reiulv" for lifting, the majority in the ground,
others in large poUs. Judging by the gi-owth
these have mside, a good ci-op should be ob-
taned T. Wrlkins, Coedarbydyglyn Gardens,
Cardiff.

P0TA1X)-WART DISEASE AND
EDINBURGH A.IXOTMENTS.

Much anxiety has been roused by the dis-
covery that some Potatos affected by the wart
disease had been planted in some of the new
Edinburgh allotments. The discovery was made
through a woman presenting seed Potatos, of
the appearance of which she was suspicious, at
Die Fxlinburgh oflfice of the Board of Agriculture,
Investigations showed that there was no doubt of
the place of origin of the affected tubers, and
that about seven tons had been sold locally for
seed. From this stock a portion was sold to
allotment holders by an agent. It is believed that
the names of all the Edinburgh purchasers have
b"en obtained. Some of these were secretaries
of allotment associations, and holders of plots
who have piurchased from these sources have
been instructed to lift their seed Potatos and
have them e'xamined. S. A.

CREDIT FOR FARMERS.

The Board of Agriculture has authorised War
Agricultural Executive Committees to arrange
with various banks for loans to farmers who
cannot pay cash. Practically all the leading
joint stock banks have agreed to assist the
scheme.

192

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 12. 1917.

TheWeek'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardene, Windsor,

Turnips.— The earliest Turnips are ready for
thinning, which should be done on a damp morn-
ing. Allow a space of 8 or 9 inches between the
plants in the row. When the thinning has been
done stir the ground with the Dutch hoe, and
again on subsequent occasions to encoura-ge quick
growth. If wood ashes are available the plants
will benefit by frequent dustings ; soot may also
be applied with benefit during damp, dull
weather. Sow again for succession, choosing rich
ground, allowing 15 inches between the rows.
White Model and Snowball are good varieties for
present sowing.

Broad Be«nb. — Longpod Beans may be sown
in rich soil with a view to continuing the supply
of pods as far into the season as possible. Choose
a cool part of the garden, and allow plenty of
space between the rows.

French Beans.— This crop may be sown on
warm, south borders where the soil is light and
rich. Make the drills about 2 inches deep. When
the plants show through the surface protection
from frost and cold winds may be necessary,
and for this purpose a quantity of light, dry
material should be kept in readiness. French
Beaias sown in small pots now and raised in gentle
warmth will be useful for planting in the open
early in June.

Onions.— Spring-so*n Onions should be
thinned as soon as the plants are advanced suf-
ficiently, but do not thin them severely unless
extra large bulbs are required. After thinninc
stir the soil lightly with the Dutch hoe, an3
hoe it again frequently during the growing sea-
son. Dust the plants on several occasions with
soot, selecting dull days.

Cucumbers.— Cucumber plants in bearing
will be greatly benefited by top-dressings of
light, rich soil applied at intervals, first sprink-
ling the surface with bone-meal. Give particu-
lar attention to stopping and tying the young
growths, which should never be allowed to become
crowded, for the removal of large quantities of
foliage at one time would result in a severe check
to growth, and affect the supply of fruit. Syringe
the plants twice daily, and close the ventilators
eariy in the afternoons, A night temperature of
70° or 75° is suitable. Make another sowing to
provide plants for successional fruiting ; it is
better to make a new plantation than to retain
old plants when they are past their best condi-
tion,

ToMATOs.— Gather Tomato fruits before they
become over-ripe and place them in a cool store
room. Stimulate the plants with liquid manure
to assist them to develop the remainder of the
crop. Successional plants should be top-dressed
with fine soil mixed with concentrated fertiliser,
pressing the soil on the surface of the bed. Re-
move the side-shoots. Tap the trellis several
times daily in order to distribute the pollen.
Plants in beds may be allowed plenty of head
room, but pot plants should be stopped after a
sufficient number of trusses lias formed, for only
a limited number of fruits will ripen before the
food contents of the pot become exhausted.
Young plants should be potted up and grown
in a well-ventilated house.

PoTATOs IN Pits.— Early Potatos growing in
pits should be ventilated freely, amd never
allowed to suffer from want of water at the roots.
Open the lights a little at night in order to secure
stocky growth ; on mild days the lights may be
removed altogether, replacing them at night.
Late Potatos should be planted as quickly as pos-
sible, allowing plenty of space for the plants to
develop. Tubers intended for extra late plant-
ing should be laid out singly in a well-ventilated
shed.

Parslby.— Make a good sowing of Parsley in
drills 15 inches apart and thin the seedlings to 6
inches in the row, choosing well-prepared ground.
Parsley is a deep-rooting plant, and requires rich
soil. Old Parsley beds should be hoed and the
soil sprinkled with soot.

THE FLOWBB GARDEN.

By W. 3. Gtiisg, Gardener to Un. DsiiPSKR, Kaela
Ball, StaSordlhire.

Yew Hedges.- The present is a suitable time^
to clip Yew hedges or specimen Yews. Plants
in hedges sometimes die, caiLsing bare patches,
and this is due in most cases to lack of nourish-
ment. A liberal mulching of decayed manure is
essential to keep the trees in a healthy condition,
as Yews are gross feeders, and soon show signs
of exhaustion in poor soil.

Beoonia.— Tuberous-rooted Begonias started
in boxes earlier in the season are ready for trans-
ference to 5-inch pots. If the stock is limited
divide the larger tuberj with a sharp knife.
Place the plants in a clote frame until they are
established, but later admit air, increasing the
amount of ventilation gradually.

Wallflowers and other Spring

Flowers.- To obtain sturdy Wallflower plants
in October the seed should be sown now in rows
made 1 foot apart. Certain varieties, including
Ivory White, Orange Bedder, Faerie Queen and
Rosy Gem germinate more readily when sown in
a cold frame. A list of the best varieties includes
Cloth of Gold, Fire King (orange). Giant Vulcan
(crimson). Purple Queen, Eastern Queen (apri-
cot), and Blood Red. In dry weather spray the
seed-bed in the evenings. The early-flowering
varieties are quite hardy, and require similar
treatment to the ordinary sorts. Other seeds for
spring bedding to be sown at the present time in-
clude Erysimum Golden West (a capital plant for
edging), E. pulchellum (a charming rock-garden
plant), Silene, Aubrietia, Double Daisies, and
Sweet Williams. The Daisies and the choicer
varieties of Dianthue should be sown in boxes
or a cold frame. Polyanthuses also are suit-
able for spring bedding, the Munstead being an
exceptionally fine strain. Sow the seed in boxes
in a compost consisting of loam, leaf-mould and
sand. Pansies may have similar treatment.
Shade the frame until the seed has germinated,
and on no account allow the soil to get dry.

Pentbtemon.— Garden Pentstemons give
flowers of a variety of colours, and may be used
freely in the flower garden in place of more tender
bedding plants. A liberal dressing of decayed
manure and leaf -mould forked into the soil will
give good results. A space of 18 inches between
each plant is sufficient. The variety Newbury
Gem may be employed as an edging. Pentste-
mons require plenty of moisture.

Brompton Stocks.- Plants of Brompton
Stocks in pots or boxes should be transferred to
their flowering quarters without delay. A
distance of 18 inches between the plants will
suffice. Finely ground mortar rubble or a little
fine lime forked into the soil previous to plant-
ing will be beneficial. Water around the base of
each plant to settle the soil about the roots.

LiLiUM. — Plants of L. auratum, L. longi-
floriun, and L. speciosum grown in pots should
be in capital condition for planting out-of-doors.
It is not advisable to delay their planting, or
growth may receive a check when they are
shifted from the pots later. Take the necessary
precautions against snails.

Trees and Shrubs.- Let recently-planted
trees and shrubs have liberal supplies of water
until the roots are well established. To conserve
the moisture present in the soil apply mulchings
of decayed leaves and litter. Rhododendrons must
not be allowed to become dry at the roots. A
liberal mulching of farmyard manure will soon
alter the appearance of any that do not appear to
be prospering. Ribes, Jasminum nudiflorum,
Forsythia and other spring-flowering shrubs
should have the weak growths removed immedi-
ately after flowering.

Herbaceous Borders.- Some of the early-
flowering herbaceous plants will need staking
and thinning. Pyrethrums should receive at-
tention before they become twisted or broken
by the wind. Such plants as Chrysanthe-
mum maximum. Asters, Phloxes, Heleniums
and Helianthus will require to be thinned,
removing the weaker shoots. If these weak
growths are pulled out and not cut off
they will give no further trouble. The severe
frost this winter has killed all the Tree Lupins
at Keele ; their vacant spaces will be filled with
Dahlias.

THE HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.

By W. .\, Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthttr Davet,
Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Watering Newly Planted Trees.- Newly

planted trees, and especially those against south
and south-west walls, will rt-quire watering in
dry weather. Newly planted trees in other posi-
tions are also liable to suffer at this season from
an insufficient supply of moisture. The rainfall
this spring has been much below the average, and
most of the rain and snow has come from the
north, so that trees in south aspects may be dry
at the roots. Most kinds of fruit treea are show-
ing well for blossom.

Raspberries.- Remove all stray suckers from
Raspberries by means of a fork, and only retain
those in close proximity to the stools. By push-
ing a fork under the sucker it may be removed
easily without disturbing or damaging the main
roots. Tread the ground firm after the opera-
tion. If the plants have not been mulched this
should be done forthwith. If manure is not
available sprinkle bone meal and Clay's Fertiliser
along the rows. A little stimulant applied now
will enable the buds to develop into vigorous
growths that will bear good fruits.

Strawberries.- Use the hoe freely between
the rows of Strawberries on fine days to de-
stroy seedling weeds, which at this season in-
crease rapidly, and more especially on light,
sandy soils. When the soil is clear of weeds
scatter a little fresh *slaked lime or soot, or
both, on the soil to destroy slugs and other
insects. Get ready- a quantity of clean straw for
placing along the rows to keep the berries clear
of the soil. Examine the netting and poles used
against birds, and make what repairs are neces-
sary.

Hardy Vines.- Vines out-of-doors are break-
ing freely, and should be regularly disbudded,
leaving only one strong shoot to a spur. The
Vine is now generally grown in this country for
its fruit, but the plant is exceedingly ornamental,
and the foliage gives fine autumnal colourings.
In warm seasons crops of very good fruit can
be obtained provided the requisite attention is
paid to thinning the bunches and stopping the
laterals. The roots should be afforded rich top-
dressings and plentiful supplies of water aiid
liquid manure.

Cherry Trees.— Keep a sharp watch on
Cherry trees for insect pests, as the season is
late and the trees will undoubtedly grow quickly.
The early shoots are very liable to attacks of
aphis, which spreads rapidly. As soon as the
flowers are over spray with Quassia Extract,
wetting every portion of the tree. If the pest
appears before the flowers are over there need be
no hesitation in spraying, but it must be done
gently. The liquid shouldi be used in a luke-
warm, condition, and if the weather is favour-
able can be applied twice in one day, for
a second spraying quickly following the first
gives the pest no time to recover.

Peaches and NECTARINES.-Thesetruit trees

are passing out of bloom and need care and
prompt attention in the removal of all useless
growths. At this season growth is often stunted
by green and black aphis, which should be de-
stroyed quickly. Remove all frontal shoots and
those ill-placed ; on no account leave a greater
number of shoots than is required for next year's
cropping. There has been no rain for 16 days,
and trees trained on south walls and growing in
sandy soils may need moisture.

Supplement to the "Gardeners' Chronicle.*'

[Phntorjrap/iis hfi II. N, King.

Coi'pED Hall, Essex, the Residence of E. J. Wythes, Esq.

Priiiteil liy Love & Jlalcomaci], Uil., ],(miU>ii, W.C,

Mat 12, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

193

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

RiCHARDIA ElLIOTIANA AND R. ANOUSTILOBA

Pentlandii). —These yellow-Howered Arums
provide a pleasing change to the usual flowering
plants in the greenhouse and conservatory.
They need somewhat different cultivation to that
given to Eichardia africana, conjmoeily known as
the White Arum. The foliage dies away in the
autumn, and water is not required by the plants
during the winter, merely storing the dried
corms in a warm house, as is usually done with
Caladiums. In the spring, before growth starts,
the old soil should be shaken away and the roots
repotted in 4^ or 6 inch pots, according to their
size. Grow the plants in a warm house, merely
damping them lightly to supply moisture unt^l
the roots become active, when water should be
given. Liet the plants have a little stimulant
when the spathes appear, and when the flowers
are fuUy open remove the plants to a cooler and
drier house to preserve the blooms.

Ivv-LEAVED Pelargoniums.— Few plants are
superior to the Ivy-leaved Pelargonium for giving
a succession of flowers over a long period in the
greenBouse. The plants are making rapid growth
after their winter rest. If large specimens are
desired, select a number of the best plants, pot
them on, and grow them steadily in a light
house. After the roots are re-established, let
the plants have an abundance of air, and grow
them in full sunshine. Pinch out the blossoms
and tHe points of the shoots for a few weeks, in
order to obtain good specimens. The plants may
he trained in various shapes, for instance, as
'loose pyramids or standards.

Ventilating and Shading.— The majority
of plants in the glass houses are making new
growth, and the ventilation and shading of the
. plant houses calls for unremitting care and
attention. Brilliant sunshine is often accom-
panied by cold winds, and extreme cau-'
tion is required when ventilating plants of
tender growth. The iiie.XDerienced often allow
the temperature to rise too high before ventilat-
ing, then, taking alarm, throw the ventilators
wide open, thereby causing an imush of cold air.
The cold draught checks the growth of the
plants, and often lays the fuuiidation of ill-
liealth ; it may also favour attacks of mildew.
Speaking generally, ventilation at this season
should be afforded as soon as the temperature
commences to rise in the morning. Start by ad-
mitting a very small amount of air, and increase
the quantity gradually as the temperature rises.

The Plant Stove.— The temperature of the
j)lant stove should range between 65° and 70° at
night. Ventilate the house slightly when the
temperature reaches 75° to 80°, increasing the
amount of fresh air a little if it rises beyond
B0°. The blinds should be lowered as required
•for the particular occupants of the house, but
not unlese the temperature will maintain itself
at 75° to 80°. The house should he closed at a
7X)irit in the afternoon .so that the temperature
will reach 85° with sun-heat, thus keeping
the hou.se warm until late in the evening
and economising fuel. .\t the time of closing
the houses syringe the plants overhead and damp
the walls, floor, and the space under stages, as a
damp atmosphere favours a healthy growth and
restricts insect pests. Always prevent an arid
condition in the plant houses.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv J. Collier. Gardener to Sir Jeruuh Colhan,
Bart., Oatton Park. R«igate.

Maxillaria.— Plants of Maxillaria venusta,
M. Candida, M. picta, M. Turneri, M. Mooreana,
M. striata and others that ai'e rooting freely
should be repotted if they need larger pots. If
repotting is not necessary remove some of the old
soil and replace it with fresh compost. Maxil-
larias develop numerous small roots, and require
.plenty of surface space. Pots or pans are the
■most suitable receptacles for those mentioned, and
they should be half filled with drainage material
surfaced with a layer of Sphagnum-moss. The
compost should consist of eijual parts Osmunda-

fibre and Sphagnum-moss, divided into small por-
tions, with sufficient crushed crocks to render the
soil porous. Maxillarias require an abundance of
water while in active growth, but the roots soon
decay in a close, stagnant soil. Maxillaria
Sanderiana and M. Lindenii are best grown in
teak-wood baskets, as the flower-spikes sometimes
push through the bottom of the receptacle. For
this rea.fon Fern rhizomes should be employed
instead of crocks for drainage purposes. These
two species, together with M. fuscata, M.
Hubschii and M. carinata, should not be re-
potted until after they have finished flowering.
All the species mentioned require an inter-
mediate house temperature.

l-YCASTE. —The flowering of Lvcaste Skinneri
and its variety alba ; L. Balliae, L. Luciauii, L.
Gratrixiae, L. leucantha, L. Costata and others,
;s finishing and roots ,Tre trrowmg from the base
of the young shoots. At this stage of their de-
velopment the plants should be either top-dressed
or repotted. Healthy specimens that have become
pot-bound should be afforded larger receptacles
that will accommodate the roots for at
least two years. Those in a bad condition with
sour compost should be taken out of their
pots, the roots cleansed of all the old materials
by washing, and repotted in comparatively small
pots. Plants that have sufficient rooting space,
and compost in good condition, should not
be repott-ed, but portions of the old soil removed
from the surface and replaced with fresh com-
post. In repotting, the pots should be filled to
one-third their depth with material for drain-
age. Make the soil firm and arrange it to within
half an inch of the rim of the pot. Water the
roots sparingly for a time, but later, when the
receptaclee are filled with roots, they will re-
quire more moisture. When CTowth is completed,
only sufficient water is needed to maintain the
pscudo bulbs in a plump, rigid condition. At
that stage the plants should receive an increased
amount of sunlight, to ripen and consolidate the
pseudo bulbs, and then kept on the dry side
until the flowers begin to develop. During their
growing .season Lycastes should be syringed
overRead on frequent occasions. Scale insects
are sometimes troublesome, and must be kept in
check. .\ suitable compost for Lycastes consists
of two parts rich fibrous loam, removing the
smaller particles, and the remaining part a mix
ture of fibrous peat or Osmunda-fibrc, half-de
caved O.ik leaves, and Sphagnum-moss, cut into
raHier short portions, adding sufficient crushed
crocks and silver sand to Veep the mixture
porous. Purine the summer {fie plants grow well
in a shady position in the Odontoglossum house.
but they should be removed to the intermediate
house for the winter.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Newly Planted Vines.— ^oung Vines that
were planted a month or so ago are commencing
to grow freely, and with more genial weather
it will be safe to increase the temperature of
the house both by night and by day. Make a
point of closing the ventilators early iii the after-
noons to take advantage of the sun's heat, and
thus economise fuel. Should the tempera-
ture fall to 60° or thereabouts in the
morning no harm will result. Syringe the Vini-s
freely, both in the morning and afternoon, with
water tliat h:u) stood in the house for a few
hours. If there is no water tank in the house
use a tub, and place in the tank or tub a sewl-
bag or old stocking-leg filled with soot, weighted
so that it falls to the bottom. Bo not disturb
the bag of soot ; all that is needed is that the
water should taste somewhat bitter, and be of a
cloudy appearance. On one occasion my Vines
dropped their leaves at the points of the shoots
when the foliage was quite small. xnifl was
caused by a very minute spider — not the red
kind — but the use of soot-water soon destroyed
the pest. Keep the young leading growths tied
to the wires sufliciently to keep them straight,
and pinch the later.-ils at the first joint. If this
is done, the force of the syringe will net
harm the tender growths. The latest Vines

are in active growth, or approaching that
condition. See that the shoots are disbudded
in good time, but do not tie them to the
wires until the danger of them breaking at the
base is over. After midday the shoots become a
little wilted, and that is the" best time to tie them.
The shoots will stiffen in the night and morning,
sometimes causing them to be forced from the
st«rn at the base. This often happens in the
vajiety Black Alicante and other strong growers.
If in the mornings the young leaves are be-
sprinkled with dewdrops, tap the rode to cause
the moisture to drop, for with a few dull days,
and little or no fire-heat, the tips of the leaves
of Lady Downe's and Black Alicante would be
disfigured. Vines intended, for fruiting in pots
next year should be placed in their final pots
forthwith. Make the soil firm, and nse similar
compost to tliat recommended for Vine borders.
Vines raised from eyes this spring should be re-
potted before they become pot-bound.

Pot Fruit Trees in Cold Houses. -Oiu-

pot trees that are fruited in cold houses are
plunged in winter in a bed of coal ashes in a cold
house with about 6 inches of the ashes over the
pots. The pots are pei-fectly safe from damage
by frost, and with wire covering the ventilators
there is no danger of damage to the buds liy
birds. The trees are plunged closely together in
winter to economise space, but now we are stand-
ing them apart for the season. Nearly every tree
is well furnished with fruit-buds, and" the earliest
flowers are expanded. We place a hive of bees
in close proximity to the house, and I notice to-
day that the bees are already busy amongst the
trees. Close attention must be given to water-
ing, and a keen watch kept for the presence of
aphis.

Pot Trees with Fruits SwELUiNO.-Ths

fruits on the earlier Cherry, Peach, Necta-
rine, and Plum trees have set abundantly,
and require thinning freely. For Cherries
and Plums I prefer to use a pair of Vine
scissors. Leave a margin above what will be re-
quired for a crop in case some of the fruits fail.
Cherries sometimes turn yellow and drop, but
almost all danger from this cause is now past.
.\s a precaution again.st damage by extra bright
sunshine a thin shjvding is necessary ; we use a
No. 3 blind, which is drawn over the roof when
necessary. This blind also serves a good purpose
in keeping ripe fruit from shrivelling. Fire-heat is
not needed now for Cherries, and the valves of the
water pipes have been turned off for a fortnight.
The house is ventilated both at the sides and top.
for a cool night temperature is in accord with the
requirements of the Cherry. The earliest fruita
are already showing colour. Plums, too, are
looking very well. These fruits receive similar
treatment as regards temperature and ventilation
to Peaches ,and Nectarines. We have a full crop,
especially of Early Transparent Gage. I noticed
a little Plum apliis recently, but the pest has
been checked. The crops of both Peaches and
Nectarines require much thinning. We shall
now expedite the work of top-dressing the trees
in every instance. A little warmth is still main-
tained in the water pipes, but it will soon be
dispensed with unless the weather turns wet.

Figs in Pots.— Our pot Figs are still
crowded, and not until the earliest fruits are
ripe and the trees cleared outside will more room
be available. The Cherry house will, as usual,
be the first compartment to afford relief, early
in .June.

Inarching Vines.— Inarching is better than
grafting with the old wood in the case of the
vine. The operation is easily performed, and
almost always with certain success. Select a
suitable spur at the base of the Vine as the stock
and choose the best possible shoot from the
variety to be inarched. This will most likely be
of a Vine in a pot. Bring the two young shoots
into contact, first cutting away about half of the
shoot in each instance, and about 3 inches or a
little more in length, cutting it to the pith in
ea((h case. The two shoots should be of nearly
the same diameter. Having thus fitted the two
shoots together bind them together tightly with
soft raffia. Stop the leading growth of the stock
and after a month or .so, if the raffia is seen to
'be too tight, let it be loosened.

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 12, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should he sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41. Wellin^on Street,
Covent Garden. W-C-

Editors and Publisher- — Our coTrespondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their eomniunications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed ta the Publisher ; and that aU com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the EorroRs. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessarit delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations- — The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction,' of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., bat they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Letters for Publication, at well as specimtns of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS. 41. Wellincton Street. CoT«nt
Garden. London- Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPIR, tent OS

early in the week as potiible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee •/ good faith.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuiiig week
deduced from observations during the last fifty
years a-t Greenwicli, 52.8°.

Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle OfB^e, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Gaiden, London, Thursdai/, May 10,
10 a.m.: Bar. !3.5 ; temp. 61.0°." Weather-
Cloudy.

•ALES FOR THB BNSUINa WCBN.

TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY—

Greeniiouse, Bedding Plants and Orchids. Fanning
Implements and Sundry Effects at Southsate
House. Southgate, by Protheroe and Morris, at 12.30.
FRIDAY—

Teakwood Garden Furniture, Garden Ornaments
and Japanese Dwarf Trees, at 67, Oheapside, E.C,
by Protheroe and Morris, at 1 o'clock.

Allotments.

Under the War Lands
Cultivation Order,

large areas of land
have been brought
under spade cultivation in this country
for the production of food crops, and the
land has been divided into allotments
usually of ten rods each. Where suitable
land existed and could not be obtained in
the ordinary course, the local authorities
were given the power to take possession and
mark out the plots to meet the demand.

But the tenancy under this Order is for
less tlian two years, and therefore differs
entirely from holdings under the Allot-
ments Act. Such a tenancy is far too
short to enable the cultivator or the nation
to obtain the best results from the allot-
ments. Much of the land was formerly old
pasture, and the holders have had to work
hard to reduce it to a condition of reason-
able fertility. It is felt that as the work is
being done in the first place on behalf of
the nation, and in the second place on
behalf of the allotment holders themselves,
they deserve better conditions of tenancy,
so that during the third and fourth years
they may produce abundant crops without
the„enormous physical effort expended in
the first year.

The rent generally charged appears to
be fairly good, consequently the landlords
would not suffer any material loss if the
tenancy was extended to three vears, or

until two years after the declaration of
Peace, with due consideration to the
acquisition of the land under the Allot-
ments Act at the expiration of that period.
A report has appeared to the effect that
cultivators of small, allotments are guaran-
teed occupation until January 1, 1919.
This is good news so far as it goes, and,
if true, it provides the thin edge of the
wedge, so that a little hammering should
secure the larger and more reasonable
extension desired.

The causes which have combined to
create the pre.sent shortage of food need
not be detailed here further than to state
that the war has withdrawn a very large
proportion of the labour from farms,
market gardens, and private gardens.
The conveyance of men, munitions, and
material to the various theatres of war is
a severe tax upon our shipping, causing
a reduction of food imports, which is
accentuated by the U-boat piracy. How-
ever soon the war may end, the release of
shipping for food importation and the re-
lease of labour for food production at
home will not put matters right at once,
nor, indeed, for a long time to come.
Many nations are engaged in the war, and
have not produced foodstuffs at the pre-
war rate for a long time, consequently
plentiful importations of food cannot be
expected until two or three harvests after
the war.

It follows, therefore, that everyone who
produces food by cultivating land during
spare time will be contributing to the re-
establishment of prosperity after the war
ceases. Other pleas might be put forward
for the e.ftension of the tenancy of war-
time allotments, such as the healthfulness
of gardening, the advantage of fresh vege-
tables, cheaper food, and the opportunity
it would afford for an extension of inten-
sive cultivation to supplement the crops
resuTting from farming.

It seems desirable, therefore, to bring
pressure to bear, if pressure is needed,
upon the Government to secure an exten-
sion of the lease which will give security
of tenure for three years, or until two
years after the war ceases. Such pressure
can be exerted through local horticultural
and allotment societies, and by writing to
members of Parliament drawing their at-
tention to the subject. The Royal Horti-
cultural Society, the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society, and the Royal
Horticultural Society of Ireland could
exert a powerful influence in the right
direction ; and, finally, the Horticultural
Department of the Board of Agriculture
might, without pressure from outside,
bring its influence to bear upon what is
undoubtedly an important matter, and
one which is greatly exercising the minds
of thousands of war-time gardeners.

Supplementary Illubtration. — Those of

our readers who have had the privilege of visit-
ing the beautiful gardens at Copped Hall,
Epping, the residence of E. J. Wythes, Esq.,
will be grieved to learn that the mansion
was completely destroyed by fire on the 6th
inst. The outbreak was discovered early in

the morning, and though fire engines quickly
arrived on the spot, the conflagration became un-
controllable. A large proportion of the contents
of the mansion was saved, but the building itself
was destroyed. We publish with the present
issue a supplementary illustration of the build-
ing recently destroyed, and of a portion
of the grounds, including part of the formal
gardens, for which Copped Hall is famous.
Though the mansion is not of great antiquity,
the garden is that of a former residence, built
on the same site as the present one, for Sir T.
Heneage, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Trial of Flowerinq Stocks at Wislev.—
On the 4th inst. a deputation from the Floral
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society
visited Wisley to make an inspection of flowering
stocks. There were something like 180 lots, and
twelve plants of each lot, all in pots. The plants
evidence of first-class cultivation, great credit
being due to Mr. Wilson, in whose care the
plants have been from the first. A further in-
spection will be made on the 17th inst., and on
the same day a trial of Myosotis will also come
before the Committee for award.

Allotment Holders and the Cinemato-
GRAPH. —A day or two ago we h.id the privilege
of inspecting a series of cinematograph pictures
representing some of the principal operations in
the cultivation of the popular vegetable crops.
It appears that the Topical Press Agency ap-
plied to the Horticultural Director of the Food
Production Department, for facilities to obtain a
film which would be of educational value. The
Director recommended them to go to Wisley,
where they found the R.H.S. most willing to
afford them every opportunity for taking
the photographs. The film is very satisfac-
tory, especially the first picture, which shows a
man digging the soil— a cleaner digger one would
not wish to see. Following this are pictures re-
presenting the planting of Potatus, the spraying
of the haulms against disease, earthing-up the
plants with the draw hoe, and finally, the lifting
of the new tubers. Of these pictures perhaps the
weakest is that representing the spraying, as the
leaves are sprayed merely on the upper surface.
The hint should have been conveyed that the
underside is in no less need of treatment. The
remaining pictures include the preparation of a
trench for Celery, the drawing of drills for
Cabbages, and the planting of the Cabbages. It
is proposed to get the film into as many theatres
as possible, and we are quite sure that many
allotment holders who are cultivating ground for
the first time will obtain many useful hints. The
exhibition of the whole film occupies about seven
minutes.

Kew Guild.— Tlie annual general meeting of
the members of the Kew Guild will be held in
the Lecture Room, Royal Gardens, Kew, on
■Saturday, June 2, at 5 p.m.

INTERESTINO PLANTS AT KEW.-The DaflJ'odils

and early-flowering trees and shrubs at the Royal
Gardens, Kew, are now very attractive. During
the recent bright days, visitors have been
numerous, and we understand that on each of the
last two Sundays a siun of about £50 has been
taken at the turnstiles. The beautiful colouring
of the unfolding Beech leaves, with the springing
Bluebells as a carpet, furnish a most charming
effect In the Temperate House a tall tree
of Davidia involucrata is covered with the
large pendulous bracts which form the con-
spicuous part of its inflorescence. A large plant
of Puya coerulea at the Mexican end of the
house carries four spikes af expanded flowers,
erect, campanulate, deep peacock blue, each
holding a large quajitity of nectar. Strelitzia
Reginae, the gorgeous Pelican Flower, is in full,
hlicm. A close neighbour is Yucca Treciilean^,,
canalioulata, holding erect its densely-branched
spike of creamy-green tinted blossoms. The
Franciscas, of which there are numerous

May 12, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

195

exaimples in full bloom, add their rich blue
colouring to the general effect.

Rhubarb Leaves as Spinach.- TAc Times
of the 9th inst. gives a report of the inquect held
at Enfield on the body of the Rev. WttHAii
Robert Colville, Enfield. The coroner said there
was reason to fear that Mr. C'olville'.s death had
been caused or a*;celerated by eating Rhubarb
leaves cooked ae a vegetable. There had been
statements in the Prese recommending the use of
Rhubarb leaves in the same way as Cabbage or
Spinach. So far as he could find out, there was
not at present available any note of the analysis
of Rhubarb leaves. An exhaustive analysis was
to be made by the Home Office analyst, and until
the result was made public he would advise
people to leave Rhubarb leaves alone. It was
stated in evidence that the Rliubarb was eaten
by Jlr. Colvixle's family for Suiiday's dinner,
and in the evening all the family complained of
sickness and abdominal pains. Mr. Colville suf-
fered the most, 'complaining of violent abdominal
pains whenever he moved. He was treated by
his own doctor for three days, but, not im-
proving, he was taken to the hospital, where he
died. The inquest was adjourned until the 29th
inst. for the report of the Home Office anal\-st.
It i« interesting to note that exactly seventy
years ago, namely, in May, 1847. a shortage in
green vegetables led to a discussion of the ques-
tion whether the leaves of R.hubarb could not
be used to supply the deficiencies in Cabbage and
Spinach. A correspondent in T/te Gardeners'
Chronicle of May 8, 1847, sitatee : " I have
several times eat*n the young leaves of the Rhu-
barb plant dressfd as Spinach, and also the
flower budfi plainly Ijoiled as a vegetable, with-
out experiencing therefrom an}' sensible ill-
effecte. This, however, affords no criterion by
which to judge of the results produced on
others." Another correspondent testifies to
having "cooked some (i.e., buds) and eaten of
vt without the least ill-effect . . cooked as

Broccoli." However, in view of the tragic results
which ensued in Mr. Colville's case, we think
our readers will be well advised to await the
Home Office report before indulging in this par-
ticular form of economy. In any case, very
young leaves would be less likely to cause trouble
than those more mature.

HiaTORic Tree.— Under the heading of
" Trees with a History," .Signor ErroRE MoNBtNi
contributes an interesting article to the Domenica
(hi Cnrriere. Paris po.ssesses a living record of the
proclamation of Italian unity. At the de Villiers
Gate, between the Customs office on the left-side
pavement, a superb Elm raises itself towards the
sky. It was planter! 56 years ago, in March,
1861, when Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia,
became King of Italy, after the battle of Sol-
ferino. Seriously wounded during the battle, he
was constrained to remain some length of time
in Lombardy. On departing he took with him,
as a memento, an Elm plant. This was re-planted
at Paris and carefully tended.

War Items.— We regret to aimounce the
deaAh from wounds received in action of Thoma.s
\ ou.N'G, eldeist son of Mr. Jami^s You.no, superin-
tendent of the Royal Zoological Society's
CJardens, Regent's Park. Deceased was a mem-
ber of the staff of Messr.>i. Hi'k.st a>t> So.v,
Houndsditoli, for almo.st twenty years. Death
took place on the 18th ult. Mr. youNo's
youngest son is also ser\-ing with the Colours in
Frajice, where he went in August, 1915.

The following letter lias been received

from the Ruhleben Horticultural Society, ac-
knowledging a oonsiignment of vegetable seeds
recently sent to the Ruhleben Prisoners' Camp
by the Royal Horticultural Society : "Your
consignment of vegeitable and flower seeds sent
through the Central Prisoners of War Commit-
tee haa arrived here in good condition, and I
wdah to thank you, and through you the donors,
for these acceptable gifts. You will be in-

tere^ed to know that our arrangemenits for the
renting of the ground for the vegetable garden
have been satisfactorily concluded, and that we
hope very soon to commence trencliing the
ground, which, owing to very severe frost, we
have not yet been able to do. In the mean-
time, work continues in our nursery, where we
already have a large stock of seedlings nearly
ready for planting O'Ut. Again accept out
warmest thanks for your gifts. — Ruhleben
HonncuLTURAi, Society. (Signed) T. Howat,
Hon. Sec."

News has been received tliat Private

WiLLL^M M'Lachlax has been killed in France.
He was a gardener in the emplo\Tnent of the
Right Hon. X. J. B.ALForn, JI.P.,"at \Vhitting-
hame. Private M'L.\chlan leaves a widow and
two children.

Lance-Corporal .\. Douglas ha; been

wounded in the fighting at Gaza. He "served his
apprenticeship as a seedsman with Jlesi^rs. T.
Ken'xedy .and Co., Dumfries.

We regret to record the de^.'.h of Rifle-
man Georck Charles Pball Ctthbert. L.R.B.,
eldesit son of George and LrcY Cuthbert,
"-Wileigh," Southgate. X.. aged 25. Deceased
died on May 2 from wounds received in action.

Publications Received.— T/ic Pruning
Manual. Bv L. H. Bailev. Revised edition.
(New York :'The Macmillan Co.) Price 8s. 6d.
net. — Food, Fruit, and Flowers. Bv Walter P.
Wright, (l.ondcn: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.)
Price .Ss. net, — A Census of New South Wales
Plants. By J. H. Maiden and the late Ern.st
Betche. Supplement I. Fresh-water Algae. By
G. I. Playfair. (Sydney : W. A. Gullick, Govern-
ment Printer.) — Vegetable Culture for All. By
"Eva." (London: Herbert Jenkins, Ltd.) Price
2s. net.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

lTh$ tdxtori it ntl htid thtmuUet reiptntitU ftr
the opiin»tu expreaei ky ctrretptndentt.)

BOTTLiNO Green Peas.- I encloses recipe
for bottling Green Peas which I copied from a
weekly newspaper: — "Shell the Pe;us, and give
them a slight boil. Drain on a sieve, and pound
the pod« in a little of the water in which the
Peae nvere iKiiled. Strain the juice which comes
from the pods, and boil it with as much water
as will cover the Peas when bottled, adding a
little salt. Put the Pea* into bottles or screw-
top jars, pour the water over them, and when
cold tie down." I have always understood that
the bottling of Green Pea« was a difficult opera-
tion, yet tliis recipe seems simple. It would lie
interesting to know if any reader has tried this
method with success. D. C.

Sprinq Flowers at IHintonI Admiral.—
.\t the present time there is one of the finest
di.splays of bulbs naturalised in grass that one
could wish to see at the seat of Sir G. Meyrick,
Bart., Hinton .Admiral House, Christchurch,
Hampshire. The pleasure grounds being very
undulated, are most suitable for this style
of planting. The Daffodils are m;ignificent, and
their colours well blended. The blue .\nemone
apennina is planted in masses at the foot of a
large tree, and there are large clumps of Ery-
thronium Dens-canis (rose). Fritillaria Mel-
eagris in variety, and Muscari botryoides in the
dells. The rock garden adjoining is becoming
bright with masses of Primula denticulata,
P. rosea, and various .\ubrietias. The severe
winter has destroyed some of the choice plants
in this lovely rock garden. In the glasshouses
is a collection of extremely healthy and vigorous
Perpetual-flowering Carnations, and one plant
house is devoted to Pelargonium Clorinda grown
in pyramid form in 8-inch pots, and magnificently
flowered. Well-flowered Cyclamen giganteum
and a fine batch of Primula obconica grandiflora
in various colours, are other good features.
Tixitor.

SiQNs OF Summer.- The cuckoo arrived
here on Monday, April 30, which is much later
than usual, and swallows on Wednesday, May 2.
/. Batters, GilVnujham, Norfolk.

S O C I E T I£2 S .

80YAL HOt<TlCULTURAL

May 8. — The fortnightly meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society on Tuesday last was by
. far the most successful held in the Diill
Hall this year. The building was filled with
exhibits of a miscellaneous character, and.
the attendance was the largest for many months
past. Collections of Daftodils constituted the
chief feature of the show, and clearly demon-
>trated the success which has attended the efforts
of hybridisers to obtain improved fomi, more
brilliant colouring, and othei- desirable qualities.
The Narcissus Committee recommeudtd foui-
-■Vwards of Merit to novelties and awarded six
Medals to collections.

The gixjups before the Floral Committee were
very numerous, and the general standard
of quality good. The principal subjects were-
Roses, Carnations, Calceolarias, Auriculas,,
Schizanthuses, Ferns and haixiy plants. As at
tlie last meeting, Mr. Elisha J. Hicks contri-
buted .S"me exceedingly well-srown Ros35,
cliefiy varieties of lis own raising. Thosa
who have complained that some of the-
modern Roses completely lack the sweet scent
of the older varieties will appreciate the varie-
ties Mrs. (ieo. Norwood and Mrs. Elisha Hicks,
both of which have sweet perfume, as well as
possessing first-rate colour and form. Tl»e white
cluster Rose Sonningdean, which was included
in the exhibit, is also sweetly scented. Messrs.
B. R. Cant and Son also showed some fine Roses,
and Mr. Geo. Prince's exhibit of these flowers
included a mass of the yellow Banksian Rose
and specially good blooms of the new Flame of
Fire. Messre. W. Paul and Son showed their
novelty Scarlet Rambler, which is so suitable-
for pot cultivation. The group was a large one,
and provided a mass of brilliant colouring. Mt.
Mond's Calceolarias were much admired ; the
collection was especially rich in yellow shades,
although most other colours were represented.
Some of the plants carried a groat wealth of'
bloom, and looked like large posies. Another
fine florist's flower, the Schizanthus, was shown
bv Messrs. Dobbie and Co. in an improved form,
the two chief points of the strain being the
superior colour and size of the flowers and the
compact habit of growth.

No flower of modern times has made greater
progress than the Perpetual-Flowering Carna-
tion. It has become a standing feature of the
fortnightly meetings, and the Carnation groups
contribute gome of the finest colour effects.
Messrs. All wood Bros.' group was composed of
fine blooms of the choicer and newer varieties,
and Massrs. Stuart Low and Co. and Mr. J. C.
.Tenner showed also very commendable collec-
tions. Auriculas, w-hirh are very late this sea-
son, were shown well bv Mr. .Tames Douglas,
Mr. J. C. Allgrove, and Mr. Charles Turner.
Messrs. H. B. May and Sons' Ferns were of
their usual hiirh onal'ty Ml G. KER-^fWELL'^
flowers of Gentiana acauHs attracted con-
siderable notice, this beautiful Alpine being,
as usual, in its best form. A more miscell.aneous
exhibit was the group of pot shrubs and
climbers shown by Messrs. Pipers, the chief
feature of which was Rosa Hugonis. shown as
weeping ."standard and climbing pillar Ro«e.
Messrs. W. Cutbush and Ron showed finely
flowered plants of Azaleas, in addition to boxes
of hardy plants. Hardv plants were also .shown
by ^^r. G. Rfiithe. Messrs. H. Cannell and
Sons showed Zonal Pelargoniums.

Tlip exhibits of Orchids still form an interest-
ing feature of the shows, and although the
GToups are not so large a« they used tc be :'*■
Vincent Square, they still represent all that Is
best and choicest of these beautiful flowers.
Good novelties are usually forthcoming in fair
numbers, and on thifl occasion three new varie-
ties received Awards of Merit and' one a Pre-
liminary Commendation. Tn this section four-
Medals were awarded to groups.

There were not so many exhibits before t^"
Fru't and V'egetable Committee, but thev irv
eluded on/! of great merit, namely, a. collection
of vegetables shown by Me.'isrs. .Sutton ano
Sons. The group was a very repreeentative one,
pnd included Broccoli Satisfaction and Snow-

196

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 12, 1917.

White, Cabbages Hanbingei- and April. Lettuces
Ide-al and Golden Ball, Potatos May Queen and
Ringleader, Green Bush Marrows, fine Cucum-
bers, Chicory, Asparagus, Mushrooms, Radishes
and Seakale.

Another interesting exhibit was that of Mr.
R. Stawakd, Panshanger Gardens, consisting of
excellent heads of Cabbage Red Braes Early
from a sowing made on July 15, 1916, being the
earliest-hearting of ten varieties sown on the
same day. Mr. J. C. Allgrove showed well-
kept' fruits of Apples Ontario, Lord Burleigh,
Northern Greening, and King of Tompkins
County. Messrs. Dobbie and Co. showed a num-
ber < f varieties of Potatos, rather an unusual
exhibit in May, but appropriate in the circum-
stances.

purple shaded with carmine, the best tone being
developed in blooms which have been expanded
for a few days ; at a very early stage, and also
when passing off, they are of paler hue. The
eye of yellow, with a ring of purple, serves as
a foil to the ground-colour of the petals. Shown
by Adeline Duchess of Bedford, Woodside,
Chenies.

Sosa Hugonis. — This is stated by Mr. E. H.
Wilson to be the only yellow Rose introduced
from Western China. It was first collected in the
province of Szech'uan by Father Hugh Scallan.
who sent seeds to Kew in 1899. The plant is
now fairly common in cultivation, and has fre-
quently been exhibited. The flowers are sul-
phur-yellow, and very freely produced. The
specimen which rece^!ved the Award of Merit

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. May (chaii-man), J. F.
McLeod, J. W. Moonnan, J. Dickson, J. Heal,
E. H. Jenkins. W. Cuthbertson, W. Howe, C. E.
Pearson, C. E. Shea, A. Turner, C. Dixon, C.
Elliott, T. Stevenson, H. Cowley, S. Morris,
R. C. Notcutt, G. Harrow, W. J. Bean, G.
Reuthe, J. Green, A. G. Jackman, and R.
Hooper Pearson.

AWARDS OF MERIT.

Primula ohcanicn Eureia. — This variety is
stated by the exhibitor to be a hybrid between
P. obconica and P. sinensis. There is little
evidence of the sinensis parent, although the
leaf is rather more elongated than in the true
obconica, and the foliage has a crimped edige.
The flowers are of extraordinary vigour, and
resemble those of P. obconica. They are rosy-

DOBBIE AND CO.

was grown as a pillar plant, and in the same
group were plants of the same species trained
as weeping standards ; either form seems, to suit
it equally well. Shown by Messrs. Pipers.

Schizanthus Dr. Badger's Hybrids (see fig.
71). — 'this is a specially fine strain of greenhouse
Schizanthus, with large flowers of brilliant
colouring and good habit of growth. Shown by
Messrs. Dobbie and Co.

Primula sinopurpurea. This new Chinese
species has smooth, spatulate leaves 4 to 5 inches
long, dark green above, with a golden farina
on the under surface. The heads of six or seven
blooms are borne on mealy stalks about 6 inches
high. The purple colour of the flowers varies
in intensity in different plants, the one which
obtained the Award of Merit bore blossoms of a
rich shade of violet. Shown by R. Wallace
and Co.

Geoops.

The following awards were made to coUec-
tions : —

liilver-gilt Banksian Medals to Mr. Eusha
J. Hicks, Hurst, Twyford, for Roses, and R. L.
Mond, Esq., Sevenoaks, for Calceolarias. Silver
Flora Medals to Messrs. B. R. Cant and Co.,
Colchester, for Roses, and Messrs. Stuart Low
AND Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield, for Carna-
tions. Silver Banksian Medals to Mr. J. C.
Allgeove, Slough, for Auriculas ; Messrs.
Allwood Beos., Wivelsfield, Haywards Heath,
for Carnations ; Messrs. Cdtbdsh and Sons,
Highgate, fgr miscellaneous plants ; Messrs.
Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, for Schizanthus;
Mr. James Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham,
for Auriculas ; Mr. J. C. Jenner, Rayleigh, for
Carnations ; Messrs. H. B. May .\nd Son, Ed-
monton, for Ferns; Mr. G. W. Miller, Wis-
bech, for hardy plants; Messrs. W. Paul and
Son (Waltham Cross), Ltd., for Roses; and
Messrs. Pipers, Bishops Road, Bayswater, for
Clematis and shrubs. Bronze Flora Medals to
Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons, Eynsford, for
Pelargoniums ; Messrs. Frank Cant and Co. ,
Braiswick, Colchester, for Roses ; Mr. G.
Keeswell, Exeter, for Gentians ; Mr, George
Prince, Longworth, Oxford, for Roses ; Mr. G.
Reuthe, Fox Hill, Keston, for hardy plants ;
and Mr. Charles Turner, Sloixgh, for
Auriculas.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Harry J. Veitch (in the chair),
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (hon. secretary), W.
BoHon, Gumey Wilson, R. A. Rolfe, T. Arm-
strong, Walter Cobb, J, E. Shill, R. Brooman-
White, Frederick J. Hanbury, C. J. Lucas,
W. H. Hatcher, J. Charlesworth, Pantia Ralli,
Stuart Low, and J. Wilson Potter.
Awards of Merit.

Dendrobium illustre var. Florence Battels
{Dalhousieanum x chr ysotoxum) , from Sir
Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park, Surrey
(gr. Mr. CoUiei'). This is a handsome hybrid with
large flowers bearing a near resemblance to
D. Dalhousieanum, but with the yellow colour
imparted by D. chrysotoxum, which has also
altered the form of the labeUum. The flowers
are Cowslip-yellow, with a claret-coloured blotch
with radiating lines on each side of the lip, which
is densely pilose in front. The spike bore seven
handsome flowers. The cross was first raised by
Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons, who gained a
First-class Certificate for it in 1895. It has
always been rare.

Selenipedivm caudatum Sanderae, from
Messrs. SuINDEr and Sons, St. Albanis. A fine
form, nearest to S. caudatum WaUisii in colour,
and said to be identical with typical Cypri-
pediuin (Selenipedium) caudatum, which is not
represented in gardens. The long, dorsal sepal
and lower sepals are emerald green, with cream-
white blotches between the veining. The nar-
row petals, 2 feet in length, are also green
tinged and veined with purple. The infolded
lobes of the lip are white with a ring of dark
spots, the pouch being greenish tinged with
Durple.

Odontioda Cardinal (parentage unrecorded),
from Mr. J. E. Shill, The Dell Gardens, Engle-
field Green. A showy form of the 0. Corona-
tion class. The branched spike bore 41 flowers
of good size and shape, the inner two-thirds of
the segments bearing large, bright-red blotches
and the margins tinted' with rose colour. The
front of the lip is pure white and the crest
yellow.

Preliminary Commendation.

Odontoglossum crispum President Wilson,
from Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Tun-
bridge Wells. A seedling form of rich colour,
the inner two-thirds of the broad sepals and
petals being claret-red ; the margins and tips are
white.

Groups.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., showed Den-
drobium illustre Bartelsianum, lighter in the
tint of the mujkings on the lip than the com-
panion plant (which received an Award of
Merit), and bearing a spike of ten flowers,
also Odontoglossum Thompsonianura pallidum,
with a fine spike of white flowers bearing

May 12, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

197

sparsely-distributed plum-coloured blotches of
varying size. . "

Leonard Dixon, Esq., Pitlochrie, St. Albans,
showed Odontioda Charlesworthii Pitlochrie
variety, a, fine dark red form of good shape.
The well-grown specimen bore two spikes of
eighteen and nineteen flowers respectively-

WiLLiAM Bolton, Esq., Wilderspool, Warring-
ton, showed a cut spike of a form of Dendrobium
Wardianum giganteum taken from a plant of a
good strain imported three years ago.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchid-
hurst, Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver
Flora Medal for a group of new and rare hybrid
Odontoglossums, Odontiodas. and Milt-onias.
Specially fine were the new Laelio-Cattleya
Canhamiana splendens, a pure white flower
having an intense violet-coloured lip with white
margin ; Odontogloesum Rex var. exquisitum,
white, with the greater part of the surface
coloured reddish-claret and a plant of the pure
white Cattleya Skinneri alba, with fourteen
flowers.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
a group of handsome hybrids, including a fine
form of the rare Odontioda Zenobia ; the new
and distinct Odontonia Norma (M. Warsce-
wiczii X 0dm. eximium), with handsome flowers
heavily marked with claret colour, the almost
circular lip being white blotched with claret-red
at the base.

Messrs. Sander and Sons. St. Albans, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a group
of hybrids and rare species, specially interesting
being Maxillaria Fletcheriana and Lycaste Janet
Ross, a fine primrose-yellow flower with minute
rose spotting.

Mr. C. F. Waters, Balcombe, waa awarded
a Silver Banksian Medal for a group of Den-
drobiums. includint; white and coloured varieties
of D. nobile and showy hybrids.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisbrook,
Sussex, sent Brasso-Cattleya speciosa grandis, a
large lilac-tinted flower, and Cymbidium Diana
fiava.

Narcissus Committee.

Present: Air. E. A. Bowlos (in the chairl,
Miss WiUmott, Mr.«. R. O. Backhouse, Rev. J.
Jacob, and ^fessrs. W. Poujiart, .T. Duncan Pear-
son, W. F. M. Copeland, J. T. Bennett Poe,

F. Herbert Chapman. Herbert Smith, Henry
Backhouse, R. W. Wallace. W. B. Cranfield,

G. W. T.,eak. P. R. Barr, Geo. Monro, jun., and
Chas. H. Curtis (hon. secretary).

Awards of Merit.

Narciefus Queen of Dawn. A very shapely
Barrii variety (3b), with overlapping perianth
aegments of a soft creamy shade with a tinge of
pink, and a brilliant orange-red cup that is ex-
quisitely frilled. The award was made aj
a show variety. From Messrs. Barr and Sons.

Nmcissus Vintage. A splendid hybrid derived
from the variety King Alfred and Narcissus cala
thinus, the former being the seed parent. The
colour is wholly rich citron yellow ; the perianth
is flat and .shapely, and the large trumpet is very
slightly frilled at the margin. The flowers are
large and drooping, so that in form, habit and
colour it is particularly graceful. The award
was made as a show variety. Shown by Messrs.
H. Chapman, Ltd., Rye.

Narnissii.< Helmet. A giant flower, even among
the newer giant Leedsil varieties. The cream-
white flowers men.eiire 5 inches across the over-
lapping segments of the perianth, while the bold
trumpet is of simil.nr colour, frilled at the mouth,
and with a green base. Award made for show
purposes. Shown by Mr. W. B. Cranfield,
Enfield Chase, Middlesex.

Nareini'i/i! pnetirua ornatiif jHenvs. From a
descriptive point of view there is little to be
said about this Daffodil beyond that it is pure
white, scented, and the double form of omatus.
But to m.nrket growers and others the variety
will be of special interest, becau.sp it flowers
so much earlier than the old double poetious.
The growth appenrs robust and free. Award
for .lihow purposes — too few flowers to secure
an award for market u.se. Shown by Messrs.
J. CiLPiN AND Ron.

Groups.

Mr. .T. K. Ramsbottom displayed a series of
specimens and photographs prepared by him at

the R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, illustrative of a
disease of Daffodils. Mr. Ramsbottom has pro-
duced badly diseased bulbs in eight weeks after
inoculation by eelworm on both flower -stem and
leaves. One little tube contained about 3,000
eelworms, and these looked like the fine atoms
of dust to be seen floating in a beam of summer
sunshine when it enters a darkened room.
(Silver-gilt Banksian Ifedal.)

Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, were
awarded a Silver-gilt Flora Medal for a repre-
sentative collection of Narcissi arranged in fine
style. Good seedlings were shown in consider-
able numbers in addition to named varieties.
Of the seedlings an improved Lord Roberts won
a great deal of admiration, while a neat white
flower with a pinky-green eye looked like a new
type of poeticus.

A large and beautiful exhibit of Daffodils
from Messrs. J. R. Pearson and Sons, Lowd-
ham, Notts., was remark.able for the large num-
ber of white varieties it contained. (Silver-gilt
Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. Barr and Sons. King Street. Covent
Garden, were again large exhibitors of Daffo-
dils, and presented a wide selection of varieties,
although poeticus and Leedsii forms appeared
to predominate. (Silver- gilt Banksian Medal.)

ilessrs. H. Ch.\pman, Ltd., Rye, had a small
but very select group of dainty Daffodils. The
outstanding flower was Vintage, which received
an Award of Merit. (Silver Flora Medal.)

Air. Georoe Churcher, Woodcote, Alver-
stoke, contributed a selection of modern varie-
ties ,ind seedlings. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

A few beautiful flowers were sent by Martin
H. F. Sutton, Esq.. Erleigh Park. ' Reading,
and Mont d'Or, a golden Trumpet, was the out-
standing varietv. >rr. C. A. Jardine, Rich-
mond Road, Balham, showed his method of raii?-
ing seedling Daffodils in boxes.

Fruit and Veg-etable Committpo

Pre.irnt ■ Me.s.srs. J. Cheal (vice-chairman),
W. Wilks, E, A. Bunyard, P. D, Tuckett. J. 0.
Allgrove, E, Harriss, G. P. Berrv, A. Bullock,
P. C. M. Veitch, J. Harrison, W. H Divers
and W. Bates.

Groups.

SilveT-fiilt Knightian Mednl to Messrs. Sutton
and Sons, Reading, for vegetables: Silver Bank-
Kinn Mednl to Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edin-
burc-h, for Potatos.

©bltuar^.

Captain Harry SANDCRsnN.- News of the

death of this well known lover of Alpine
plants, and very gallant soldier, has just
been received with the deepest regret by
all who knew him. He was before the
war a partner in the fir m of P. and R.
Sanderson, tweed manufacturers, of Galashiels,
and, though over mUitarj- age and married, en-
listed aa a private in" the Horse Artillerv
attached to Lord Lovafs Brigade. Owing to
his ability, character, and devotion to duty, he
rapidly rose to fche position of captain in the
Royal Field Artillery. He commanded bis
l»atti-ry in the battle of the Somme, where he
was wounded, and returned to the Front some
months ago, where Jie wa-s killed recently in
action. His garden at Crtilashiels was full of rare
.Alpine plants, many of which be had collected
himself in the Itali.in Alps. Bosnia, and Alonte-
negro, and I am per.-onally indebted to him for
many gifts of rare and interesting plants, of
which he moe. a most successful cultivator. He
was a member of the Edinburgh Botanical
Society, and took an active part in the public
life of his native town and in all matters con-
nected with the tweed trade, of which Galashiels
is the centre. When Professor Ewart. of the
Edinburgh TTniversity, first introduced him tome
as a man whose technical knowleflge of Scotch
wool might be most helpful to us in breeding
Shetland shocp, J found him rpv-idy and willing
to do for us wliat very few manufacturers would
have taken .so raueh trouble to do ; and the very
beautifully woven fine cloths which his firm pro-
duce<l from the iwool we sent him were con-
sidere<l by the many ladies who have worn them
as unrivalled for their lightne.'S, texture, and
beautv. H. J. Elwes, Cnlaihome.

CROPS ANO STOaK ON THE HOME FARM.

Wheat for 1918.

Far.mers, large and small, have to look ahead,
sometimes for two years, in regulating and ar-
raiLgmg their crops. On some farms producing
mainly corn, hay and cattle, but with no regular
sheep flock, a system of strict course cropping
leaves but little alternative as to the choice of
crops. If sheep are a main object on farms
where the soil is of a light character, a four or
other course method is not always practicable ; it
is mainly a question of circumstances as they
affect the regulation of the food supply.

It behoves all farmers tu make arrangements
for a full supply of Wheat for next year, and
now is the time to make plans. There are four
main, or regular, preparations for the Wheat
crop : 1st, following second crop Clover, either
sheep fed or manured, at the rate of fifteen to
twenty tons of manure per acre ; 2nd, after Rape
and I'urnips, sheep fed ; 3rd, summer fallow and
manured ; 4th, winter Vetches, sheep fed in July,
and sown after with Mustard plouglied in, or
sheep again fed.

AU these methods will give good results
with proper cultural conditions. No. 1 will
follow in ihe normal way as to clearance of crop
and ploughing preparation in September or Octo-
ber, as the case may be. For No. 2 no time
sliuuld be lost in drilling a mixture of Pome-
ranian or Early Globe Turnips, 1 lb. of the
former to 3 lb. of the latter per acre. Some per-
sons sow the seed broadcast ; this I do not ap-
prove, as no opportunity is thus given to remove
<,Jliai-lock or other weeds, which, if allowed to
grow unchecked, may ruin the crop.

No. 3. The land should be continuously
ploughed when the weather is favourable — that
is, dry. No implement on the farm is equal to
the plough in manipulating the soil. Cultivators,
scarifiers, drags and harrows are useful in stirring
the surface quickly for the removal of Couch,
but the plough more effectively turns over and
disintegrates the soil. Coudi should be
dcsti\>ye<l during the summer proparatiou. ajid
no method answers bettei- than burning it
on the land in small heaps, which not only results
in a saving of labour, but the ash returned evenly
over the land gives a dressing of potash. The
manure is put on the last thing before finally
ploughing in September or October if very early
sowing is anticipated.

No. 4 preparation does not take effect until the
Vetches are cleared at the end of July, in time
to plough and sow Mustard by the middle of
August.

These are what I term the main Wheat pre-
parations. Ot course, there are other preceding
crops that of necessity have to be utilised at
time^, such as Mangold and Potatos, neither
of which is ideal for Wheat, as both draw freely
oil the manure in the land. Tliis, however, can
be rectified by applying more manure, or by
ploughing in a top-dressing of superphosphate at
sowing time or sulphate of ammonia in February.

When a goo<l preparation for Wheat can be
made as fallow well manured, it has the advan-
tage that a good crop of Oats is assured after
the Wheat, and with but little preparation, as
the land being fallow there should not be any
Oouch or other weeds. All that is needed then
is to plough up the stubble in good time in the
autumn and sow the Oats early — February or
March, as the case may be, according to weather
conditions.

Weeds in Corn. — No time should be lost in
removing Docks and TTiistles from all Com
crops, if the former are allowed to seed the land
quickly becomes foul. Carefully digging them up
without disiturbing the Corn is a safe way of
dealing with Docks, whilst cutting the Thistles
with a weed hook will prevent seeding. Straw
is spoilt by the presence of either of these weeds
at harvest time. This is work well suited to
women. Payment for the Dock roots by the
hundred or thousand is a good method. The
common Chamomile, known locally as " Morgan,"
is a most noxious weed among Clover or Tri-
folium. The plant grows vigorouslv ; if allowed
to seed it spoils the flavour of the Hay, and
smothers much of the Clover and grass. E.
Molyni'tix.

198

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 12, 1917.

]M[ A R K £: T S.

COVENT GARDSX, Ma;/ 9.
Plants in Pots, &c : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d.a.d. Ferns— con. a.d.i.d

ctioicer sorts.

5 0 6 0

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen ..
Asparagus plu-

mosuB nanus.

per doz, .. iO 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 10 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per

doz, Ereen .. 30 0-36 0
Beronia liet"ro-
phylla, 48's,
per doz, .. 21 0-24 0

— megustegma,
48's, per doz. 21 0-24 0

Cacti. various.

per tray of 15's 4 0 —

— tray of 12's . . 5 0-
Cineraria, 48's.

per doz. .. 9 0-10 0
Cocos Weddelli-
ana 48'3, per

8 0-12 t

doz.

18 0

— BO'S per doz. 8 0

Ericas persolula.
48's. per doz. 15 0

— candidissima,
4S's. per doz. 15 0

— Wilmireana.
4,S'.s. per doz. 15 0

Ferns, in thumbs,
per 100.. .. 10 0

— per 100, In
small and
large 60's .. 14 0

— in 48's, per doz. 6 0
Ferns in 32's. per

doz 12 n 18 0

Reiwarks.
just

iO 0'
10 0

18 0-H I

12 0-30 0

per doz. 48's
Genistas, per doz

of 48s.. .. 9 0-10 0
Geonoma gracilis,

60's. per doz,,, 5 0-80
- larger, each.. 2 8- 7 <
Hydrangeas, blue

48's,32's per dz.l2 0-30 0

— pink. 48's. per
doz 12 0-18 0

— white. 48's. per
doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

larger per

doz,

— Forsteriana,
eO'a, per doz. 6 0-80

Latania borbon-

ica.per doz .
L i 1 i u m longi-

florum.perdoz. IS 0-24 0

— lancif olium
rnbrum .. 24 0-30 0

— - album .. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites in

48'». per doz. 6 0-80
Mignonette. 48's.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6-21 0
Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0
Stocks, white,
pink and red,
per doz, .. 12 0-18 0
Business is more brisk in this department
and there is a good demand. Boxed plants,
Pansies, Violas, Lobelias, Stocks, Asters, bed-
ding Pelargoniums, Marguerites and Calceolarias, are
selling freely.

Cut Flowers, &e. : .Average Wholesale Prices.

per

per

per

i.d.s.d.
Anemone fulgens.

per doz. bun. 2 0-26
Arums, per doz. 16-20
Azalea. white.

per doz. bun. 3 0 .S 6
Camellias, white

per doz. blms. 16-20
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6

Daffodils Golden
Spur, per doz.
bun 10

— Barrii.
doz, bun,

— Emperor,
doz, bun.

— prlnceps.
dnz. bun

— Sir Watkin
per doz. bun.

— Victoria per
do', bnn. ..

Forget - Me Not,

per doz, bun.
Gladiolus. Peach

blossom, per

doz, bnn. .. 18 0 21 0

— white, per doz.

bnn 18-0-24 0

— yellow. per

doz bun. ., 21 0-24 0
Gypsophila, white,

per doz. bu ■. 4 0-60
Heather, white,

per dnz. bun. 12 0 —
Iris.Spanishwhite.

per doz. bun. IS 024 0

— Spanish yel-
low, per doz.

bun 21 0-24 0

L ilium longi-

florum long 13-16

short

Ian cifolin
album, long

rubrun

per doz,, long

short ,. 16 —

Lily-of-the-Valley

per do7. bun. IS 0-24 0

UE

s.d. B d.

2 6-30

Orchids, per doz.:

Cattleya .. 10 0-12 0

— Odontnglos-
sum orispum 3 0-40

Pe?s. white ani
coloured p r
doz. bun. .. 6 0 12 0
2 0 3 0 Pelargoniums, per
doz. bunches,
doublescarlet 4 0-60
Roses

— General .Jac-
queminot, per
doz. blooms.. 10-16

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 16-20

— Lady Hilling

16-26

2 0-30

1 6 -

2 0-26

16-20

dor-, per doz,
blooms

— Libert.v. p r
doz, blooms,.

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Kdouad
Herriot. per
doz blooms. .26 —

— Ophelia, per

doz. bloom<!.. 3 0 —

— PrincedeBul-

garie .. .. 2 6-30

— R'chmoi-d

perdoz. blms. 2 0-26

— Sunburst, per

d"7. bloi^ma.. 16-26

— White Molly
Sha' man Craw-
ford, per doz
bl'oms .. 16-20

Stephanotis. pt

72 pips .. 2 6-30

Tulips, white, per

doz bun .. S 0-10 0

— Parwin in
variety, per

doz. bun. .. 12 0-18 0

— m"uve Darwin

r»r dnz bun. IS n-?l 0
Viola Cornuta .. 19-20

Cut Foliage. &e.: Average Wholesale Price<;

Adlantum (Mai- s.d. s.d.

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 5 0-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— medium,
doz, bunches 12 OH 0

- Snrengeri .. 10 0-1 J 0
Bronze foliage .. 3 0-60
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunrbos 4 0-60
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches 12 0-15 0

Remarks.— All stands contin

cut flowers. Prices generally i

s.d, s,d.

, per

Cycas leav

doz 3 0-60

Fern, French, per

doz. bunchea 0 6-08
Ivy leaves, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Moss. gross

bunches .. 4 6-50
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —
- French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smllax, per bun,

of 6 trails .. 2 0-26
to be well filled with

s similar to those given

last week. Spanish Iris is now arriving in larger
quantities, and whit© and yellow varieties are on sale.
Gladiolus Peach Blossom is the last new arrival. The
consignments from the Channel Islands are not so
large, and Narcissus and Daffodils are finishing, Ixias
and Irises are beginning to arrive from Guernsey, and
a few boxes of white Stocks from the Scilly Isles, French
flowers are practically over, but a few ha^skets of Gypso-
phila are arriving and find a ready sale, Smilax,
which has been unobtainable for some weeks, is again
on the market. Other foliage, such as Asparagus and
Maidenhair Fern, is getting more plentiful, Violets
are almost over, and small Violas are being sold as
substitutes.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes, Globe s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d

perdoz. . 3 6-46 Kale, per bag ,. 70

— Jerusalem, Leeks, per doz. bun. 4 0 60
per bag ..40 0 — Lettuce. Cabbage

Aspnragus, Paris andCos. perdoz. 2 0 10 0

Green. per Mushrooms.per lb. 1 0-13

bun 3 6-40 Mustard and

— Worcester & Cress, per doz,
Cambridge. punnets .. 10- 1 0
pirbun. .. 10-36 Onions, per cwt 28 0 —

Beetroot, per bag 16 0 20 0 - spring. per
Beans. English, doz, bun, .. 6 0 12 0

per lb, .. 0 10- 1 3 Parsley, per J bus, 3 0-40

Broccoli, purple

sprouting, per

bag
Broad Beans,

French, per

p-d ..

bun

Parsnips. percwt. 36 0 —
Peas. Channel
6 0 - Islands. perlb. 10- 1 0

— French, per

pad .. ,.50-70
4 6-50 Potatos, new, per

4 0 - lb 0 10- 1 3

Rad ishes, per

per

— washed

bag .. .. 24 0
(Cauliflowers, per

doz 4 6-

Celeriac. perdoz. SO
Celery, per doz.

bundles .. 12 0
Chicory, English,

per lb 0 7

Cucumbers, per

0 4-06

4 0

Rhubarb, forced.

per doz. .. 10-14

— natural, per
doz. bun. ..4 0 —

Seakal \ per doz.

punnets .. 18 0-21 0

— (natural), per
ooz 14 0-16 0

Shallots, per lb. 0 6-10 0
Spinach, per bus. 40 —
flat .. .. n 0 21 n Swedes, per cwt. 8 0-10 0
Endive, per doz. 4 0-46 Turnips, per cwt. 12 0 —

(Ireens. per bag.. 6 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
Herbs, per doz.

per bun. 1 8 —
Tops, per bag 5 0 —
i Vegetable Mar-
rows per doz. 6 0-12 0
Watercress, per
I doz 0 8-10

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. Grapes-con. s.d. s.d.
— Mu cats, per

lb 15 0-20 0

Lemons, per case 25 0 35 0
Melons. English
and Guernsey,
each ., .. 4 0-60
Nuts. Brazils.

new, per cwt, 05 0 100 0
Coconuts, per

31 0-32 0

0-85 0

Almonds, percwt.
.Vpples

English

Cooking, per

bus 22 0 —

— Oregon, per

case .. .. 28 0 30 0
Bananas, Jamaica,

per ton .. £22

Cranberries, per

cas ■ . .. 11-0 12 0 ' Oranges, per case .50 0-70 0
Dates, per doz. , Peaches, per doz. 9 0-18 0

boxes .. .. 8 0 9 6 Pears -
Fig- (Worthingi. Cali f ornian 30 0 —

perdoz. .. 4 0- 12 0 i Stra w b e r r i e s.
Grapes: Almeria. '< forced.. .. 3 0-60

per doz. lb. .. 16 0 21 0 Tomatos. English,
- English (new per lb, .. 19-20

season) Ham- ; Walnuts. Per . „, .

bro, perlb. .. 5 0-901 cwt 650-850

usual
Some
fine Melons are now available. The market ia fairly
well supplied with Peaches and Figs, and morning-
gathered Strawberries are now more plentiful. Sup-
plies of English Grapes, especially Black Hamburfh,
are increasing daily, but Mu.scats are still scarce
and dear. The following vegetables are obtainable :
Asparagus. Peas. Beans, Marrows. Tomatos, New
Potatos, Cucumbers. Seakale, Mushrooms, Radishes,
Turnips, Broad Beans, and Salads (French). All root*
are difficult to procure, especially Parsnips and Beet-
roots. Turnip Tops and Broccoli, however, are plentiful.
E. H. R., Cnvcni Gnrden Mnrl-ct. Mnij 9, 1917.

Remarks. — Apples and Pears are scarce, the
.\uBtralian consignments not being vet to hand.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr Charles 'William Fowell, late Gardener at
the llemii+age, Bi-omboroiigh. as Gairdener to Sir
Philip and L.idT Grey Egerton, OuKon Park, Tar-
porlev, (^eshire.

Mr. H. Ford. f"rmerlr Gardener to the Hon. G.
PERSONS, Wortine House, Hants, as Horticultural In-
structor to the Church of England Waifs and Strays
Society.

Mr. A. W. Perkins, for t^he Last 2i years Gardener
to Fued Fostf.r, Esq.. .T P., Femcliffe, Apperley
Bridge. Yorkshire, as Steward-Gardener to F. J,
Lltto, Esq., J.P.. Becca Hall, Aberford, Yorks.

Mr. E. Pettit, late G.irdcner to J. F. Macgreqob,
Esq., "a?n.i Chiirti Isbnd, as Gardener tn the Hon.
Mrs. Bagot, Cell Farm, Old Windsor, Berkshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Stuart Low and Co., Bush Hill Bark, Enfield, — Out-

nations.
C. A. NOBELitJs, (5embrook Nurseries, Emerald, Viotori*,

Australia. — ^Pruit Treefi.

Correction, Iji ,the note on Chionodoxa (see
p. 186) C, Tinolusi should read C. Tniolusii,
and C. Tinoli, C. Tmolii.

DuTi-H Bees : B. T. We advise you to obtain a
svvai-ni of Italian bees in preference to Dutch.
The latter are given to excessive swarming,
espeoiaUy in the hands of amateurs, and the
former are equally resistant to Isle of Wight
disease. Your garden should be a suitable
place for keeping bees, provided there is open
country near.

G.^RDENERs' Holidays : D. B. S. Your em-
ployer is under no obligation to granit you a
holiday unless an arrangement to ttat effect
was made in writing at the time of your ap-
pointment

Names of Plants : M. F. The blue flower is a
form' Oif Ixiolirion montanum, tlie reddish Sjpike
Aloe sucootrina.

Spraying Pot.^tos ; Qitestion. — Your corre-
spondent //. makes i:ome excellent remarks on
p. 185 on the spraying of Potatos. Since re-
ceiving the circular issued from the Food
Production Department of the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries, I have spoken to
several allotment holders about the spraying
of their Potato crops, and all, so far, are
ready to do what they can. I have spoken
to a local nurseryman and he said he would be
very vvilling to hire his sprayers to a responsi-
ble person. I wrote to the Director of the
Food Production Department and asked him
his advice and what would be a reasonable
(price to pay for a -sprayer, say, per hour or
day, as the case may be. His reply is that
the charge depends upon the number of peo-
ple requiring it, but he suggests that it would
be more satisfactory if arrangements could be
made for a responsible man to spray plotfi
whenever required at certain fixed rates, to be
decided locally. Can you please help me with
advice, for undoubtedly a responsible man to
do the lot would be best — the difficulty is to
secure the man. If he could be secured, what
would 'be a reasonable price to pay for a ten-
rod plot, and a fair charge for the hire of a
f^prayer per hour or day, for I am quite certaijj
that some would like to do tJieir own spraying.
I may say tiliere is no aEotment-holders' asso-
ciaition or any society of that sort here, but
help of any kind would be very acceptable
to all that i have spoken to. Answer. — Your
best plan would be to find oii^ how many
allotment holders in your immediate neighbour-
hood wish to have their Potatos spraj'ed.
Measure up the area of their Potatos (in
rods). Allowing that, when separate plotshave
to be sprayed, a man can do from i to §
acre in an 8-hour day, calculate the time re-
quired to spray your plots. Get the nursery-
man to fix the price for the hire of the sprayer
he is willing to lend. If you have among you
a competent man accustomed to spraying, ar-
range with him to do all the spraying and also
to prepare the wash. The price of the chemi-
cals required to make 40 gallons of spraying
mixture is 3s., and this quantity will spray
about 50 rods once. You can then reckon the
amount of the chemicals required to spray
your area Iwicc. Having done so, place your
order for the chemicals with the Food Pro-
duction Department. If you have no expe-
rienced sprayer in your neighbourhood, the
above-mentioned Department will send an ex-
pert to show you or one of your friends willing
to do the work how to set about it. You will,,
of course, require a barrel or cask for mixing
the specific, and a supply of water.

Communications Beceived— W. H. A.— T. H.,

Birmingham— G. II. i 11 - n S — C. H. C— R. I, L.
W. W,— D. E.— II, I I Mr i; ill D., New York—
R. T. W.— E. B.— Sii II il.. .1 M ,r. R. C.^F. J. C—
J. Y.— J. H.— J. A. r. T. 1 ,1 B.— T. W.— A. R. G.

Mat 12. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING.

To be obtaiaed at the " GABDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from tke Publisher.

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Primula, Handbook of the Hardy. By H. M.

Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
Mode of Growth and Utility of Primulas.
Is. lid.

Pruning. A Compendium of Outdoor Work, with
special chapter for Small Holders. Reprinted
from the " Fruit Trades' Journal." Illus-
trated. Is. Id.

Pruning, TJie Handy Book of. With Chapters
on Grafting and Budding. By James I'dale.
with introduction by the Right Hon. Viscount
Cobham. New Edition. Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. Bv W. Watson.
With preface by Sir. F. W. "Moore, F.L.S.
(The first popular volume published on this
subject.) 8 full-page Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Rock and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley,
rockwork e.xpert. A practical guide to the
making of Rock. Alpine, Wall and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Hock Gardens. By Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer. F.R.S.
Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Hock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
500.000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols Price. £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late Alex-
ander Dean. Contains 8 full-page Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Rose. The Book of the. Bv Rev. A. Foster
Melli:ir, M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
5s. Sd.

Roses. Bv H. R. Darlington. Contains 8 full-
page Coloured Plates. 2s. lid.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By .Tohn
Weathers. Description, Culture, Propaga
tion. Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations.
Ss. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Ropes in Pots, ivhcther for forcing or other-
wise, 2s. 2d.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to prow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and TTnder Glass, etc. Freelv
Illustrated. Paper, Is. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W. Irving and
R. A. Malby. A practical work on the Cul
ture of .Saxifrages. Well Illustrated in
Colour and Halftones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc
tion to the .Scientific .Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. Ss. 5d.

Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta-
tion. Bv Prof. Hugo De Vries. .Second
Edition." 21s. 6d.

Strawberry Culturrst. The Illustrated. A Book
worthy of the attention of Raisers of New •
Varieties as of the General Cultivator.
Is, 7d.

Strawberry. The Book of the. With Chapters
on the Raspberry, Blackljerry, Loganberry,
Japanese Wineberry, and .\llied Fruits.
By Edwin Beckett, "illustrated. 2s. 9d,

Sweet Peas. (.Second and Revised Edition.) By
Horace .T. Wright. Contains 8 Coloured full
page Plates. With Chapter on Sweet Peas
for Exhibition by T. Stevenson. Is. lOd.

Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums. By William
Cuthbertson. Is. 3d.

Sweet Peas, The Modern Culture of. Bv Thomas
Stevenson. Fully described and il'lustrated.
Is. 3d. Cloth, with Coloured Plates. 3s. 4d.

Teratology, The Principles of Plant. By W. C
Worsdell, F.L.S. Containing a large" amount
of new and interesting information. Illus-
trated. Price 25s. 8d.

Tomato Culture for Amateurs. By B. C.
Ravenscroft. Illustrated. New Edition. In
paper, Is. 3d.-

Tomato Culture for Market. Bv J. Stoddart.
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Topiary, The Book of. Bv C. H. Curtis and W
Gibson, of Levens Hall. 2s. lOd.

Trapping of Vermin and Birds, Practical. By
W. Carnegie. Is. 3d.

Trees: A Woodland Notebook. Bv the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart, "F.R.S., LL D
22s. '

Trees and Shrubs, Beautiful Flowering, for
British and Irish Gardens. Bv John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Planting.
Pruning, Propagation, etc. Coloured Illus-
trations. 3s. lOd. *

Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. By
W. .1. Bean. Asst. Curator of Kew Botanic
Gardens. In two volumes, with Illustrations
and Inde.x. 43s.

Trees and Shrubs. Hardy. Ornamental Flower-
ing. By A. D. Webster. Third Revised
and greatly Enlarged Edition. 3s. lOd.

Tropical Gardening and Planting. By H. F.
MacMillan. Second Edition, Revised and
Enlarged, with many new features added.
14s. lid.

Tulips. Bv the Rev. Joseph Jacob, Illustrated
with 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Variation, Heredity and Evolution. By R. H.
Ix>ck. Ss. 4d. '

Vegetable Culture for Amateurs. By Trevor
Monmouth, arranged alphabetically with .i
calendar of operations for the vear. New-
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Vegetable (iarden. The. Bv Henrv de Vilmorin
and W. Robinson. New Edition. ISs. 7d.

Vegetable Gardening, The Principles of. Bv
I'rnf, L, II. Bailey. 6s. lid.

Vegetables for Home Consumption and Exhibi-
tion. By E. Beckett, V.M.H. I'seful for
every Gardener, and indispensable to Exhibi-
tors. New Edition. 5s. 6d.

Vegetables and Flowers, The Culture of, from
Seeds and Roots. By Sutton and Sons, Read-
ing New iuiition. Ss. 6d.

Vegetables and Flowers, The Culture of, from
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perate Climates. By Sutton and Sons, Read-
ing. 320 pages. With numerous Illustra-
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Vegetables. The Book of. Bv George Wythes,
V M H 2s. 9d. - .

Villa Garden, Mv. By S. Graveson. Illustrated.
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Vines and Vine Culture. Bv the late Archibald
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and Enlarged. Illustrated. Ss. 5d.

Vine. On the Cultivation of the Grape. By W.
Thomson. 5s. 4d.

Wall and Water Garden. Bv Gertrude JokvU.
Illn.stratcd, 12s. lid.

Weeds, Common, of the Farm and Garden. Bv
Harold C. Long. B.Sc, in collaboration with
John IVrcival, M.A, Illustrated. 6s, 6d.

Wild Garden, The Book •! the. Bv S. W. Fitz
herbert. 2s. 9cl.

Woodland Notebook, A. By Rt. Hon. Sir
Herbert Maxwell. Bt. Hlustrated. 21s. 6d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to

THE LIBRARIAN,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drauiage. Porosity. Heallhful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS. Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

ORCHIDS,

Cle»«, w»ll-p-»wn »n1 cheap ; ilso
Maar Rar* and Chaic* Varieties.

ST»TI AID GEEENHOHSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindl; send for Catalague.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nnrseriet, CHELTENHAM.

NOWREA'DY

THE

HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY

AND

YEAR BOOK

FOR 1917.

Owing to the paper shortage,
an unlimited number of
copies of this work cannot be
guaranteed, and purchasers are
advised to order AT ONCE
to avoid disappointment.
The 1917 edition contains no
name or address which has not
been verified. The information
given is therefore absolutely
trustworthy.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. COVENT GARDEN.
LONDON. W.C. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

[May 12, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His iVIajesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We aisk our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done v^thout reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLaSGCW— 121, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Salcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present'Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Manafing Editor. " Gardener.* Chroaiele."

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^°^^-

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN, V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H.. Ute Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. See. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT aad STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. MA.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham :

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By
WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by SirF.W.

MOORE. M.A. (the only volume published

on this subji-ct).

ROSES (doui.le volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.

Author of "The English Flower Garden."

(Double volume 2/6.)

E&ch Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Coyent Garden, London, W.C.

Prmb&d for the Gardeners' Clironiole, Limited, by Lovi akd Malcomson, Ltd., D;uie Street. High Holbrirn, London, W.0.1, and Piibliahed weekjy by the Gardeoert*
Ohronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, City o-f Weelminfiter, Saturday, May 12, 1917. Agent for Manchester: John Hbyw'ood.

jUN 181917

Vgrl^ultura

No. 1586. Vol. LXI.

SATURDAY, MAY 19, 1917

(Registered as a Newspaper.-! ' "'CE OQ.
iPOSTFHKK. 3h\.

SVBSCRIFTIOX- lulnnd, tSi-f Foreign, 17 6 {22lr. 10c.\ |$4 26c 1 per annum. Entered at A*w York foat Office n» aeeond-clasa matter.
PosUl Address-4i, Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone-aerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 199.

NOTICE TO ADVt.^TI3ERS.

Owing to the earlieT ditpatch of the morning
trains from London the hour of going to preat
'ta» again been advanced, and in future adver-
tisftnentg received after 5 p.m. on Wednesday
will be held over till the following week.

F'OUR XEW PRIMULAS, collected bv

-■- Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa. A.M., R.H.S., 3s. 6d.
I', nutans, A.M.. R U.S.. 7s. bd. I'. vincaeHora. A. M..
K.H.S., 5s. P. conica. A.M., R.H.S., is. The set of tour
grand noveltiee for 18s. Full descriptive catalogue of
these and other new Chinese plants poet free on applica-
tion.—R. WALLACE 4 CO., LTD.. Colchester. Essex.

WATEHER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-
OUS PL.VNTS and WATER LU.IES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue tioc.— JOHN WATERER, SONS k CRISP,
LTD.. The Nurseries. Tw>ford. Berks.

K

W IS THE TIME TO PLANT AT REDUCED PRICFJ*.
ELWAY'S New and Choice Hanlv

I', rcnnial Plants of all kinds.
KBLWAVS Famou.fl Gladioli.
KCLWWY'.S inanv-coloured PvreUirumn.
KF.LW.VVS Ca.v" CaiBardias'

Write for Reduced Price Lists to

KELWAY &

VrEGETABLE PLANTS.— Barr's Selected

* strains, now ready to pLant out. Summer Oiibb-jge,
Small Red Cabbage, BrtK-xscb Sprouts, OauJliflowers (»arly
and late), Kale (.Uparagus and Scotch). Sturdy plants.
33. 6d. per 100, oarriiigc [Kiid. Potato. Up-to-Date,
selected seed for laie pimiting, 561bs. Ms. 6d., 141b6. 4e..

arriage extra.- BARR & SONS, 12 and 13, King Stt«et,
Covent Garden, London,

r.JREENHOUSE PAINTING A GLAZING

^-^ ■ Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
■Pla^tine" supersedes putty. Full particulars from
\V. CARSON & SON.S. Grove Works, Battersea. Agents

throughout the country.

T WEEKS & CO.'S Offices, 72. Victoria
" • street. S.W 1. are commandeered for War pur-
poses. Tliey are now at No. 92.

■yiOLAS, finest Scotch. 12 Bedding
~ Varieties, correctly named, 2s. 3d., post free. Early
Chrysanthemums, 12 very fine varieties, 3«. 9d., post
free. Strong plants.— DOBBIE & CO., Florists, Edin-
burgh.

"WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenhajn. Con-
servatories. Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
IVTtuble Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis,

rf^ERANIUMS, strong autumn-rooted, all

^-^ lieddijig kinds, Ivylea.{s; Fuchsias. Heliotropes, Sal-
vias (Zurii-h), Petunias, Tomatoa. from 60's, 15s. 100;
from stores, 129.; carriage poid.-PARMENTBR, Basildon,
Kwex.

SUTTON'S VEGETABLE
SUTTQNS FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEDS.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

BLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will
have pleasure in sending a copy of Oieir 1917
Catalogue of Begonias and Delphiniums, Sec, &o.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magniflcon.t strong
roots of our uneriualled Delphiniums, in superb variety.

C^ISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
' century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider. Scale. Mealy Bug.
Thrip. American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, &c
Sold in boxes about lib., 31b, and 121b.. by DeaJcrs
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICES PATENT
CANDIJ; CO., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W. 11.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• Greenhouses, ic. and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street. Chelsea. Ixindon. S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone; 201. Western.

EXPENSIVE ADVERTISING.— In these
days, wlieii every firm has to advertise or see
its busincM decline, it is nece*.«ary to make sure that
the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
justify the expenditure. It is this consideration
tliat has led most keen bu.siiiess men to discontintie
the wasteful method of advertising by catalogue. If
enquiries be made of any printing firm it will be found
that catalogue printing has fallen away sinoe the war
by about 80 per cent., nor is this to be wondered at.
The price of pain-r is nearly three times what it was
formerly, printing rates are liigher. and the cost of post-
age is liiuch incieas<'d, so tJiat the wholesale distribution
of large catalogues is now too expensive for business
purposes. The newspapers, though they themselves
are produced at much greater expense all round, have
nevertheless refrained fi-om increasing their prices for
advertisements and it is by utilising these pemwuient
media that profitable advertising may still be practised.

ORCHID PE.AT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown P. at, 10«, 6d. per yard in trucks ; in bags
as. 5d. caeh. 308. dozen ; Oak and Beech I,eaf Mould,
Yellow Loam. Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand;
4-ton lots for 458. ; C.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen bags ; list
(rec.— J. UANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

6D. BUSHEL Leaf Mould ; Garden
Brooms, Rose Stokes, Rustic Woo<l — W. BENNETT,
Shirley, Cro.vdoii.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splotidid Yorkshire Whipcorei Tweed; wear.s
hkc leather ; showerproof ; 7 .vards for 17.s. 6d. Paittenis
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

c

ANES, 6ft., 30s. 1,000.

.JOHNSON,
Traffoi-d Road, .Salfond.

SEED POTATOS, Scotch-grown, and once
grown in Lincoln.sbire from Scotch Seed: King
Ed-wards. Up-to-Dates. Dalhousies, Evergood-s, Queen
Mary, and other good varieties. 14b. per 5b lb., carriage
paid. PriHiipt despatch. — FRED PARKES, Wyberton,
Boston.

s

Fop Advertisement Charges see page 111

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

D

I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

M.1NURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
on's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
jn application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
and Nurseries, Chester.

r>OSES. — Wm. Paul and Son. Waltham

-^*^ Cross. Ltd., beg to offer a tine stock of all the
best varieties, new and old, for present planting. Priced
catalogue on application. — PAULS ROYAL NUR
SERIES, Waltham Cross, Herts.

GORGEOUS VIOLAS.— Sturdy Plants in
full flower. Will move up well and provide a gor-
geous profusion of flowers for months, 28. 6d. doz.,
145. Od. 100, post free. Gladys Finlay (block .ind white).
Mauve Radiance, Moseley Perfection (best yellow), white
Swan (best white), and" W. H. Woodgate (grand new
lavender).— HOBBIES, LTD., Norfolk Nurseries, Dere-
liam. and 17, Broad Street Place, London, E.C.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (nink). King
of Scarlets, tjueen of Whites, Lovely Blue (Lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (puq)le) ; strong, clean, wcll-
rooted stuff from boxes, 50 for 5a,; 9s. per 100; car-
riage paid for casli.— H. DUDDEHIDGE, The Dorset
Nurseries, Blandford.

WALLACE'S WATER LILIES and other
pl.ints for the Aquatic Ga,rden should be pl«,nte<l
now. Oati.llogucs free.-B. WALLACE & 00., LTD.,
Kilnfield Gardens, Colchester.

LAWN BOWLS.— 50s. Association set
Lawn Bowls, 4 pairs superior full size selected
lignum, me<lium bias, with 2 Jacks, .•omiiletc, in strong
box unused, pri<-e 29s. 6d. ; also 2 new pans finest
Standard .Mati-h Bowls, ahsoluteHy accurate, 3 bias,
o(flci.illv tested and stamped, Us. 6d. pair, or whole lot
for 493." 6d. Approval.--Boi 707, Gdlyard's, Darley Street,
Bradfooxl.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH AND TRENCH
HOE-\ wonderful little tool. A womunn oan do
more detail work with it than two men with spades.
Gets more useful evcrv dav. Many repeat orders re-
i-eived inoluding Roval "Kew Oai-dens. Price 3»., carriage
paid. Garden tools of aM variety. Good line >n hose
nines and fittings. Please mention, reqiiirenionts. No
ratalogues this sM,son.-LAND TOOL CO., .Ul».p Street,
Baker Street, L(m<lon.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London.
S.W.

WANTED, offers of Iresine, Bedding
Colens, and (Joldeai Gem Calceolarias.— Price and
i|ii.T,ntity, GARDENER, ."Imberley House. Gravelly Hill,
Birmingham.

ATROPA BELLADONNA PLANTS, one
year old. price 2as. per 100, oarnage .paid,—
JOHN CARLISLE, Barbon. Kirkby lonsdftle.

THE GARDEN EUS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 19, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

WEDNESDAY NEXT, at 1 o'clock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE A MORRIS
will sell by auction at their Central Sale Rooms,
67 and 68, Oheapside, London. E.G.,

On Wednesday, May 23rd at 1 o'clock,

a choice assortment of Rhododendrons, named varieties
of Carnations and Picotees, Be^njas, G-loxinias, Oladio.
]us, amd other Bulbs ; Japajiese Lilies and Bedding Plante
in lots to suit all buyers.
On \"iew momin'g of sale and cataloguers had.

BUSINESSES WANTED,

Tl/'ANTED, Small NURSERY in good

* ' neighbourhood, doing taix trade in Tomatoa,
Cuoumbers, &c., within 10 miles of Ohairimg Oroas ; in-
coining not to exceed £150 ; reni:, iiwludinig .house, about
£35. — H. F., Box 23, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.O. 2,

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

pROTHEROE & MORRIS, Hoeticul-

-■- TtIR.4L, MiRKBT GARDEN, AND ESTATB AuOnONBERS

AND Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC., and
at Leytonstone, E. Monthly Horticultural Refister had
on applioation.

BUSINESSES TO LET.

TTAMPSHIRE.— To Let, immediate posses-
■*--*- sion. compact and easily worked Nursery, for
Tomatos end Cucumbers ; 880 feet run of Glass ; 3^
acres of land ; small part Fruit ; convenient modem cot-
tage and buildings; no stock. — Particulars of
PROTHEROE & MORRIS, 57 and 68, Oheapside, E.G. 2.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

NOW READV. Crown Svo. 33. 61. net.

JOTTINGS OF A GENTLEMAN GARDENER

A practical guide to Flowei' Gardening for
Amateur Gardeners ; to whicli is added some
sugge.stions on growing food plants during
the war. By E. T. Ellis, F.R.H.S.

ABSTRACT OF CONTENTS :

Starting a Garden — Annuals, Biennials, and
Perennials — Colour Borders — Rock Gardens —
Paths, Weeds, Pests, and Diseases— Propagation
of Plants — Soils and Manures and their Manage-
ment— Experiment in Gardening — Picturesque
Vegetable Gardening — Flower and Vegetable
Calendars.
" His enthusiasm for the garden is as great as his
knowledge of the subject, as many of the new allotment
workers round about Eccleshall have reason to know. They
will owe much of their success to the careful guidance
they have received from Mr. Ellis. The same kind of care
is shown in this book. . . . His observations on gardens
generally will he iielpful to the allotment workers."

Sheffleld Daily Telegraph.

London : L. REEVE & Co., Ltd.,

6, Henrietta Street, W.C. 2

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE,

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of Scarlets. Queen of Whites. Lovely Blue (lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple); rtrong, clean, well-
rooted stuff from boxes. 50 for Ss. ; 9s. per 100; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DDDDERIDGE, The Doraet
Nurseries, Blandford.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-

-■- ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

1 Oft ftftft LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

J-Urvr *\J\J\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crototts,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies, Hydrangea*.
&e. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

JLTESSRS. ROBERT GREEN (1911),

LTD., have a limited number of Standard and
Pyramid Bay Trees to offer; in fine condition —28,
Crawford Street. London, W.

MISCELLANEOUS.

g^^ EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,

Porthleven, Com.walll. — The largest manufacturers
of GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-inch
and oneninch mesh, at 4d. per square yard. LIGHT
NEW 8f]uare mesh, suitable for Strawberry Bed«. at M.
per square yard.

These Nets are bound all round with etoui cord, and
oover their measured length and widtlh. Amy length or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all ediea in etook. State your
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS, RIOK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK-
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
PAID, on receipt of order.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Llnas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two)i
6d. fOF each sueeeedlng line.

PRIVATE.

\17'ANTED, a competent WORKING

• ' HEAD GARDENER ; i usually kept tmd when ob-
tainable ; applicant must be active, willing, aJid obliginig ;
preference to married man (no family); good cottage
provide^l. — Apply, giving age, experience, and details of
previous situations, and wages required, to GEO.
PERKINS, Thori>e Lee, Egham, Surrey.

WTANTED, HEAD GARDENER for

' ~ Glenogie, Forfarshire, May 25 ; ineligible.
— Write particulars and send references to MKS.
STEPHEN WILLIAMSON, Pump House Hotel, Llan-
drindod Wells, Wales.

T^ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ^ DE^'ER ; experienced ; some knowledge estate
work desirable. State age, wages, i-c— R. L. KNIGHT,
Esq., T^'thegston Court, Bridgend, Glam.

T\7'ANTED, a good all-round energetic

" " HEAD WORKING GARDENER ; Vinery. Peach-
Stove, and (Greenhouses. Fruit, Flowers, Shrubs, Vege
tables, and Tennis Lawn ; 4-room cottage, with gaslight
wages 403. .\pply, with full particulars, age, if married
any children, when disengaged, where previously em
ployed, C4luse of leaving. Also SEOONTI GARDENER
wages 305. ; and BOY. 13s.— C. PAINE, Hillifleld, Hamp
stead, N.W. J.

TTEAD WORKING GARDENER, in-

■*- eligible, wanted mmediately for Fruit, Vegetable,
and Flower Garden ; wages 32s. ; no cotitoge. — MRS.
REiD. The Oaks, Hamvorth, Middlesex.

QARDENER-BATLTFF required for an
^-^ estate of 450 acres ; must be hig-h-class Gardener
in all branches and capable of superintending Home
Farm. Grass Land, Woods, Roads, ire. ; gw>d wages to
really competent man.— N. W., Box 2, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

■pOREMAN. ~ Wanted, at once, FORE-

■^ MAN for Greenhou?es ; must thoroaig'hl_v under-
stand the propagation and cultivation of Orchids,
Ferns, and miscellaneous flowering plants. State flge,
experience, and wages required. Also a JOURNEYMAN
required for the Houses. —Send copies of references and
all particulars to THE CURATOR, Botandcal Gai^ene,
Bimiinghaim,

WTANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); 30s.

' ' per week. Bothy, &c. ; also IMPROVER, 18s. and
Bothy, duty and overtime paid.— E. BRISTOW, Lerawood
Gardens, Groombridge, Tunbridge WeHa.

WTANTED, at once, JOURNEYMAN-

'» FOREMAN; ineligible; single; furnished Bothy;
able to take full control of Houses.— Apply. D0X.1T,
Wo-xigreen Park, Clieshunt, Herts.

TyANTED, GARDENER ; good all-round
' • man ; no grapes ; ag« about 50 or ineligible ;
wages 30s. ; house and vegetables.— Apply, B. DA VIES,
Woodside Grange, North Finchley, N.

TyANTED, GARDENER (ineligible);

" experienced Pleasure Garden and Glass.
State references, age, and wag^s. — O. T. DIQKINS, Esq.
52, Putney HiU. S.W.

TXTANTED, Experienced GARDENER as

' ' Head of 2 ; principally Vegetables and Herbaceous
borders; little Glass; preference to man with knowledge
of poultrv' and pigs, or one who has son to take second
place : house, coals, wood, and vegetables found. — Ex-
perience, age, wages, and family, to PRE.SOOTT, High
lands, Woldin^ham, Surrey,

QARDBNER. — Experienced MAN

w anted ; live out ; good wages ; or write S O
Moleside, East Molesey, Surrey. ' '

Ty^^TED, a Single-handed Man as GAR-

DEXER, who understands the work in all its
brcuiL-bes.— The Hollies, Elphinstone Road, Hastings.

TyANTED, capable all-round GAR-
DENER ; single-handed ; cottage, 25s. per week,
with 5s. war bonus; must be well reoommended.—
RECTOR, Holme Pierrepont, Nottinghiam.

ANTED, a good MAN for Kitchen

Garden ; wages 24.S. ; comfortable Bothy, &c. ; over-
time p,-ud ; 1 o'clock Saturday.— Apply, F. NORWOOD,
Wistlers Wood Gardens, Woldingham, Surrey.

TyANTED, ineligible MAN or YOUTH;

Inside and Out. State experience and wages re-
quired. — W. DIXON, Waverley Park Gaidens, near
Sandy, Beds.

w

"WANTED, SECOND GARDENER; in-
eligible—Apply, H. SYMONDS, Kneesworth Hall,
Rovston, Herts.

TTNDER-GARDENER required at Dul-

*-^ wich ; Vegetables and Lawns.— Write, giving par-
ticulars of experience, age, if exempt faxMli military ser-
vice, and wages required, MUDGE. 14, Bartholomew
Close, E.G.

Ty ANTED, UNDER-GARDENER for In-
side and Out ; comfortable Bothy and usual
allowances; good wages to capable mail.— .\. BRAD-
BURY, Bryn Lupus, Llandudno,

WTANTED, strong, able, willing Man, as
' ' THIRD GARDENER ; over military age ; 30s. per
week.— FENSTANTON, CSiiristohuj'dh Road, Streatham
Hill.

Tl/'ANTED, Discharged Soldiers or

' • Woman: GARDF.NERS, with experience. Outside
and Inside.— Send full particulans to ALLISON, Nostell
Priory Gardens, Wakefield.

QARDENERS WANTED; all suited free,

^-" whether married or single. (1) Bucks, JOs.,

good lodging in village, very good Under Gardener
keipt, not much Glass. (2) Derby, 30s, and very
good cottage, only 1 mile froni schools, mostly
Vegetables, boy kept. (3) Hants, good wages, cot-
tage provided, no Glass, nearly .all Veget-able-s. (4)
Hants, 25s. and cottage, 2 acres, small Greenhouse, last
Gardener there 4 years. (5) Herts, 369., live out. Green-
house work and Vegetables. (5) Kent, good wages, cot-
tage, and vegetables provided. (7) Oxon, 27s. and cot-
tage, aibout 2 acres. 2 Houses, Vines, Frames, &c. (8)
Staffs, good w,ages, help 3 days a week. (9) Surrey, 25s.
and 4-roomed cottage, small garden, must, be useful.
.\l.so manv other excellent places. Call or write, sending
full particulars, to MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street,
Marv^lebone, W. 1. No engagement, no fee. Tele., May.
fair 6200.

TIT'ANTED, strong YOUTH, 16 to 17;

Vegetable Gandcn and assi.«t. in Pleasure Grounds;
room in. coftage found ; wages 18s. State experience. —
F. COPEMAN, Cliveden, Shenfleld. Essex.

"WANTED, a WOMAN GARDENER, with

" " some Inside experience ; good w-ages. — ESTATE
OFFICE, Capenor, Nutfleld, Surrey.

"WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, with

" " experience of Greenhouses, Vinefry, PeaOh
Houses, &c., to work with temporary Head Gardener,
who has been on the place many years; 15s. a week and
boaird, lodgins:, «nd laundrv. — AppTv, stating full par-
ticulars, to MRS. INGHAM WHITAKER, Grayshott Hall.
H indhe^id , Surrev.

"WANTED, LADY GARDENER, some ex-

' ■ perience, for Inside and Out. — Applv, stating
tyi^lary, &c., MISS GRIMOND, Carbet Oastle, 'BrougJity
Ferrv, Forfarshire, N.B.

TITANTED. LADY GARDENER for dura-

' ' tion of wur ; able to take charge if Head Gar-
dener is called out on National Service ; no Bothy.—
State wflges and experience to R. ALLDAY, Ohanoellor
House, Tunbridge Wells.

TITANTED, LADY GARDENER, experi-

" • enced in Vegetables and Greenhouse ; some help
given ; no rooms.— Apply, W., 69, West Hill, Putney.
S.W. 15.

Tl/'ANTED, 4 young WOMEN GAR-

"" DENERS, for Fruit and Plant Houses; take turn
on duty. — Apply, fjtating age, wages required, and ex-
perienre, with excellent Bothy, coal, ligibts, milk, and
vegetables, resident women attendants, to ARTHUR
AVEUY, Enville Gardens, near Stourbridi;e.

^l-KT 19. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LADY GARDENERS wanting posts as
HEiD or SIXGLE-HAXDED GARDEXERS should
applv to THE WOMETS'S FARM ASD GARDEN TXIOK,
«5 (sixth floor), Quet-n .\nnp's Chambers, Westminster,
S.W.

LADY GARDENERS WANTED; all
suited entirelv free of charge. HEADS :—Hant-s
(also Under wanted), garden about 3i acres, some glass,
maJi and bo.v kept ; Head cam take pupil or do some
market gardening. Near Liverpool. 25s. and cottage ;
also Under ; 6 to 6 girls kept ; must have good training ;
age over 30. Sussex (also Under), garden, 3 acres,
ctiiefly Vegetables ; furnished cottage and coal. Salop.
30s.. cottage, coal, and vegetables; large Garden. Glass,
and Fruit ; lad.v Under, 2 bo.vs, and 2 men. Also FORE-
WOM.iN for Berks, 6 Unders kept and good Head Man ;
Glass. Fniit. Orchids, &c- UNDERS : Essex, as Second
in Cha.rge, good Head Man kept and other Unders ; must
be near for interview, Nottingham, Head JIan, 2 others
and bov kept. Yorks, Head Lad.v Gardener kept and '3
,->thers; need not have much experience. Two wanted
(under Head Man). Bucks; mu-st be experienced.
Oheshire, Vegetables. Fruit. Flowers, some Glass, poul-
try, and horses. Hindhead, good all-round knowledge
Gl'ass, &c. : knowledge of horses an adv-antage.— MRS.
HUNT, LTD.. 86, High Street, Marvlebone. London, W. 1.

TRADE.

WANTED, thoroughly capable Man as
WORKING M.4.NAGER for Sursery ; must be a
good Cucumber and Tomato grower.— Appl.v, H. WHATE-
LEY, Spring Gardens, Kenilworth.

WANTED, FOREMAN GROWER for
gener-il Nurser.v, Bedding Plants. Ferns, Pot Stull,
Tijmaitos, and Cucumbers ; nice house and garden in
nurserv.—Wages, &c.. to SAOKVILLE NURSERY CO..
Hove.

TITANTED, FOREMAN ; good all-round

' ' propagaitor; able to produce Hrge quantities for
postal trade ; also Tomatos and food plants.— Wages
and particulars to CLARKE'S NURSERIES, Hampton.
Middlesex. Previous applicants please repeat.

WANTED, at once, an Ineligible, Practi-
cal GARDENER ; an elderly man with good
knowledge of all Hardy Perennials and* Hardy Rockery
Plants. — Applv with reforerices stating age and wages
re<iuired. to JAS. HOLDER i SON. Crown Nurseries.
Reading.

WANTED, an experienced married MAX.
over military age, to t-fike c-lwrge of the Fruit
and Vegetable depaJtiiient : able to grow good stuff,
pack for market, and to teach students; cottage founa
lu^ar land.— Applv, staling wages expected, with copies
of rcfercn(^. to tlie OUTDOOR St. f PERI XTEN DENT,
Mi>rti cultural College, Swanley, Kent.

ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN

PROPAGATOR.— BARR & SONS, Taplow, Buck?.

w

w

ANTED, TOMATO and CUCUMBER

GROWER.— B.\RR & SONS, Taplow, Bucks.

Vl/'ANTED, GROWER; able to take

* ' cha.rge ; Be<WLng Plants and Ferns. Please state
wages required.— B. E., Box 9, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, Experienced CUCUMBER

(IROWBR tor NorUi-Ea*t London; ineligible;

wages 50s.— K. S., Box 25, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
C^relen, W.C. 2.

WANTED, in the Midlands, a reliable
M.\N, under Foreman, t« grow Plants tor marliet..
.\pplioation vrith particulars.— P. N'.. Box 24, 41, Welling-
t<jn Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, FERN RAISER, for
Market Xurserj- man.—!,. P., Box 21, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

'W/'ANTED, for Farm Seed Warehouse, a

' • capable FOREM.^N ; must bo able to euperintend
cleaning ajnd despatch of or<ler9 for a wide trade; also
Warehouseman, neat sack stitcher an<l t.\'er indispensable;
also for Garden Seed Department, an experience*! Hand,
must be able to take ertlire charge. Good wages ofTired.
All applicants mu^ l>e ineligible.— .\. B.. Bioi 19, 41,
Wellington Street, OoTent Oa«ien, W.C. 2.

WANTED, Young Lad.v as FLORIST;
one with slight knowledge of Seeds and Bulbs
preferred.— BARNWELL BROS.. Florists, Worthing.

WANTED, AUDIT or CHECKING
CLERK ; experienced ; over military <i«e ; quick
and (iccurate.- TOOGOOD & SONS, The King's Seed.-men,

Southampton'.

WANTED, LADY GARDENERS, to work
in Tx)ndnn Florist's hnsincss, furnishing depart-
irieiit. -Applv, WILLS & SEGAR, Rwal Exotic Nurser.v,
Onslow Cre.i-eiit, South Kensington, S.W.

WANTED. Experienced LADY INVOICE
CLERK, tvpift, with knowledge of the trade, re-
quired immediately; hours 9 to 5.30; good salary paid
to competent person.- CARTER PAGE fc CO.. LTD.. 53,
London W.all. London, E.C.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVA TE,

GARDENER (Head), 30 years' practical
hfe exiHTivnce, Indoor and Outdoor Gar.1enmg ;
well recumniended ; ineligible. — R. FLIN'X, Cranford
House Gjn-lens. Hounslow.

GARDENER (Heau). where 2 or more are
kept yiormiU times); thoroughly experienced in all
branches and stock. Vegetables, Fruit speciality ; pre-
vious situations 12 aind 10 vears ; flge 48 ; d-aughiter could
ticlp if required.— G., Bo.x 27, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head) ; First-class ; prac-
tical expert in every branch of Horticulture, gained
in verv large gardeais.— Wjite, A. W., Box 25, 41, Welling,
ton S'treet. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
sever.il are kept; Ufe's experience all branches;
dis-harge certificate; age 40; married (no family) —A.
SMITH, 46, Oakridge Ro.id. High Wycombe, Biick.s.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
several are kept in normal times ; age 47 ; married ;
life experience in all branches; would undertake man-
agement of small stock and land if required ; highly
recommended.— G., Monument Cottage, .Mdbury, Tring,
Herts.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2
or 3 are kept"; life experienee in all branches ;
goo<i references ; over military age ; married (no family).
UOWXH.AM, Regina Ottage, New Ra;id, Ascot^

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2
or 3 others are kept; 16 yeara in present situa-
tion, leaving tlirough estate being sold ; good referemes,
and can he well roomincnded ; estate work if required ;
over inilit.irv age.— .\rSTlN, WoiUiam Garilens, Bauipton,
Devon.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2 oi
J ore kept; lite experience; good references: age
43; married (no famil.v).— " Sl'RREY, " Box 1, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 2. •

HEAD GARDENER. — Mr. M. G.
TowNLEY wishes to highly reoonnneiid W.
CUYTON (over military age) as HEAD GARDENER
where 3 or more aro'kept; thoroughly capable man
in all branches; exoelient organiser and ec<)nomJoal. —
Addrew. W- CLAYTON. Melchbourne Tark Gardens.
Sharnbrook, Beds. ^^^

XJEAU WORKING GARDENER or

-'■-'- SINGLE HANDED, requiires post; experienced in
aiU branches; good character; age 46 years.— MILLS, 29,
Woodland Terrace, .\berbeeg, Mon,

(GARDENER (Head or good Single-

^-^ HAXUEU); life experience in all branches; active,
capable, trii.st«-orthy ; age 44 ; good referenccB ; married.
—A BROWS, 98. North End Road. W. Ken..iin^n.

rpOREMAN (Inside); age 28 ; ineligible;

-^ 10 years' good experience. Vinos. Peaches. Planfta ;
exc-ellent' references.— .\. BAKER, The Gardens, Belsize
Court, Hamp-tead, S.W. 3.

GARDENER (private or institution),
oxperien'-'od Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables ; ex-
emption National Service; married.— F. T, Box 22, 41,
Wellington Street. Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

'■pWO LADY GARDENERS require posts

-*- together, under Head ; chiefly Outside ; 14 niomths'
experience in General Gardening, Inside and Out. —
Apply, CLARK, 126, Orojdon Road. Anerley. 20

YOUNG LADY requires experience in
Gatxlening ; services given in ret'iim for hospitality
and training; di.s«ng.iged end of May.— MRS. JEFFRIES,
2, Ashlttke Road. Streatham.

YOUNG LADY (21) would like to help

-*- another with poultry and garden work ; 6 months'
experience on land. Salary rcquirer].— KETTLE, 128,
Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London.

VOUNG WOMAN (Danish) require post

-^ as Garden hand, under experienced Head Gar-
de ne>r ; chiefly outside, but willing to help where re-
quircfl ; no training.— Please state particulars to MISS
IIAXSKN, c/n Mr.M. Prothero, 3. CTlieyne Walk. S W. 3,

PLENTY

rill grefttly

Boob your order
22nd and onurardit i

VEGETABLES.

littiag — at present

TOMATOES,

FOR COLD HOUSES .\ND THE OPEN.

PEA PLANTS.

Uont b« without t'looin all the season for the salte of

Bpending a /.ir xbtlli-,vj3 NOW.

SEND FOR Ot;R NEW LIST OF 90 'VARIETIES.

(See also various advt.'». during the last few weeks (

miXTURES. Per doz 100
Spenceja— Waved lid. 3/6

pge Flowering
md Bl

4<l. 2/4
3<l. -

50 2/-. 100 3,«,
iir selection from General Collection o:
each ]•.; varieties. 3 3 ; 12 ditto, 5,«.

BB terms C.W.O, iiease remit extra lor postage or rail.

a DON'T OMIT THIS OR IT WILL CAUSE "ELAY.
» D I I /^ IX O S"""- JOHN'S,

I D IJ O l\. O J IPSWICH.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
R0SE8, MKL0N8, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
IfRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carnage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

vertiaements intended for insertion in the nex
■ ue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 8. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing: matter and Back Page 12 12 0

Half anil iiuarter pnuos, coluniii and lialf cDliinin

spaces, pro rata.

Jt a. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 wonls 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per incli across 2 columns 14 0

Per inch, across 3 coluiniH ... 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space.
Illcadllne counted as two lines 1

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

«,!., and «il. f"
or few

'ery additional 8

Thest AdverlisennnH nm.t bt prcpsid, AND APPLY ONLY
TO CARUINEKS, &c.. OLT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

THE United KiNoiioM is/- per annum.

Abroad 'T/6 ,, ••

Ch4que» and P.O.i 'o be madt payable to " QARDBHBRg'
CHRomoi-E," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. W.C. 2,

Telegrams: J64S " Gardohron, Band, London."
Telephone : 1643 GERRAR».

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 19, 1917.

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS

Flowering plants in 5in. pots.
Standard varieties, 18/- per dozen, 110/- per 100.
Novelties, 22/6 per dozen, 150/- per 100.

BORDER CARNATIONS

strong plants in Sin. pots,

7/0 per dozen, 50/- per 100.
AU plants CARR. PAID and packrd free tar cash.

A. F. DUTTON'S NOTED CARNATIONS.

IVER, BUCKS.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
T^a in, (or equal to stout "21 oz. ) in thickness. Can be
Bupplied to buyers' sizes, at favoural)le prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Glasa, under the same
conditiooa.

Manufaoturera of

GENUINE

^ WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &e., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C-
And Blaokfriars Wharf, Upper Qround Street, 8.F.

Quot« Gardeners' Chronicle.

MANV ITEARS REPUTATIJON.

WEED
KILLER

^SS31

LASTING RESULTS -NO NEW EXPERIMENT..

r LABOUR SAVERS. "EUREKA- uwn sand

SoiLFUME, Nicotine insecticides Fumers.

SPRAYS. AND OTHER CHEMICALS & SUNDRIES

L See List Please ask your agemt for the Eureka
7 ARTICLES- They are always satisfactory If any

DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING WE SEND DIRECT CARRIAGE PAlD

OolYAdilrtssTaMUNSON&HAYWARD L'> LINCOLN.

ORCHIDS,

Cle»», w«lI-gr«wTi an 1 cheap ; also
Mftny Rar* and Choic* Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalegue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

'ill

the

Drainage. Porosity. Healtliful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

SANKEYS^^S>POTS

RtCHARO SANK£y/i SON, L^"

Balwell Po^^c^ies. NOTTINGMaaJ

FLOWERIKG WISTARIAS

In Variety.

GRAND OLD SPECIMENS.

Also Specimen Thujas, Maples, Larch, and
many other interesting Dwarf Trees, growing

freely in porcelain pots.

JAPANESE LANTERNS, PAGODAS,

BASINS, TEMPLES, etc.

Pricen on Application to :

THE YOKOHAMA NURSERY CO., Ltd.,

CRAVEN HOUSE, KINGSWAY, W.C. 2.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hoM certain sniull stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSSS^^cT"''

Tried, Always Ised.

I'ig. 2, A Quality

The " PATTISSON " HORSE BOOTS

SIMPLEST ! STRONGEST ! MOST ECONOMICAL !
OLES of best English Sole Leather (Waterproofed), with .Motor Tyre Rubber
Studs, or of Solid Rubber. Fig. 1 can tie Refitted repeatedly, equal to New
Boots. Rubber Soles Strongly Recommended.

USED FOR MANY YEARS IN THE ROYAL AND IN
TUODSANDS OF THE PRINCIPAL GARDENS.

The "PATTISSON" BOOTS are the most I'urable on the
market, outlasting several sets of ordinary boots, and when
worn out can be many times refitted and are then t^qualto new
ones, but this may only be satisfactorily done by us, the makers

SILVFR MEDALS. Hundreds of Tesfmon.

Royal Horticultural Soc, 1904 ials. The ■' Field " says :-
& 1914. Royal International " As good as anything that
Exhibition, 1913 could be devised "

Illustrated Price Lists, from the llakers.

H. PATTISSON «S CO.,

4-6, Greyhound Lane, STREATHAM, S.W.

COBTRAOTORS TO H.M. GOVT.

BAMBOO BLINDS for GREENHOUSES.

SIZES

IN STOCK

FROM

I0ft.x8ft.

TO

15ft. X 15ft.

PRICE LIST

SENT
POST FREE

ON
APPLICATION

J. AVERY & CO., Horticultural Blind Makers-

si, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

lets there ^

and makes the Garden iSj||^
'^ay all the vear found .s?OTfc

CLAY & SON. nature K-'f-.s & B'.ne C^vSiCrs. STRATr'J^U.LONDON.E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Mat 19, 1917.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

199

THE

(&Wiitmx% (Cljrnnidr

No. 1686.SATURDAT, MAY 19, 1937

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of —
Early Poems .. .. 205

The Making and
Management of an
Allotment .. ..204

Brussels ^*prouts.. .. 206

Chionorloxas ,. .. 206
Crusoe's Island : Juan

Fernandez .. 19ft

Farm , crops and stock
on the home . . . . 208

Food production, on in-
creased—
Allotments ..201

Keans and Peas for
drying.. .. 201

Beans, Dutch Haricot 202
Butter Beans . ..201

Crops for refuse heaps 201
Food conservation . . 202
Mint, ahyhrid . ..202
Potatos.. .. .. 201

ILLUBTPATION9.
Juan Fernandez, map of, 199; views of
Sanderson, Captain Harry, portrait of the late
, mossy, on the rockery at Kew ..

Manures, " mystery " .. ;
Narcissus disease . . :

Orchid notes and glean-

iugs—
' Masdevallia O'Brien-

iana
Odontoglossum seed-
lings .. .. !
Saxifrages, mossy
Societies-
Horticultural Cluh .. :
Manchester and North
of England Orchid ..
National Auncula and

PCiraula .. .. \
Royal Horticultural .. ;
Sparrows and rats
Spraying demonstration
Sun heat, the value of ..
Violets, planting
Week's work, the.. 202,

CRUSOE'S ISLAND: JUAN
FERNANDEZ.

" I am monarch of all I survey,
Myright there is none to dispute,
From the centre all round to the sea,
I am lord of the fowl and the brute."

— Oo«T)er.

AS long as liie laets the enchanted, island of
Robinson Crusoe will not cease to chann
the fancy. In youth one dreamed of that
wonderful spot, with its tiny creek, its talking
parrot, it« goats, its solitary inhalbitaiit, and,
above all, its horrible savages. Not one of us
but has dwelled there with Robin.son, helped him
provision his island from tlie wref k, loaded his
guns, discovered those terrifying footprints in
the sand, and started up — to find oneself awake !
Had the enemy his way today, we should all be
C'rusoes, sowing the last scrap of corn, and
watching its germination with feverish eye.*.
While it is true that many of us now carry the
spade as Crusoe carried it, and a great number
have been glad of his goat skins, and particularly
his old clothes, it seems unlikely that we sh.ill
ever be reduced to such straits as poor Hobinsoii.

The story of the actual island upon whiih
Alexander Selkirk, a humble sailor from Largo
in Fife, and the supposed prototype of Crii.soe,
was marooned, is full of interest to tlie people
of these islands. In regard to Selkirk oiife
reciJls the controversy regarding Defoe and his
hero. .Just a« there are Baconites, ko there are
anti-Selkirkites, who contend that Defoe's mas-
terly example of English narrative was not
founded on Selkirk's experiences ; whiUt others
believe that the author of the book was not Defoe
but Lord Oxford, a discussion which need not
trouble us here. The bother is that Defoe placed
his island off the mouth of the Orinoco, whilst
Selkirk's, kncjwn to us as .Tuan Fernandez, is
some 400 miles west of the Chilian coast on the
otlier side of the South American Continent.

As Moseley, the naturalist on the voyage of
11. M.S. " Challenger," remarks, D«foe was
obliged to lay the scene of his story in the West
Indies in order to bring in the Carib man,
Friday. He thus gained the parrot, but. he lost
the spa elephants and fur seals of ,Iuan Fernan-
dez, one of the latter of which would have made
a '-.ipit.Tl pet for Crusoe.

.Moseley, describiog his approach to the island,
makes the following interesting remarks : — " It
was with the liveliest interest that we ap-
proached the scene of Alexander Selkirk's life of
seclusion and hardship, and an island with the
existence of which, in the case of most of ns, the
very fact that we were at sea on a lone vcva^e
was more or less distantlv connected. The story

of Robinson Crusoe certainly first gave me a
desire to go to sea, and Darwin's Journal '
settled the matter." So it was with most of us in
our youthful days : —

" But thou, Defoe, o'er that lone isle hast
thrown

A spell so pot«nt, who hath felt it not ?

tJnto my boyhood 'twas a fairy spot ;

Vet to my fancy so familiar made,

I seom'd as well to know creek, cave, and grot.

Its open beach, its tangled greenwood shade.

As if I there had dwelt and Crusoe's part had
play'd." — Barton.

Assuming that Alexander Selkirk, then, was
tlie prototype of Robinson Crusoe, it will he of
interest to trace the history of the island upon
which he was marooned for about four-and-a-half
years, and to glance at its remarkable fauna and
flora, both of which are in many ways of great
interest. The natural history of these isolated
spots of land in the South Pacific and Indian
Oceans, the relics maybe of a one-time vast
.\ntarctic continent, has a special fascination for
the botanist, geologist, and zoologist, who can re-
spectively, from a consideration of their flora, the
record of the rocks and a study of the animal life.

pigs on the island. In 1624 the Nassaii fleet, under
Admiral Jacob I'Hermite, anchored in Cimiber-
land Bay. They observed a large number of fur
seals and sea elephants, and many were killed.
The goats were difficult to approach. It is re-
corded that sandal-wood wa« then present on the
island in great quantity. Three soldiers and
three gunners of the Vioe-Admiral's ship re-
mained, for what reason is not stated; but their
fate is unknown, for from 1624 to 1680 little or
nothing is known of the island.

On Christmas Day, 1680, the rover Sharp
anchored off Juan Fernandez. The goats had
then become so numerous that as many as 100
were salted down for further use. Whilst re-
fitting his ship. Sharp was surprised by the sud-
den appearance of three Spanish war vessels.
He humedly left the island, inadvertently
leaving behind one of his crew, a Mosquito In-
dian n.amed William, who had only the clothes
on his back, a musket, a knife, a small horn of
gunpowder, and a few shot. Dampier states that
William at first could procure scarcely any food
but seals, which he found very ordinary eating ;
some other food he obtained by means of his
powder and shot, but these were soon expended.
He contrived by notching his knife to saw the

Fig. 72.

-M-\P OF Jt'AN FEBNANDEZ AND SANTA CLARA, OR GOAT ISLAND : INSF.T, SKETCH .MAP
SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF CHILE.

speculate on the probable past history of this
vanished area.

.Juan Fernandez is the largest of a group of
three islands in the South Pacific, between 30°
and 34° S., and 80° W., that is, about as far to
the south of the equator as Madeira i.s to the
north. The group now belongs to Chile, and is
included in the province of Valparai.'io, That
upon which Selkirk was maroan«d, and which we
name .luan Fernandez, is called by the Spaniards
Mas-a-Tierra (more to land) ; the second, Mas-
a-Fuera (more to sea), 100 miles further west.
To the south-west of Mas-a-Tierra is the ielel
of Santa Clara. Juan Fernandez is named after
a bold Spanish sailor of that name, who dis-
covered it in 1563. He, like his celebrated 8u<
cessor, Selkirk, lived for some time as " monarch
of all he surveyed," but he soon wearied of the
"charms of solitude." leaving behind him a herd
of goats and pigs which he had imported. Sub-
sequently, the island was the haunt of SpanLsh
rovers and fishennen from the coast of Peru, the
surrounding seas being well stocked with fish of
many kinds. In 1516 I^e Maire and Schouten, on
tlieir voyage round the world, called at the
island, watered their ships, and obtained a sup-
ply of fi.sh. They found numerous goats and

barrel of the gun into small pieces, no light task,
which he made into haipoons, lances, hooks, and
a long knife, by heating the iron and beating it
tiut with stones. With these he obtained a
plentiful supply of goats, birds, and fish.
When his clothes had worn out he clad himself
with a skin around the waist, and from the skins
of seals he made fishing lines. Half a mile from
the shore he built a hut lined with goat skins.
When Spanish vessels visited the island he
always contrived to hide himself and escape their
notice. He was rescued in March. 1684. by
Dampier and Cook, who called for sup|)lics. In
the vessels were several men who had formerly
served with Sharp, one of whom was a country
man of William, named Robin. In order to give
his rescuers a hearty welcome, he caught and
killed three goats, and dressed them with the
Cabbage Palm (Juania australis). The meeting
of the two Indians is thus described by
Dampier :-—" Robin, who was the first that
leaped on shore, ran to his brother Mosquito-
man, threw himself flat on his face at his feet,
who, helping him up and embracing him, fell in
turn on his face at Robin's feet, and was by him
taken up also. We stood with pleasure behold-
ing this meeting, which was exceedingly affec-

200

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 19, 1917.

tionate on both sides, and when their ceremonies
of civility were over, we also, that stood gazing
at them, drew near. Each of us embraced him
we had found there, who was overjoyed to see
so many of his friends come hither, as he thought,
purposely to fetch him." Probably this incident
was in Defoe's mind when describing the touch-
ing meeting nf Friday and his aged father.

we called lion-baiting, usually seven or eight or
more of us would go, each with a handspike in
his hand, and so prick him to death, which com-
monly would be a sport for two or three hours
before we could conquer him, and oftentimes he
would find us work enough, but he being an un-
wieldy creature, and we assaulting him both be-
hind, before, and all round, we must needs

Thomson aptly describes his plight in the follow-
ing lines : —

" These rufEans left me — ^yet believe ane, Areas,
Such is the rooted love we bear mankind,
All ruffians as they were, I never heard
A sound so dismal as their parting oars."

/. Hutvhinson, Kew.

{Tu be rontinurtl.)

The " Bachelor's Delight," Captain Davies,
was the next vessel on record to visit the island
in 1686 and 1687. Towards the end of the latter
year nine of the crew, five seamen and four
negro boys, through poverty caused by gambling,
chose to stay on the island. They were very well
provided with the necessaries of life, and for de-
fence in case of attack. They planted Indian
Ckyi-n. and tamed a number of goats, which sup-
plied them with milk and meat. There were
plenty of Turnips and other wild vegetables,
„'reat numbers of sea fowl (Pardelus), pro-
ducing palatable eggs, and abundance of fish.
'ITiey remiained on the island until taken off by
Captain Strong in 1690.

Then came the celebrated Alexander Selkirk,
in February, 1704. His story may not be familiar
to many readers, so his principal exiperiencee may
be recalled. He left England on September 11,
1703. with Captain Dampier's expedition to the
South Seas, as sailing master of the "Cinque
Ports" galley, with Charles Pickering, captain,
and Thomas Stradling, lieutenant. Captain
Pickering died off the Brazilian coast, and Strad
ling took command of the vessel. He anchored
in t'umberland Bay, .Juan Fernandez, on Febru
ary 10, 1704, where the " St, George " (Captain
Dampier) joined him the next day. Whilst en
gaged in watering and refitting their vessels, i
mutiny of the crew of the "Cinque Ports"
galley broke out, and forty-two men went i n
shore, where they remained two days, after
which they were persuaded by Dampier to return
to their duty. It is recorded that they caught
goats, and considered a joint of one roasted with
about half a foot of boiled Cabbage a very good
meal. They killed several sea-elephants, and
from their fat made a ton of oil for their lamps.
But they seem to have had rather cruel sport
with these poor creatures. According to Funnell.
a member of the party, "one which they killed
was 2,3 feet long and 14-^ round, and cut 17 inches
deep in fat. When they were hard pressed they
would turn about, raise their bodies up, and face
their pursuers, standing with their mouths wide
open, upon their guard, on which occasion if
they wished to kill one, they would clap a pistol
to its mouth and fire down its throat ; but if we
had a mind to have some sport with him. which

GED CHARAtlEH OF THE TSr..\NIl,

conquer; yet often he [lut us to the run. and
sometimes he would run himself, but knew not
which way, for we commonly got between the
w.Uer and him," Afterwards Stradling and
"honeist" Alexa-nder Selkirk quarrelled
■''rreconcilably, and Selkirk determined to part
company at the fu-st opportunity. Towards the
end of Augu&t Stradling again anchored ait

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINCS.

MASDEVALLIA O'BRIEiNIANA.
A FINE tuft of this remarkable little species is
in flower, with other Masdevallias, in the gardens
nf Mrs. Bergheim, Belsize Court, Hampstead.
• .Mr. Page, the gardener, states that the plant is
almost perpetual-flowering, the pretty yellow
flowers spotted with maroon lasting a long time
individually and following each other in regular
succession. This very interesting species origi-
nated with the late R. I. Measures, of Camber-
well, being imported, it was said, on a tuft of
a Laelia from South America. Its habitat, how-
ever, has always been doubtful, and as no other
specimen seems to have been imported, it could
never be verified. The species, which is only
2 or 3 inches in height, was described in Hard.
C/irnn., November 8, 1890, and is worthy of note
in support of the argument that even frail
Orchids do not decline and pass away if carefully
tended.

ODONTOGLOSSUM SEEDLINGS.
Seeds of Odontoglossum sown in the pots of
other Odontoglossums in the cool Orchid
house at The Warren House, Stanmore, are ger-
minating freely. Mr. Haddon. the Orchid grower,
states that his experience, extending over some
years, points to the fact that the best results
are obtained, both in the germination of the seed
and the development of the seedlings, by sowing
on the surface of the material in which an Odonto-
glossum Edwardii hybrid is growing. The micro-
fungus necessary for the successful germination

,Iuan Fern.iM.K,,. ,.,,.i louk oil Lvvu men who had
been left behind on the previous visit. Selkirk
there and then decided to carry out his project,
and obtained leave to land with his effects, but
as soon as the vessel was under weigh he re-
gretted his action, and asked in vain to be taken
on board again ; but Stradling was obdurate, and
cliose to construe his behaviour into mutinv.

and growth ul (Jicind at-f.Uih,i;s is known to be
present in different plants in varying degree, and
it may be that Odontoglossum Edwardii. being a
well-marked species, furnishes the best medium.
It would he interesting and useful to know
whether other raisers have noted similar results,
and whether preference for any special plants in
this direction has been observed.

.Mat 19. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

201

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

BUTTER BEANS.

Surely it is a slip of the pen that is responsible
for (Mr. Beckett's statement on page 191 that
" almost any variety of Dwarf Bean may be
utilised for the purpose " — i.e., producing Butter
Beans. The Butter Bean of commerce and the
restaurants is totally different from the seeds of
most varieties of French Bean, and much more
nearly resembles the seeds of the Broad Bean
in size and shape, while, except for colouring,
almost all the French Beans are practically
identical with the Haricots of commerce. Such
varieties of French or Dwarf Bean as Canadian
Wonder, Early Favourite, Reliance, and Negro
Largo could not, by any stretch of imagination,
be considered as substitutes for the Butter Bean,
which seems to be a climbing variety attaining
an average height of 6 feet ; the European variety
nearest it appears to be Mont d'Ur Waxpod.

Except for our fastidiousness, there is no reason
why the seeds of all or any Beans — French.
Runner or Broad — should not be eaten, but most
people ban the coloured varieties, though some
epicures declare them to be of superior flavour.
Those who are now using Haricots and Butter
Beans for the first time will find that they cook
better and are more tender if boiling water is
pcpured over them overnight.

Now that Beans are so largely used as substi-
tutes for animal food it may be interesting to
mention that in the West of England Broad Beans
have long been known to the cottager as " Meat
Beans " — in fact, in some parts of North Corn-
wall {hey are known by no other name.

The best way to grow Haricots and Butter
Beans is to treat them purely as seed crops, and
not to gather any in a green state. A light and
relatively poor soil will give better results than
a rich staple, and a sunny, sheltered posi
tion is best. The white-seeded Dwarf Beans
should be sown 4 to 5 inches apart in 2-inch drills
drawn 25 inches asunder, while 2 inches or 3
inches more in the rows should be allowed for the
Butter Beans and correspondingly increased dis-
tances from row to row. A. C. liartlelt.

There is some confusion about the name

Butter Bean. Those who are not gardeners
think of the white seeds eold by grocers. The
large-fieeded kind \e most often named Butter
Beam ; the small, white-seeded one is the Hari-
cot, or Haricot Bean. I understand that these
are sometimes, if not always, kiln-dried, and
in that case would not be reliable for sowing.
The Butter Beans of the ee^dfimen are the
dwarf and runner Golden Wax Pods. Tliis is
the race, I presume, to which Mr. Beckett
(p. 191) alludes. The seeds of the runner foi-m,
or Mont d'Or, of this are very dark purple,
almost black, and many who would be most
benefited by drying Dwarf Beans or Scarlet
Runners for winter use are prejudiced against
any colour except white. This idea, of cour.se,
has been fostered by the white-seeded varieties
supplied by the grocer. I have had many in-
quiries whether Scarlet Runners were eatable
in the dried state, or. indeed, any other
than the White Haricot. The White Haricot is
listed by some of our seedsmen ; and the White
Dutch, rarely listed by them, has white seeds.
TTiia is a climbing variety or Runner Bean.
Tbcw who object to colour would find fireen
Gem and Green Haricot very useful in the dried
state. The last-<named can be boiled quite ten.
der in one hour, and makes very delicate eat-
ing. Other Dwarf Beans worth driving are
Excelsior (pale to deep yellow, often tinted
pale fawn) and FiUbasket (more decidedly
fawn). In any case, they are paler in colour
than the brown Beans of the grocer's shop. If
tlio preju<iice of colour were laid as'de, any
Dwarf Bean or Scarlet Ruuiiier might be dried
for winter use. Magnum Bonum, a* stated, is

a good one, because productive. Canadian
Wonder is another. J. F.

CROPS FOR GARDEN REFUSE HEAPS.

Garden refuse heaps may be planted with Vege-
table Marrows, New Zealand Spinach, and similar
crops, as has been regularly done here. .Tomatos
also may be planted on the heaps, their fruit
being kept clean by old Pea sticks, or something
of the kind, laid on the heap, upon which to
train the plants. Soil fit for the requirements of
these plants is usually to be found amongst the
heap, and if not, it is an easy matter to make
suitable stations for them.

. SNAP CROPS OF POTATOS.

The remarks recently made with reference to
the spaces apart that Rotates should be planted
reminds me of the exceptionally good crops that
were grown at Crimonmogate, .\berdeenshire, by
the late Mr. James Esson, who was gardener and
forester for many years on that estate, and from
whom I gained my earliest experience in garden-
ing. When making preparations for the planting
of forest trees, the land was trenched sufficiently
deep to break a " pan," which was invariably
found underlying the surface. Small trees were
used for planting, those intended to form the per
manent plantations being placed at distances from
each other, that were considered essential to their
ultimate requirements, while the spaces between
them were filled by "nurses" — usually Larch.
Potatos were subsequently planted in places
where there was sufficient room for the plants to
develop. The plantations — at least, for the first
year — were kept free of weeds by hoeing, and in
due time, as th'is work proceeded, the Potatos
were earthed up. That the land was suitable for
the growth of the Potato, and the plants fully
exposed to the sun, and not robbed by neighbour
ing plants, favoured the crop. Thou. Cnnmher,
The Ilendre, Monmouth.

BEANS .•VND PEAS FOR DRYING.

All the white-seeded varieties of both Dwarf
and Runner Beans are suitable for winter use as
Haricots, as also are Excelsior (a golden-brown
seeded Dwarf Bean) and the Dwarf Green Hari-
cot, In the case of the Dwarf varieties all the
pods should be allowed to remain on the plants
and ripen naturally in the sun, .\bout the end
of September the whole plant should be pulled up
and the haulms hung in a dry, airy shed or spare
room. In the case of Runner Beans a first
picking green is sometimes taken off by growers,
but it is perhaps safer to let the whole crop
ripen ; the plants may be pinched back after a
good crop has set. As the haulms of Runner
Beans are large for hanging U|), the individual
pods may be gathered in autumn and placed in
an airy place to complete their drying.

The best variety of Pea to sow now is Little
Marvel ; it not only cooks well dry during the
winter, but has the further advantage of maturing
early, and being a dwarf growing variety it does
not need staking and is easily handled. The
treatment in harvesting is the same as for
Haricot Beans, a full crop being allowed to
develop on the plants and ripen entirely
out-of-doors if the weather is favourable,
or the whole plant may be pulled up in
autumn and suspended in a dry, airy shed
or spare room. A most important point for
amateurs to bear in mind is that the Beans or
Peas must be thoroughly dry and the seeds quite
hard before they are stored for the winter. Last
autumn, owing to the continued wet weather, it
was necessary for many seed growers to finish
the drying of both Beans and Peas in trays before
they could be safely bagged. Like most other
things, however, it is only ordinary care that is
required to ensure success, and in view of the pro-
spective shortage of food for next year it is " up
to all " to do what is possible to produce a reserve
of food by their own endeavours. Barr and Sonn.

ALLOTMENTS.
Those of us who have been in direct contact
with allotment holders in different parts of the
country must agree that there is a distinct and in-
sistent demand that the allotments shall, in the
great majority of cases, continue in perpetuity.
The individual advantages — productive, physical,
and social — are so apparent as to need no refer-
ence, and these will increase. The great stum-
bling block in the way of the realisation of the
allotment holders' wishes is naturally the land-
owner, and too often his agent. Most allotment
holders are ready and willing to pay a reasonable
annual rent for their plots, and at first sight it
would seem that this would satisfy the owner of
the land. But it must be remembered that most
of the recent allotments are parcelled out on land
which, in auctioneer's parlance, is " ripe for
building," and which, soon after the war is over,
the owner hopes will be used for that purpose.
In this case the ground rents would produce a
greater income, with less attendant expense,
than the 6d, or Is, per rod which is the custo-
mary allotment rental, and is as much as most
holders can afford to pay. The ideal remedy is
not clear. It has been contended that in a
matter of such national importance the Govern-
ment should either assist the holders by paying
part rent, or should exercise powers to ensure the
retention of the allotments at customary rents,
W'hile the latter would be manifestly unjust to
the landowner, the former would be unfair to tax-
payers generally, and would tend to pauperise
the individual workers. In a few instances no
doubt the landowner would, out of public spirit,
meet the workers, and allow the land to remain
as allotments at a low rental, but this would
not be possible in all cases. A. C. Bartlett.

POTATO SPRAYING,
I WAS much interested in your reply to a cor
respondent on p, 198, Having in view the fact
that the inquirer appears to be a novice in the
preparation of washes, I should advise him to use
Bordorite in preference to an ordinary, home-
prepared Bordeaux mixture. The paste recom
mended is made from the Woburn formula, and
is exceedinglf easy to handle and absolutely re
liable, provided, of course, that it is correctly
applied through a suitable apparatus. In very
small quantities it comes out rather more expen-
sive than Bordeaux mixture, but if n bulk pur
chase can be arranged by co operation the costs
are almost exactly equal, and cue is saved the
not inconsiderable labour attached to the mixing
of the raw materials. My committee is endeavour-
ing to persuade all cottagers, allotment-holders,
small-holders and farmers to spray this season,
and the response to date is excellent, although
no spraying has been done here in the past,
Horace. J. Wr'njht, lAdlifUjIon, Ampthill.

PLANTING POTATOS,
I AM surprised to read on p, 181 Mr, W, H,
Divers' statement that he has always planted all
varieties of Potatos at the same distance apart,
both in the rows and between the sets, viz., 2
feet from row to row and 1 foot from plant to
plant. If strong-growing varieties require only
that distance, surely such varieties as May
Queen and Sharpe's Victor should be planted
closer, as all early varieties, many of which pro-
duce much less haulm than later ones, have the
benefit of maturing earlier in the summer, which,
anyhow during my experience, is a great factor
in escaping disease.

I notice also on p. 182 the writer uf your
calendar on the " Kitchen Garden," Mr. .1.
Dunn, who is certainly one of our most skilful
and experienced vegetable growers, states that
maincrop and late varieties should be allowed
plenty of room for the plants to develop.
" Strong-growing varieties require a space of
3 feet between the rows, and at least 15
inches between the sets in the row." With these
remarks I am entirely in agreement. I also

202

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 19, 1917.

agree with many of the remarks made by /. F.
in the same issue, that one should be guided to
a great extent " by the nature of the soil and
surroundings, as to the distance between the rows
iind sets." If he will carefully read my notes on
Ihe question he will observe that I stated that 'f
" the soil is very high, light and poor in quality,
then "the distance may be slightly decreased."
K. Beckett.

DUTCH HARICOT BEANS.

The consignment of brown Haricot Beans
ordered by the Royal Horticultural Society from
Holland for distribution aniong the Fellows cf
the Society has now arrived, and is being dis-
tributed. Those who desire to grow a small
breadth of this Bean, the flavour of which is
excellent, should apply to the Secretary, Royal
Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, West-
minster. The price at which the Beans may be
obtai.ied is Is. per pint, plus postage, 7d.
SPRAYING DEMONSTRATION AT
WISLEY.

We learn that through the courtesy of the
Council of the R.H.S. a spraying demonstration
for officers of the Army Canteens Committee was
held by the Horticultural Section of the Food
Production Department at Wisley on Monday,
the 14th inst. The demonstration was attended
by 30 officers, who displayed the greatest interest
in the work of spraying, the construction of the
different types of Knapsack sprayers, and the
mixing of Burgundy mixture. Inasmuch as the
Army Cajiteens Commititee is Potato farming to
the extent of several thousands of acres, the
whole of which area is to be sprayed, the de-
monstration had a severely practical character.
Among others who shouldered the Knapsack
sprayer was a Brigadier-General. The Army is
vying with the Western Counties of England in
the organisation of Potat" spraying.

POOD OONSERVATION.
In association with the Horticultural Section
(Food Production Department), the Agricultural
Organisation Society (chairman, Mr. Leslie
Scott, K.C., M.P.) is giving attention to
the question of fruit and vegetable con-
servation. A permit has been obtained for the
manufacture in England of a modified foiTn of
the American Home Canner, an apparatus which
is extremely popular in the United States and in
Canada. Mr. R. A. Yerburgh, the late president
of the society, presented several canners to
Englishwomen's institutes, and there is a con-
sensus of opinion that these machines can be
made of great service for preserving surplus
fruit and vegetables. However, a difficulty has
arisen in connection with the supply of tin for
cans. In the course of an interview this week
the member for the Exchange Division of Liver-
j.ool explained the situation.

"Judging by the reports from all parts of the
country," said Mr. Scott, "there i^ a sitrong
proibaibility of esipecially large cro.ps of fruit this
season, and it is desirable that better use should
be made of the surplus than in past years. In
every district there should be facilities for the
conservation in particular of fruit that otherwise
would be allowed to rot. I know the difficulties
of the Ministry of Munitions ; that the demands
<if our own Army and the allied Armies in the
matter of tin must have a prior claim, but I sub-
mit to the Government that if they insist that tin
must be found for fruit preservation purposes,
it can and will be found.

' Another matter hardly leas imipovtant,"
went on Mr. Scott, " is the necessity for some
method by vrhich the produce of the thousands
of new allotments and small holdings cam be
stored for the autumn or winter nse of- their
growens. Probably the majority of these men
and -wromen who have taken kind and are en-
deaAfoupinig to assist in food production have no
stoi-age space to speak of. ' I suggest that the
Board of Agriculture, the Food ControUei-, and
others who may be held responsible in this con

neotion should approach the local authoritievs
throughout the country and try to arrange for
the provisaon of suitable centres where roots and
other stoiiajWe produce of tlie little man could
be deposdted. The details must be worked out,
but it seems to me quite practicable that a
warrant should be given to each depositor for
the quantity and quality of goods handed in,
and that on the production oif this waa-rant at
a later date 'the goods deposited or their
equivalent should be delivered to the de-
positor. ' '

A HYBRID MINT.
From the time of Linnaeus to tlie present day
a spicate form of Mint has been making its
appearadice on the Continent and in this
country. Dr., afterwards Sir, James Edward
Smith, in 1799, described three varieties besides
the t\-pical Mentlia viridis. One of the varie-
ties is stUl grown in Surrey gardens and used
for making Mint sauce. I have no doubt all
three were hybride — namely, M. rotundifolia x
viridis, and that the hybrids continue to be
mode in the wild state, for I have seen several
of them collected by botanists. Dr. Smith
described a fourth, of which he had dried speci-
mens, quoting Linnaeus, Ilortiis cliffortiamis
306, No. i,, with the description, " Mentha
floribue epdcatis, foUis cordatas dentatis undu-
latis sessilibuis." It had not then been observed
wUd in Britain. Since then it has been gathered
on the banks of the Tay, and this was identified
by Mr. J. G. Baker as Mentha hercynica, Roehl.
I have aJeo seen specimeriiS from Swiitzerland.
A few years ago I liad it sent me from waste
ground at Swanage. Last year it grew 3 feet
high in pots plunged in soil, and this spring
the rhizomes had almost filled -tlie pots to the
exclusion of most of the soil. One stem bore
leaves in whorls of tliree, indicating the vigour
of the hybrid. For Mint sauce it is strong in
flavour, but not more so tlaan the hybrid in
Surrey gardens. It is nearest to M. rotundi-
folia of any of the hybrids I have seen, but ie
nearly glabrous. Tlie best known of these
hybrids, recognised as. such, is M. ciispa, Linn.,
but tlhat is merely a monstrous form with the
venation of the leaves aiising fi-om the base and
spreading like a fan. There is a similar form
jittached to if. sylvestris, with vei-v' liaiiy
leaves. J. F.

The Week' sW®rk.

PRICES OF VEGETABLES NEARLY
EIGHTY YEARS AGO.

In looking over a volume of T/ie <;ar-
)/e?,ers' Magazine for 1839. I was much in-
terested an the prices of vegetables compared
wrath those of ito-da.v. Tliere is a report from
Oovent Garden Market, dated March 22, on the
same lines as that given weekly in The
Gardeners' Chronicle. The price of Potatos per
ton was £3 10s. to £5, or Is. 6d. to 3s. per
bushel, while Jerusalem Artichokes were Is. per
half-sieve, Gari-ots 5d. to 6d. per buncli, and
Parsnips, then spelt Par&neps, 9d. to Is. 3d. per
dozen, and Turnips 2d. to 5d. a bunch. Of
green vegetables, Cabbage at 4«. to 5s. per dozen
cannot be regarded as cheap, but the price of a
dozen Savoj-s was only Is. ito Is. 6d., with
Briissels Sprouts Is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per half-.sieve.
Spinach at Is. 6d. to 28. per sieve would have
been appreciated this year of abnormal prices,
and so would old Onions at 3s. 6d. per bushel.
Green or Spring Onions, referred to bv their
French name of Ciboules, were 5d. to 6d. a "bunch.
Seakale at Is. to 2s. a punnet was certainlv not
expenisdve, while Cos Lettuce at Is. 6d. a "score
and Caibbage Lettuce at 6d. for the e^me number
could not be looked upon as dear. A bundle of
Celery consisting of 12 to 15 heads was quoted at
from Is. to 2s. i\Iu,>ihr<:wms realised 2s. to 4s.
per pottle, while :\Icu'els were quoted at 14s. a
lb., and Truffles at about the same. These last
two items are now but raxely priced in market
lists. Of fruits, forced StrawbeiTies were 3is.
per ounce. Pineapples 8s. to 12s. per pound.
Hothouse Grapes £1 10s. to £2 per pound, and
Cucumbers 6s. to 10s. per brace. U'. T.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Early Carrots. — Tlie first-sown Carrots
wiU soon be reiidy for thinning, and this work
should be taken in hand at tlie earliest oppor-
tunity, as niunerous small weeds make their ap-
l)earance now which, if not destroyed, will soon
render the thinning of the crop a tedious opera-
tion. In the case of stump-rooted varieties in-
tended for early supplies no severe thinning
will be necessary ; a space of 3 or 4 inches be-
tween the plants will be sufficient. Hoe the
ground frequently and dust the plants freely
with soot during moist weather. A sowing of
Intermediate, or some other freely-growing
variety, should be made at once, the ground
being first thoroughly pulverised and the sur-
face made as fine and level as possible. Sow
the iseeds tliinly and cover them lightly. If
damp weather sets in slugs may pixsve trouble-
soime, and sJiould be destroyed by frequent
applications of soot- and lime.

Beet.— The present is a good time to sow a
good breadth of Beet: This crop also requires
fine, rich soil to induce quick gix>wth. Leave
a space of 18 inches between the i-ows, and
when the plants are about 2 inches high thin
them to 9 inches apart in the rows.
Keep the hoe freely at work amongst the
plajits dui-ing fine weather, so that tJie bed
may be kept free fix«m weeds. Turnip-

rooted Beet may be sown until July 1 with a
view to producing tender young specimens
throughout the autumn. Young Beet in frames
must be allowed plenty of ventilation ; remove
the lights during wann days, and replace them
again at night if the weather is cold. Beetroot
in store should be frequently examined, and all
young growth carefully removed. The roots
may be kept in good condition for some time
by placing them behind a north wall and cover-
ing them with material that will protect them
from drying winds.

VfiOETABLi Marrows. -These plants should
not be allowed to remain iu the pots too long,
or they may become stunted and fail to start
freely into growth. Where large supplies are
desired they may be planted on a plot of good
rich soil into which a quantity of decayed
manure has been dug. Allow plenty of space
between the plants and keep the growths regu-
Tated and thinned. When the plants are put
out some pi'otection from cold winds should be
provided ; a large pot placed over each plant
at night will answer tlie purpo.se, but all pots
must be removed early in the morning; they can
then be protected from the wind by placing
evergreen branches around them. If dry
weather continues the plants will require careful
attention with regard to water.

Chicory.— The principal sowing of Chicory
should be made with as little delay as possible,
A space of 15 inches should be allowed between
the rows, and the plants thinned to 9 inches
apart as soon as they are of sufficient size. Slugs
are sometimes troublesome, and must be de-
stroyed by dusting the plants with lime in the
early morning. Chicory-roots may still be placed
in a dark chamber with a view to producing
blanched heads for salad or for cooking purposes.
Perfect darkness is necessary, and a fairly dry
:itniospliere.

Celery.— Continue ito prick out young plants
iu nursery beds, and allow a spa<:e of 9 inches
between the plants, so that they may be lifted
with good balls of soil when removed for plant-
ing in the trenches. Give plenty of water at
the roots and syripge overhead during dry
weather in order to keep them from becoming
hard and stointed. The trendies should be pre-
pared and a good quantity of decayed manure
applied with as little delay as possible.

Mint.— The present is the best time to make
new plantations of mint. Light, rich soil should
he selected and a sufficient number of sturdy

AUy 19, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

03

young shocnts planted 1 foot apart with an ordi-
nary dibber. Allow 1 foot each way between
the plants : these should be about 4 inches high
at the time of planting. Water them well, and
keep the ground free from weeds during the
summer.

8*OE should also be planted now. The cut-
itings may be taken with a heel, planted 2 feet
apart each way, and the eoil made firm. Water
well while the weather is dry, and keep the
ground lightly stirred' with a hoe.

THE HARD7 FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur Datet,
Abbotts Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

PCACHKS AND NECTARINES.-K.xamine Peach

and Nectarine trees closely to see that they are
free from aphis and mildew. If necessarj' con-
tinue to spray the foliage with Quassia Extract,
or weak paraffin emulsion may be used instead. I
have found the latter specific most reliable pro-
vided it is not used too strong. For tender foliage
it is wise to apply it at a slightly less strength
than recommended in the directions supplied by
the makers. For mildew apply flowers of sulphur
or spray with sulphide of potassium. Continue to
disbud the trees, removing all irregular growths.
and severely thinning the remainder as advised
in former calendars.

Apricots.— Apricot trees should be carefully
watched for the maggot which attacks the young
growths. The trees may be sprayed as in the
case of the Peach, but they are not so liable to
attacks of aphis as Peaches and Nectarines. The
roots must be watered if the soil is dry ; there is
a great danger from drought in light, freely-
drained soils seeing that no rain has fallen for 22
days.

Cherry Trees.— Keep a sharp watch for
black aphis on Cherr>' trees. The cold nights
and warm days are all in favour of the pest,
which, if not checked, .will cause much trouble.
The trees are full of flower, and immediately tlie
fruit is set a good spraying, such as recom-
mended for Peaches, should be given. The
fniits on the earlier trees should be thinned as
sarly as possible.

Gooseberries —Gooseberry bushes are fruit-
ing freely, and it is advisable to spray them with
a strong solution of Qua-ssia Kxtract to prevent
.•ittax-ks of the caterpillar wliich s.tri|>s the
plants of their foliage. By the use of a garden
engine and a good length of hose attached a
large plantation may be sprayed in a little time.
The thinning of the fruits may, with advantage,
be proceeded with as soon as possible, and the
Gooseberries used both for buttling and the
making of tartf .

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Asparagus.- Few foliage plants have a
greater decorative value than the various species
of .Asparagus that are grown in pots or Iraskets,
and for use as cut foliage. A. Sprcngeri and A.
decumbene are specially suiitable as bofiket
plants, and ae such their gra<-e and beauty are
seen to the best advantage. Plants raised from
seed sown early in the present year, and duly
IKjWed in 60-sizod pots, are suitable for
transferring to wire basket*. For large and
lofty houses, such as winter gardens and con-
servatories, baskets of the largest size should be
used. Prepare a rich compost consisting of four
IKirlfi good turfy loam, one jmrt well-decayi'd
manure, and one part lesiimould, adding" a
6-iMch potfnl of bone-meal and sf>ot to each
iKUTowful of the mixture. Line the baskets
with mos«, following thif with a second lining
of turfy Inam, and the rougher parts of the
comjx>ft. Plant five or pix strong plants in the
larger Ixiskets, down to a single plant in a small
Kniket. IndividuaJ plants in receptacles of
moderate size are suitable for small conserva-
tories or plant houws, where Ihey give lightness
and grace to their suiToiindings when eus-
t)ended from the roof-rafters. A. decumbens is
the better species for small houses ; it does not

make such strong growth as A. Sprengeri. and is
more graceful. A. Sprengeri is seen at its best
in lofty houses, and when well cultivated adds
greatly to the general decorative effect. Make
the soil finn in the baskets and return them
to a wai-m house till the plants become re-estab-
lished in the soil. When growing freely the
plants should be removed to their permanent posi-
tions in the conservatory or plant house. Well-
established specimens need an abundance of
water, and if given regular supplies of concen-
trated manure thrive in the same receptacle
for several years. A. Sprengeri compacta is, as its
name denotes, of dwarf and compact habit. The
shoots of A. plumosus, and its dwarf variety
nanus are largely employed with cut blooms in
vases, and the plants associated with flowering
plants in pots. Of the other species A. tenuis-
simus is especially light and graceful. A. de-
flexus is a lesser known species, but well worth
including in a collection of plants. They all
thrive in a warm greenhouse.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jas, Hudson, Gardener to Mr. Leopold de
RoTHsrHiLD, C.V.O., Gunnersbury House. Acton. W.

Strawberries in Pots.— The fruits on pot
Strawberries will now develop rapidly, and
fruit houses other than late or cold houses are
unsuited for them at this season. Only plants
with berries ripening should be left in the forc-
ing houses. Attacks by red spider and even
mildew must be guarded against. Full exposure to
the stinlight is essential. The berries may not
set so readily as hitherto, as sudden outbursts
of heat are not helpful in this respect.

Vine Mildew.- My experience is that
mibiew often attacks Vines during May, and
more particularly when easterly winds prevail,
caiising a current of cold air in the house. On
no account should the front ventilators be opened
in vineries where the Grapes have recently been
thirned or are approaching the stage when thin-
ning is necessary. Sometimes for the pur|x>5e of
retarding the Vines tlie temperatui>e is kept
rather too low at night time. In such circum-
stance.!; atta(?k.s of mildew may result and the
disease sipread i-apidly. If the ben-ies have
reached to the size of Peas there will be no
danger in applying flowers of sulphur (profer-
.tbly the black kind, as it is not so conspicuous
aa the yellow) to the water pipes, mixing it with
skim milk to cause it to adhere. Then for one
night increase the warmth in the pipes and the
mildew wiU lie checked. In an earlier stage the
better plan is to puff the sulphur on to the
bunches that are attacked, as this is less liabli>
to can.v? rui;t on the berrieti.

Orapes on the Point of Colouring

Vines with Grapes approaching ripfuirig need
extra careful management in ventilating. The
temperature may be a little lower at night than
hitherto. A period of five weeks is a suitable
time to allow for berries on the point of colour-
ing to perfect finish. When it is necessary to
damp down it should be done wlien air is ad-
mitted in the morning. Never close the vinery
at nightfall if it can po.ssibly be avoided : rather •
leave both top and bottom ventilators open
slightly.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. f'oi.i.iER. Gardener to Sir Jeremuh C'olM/IN,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Reigate.

Phalaenopsis. — Plants (jf Phalaenopisi*
should be afforded fresh rooting material each
year, and P. amahilis, P. Sitnartiana. P.
.Sanderiana, and P. Schilleriana .should be at-
tended to at once. 'Ihe plant.? are moat fre-
qiiently grown in teakwood cylinder.^ or ba-'^keits,
and when the receptacles show signs of decay
new ones should be substituted. During Uic
pi'ocea-5 of removing the plants take care not to
injure the healthy roots. I5y immei-sing the
baisket for a short time in tcipid water the roots
wiiU be- more easily detat'hed from the wood.
The wires that hold the basket together should
be cut and the bars removed singly. Detach

^v, 1, ^^ f^ire ully, usmg a thin kjiife-Wade,
Nva,h a. the old compost fi-om them, and cut
T'^'^./l '^'^''^yed portions. The new receptacle
should be well drained, first placing a cJea.^
fla.t crock over the bottom, and half fiUing the
basket with portions of Fern rhizomes. A sS
aMe rootang medium consists of ,short portions
of Oanunda-fibre and Sphagnum-moss in equal
proportions, mixed with finely-crushed o,S.
ihlh^\^ f-^' "i"''"' ^'^*"'^''" t^ebars of

thL n ;-l--f™'"^'"^^ ^'"? .™'"'^^*' fi™ly between
tiiem untal it is level with the top of the basket
receptacle. Surface the basket, with a Lyerlrf
clean heads of Sphagnum-moss. Plants that
are growmg a.n sound receptacles ^should have
the old. compost removed from between the i-oot*
by means of a pointed stick, and the dusty
parte es washed from between the drainage.
Fdl the receptacle w.th some of the fresh com-
post. These Orchiids may also be gi'own snooess'-
fully ,11 shallow pans, preferahly those without
side holes. Use c ean crocks for drainage, and
hli the pans vmih the compost a little above tilie
nn«;. P. Esmei-alda, P. violacea, and P
Luddemanmana .are best grown in pans'
I lialaenopsis should be grown in the warmest
liouse. where there is a constant cJi-culation
<>i \\.-um air, and sliade is necessaxv from tlie
sun s rays during sipring and summer. THiev mav
be either suspended from the roof rafters
or stood on the stage near the i-oof-glass on in-
verted pots in s-aucers of water. Keep the
atmosphere moist during spring and sum-
mer by damping the walls and paths frequentlv
dunng the day ; in bright weather the phint's
ai-e benefited by syringing between the pote a.nd
weltting the undersides of the leaves. Water
the surface of the compost sparingly with a
fine TOso until tlie young rootis haVe grown
freelv m tihe new soil, after which thev may be
afforded more liberal supplie» of 'moisture.
I lant,,- of P. Rimcstadhuia are developing
flowers, and should not be disturbed at the roots
until after flowering is over. Phalaenopsis are
floinferous, strong, vigorous plants, producing
large .sprays of bloom, but tlie inflordcences
should not be aUmved to remain on the plants
for too long a period ; it is best to remove fcliem
as snon as the last bud has expanded. If
flower spikes appear on weak plants, reduce
the numher of flower buds to two or three.

THE FLOWER GARDEN

By W. J. GUISB. Gardener to Mrs. Dbmpstbr, Keel*
Hall. StjidordBhire.

Spring Flowering PLANxs.-Ccrtain sprinir
tlo.wenng plants require to be piy.pagated at
this date. Aubnetuis may be pulled, in pieces
a.nd the portions planted in rows on a partially-
shaded border. 'ITiose of the choicer varieties
.-•hmild be inserted in boxes fdled with a sandy
oompost and iixited an a clo.se frame. Ohimps
of Polyanthuses and Daisies should be divided
and replanted lin the reserve garden. As snxm
as single- and double-flowering Arabis have
finished flowering they may be increased by
division, retaining the roots "when possible. The
same method may be adopted to propagate
.AJvissum saxatile. although better pliMits are
obtained from seed. Myosotis, carefully lifted
and rephinted in the reserve garden, will give
an abundance of young plants. Pansieei shoidd
be sown in boxes or cold frames, and the seed-
lings transplanted at sin early stage on a sh.ady
border, at a distance of 9 inches apart and
12 inches between the rows. Water .young
plants a.nd seeds through a fine rose, and pixitcct
them from st.rong sunshine by light shadings.
Bulbs may be lifted <lircctly the flowere are
over and replanted in a reserve border. Water
the roots occasionally until the foliage turns
yellow .

PLANTiNn Bamboos.- Where it is necessjii'v
to divide old plants of Bamboos or to increase
the stock, suitable pieces should be detached
directly new growitlis ■^ppear. ]3ig the soil at
least 2 feet deep, and enrich it with manure,
leaf-mould, or decayed vegetable matter. fJive
(■ia)>ious wsiteringe to settle the soil about the
nxits. Top-dress estahlished plants with a com-
post ('(insisting of loam and decayed maiiiiire
and give (X'casioiial waterings with liquid

204

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 19, 1917.

KDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should tie sent to the
PTJBLISHEE, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden. WC-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
uould obitnte delay in obtaining answert to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if then would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pubusher ; and that all com-
m.unications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Q-arden. London. Communications should be

w KITTEN ON ONH SIU0 ONLY OP THE PAPER. Sent as

early in the ueek as possible, and duly signed by
Ike writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Average Mean TEiiPERATURE for the ensuing week
deduced from observatione during the last fifty
years al Giwnwjuh, 54.5°.
Actual Temperatdre : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Oiflce, 41, WeJlin^rton Street,
Cnvent Garden. London, Thnrsda'/, May 17.
10 a.m.: Bar. 29.3; temp. 49.5°. Weather-
Wet.

Disease in Narcissus has
Narcissus bt'coine SO serious that a
Disease. year or so ago the Nar-

cissus Committee of the
lloyal Hortacultural Society suggested that
an investigation into the cause of disease
and its remed}' should be undertaken at the
Wisley Research Station. The Council
welcomed the suggestion, and appointed
Mr. Kiamsbottom — an old student of
Wisley — to carry out the investigation.
After Mr. Ramsbottom's appointment it
was found that disease of Narcissus was
alre.i.dv being investigated by Miss
Welsford at the Imperial College of
■Science, and it was known also that
Mr. B,arr was carrying out experiments
W'ith a view to discoverimg a remedy
for the disease. It appeared desirable,
therefore, that the several investiga-
tors should, so far as possible, join forces
and work in co-operation with one another.
It soon appeared, however, that the first
thing for both Miss Welsford and Mr.
Ramsbottom to do was to discover the real
agent of the disease. This they set about
doing, and it is interesting to record that
l)oth these investigators have arrived inde-
pendently at a similar conclusion. Miss
Welsford's results are in course of publica-
tion ; but those obtained by Mr. Ram.sbot-
tom will not be published in full until
certain further investigations now in pro-
gress have been completed.

The essential fact arrived at both by Miss
Welsford and by Mr. Ramsbottom is that,
as alrea-dy suggested by Hewitt, the
well-known disease of Narcissus is not, as

has been commonly supposed, due to a
species of Fusarium, but is due to attack
by a parasitic eelworm, Tylenchus devasta-
tri.x. Fusarium disease, as the malady of
Narcissus has been commonly called, is,
therefore, a misnomer, and the disease
should in future be denoted as Eelworm
Disease. An account of Mr. Rams-
bottom's experiments was given by the
author at a meeting of the Horticultural
Club on the 8th inst.

In his opening remarks Mr. Ramsbottom
acknowledged the generous assistance which
he had received from Narcissus growers
during the course of his investigations.
Thanks to them he had had the opportunity
of examining many hundreds of diseased
Narcissus bulbs, and had also been able to
visit numerous nurseries and bulb farms
and make observations and conduct ex-
periments in the field.

From these observations and experiments
it was soon evident to Mr. Ramsbottom
that the common view — that the disease is
due to Fusarium — is ei-roneous. Examina-
tion of large numbers of diseased bulbs
pointed conclusively to the culprit being a
jiarasitic eelworm, which was identified
with Tylenchus devastatrix, Kuhn. The
disease may show itself in the bulbs or in
the foliage, or in both bulbs and foliage.
One or more of the fleshy scale leaves
become of a distinct brownish or
blackisli colour, and when a diseased
bulb is cut horizontally, the discoloured
scale leaf or leaves appear as one or
more dark rings — hence the name Ring
disease, suggested by Mr. Ramsbottom.
Microscopic examination of the tissue of a
discoloured scale leaf reveals the presence
of eelworm. In a diseased bulb the malady
may appear not only in the scale leaves, but
also in the embryo flower. When planted,
such a bulb, if it grow at all throws up
sickly yellow and twisted foliage. The in-
dividual leaves are silky and spongy, and
are marked by elongated brownish areas
which at times run along the whole edge of
the leaf. Whitish, irregular irruptions of
the leaf may also appear. Plants exhibit-
ing these symptoms bear stunted flowers,
and the flowers appear some time after
those borne by healthy bulbs of the same
species. Unfortunately, not every diseased
bulb reveals its malady by such manifest
symptoms. Bulbs which are lightly at-
tacked may bear foliage which appears to
, be quite normal. Hence, although it is
most desirable that bulbs beai-ing yel-
lovirish foliage should be dug up and de-
stroyed, this procedure by no means
guarantees that all diseased bulbs are
removed .

Having obtained strong presumptive
evidence that the disease is due to eelworm,
Mr. Ramsbottom proceeded to seek for defi-
nite proof of this provisional conclusion.
He siucceeded in isolating eelworms, in
growing them in pure culture, and in
inoculating healthy Na.rcissus bulbs with
them. This was done by taking some of
the minute animals on the point of a steril-
ised needle and pricking them into the
necks of healthy bulbs. The bulbs were
planted in steam-sterilised soil in pots.
The pots, together with others containing

uninoculated bulbs similarly planted,
were placed in a cold frame on September
7. About five months afterwards (February
19th), when the inoculated bulbs were
lifted they were found to be richly infested
with eelworms, which had travelled down
from the neck along the fleshy scales and
had entered the basal plate, leaving in
their track the brown stain characteristic
of the diseased bulbs. All the twelve or
more inoculated bulbs showed the presence
of eelworm, and the symptoms of the
disease, whereas none of the originally
healthy uninoculated bulbs showed either
eelworm or sj'inptoms of disease.

In other experiments inoculation wa»i
efEected in different ways, by introduction
into the wound in the flower stalk made
when the developed flowers are picked, by
pricking the leaves four inches above the
neck, and by placing eelworm on unin-
jured leaves at a few inches from the neck.

The results were remarkable. In less
than a week inoculation by the first
of these: methods had led to rotting
of the flower stalk, which assumed
a wrinkled and distorted appearance.
Inoculation of the pricked, and of
the intact leaf was also successful. In
either case the leaves lost their natural
rigidity, lay pirone on the sides of the pot.
and presented a wrinkled and deformed
appearance.

It is evident, therefore, that not only is
Tylenchus devastaitrix the agent of the
disease, but also that this eelworm behaves
as a true — and not merely as a wound —
parasite. It is an active and not only
a passive agent of disease, and is able
to gain access to the tissues of its victim
both through wounds and by piercing the
intact outer tissues of the leaf. Having
regard to the importance of eelworm, we
publish in full on page 207 Mr. Ramsbot-
tom's summary of previous investigations
into this pest, with other matter relative
to the disease.

An Allotment Manual. -This little
brochure* on allotments ie issued by tlh.e
University of Leeds for growers in York-
shire. The cultural remarks are lucidly written,
and most of them are orthodox. But when the
cropping tables and the table of quantitieis are
compared w.ith each other, and these with tJie
preceding remarks, there appears a want of co-
ordination. How large some of these quantities
are may be •■llustnated by mentioning the 1 oz.
of seed of Brussels Sprouts mBrke<l as require^l
to produce j>lants to furnish a run of rows ex-
tending to about 37 yardis ! Then, while guch
a valuable summer and winter food as the Broad
Beau mighit have been given a larger extent of
ground, the Celery, Spinach, Cauliflower, and
Salsafy recommended are vegetables of such
alight food value that they might well be ex-
cluded altogether. It would have been useful in
a work of this kind had the expedients all e.\-
perienced small cultivators use been described —
e.g., Broad Beans sown with Early Peas or
singly alongside the alley between rows of other
vegetables, or securing a full crop of Lettuces
from one piece of ground by setting a young
plant in the place of every one that is taken for
use.

Sparrow* and Rat*.— The Board of Agri-
culture has lately recommended the destruction

May 19, 1917.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

205

of the house-sparrow as being a large consumer
of grain. Farmers, however, should be careful
not to conduct a campaign against the hedge
sparrow, which, in common with many other
small birds, is valuable for keeping down insect
pests. In countries where small birds have been
destroyed indiscriminately disastrous results have
followed.

Early Poem*.*— This is a book of verse, by
Mr. T. G. Hexslow, and it includes some three
hundred poeims, some of them, however, con-
sisting only of a single verse. The author tells
us in the preface that he does not approve of
poets limiting their published verses to what
they themselves consider to be their best efforts,
but on the contrary, prefers to publish them
ill and let the public select those of which they'

MOSSY SAXIFRAGES.

The genus Saxifraga includes some of the
most valuable plants for the rock garden, and
consists of several distinct groups. For ex-
ample, some species are adapted for planting
on hot, sunny ledges, others for cool, shady
banks, whilst a few- succeed only in boggy places,
or even with their roots in running water.
They vary in habit to a remarkable degree ;
such extremely small species as the diminutive
S. calsia, with its tiny rosettes of leaves and
corresponding sprays of flowers, differs so much
from the larger species, of which the Californian
giant S. peltata may be cited, as to appear at
first sight to have little in common.

As a whole the Rockfoils are easy to grow, and

burn in drier places much exposed to the sun.
The illustration in fig. 75 shows a growth of
these Rockfoils in the rock-garden at Kew, and
includes most of bhe species and varieties
described below : —

S. CAESPiTOSA, — This plant is a native of the
Xorthern and Arctic regions, and is very variable
in habit. Many names have been given to the
different forms of this species, among which may
be mentioned S. decipiens and S. sponhemica,
but, although the extreme forms may be quite
distinct, they are linked by a chain of inter-
mediates which makes it difficult to draw a line
between the various so-called species and
varieties. One of the most marked varieties is
• S. c. var. hirta with very hairy foliage. The
wild plant has white flowers, the red colour seen
in the newer forms of S. caespitosa being due +•"

Fu;. 75. — MOSSX SA.XU'RAUts

lUfc. UOLKtKi

most approve. Thus there is great diversity of
subject in the volume before us and inequality
of style and, expression — at the siime time those
interested in gardens, birds, and natural his-
tory generally, will doubtless find many of the
poems of great interest. Miss Hartlky's
skeitches are occasionally very apposite, and they
should add iniicji to the value of the book.

PUBLIOATIONS ft ECEiv EO.— Enquiry into
Plants, and Minor Works on Odours and
Weather Signs. By Tlieophrastus. VVitli an
English trHnslalion by Sir Arthur Hort, Bart.,
M.A. In two volumes. (London: William
Heincmann ; New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
(Series, The Loeb Classical Library.) Price Ss.

• Earhl Potmi. By T. Geoffrey Henslow, M.A. With
illustrations l)y Mils I). Hartley. (Londun : The Gentle-
woman.) Price .'ig.

only need to be planted in suitable situations.
A good general rule for planting is, sunshine
for those with hard, encrusted, and leathery
leaves, although there are a few exceptions ; and
shade or half shade for those of the mossy or
soft-leaved section. Many of the latter group
form lovely carpets or mounds of deep emerald-
green foliage, very beautiful in winter, and
covered in spring and early summer with masses
of pure white or rosy-pink flowers.

The mossy Saxifrages cross freely, and
hybridists have given us many fine varieties.
Certain of the taller hybrids are of a rather
weedy character, evidently due to the influence
of S. granulata, which has tended to develop a
taller and less graceful habit.

Rich, moist, and well-drained soU is essential
for Mossy Saxifrages, many of which tend to

[I'liotagraph by C. P. liaffill.

the iiilluerice of S. muscoides var. atropuipurea,
a charming little plant with bright red flowers.
One of the first hybrids was Guildford Seedling,
a very dwarf carpeting plant with bright crimson
flowers. S. Clibranii is of rather stronger habit,
with red. flowers, while S, bathoniensis grows
nearly 1 foot high, with much-lbiianched stems,
and has large, brilliantly red flowers. S. san-
guinea superba is of neat habit, and has rich
ruby-scarlet flowers that retain their colour well
for some time.

S f.xabata. — A distinct and beautiful Saxi-
frage from the Pyrenees, forming close, compact
tufts of bright green foliage that is compleitely
covered by a mantle of white flowers in summer.
The plant grows only two or three inches high,
the thin, wiry slums being rigid and freely
branched.

206

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 19, 1917.

S. OLOBtJLlFERA.— A free-blooming species from
the Western Mediterranean region. It is some-
what similar in general habit to S. Walla<;ei,
and produces white flowers in May and June.

S. HYPNOIDES.— Ttie " Dovedale- Moss," with
its emerald green carpet, is a well-known plant
in gardens. During the winter it is one of the
chief attractions in the rook garden, clothing
otherwise bare places with a permanent mat of
beautiful, green. The white flowers appear in
profusion in epring and early summer. Named
varieties of this species are numerous, one of
the closest ajid most compact being gemmifera ;
variagata has foliage prettily variegated wlute
and green.

S. MUSCOIDES.— This is a dwarf, dense, car-
peting species, with yellowish flowers in the type,
forming a moss-like turf. S. m. var. atropur-
purea, witli bright red flowers, is the source of
all the fine red hybrids that we possess.

S. TRiFURCAT.i. — An elegant species from
Northern Spain, forming a carpet of roeettes
with three parted leaves that are stiffer in
texture than most in this section. The pure
white flowers are borne on stems two or three
inches high, in graceful sprays. The variety
ceratophylla, which is known as the " Stag's-
horn Rockfoil," has more deeply parted leaves
of a still more rigid character than in the type.

S. Wallacei. — This species is one of the best
of this group, with distinct foliage of a light
green colour, and large, white flowers tliat are
sweetly scented. For spring bedding or for
borders, it is a very attractive plant, producing
flowers freely, and lasting for a long time in
perfection. S. Wallacei is of garden origin, but
wa.« considered at one time to be synonymous
with S. Camposii, a Spanish (ilant with less hairy
leaves and stems. W. 1 .

NOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Bditort do not hold themsetrcs resporuibU for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
Th« Value of Sun Heat (see p. 186). —
I ha.ve grown Tomatofi Bucccisefully for many
yeai-s by means of bottled-up eun-heat, and, as in
the present year, ha.ve had oitlier crops part of
the time in the same houses. Young Onions,
Carrots, and Ca»uljflowers are benefited by the
heat ae well as the Tomatos. But Ftenoh
Beans planted in one house as an ed^ging
slightly wilted during the recent intense
heat, when the temperature in the house for
sevei'al hours daily ranged above 100° ; otherwise
they Sibowed no bad effect*, and the flagging was
only temporary, jurt as Turnips and other
vef,'ftable3 wilt in very hot sun.shine. Lettuces
grow to abnormal bulk in late spring. Plants of
Primula obconica have been badly touched — the
flowers, not the leaves. There is la limit at which
the Grape Vine (;hows resentment. Heat caji be
saved by keeping vineries close till the growths
have developed an inch or two, but the Vine®
must have air when in full growth. The chief
point to remember in growing these with a
limited fire-heat is to ventilate veiy early in the
day. but not enough to lower the tempera-
ture, and, unless in very hot weather, that
will suffice for the whole time there is danger
from the pun. My experience leads me >to dis-
agree with the advice to increase moisture with
increase of temperature. Provided the roots are
properly moist, a saturated atmosphere is not
essemtial ; on the contrary, it leads to etiolated
growth. I wonder if many of your I'eaders have
noticed that red spider breeds in just such an
atmosphere as that recommended. R. P. B.

Chionodoxas (see pp. 159, 185). — I am glad
to observe Mr. William Cuthbertson calling at-
tention to C'hionodoxa Tmolii. It is the latest
of the Chionodoxas, and merits all the praise
given it by your correspondent. May I ask, how-
ever, if Mr. Cuthbertson has tried Boissier's
variety of C. Luciliae? It approaches more
closely in its colouring to C. Tmolii, but has
perhaps more of a real blue tone than is apparent
in C. Tmolii, which has a shade of purple about
it. It was interesting to read in Sir Herbert
Maxwell's article that he had picked up C. sar-
densis in Montenegro, and without the white eye.

In Asia Minor C. sardensis varies, but I believe
that the first records of C. sardensis in this coun-
try spoke of it as blue to the centre, and most of
my plants of this species are so coloured. Mr.
Edward Whittall informed me that both the
white-eyed and other forms were found. C.
gigante'a is, as Sir Herbert Maxwell states, in-
appropriately named gigantea ; grandiflora would
have been "better, but the claims of priority
appear to have decided in favour of gigantea. C.
AUenii apparently runs into C. gigantea, but
AUenii. as described by Mr. Whittall and Mr.
Allen, should have more than one flower on a
scape. I have collected bulbs of AUenii and
gigantea which vary greatly, and some are ex-
ceedingly ifine and worthy of propagation. I
have also here C. nana, the smallest and least
attractive of the Chionodoxas, and now a rare
plant. C. Tmolii seeds with me occasionally.
S. Ai-iiolt. Sunnifmrad, Maxwdltown, Dumfries.

Brussels Spbout*.- I presume the majority

of gardeners wiU agree that of all winter vege-
tables Brussels Sprouts are the most profitable,
notwithstanding the fact that Savoys may give a
larger grosis weight. We are stiU rasing Sprouts
that commenced to yield seven months ago, and
have the greaAer portion of the crop ior 1917-8
planted between the rows of the present crop.
No vegetable is so easy to produce, given time
and sufficient space for each plant to develop,
and the plani is perfectly hardy. F. P-
ISmthfraton, East Lothian.

Planting Violets.- Mr. Guise has adviswl
on two occasions recently (see pp. 135 and 163)
the planting of runners from the oild plants of
Violets " with roots adhering if possible. May
I point out that this method of propagating
Violets from practically exhausted stock has been
for many years superseded by that of propa-
"■ating from young runners at framing-time in
autumn. At that time use can be made of the
.superfluous growths when trimming the plants,
and these inserted as cuttings and rooted, have
not only a four or five months' start over thos*
advised' by Mr. Guise, in AprU, they have youth
and vigour also in their favour, and are tree
from the weakening effects that follow fraime
culture for a period of mont.hs. One of the
plants I recommend is ample to put out in any
station, whereas Mr. Guise finds it necessary
to put "two or three crowns together.
On March 27 last Mr. James C. House gave
an address on " Violets and Violet Growing,
before the Fellows of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and one of the points on which he laid
strontr" emphasis was autumn propagation of the
plants to ensure the best results. As I practised
this method mvself for many years and knew
its worth, I gave it my hearty support. E. H.
Jenhins.

I have frequently practised the method

described by Mr. Jenkins, but can see very little
difference in the quantity or quality of the
flowers than are obtained from the method I
advocate, apart from the extra work entailed (a
verv important item during the present scarcity
of labour). However, these " exhausted " and
" weakened " runners, planted in the manner de-
scribed, gave an abundance of flowers of superior
quality during the past season. The results
were so satisfactory that I have adopted the same
method this year, "making the third year in suc-
cession, ir. /. Guise.

'•Mystery Manures" (see p. 113).— I read
with much interest Dr. H. E. Durham's remarks
on his trials with manures. Some experiments
came under my notice in connection with these
manures, and I have obtained from the experi-
menter, Mr. C. Coutts, The Gardens. Benchams,
Harpford, Devon, the following particulars of
the same : — Six pots of dwarf Beans were planted
January 17, 1915 : Set 1, two pots untreated ; set

2, two pots bacterised peat (1 part in 8 of soil);
set 3, two pots Eito (1 part in 8 of soil). Crop
nicked from April 2 to 9, 1915, as follows : Set 1,
i lb. 2 oz. ; set 2. 13 oz. ; Set 3, 2 lb. 1 oz. Three
14-inch pnts of climbing French Beans were also
planted January. 1915, six Beans in a pot: — 1.
iintreated : 2, bacterised peat (one part in 8 of
soil) ; 3, Rito (1 part in 8 of soil). Crop picked
from April 2 to 14. 1915 : 1. 1 lb. 4 oz. : 2. 10 oz. ;

3, 1 U. 9 oz. ,4. /.. Smith. Heath fielrl. Sid-
niovth.

SOCIETIES.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientlfle Committee.

May 8.—Picwtt : Mr. H. J. Elwes (in the
chair). Sir Everard im Thiu-n, Messrs. W.
Fawcett, J. Fraser, W. Hales, J. Odell, G.
Wilson, E. A. Bowles, F. J. Chittenden (lion.
sec.) and R. Fan-er (visitor).

Pruniis spinosa formi. — Mr. J. Fraser showed
dried specimens of a number of forms of Prunus
spinosa, including the variety macrocarpa, which
he regarded as a hybrid between P. spinosa and
P. communis.

Narcissi. — Mr. Bowles showed flowers of the
luicommon Narcissus dubius and the rare white
form of N. muticus, which seems so difficult to
grow and establish in this country.

Various Plants. — Mr. Elwes showed' Iris Wattii
grown in a cold house, where, like I. fimbriata,
it succeeds much better than outdoors, good
growth being apparently necessary before a good
flowering spike can be developed ; Fritillaria
gracilis, which Mr. Bowles introduced from
Montenegro ; Hafcranthus pratensis ; Alpinia
Elwesii, from Formosa ; Arundina bambusae-
folia, from India, an Orchid rarely grown well
now ; Rehmannia elatior and R. Henryi, both
cold-house plants ; and Cymbidium devoniensis.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

ApEiL 15. — Committee present: The Rev. .J.
Crombleholme (in the chair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, Dr. Craven
Moore, A. G. EUwood, J. Evans, P. Foster, J.
Lupton, D. McLeod, W. Sha<:kleton, and H
Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS.

FlRST=CLASS CERTlrlCATES.

Odontioda Bradskawiae var. Columbia, 0.
fMmbeauianum var. Ruby {C. Noezliana x
Odm. Lambeauianum) ; Cymbidium Ahxanderi
iiir. Celeste (eburneo-Lowii concolor X insigne),
and C. Mars {eburneo-Lowii X insigne roseum).
all from Dr. Craven Moore.

Cattleya Cowaniae allin and Miltonia Bleiiaiio
var. Priam, both from R. AsHWORTH, Esq.

Odontpglossnm Mirum Haddon House var.
( Wilcheanum X crispum Lucianii), from P.
Smith, Esq.

Awards of Merit.

Odontioda aurea var. Beauty {Odm. luteo
purpurevm Vuylstekei X Oda. Charlesworthii)j
(). Tigris {( harlc.iworthii X harvengtevse) ;
Odontoglossvm Zoe {Vuylstekei x Craw-
shayana) ; Cattleya Hchroderae var. Maude; and
Cypripedium Greyii magnificum {nivevm x
Godefrm/ae), all frcmi P. Smith, Esq.

Odontioda Zenobia var. Hamilton; 0. Lam-
beauianum var. Hazel, both from Dr. Craven
Moore.

Odontioda Madeline var. Oporto, from B.
AsHWORTH, Esq.

Awards of Appreciation.
First-class.

Odontioda Bradskawiae var. Anglaia, 0.
Madeline var. Diadem, and Odontoglossum
illustris.iimum var. K. of K., from R. Ashworth,
Esq.

Odontoglo.isum Lady Maude {crispum. x
loochristense), and 0. President Wilson, from
S. Gratrix, Esq.

Odontioda Elaine [Odm. Lambeauianum x

Oda. Charlesworthii), from Dr. Craven Moore.

Cultural Certificates.

Mr. J. Lupton, for a plant of Cymbidium
Pnri.<hii Beard wood var., carrying four spikes
of flowers.

Mr. E. Rogers, for a specimen Evlophiella
Elizabeth^e, with two flower-spikes from one
pseudo-bulb.

Gboups.

Large Siloer Medals were awarded to R.
Ashworth, Esq.. Newchurch (gr. Mr.
Davenport), and Dr. Craven Moore, Victoria
Park. Manchester (,gr. Mr. T. Arran), and a
.Silver Medal to Messrs, Cypher and Sons,
Cheltenham.

Mat 19, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

'207

NATIONAL AURICULA AND PRIMULA
(Midland Section).

May 4, 5. — This .wciety's eighteenth annual
exhibition was held in the Birmingham Botanical
Gardens on the above dates. There were fewer
exhibits than usual, and the quality of the
flowers was inferior to that of previous years.
The weather was beautifully fine on both "days,
and there was an unusually good company pre-
sent. It is gratifying to note that the "gate"
constituted a record.

The premier Show Auricula Shirley Hib
berd fgreen-edged) was shown by Mrs. Charles
Winn, who also had the premier Alpine Auricula
Muriel (gold centre). The premier seedling
Show Auricula Susie (self), came from Mr.
C. S. Yeomans, and Mr. J. D. Wiliiams sent the
premier Alpine seedling Auricula Kathleen Mary
(gold centre).

The Silver and Bronze Medals offered to the
most successful exhibitors were won by Mrs.
Charles Wlnn and Mr. A. J. Wadlet re-
spectively

The-Ludford Silver Medals for (1) Show
Auricula and (2) Alpine Auricula, were won
by Mr. J. D. Williams. The James Udale Silver
Medal was secured by Mr. E. Kenwright.

There were four honorary exhibits, to which
the following awards were "made -.—Gold Mft/n!
to Miss Pope for 200 vases of Daffodils : Sih-rr
Mfdnl to Mrs. Charles Winn for Schizanthu.^s
;nid Stocks ; Brrmzf MedalK to Mr. C. S. Yeomans
for Polvanthuses ; and Mrs. Creed Keeling for
Daffodils.

HORTICULTURAL CLUB.

LECTURE OX NARCISSCS DISEASE.

(See also p. 204.)
May 8.— On the occasion of the usual monthlv
dinner of the Horticultural Club, at the Hotd
Windsor, on Tuesday, .May 8. .\Ir. J. K. Ram.--
bottom gave the results of his inve«ti gat ions :cl
Wisley of a disease of Narcissus which has bein
attributed by some authorities to the fungo.-
Fusarium.

Tlie chaii- was occupied by Mr. H. U.
Darlington. There was a large attendance,
including many specially interested in the culti
vation of Daffodils, both" traders and others. Mi
Ramsbottom's remarks were illustrated li\
lantern slides. As will be seen from the articl.
on p. 204, Mr. Ramshottom has been forced to
the conclusion that the malady is due to eelworm.
Tylenchus devarfatrix He" stated that Tyleri-
<hus deva-stailrix was fir.st deecribed by j'uliu.s
Kuhn in 1858 as being the cause of a disease :n
Dipsacus fullouum. the fuller's Teaale. under the
name .\nguillula Dipsaci ; but as Kuhn after-
wards found that the same eelworm could attack
Oats, Buckwheat, and other plants, he considered
the name Anguillula Dipsaci too restricted, and
dUregarding the customary nilefi of prioritv.
dianged it to .\nguillula dcvastatrix. Bnsjt.ia'n,
who did important work on the clafwification of
eelworms a/bout 1860, incorporated the
jVnguillula devastatrix with several other eel-
worms in the new genus Tylenchus, and the eel
woi-m with which we are now dealing became
known a« Tylenchus devaatatrix, Kuhn. In 1881
I'rillieux worked on the eelworm malady of '
Hyaointihs. To this eelworm he gave the liami-
of Tylenchus Hyacinthi, while in 1883 Beijerinck
puUliBhed a paper on the eelworm malady of
Onions, which at that time was spreading
rapidly throughout Holland, and which he
attributed to Tylenchus AJIii.

In 1888 Ritzema Bos definitely proved that
Tylenchus Hyacinthi, Tyle.nch"u6 Allii, and
TylenohuK deva.«.t.%trix were one and tlie same
specie<5. The same worker in the valuable con-
tribution, L'Anijuillene. dt la Ti/je, gives a
list of some forty plants which are susceptible
to the attacks of" Tylenchus devaM-atrix. This
list includes, among our pninciipal food crops.
Rye, Oa.t«, Onions, and Clwer, and in a less
degree Barley and Wheat. Among flowering
plants. Hyacinths, Scillas. and Galtonia candi-
cans are included in the list. Narci-^sus is not.
however, mentioned. Some of our commonest
weeds, such a*? Sweet Vernal Grass, Meadow-
Soft Grass. A,nnual Meadow Grass, Buttercup.
Daisv. and Plantain are also liable to in-
fection.
In 1900 Ritzema Bos put forward the bio-

logical strain theor>-, which, in brief, is that
Tj-lenchufi devastatrix becomes so adapted to a
pajt-.cular species of host plant after gi-owincr
on It for several generations that it will not
attack with any severity any othea- species,
further, taken from such a second species, it
wiU not attack the original host with severity
until after several generations have passed. For
instance, the Narcissus sitrain wiU not affect
Onionis witii any sevexity, and vice versa,
although the two strains are absolutely undis-
tinguishable from a morphological standpoint.
In like manner lit has been suggested by several
mvestigators that the root-knot "eelwonn
Hetei-odera radicola may show similar biological
strains with no apparent morphological dif-
ferences.

In conjunction with the series of inoculation
experiments performed last September, a.nd to
which reference has been made, Mi-. Rams-
bottom carried oivt expeiiments to test the truth
of this theory. Healthy bulbs were planted in
sterilised soil and Onion seed sown on the sur-
face. The potfi were watered twice with eel-
worm cultures (the eelworaiisi being origina.lly
taken from Xarcissus bulbs) ,^t the interval of a
fortnight. The eelworms had their original diet
to feed upon, but in contradiction to the bio-
logical strain theory, all the seedling Onions were
attacked. Anotlier similar experiment was made

THE late captain HARRY SANDERSON.

(.See obituary notiue in last issue, p. 197.)

by sowing Onion seeds in sterilised soil in pots
and watered once before germination with the
Narcis^eiie sitrain of eelworm. Six weeks after
eowing, although the seed showed a moderaite
germinative (ap^ioity, practically none of the
seedlingB carried the seed husk at their tip, and
abnormail twistuig or bending was very
noticeable. The young plants were of a lighter
green colour than those in the control pots. The
seedlings in the infected soil gradually died ofl'.
and on examination were found to contain
Tylenohus in numbei-s.

■Scilla nutans has also been successfully cixxsa
inoculated with the Narcissus strain of Tylen-
chus, and other crops are under observation.

This phaL'e of the subject was treated in detsil
beca.use it opens up a very wide field, and is of
great economic importajice on account of its
bearing on the rotation of crops. For instance,
in parts of the country where bulbs are grown
in rotation with agricultural ciops, it will he
of little use in attempting to control Narcissus
disease to grow crops liable to infection, and in
which eelworm can fide over until the ground is
again occupied by bulbs.

An important question under conj;ideratioii is
to akscei-tain in what manner bulbs be<-ome
affected. It would a.ppear from field observa-

tions that the disease commences in the neck of
the bulb. The leaves at the surface and below
the ground level become a decayed, squasJiy
mass, and in consequence thev lose their
elastieuty ajid topple over m all directions. These
leaves do not show the twisting charaotei-istics
ot the diseased folia.ge from a diseaised bulb
Ihis decay m the neck is usually evident in late
May and early June, at a time when the folia.ge
as withenng, and the symptom is sometimes con-
founded with the natural decav of the leaves.
Many growers are of the opiiiion that moist,
dull, warm weather favours the spread of the
disease at this stage, and such conditions
possibly aid the development of eelwoi-ms and
render them more active. Exactly how the eel-
womis gain an entrance lias yet to' be shown. It
iis generally believed that foUage injured by frost
and other external agencies offers a ready means
of acccRS. This may be so. but the leaf "inocula-
tion e.xpeainieMte prove tliat eelworm is capable
of itself gaining an entrance owing to its pos-
session of a sipearing apparatus — a needle-like
structure presyit in its gullet. In tlie case, of a
healthy bulb planted in infected soil, the hard,
brittle outer scales would afford naturid re-
sistance to t3ie eiutrance of the eelwonn, and in
preference it would attack the soft-growing
foliage. In any case, the eelworms usually
attack the leaves at the neck, and this is a
jjossible explanation of the decaying of the
foliage at thfis point. Once inside tlie leaves, the
Tylenchus makes rapid dow-nwai"d progress to
the bnsal plate, where it appears to find better
conditions of growtii. Here the eelworms propa-
gate mofit freely, the basal plate splits aiway
fi-om the bulb, and often the eelworms are to he
seen in masses resembling cotton-wool hanging
fi-om the base. At this stage the eelworms leave
the bulb by way of th.' broken basal plate, enter
the soil, attack other bulbs, and so spread the
(H.-ipase. The bulb mite and fungi, possibly in-
cluding Fusarium, then gain an entrance.

Where the flowers are gathered — as in the
case in the Daffodil Hower industry, where the
flowers are picked in the 'bud stage and opened
indoors — the wound s>o left affords a ready means
of entry for eelworms from the soil. In order to
obtain a long flower stem, the stalks are picked as
far into the neck as possible, sometimes below the
ground level, and an ugly wound results. No
bulb treated in tliis manner can lie expected to
leniain free from disease in an infected soil, and
(he practice doubtlees helps to spread Tylenchus.
Wherever it ^e practicable, the flower stalks
should be cut an inch or so .-ibove the ground.

When bulbs are in a dormajit state, it is a
very difficult matter to distinguish a healthy bulb
from one which is slightly diseased; in fact, it
seems impossible without cutting open the bulb.
Bulbs have been carefully hand picked, and those
passed a« a,ppar6ntly soaind have been "trayed."
Within a fortnight they have again been re
I'XJimined. and numbers destroyed as unsale
able. This goes on and on, so that it is not
surjirising to hear tlio remark that the diseitse
spreads rapidly in stoi-age. In all prob.ability,
this is not a case oif a diseased bulb affecting
iits neighbour, but r.ither that the bulbs passed
as sound wece slightly diseased, and after a
week or more the eelworms had made tilieir
efforts recognisable. That such seems likely is
seen from the following : Healthy bulbs have
been pl.T^ed in trays among diseased ones and
left over a period of three months, at the end
of which time those affccti'd were a decayed and
rotten mass and the healthy bulbs still plump
and hard, but probably not free from eelworms
on their outer scales. " No trace of eelworms
could bo found in.side the healthy bnlbf. It is
not to be implied that no haiTn will resiult by
storing the bulbs in bad conditions, f^ertaiii
factors, such as humidity of atmosphere and
variations of temperature may help to bring
about the decay of bulbs very rajiidly.
{To be continued.)

ENQUIRY

Carp and Tench. — 1 am iniuii troubled with
blanket weed in my pools. Copper sul]>hate
checks it for a time, but afterwards the weed is
as troublesome as ever. Where can I buy carp
or tench to put in the pools? A. (1.

208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 19, 1917.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

KOOKS iXD THE COR-X CROPS.

At times there is much contention as to
the good and harm rooks do on the land. I
have always been an enemy of these birds, know-
ing well the damage they do to the corn crops
imd roots at certain periods as compared to the
small amount of good tliey do in clearing the
land of grubs of insect pests. Kooks have been
more troublesome this season than ever in my ex-
perience, especially where much Wheat was sown
late owing to unfavourable weather. The seed
lay dormant in the soil for a long time owing
to frost, and the rooks had a fine time ; even
during frosty weather, after the soil became
powder dry, they were able to find the seeds.
I have seen acres of Wheat this year, with a bad
promise of a crop owing entirely to 'these birds
taking the seed. Under the Defence of the Realm
Act, "Agricultural War Committees have power
to reduce the number of rookeries in districts
where it is known the birds do harm to crops.

Vetchk.s for Horses.

No time should be lost in sowing two bushels
of Vetches per acre with half a bushel of Oats
broadcast for green food for horses during August
and September. This is an excellent change for
the cattle, and is economical, reducing the Uat
supply at a time when this grain may be required
for other purposes.

Sunflowers for PotrLTRy.
The common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
will 'give good returns in hot summers to poultry-
keepers, as the heads produce a quantity of seed
which contains much oil. The plant grows freely
in well manured, deeply ploughed land, often
reaching a height of 8 feet, and bearing large
heads. Sow in drills 2 feet apart.

Maize.

Maize should be sown during tlie second or
third week in May. Well-ploughed and fairly
manured land is a suitable preparation ; a
slight scattering of superphospliate with the
seed will act as a substitute for farmyard
manure. Sow the seed about 8 inches apart in
each plough furrow, burying it about 4 inches
deep, which is better than drilling, as when
nearer the surface rooks are troublesome, and
once they find the seed they quickly clear large
patches.

Trifolium tncarnatum.

This Clover should be grown more extensively,
as it forms valuable food in May and June for
cattle, and if not required as green food, may
be made into good hay. The rolling of all
cereal crops. Vetches, Sainfoin. Clover and
Grass, should be done at once, not purely for
the purpose of solidifying the fodder and Hay
crops, but for the pressing down of stones which
might otherwise inconvenience cutting operations.

Destruction of Moles.

Moles are very troublesome in some districts,
although some would have us believe they are
useful. The hillocks of soil which they throw
up are very dangerous to the operator on the
grass-cutter, hidden as they are sometimes in a
thick Clover crop. Trapping should be rigor-
ously carried out to exterminate the animal.

iT.vLiAN Rye Grass.
This crop should be sown now, using 1 bushel
of seed per acre, as spring food for sheep, to
be ploughed uip afterwards and the ground sown
with Turnips. The plant grows quickly, and
cold weather does not affecit it. Tile stems are
succulent, and provide v.iluable food for lambs
and cows. Sown among Oats or Barley early
in May, with the hand-seed harrow, harrowed
in and rolled, Italian Ryegrass germinates
quickly and grows rapidly. E. i}foh/nrv.r.

LATE SPRTN'G SOWING.

Spring sowing ie late this year, and in some

caises there may be difficulty in the choice of a

crop. As no guarantee of a ra'aiimum price has

been given for Barley, an impression seems to

be abroa.d that it is a less desiTable crop than
Oats. This is quite wrong. Without- any
guarantee, farmers can rely on the price of Bar-
ley being nearer to that of Wheat than to that
of Oats ; and, in the national interest, on suit-
able land, Barley is to be preferred. It is better
for mixing with Wheat, both as flour and, since
they can be milled together, as gradn. Hence
farmers, as far as possible, should sow Barley
instead of Oats. Any of the ordinary varieties,
except Archer's Stiff iSltraw, can be sown as late
ae the middle of May.

When it is too late to sow the .usual spring
corn crops, one of the following may be found
useful : —

(1) Linseed on medium or rather heavy soils.
It does well after old grass, and can be sown
up ito the end of May. If seed cannot be ob-
tained locally, it can be supplied by the British
Flax and Hemp, ftowers' Aisociation, 14, Vic-
toria Street. London, S.W. 1.

(2) Buckwheat, on fen land and thin sandy
soils, can be sown in late May or early June.
Buckwheat flour may be mixed with Wheat
flour for bread-nialdng.

(3) Besides the more usual crops, mixed Oats
and Vetches, or Oats and Peas, if sown before
the end of May, will prove useful either in late
summer as green ifood, or for making into hay
or .silage. In the Eastern and Southern Coun-
ties anotheir useful succulent forage crop is
Maize, especially when the pastures fail in
autumn. Sowing may be carried on till fairly
late in June. It is desarable to take sipecial pre-
cautions against rooks and other birds.

Further particuhins about these crops may be
seen in a leaflet which can, be obtained from the
Food Production Department of the Bc-ard of
.Vgriculture.

TOP DEESSIXG OATS.
The President of the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries urges upon farmers the importance of
of top-dressing Oats and " seed " hay. The wet
autumn and cold spring have impoverished most
soils. Production is needed, and at present prices
fertilisers will be amply paid for by the increased
yield. The hay crop, where it consists largely of
Rye-grass, should receive a dressing of J cwt. of
sulphate of ammonia per acre. If, however, it
consists chiefly or eritirely of Clover it should not
be top-dressed. Top-dres.sings for hay should be
applied now in the earlier districts, and before
the 20th inst. in the latest districts. On all land
which is not already in high condition a dressing
of I cwt. sulphate of ammonia to Oats is likely to
prove very profitable this season. Oats which
received no sulphate of ammonia when the crop
was sown may be top-dressed at any time until
the leaf is 4 to 5 inches long. The President also
reminds farmers that Barley may be sown with
success during the whole month of May. Either
as bread -corn, or as concentrated food for live
stock, the grain will be invaluable Farmers are
therefore urged to sow the largest possible acre-
age of Barley on any land that is available, even
though by so doing the acreage they propose to
allot to roots is reduced.

CIVILIAN PRISONERS AS FARM
LABOURERS.

Among the sources of labour now open to
farmers, civilian prisoners of war should not be
overlooked.

There are many Austro-Hungarian and Turkish
subjects in the various internment camps with a
practical knowledge of farm work. The condi-
tions governing their release have now been
amended, and they can be employed almost any-
where except in the neighbourhood of the East
Coast. W'hen employed they have almost always
given satisfaction. Forms of application can be
obtained from the Secretary of the Agricultural
Executive Committee for the countv.

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

National Dahlia Society's Annual Floral
Meeting, to be h^'ld in conjunction with the Roj-al
Horticultural -Society's meeting on Tuesday. Septein-
Iwr 11. 1917. in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gat«
WestininBter. Hon. secretary, Mr. Jas, B. Riding, Forest
Side, Chinfford.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

IIivEs Infected With Isle of Wight Disease :
J. B. The best method of treating the hives
that are infected with Isle of Wight disease is
to char the insides thoroughly by means of a
blow-lamp. Let the flame penetrate into all the
crevices, even if the wood-work is scorched in
so doing. You must treat the frames, sections,
racks, and other parts in the same manner,
and burn the old wax. Choose a fresh site for
the apiary, as the disease may be harboured in
the soil.

Name of Plant : /. A. Dendrobium chryso-
toxum, a native of Burmah.

Peas Eaten by Insects : C. B. The insect is
that known as the Pea and Clover weevil
(Sitones lineatus, Linn.). It is very
injurious to the foliage of Peas, Beans, and
other Leguminous crops. As you will have
perceived, it begins its work at the edges of
the leaves, and gradually eat its way inwards
towards the rib. It is difBcult to advise you as
to means of curing the attack, or preventing
its recurrence. It may assist }'ou, however, to
know that the eggs of the weevils are laid,
during the sumer, at the roots of the Peas ;
during the winter the eggs become chrysalids
and the chrysalids maggots, which become at
the approach of warm weather perfect beetles.
The beetles usually feed at night, and one good
way of destroying large numbers is to .go out
after dark with a lantern and knock or brush
them off the leaves into a pail of insecticide.
Further, they do most mischief in dry weather,
which makes it probable that damping the foli-
age, especially with some disagreeable liquid,
wxiuldi prevent their attacks. The same pur-
pose would be served by a layer of soot spread
over the ground beneath the Peas. It should
also be remembered that the best protection
any plant has against the attacks of any sort
of pest is free, healthy, rapid growth. Any
treatment which secures this will be of advan-
tage.

Potatos : Hlim. The tubers are slightly affected
with dry scab disease tSpondylocladium atro-
virens). The disease is not a serious one, and
the tubers may be used for planting.

SuGAB, Beet and Bottled Peas : E- T. Sugar
Beet as a crop is not so useful as ordinary
garden Beet, which is rich in sugar and
other valuable food, not difficult to grow,
and perfectly simple to cook Most people
spoil cooked Beetroot by immersing it in
vinegar ; but simply boiled and cut in fairly
thick slices, if desired with white sauce (un-
flavoured), it makes a delicious vegetable or
supper dish. As regards making jam with
Sugar Beet, this has been tried by many of
our readers with varying results. The
general opinion is, firstly, that the Beet
takes eight or nine hours' steady boiling before
it is really soft ; and, secondly, that when it
is finally in a state of pulp, nearly all the sugar
has been boiled out into the water. Fruit can be
preserved without any sugar at all by means
of air-tight bottles, filled with the fruit and
water, and, afteir sterilising by heating, sealed
with mutton fat. Peas will keep vei-y well
as a rule when bottled, and we are surprised at
your want of success. The method usually
recommended is as follows : — Place the Peas
in dry, wide-mouthed bottles, shaking them
down until they are tightly packed. Wind some
Hay round the lower part of each bottle, and
place them all upright in a large saucepan with
cold water enough to reach to the necks. Bring
the water to the boil, and keep it boiling for
two hours. Cork the bottles, and leave them in
the water until it is cold. Then remove the
bottles, cover the corks veith sealing wax to
exclude all air, and store the bottles in a cool,
dry place — a good plan is to bury them com-
pletely in a dry part of the garden. If all air
is excluded the Peas will keep for about five
months.

Communications Received —W. R Wrifht
(Thanks for 43. sent for R.G.O.F,)— T, H.— 'W. Smith-
Prof. E. S. S., Arnold Arboretum, U S.A.— R. T. W.
(Many thanks; wc will send if possible).

Mat 19, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

3S^ JL RK E: T S.

covsyr fiARDEX, yur ;«.

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices,
8.d,(,d, Ferns- con. 8.d.8,d

Aralia Sieboldii, — choicer sorts,

dozen.. .. 5 0 6 0 per doz. 48's.. S 0-12 I

Asparagus plu- Genistas, per doz,

moius nanus, of48's.. .. 9 0-10 0

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0 Geonoma gracilis,
— Sprengtri .. 10 0-12 0 60's.perdoz,.. 8 0-80

Aspidistra, per larger, each.. 2 6-78

doz, green .. 30 0-38 0 Hydrangeas, blue
Beronia hetro- 48's,32's per dz,12 0-30 0

phylla. 4S's, ' — pink, 48's, per

perdoz. ..210-24 0 doz, .. .12 0 18 0

— white. 48's. per

— megustegma.
48's. per doz. 21 0-24 0

Cacti. various,
per tray of 15'9 4 0

— tray of 12'8 ..5 0 -
Cineraria. 48*8.

per doz. .. 9 0-10 0
Cocos Weddelli-
ana 48'8, per
doz 18 0-10 0

— 6t'8 per doz. S 0-10 0
Ericas cersoluia.

48's. per doz. 15 0-18 0

— candidissima.
48's. perdoz. 15 0-18 0

— Wilm reana.
48's, per doz. 15 0-18 0

Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0-15 0

— per 100. In
small and
large 60'8 .. 14 0-24 0 Spiraea, perdoz. 12 0-15 0

— in 48's. per doz. 8 0-70, Stocks. white.
Ferns In 52'8. per I pink and red,

doz 12 0-18 0 perdoz, ,.12 0-18 0

Cut Flowers, &e, : Average Wholesale Prices

doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz. 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0 38 0

— Forateriana.

80's. per doz. 5 0-80
Latania borbon-

ica. per doz .. 12 0-30 0
L Hi urn longi-

florum. perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lancifolium
rubrim .. 24 0-30 0

— - alb»m .. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites In

48's. per doz. 6 0-80
Mignonette, iVs.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
Phoenix rupi-

cola, each .. 12 6-21 0

4 0-60

i.d.a.d
Arums, per doz. 16-20
Carnatitns. per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 2 0-30

— Oartla (crim-
son), ex. large 3 6-40

DaBTodils, Vic-
toria, perdoz,
bun.

Forget- Me. Xot,
per doz. bun.

Gladiolus. Blush
ing Brid ■, per
doz 12 0-15 0

— TheJBride.per
d07., bun, ,, 15 0-18 0

— Peach blos-
som, per doz,
bun 12 0-15 0

Oypsophila. white.

perdoz, bun, 6 0-90
Heather, white.

per doz, bun, 12 0 —
Iris. .Spanisii, blue,

DSr doz, bun, 12 0-18 0

— Span'sh.niau\e.
per doz, bun, 12 0-15 0

— Spanishwhite.
perdoz, bun, 18 0-24 0

— Spanish yel-
low, per doz,
bun 21 0-24 0

L Ilium longi-

florum long 13-16

— — short
1 an clfolinm
album, long,.

— — ribrum.
per doz,, long..

short

s.d. s.d.
Peas, white and

coloured, per

doz, bun. .. 6 0 12 0
Pelargoniums—

— double scar-
let, ne- doz.
bun 6 0-8

— white, perdoz,
I bun 4 0-80

1 6- 2 0 I Rosea -

— General Jac-
queminot, per
doz. blooms.. 0 9-10

— Joseph Lowe,
perdoz. blms. 16-20

— Lady Hilling-
don, per doz.
blooms .. 10-18

— Liberty, p^r
doz. blooms.. 16-26

— Melody, per
doz, blooms.. 16-20

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms .. 16-20

— Mme Edoua-d
Herriot. per
doz blooms. . 18-26

— Ophelia, per
doi, blooms,. 2 0-26

— PrincedeBul-
garie .. .. 16-20

— Richmond,
perdoz. blms. 16-20

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms.. 16-26

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
bl om

1 6 —

2 0-26

16-201

1 6 — Stephanotis, p"r
Lily-ofthe-Valley j 72 pips .

per doz. bun. 18 0-Z4 0 ' Stock, white, per

Narcissus-
double white.
ner doz. bun. 6 0-80

— Poeticus. per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-26
Orchids, per doz.:

— CattUya .. 10 0-12 •

— 0 d 0 n toglOB-

sum crispum 3 0-40

16-20
2 6-
8 0- « 0
X 0-11 0

doz. bun.

Tulips, white. per

doz. bun.

— Darwin in
variety, per

doz. bun. .. 12 0-18 0

— mauve Darwin

per doz. bun. 18 0-21 0
Viola Cornuta .. 19-20

\ few bvinchoa
lie. There is a
h Iris is arriv-
Gladiolus

Remarks. — Daffodils are almost over for this geawon.
Narcis-siis ornatus is still orriving in large quantities,
but a few more days will see the end of this variety.
The late variety. Narcissus poeticus, is now preferred.
The first arrival of Double White Narci.wus reached the
market this week, and the s?nall consignments were
soon bought up at 8s. ami 9s. per dozen bnnrhes. This
morning prices were consulerablv lowi
of English White St<ick find a ready
good demand for thej^ flowers. Spa
ing in good condition, anrl prices aro p.os
Peach Blossom is more plentiful, but this is the only
sort at present available in anv quantity. The first ar-
rival of filadiolus The Bride reached the market today.
There is an abundant supply of Roses, hut owing t« the
warmer weather the majority of the blooms are too far
advanced when they reach the market and are difHcuIt
to clear even at very low prices. Pr^cAs remain Arm
for blo.,ms cut in a backward condition suitable for re-
des7>atch to the provinces. Carnations are now more
plentiful, and the blooms much finer. Lily-of-the-
Vallev, St<>phanotis, and Sweet Peas are more nume-
rous. Richardias fArums) are finishing. Lilium kingi-
florum is plentiful and cheap. L. candidum is now
f.ffered at low rates.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s,d-

Artichokes,Globe s,d, 3,d,

perdoz, .. 3 6-46 Kale, per bag

— Jem salem.
per bag . . 38 0 —

Aspar,igus—

— Worcester <i
Cambridge.

per bun- .. 10- 5 0
Beetroot, per bag 16 0 20 0
Beans. English.

per lb, ..0 10- 1 0

Broccoli, purple

sprouting. per

bag .. ..4 0-
Broad Beans.

French, per

V■^i .. ..46-50
Cabbage.nert-illy 10 0 -
Carrots, new, per

6 0

Leeks. per doz. bun. 2 0-4 6
Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz. 2 0-9 0
Mushrooms. per lb. 0 8-10
Mustard and

Cress. per doz.

punnets .. 10- 1 0
Onions, per cwt 28 0 —
— spring. per

doz. bun. .. 6 0 —
Parsley, per p ck 3 6 —
Parsnips, percwt. 26 0 —
Peas. Channel

Islands, perlb, 0 8- 0 9
Potatos. new. per

lb.

bun

0 6 -

per

per

— washed.

bag . . . . 20 0
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. ' 0-12 0
Cilery, per doz.

bundles .. 12 0 —
Chicory, English,

perlb 10-

Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 19 0-21 0

Rad is hes,

doz. bun.
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz.
— natural, per

doz. bun.
Seakale. natural,

peri sieve .. 5 0 —
Shallots, per lb. 0 6-10 0
Spinach, per bus, 40 —
Swedes, per lag 7 6 —

0 9-10
2 0-26
10-16
2 6-36

Endive, perdoz, 3 6-40 Turnips, per cwt, 12 0 -;-
Greens, per bag.. 90 —
Garlic, per lb... 0 10 —
Herbs, per doz.

bnn 4 0-80

Horseradish, per

doz. .. 66 0-72 0

per bun. 0 8-10
- Tops, per bag 3 6 —
Vegetable Mar-
rows per doz. 6 0-12 0
Watercress, per

doz 0 6-09

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d. s.d. Grapes— con.

Almonds. percwt. 80 0-85 0
.\pples -
— Oregon, per

case .. .. 32 0 35 0
Bananas, Jamaica,

per ton .. £32 —
Cranberries, per

cas- .. .. 12 6 -
Dates, per doz,

boxes .. .. 9 0-96
Figs (Worthing!.

per doz, .. 4 0- 12 0
Go iscberries.

Ml

s.d. s.d.

cats.

lb 5 0 8 0

Lemons, per case 25 0 35 q
Melons, English

and Guernsey,

each . . . . 3 0-50
Nuts, Brazils,

new, per cwt, 95 0 100 0
— Coconuts, per

100 ., ..31 0-32 0
Oranges, per case 50 0 80 0
Peaches, perdoz, 12 0-30 0

grecn.perpeckl2 0-14 0 Strawberries,

Grapes :Almeria.

forced.

— psriioz. lb, ..' 20 0 21 0 Tomatos, English,

English (new-
season) Ham-
bro. per lb. .. 5 0-10 0

2 6-50
13-16

per lb.
Walnuts, per

., 65 0-85 0

Rbmarks, — A few boxes of Apples are still available,
the cliicf varieties being Oregon and Wine Sap, Sup-
plies of Grapes are increasing dailv, mostly Muscat
uf Alexandria and Black Hamburgh. Melons and Figs
are fairly plentiful, but Peaches have Ijcen scarcer since
lasit week, Tlie market is well supplied with forced
Strawl>errie5, Gre<'n Goosel>erries are now available,
and Cucumbers and Tomatos are more plentiful,
Hou.so-grown Peas, Boans and Potatoa ar^ plentiful, but
French A.sparagus is almost over, English Asiparagus
from Worcester, Devonshire. Middlesex and Cambridge
is plentiful Cabbage and Cos Lettuces are scarce and
in great demand. Natural Seokale is plentiful, and
other ordinan' vegetables are sufficient for the demand.
E. n. R.. fnient Gnrdeti Mnrket, May 16.

THE WEATHER.

THE WKVTHEU IN .SCOTLAND.
The winter of 1916 17 lav so long in the lap of spring
that even till mid April its severity wat but lititle
abated. Snow fell frequently, while the temperature In
the screen stood as Irrw as 18°, On the whole the month
was a dry one, the total rainfall being only 1.28 inch.
Tliere were thirteen days of precipitation, and nine
rain days, i,e,, days on which the rain-gauge collected
0,0'! inch or more. The heaviest fall was 0.26 inch, on
the 15th. Of sunshine there were in all 129.6 hours,
being an average of 4. J hours per day, and a percentage
of 30. There were only two days on which the sun did
not appear. With a mean of 29.818 inches the baro-
metric pressure varied from 30.5J0 inch<-K on the 22nd
to 29.152 inches on the 14lh. The highest temperature
for the month was 63°, on the 22nd. and the lowe.xt 18°,
on the 1st, giving an absolute range of 45°. The lowest
maximum was 37°. on the 1st and 2nrt. and the bighefit
minimum 47°. on the 26t,h. The means for the maxi-
mum and miriimum were 48° and S3° respectively, giving
a moan range of 15° and a mean temperature of 40 5°.
On fifteen days the temperature fell below the freezing-
point. On the grass tho mean minimum was 29°. (he
lowest, of 11°. being recorded on the 1st. There were
seventeen nights of ground-frost. At 1 foot deep the
soil temperature fell from 38° to 37° and then ro^e to
46°. Snow fell on seven days. The prevailing winds
were from (he northwest. Jnmei> Mnllncti. ,S«. Andritirs
Trttininq CoUefjf Gardenn, Kirtfon of Wainjt. near
Biinrfee.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr Thomas 'Williaius. for over 2 years Foreman
at Senfnrde House Gardens Clough.' Co. Down, km
Gardener to Ixird Cr.ONBROCK, Clonbrnck, Ahascragh,

THE

ONLY

DIRECTORY

OF

GARDENS

AND

GARDENERS.

The Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 is the

ONLY Directory that exists of gai-dens
anil ijartlenei's in the British Isles.

If you want a list of all Nurserymen
and Seedsmen, Sundviesmen, Hot-house
Builders and other traders closely con-
iiefti'd with horticulture, consult the
ONLY Horticultural Directory.

Shoul 1 you desire to trace the wliere-
abouts of the young men you associated
with in the Bothy you have no other
means of finding out their present
addrt^sses than by turning tti the ONLY
Directory of British Gardeners,

Obtain a copy and see if your own
name is there, and if it is not, then sentl
us particulars for inclusion in the edition
for IDlcS.

The Year Book part of this unique
volume contains descriptions of all the
new plants, flowers and fruits certificated
in V.Hi'), notes on the pi-iiicipal gardeners
who died during that period, and much
atlditional information of great value to
all ainateiir ami |)i'ofcssii)nal iiortieul-
turists.

We are still able to offer some few
copies of the current number. Readers
are advised to send their onlcrs early,
before the work is out of print.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

LTD.,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. GOVENT GAROEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

[lMay 19, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the ' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Alpine Flora : for Tourists and Amateur Bota

nists. Bv Dr. Julius Hoffmann. Translated

by E. S. "Barton (Mrs. A. Oepp). 7s. lid.
Alpine Flowers for Gardens. By W. Robinson.

Revised Edition. Witb Illu.strations. lis.
Alpine Plants, Dictionary of (see "The English

Rock Garden," by Reginald Farrer).
Alpine Plants of Europe. By H. Stuart

Thompson. With Cultural Notes. Price

7s. lOd.
Alpine Plants, Sub. By H. Stuart Thompson.

Including Coloured Plates by G. Flemwell.

Price 8s. 6d.
Annuals, Hardy and Half Hardy. By Charles

H. Curtis. Contains 8 Coloured Plates,

Is. lOd.
Apples and Pears. Bv George Bunyard, V.M.H.

With 8 Coloured Plates. Is.' lOd.
Asparagus, The Book of. By Chas. Ilott.

With sections on Celery,, Salsify, Scorzonera,

and Seakale. Illustrated. 2s. lOd.
Bacteriology, Agricultural. By J. Percival, M.A.

7s. lid.
Banana, The : Its Cultivation, Distribution, and

Commercial Uses. By W. Fawcett. With

Preface by Sir Daniel Morris. 7s. lid.
BeeKeeping, Booli of. A. Practical Manual on

the Proper Management of Bees, especially

written for Beginners. By W. B. Webster.

Illustrated. Is. 3d.
Bees, for Pleasure and Profit. By G. Gordon

S mson. With chapter on "Beekeeping in

F t Climates." Illustr.ated. Is. 2d.
Botanic Terms, Glossary of. By B. D. .Jackson.

7.-. lid.
Botan jt. The Young. By W. Perciv.al Weston

and C. S. Cooper. E.xoellent for young

people commencing to botanise. 3s. lOd.
Botany, Agricultural. By J. Percival, MA.

7s. lid.
Botany, A Practical Introduction to the Study

of (Flowering Plants). Bv .7. Bretland

Farmer, F.R.S. 121 Illustrations. 2s. lOd.
Botany, A Primer of. Bv Sir J. D. Hooker,

F.R.S. Is. 2d
Botany, A Text book of. Bv Dr. E. Strns

burger. Tran.slated by H. C. Porter, Ph.D.

Revised. Fifth Edition. 779 Illustrations.

18s. 6d.
Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and

School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With

195 Illustrations. 5s. 4d.
Botany, Elementary. Bv Dr. E Drabble.

2s. lOd.
Botany, First Course of Practical. Bv G F.

Scott Elliott. Illustrated. 3s. lOd. "
Botany, Lectures on Plant Physiology. By Dr.

Ludwig .Jost. Translated by J. Harvey

Gibson. Morocco back, gilt top. 24s. 6d. ;

cloth, 21s. 6d.

Botany, Practical Plant Physiology. By

Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S. Recom-
mended for use in colleges and schools.
3s. lOd.

Botany, Structural. By D. H. Scott, MA.
2 Vols.

P-\RT I. — Flowering Plants. 3s. lid.
P4RT II. — Flowkbless Plants. 3s. lid.
An e.xcellent introduction to the Anatomy
and Life Histories of Plants.

British Plants, List of. By G. C. Druce, M.A.
.\ detailed list of Species and Varieties.
2s. 9d.

British Plants, The Uses of. Bv Prof. Henslow.
4s. 9d.

Bulb Book, The. A Practical Work on Culti-
vation, Propagation, etc. By .John
Weathers. Illustrated. 15s. 7d.

Bulbous Plants, Beautiful. By Jno. Weathers.
5s. 4d.

Bulbs and their Cultivation. By T W. Sanders
2s. lOd.

Bulbs, The Book of. By S. Arnott. Illustrated.
2s. 9d.

Calendar of Garden Operation, The. Based on
the original work compiled by the lote
Sir Joseph Pa.xton, M.P. Adapted to the
requirements of Cottage Gardeners, Allot-
ment Holders, and Amateur Gardeners, by
members of the staff of the Gaedenkks'
Chronicle. Ilustrated. (New edition in
the Press.) Is. 3d.

Cambridge Manuals of Science. Cloth edition.
Is. 4d. each, post free.
Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. Bv

Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S.
Plant Life on Land. Bv Prof. F. 0. Bower,

F.R.S , Sc.D.
Earthworms and their Allies. Bv F. E. Bed

dard. F.R.S.
The Earth. Bv Prof. J. H. Poynting,

F.R.S.
The Atmosphere. Bv A. J. Berrv, M.A.
The Story of a Loaf of Bread.' Bv Prof

T. B. Wood, M.A.
Bees and Wasps. Bv 0. H. Latter, M.A.
Soil, The Fertility of the. Bv E. J. Russell,

D.Sc.
Insects, The Life Story of. By Prof. G. H
Carpenter.

Carnation Culture, Commercial. Edited by J
Harrison Dick. A collection of treatises by
the best modern cultivators. Illustrated.
7s. 4d. (.$1.50).

Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By Laurence
,T. Cook. A Practical Manual with Details
nf Cultivation. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth. Is. 9d.

Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook, Head
Gardener at Sandringham ; James Douglas.
V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod. Contains 8
Coloured Plates, reproduced from colour
photographs. Is. lOd.

Carnations, Picotees and Pinks. Bv John Fraser.
Fully Illustrated. 8d,

Chemistry of the Garden. By D. R. Edwardes-
Ker. A course of practical work designed
for the use of Teachers and Students of
Gardening. Is. 8d.

China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest
Henrv Wilson. Illustrated, in Two Volumes.
£1 lOs. 6d.

Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson. With
I hapters by Charles E. Shea and C. Harman
Payne. Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Climbing Plants. By W. Watson, A.L.S. With
Introduction by \\'. Robinson, author of
"The English ' Flower Garden." 2s. lOd.
and 3s. lOd.

Coconut, The. Bv Edwin Bingham Copeland.
10s. 6d.

Cottage Gardening ; or, Flowers, Fruits and
N'egetables for Small Gardens. By E.
Hobday. Is. 9d.

Cucumber Culture for Profit. By W. Dyke. A
Practical Guide to the Cultivation in Frames
and in the Open. Is. 2d.

Cyclopxdia of Botanical Drugs, Potters. By
R. C. Wren, with additions by E. M.
Holmes. Containing the Names and Pro-
perties of all the Herbs employed medicin-
ally in this country. 3s. lOd.

Cyclopedia of Horticulture, The Standard. By
L. H. Bailey. In 6 vols. Fully Illustrated
in colour and half-tone. A valuable book of
reference. Each part, 25s.

Daffodils. Bv the Rev. Joseph Jacob. With
Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. A full
treatise on their culture for private and
Exhibition purposes. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Dahlias and their Cultivation. By J. B. Wroe.
Is. 2d. ; cloth. Is. 8d.

Dahlias. By George Gordon, late President of
the National Dahlia Society. Contains 8
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Date=Growing in the Old World and the New.
By Paul P. Popenoe. Illustrated.' 9s. 6d.

Dictionary of Hardy Flowering Plants (see
"Tlie English Rock Garden," by R. Farrer).

Directory, Horticultural (see (ianieners Chronich
Horticultural Directory).

Diseases and Garden Pests, Book of Plant.
Bv R. Hooper Pearson. 214 pages. Over
65 Illustrations. Cloth. 2s. lid.

Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees. By
George Massee. 7s. lid.

English Rock Garden. By Reginald Farrer,
author of " My Rock Garden," " Among
the Hills," etc. This work contains up-to-
date monographs of the Plants suitable for
cultivation in the Rock Garden. The text
consists of 500,000 words. 300 Plants are
Illustrated in Half-tone Plates. In 2 Vols.
Price £2 2s. lOd. (in the Press).

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 2

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lovb and Malcomsoh, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn. London, W.0.1, and PiihUehed weekly by the Ga-rdeoen'
OhrnTiiplp. Ltd . 41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden, City of Westroinster Saturd.\t. May 19, 1917. Ag^nt for Manchester: JOHN Hbywood.

uwi. ^[) i9l7

Established 1841

No. 1587. Vol. LXI. {,^--}

SATUKDAY, MAY 26, 1917

SUBSCRIPTIOy-Inland, 15-1 Foreign, 17 6 [22lv. 10c.\ [$4 26c 1 per anuum.
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{Registered as a Newspaper.-! ""'Ct JSu,
I Post-free, 3id.
Entered at Xmiv Tork i'oat Office aa seeuHd-elass matter,
' Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone -Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 209.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

Advertisers wilt phase note the pages of the
•' Gardenerx' (Jhronicle" are maje up oti
Wednesday evenhuj each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach </(/.< office not later tluin 5' p.m. on
U'edncsdui/, otherwise they will moH likely be
hild over' until the followhuj week.

G^ ISHURST COMrOL'ND. — Insecticide
^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years' reputation ; liigbly
rvmiucuded li U.S. Scientifically -controlled Trials at
Wisley, 1914 15. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : PRICES P.\TENT CANDLE CO., tTD.,
Battersca. London. S.W. 11.

RO.SES. — Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Cross. Ltd., beg to oBer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new and old, for preeent planting. Priced
. ataloguc on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
sKRlliS, Waltham Cross, Herts.

YrEGETABLE PLANTS.— Barr's Selected

^ strains, now really to plant out. Summer OahbLi^e,
^inall Uod Cabbage, Brussels Sprouts, CsuMflowers (early
;ind late). Kale (.Vsparagus and Scotch). Sturdy plants,
■•s 6<1. per 100, carriage paid. Potato, t'p-to-Date,
■ • lifOted se«l (or late planting, 56lbs. Ms. 6d.. 141be. 46..

.rriage e.\tro.— BAKU & SON.S. 12 and 13. King Stlwt,
C"vent Garden, London.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mu.shroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application t« DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
liviuse and Nurseries Chester.

"WALLACE'S WATER LILIES and other

' ' pliints for the -Aquatic Garden should be planted
now. Uitalogues free.— R. WALL-iCE & CO., LTD.,
Kihifleld Gardens, Colchester.

MACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited,
Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London. Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London OfTice, 8, Camden
R.«d, N.W.

GANDERS, Orchid Growers,

^^ St. Albans.

T CRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
" • Greenhouses, Ac, and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea. London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone: 201, Western.

"DLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

-*-* have pleasure in sending a copy of their 1917
Catalogue of Begonjiis and Delphiniums. &c., &c.,
free, if this paper is mentioned. Magnificent strong
roots of our unei4uane<I Delphiniums, in superb variety.

CJREENHOUSE PAINTING it GLAZING
^^ " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
" IMastine " superseiles putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS. Grove Works, Baltcrsca. Agents
tlirou<,'liout the country.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE

SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEDS.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

BUSINESS METHODS.— Experience in
the world of commerce shows that there are two
ways of conducting a business, the one being to charge
as 'much as possible for what is sold, exacting a iiigh
rate from on© customer and a low price from another.
and the other to have a fined price for everything and
stick to it. The first method is to be condemned from
every point of view, but mainly because it punishes
the best piircha-sers, those who are ready to pay what
is 1-oa.sonablv aske<l when the giKids are marked in plain
figures. Tlie Gnrdenert' Clironicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It guarantees that its advertisement rates are
not altered for any customer, big or little, old or new ;
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Conso-
quentl.v, while it is not pos,sible to grant oonceiwiions.
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to b© in the
position to assure each advertiser that Ite pays no more
than anyone else.

FOUR NEW PRIMULAS, collected bv
Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa. A.M., R.H.S.. 3s. 6d.
P. nutans. A.M.. R U.S., 7s. 5d. P. vincaeflora. A. M..
R.H.S.. 5s. P. conica. A.M.. R.II.S., 5s. The set of four
grand novelties for IBs. Full descriptive catalogue of
these and other new Chinese plants post tree on applica
tion — R. WALLACE & CO., LTD.. Colchester, Essex.

WATERER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-
OUS PLANTS and WATER LILIES. Large
slocks of the best and most popular varieties. Doicrip-
tive Catalogue free.— JOHN WATERER, SON.S !c CRISP.
LTD., The Nurseries, Twjford, Berks.

SOW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-
SIES, as grown for the Royal Gardens at Frogiuoiro.
The pifhest aii<l lai-gest-flowere<I strain of Pansies extjint.
I'lr packet, 2s 6d. and Is. 6<l., post free far oarfi with
, or<ler.— (Dept. A). R. H. B.VTH, LTD., The Floral Farms,
Wi^be<-'h.

STEEL HAND PLOUGH AND TRENCH
HOE. -A wonderful little tool. .\ woman can do
more detail work with it than two men with spades.
Gets more useful every day. Many repeat orders re-
eeivecl, imMiiding Roy.al Kew Gardens. Price 3s., carriage
paid. Gaixlen tools of ail variety. Good line in hose
pipes an<l fittings. Please mention requirements. No
oaUlogiiej this se-ison.— LAND TOOL CO., Allsop Street,
Baker Street, London.

LAWN BOWLS.— 50s. Association set
Lawn Bowls, 4 pairs superior full size selected
lignum, nie<lium bi.as. with 2 jacks, complete, in strong
box, unused, price 209. M. : also 2 new pairs finest
Standarc-l Match Bowls, absolutely accurate, 3 bias.
ofHcialh- testefl and stamped, lis. 6d pair, or whole lot
for 498. M. Approval.— Box 707, Gilyard's, Darley Street,
Bradford.

'ANES, 6ft., 30s. 1,000.

' JOHNSON,

Traffor<l Rood, Salfoid,

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns. Hardv Garden Ferns ; catalogues free.— J. E.
SMITH. lyondon Fern Nursery. Loughborough .function,
London. S.W.

For Advertisement Charges see page ill.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT AT REDUCED PRICES.

KELWAY'S New and Choice Hardy
Perennial Plants of all kinds.
KELWAY'S Famous Gladioli.
KELW.AY'S many-coloured Pyreblivums.
KELWAY'S Gay Gaillardios.

Write for Reduced Price Lists to

V^IOLAS, finest Scotch, 12 Bedding
' Varieties, correctly named, 2s. 3d., post free. Early
Chrvsanthemums. 12 very fine varieties. 3e. 9d., post
free". Strong plants.— DOBBIE & CO., Florists, Edin-
burgh.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road. South Tottenham. Con-
sei-vatorics. Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, 4-c. Catalogues gratis.

J WEEKS & CO.'S Offices, 72. Victoria
• Street. S.W.I, are commandeered for War pur
poses. Tliey are now at No. 92.

1 nn AAA LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

X W t\J\J\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies, Hydrangeas.
&c. ; catalogues free —J. E. SMITH. London Fern Nur-
series. Loughl>orough Junction. London. S.W.

ORCHin PE.\T. 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Peat. 10.s. 6d. per yard in trucks; in bags
2-i. 5d. each, 30s. iloien ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand;
41on lots for 458.; C.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen bags; list
free.— J. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

SPORTSMEN, Fanners, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wear.'
like leather ; »liower]>nK>t ; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
tree.- BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, BradfcMd.

GERANIUMS, strong autumn-rooted, all
hcjding kinds, Ivvleoif-s; Fuchsias, Heliotropes, Sal-
vias (Zurich) Petunias Tomatos. from 60's. 15s. 100;
from st<ue.s, l'2s. ; carriage paid.-PARMENTEK, Basildon,
Efisei.

BEGONIAS, Gloire de Lorraine, Turnford
Hall and RotlischiUl variety of Lorraine, well-
rooted cuttings. 2«. 6(1. do/,,, 60 for &8. 6d., 10s. 6d. 100.
The King, 4s do?.., 50 for 12s., 20a. lOO.-H. DUDDER.
lUGE, The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford.

BEGONIAS and GLOXINIAS.— MORLE
ic CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
large 60 pots, in flower anil bud. Early inquiries, «»
.stock is limited this season. — 150-156, Finchley Road,
N.W. 3.

SEED POTATOS, Scotch-grown, and once
grown in Lincolnshire from Scotch Seed : King
Edwards, Up to- Dates, Dalhousies, Evergoods, Queen
Mary, and o<her good varieties. 14s. per 66 lb., carriage
paid. Prompt despatch. — FRRB PARKES. Wylieiton,
Boston.

THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[Mat 26, 1917.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

FOR SALE, as a going concern, Nursery
hu^iiie'.-^ 600 feel Glass, 2 acres land; Southend
distik't.— R. r.. Box 6, 41, Wellington Street. Oovent
(iaixlen, W.C. 2.

FRUIT and Flower Farm or Market Gar-
.leri, of 5 acres, with .house; main liiiue, gowl
mirkets' owner retiring aftm- 15 vears' sneeessful oecn
liilion Vri.-e £1 900— UlSSELI, BrTLEK'.S, Readins.

BUSINESS TO LET.

NURSERY, to be Let ..r Sold ; old estab-
lishe.l house and shop; main road; 200tt. Gla»«-
h..nse< (heateil); acre good Uiml ; having to join Aruiv —
«■ I'AKSONS. Branston Roa.i, CUwt on -on-Sea.

BOOKSELLERS' NOTICE.

SCUBMTiriC BOOK.S AND SERIALS.

JOHN WHELDON it CO. have the largest
stcck in the country of Books in all departments
of Science and Natural History ; also Transactions and'
Journals of lyearned Societies, kc, in sets, runs, and
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Libraries or small parcels purchased for cash.
SPECIAL CATALOGUES : Gardening, Botanical, Agri-
cultural. Ornithological, Entomological, Geological,
Chemical Microscopical, etc . gratis on application.
38 GREAT QUEEN STREIET, KINGSWAY. LONDON,
W.C. 2. Teleiyhone : Gerrard 1112.

fLANTS. Ao., WANTED.

ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

JAPANESE MAPLES. — Anyone who
o'lows Sluiihs at all should Include some at leasi
of Ihe'j.ipaiiese Maples. They are amongst the most ait-
tr.artive ot plants f"r the edging of a shrubbery, for the
boi^ler and foi |il;iiilin^ lu Ik-.!.- in the gJ-ass of a neatly
Uei>t. kiwn. Then Imi . li n i-r.-nsties are diversity of
colour— in nian\ viiim.- ihr iiiits are most brilliant —
and the attractive ajiju' ii.nii ,■ nf the leaves, which are
ilissected to such a degree that they attain a lightness
and deldcavv unapproacJled by the foliage of any other
plant. Thev are perfectly hardy, most varieties having
been known to withstand 30 degrees of frost (Fahr.)
without injury. I have two thousand specimens of this
beautiful gemis, from 1 foot to 5 feet high, to be cleare<l
at luw prices in September and October nest. They in-
chide the following varieties :— Acer palmailum pur-
piireum, Acer palmatum ddssectum, Acer palniatuin lin^
e.irilobum, Acer palmatiun 'linearilobum Crippaii (scarce),
-Acer paJniatum sanguineum (scarce), Acer palmatum
reticulatum (or Havesccns), Acer japaniciun aureuni (net
a palmate leaif). The collection can be viewed at the
a^ldress given below at anv time before the autumn. —
WILLIAM DANE. Hawkent)urj-, Tunbridge Wells. Kent.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of Scarlets. (Jueen of Whites. Lovely Blue (Lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple) ; strong, clean, well-
rooted stuff from boxes, 50 for 5s. ; 9s. per 100 ; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DUDDERIDGE, The Dorset
Nurseries. Blandford.

ATROPA BELLADONNA plants, well
rMt<^l. 15s. per 100, 50 for 7s. 6d.. cwriage paid.—
JOHN CARLISLE, Baibuii. KirUh\ Lonfdale.

MIS CELL A NEOUS.

■g EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,

* PorthleTen, Oomwaai.— Tl»e largest manufacturers
of GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOtiT
and epeciaUy strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-inr-h
and one-inch meah, at 4*1. per square yard. LIGHT
NEW ajuare mesh, suitable for Strawberry Bed«, at 3d.
per square yard.

These Neta are bound all round with stout cord, and
cover their measured length and widtih. Any length or
width Bupplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in atook. State your
requirements, and we will quote lo\\'est prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS. RICK COVEKS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK-
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train. CARRIAGE
PAID, on receipt ot order.

TJOTHOUSE FOR SALE ; pipes and boiler

-^ in working order, complete ; glass sheets, a.bout

800, size 18in. x 20in. What offers where it stands, or

taken down? — VVILLI.\MSON, Marlcet Place, Peter-

l...rough.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four LInas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. foP each succeeding line.

PRIVATE.

HEAD GARDENER.— Wanted, experi-
enced man; must uiwlerst-and Orchids; wages tO.-.,
cottage and coal.— Write. Z. H. .1. A., care Deacon's,
Leadenliall .Street, London. E.O.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER,

Oii'b'.d Urower (Mr. W. T. Stables being " oaUed
i>p"); Outside liaixlen easy, principally Odontoglossiun
I'oHection ; can soon teach ainteJJiigent man. with some
knowledge of Orchids.— DE B. .OBAWSHAY, Rosefiekl,
Severioaks, Kent.

WANTED, at once, HEAD GAR-
DKNEH; male or fern-ale; must understand Vines,
Tomatos, Vegetables; good cottage and ^v■ages.— .MK.S.
ALFRED SWIXGLER, Smalley, Derby.

W/' ANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' ING) ; good all-round energetic mail ; over millt.ary
age ; must be thoroughlv e-tperience<l ; economical, wili-
ijvg, and obliging.— HONBLE. MRS. F. OOLBORNE. Non-
such Park, Cheam, Surrey.

WANTED (middle June), HEAD
WOKKIXCi GAHDBLVER; goo<i .at Vines, Fruit,
and Vegetables ; good cottage. State w,iges and parti<-u-
l.irs.- ti KN<JWLES. Esci.. .Stockton. Codford, Wills.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER ; normal staff 5, 4 at present ; must be
uilling and obliging, .aiwi be wel'l recommended; a know-
le<lge of forestry would be an advantage ; cottage pro-
vided— Apply, givirCg full iwrticiplars and wages asked,
to MAJOR E. UPTON. Coptfold Hall, ingatestone, Esisex.

WANTED. — Can any gentleman recom-
mend g'Xxl WORKIN'G HEAD GARDENER for
hou^e in Hampshire? Staff l>efore war 3 men and boy ;
suitable cottage for married man; must be over age or
ineligible; best references essential ; must be exi>erienced
in Vegetables : poultrv kept. — Write, stating full par-
ticnlars, PARSONS. CLirke's Hotel, Taunton.

W^ANTED, WORKING GARDENER,

» ' Head of 3 ; good knowledge Inside and Out ;
single man preferred.— JTOS. TYNDAIJ!. Meadowcroft,
Chislebursl.

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside), little
Oiilnide; also JOURNEYMAN. Gooil wages. Sun-
day dutv, and overtime pai<l. — Applv. A. NEWMAN,
ParkHeld Gai-dens, Fitsroy Park. Higbgate, N. 6.

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); 30s.
per week, Bothv, ic. ; a.lso IMPROVER. 18s. and
Bothy, dutv and overtime paid.— E. BRISTOW, Leyswoud
Gardens, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

T\7"A^'TED, FOREMAN (Inside).— Apply,

" • giving' full particular's and wages expected, to
RBES. Gardens, LlanDver. Abergavenny.

TXT-ANTED, FOREMAN GARDENER

' ^ {under Bailiff), with general knowledge of Inside
and Outside work.— Applv to MESSRS. RYLANDS &
MASTER. Land Agents, 47, Dyer Street, Cirencester.

WANTED, capable all-round GAR-
DENER; single-handed; cottage. 25s. per week,
with 5s. war bonus; must be well recommended.—
RHXJTOR, Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham.

WANTED, GARDENER, bv a Gentle-
man, First-iate SlWiLE-HANDED GARDENER :
hoy kept; go<Kl wages, with charming cottage In
grounds; must understand Vines. Peiw-hes, Carnations,
and Kitchen Gai>deni, and take on interest in his work ;
permanent and comfortable situation; good Foreman
might suit — L. M., Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
G.a.rden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENBW ; wages 26s., with excellent 6-roomed cot-
tage and vegetables; must be well recommended; small
amounit of Glass. — ^Write. stating age and experiem^e. lo
H. C, TRIMWELL, White<-liff, Woldingham, Surrey.

WANTED, immediately, _ good GAR-
DKXER, especially with Vegetables; household of
39 ; st^ate wages, length of reference, if married or un.
married.— POWELL, St. Mi.liaels, Grove Park, Lee. S.E.

WANTED, GARDENER ; experienced ;
live out; wages £2 to suitable man.— Apph', R.
CORRY. P^sq., Ivanhoe, Reigate.

G.4RDENER -(married or single) re-
i|iiin'd June 1 for iiLstitution in North London;
^'ood cxii.rieiice and references essential; no children.—
Apph In letter, giving full pai-ticulars. stating wages le-
.[uiiMl, and sending t-opies of les:timonia'!s. to MRS.
I'VKE, 10, We.-tbonriie Terrace. Loildom. W. 2. If mar-
ried, an<l wife able to assist witb needlework ra- in
laundry, please stat(5.

WANTED, GARDENER (all-round); 2
cows' .and pigs; help given.; ineligible; 'if can
drive a motor preferred; cottage and garden pr^vi.led.
State wages.— Write, F. GOSLING. Rushmei-e, Leighmn
Buzzaixi

WANTED, MAN; experienced Inside;
wages 35s. per week a.nd cottage. — Appl,\', with
full particulars, to W. GROOM, The Gardens, Upper Gat-
ton Park. Merstham. Surrej'.

WANTED, married MAN, with some ex-
pcriem-e, for food production ; good cott-age and
garden.— Slate age and wiages to MR. LOW, Lees Court
Gar<leius, Faversham, Kent.

Vt/'ANTED, young GARDENER: under

' ^ experienced' Head ; age 16-17 or ineligible.- W.
PEARCE, The Gardens. Portisheiui House.- Portiishead,
Somerset.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER ; In-
side aii.l Out ; Vegetables and Fnlit ; wiages 30s.
and cottage.— Apiih, DVMOND, fiawlens. West Woodh.iv
House, Newbui-y.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER ;
nrarned ; good all-round experience necessiry ; im-
eligible ; wages 30s. ; good house, gnrden. part firuig
found ; duty every tbiixl week.— P. HURST, Stapiefoi-.l
Park, Melton Mowhiiay.

WANTED, married UNDER GAR-
llEXER for house 5 miles from Hay wards Heath;
wife In look after the ihouse and do occasional cooking-
Write. Box C 764, Scripp's Advertiising Offices, 13, South
Molton Street, W.

WANTED, GARDENER (Under); good
all-round man ; take turn with duty.— State
age, wages required, with good cottage and garden, to
HB.\D GARDENER, Heron's Ghyll Gardens. Uckfleld.

WANTED, ASSISTANT GARDENER;
not eligible for military servi^-e; JJorthern <l.is-
trict. London; 4-roomed cottage provided; Avater laid
on ; penny slot gas meter. — .^ppl.v, stating experiem-e
and wages' required, to A. B. 0.. Box 7, 41. Wellington
Street, Covent Garden. W.O. 2.

w

ANTED, strong YOUTH for the

Houses; wages IBs. per week. Bothy, milk, and
ihles.— G. HUNT, Ashtead Park Gardens, Epsom.

WANTED, a MAN and WIFE, without
cliil<ln-n, to live in i-ottage on pla<-e ; man
as ex[icrieiired Gai<leiier and wife to belip a few houns
.l.iilv 111 house.- STEVENS. AdtUestone Lodge, Addle-

URGENTLY WANTED.— Capable Lady
rn- Woman GARDENER or Single handed Man GAR-
DENER; unders-tands Vines. Cuciimbeis. and usual
brandies Gardening; good references; 30s. weekly. X"
include boaixl and lodging.— Apph' L.U)Y M.. Kibwor.h,
Leicester.

WANTED, 2 good WOMEN GAR-
DENERS for llie Glass Department, under Fore-
woman; comfortable Bothy, with the usual perquisiles.
— .ipply. stating age and experience, to C. COMBE, Esq.,
Pains Hill. Cobluim. Surrey.

w

ANTED, 2 WOMEN GARDENERS,

as Head Working and Under; bov kept; furnished
coal and light.- F. SCHUSTER, Esq., The Hut.
Berks.

WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER ;
st'ine experience Outside ; live in furnished cot-
tage wiMi other two; take turn on duty.— THE GAR-
DENER, Hiirdeott House. Salisbury.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER; skiUed
in ^'egetables, fui- Outdoor oiUy ; Under nKin kept;
cottage: state experience and full particular.s. — MRS.
PARRY. Pengwern. Rhuddlan, Flints.

LADY GARDENERS wanting posts as
HE\D or SINGLE HANDED GARDENERS slhonld
applv to THE WOMEN'S FARM AND GARDEN I.INION,
45 Csixth floor). Queen Anne's Chambera, Westminster.
S.W.

WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, with
know-le<lge of work ; tinder Head— Apply, with
panticulars, wages. &c., to Tidenliam House, near Chep-
stow. Mon.

Mat 26, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, experienced young WOMEN
for Gai'den ; share rxin\s witli another; Vege-
laWps, &c. ; state wages.— A. FRY, The Court Gardens.
LljnUall'. Cardief.

WANTED, LADY UNDER GAR-
DEXEB or YOUTH atMut 16 ; ahle to look alter 2
i-ow'S, or willing to iearn.— STEVENS, Addlestone iKidge,
A<ldleS'tone, Surrey.

WANTED, Female UNDER GAR-
DENER, to take i-harge of Glass ; room proTwleJ
in llesid Gar<l€ner's cottage.— .^ppl.v, with full particu-
lars and wages required, J. A. JOilXSON. The Gn.ve
(l.irylen.s, C-arflialton, Surrey.

LADY GARDENERS wanted ; all suited
eiitirelv free of ciharge. — Berks, as Forewoman ; very
good Head Man; 5 Unders and girl kept; Glass, Fruit,
Orchids, Carnations. Bucks, under good Head .Man;
would take 2; another man and hoy kept; fumishea
cottage given. Cheshire, 2 wanted ; accommodxition, witih
g.i.s and bath provided; Vegetahleg, Finiit, and Flower
(iaixlens, some GLasa, poultry, aiwl horses. Halifax, css
Head, I'nder kept; comfortable cottage, with c-oal and
gas ; Garden, 1 acre. Notts, 3 wanted, to work under
Heat! Man ; one with experience of Vineries ; 3 men and
2 boys also kept ; nice furnished cottage, with milk and
vegetables. Sussex, simple gardening ; not much ex-
perience ne^'cssary : lad\- and gentleman both work in
gaKlen ; 2 men kept; interview in town.— MRS. HINT.
I.Tn.. .%. High Street, Marylebone. W. 1.

TRADE,

WANTED, FOREMAN, to undertake

*' actual work with men on new landscape jobs,
who must be ineligible. State age, wages required, an<l
previous experience. — ^J. T., Box 4, 41, \VeIlingtan Street,
Coveni Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, FOREMAN GROWER for
gcncr.il NMrs«'ry. Bedding Plants. Fern*, Pot StuB,
Timaitos, and Cucumbers; nice house and gai>d«i in
nursery.- Wages, ic. to SAOKVILLE NIRSERY CO..
Hove.

T\7'ANTED. for Farm Seeil Warehouse, a

• " oapable FOREJUN ; must be able to supeirintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade ; also
Warehouseman, neat sack stitcher jiul tyer imiispensable ;
aleo (or Garden Seed Deiwrtment. an experienced Hand,
must be able to take entire charge. Good wages offered.
All applioants must be ineligible.— A B.. Box 19, 41,
Wellington Street, Ooyent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, at once, an Ineligible, Practi-
oal G.A.JIDENER; an cldc.ly man with good
knowledge of all Hardy Perennials and Hardy Rockery
Plant*. — .\pply with refciences stating age and wage-
required, to JAS. HOLDER & SON, ('rown Nurseries,
fteading.

PASHIER and BOOK-KEEPER required

^-^ I>y North of KnpLuul Ann of Seerl Merchants.-
Applic.ints muj^t hnve kiiowledjfe of (iiinlen aiwi Funii
5>*'ed trades an<l he <*ni>at>!e of kikin^ entire nhatTKe of
nfflt-e in absenc'e of |>rirn*i|>als, Pernuinent sitmitioii, jf*jo<l
flalary, iuid war bonus to jwrfft'tl'V t-oHable man — Write,
PtatiH'g uge, exi>erienc)'. wlarv exiwcterl, and enrlose
copies of recent testinioni-iifc*, to*S. N., Box 5, 41, Welliuj;-
ron Streeit, Covent Rarden, W.C. 2.

T^ANTED, AUDIT or CHECKING

'* CLERK; experienred ; over milUarj* Qg«; quick
uid ai«urat«.— TOOGOOD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.,
Southampton'.

W^ANTED. in the Midlands, a reliable

' ' MAN, under Foreman, to gr'>w PIajit.3 for market.
Application with particulars.— P. X.. Box 24, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WTANTED, a CUCUMBER antj

^ » TtiMATO GROWER ; good wa«e« and overtiine.—
Apply to .(. M. LEATHER, East Fields, Mitcham.

W/'ANTED, Experienced CUCUMBER

" fJROWBR for NorthF,a»t London; ineligible;

waxes 80.S.— K. .S.. Box 26. 41, WeUington Street. Covent
Crarilen. W.C. 2.

T1/"ANTED, MEN ; ineligible ; Cucumber
' ' and Tomato growers ; good prospects. — Apply,
OOOKEM,, Bo.sild«n, Essex. •

"PLORIST'S. —Young Lady Assistant re-

-*■ quired, with some experiem-c." — Apply, letter,
NI"R.SERY, 307, Upper Richmond Rorad, Putney, S.W. 26

W^ANTED, Smart LADS, to learn Fruit

» » and Rove Growing. — Apply, .IDIIN W.\TERKR,
.SnSS A- t'ltlSI'. T,TD., Hare ll:U.-li. Twylord, Perks.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words foF 1/6, and 6d for each

sueceedine Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring tbeir Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherivise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficent.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into cummunicafon with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addre.ised to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE,

GARDENER (Head). 30 years' practical
life experience, Indoor and Outdoor Gardening ;
well reuommended ; ineligible, — R. FLINN, Cranford
House Gardens. Hounslow. ^

( '^ ARDENER (Head Woeki.ng) ; 6 or more

^^ are kept in normal time ; life experience in all
branches ; age 47 ; married (no family) ; excellent refer
ences from present and previous employers. — BE.\LE,
Xew Cottage, Llanwern, Newport, Mon.

GARDENER (Single-haxdeu or with
help); married; age 32 vears ; no cJuldren ; in
eligible. Plea.w state wag(jf, &c.— Address, GARDENER,
Gardener's Cottage, Ookendean, Oowfold, Sussex.

CJENTLEWOMAN dSirS jwst i^
' IxnEH GARDENER, under Head; some practicaJ
knowle<lge ; energetic, willing, and strong; good worker.
—Apply. II. WOOLS, t'llivenor Hoiij», near Wraftoii.
N. Devon.

TRADE,

YfANAGER or FOREMAN; life ex-

■^ -*■ peiicnce in Ihe trade, controlling labour and pro.
duciiTg cro|>s in large quantities Plants, Flowers. Fruil.
Vegetables.— LAWRK.VCE, 83. Warwick Avemie. l"<a<ldiriK
ton.

OPEN for Engagement as HEAD SHOP-
^-' MAN or M.^jNAGBR; upwarda of 30 years' ex-
perience in all branchew of the trade; over military
aec— Write. G.. Box 9. 11. Wellington Street. Tovcnt
Cirflf-n.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advartitam-nti intend'd for in>erlion in ths nex
isaus (MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page ... „ ,, 12 12 0

Half and (tuarter pages, column ami half column

spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per inch, single column

Per inch across 2 columns

Per Inch, across 3 columns

3 0

7 0

14 0

I 1 0

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line ipac
I Headline counted as two lines.)

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

rds Is. «d., and 6rl. for every additional 8

SCBSCRIPTIONS.

Cheques and P.O.a 'o >e mod* payable to "Oardknkrs"

Chronicle, " Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2,

'releurania : l.^itS "Oarijohron, Ranh, Lonmin."
Telei)lione : 1643 UEitiiARD.

Phytobroma

Barrs Netxj Plant Food
For Flowers Vcj^etektles and Fruit
of higjh&st quiility & guaranteed analysis

Phytobroma Greatly Increases all Vegetable Crops.

Guaranteed Amilyitis : — Z-^ % Nitrogen: IQWi, Sohthle
Phosphates ; 13-50 4 Insoluble Pliosphates : 3 1 Pure Potash

711.., 2/9 ; 141b., 5/6 ; 'iSlb., 8/. ; .561b., 15/- ;
1 cwt,, 28/..

Prepaid Orders for ^Slb. and upwards, carriage
paid Circular, with full particulars, on application

BARR and SONS,

King Street, Covent Garden, LONDON

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown im I cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Variewes.

;tove and greenhouse plants of all kinds.

Kin<lly senil Un- (^itulogue.

AMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

PERPETUAL CARNATIONS

Flowering plants in ."liii. pots.
Standard varieties, 18/- per dozen, 110/- per 100
Novelties, 22/6 per dozen, 150/- per 100.

BORDER CARNATIONS

Strong plants in Sin. pots,

7/ti per dozen, 50/- per 1(X).
All plants CAIUt. PAID mul pa,-ki.l free /or ca.'^h.

A. F. DUTTON'S NOTED CARNATIONS.

IVER, BUCKS.
FOOD PRODUCTION.

S(1\V NOW— Cliiiil.inn While Il;iri(i.t I'.eniis. .Inst ariived
r...iu I'liuu-c (liv .^iieiiiil p.iiiiill. Half pint, 1/(1; pint, X'C,
]>ostfree. Gl-o\vn the s.imm :i - -r,,i M Kiinners. lliMKht, Sft.,

and can he used as a ill' .ir >, .iii.i iilloweii to ripen for

winter nBe. and can onl> I H iii'|.le ^1 ii\ -

S. BIDE &r SONS, Ltd.,

Seedsmen. FARNHAM. SURREY.

« ,- sliiill at all times lie pk-iisiil lo ,H.-n<l yon onr lllu.strated
.Seed Catalogue, or various Plant Catalogues on upplicutiori.

MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Acliag Ckairaaa ef the Scieatific Camanttec ol ill*
Rajal Horticultaral Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Sane Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By th* Sam* Author.

Price S/6 each petl free from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE "6ARDEMEHS' CHRONIGli." LTD..
41. WEaweTON IT..IOOVENT aMOEII.'LIMDON. W.C. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHROTSIICLE.

[Mat 26, 1917.

\

■Jlfl

1

\

1
Li

^

4W:l:JW!iWI

BENTLEY'S—

WEED DESTROYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strengtit I to 80,

Double Strength 1 to SO.
Patent Powder: I to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd.

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

MANY- ITEAPS 'REPU-nvriCLN.
WEED

^« M^l f

LASTING RESULTS - NO NEW EXPERIMENT

LABOUR SAVERS. "EUREKA- lawn sand.
50ILFUME, Nicotine insecticides Fumers.

SPRAYS AND OTHER CHEMICALS & SUNDRIES

See List pll«sc Asn your agent for the eureka

ARTICLES - They Af!E ALWAYS SATISFACTORY IF ANY

Difficulty in obtaining we send direct carriage paic

, BniyAJsressTOMUNSOH & HAYWARD tTLiNCOLN

V

Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d.& i/-Tins& i5/-pec Cwt.ci.o

of all Chemists. Stores and Vi""'

r. London)

I THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.
Limehouse, London, E.
Awarded Medal al Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. iQii.

LETHORION ::
Fumigator

VAPOUR
CONE

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porositv. Healthful-
ness of CRE'IS would help
your [.liius. Writf:
PETER BAILEY & SONS. Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

Save our Food

ot Ratj and Mice In

RATsT.r,

8/6&6-:forMicrl/6
Ofall riirniisis.
EVANS SONS

lESOHER&WEBB
Ltd . Liverpool.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

\Vf Btill hold rtrtain Binall storks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which uc shall lie ideased to clear at special prices, subject
to being unsold.
Particulars on application,
IDS

NORWICH.

Introduced 1885.

The marrellous effect of this
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Mat 36, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

209

No, U87,~SATURDA7, MAY S6, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Alpine garden, the —
Alpines without a rock
garden

Anemone Pulsatilla

Asparagus, rust-resistant

Crusoe's Island : Juan
Fernandez

Fairchild lecture, the ..

Farm, crops and stock
on the home ..

Food production, on in-
creased—
Allotment holders, the

rights of
Broccoli, hardiness of
BiTifisels Sprouts

Butter Beans

Parsnip seed, germina-
tion of .. ..
Queries, a few . . . .
Sugar for jam . . . .

France, vegetable-grow-
ing in

Peaclies and Nectarines . ;

Pompon or Pompone? .. ;

Poultry and food .. ;

Rabbit manure .. .. ;

Rhubarb leaves as
Spinach S

Societies-
Horticultural Club .. !
Royal Horticultural . . \

Sun heat, the value of .. !

Twenty-five years witii the
Gardeners' Chronicle '

Violets, the propagation
of ^

War items S

Watering allotments .. 5

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. '
Fruits under glass . . '
Hardy fruit garden, the i
Kitchen garden, the .. ;
Orchid bouses, the .. '.
Plants under glj

213

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Anemone Pulsatilla 200

■Iiiania australis on Juan Fernandez 210

Meconopsis quintuplinervis 216

Tree Ferns of Juan Fernandez 210

ANEMONE PULSATILLA.

THE Ions winter which we have recently
endured seems to have suited Anemone
Pulsatilla, for it has flowered with the
utmost profusion. It seems to revel in light
sand, which becomes hot and dry in summer.
Indeed, it is one of the few plants that can
remain in this sand year after year, and
increase in beauty as it grows older. E.xperi-
ence has shown that in the case of most plants
no amount of top dressing can compensate
on this sand for the lack of nutriment dis-
tributed through the soil, and that most plants
no sooner get established and grow to be
reasona.ble specimens than they begin to dwindle
because they have exhausted the soil within
reach of their roots. However, Anemone
Pulsatilla seems tpiite satisfied witli a yearly
top-dressing of old leaf soil and chalk or lime.
A well-grown plant bears as many as 40 or 50
iilooms, which are followed liy the gldhular
heads of long-plumed seeds. The latter should
he gathered as soon as they can le readily
detached, and sown at once in pots or boxes.
This is important, for stale seeds either ger
niinate very irregularly and scantily or fail en
tirely to germinate at all. When the seeds are
sown at once, the seedlings appear in early
auttmin, and in stune cases grow so rapidly in
favourable seasons that they are ready by the
following April to be planted out in their ))er-
niancnt positions. Sometimes, as. for instance,
after a cold, damp autumn and hard winter,
such as we have just experienced, the seedlings
are better left in the seed pots sunk to the rim
in the open, until the following year. Plants
and seedlings are best moved just when active
growth begins in April, and there is then no
^jreat check, so that flowers may be expected in
the following spring.

A few years ago I found on Monte Maggiore,
near Fiume, a number of plants of a dark-
purple-flowered Anemone, to which local
licitanists give the name of montana. In the
wild state, the plants seemed rarely to produce
more than one flower, but one of the three plants
which I (lug up and brought back now has more
than 20 flowers and the others each have several.
The foliage is practically identical with that of
Anemone Pulsatilla, and the flowers are covered
with the same silky down that forms one of the
charniG of that flower. The colour of the flowers
was always dark purple so far as I could see
when I examined a number of plants in the wild
st.nte.

Some gardeners are content to admire the
mere beauty of their plants and flowers, while

others are troubled by a desire to know where
they come from and how they differ from their
nearest neighbours. It was some such desire as
this which led me to look up literature dealing
with Anemones in the hope of finding the
difference between montana and Pulsatilla, for
though the flowers of the latter are usually
pale purple, or even lilac, they are sometimes
almost as dark as those of montana. Moreover,
colour alone is hardly ever a true guide to
specific difference. I found that the differences
between the two species, as described in
botanical literature, are somewhat vague. Some
botanists hold that the leaves are differently
divided, but seedlings vary in this respect, and
the only real difference seems to be that, while

lings, for Pulsatilla Anemones in .a whole range
of colour would be some coniipensation for the
antipathy which many Anemones show for this
hot and sandy soil. li'. If. Dyhes, Charkrhonxr,
(iodaiming.

[A coloured plate of Anemone Pulsatilla rosea
-Mrs. Van der Elst was issued as a supplement to
this journal. January 25. 1913— Ens.]

CRUSOE'S ISLAND^jJUAN FERNANDEZ.

{Cotilinucd from ii. 2iii>.)
•Sklkjuk had the following effects : — A fair
stock of clothes, bedding, a musket, a pound
of gunpowder, a quantity of bullets, a hatchet,

NK.MONE Pri.SATILI.A.

Pulsatilla turns its flowers up to the sun almost
invariably and opens them out almost flat, the
buds of montana droop and the bell-shaped
flo^-ers continue to droop even when fully ex-
panded. The stems only become erect as the
petals fall off and the seeds begin to develop
into the characteristic globular heads.

There is a beautiful variety of A. montana
with flowers of what I can only describe as a
bright chocolate colour. When it first flowered
here, I coidd not resi-st the temptation to try
whether it would cross with Pulsatilla, and the
first seedling has just produced a first small
flower of a colour which approaches nearly
to a rich crimson-[)urple. I shall await with
interest the develo[raient of this batch of seed-

a knife, a kettle, a few pounds of t(]bacco,
a flip-can, a Bible, and some books on naviga-
tion and mathematics, with his mathematical
instruments and food sufficient for two meals.
,So he was much better provided for than,
poor William, the Indian. His grief was great
at first, and for a considerable time he scarcely
ate anything, nor did he go to bed until
he could watch no longer. His melancholy re-
mained for .som;e -months, but at last graclually
wore off. Contimial running and climbing about
the TOcks made him so fleet that the most nimble
giKits could not escape him. " He knew all the
byways and paths on the miountaJiis, could trip
from one crag to another, and let himself dowii
the most drcidful precipices." He built him-

210

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 36, 1917.

Fig. 77. — trek ferns in the virgin forest uf juan Fernandez

self two luits wiUi the wood of Pimento trees
(Pimento officinalis), covering them with long
grass, and lining them with the skins of goats.
His Pimento bedroom was at first infested by cats
and rats in great numbers, which had got on
shore from ship« that ha.d put in for wood and
water. The rats actually gnawed his feet aind
other parts of his body whilst he was asleep. In
time he tamed the young cats, so that they kept
off the rats, and it is related that they — the cats
— used to lie about him in hundreds. So he bad
plenty of company in the night as well as the
day-time. When not hunting for food be em-
ployed some of his time* in reading, singing
Psalms, and praying, so that, as Rogers relates,
" he was a better Christian while in this solitude
than ever he was before, or than, he was afraid,
he should ever be again." The Pimento wood.
«hich burned with a clear light, served for both
fuel aild candle, and refreshed 'him witli its
fragrant smell. Whenever he bad time tu reflect
on his condition, which was during the- intervals
of obtaining food, he yearned for the society of
his fellow-men. The monsters of the deep,
the fur seals and sea elephants, with their
terrible bowlings, seemed to add to the
terrors of bis solitude. In the month of Novem-
ber the seals came on sliore in such nimibers in
order to breed, that (Selkirk could not pass
through them to the shore, so thick were they.
And if he approached them, they would not move
out of his W'ay, but run at him like angiy dog.«,
so that it was dangerous for him to go near them.
Selkirk obtained plenty of " Cabbages," the
young central part of an interesting endemio
soecies of Palm (Juania australis ; see fig. 78).
It was most abundant towards the tops of
the lowest mountains, and was somewhat
difficult to collect, owing to the looseness
of the soil, which is very shallow every-
where on the island on account of the vol-
canic origin of the land. Like most Palm trees,
the Cabbage tree or " C'honta " of the Chilians
has a straight trunk, with a bunch of leaves at

the top. The young heart is
white, tender, and palatable.
But in order to obtain the
Cabbage it was necessary to
destroy the tree. Rogers
states that there were then
great quantities of Pimento
trees, some about 60£t. high
and 5ft. through. There was
plenty of Turnips, the seed of
which had probably been
brought to the island by the
Spaniards. He had also Par-
snips and Watercress. Rogers
says, " By degrees, by the
force of reason, and a frequent
reading of the Scriptures,
and turning his thoughts on
the study of navigation, after
a space of eighteen months he
grew thoroughly reconciled to
his condition. When be had
made this conquest, the
vigour of his health, disen-
gagement from the world, a
constant cheerful, serene sky,
and a temperate air, made liis
life one continual feast, and
his being much more joyful
than it had before been irk-
some. He now, taking delight
in everything, made the. hut
in which he lay, by ornaments
wliich he cut down from a
spacious wood, on the side of
which it was situated, the
most delicious bower, fanned
with continual breezes and
gentle aspirations of wind,
that made his repose after the
chase equal to the greatest
pleasures."
Like his predecessor, William, the Indian, Sel-
kirk hid himself when Spanish ships entered tlie
bay. On one occasion he was seen and chased,
but escape<l 'by climWng a tall tree. His pur-
suers came to the base of the tree, but, not Hnd
iiig him, gave up the chase. One day he had a
nairow escape from, death when chasing a goat.
He pursued it to the brink of a precipice, and ni
attempting to capture it, goat and mam fell ovei-.
He lay unconscious for a considerable time, .sonic
accounts say twenty-four hours, others three
days, and when be recovered his senses he found
the goat lying dead under him. He crawle<l
painfully to bis hut, and it was ten days before
he was well enough to get about again. After liis
recovery he took the precaution, iji case of fur-
ther illness, of laming kids when vei-y young, so
that they recovered their health but not their
agility. He slit the ears of a large number of
goats, and as evidence of the great age of these
animals it is recol^ded that on Anson's \\s\i
thirty-two years later several of these venerable
creatures were still alive. Walter, who pub-
lished an account of Anson's voyages, describes
the capture of the goats as follows : — " Now it
happened, that the first goat that was kille<l by
our people at their landing ha<l bus ears slit,
whence we concluded that he had doubtless been
formerly under the power of Selkirk. This was,
indeed, an animal of a most venerable aspect,
dignified with an exceedingly majestic beard, and
with many other symptoms of antiquity. During
our stay on the i.sland we met with others
marked in the same manner, all the males being
distinguished by an exuberance of 'beard, and
every other characteristic of extreme age."

On January 31, 1709, Selkirk sighted two ves-,
sels, the "Duke" and "Duchess," under the
command of Captains Woodes-Rogcrs
Thomas Dover, with Dampier as pih>t. i
privateering trip in the South Seas. Ii
evening Selkirk lighted a fire as a signal, and
next day once more beheld the faces of his
countrvmen.

In Rogers' published account of the circum-
stances we are told that Selkirk had so far for-
gotten his language for want of use that there
was some difficulty in understanding him. It
was some time before he could wear shoes, his
feet swelling Avhen he first put them on. The
food on board ship, too, did not suit him.

Thus Selkirk abdicated his dominion, wbere he
had been monarch of one of the most delightful
islands in the world. He arrived in England, as
master of the " Duke." on October 14, 1711. His
story was the chief topic of cuiivers^itioii in
London, where " it was matter of gi'eat curi-
osity to bear him, as he is a man of good sense,
give an account of the different revolutions in his
own mind in that solitude" (Steele). Accord
ing to Wright, the writer of The Life nf Uunicl
Defoe, the famous author met Selkirk in a house
at Bristol, where he heard the wonderful tale
from the hero himself, and whence it was sup-
posed he got the idea of writing liohinson
Crusoe. Who can estimate the tremendous in-
fluence that Defoe and the bumble Largo sailor
have had on the careers of our young men ?
May not even the efficiency of our mighty fleet
at the present day be due in some small part to
these two celebrated men ?

Clipperton was tbe next to visit the island
in September, 1719, in the "Success." Harris
relates that " the beauty and fertility of
the island, compared with the dangers and
difficulties they were sure to meet with in
the South Seas, tempted four of his crew
to enter into a scheme of remaining in pos-
session of so valuable a country. In pursuance
of this they actually ran away from the ship, and
betook themselves to tbe mountains. ' For the
first five days they were hard put to it, being
forced to subsist wholly on Cabbage trees, of
which they found a great quantity^ but having,
by good fortune, one night found some fire,
which bad been left by the goat hunters (from
their own vessel), it served them ii5 good stead,
for thev were now able to dress their fish and

and

till

Fig. 78.— .iu.\nia australis (the cabbage palm)
endemic tu the island of juan fernandez.

MvY 26, 1917. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

'211

satisfy their hunger." Two uf the men were
eventually captured by the goat hunters, who
found them more difficult to secure than the
goats, and they were fired at several times before
they would surrender. The other two men
I'emained a couple of months after Clipper-
ton's departure, when they surrendered them-
selves to the Spaniards. Captain Shelvocke ar-
rived in the following January, and returned in
May, when his ship was wrecked on the island.
They were able to land and build a boat out of
the wreck, but as there was much discontent
among the crew, considerable delay occurred be-
fore it was launched. During the making uf the
boat a party of the men, eleven in number, de-
cided " that they were not yet prepared for the
other world ;" and when Shelvocke and his ad-
herents departed, the eleven men remained on
the island, together with thirteen black and
Indians.

(To be continued.)

THE ALPINE GARDEN.

ALPINES WITHOUT A ROCK GARDEN.

At the present time rock gardens are so much
under a cloud that it needs a good deal of
moral hardihood to write about them. Their
owners seem inclined to regard them with that
air of disowning aloofness that a man assumes
when his dog has disgraced himself at the
butcher's.

Yet even in normal times it is surprising how
many people have a rooted objection to rock
gardens, and I have heard many curious rea-
sons given why rock gardens should not be.
The perpetrator of a lamentable outbreak of
villa, in aggressively good taste, laid it down
to me that rock did n'>t occur na.turally in the
neighbourhood, and that therefore a rock garden
would be incongruouB. Such reasons as this are
of course insincere. All gardening, good and
bad, is more or less of a compromise, half
nature and half art. and. the rock garden is
jufit as legitimate a branch of gardeaiing as the
cultivation of the most expensive Orchids or the
most hectic Ramblers. Oiven a fondness for
Alpine plants I know of only two good reasons
for not having a rock garden — lack of space,
and the initial expenise. But lack of space is not,
after all. a very good reason, for it is possible
to have a practical and a perfectly charming rock
garden, exactly one foot square, and to grow
upon it a surprising number of the loveliest
and the best Alpine jilants. I have done it.
.\ garden of well laid rocks and suitable
soils is undoubtedly the best possible setting
one can have for .\lpine plants, but, if
these are not available, that is no reason
for noC growing Alpine plants. The late
Canon Ellacombe's rock garden proper was a
comparatively small affair, yet he grew .\lpine
plants successfully, and always charmingly, in
almost every part of his garden. They were
grown as unconventional edgings to the borders,
and one came uipon them in all sorts of unex-
pected, odd corners. An e.xcellent example of
rock plants grown without a rock garden is to
be seen at Aldenliam House. Here, low, sim-
ple edgings of small pieces of rock, well sunk
in the soil, have been laid as edgings to hand-
some herbaceous borders on either .side of a
central path in the kitchen garden. These rock
edgings are little more than a couple of feet
wide, and they are planted with many kinds of
eliowy and low-growing rock plants. Saxifrages,
both silver and mossy, .Alpine Phloxes. Aubrie-
tias, silvery Achilleas, Alyssums, Rock Roses,
Veronicas, Gentians, Arenarias. Thrift, and
many others. Rock plants are too seldom u.sed
in this way,' yet there is endless scope for
ingenuity in grouping the plants. The arrange
metit of the stone should be f|uite simple— the
simpler the better; or one Ci-ii do without

it altogether. In grouping the plaiits it is a
very good plan to run certain sorts into each
other, so that they mix and put up a good fight
for existence. A single plant of Arenaria mon-
tana placed among several plants of Lithosper-
mum prostratum, for instance, makes a lovely
show of pure white and vivid blue. Dwarf Cam-
panulas, like the varieties of C. pusilla. alba.
Miss Willmott and pallida, are far prettier if
planted in mixed colonies than when carefully
shepherded, and the outliers of such a mixed
colony might run into and mingle with some of
the dwarf-habited Pinks such as Dianthus
caesius (the Cheddar Pink) and varieties of
D plumarius. A splendid mixture- which I
came across as a self-arranged accident, and duly
noted, was a special dee\p rich purple form of
Campanula unifolia which I collected at Mt.
Cenis, growing with the ruby-red Dianthus
deltoides superbus. To avoid bare spaces in
winter, the lighter growing deciduous, plant.*,
such as the small Campanulas, may be planted
among evergreen tufted plants like Saxifrages,
Pinks, and Alpine Phloxes. Spangled patches
of rose and lavender or lavender and white may
be made by intei-planting different varieties of
Phlox subulata ; deep rose and violet with Phlox
reptans and Viola gracilis, and for real barbaric
daring mixture Aubrietia Dr. Mules and Aubrie-
tias .Fire King, Royal Purple and Magenta-
Crimson. The scope for this sort of thing is
endless, and experimenting is a great pleasure.
Such an edging as that at Aldenham is surely
a better foreground to a herbaceous border,
and much more interesting, than cither Box
or a mown turf verge. The effect of a well-
kept grass edging is certainly pleasing, but
from the practical point of view the difficulty
is that directly the foremost plants begin
t ) stretch out and enjoy themselves they
get mutilated by the mowing machine. The
labour of keeping grass verges in good condition
is an item that must be taken into consideration.
Then, of course, any old wall can be made a
joyous home for .\lpine plants. .Seeds may bo
sown, and young plants tucked into crevices.
Many good "things will grow and thrive without
anv special attention. Ramondia pyrenaica is a
phint which is usually treated with a good deal of
lespect, and for which special, cool, perpendicular
crevices are constructed in the rock garden.
But some of the finest and healthiest plants 1
have seen in cultivation are growing without
any fuss at all on a ledge of a mossy terrace wall
overhanging a pond. The aspect is north or
north-east. It is pleasant to lean over from the
terrace and see this thriving, increasing colony,
especially in .May, when it is covered with large
violet, moon-faced flowers.

I have said that it is not necessary to have a
rock garden in order to grow Alpine plants. 1
will go further, and assert that it is not even
necessary to have a garden at all to grow them.
. 'i'ou can grow them on other people's roadside
garden walls. .Ml you need do is to scatter the
seeds of Alpine and rock plants in the rotten
mortar and crevices on the top of the wall as
you pass, though I warn you that someone is
almost sure to come along the road just when
vou are going to throw the seed up. You will
then shrink guiltily from the perfectly innocent
Jecd— and sow another time. 1 enjoy several
colonies of wall plants in this way, at other
people's expense. But, of course, there are
failures. I had a lovely Chedd.ir Pink and
several Wallflowers doing splendKlly on a certain
ohl lady's garden wall. She discovered them.
had them destroyed, and the wall pointed
Fortunately, the man who did the work was a
b.id workman and used bad mortar. The Cheddar
Pink Had only been cut off at the neck. Us
roots lia<l rpiested deep among the old bricks,
and the stock actually sprouted and pushed aside
the ill set pointing mortar, with the result that it
is alive and flourishing to this day. Clarciii-i:
KUiiill, Slcvcnaije.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODOCTION.

A FEW QUERIES.
Since more epace h;us been allotted in the
(hardeners' Chronicle to vegt^able items, many
interesting and helpful hints ha.ve apjieared from
different writere, tliougli occasionally a puzzling
contribution e.xcites the surprise of the reader.
For instance, ilr. Divers, late of Belvoir (see
page 161), says he planted all Pota.U>s the same
■distance apart, and apparently with good
results. Mr. Divers' remarks are a great chal-
lenge to the experience and practice of gardeners.
Eitlier they are deceived, or Jlr. Diveiis could
have had still better results by giving robu.st
haulm producers more space than weak growere.
Surely the teaching of the majoi'ity must be the
sounder, othei-wiag there is no reason why tall
and short, or bulky and slim-gi'owing greenstuffs
should not be spaced at one distance for the lot,
with equal Ukebhood of success. Another unusual
and, I think, questionable practice comes from the
pen of another great gardener, Mr. Brotherston.
He teUs tis he has planted Brussels Spaxjuts be-
tween Bnissels Sprout®. Perhaps tihis is only a
war-time expediency, but If. P. B. should have
added siuch a hint if it were so, and also have
said whether the ground thus occupied two
years in succession with the same long-
season vegetable had si)ecial preparation before
the first crop was planted. Yet another note
seemed to me strange ; it was on Beetroot
(see page 123). The writer stated that this vege-
table withstood the severe winter in the South
of England though left in the ground. To what
county or counties does this apply ? I have always
followed the teaching that it is best to take up
and store Beetroot, and have never tested what
degree of cold it could safely bear. One or two
of our recognised works on gardening, notably
Thompson's Ganlencrx' .lK.fi.<ltiiil, say that frost
i.i fatal to Beetroot. Perhaps someone who has
tested the hardihood of the Beet will tell us his
experience, as undoubtedly it would be a boon to
those gardeners lacking sitoj'age room to be able
to leave the roots longer in the ground, t'.
7'uriiiT. .^m/il/iill Pari.

I The books, it appears, are not always right.

Beetroot at Wisley remained perfectly sound

in the open garden during the past .severe

winter. See (iunlriuix' ('/wiinilr. Manli 31.

1917. p. 137.— Ens.]

THE RIGMTS OF ALLOTMENT llOLDEKS.

-\t the beginning of February this year, the

Brentham Horticultural Society was auth(jrised

by the Borough Surveyor of Ealing, under the

Defence of the Realm Regulations (Cultivation

of I^ands Order), to otxupy tlie grass land (some

IJ acre in extent) at Dibden House, Hanger

I/iUie, I'Ming, for the purpose of "war" alloit-

ment.s. Thirtyjthree allotments were pegged.

out, and cultivation proceeded as iiapidly as tlie

weather would permit. Some of the allotments

were shared by the holders, and about fifty men

in all were working upon. them.

Just befoi-e Eafter, the work of erecting two
.sheds was put in hand without any notifi<-ation
whatever to the society, for the pui-pose of test-
ing smoke bomibs. The attention of the Borough
■Surveyor was called to the buildings by the
Horticultural Society, but as the slieds did n<it
encroach upon the allotment ground, aiwl it was
aisfiumed that they were serving some national
pui-pase, it was not cftnsidered worth while to
press for their removal.

On May 3, however, a notification was re-
ceived from the Borough Surveyor that the con-
.slruotion (A a factory on the allotmeii,ts was
under contemplation. Prompt and vigorous
action was necessary if the land was to be re-
tiiined for food> production, and the circum-
stances were brought to the notice of the Ministry
of Munitions, the Board of Agriculture,
and the member for Ealing (Mr H. Nield), who
promptly placed ouestions upon the notice-paper
of the House of tJommons.

212

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 26, 1917.

Ae, howevei, the materials for the factory
began to an-ive, and no definite action had
ajppai^ntly been taken by any public body to re-
tain tlie whole of the allotments for food pro-
duction, the Horticultural Society called a pro-
test meeting of allotment holdens on Saturday,
the 12th inst. A well-attended meeting, which
included representatives of the North Ealing and
the Ealing, HJanwell and District Societies, de-
cided to make strong representations to the Board
of Agriculture and the Town Council. A tenta-
tive proposal was made to the society that eight
of the thirty-three allotments should be given up,
and the remaining twenty-five fenced off, but
the meeting was unanimously of opinion that on
grounds of principle this proposal should not be
entertained.

After the protest meeting was completed, a
notification waK received from the Ministry of
Mmiitions tliat the London District Engineer
would visit Dibden House on May 14, and the
society asked the Borough Surveyor to attend,
and the Board of Agriculture to «eiid a repre-
sentative. The estate agents acting for the fac-
toi-y proprietor were also present. After the
facts had been recited and the position ex-
plained, the compromise by which for the
present eight of the thirty-three allotmenta
would be taken, coupled with compensation, was
definitely refused by the allotment secretary,
who rapref;ented the society. The stand taken up
by the society wa® reported to tlie factory pro-
in-ietor, who arrived at Dibden Hotifie just be-
fore the meeting broke up, and he decided to
abandor. the proposal to build upon the allot-
ments and to seek a site elsew^here.

The Brentham Horticultural Society feels that
ae a matter of public duty the facte of the case
ought to be placed on record for the benefit of
other allotment holders.

The incident shows the vei-y real danger to
which allotment holders are exposed of having
their " war " plots confiiscated, and it also shows
the great advantage oi- combination amongst
allotment holdens. Had not the tenants been
members of a society which had the organisation
for makhig an immediate and vigoroUB protest,
there is but little doubt that some, if not all,
o-f the plots would have been confiscated, and the
food produced in the country would have been
correspondingly decreased. CurresjiinidriU.

HARDINESS OF BROCOOLI.

Univers.\l Protecting Broccoli withstood the
sevea-e winter better than any other variety I
■have grown. I planted 4,000 plants of Broccoli
in several varteties laet year, but not more than
2 per cent, of any other variety sui-vived the
severe frost of Feibruary, whereas 75 per cent, of
l^niversa] Protecting survived, and I am now
cutting good heads of this variety. These plaints
were grown in an expased situation, where 55°
of frost were registered. W. Anion. Pyrford
Court Gardens, near Wohing.

BRUSSELS SPROUTS.

My method of growing Brussels Sprouts is, I
think, worthy of conisideration by those who are
persuaded that the plants, occupy the ground too
long in comparison with other green cjops. iNty
plan is ae follow® : The plant* are put in lines
4 feet apart, with the usual amount of space in
the rows. At the same time I plant Cauliflower
or Cabbage between each row, these being cut
asi Boon as ready ajid the stumps pulled up,
leaving the Bruesells Sprouts ample room for de-
velopment. I also plant at the same time in lines
between the Cauliflowers and Sprouts Cabbage
Lettuce, and thus get thi-ee crops in continuation.
I have proved Brussels Sprouts to be the most
]irofitable crop of all vegetables. There is no
reason -why the plants should not eventually be
lifted and laid in the ground close together in
lines where they continue to give plenty of green
slioot«, and thusi permit the gi'ound tliey have
occupied during the winter to be prepared for

the sunmier crops. ,-1. J. Elgar, Orei/ynoij
Hall Gardens, Newioum.

SUGAR FOR JAM.

A uunw waste of valuable food in the form
of fruit will be inevitable, unless some means of
■ increasing the supply of sugar can be assured.
It is not enough to supply the wholesale jam
manufacturers with as much sugar as they had
last year, which has been arranged, if the hun-
dreds of thousands of housekeepers who usually
make jam are almost entirely lacking in sugar.
Strawberries will soon be ready, and Currants
will follow early in July, -with Plums a little
later.

The importance of jam as a food for families
of poor or comparatively poor people is not suffi-
ciently appreciated. It is used very extensively
for children instead of butter, even in years
when the butter supply is ample, and will be
more necessary than usual while the war lasts.
Home-made jam can be produced at half the
prices now charged at shops, and is at the same
time vastly superior to the stuff consisting
largely of Apple, or possibly Turnip, jelly. Tliis
is particularly the case in rural districts, where
fiuit is largely grown, as supplies for jam in
those districts can be obtained cheaply. There
are considerable quantities of fruit damaged for
market, but still sound enough for jam,- which
pickers get free of charge, while they can obtain
undamaged fruit at wholesale prices. To lose
this advantage through lack of sugar will be a
misfortune of serious character, and the authori-
ties may well be urged to avert this disadvau
tage if they can possibly do so.

Without a fair supply of sugar it is probable
that half the Plum crop will be wasted. Soulhern
(j rower.

THE GERMINATION OF PARSNIP SEED.

Alw\y.s fickle. Parsnip seed appears to be
much longer in germinating this year than usual.
Seeds that were sown seven weeks ago have not
yet shown above ground, though an examina-
tion of the seeds proves that the swelling
embryo has burst the seed covering, and
once this has occurred the 'seedlings will
soon be visible. Considering the length of time
Parsnip seed will remain in the ground appa-
rently dormant, growth, once germination com-
mences, is astonishingly rapid, for the seedlings
become 3 inches high m a few days. Are the
present stocks of Parsnip seed unusually poor, or
liave the times made one extra critical ? For 1
notice that one advertiser guarantees 60 per cent,
germination. A. C. Bartlett.

BUTTER BEANS.

I AM obliged to Mr. Bartlett for his remarks
on mv note which appeared in your journal on
May 12.

I believe the variety usually vended under the
name of Butter Bean is the Lima, which rarely
succeeds in this country, but from my ex-
perience many varieties of the Dwarf Beans are
equal, if not superior, to the Lima in flavour,
notably Magnum Bonum, Green Gem, Canadian
Wonder, etc., and by removing the skins after
cooking such varieties as Canadian Wonder be-
come more palatable.

We are growing here, this year, for the first
time, a small dwarf Bean, Brown in colour, intro-
duced from Holland, used extensively by the
Dutch, and said to be a very easily-grown fari-
naceous food. The great point is to sow as early
as possible m a sunny position, so that the seed
may become thoroughly ripened before late
autumn.

The Butter Bean, or Golden Waxpod, which -s
sold and grown by some in this country for
producing a green food, should not be mistaken
for the article of commerce generally known as
the Butter Bean, the latter being a different
variety entirely, with very much larger seed.
E. Beehett, Aldenham House Gardens, Ehtrec.

The Week's Work.

THE KtTCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dux.\, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Wmcisur.

Brussels Sprouts. -The earliest plants of
Brussels S|i)routK are ready to plant permanently
in ground that was dug and manured in winter.
Loosen the s.urf'ac6 soil carefully with a hoe to
desitroy small weeds. Exercise great care . in
lifting the plants from the nursery bed to re-
tain a good quantity of soil on the roots. Water
the plants before they are lifted, and again as
soon as they are replanted. Jlake the rows
3 feet apart, and put the plants 2^ feet asunder
in the rows. In dry weatlier give the roots
plenty of soft water. Ma.ke successional plant-
ings as soon as the seedlings are lai'ge enough
for transference. This vegetable stands the
winter well, and produces a supply of Greens
over a long period.

Seakalb.— Plantations of Seakale recently
made require attention. Remove the worthless
shoots as they appear tlu-ough the surface, re-
duce the growths to one on each plant, and hoe
the sudiace soil carefully. A dusting of soot
along the rows previous to hoeing is beneficial to
growth.

Globe Artichokes.— There ie still time to
make plantotions of Globe Artichokes. The old
plants suffered seriously last winter', and new
plantat'.oivs will be necessary in many places.
Low-iying, stagnant ground" is most unsuitable
for the plants; they perish in such conditions.
Allow a space of 4 feet between the plants each
way. JIulch the ground with long manure to
retain the moisture. Cauliflo-wei-s or French
Beans may be planted between the rows for the
first season.

Cauliflowers.— Cauliflower plants which
were put out a month ago should be given
liberal supplies of liquid" maniu-e from the
farmyard. Hoe the ground deeply between the
rows, and give the roots water "whenevei- the
plants need moisture. Make further plantations
of f,prin.g-iowu Cauliflowers to maintain an un-
broken supply, and see that sufficient moisture
is given to promote free growth. Halloween
Giant Cauliflower may yet be sown for late
October supplies.

Spinach. -Make frequent sowings of Spinach
in a position not fully exposed to the soui. I'se
tiie hoe freely amongst the plants during dry
weather, and water them during the evening
when moisture is necessary. New Zealand
Sipiiiacli siliould be sown at once if not abeady
done with a view to producing a supply when
other varieties fail through dry weather.
Winter Spinach should be removed from the
ground before it runs to seed, and the land pre-
pared for some other crop, such as late Carrots,
choosing a stump-rooted variety.

Peas.— Early-sown Peae should be staked. All
Peas which are through the surface should re-
ceive a good mulching of farmyard manure.
Main crop varieties may be sown in well-
prepared trenches ; some of the late sorts may
also be sown now for autumn supplies, and the
last sowing of Autocrat made about June 10.
JIulcliing the ground between rows of Peas be-
fore the soil becomes very dry will repay for
the trouble and expense.

French Beans.- The Dwarf Bean may be
sown in quantity now. Sow the seeds thinly in
rich soil, and allow plenty of space between the
rows in order to produce stocky pla,nts which
will give plenty of pods. The Belfast and
Canadian Wonder are well suited for sowing
now. Beans in pits should be well ventilated.
The lights may be removed entirely during hot
days.

Mustard and Cress and RADisHES.-Tbese
salads may be so-wn weekly on a border sihaded
bv a north wall. Radishes should be given plenty
of moisture to favour a quidk gi-owth.

Mat 26, 1917 ]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

213

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. LiuisE, Gardener to Mrs. Deiu'Sier, Kscle
Hall, Staflordshire.

Campanula.— In order to keep up the stocks,
f seeds of Campanula' Medium (Canterbury Bell).
C. pyramidalis, C. persicifolia, and a few others
may be sown noiv in frames in light, rich soil,
which should be kept moist. Apply a light
shading until the seeds have germinated. Trans-
plant the seedlings in the open directly they can
be handled.

Border Chrysanthemum*.- Young plants
of border Clu'vsanthemunifi i-aised from cuttings
rooted this s})ring jhould be placed in their
flowering quaiUers forthwith. If the ground
has been well prepared beforehand, little more
will be required beyond forking it lightly to
level the eiurface. iUlow a space of 18 inches to
2 feet between the plants, according to the
varietiee. Place a stake to each plant, tie the
shoot> as they grow, and stop them once or
twice to cause growth to be busby, although
this is not necessary wiUi some of the dvvarfer
varieties. The old "stools may be divided and
replanted at a space of 3 feet apart.

Summer Bedding Plants. — Those who
are doing a certain aniuuiit of bedding this year
may be reminded that aU bedding plants should
be finally hardened, taking care that they do
not receive a sudden check from exposure
to cold winds. Watering must be done care-
fully ; examine each plant and, if moisture is
necessan'. use tepid water. The more hardy
plants may be placed forthwith in their sum-
mer quarters, commencing with Violas, Pansies,
Calceolaria, Echeveria, Verbena, Fyrethrum
(Golden Feather), Ageratum, and Pentstemons.
These may be followed by Zonal Pelargo-
niums and similar i)lants. Standard jjlants,
sub-tropical (ilaiits, and others that are very
tender should not be placed in their flower-
ing quarters before .June. The planting of the
mixed borders is often deferred until the gene-
ral bedding scheme is finished, with the ivsult
that the bordiere receive only the worst speci-
mens that are left over. Directly the flower-
beds are vacant a moderate amount of decayed
manure should be dug into the soil, but not an
excessive amount, or the plants will make gross
growth and produce but few flowers.

Seed Sowing.- Seeds of most perennials
niay be sown now in rich soil in cold frames.
Pi-ick out the seedlings directly they are fit to
handle. Another sowing of hardy aimuals may
be made to furnish plants for late floweiring.
Thin the plants at an early stage of growth.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Mr

Autumn Strawberries in PoTS.-Plauta
from which an early crop has been gathered
will often give a very satisfactory second iTop
in September and early October. My plan is to
stand the plants, not crowded together, in a
little shade for a time, and give the roots only
sufficient water to keep the foliage healthy.
At the end of .lune the old useless foliage and
runners are removed. At the same time some
of the surface soil is taken away, and, after
.seeing that the drainage is satisfactory, a top-
dressing of fresh maten-ial applied. The plants
are then treated as are newly-]Kittp(l runners. I
have found, as a rule, that 75 per cent, of the
plants will res|)ond to this treatment and fruit
again in the autumn. The best varieties for
second fruiting in one season are Royal
Sovereign, George V., and the old well-tried
variety Vicomtesse de Thurj'.

Melons.— The earliest Melon fruits, evn on
lilantiS that have not been forced hard, will .soon
be showing signs of ripening. When that stage
is reached a slightly less amount of water should
be given, and manurial stimulants withheld e7i-
tirely. Let all the sun.shine jKissible reach the
fruits, and remove any unnecessary foliage. Do
not keep the atmosphere too dry, as this would
favour the spread of red snider. Melon nets
should be used for the fruits in preference to
any other nic^ms of support. I have us«d both

raffia and boards, but have cast these aside in
favour of the nets, for they both retain a little
moisture, whereas in the case of the nets this is
not so. Later plants should be given every
encouragement to develop. Where the fruits are
swelling freely pinch the young growths fre-
quently. Do not attempt to over-burden the
plants with an excess of fruit beyond what can
be reasonably expected to ripen perfectly. Plants
in flower, or nearing that stage, should be kept
growing freely. Do not give an excess of water
at the time the fruits are setting. Now is a suit-
able time for sowing seeds for what may be con-
sidered the latest crop that can be grown in
normal ccmditions, that is, with but little help
from fermenting material or artificial warmth.
The fruits will ripen during September and be
found extremely useful .for dessert. Reliable
varieties should be selected' for this crop, well
proven by the grower, for it is not a time for
experimenting with novelties.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Denorobium Phalaenopsis Schrooeria-

NUM.— Voung growtlis are developing on ])la.nts
of Dendrobium Phalaenopsis Schroderianum,
and as soon as roots appear at their bases fresh
rooting mat«iial should be afforded. The plants
grow equally well suspended from the roof
rafters oi" placed on stages, provided they are
e.xposed to the sunlight. If suspended the
plants should be grown in shallow pans, but pots
are preferable fm- those grown on the stages.
It is not advisable to repot plants which were
potted last seasoii if the compost is still good,
but remove some of the old material and replace
it with fresh compost. The receptacles .should
be the smallest that will accommodate the roots,
for although the roots need plenty of water they
thrive best when the rooting material dries
quickly. In Repotting, half fill the receptacle
with clean crocks for drainage, and let the
young growth be level with the rim. Pack the
compost firmly about the base of the plants,
making them secure by tying the pseudo-bulbs
to neat srticks. Those in pans may be secured
to the wire handle. A suitable rooting medium
consists of three-parts Osmunda-fibre and A 1
fibre, with one part Sphagnnm-mo.ss, the whole
of the materials cut into short pieces. When
the roots have grown freely in the compost they
should be afforded liberal supplies of water.
The plants need considerable heat and moisture
in summer, and should be .syringed overhead at
least twice daily, also shade from the sun's rays
for three or four hours during the middle of the
day. Dendrobium bigibbnm and D. superbiens,
closely allied species, require similar treatment.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .V. fooK, Cardciipr l« the Hon. ARTHim Davey,
Abbottij Wood, Godalniing. Surrey.

Wall Trees.— Fruit trees on walls should be
inspected carefully at regular intervals. The
young shoots will indicate by their decrees of
vig(«r to what portions of the tree most of the
-sap is flowing. Early attention is very neces-
sary in the case of trees trained vertically, for
if some of the gross shoots are not checked they
will soon monopoli.se an undue share of the tree's
energies. An equally vigorous growth should be
encouraged all over the tree by stopping the
stronger growths at about 6 inches, and, if re-
quired, by training in two shoots instead of one.
All unnecessary shoots should be removed as
early as possible in order that the weaker ones
may be strengthened. As a rule, horizontally
trained trees do not grow unevenly, but some-
times the upper branches take a pronounced lead,
and such shoots should be stopped at an early
stage. Make secure the new shoots by tying or
nailing e.arly to prevent damage by winds and
storms. Where the old spurs have been cut back
on Plum and Pear trees, and the shoots are grow-
ing well, thin the latter to the required number
and stop the remainder at the third or fourth leaf.
Such treatment will result in s|nn-s forming ipiite
close to the main branches, and will possibly pro-

vide fruiting wood foQ' another season. There
is nothing to be gained by leaving nunijbers of
strong growths on any tree, even if there be no
fruit, as excessively vigorous wood is seldom
productive. By constant stopping of the shoots
fruit-buds, fonn and the tree becomes fruitful.

Watering Newly Planted Trees,— Rain
has fallen freely in many parts of the counti-y,
but in some parts the ground may still be dry,
and the newly-planted fruit trees need water-
ing. If a mulch of short manure is spread over
the roots it will help to check evaporation and
conserve the soil moisture.

Strawberries.— Place litter along the rows
of early Strawberries. Straw is scarce, and only
sufficient to keep the fruit clean should be used.
Thin the flower-scapes as soon as it can be seen
that the berries have set. Strawberries on bor-
ders should be sprayed with cleai' water, as this
favours free setting of the fruits, for the roots
need to be well supplied with moisture at that
stage. A good soaking with manure-water from
the sewage-tank will materially assist the
plants, and especially the early varieties, on
which the bei'ries are swelling.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

The Consbrvatory and Flowering
House.— Very little fire-heat is needed in the
conservatory and plant house at this season.
Plants in bloom always last much longer in good
condition in a house having a cool, buoyant atmo-
sphere, stagnant humidity quickly setting up de
cay. A little ventilation should be permitted at
night to allow superfluous moisture to escape,
and the blinds should be lowered fairly early in
the moniing before the sun has much power. In
dull, damp weather, after the daily wateJ-ing,
all water should l>e mopped up, and the house
dried as soon as possible.

The Palm House.— Where a collection of
Palms is grown in a special house a heavy, per-
manent shading is best for the plants, and obvi-
ates the daily labour of lowering and pulling up
blinds. Palms thrive in dense shade, and keep
their colour much better than when expo.sed to
the sunshine, especially under faulty glass. If
growing in a mixed collection of plants, arrange-
ments must be made for shading the Palms,
otherwi.se the leaves will almfl.st certainly re-
ceive ijijury. The Palm house should be kept
fairly hot and damp : excessive ventilation is
utmecessary. Close the house early in the after-
noon and syringe the plants andr hoiuse heavily.
The temperature may be allowed to fall con-
siderably at night without incurring any risk to
ordinary Palms, such as Kentias.

Begonias for Hanging Baskets.- The
newer varieties of tuberous Begonias of pciulu-
lous habit are fine accpiisitions for growing in
baskets. The dormant tubers, having been
started in boxes, should be transferred at a
suitable stage direct to the baskets instead
of to pots. Line the baskets with moss, and
over the moss arrange some of the rougher
portions of the compost. Select pl.ants of
similar strength and size for eac:h basket
to ensure evenness of growth, Marie Bouchet
and Fleur de Chryaantheme are two excellent
varieties for large baskets. (iolden Shower.
Lena, Mrs. Bilkey, Coralina and Ruby are newer
sorts of great merit.

RiCHAROlA AFRIOANA.— As plants of the white
Arum pass their best condition remove them
from the greenhouse and place them in a cold
frame, or, failing this, in the (pen on a bed of
coal-ashes. Gradually reduce the amount of
water at the nxits, and after the foliage has
died down place the pots on their side
or put them in a glasshouse where they can be
rested by withholding water. This treatment
is recommended for ))lants that are required to
flower early in the winter. Planting them out
in shallow trenches in the reserve garden is
equally successful for the later batches. In this
case the old foliage dies off, and eventually new
growth starts away very strongly. The plants
should be carefully lifted in September and
potted.

214

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 26, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVBHTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PtTBIilSHER. 41. WelUnrton Street.
Covent Garden. WC-

Editors and Publisher. — Otir corrttpondenU

uoiild

delay

obla

to

g answer$
and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly obterve the notice
printed ueekty to the effect th^lt all tettert relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publishir , and that all com-
municationt intended far publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to he
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rAf Editors will be glad to

and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents- — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

liOCal Ne-ws- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
scents likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Ij*tters for Publication, as mil as specimsru of
piants for naming, should b» addressed to the
EiBITOBS. 41. Wellinrton Street. CoTsnt
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTHN ON ONB 8IDB ONLY OV THI PAriR, Sent as

sarly in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signaturt will not it
printed, but kept as a guarantee •/ good faith.

Atbbioe Mean Tbupbratdrb iur Uie ensuing week
deduced from obserrationa during the last fllty
.veans at Gie«iiwirli 66.50.,
AOTUIL Tempbratdre : —

Oardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WellmgUm Street,
CWent Garden. Ixmdon, Thursday, May 24.
10 a.m. ; Bar. 29.5 ; teaiip. 63.5°. Weatlier—
Cloudy.

With the begiiaiiug of
Twenty-five Yaars tJie present mouth
with the ^

"Oardeners' i\Ir. li. Hooper 1 eurwoii,
Chronicle." niauagiiig Editor of
this journal, uonipletcd twenty -live years'
service with the Gardeners' Chronicle.
His many frientls, both upon the stall'
ami also among our readers, will con-
gratulate him on having for so long a
})eriod remlered great service both to this
journal and to horticulture in general. At
tile time when Mr. Pearson joined the
editorial staH the late Dr. Masters had
already been Editor for a quarter of a
century, having succeeded Dr. Lindley,
the tirst Editor, in 18G5. For lifteen years
Mr. Pearson assisted Dr. Master.s, the
relations between the two being of the
closest description, the result being that
as his chief grew old a larger xhare of
responsibility naturally fell on Mr.
Pearson's shoulders. But, as he is always
eager to state, he owed no little of
his ciijiacity to undertake this respon-
sibility to the admirable training whidi
he liad received at tlie hands of his chief.
Masters possessed a knowledge of horti-
culture that was unique, and his unvary-
ing courtesy, not rutHcd even by the
ri)iit rrtrinpx wiiich arise inevitably even
in the best-regulated office, served as an
admirable model to his staff, and so long
as he lived everybody connected with the
Ijaper realised that it is possible to be
strenuous without being ill-tempered.
The grace of urbanity descended from Dr.
^rasters to Mr. Pearson, and during the
many years which the present writer has

enjoyed his friendship he can remember
no occasion when Mr. Pearson found it
necessary to lose his temper in order to
gain his end.

Of the Stat! of the Uardenrr.s' Chruirirh
us it existed wlien he joined the paper only
Mr. Pearson is left. During that period
of twenty-five years six members of the
staff has passed away — one of whom has
given his life for his country in the
present war. Of the proprietors who,
when Mr. Pearson first came to Wellington
Street, were actively interested in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, Mr. W. H. Brad-
bury died in 1892, and Sir Charles
Dilke, chairman of the Board, died in
1911, but Lord Lindley, though prevented
by increasing age from taking a part
in the direction of the journal, still
shows, whenever matters of importance
are under discussion, the great interest
which he takes in the journal of which
hi.> father was so distinguished an Editor,

During his long association with the
Chronicle Mr. Pearson has seen many
clianges in the mode of production of
newsi)apers and journals. When he
began work on the staff the pages were
printed by movable "compositors'"
type, which had to be cleaned after
printing and was used again week after
week. The great disadvantage of this
form of type is that it deteriorates with
use owing to the " face " becoming bat-
tered, and hence an editor has to wat^li
tiie pages week by week in order that the
printers, when the impression begins to
be blurred, shall be required to discon-
tinue the use of the type, and send
it to the foundry to be recast. The advent
of the linotype machine did away witli
the need for the continuous use of the
same type. With this process the metal
is melted every week, and each issue is
printed with freshly-made type. But like
the old method which it superseded, tlie
liimtype has its defects. Thus, since the
letters in a line of type are all joined
together in a solid piece, if a meticulous
editor inserts but a conuna by way of cor-
rection in his proof the whole line has to
be thrown out and recast, whilst if the
alteratioii consists in the insertion of a
word several lines may have to be sacrifice<l
in order to gain the space necessary to let
it in. Herein lies the opportunity for the
compositor tn make a new mistake in the
course of setting an old one right, and
this new mistake cannot be discovered till
the paper is printed, when the error is
detected no less quickly by readers
than by editors. Fortunately, however,
the linotype operators are so skilled that
misha].s due to this cause but rarely
occur.

As printing ha!? changed, so has the
metliod of illustrating journals. In \W1
wood-engraving was used almo.st exclu-
sively, and anyone who turns to the
pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle of that
period will find examples of the admirable
work of Mr. Worthington G. Smith, whose
contributions to these pages extend over
a iitriod of forty years, and whose hand
still retains its cunning. Wood engraving

has given place, for bebter or for worse,
to the process block, and drawings have
been largeh' superseded bj' photographs,
whilst the advance in colour photography
made it possible in 1909 to introduce illus- s
trations in natural colours into the pages
of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

In illustration of the variety of work
which falls to editors and their staff's, Mr.
Pearson is wont to recall with a certain
amusement the part which was played by
Dr. Masters and himself at the period
when opinion was tlivided upon the
alternatives which then appeared to con-
front the Royal Horticultural Society, of
either building a Hall or securing a
new garden in the place of Ciiiswick.
The Chronicle was a warm advocate of
the view that priority should be given
to the Hall, and Mr. Pearson's role was to
visit each site proposed by the champions
of the garden idea, to discover why that
particular site would never do for the pur-
pose for which it was recommended, and to
descant on its shortcomings in these pages.
The curious will find in the issues of that
time rea.son both to applaud the ingenuity
with which the work was done and to
appreciate the efforts put forward on
behalf of the '" Hall," which, when it was
built, everyone recognised was essential to
the prosperity of the Society.

After Dr. Masters' death in 1907 Pro-
fessor Bretland Farmer became Editor of
the Gardeners' Chronicle, and Mr. Pear-
son, by reason of his long experience, was
able to smooth the path which besets the
'' commencing " editor. The call of other
duties prevented Professor Farmer from
remaining with the Chronicle for very
long. His successor recognised, as Pro-
fessor Farmer had done, the invaluable
services which Mr. Pearson had rendered
to the journal for so many years, and
felt the burden of his duties lightened
when his colleague consented to accept the
title of Managing Editor, a part which,
for all ]>ractical purposes, he had filled
already for many years.

So in sign of friendship to the most loyal
and clear-headed of men this brief record
is written. May the service which Mr.
Hooper Pearson renders to horticulture
and to the Gardeners' Chronicle long
endure.

RutT-RtaiaTANT AspARASUs.-A varietj of
ABpairtigiis has bw'n produced by the joint work
of the U..S. Dtpartmeut of Agriculture and the
Miasssichufcetlte Experiment Station, which is saiid
to he reisistant to rufit. Seed of the new va.i''eity
is being distributed by the U.S. Detriment of
Agriculture.

Watehinq Allotmcntb.— An announcement

ill the .iiiiirlriai /■'luri.^l. holds out us all eu-
loui'a.neMient to inhabitants of Tacoma, Wasli-
injjton, to grow more food or cultivate vacant
plots that the City Commissioners " will make no
charge for sprinkling."

The Faihchild Lecture. — The Thoma,^
Faircliild Lecture will be delivered at Shoreditch
Parisih Cihuroh by the Rev. W. H. Thompson,
\icar of .St. Stephen s, Ealing, and Gresham
Lecturer, on Wednesday, the 30th inst., at 6 p.m.
The Worshipful Company of Gardeners will
attend in state,

May 26, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

215

National Carnation and Piootke

SOCIETY.— Mr. J. J. Kekx, of M. The Avenue,
.Simtliampton, has been appointed secretary and
treasurer of this Society, in the place of Jlr.
Chas. Henwood.

Vt6FT«BH-QRowiNG IN Francb.— We learn
fii>ni the BrL-uc Hortlcole that the French
Jliiiister of Agiicultuie has entrusted to the
S<x'i6t€ Nationale d'Hoaiticulture de France the
taek of distributing seeds of varioue market
garden crops among growers in the principal
agricultural departments, with a view to in-
creasini; the cultivation of the most useful
vegeitable^. M. Vixcet, Director of Agiicultural
Sei-\-ic€B of the Seine, has been a,pix>inted to
oi'ganise, with the assistance of the Market
Growere' Syndicate of the Pari^an Region, the
production of a large number of plants of
CaW>ages and Leeks, wliich will be sold to any-
one making application to the Ministry of Agri-
culture at a special market in the Halles de
Paris. M. Vrs-CET, at a recent meeting of the
Swiete Xa.tionale d'Horticulture de France, gave
partiiculai-s of the present shortage of food, due
chiefly to the failure of cereals. In order to
meet this deficit, it is necessary to replace the
cereals by Potatos, Beann, Carrots, and other
vegetables.

Poultry and Food.— A leaflet has been
issued by the Board of Agriculture drawing
attention to the inadvisability of feeding poul-
try on food' fit for human consumption. It is
stated that now there is a shortage of Wheat.
Barley. Rice, Maize, and other cereals, they
should not be fed to poultry, as the results
in eggs and meat do not warrant the utilisation,
ill present circumstances, of food grains. If, on
the contrary, the birds are few on scraps,
waste, tail corn, or other materials not fit for
human food, the result is to increase the food
supply.

War Items.— W" learn with regret of the
folli,uin« casualties: — Lieut. BEnTRAM Warner.
killed in action on .\pril 12 last. Before the war
Mr. Warner was engaged in gardening and fruit
growing at Sedgebarrow. near Evesham.

Sergt. .Idhn W. I'arton, Oldswiiiford, near

Stourbridge, employed befoie the war as gardener
to Major G. H. Green, killed ui action.

By drowning on May 4, in the Mediter

raiiean, Mr. Ltdnel ('r\wshay, son of Mr. De
Bxrri Crawshay, Ho^efield. Si venoaks. Mr.
(RAWSHAY had been selected ,^s one of a batch
of men to be transferred to active service in
Kgypt, where he was to take U]) a commission.
He had studied the scientific side of plant life,
and on several occasions brought interesting sub-
jects before the Scientific Committee of the
Roval Horticultural Society.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.1

(Tilt Edtlort do not hold Ihemsehei retpontibl4 for
the ojnnwTU ezprexsed by correnpondenta.)

The Value of Sun HEAT.-Tho remark.s of

li. t'. li. on this subject on p. 206 are, consider-
ing the dcu'iiess of fuel and shortage of labour,
paitii iilarly well timet!. The value of economis-
ing fuel by jnaking the most of the heat of the
suii was brought forcibly home to nie be-
tween forty and fifty years ago. At that time
I 'was engaged in the nursery of Mr, Herb.st
at Richinoiid. He was the first to take up
tlie iiulture of Palms for the supply of Covent
liarden Market, and, having spent some years
ill Brazil, he was particularly well qualilicd to
ilo so. At that time Kentias and Cocos Weddel
liana were comparatively unknown to the general
public. 'i"he most popular P.ilm of those days
was Latania borbonica, now known ;as Livistona
chinensis, though the older name is still in
uencral u.se. The nearest appro.ach to the
Kentias of to-day was Areca lutescems, which,
like most Palms, has also changed its name. It
is now known as Chrysalidocarpus lutescens.
.Many others were grown to a greater or lesser

extent, but the two above-named were the prin-
cipal species in cultivation. The tall Latanias
were more in demand than the shorter ones. In
order to develop the plants asi quickly as possible
the houses were heavily syringed about three
p.m.. shut up close, and the blinds pulled up,
even in the height of summer. The result was
ail intense, moist heat, which in no way injured
the foliage of the Palms. Growth with this treat-
ment was rapid, and the plants were suitably
hardened before they were sold. Hippeastrums
and Gloxinias may be subjected to similar treat-
ment, though the frames in which they are
grown should not be shut up so soon as the more
lofty Palm houses. They may, however, be
closed in time to receive a reasonable amount
of direct sunshine. 11'. T.

Rhubarb Leaves as Spinach (see p. IMo). —
Professor Church, in his valuable book Fnml.
gives, on p. \ii. the following analysis of Khubarb
stalks which had been grown in the open air : —

In 100 parts. In 1 lb.
oz. gr.

Water 95.1 15 94

Albuminoids, etc 0.9 0 63

Sugar, glucose and gum.. 2.1 0 147

Oxaricacid 0.5 0 21

Cellulose 1.1 0 77

Mineral matter 0.5 0 i5

He states : — " Its sour taste is due to oxalic aeid,
or rather, to the acid oxalate of potash ; oxalate
nf lime is also present. There are some conditions
nf the human-body (the oxalic acid diathesis) in
which it is probably wiser to avoid editing Rhu
barb and other plants, as Sorrel, in which oxalic
compounds predominate. As 1 lb. of Rhubarb
contains less than 1 ounce of solid matter, and
even of this solid matter more than one quarter
is not nutritive, it is obvious that the food value
of this vegetable is very .small." No mention is
made of the leaves, but they probably contain
more poison than the stalk.s. As further cases of
poisoning are reported, too much prominence
cannot he given to the above warning of Professor
Church. I am informed that rookiryg Rhubarb
ill bell metal vessels causes them tci brighten in
side, thus showing the presence of oxalic or
some other acid, and pointing to another source
of danger — from the metal dissolved. It is there
fore safest to cook Rhubarb in earthenware ves.scls
only. W. H. Divpr.'.

Pompon or PoMPONE?-The ,sinall double
Dnblia. bitliert.. pn.peily called Pompon, is
printed in all the National Dahlia Society's publi-
cations " Poinpone. " Why this extraordinary
innovation, and upon what authority? .\l80
"Collarette" instead of Collerette still prevails,
a miingrel Eiii;lish word instead of a proper
French one. C. //. />.

Propaoatino Violets (see p. 206). — The
finest double Violets I have ever seen were those
grown by Mr. Bundle, gardener at Tredethy,
North Cornwall, and he was consistently suc-
cessful. His method of propa;,'atioii, which, by
the way, was also practised by most of the other
Violet exhibitors in the West of England, was
to take unrooted cuttings early in A|)ril. The.-!e
were inserted in boxes of suitable soil, planted
out in the open in due course, and placed in the
frames in September. I cannot follow Mr. Jen-
kins' pronouncement that th" spring cuttings are
from exhausted stock, for surely these fresh run-
ners are Nature's method of rejuven.ation, and
ar- certainly much more robust than tho.se pro-
duced in the autumn. The crowns which have
flowered may possibly have become exhausted,
but beincr grown in the cool, airv conditions
essential to success with frame Violets, grow
freelv in April, and .show no signs of exhans-
tion.' .1. r. Tidrlhll.

Peaches and Nectarines.- Last year I
recorded an almost total failure of the Peach
and Nectarine crops here, owing to imperfect set-
tin;; of the flowers in late houses, and, for some
unexplained reason, poor crops were almost
general throughout the British Iale.s. This natu-
rally made one anxious this season, but I am
glad to record that the blossoms on our trees in
early, mid-season, and late houses, as well as on
trees outside, have set remarkably well and pro-
mise fine crops. K. Beckett.

s o c I £: rr iis a .

ROTAL HORTICDLTDRAL.

May 22.— The fortnightly meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society on Tuesday last, in the
Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, was as successful
as the previous one. The hall presented a very
gay appearance, filled with a variety of spring
flowers, in which Tulips predominated ; the
weather was warm and summerlike, and large
numlbeiis of visitors were present. Tulips are
much later this year than usual, and this fact
seems to have effected an improvement in the
quality — probably in great measure because they
have missed much of the inclement weather
which usually causes a goodi deal of surface iii-
juiy to the blooms.

The National Tulip Society's annual exhibition
was timed to take place in conjunction with the
R.H.S. meeting; but. as in the case of all the
special floral societies in present circumstances,
the response was much below that of normal
l^nies. The Florist's Tulip is a verj' specialised
flower, and is only cultivated by enthusiasts,
whose activities serve to perpetuate the effort.s
of the old raisers, ^^essrs. Barr and Sons in-
cluded several of the more notable sorts in their
exhibit of cottage and May-flowerim; varieties.

Several novelties were submitted to the Floral
Committee for award, but only one received
recognition, namely, Exochorda inacrantha, a
hybrid raised by Messrs. V. Lemoine and Sons,
of Nancy The members of the Connnittee were
mucii interested in a beaunful new Primula,
raised from seed collected by Mr. R. Farrer in
China. The plant was sent from the Society's
gardens at Wisley. It is a very vigorous grower,
producin"! a large tuft of d'varf, dark-green,
palmate leaves and long scapes of deep-mauve or
pui'|)le flo^vel•s. Another interesting plant from
Wisley was Meconopsis quintuplinervis, with a
solitary, drooping, dull-purple flower (se^'
fig. 79). It Wits put up for award, but as there
wa*; only one flower on the plant the Committee
pr«rferred to see the species again. Several good
groups of Roses were exhibited, in whi<h pillar
varieties were given special prominence. Tall,
weeping standards of White Dorothy in ^fessrs.
Frank Cant and Co.'s exhibit were very orna-
mental. Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons showed
arching sprays of the beautiful Fortune's Yellow
variety, and also staged two large, .showy single
varieties, one of which was Silver Moon
(white, with a prominent golden centre). Mr.
Ei.isHA Hicks exhibited a good selection of
Rosea, including many of his own novelties.
Ro.ses were also shown by Messrs. W. Path, and
,SoN, including Scarlet Rambler. IMcssrs, Pirkrs'
floor group of pot trees and climbers was very
imposing. As a centre piece they showed a fine,
old, rugged Wistaria of the white variety, in ,i
.Tapancse porcelain pot. The Clematis in this
collection were also unusually fine, and another
striking feature was the various coloured Accrs
in their new spring growth. Messrs. J. Chuai,
\si) Sons exhibited sprays of flowering trees and
shrubs, in which forms of Pyrus Mains and
varieties of Lilacs predominated. Branches of
Exochorda Albertii were interesting, as this
species formed one of the parents of the variety
which received an Award of Merit. The speiies
has broader petals and a darker eye than the
variety, with stamens in uronps of fives. Carna-
tions were shown extensively, among others by
Messrs. Ai.t.woOD Baos. and Messrs. SrtART Low
AND Co. The latter fii-m had also fine Acacias
and other greenhouse flowering plants. .Messii!.
.Jas. Carter and Co.'s strain of Streptocarpus
was much .admired, the flowers being of large size
and the colours varied. Messrs. H. B. Mav
AND Sons' usual exhibit of Ferns was noticed,
besides which thev showed Hippeastrums and
Verbenas. The Yokohama Nursery ( 'o. .showed
fascinating little model gardens in small |)oice
lain pans, in which were introduced all the
typical features of the .Tapanese gardener's craft,
with bridi'e, summer-house, and stream complete.
Messrs. W. CiiTBUSH AND Son showed forced
shrubs and hardv flowers. The selection of
Lilacs shown by Mr. Chas. Turner comprised
all the best and newest varieties, including
Reaumur (the variety which g.ained an .\ward

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 26, 1917.

of Merit at the last t'helsea Show), Congo and
Belle de Nancv. Hardy plants were well shown
by Mr. G. W. Miller, Mr. G. Reuthe, and
Messrs. B. Tucker and Sons. Sweet Peas were
exhibited toy Mr. Robert Bolton, who showed
some lovely bunches, including several new varie-
ties. One of these was Orange King ; another,
a blush variety— Valentine— was an improved
Mr.s. Hardcastle Sykes ; and the lavender-
coh)ured Victory gained an Award of Merit at
the National Sweet Pea Society's trials in
1915. Mr. J. Douglas showed a fine exhibit of
Auriculas. Mr. Clarence Elliott showed
Alpines in ]iots, including some fine examples of
Androsace Chumbyi. Messrs. Whitelegg and
Co. exhibited their own strain of Schizanthus,
and Messrs. R. Tucker and Sons, besides ^a
number of Alpines, showed a tiny Juniper, J.
communis compressa. Messrs. Baker's. Codsall,
also showed Alpines, including the pretty rosy
Saxifrage, Codsall Gem.

IS yUINTI'PLINERVIS,
MIREII IN ITS NATIVE HABl
(See p. 215.)

Floral Committee.

I'rvsciil: uMessrs. H. B. May (chairman), \V. P.
Thomson, T. Stevenson, G. Paul, J. \V. Moor
man, ,J. Dickson, C. Dixon. J. W. Barr, R-.
Hooper Pearson, C. E. Pearson, W. Cuthbertson,
J. W. Blakey, J. F. McLeod, J. Heal, E. F.
Hazelton, G. Harrow, W. J. Bean. G. Reutlie,
S. Morris, J. Hudson, Clarence Elhott, E. H.
Jenkins, and R. C Notcutt.

Award of Merit.

lixiirliiinla macrantha. — A hybrid raised by M.
Lemoine, of Nancy, from Exochorda Albertii
crossed with E. graiidiflora. The inflorescence is
a short raceme of snowy-whfle flowers, tlie blooms
being about 1 inch in diameter. The plant is ex-
ceedingly floriferous, and a \ery ornamental
shrub.'tiowering in April and May. Shown by
Messrs. Paul and Son, ('heshuiit.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded fur col-
lections : —

Silrcr-riiU Banlsian Medals to Messrs. B. H.
Cant and Sons. Colchester, for Roses, and

Messrs. Pipers, Bayswater, for shrubs and
climbers. Silver Flora Medals to Messrs. F.
Cant and Co., Colchester, for Roses; Messrs. J.
Cheal and Sons, Crawley, for flowering trees and
shrubs; Mr. E. J. Hicks, Twyford, for Roses;
Messrs. Stuart Low .\nd Co., Enfield, for Car-
nations and Acaoias; and Mr. G. W. Miller,
Wisbech, for hardy plants. Silver Ban/csian
Medah to Messrs. J. Charter and C^o. , Raynes
Park, for Streptocarpus ; Messrs. H. B. May and
Sons, Edmonton, for Ferns and indoor flowering
plants ; Messrs. W. Paul and Sons, Waltham
Cross, for Roses ; Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston, Kent,
for hardy plants; and Mr. C. Turner, Slough,
for Lilac's. Bronze Flora Medals to Messrs. All-
wood Bros., Wivelsfield, for Perpetual-flowering
Carnations; and Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son,
Highgate, for forced shrubs and Alpines. Bronze
BnnJcsian Medals to Messrs. Bakers. Ltd.,
Codsall, for liaddy plants; Mr. R. Bolton,
siHalstead, for Sweet Peas ; Mr. J. Douglas, Great
' Bookham, for Auriculas ;

The Yokohama Nur-
sery Co., Craven House,
Kingsway, London, for
model Japanese gardens ;
and Messrs. R. Tucker
and Sons, Oxford, for
Alpines.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J.
Veitch, and Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hoii. secretary),
\V. Bolton, Arthur Dye,
R G. Thwaites, Gurney
Wilson, R. A. Rolfe,
Frederick J. Hanbury,
Pantia Ralli, E. R. Ash-
ton, T. Armstrong,
Stuart Low, J. Cypher,
H. G. Alexander, J. E.
Shill, A. McBean. J.
Charlesworth, W. Cobb.
C. J. Luoas, S. W.
Florv and R. Brooman-
White.

Award of Merit.
Odonfioda General

Haiij {Odrii. Aijlaon X
Oda. Vm/lstel-cue), from
Messrs. Armstrong and
Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells. A
beautiful new hybrid of
large size and fine shape.
The ground colour of
the sepals and petals is
creamy - white, with
numei-ous large and
well-displayed cinnabar-
red blotcliefi, the mar-
gins being tinted with a
shade of violet colour.
The lip is lilac colour in
front with red blotches
around the yellow cres.t,
and the midribs and
erse side of the flower are

mavgiiit; on the rev „ — - — -

purple. The spike bore sixteen flowers.

Preliminary Commendation.
Odtintoijlossum Fahia splendens [Aglaon ,x
eximium), from Messrs. Armstrong and Brown.
A fine representative of this famous strain. The
plant, flowering for the first time, bore a large,
broad -petalled flower of dark claret-purple
colour with a thin white margin and a small
elongated white blotch on the tips of the petals.

General Exhibits.
Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park,
Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier), staged a selection of
fine s'carlet Odontiodas splendidly grown and
profusely flowered, the best being Oda. Lady
Cotoan, scarlet; Oda. Bradshawiae American
Triumph, of fine shape and bright orange-scarlet
colour ; Oda. Bradshawiae Fu'e King, with a
branched spike of very brightly coloured flowers;
and the new Oda. Ada (Oda. Bradshawiae X
Odin. Thompson ianum), reddish-claret colour,
with prominent yellow crest.

G. W. Bird, Esq., The Manor House, West
Wickham, Kent (gr. Mr. H. Redden), showed a
fine plant of Odontioda Gladys var. Famille
Rose (0dm. Pescatorei x Oda. Bradshawiae),
with handsomely marked flowers. The original
form ixjceived the R.H.S. Award of Merit on
March 28, 1916.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awai-ded a Silver-gilt Flora Medal
for a fine group, one end of whicli was made
up of the various foi-ms of seedling Miltonias
raised by the firm, varieties of M. Charles-
worthii, M. Bleuana, M. Venus and M. vexil-
laria Lyoth being conspicuously good. The rest
of the group was of good Odontoglossums,
Odontiodas, Laelio-Cattleyas and others. Novel-
ties flowering for the first time were Odonto-
glossum Trentino (Harryano-crispum X Alex-
aiideri). white, heavily" blotched witli deep
purple; Odra. Isonzo (illustrissimum x crispurn),
rich claret-pui-ple, with white margin and tips
to the segments; 0dm. Gorizia (Jasper X Presi-
dent Poincare), a finely marked flower; 0dm.
Hybla (eximium x percultum), dark reddish-
piirple with white margins ; and Odontioda Hia-
watha (Charlesworthii X Coronation), pm-plish-
rose, with a yellow crest.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst.
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
;Medal for an excellent group in which a plant
of Coelogyne pandurata, with a spike of thirteen
flowers, white Cattleyas, and good Laelio-
Cattleyas, showed well. Novelties included
Brasso-Cattleya Digbyano-Mossiae splendens, of
a rich rosy-mauve colour, and the darkest of the
cros,s yet shown ; Odontioda Henryi Orchidhurut
varietv (Odm. hai-vengtense X Cochlioda
Noezliana), bright orange-scarlet, with yellow
crest ; Odontoglossum Fabia splendens (see
Awards) ; Odm. Bullecourt (Wilckeanum X
Mars), a large, handsome flower, red,
on a gold-coloured gi-ound with white mairgin,
the petals being finely fringed ; Odm. Aglianum
(Aglaon X Lambeauianum), claret-red with
white margin, the broad lip being white in front :
and Odontioda Madeline auriferum (Oda.
Cha'rleswm-thii X Odm. crispum), a large, clear
yellow flower with red blotches on the sepals and
petals.

Messrs. J. Cypher and Sons, Exotic Nur-
series, Cheltenham, were awarded a Silver Flora
Medal for a well-arranged group containing over
fifty distinct species, hytrids being included.
The variously tinted Masdevallias, arranged
with a selection of Laelio-Cattleyas, Brasso-
Cattleyas and Odontoglossums, the last-named
having fine forms of 0. exc«llens, 0. Jasper,
0. Fascinator and 0. ardentissimum. Bnasso-
Laelio-Cattleya Veitchii and B.-L.-C. Triune
were specially good ; Epidendrum gattonense
(Boundii X xanthiniun) bore numerous heads of
reddish-yellow flowers, the plants having
flowered conltinuouslv for tlie last ei.ght month's.
Messrs. J. and 'A. McBean, Cooksbridge,
staged a group of scarlet Odontiodas, showy
Odontoglossums, and Laelio-Cattleyas, for which
a Silver Flora Medal was awarded. Specially
noteworthv were the new Odontioda Brenda
(Oda. Bradshawiae X Cochlioda Noezliana), a
bright scarlet flower with well-defined yellow
crest tothelin; Odontioda Elaine (Oda. Charles-
worthii X Cochlioda Noezliana), a good red;
blotched Odontoglossum crispum, and Cattleya
Mendelii striata,^with purple lines on the blush-
white petals.

Messira. Sander and Sons. St. Albans, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Medal for a varied
group of Laelio-Cattleva Fascinator, the hand-
some L.-C. Hyeana 'Sander's variety, good
Brasso-Cattleyas, Odontoglossums. and an in-
teresting selection of rare species.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisbrook.
Sussex, were awarded a Silver Banksian Medal
for a group in which tbe Laelio-Cattleyas and
forms of Cattleva Mossiae were very attractive.
Mr.- J. E. Shill, The Dell Gardeirs. Englefield
Green, showed fine cut spikes of Laelia purpurata
Schroderae: Laelio-Cattleya Anhrodite, L.-O.
Anaconda, the new L.-C. Monte Rosa (L. purpu-
rata Schroderae x C. Suzanne Hye de Crom),
white with purple front to the lip ; and Brasso-
Laelio-Cattleva Schroglossa (L.-C. callisto^lossa
x C. Schroderae Niobe). a rose-coloured flower
with yellow disc to the lip.

May 26, 1917.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

217

Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough, again
showed Odontioda St. Quentin (Oda. Zephyr x
0dm. Wiganianum). with two spikes of clear
vellow flowers with red blotches on the inner
"parts of the segments ; also the new Laelio-
Cattleya Cadoraa (L.-C. Ceres superba X C
Mendelii), with blush-white sepals and petals
and ruby-purple front to the well-foi'med lip :
and a large white form of Miltonia Bleuana.

Narcissus and Tulip Committee.

Present : Mr. E. A. Bowles (in the chair). Miss
Willmott, Rev. Joseph Jacob, and Messrs. J. T.
Bennett-Poe. J. Duncan Pearson, F. Herbert
Chapman, W. F. M. Copeland, Herbert Smith,
Chas. H. Curtis (hon. secretary), and C. \V.
Needham (visitor).

Award of Merit.

Tulip Eclipse. — This is a large, handsome
Darwin variety, with bold, rounded segments of
fine form and substance. The base of the flower
is exceptionally beautiful, being deep glistening
blue, outlined with dazzling white. In growth
and general appearance this variety appears to be
robust and vigorous, and it is a brighter and
more attractive flower than Harold, with
brownish-red colouring that is redder than bright
mahoganv. Exhibited bv Messrs. DoBBiE and
Co.

Groups.

Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, put up
an extraordinarily fine group of May-flowering
and Darwin Tulips. The blooms were remark-
ably clean and fresh, and of large size. The stag-
ing of large stands of the different varieties was
first-rate, none of the colours clashing. White
Swan and Inglescombe Yellow were splendid,
while Norah Ware was so well presented that a
Cultural Commendation was awarded for these
flowers. Eclipse and Harold were shown ; the
former proved the brighter and more attractive
variety, and a fine addition to the deep red sec-
tion. "(Oold Medal.)

In point of variety the group of Tulips con-
tributed by Messrs. Barr and Sons, King Street,
Covent Garden, was the most interesting, as
f'ottage, Darwin, Old English and Rembrandt
varieties were all represented. A bold effect was
jiroduced by grouping the mauve and lilac shaded
varieties together, but we have seen the firm ar-
range their flowers more artistically than on this
occasion. The black Kepla and the glowing pink
Duchess of Westminster were two outstanding
varieties in this exhibit (Silver-gilt Flora
Medal.)

Tnlips were shown in capital style by Messrs.
St'TTON AND Sons, Reading. It was unfortunate
that so many of the blooms showed the marks of
hailstones; however, this did not detract from
the general effect, which was fine. The deep
yellow Avis Kennicott, an American variety, was
very noticeable in this collection. (Silver-gilt
Bivnkaian Medal.)

Clara Butt, the pale, creamy Gertrude, and
Orange King attracted attention in the display
made by Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., Colchester.
(Silver gilt Banksian Medal.)

Messrs. R H. Bath, Ltd.. Wi.sbech. set up a
large group of sturdy, stout-stemmed flowers,
which were particularly fresh and erect ; Darwin
varieties were those mostly represented, but the
late flowering sections were also included in this
comprehensive group. (Silver gilt Banksian
Medal.)

Fruit and Vegetable Committee^

Prpi<ent : Messrs. J. Che.il (vice-chairman),
Owen Thomas, .T. Harrison, \V. H. Divers, J. G.
Weston, A. Bullock, F. Jordan, Edwin Beckett,
J. C. Allgrove, A. W. Metcalfe, G. P. Berry,
and W. Wilks.

Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading, were
awarded a Silver Rnightian Medal for remark-
ably fine tubers of this season's crop of Potatos,
The varieties were Ashleaf, Harbinger, Caris-
brooke f 'astle. May Queen. Ringleader, Dunnottar
Ca.stle and Gladiator.

The Hon. Mrs. R. C.reville, Polesden Lacey,
Dorking fgr. Mr, H. Prince), was awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a collection of vege-
tables.

HORTICULTDRAL CLUB, May 8.

LECTURE OX XAR,CI.SSL\S DISEASE.
(Contiiuicil jroiii p. Ml.)

For experimental purposes, it was necessary
to divide bulbe inlto two classes — viz., heaithy
and diseased, and a simple method was devised
in order to distinguish them. As clean a sample
as it was poseilble to obtain wa« classed a®
healthy, and a diseased stock wajs obtained of
the same variety. Of the diseased stock, all
bulbs which were evidently badly diseased and
inca;pable of growth were discarded. The others
were topped by cutting off a quarter of an indi
or so of the buLb at the neck. After a little ex-
peiience, ^It was poesable to distinguish with
confidence the brown scale affected with eel-
worm from the brown scale resulting from
natural decay and ivithering. The healthy
bulbs were treated in tlie same manner. Top-
ping is not detrimental, providing it is per-
formed shortly after the bulbs are lifted. At
such a time the growing part is not touched, and
the bulb heals its wound before planting time
arrives. As a precaution the cut neck should be
dipped in sulphur as a preventive against
other diseases. There ie a point in connection
wH^th the topping of bulbs which must not be
lost eight of, more particularly in compound
bulbs. It sometimes happeiifi that the eelwoiTO
sipreade from the neck of the parent bulb down
to tJie bai=al plate, along which it travels to the
offset. Should the disease originate in the off-
set, it may in like manner affect the parent
bulb. The" disease then spreads upwards from
the base, usuallv attacking all the scale leaves.
In such oases each nose of the bulb must be
topped, as there mav be no trace of the malady
if one nose onlv is cut. Bulbs thus affected, how-
ever, generally exhibit rottenness at the base

It will be of interest to mention the fact that
Tvlenchus has been found in both the mature and
immature carpels of the flower. In the mature
carpels examined no seeds had formed, but it
is quite possible that had seeds developed they
would have contained eelworm, judging from the
analogous case of Oats which, when affected
in the grain, inesents an appearance as
though attacked by ergot. It has often been said
that the disease never makes its appearance in
seedlings until after the bulb flowers, i his seems
unlikely, and experiments to test it are being ar-
ranged! One raiser went so tar as to say that as
soon as he named a seedling he killed the bulb.
On going into details of cultivation the writer
wa.« informed that the seedlings were pricked
into beds in cold frames, where they remained
until they were of flowering size, and then they
were planted in the open ground. The bulbs
flowered the first year, and those found deserv-
ing of a name retained. The next year the
disease made itself evident, and thus this
hybridist w,a.s no doubt justified in making the
above remark. If. however, the seedlings had
been pricked out into beds in the open air in-
stead of in cold frames, the results might have
led him to a different conclusion. If Onions are
affected as soon as they germinate, there is every
reason to assume th.it Narcissi may be likewise

I am (if opinion that Fusarium plays only
a small part in causing disease. During the
iiivestigaition at least two species of Fusarium
have been isolated in pure cultures and plants
have been inoculated in the following manner :
(1) On the wound left bv removing the flower
stem ; (2) on the injured foliage ; and (3) on the
uninjured foli.ige. The plants were grown under
bell glasses in the greenhouse at a temperature
of ,ibout 60° rv The experiments are at present
in progress, but the fungus is of very slow
growth, and any effect which it produces in a
given time cannot be compared with that pro-
duced by Tvlenchus. When healthy leaves are
placed on moist blotting paper in Pertri dishes,
and kept at room temperature, the Fusarium
makes rapid growth, both on injured and un-
injured leaves.

Bulbs have also been received affected by
Merodon Sciara, Bulb Mite, and Eumcrus, while
among fungi Sclerotinia bulbo.sum, Phyllosticta
Narcissi, and Stagonospora Narcissi have been
seen ; the two latter appear on the leaves, and
have not previously been recorded for this
country. A quarter "of a century ago there was

much controversy in the horticultural press re-
garding the mysterious disease known as "basal
rot." It will be interesting to hear more of this
disease from present-day cultivators, as it is not
certain whether iit is connected with the one
under consideration. In an article written in 1894
by the late Rev. C. Wolley-Dod on "basal rot,"
the word "eelworm" is mentioned, but as to
whether it was of a parasitic nature or a free
living form no remark was made. I have not
seen a bulb affected with a basal rot oUier than
tliat due to eelworm.

A delicate method has been devised for test-
ing soil for the presence or absence of eelworm.
Ten grams of soil are ground up in a mortar with
100 CCS. of water, and the muddy liquid poured
into the cups of an electrical centrifuge. The
centrifuge is then worked at a fairly high speed
until the soil lies at the bottom of the cups. The
opalescent liquid is then decanted off and spun
a second time at a higher speed ; the sediment '
now sinking to the bottom contains the eelworms,
together with other living organisms of the soil.
This test is too delicate to apply to large areas
of ground unless a number of samples are taken.

Tylenchus can remain for lengthened periods
of desiccation as if dead, yet still retain the
power of resuming vital functions on being
moistened. As far back as 1744 this power pos-
sessed by eelworms was investigated.

An experiment was performed last August by
placing eelworms on slides in 'a desiccator for
eight weeks. On examination they were found
curled up like Catherine wheels, but on applica-
tion of moisture a large percentage showed the
eel-like movement when examined three- hours
later. Dr. RitzemaBos has investigated this power
of Tylenchus with a thoroughness which stamps
most of his work. He has shown 'that unseg-
mented eggs of Tylenchus might be safely dried
for a period of two months, but if allowed to
remain dry for a year only about one-third re-
covered on being moistened ; the other two-thirds
were dead. Eggs, however, of which the con-
tents were divided into 2, 4. 8 or 16 divisions,
could not bear desiccation for even six days.
Eggs further advanced and containing the eel-
worm in embryonic condition could remain in
a state of suspended animation for six months
(possibly longer) without losing the power of re-
animation on the application of moisture. The
power of larvae to regain conditions of ,ictive
life after desiccation was found to be very grejit,
and the results of experiments carried out by
Ritzema Bos showed that after suspended ani
mation during a period of 2^- years tliey re-
turned to the normal state.

The adult Tylenchus (that is, those in whicli
difference in sex are discernible) could not sup
port life under desiccation.

From the results gained it is possible to sug-
gest some general principles which should guide
the attempt to find effectual and economical
-remedies and preventive measures. There seem
to be four possible ways of this : — 1, Rotation ;
2, treatment of infected ground : 3, treatment of
bulbs ; 4, trap or " Cure " cropping.

Rotation is included among the measures of
prevention. It is of importance to follow a crop
susceptible to eelwonn with another that is im-
mune. Oats, Onions, and Clover are the crops
which suffer most severely with us, but many
other planls are liable to be attacked. When a
field of Oats, for instance, is infected, it is a dif-
ficult matter to clear, and also to prevent the at-
tack being carried in the manure, as some of the
eelworms, very possibly most of them, custo-
marily leave the dying plants and go into the soil.
Some are carried away witli t!ie cut crop, and
being mixed up in the straw with farmyard
manure are presently carried out again and
spread quite uninjured on clean fields, or per-
haps in the very fields from which they came, in
readiness to attack a susceptiblecrop — Narcissus,
for example, if it is planted in such fields.

It should also be borne in mind that eelworms
can be conveyed in infested earth. They can be
conveyed on wheels of carts and ploughs, in earth
clinging to boots of workers and to farm imple-
ments, and from their power of propagation a
small beginning makes much trouble. To carry
nut the rotation so as to starve out the eelworm,
the crops planted must be immune towards
nematode attack, so that the larvae in the soil
cannot find nourishment. The crop grown should

218

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[May 36, 1917.

be economically profitable, and, if possible, it
should be such as to enrich the land, or at least
not impoverish it. It should also be one of
vigorous growth so as to choke out all weeds or
other plants which might harbour eelworms and
permit of their development.

An ideal method of starving out the eelworm
would be to allow the ground to lie fallow for a
long period, keeping it free from weeds by
thorough cultivation. It is evident that by such
a method the eelworms would be ultimately
starved out, but the method would appear ini
practicable in the majority of cases because of
its costliness.

Treatment of ground. — Trenching can be ap-
plied in small areas, and to bury the eelworms
as low as possible would do much to check their
progi'css. On larger area^ ploughing with
a skin coulter attached will also bury the
eelworms to a fairly low depth. To resort to
ordinary ploughing" or digging would only aid
in distributing the eelworm over a larger area
than previously. In the Jovrnal of the Board nf
Agricultnre for 1913 there appears a contribu-
tion on " Clover Sickness." in which it is stated
that "it has been proved that when eelworms
are buried to a de|ith of 5 inches they are killed."
I have, unfoi-tuTiatcly. not yet succeeded in trac-
ing a record of the experiments which led the
writer to arrive at these conclusions. Bulbs
planted 8 inches deep have been found on lifting
to be badly diseased.

Rich manuring, so long as there ob no risk in
bringing eelworiiis to the ground in infested
manure, has been advised for other crops. One
recipe found to answer well for iittack in Oats
aiiJl OnlfTng was : —

Sulphate of ammonia, 4 parts.

Steamed bones, 2 parts, and

Sulphate of potash, 1 part.

This was applied at the rate of li cwt. to the
acre, followed by a dressing of 2 cwts. of sul-
phate of ammonia to the acre. This mixture
gave such a luxuriant growth that in a little more
than a fortnight after the second dressing the
unhealthy plants, if any remained, ceased to be
noticeable. Sulphate of potash is also confi-
dently recommended. Applied at the rate of 3
cwts.' to the acre it answered admirably for in-
fested Oats, and no doubt such a dressing applied
to ground occupied by bulbs might definitely help
the plants to resist the attacks of eelworm by
increased luxuriance, and by reason of the pot-
ash hardening the leaves in texture and so im-
peding the entrance of the pests. It must be
clearly understood that these experiments refer
t<i the Clover crop alone. The eelwonn exists
equally well in heavy and light ground.

It has been seriously proposed to use steam
to destroy eelworms in the field in view of the
fact that this treatment has met with great suc-
cess when used in the greenhouse for Cucumbers
and Tomatos attacked by the root-knot eelworm.
No experiments have been made in this direc-
tion owing to the expense of the undertaking.
Small areas or beds, especially those to be occu-
pied with seedlings, might be profitably steam-
sterilised by the inverted fan method. Sterilisa-
tion with chemicals, such as formaldehyde,
toluol, carbon-bisulphide, or napthaline. also
offers jiossihilities of cleaning infected ground.

(Tn he contimied.)

ENQUIRIES

Watehproofing. — i 'an any reader inform me
how to render cotton sheeting and cartridge-iiaper
waterproof and transparent, as a substitute for
glass, in making temporary shelters for ^'egetable
Marrow plants and others? 'I'. IC.

Rabbit Manure. — Is it advi-sable to use the
droppings from domesticated rabbits for vege-
table culture ? There seems to be some dele-
terious property, for although grass around the
stools of wild rabbits always grows luxuriantly,
neither horses, cattle, nor the rabbits themselves
will eat it, so it is possible that vegetables grown
with the a'\(.\ of ralibit manure mav likewise be
■affected. /-'.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Root L^ops.
The preparation of the land for tlie root and
forage crops uiitended ae food for sheep and cows
.■vhouiu now claim the attention of the farmer.
Turnips are required for sheep in July and the
luUowing six months, and for cows in milk m
October and November. The crop makes a good
jjreparation of the soil for future corn crops.
Swedes are valuable for cattle in sn)aU quanti-
ties in October and onwards, and for sheep from
February until the end of May. Rape is mainly
grown for sheep in August, September, and
October, as a preparation for Wheat, and again
for the ewes and lambs in January and onwards
until the end of May, to be followed by Oats and
Barley, or again sown with Rape, fed off by sheep,
and sown afterwards with Wheat.
f~- iiRoot crops generally follow straw crops, which
have exhausted the manunal properties in the
soil. The artificial manure added for the root
crop, the preparation of the soil and the feeding
of the crop on the land, is an excellent procedure
for another corn crop to follow. In this way the
land is systematically recuperated, and thus
shows the viilue of sheep, especially on light soils
in hilly districts, where it is not possible to
obtain sufficient farmyard manure.
^ Wiiere roots are required to be fed to cattle in
stalls the Turnips and Swedes are carted off the
land, ,is artificial manure has to be supplied,
although the cultural method of manipulating
the soil is the same.

Often the root crop follows Oats, which may
have succeeded Clover or old .Sainfoin ley. in a
foul sitate through such weeds as Ctouch and Do<k.
Such land needs much preparation before it is
in a fit state to receive another crop. The month
of :Mav is a good time for weeding and
cleaning operations, as the weather at that time is
often fiot and dry, thus facilitating the cleaning
of the land. Assuming that the land was winter
ploughed, it should now be cut across to disturb
the growing Couch and disintegrate the soil tho
roughly. Dragging should be the next operation,
to loosen the Couch and bring it to the surface.
A light roller will crush the clods and make
easier the removal of the soil from the Couch
with the chain harrows, which, following, will
roll the Couch into small heaps. The weed should
then be burned in small quantities. The present
lighting regulations forbid fires at night.
After the Couch has been cleared, the land should
be again ploughed, -repeating the dragging and
harrowing operations until but Utile Couch can
be seen. These details require much time and
labour, but when complete there is the satisfac-
tion of a good prospect of a clean field for some
years ; it is useless to attempt to grow good
root crops in foul land.

All too often, owing to dry weather at drilhng
time, in -May and June, it is difficult to obtain
a satisfactory root "plant"; the seed does not
iilways germinate freely in the dry soil.^ The
best method of ensuring an even "plant" is to
plough the land afresh and sow at once before the
surface soil becomes dry again, even if this entails
ploughing and sowing the same day. The extra
ploughing will provide a better tilth. the_ soil
moisture is conserved, the seeds germinate
quicker, and the plants miilte headway faster th.an
when the surface is rough and cloddy. Moreover,
the Turnip fly is more troublesome in lumpy soil;
therefore, the' value of a h~he tilth cannot be over-
estimated. The time to sow the seeds varies ac
cording to circumstances, such as requirements
and locality. Turnips may be .sown from the
middle of May until the early part of August.
Swedes in the Southern Counties should not be
sown before the middle of June, as they are liable
to attacks of mildew in dry weather in July.
In the North of England and Scotland sowing is
done much earlier.

The varieties of Turnips are numerous. For the
first batch, for use in July, the White Pomera-
nian or AVhite Globe produces much food. For
October. Lincoln Red is suitable, growing in
bulk ; Imperial Green Globe is an excellent
variety for use from October to FebruaiT ; it is
proof against ordinary fro.st, and maintains its
-^■'idity and good qualities. For late use Harrt--
Green Round mav he recommended as almost

proof againsi .frost, the roots burying themselves
under the surface of the .soil.

Of Swedes there are many vai'ieties. Dunn s
Defiance is a heavy cropper oT excellent quality.
Imperial Purple Top is a capital type for even-
ness of crop .and quality. E. Moli/neiix.

.Vpple Shoot Dying : J'almer. The branches
sent were attacked by canker, which is prob-
ably the cause of the large branch dying.
American Blight may, as your gardener sug
gests, have infested the tree at one time,
causing the swellings to which you refer. The
fungus would .gain admittance through the
wounds caused by the American Blight. Yon
can do little to check the disease beyond cut-
ting out the affected parts below the cankered
portions.

Garden Beet for Swf.etenino Jam: If. ('. W.
We question whether the garden Beet would
be effective in sweetening Plum jam, if both
are used in equal proportions. It does not
seem to be sufficiently recognised that sugar
forms only a very small percentage of the
Beetroot, and when this is extracted there is
a very great deal of residue. In using it for
jam this residue would go into the preserve,
giving it a mawkish flavour. Most people who
are trying Beet for preserves are using the
white-rooted Sugar Beet, because its sugar
contents are larger. The reports from those
who have tried this blending of Beet with jam
are conflicting, but there is nothing to prevent
your making a further trial, provided you can
get your roots ready for the Plum harvest. It
should always be borne in mind in regard to
such matters that a result which some would
regard as a failure would appear to others .is
a satisfactory makeshift during a time when
the best jam cannot be made. (See also pp.
Ill, 119, 123.)

Names of Plants : Constant Reader. 1, Sw«in-
sona ga.legifolia alba ; 2, Centaurea gymno-
carpa ; 3, Bryonia dioica (Bryony). — Reader
{Kent). Lepidum Smithii (one of the Cresses),

Narcissus flore plen* ; If. O. R. It is not
surprising that your plants of the douible-
flowered Narcissus failed to bloom indoors,
for the variety is totally unsuited for forcing.
The plant needs moist, cool conditions, and is
a very uncertain bloomer even in the open.
Old-established clumps give the best results.

Peach Leaves : Poole. The foliage of your
Peach tree is affected with Shot-hole disease,
caused by the fungus Cercospora circumscissa.
Spray the trees with the ammoniacal solution
of copper carbonate, and repeat the spraying
at intervals.

Perpetual ■ Flowering Carnations : R. W.
Shorten the shoots of the old plants growing
in 6-iiich ]X)ts and repot them into receptacles
8 or 9 inches in diameter. With regai-d to
those rooted this spring, and now in 5-inch
pots, shift them into 7-inch pots and tran.sfer
to a cold frame.

Vine Unhealthy : W. S. As four out of five
of your Vines are doing well in the same house,
the fault is probably with the soil in which
the one in question is planted. It may have
been too wet, too dry, or sour through having
too much manure. From your description, it
a]:ipears that there is not sufficient root action
to support the leaves and flowers. If the Vine
is retained, its roots should be laid bare in
early autumn, and replanted in fresh, sweet
soil.

Communications Heeeived.— M. K. C— P. A.—

W. D.. Orthoe— M. B.— S. B. anil Si.ns— A. H. W.—

F. W. C— W. H — H. I,.— W. T— A. r. B.— P. B.—
White Rose— Miss F. M. G.— W. E. B.

Mat 26, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1M[ A RJK E T S.

lOVFXT a.lRBEy. Mil :■}.
Plants In Pots. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d.s.d.. Ferns-con. s.d.B.d'

choicer sorts.

S 0 S 0

Ar&li* Sieboldii

dozen ..
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

oer doz. .. 10 0 12 0

— Sprengari .. 10 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 O-ll 0
Baronia hetero-
phylla. 48's.
per doz. .. 21 0-24 0

— niegastigma

per doz. 48's.. S 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... 6 0-80

larger, each.. 2 8-71
Hydrangeas, blue

4S's.I2'soerdz.I2 0-SO 0

— pink. 4S's. per

doz 12 0 IS 0

— white. 48's. per

doz 12 0-lS 0

8's. per doz. 21 0-24 01 Kentia Belmore-

Cacti. various,

per tray of 15' B 4 0
- tray of 12'8 ..5 0

Cineraria. 48'a. I

per doz. .. 9 0 10 0

Cocoa Weddelli- 1

ana 48'8. per

doz.

ana. per doz. 4 0-80
larger per

doz II 0-tt 0

— Forsteriana.

BO'9. per doz. 5 0-80
Latania borbon-

ica. per doz.. 12 0-SO 0

— 60'a per doz. 8 0-10 0
Ericas Dersolu'a,

48's. per doz. 1.5 0-18 0

— candidissima,

48's, per doz. 15 0-18 0

— Wilm^reana.
48's. per doz. 15 0-18 0

Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 10 0-15 0

— per 100. In
small and

'5 !"?2 5 Li Hum longi-

dorum.perdoz, 18 0-24 0

— lancifolium
rubrum ,. 24 0-80 0

- - albmm .. 24 0-SO 0

Marguerites in

48'b, per doz. 6 0-80
Mignonette. 18's.

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0
Phoenix rupi-
I cola, each .. 12 6-21 0
large 60's .. 14 0-24 0\ Spiraea, per doz, 12 0-15 0

— in 48's, per doz. 6 0-70 stocks, white,

— In 32'9, per 1 pink and red,

doz 12 OIS 0 per doz. .,12 0-1*0

Remarks. — T.ittle change is ni-.tioeabIp in this depait-
ni*>nt. Bedding plant!: are most in demand jiL^ct nf.w.
The choicer kinds are Hydrangeas. Marerucrites. Fuch-
sias. Heliotropes. Mignonette, wtiite and coloured Sti«'k.>
and a few seal let and pink Veilw'na=.

Cut Flowers, be. :

sd,
Arums, per doz. 2 6
Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
best American
varieties ., 2 0

— Carola (crim-
son), ez, large 3 6

Delphinium, per
doz, ban, .. 9 0

Forget- Me- Not,
ner doz, bun, 4 0-

Gladiolus. Blush-
ing Rrid ■. per
doz 12 0

— TheB-ide.per
doz bun.

— Peach bios
som. per doz,
b m 12 0

G,TPBOphila. white
per doz. bun. <> 0

Heather, white,
per doz. bun. 12 0

Iris. .S parish. bl.e.
ner doz. bun. 12 0

— Span sh.niame.
per doz bun. 12 0

— Spanishwhite.
per doz. bun. IS 0

— Spanisli yel-
low, per doz.
bun 21 0

L Ilium longi-
florum long 1 3
■hort .. 16
1 a ncifolinm
album, lone.. 2 0

— rubrum.
per doz,. long.. 1 6

- xhort .. 16
L'ly of the Valley

per dni. bun. 18 0-
Narcissus-
double white,
per doz. bun. S 0-

— PoetieuB, per
doz. bun. .. 10

Orchida. per doz.:

Cattleya .. 10

— 0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crisDum 2 0

Cut Follaee. &c.

Adiantum (Mai- 8
denhairFern)
best, per doz.
bunches .. 5

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen .. 2

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12

— Sprengeri .. 8
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4
Croton foliage,

doz, bunches 12
Rrmahks.— Double
roloureU Gladiolus,

10 0-12

Average Wholesale Prices

s.d. Pelargoniums—

■ 30 — double scar

let. per doz

bun

— white, perdoz
bun 4 0-

Roses -

— General .lac-
oueminot. per
doz. blooms.. 0 9-

— Joseph Lowe
perdoz. blms. 1 6-

— Lady HiUing-
don. per doz.

IS 0 blooms .. 10-

Liberly. p^r
-15 0 doz. blooms.. 1 6

— Melod.y. per
doz. blooms.. 1 6-

— Mme. A. Cha
tenay. perdoz.
blooms .. 16-

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per
doz blooms., 1 6-

— Ophelia, per
18 0 doz blooms,, 2 0-

— PrincedeBul-
-15 0 garie .. ,. 16-

— Richmond,
perdoz, blms. 1 6-

— Sunburst, per
dnz. blooms,,

— White Molly
SharmanCras
ford, per doz

, s.d.

I 6

1 6-

bl

1 6-

2 0- :

Stephanotis. p'r

72 pips .
Stock while, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0 MO
Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
I doz. bun. .. 4 0 10 0
Tulips, white.per
-40: doz bun .. 4 0- li 0

I - Darwin in
1-16 variety, per

doz. bun. ..4 0-8 0
1-10 0 - mauve Darwin

per dnz bun. 6 0-90
I- 2 6 Viola 'ornuta .. 19-20

Average Wholesale Prlce<i.

s.d.e.d.
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern. French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-01
Ivy leaves, per

dez. bun. .. — —
Moss. gros 8

bunches .. 4 6-50
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —

French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilaz. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 2 0-26
Naroifi.iuf). white

0-18 0
010 0

0 15 0

white

Irises are tj^e principal flowers now on sale. A few
tunche.s of Double White Stocks find a ready sale.
Best blooms of Roses and Carnations are a little
scai"cer. Some tine spikes of Larkspur and Antir-
rhinums are on >ale. and small quantities of home-
grown GypeM.»plnla are available, which find a ready
.sale. There is an abundant supph- of outdoor Tulips,
chiefly Darwins. Richardias (.\rums) are finishing,
but Liliums are so far sufficient for the demand. Lily-
of-^lie- Valley chiefly consists of outdoor blooms. Orchids
are more plentiful, and are offered at low prices. They
chiefly consist of Cattleyas and Odontoglossums. with a
few spikes of Cymbidium. All scarlet flowers are ex-
pected to advance in price towards the end of the week.
White and scarlet kinds will be in demand for the
Whitsuntide decorations. There is stili a limited sup-
pl\- of Smilax hut -\sparagus and all other foliage is
rpdnc^d in price.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. a,d, s,d, s.d.

Leeks.per doz.bun.2 0 —
Lettuce. Cabbage

andCoB.perdoz, 2 0-80
Mushrooms, per lb, 10- 1 2
Mustard and

Cress. per doz.

punnets 10- 1 0

Onions, per cwt 22 0 —

— spring. per
doz, bun, .. 6 0-12 0

Parsley, peri bus, 2 0 —
Parsnips, percwt, 24 0 —
Peas, Channel

Islands. perlb. 0 8-09
Potatos, new. per

lb 0 10- 1 0

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 10-20
Rhubarb, forced.

per doz. ,, 10 —

— natural, per
doz. bun. .. 2 6-36

n V n in Seakal- . natural
''''"''' peri sieve ■• 5 0-70

Shallots, per lb. 0 6-10 0

THE

Artichokes. Jern-

salem.perbag 36 0 —
AspTagus-

— Worcester &
Cambridge,
per bun. .. 0 8-86

Beetroot, per bag 18 0 22 0
Beans. English.

per lb. ..0 10- 1 0

Broccoli. Purple

Bprouting.per

bag .. ..2 0 —
Broad Bean a,

French, per

pad .. ..46-60
Cabbage.par tally 10 0 —
Carrots, new. per

bun .. .. 0 10- 1 0

— washed, per
bag .. .. 20 0 —

Cauliflowera. per

tally .. .. 6 0-10 0
Chicory. English.

perlb

Cucumbers, per anauuve. ner ... . -

flat .. .20 0 23 0 Spinach, per bus. 3 6
Endive, per doz. 2 0 - Swedes, per lag 8 0
Greens, per bag.. 60 —
Garlic, per lb... 0 10 -
Herbs, per doz

Turnips, per cwt. 9 0 —

— new. per bun. 0 8-16

Tops, per bag 2 0 —

bun 4 0 8 0 I Vegetable Mar-
Horseradish, per rows, per doz. 6 0-12 0

doz. .. 66 0 72 0 J Watercress, per
Kale, per bag .. 5 0 - doz 16-09

, Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d. Grapes— con, 8,d, 8,d.
Almond8,percwt, SO 0-85 0 —Muscats, per

Apples ' lb ,?!"JS

— Oregon, per Lemons, per case 25 0 3a 0

case .. .. 32 0 35 0 Melons. English

Bananas. Jamaica.

per ton .. £32 -
Cranberries, per

cas- .. ..10 6-12 6
Dates, per doz.

boxes .. ..90-06
Fig<(Worlhingl.

perdoz. ..4 0- 12 0
Go iseberrics.

and Guernsey.

2 0-40
Nectarines, per

duz IS 0-24 U

Nuts. Brazils.

new. psr cwt. 95 0 100 0
I Coconuts, per
' 100 ,, ..31 0-S2 0
Oranges, Per case ,')0 0 1

Straw berr

forced,, .. 2 6-60
Tomatos, English.

perlb. .. 12-14

Walnuts, per

cwt 65 0-85 0

green, per peck 5 0-86 Peaches, perdoz. 9 0-30 0
Grapes :Almeria. " ' ""

— per doz lb. .. 24 0 —

— English (new
season) liiack
Ham b urgh.
per lb. ..40-80

IlKMAltKS.— Tlic market may now be said to be almost
omirty of Apple-, ami Pears are likewise not obt«iaa*ile.

Oranges and Le n.s are scarce and expensive, but

(irapes, Im<!i Black Hamburgh and Muscat of Alex-
andria, are fairly plentiful for the time of year. Sup-
plies .if Peaches and Nectarines are incii-a-sing daily,
nil. I M.-1..I1S and Figs are also more plentiful. Siipplie-.
..f iii.iriiini: iratliered Strawherrie-s are arriving dail\ .
and suppli.- of green (Jooseberries are also increasing,
('..ntin.-iital .\Mparagiis is practically over, but tiiucli
larger niiantilies of English A.spaiagiis ai.- arriving.
Cucumhei-s are much »<-arcer Uian is usual at thin time
of year, hut Tomatos. both English and Channel Islands,
are" daily increasing in numbers. New I'otatofl, Peas,
Bean.s and Radishes are sufflcient to 'meet demands.
There are s..nie good Cabbages and Broccoli on offer,
hut Spring Onions are at present limited in suMily.
MiislinMkins are fairly plentiful, and Rhubarb is hotli
piemifiil and cheap. Potatos (.South African) are now
..n offer in cases of about 84 lb. E. II. R.
Ciiri-iil Cnilirn Miirk-d. ,V(i?/ iH. ISn.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr- George Rowland, for the past 4 years aiKl
6 m.inths (iardener to I^dy StePNBV, The Dell.
I.lanellv, as Hardener to f.ady HoWABn, nillvniean-
llw\d LJanellv. (Thanks for Is. 6d. f..r R.C.II.F.
I.ox.^KdS.)

and
Sweet Peas. Iceland Poppies, and

CATALOGUE RECEIVED.

FORBTON.

Brrthino H. F*RR, WvoiiiiRsing. Penna.,
Plants,

ONLY

DIRECTOfiY

OF

GARDENS

AND

GARDENERS.

The Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 is the

ONLY Directtiry that oxists of gai'tiens
and ganlenei-s in the British Isles.

If you want a list of all Nuiserymen
and Seedsmen. Sundriesmen, Hot-house
l^uiKlers and other traders closely con-
nected with horticulture, consult the
ONLY Horticultural Directory.

.Should you desire to trace the where-
abouts of the young men you associateil
witli in the Bothy you have no other
lueuns of finding out their present
aildresses than by turning to the ONLY
Directory of British Gardeners.

Obtain a copy and see if your own
name is there, and if it is not, then send
us particulars for inclusion in the eilition
for IDl.S.

The Year Book j)art of this unique
volume contains descriptions of all the
new plants, flowers and fruits certificated
in l'.)lti, notes on the principal gardeners
who died during that period, and much
ailtlitional information of great value to
all amateur and jirofessional horticul-
turists.

We are still al)le to offer some few
copies of the current number. Readers
are atlvised to send their orders early,
before the work is mit of print.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. GOVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CTRRONICLE.

[May 26, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the " GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kinsdom.

English Flower (iarden, The. An Illustrated
Dictionary of the Plants Used, and
Directions for their Culture and Arrange-
ment. By W. Robinson. With numerous
Illustrations. ISs. 7d.
Ferns, The Book of British. By C. T. Druery.

Illustrated. 3s. lOd.
Ferns, Choice, for Amateurs. For the Garden,
Conservatory and Stove. Illustrated. With
full directions for their Cultivation, and
Formation of Ferneries, Rockeries, etc. By
George Schneider. New Edition. 3s. lid.
Fern Culture. By A. Hemsley. Well IlUis

trated. 2s. 9d.
Ferns and Fern Culture. By J. Birkenhead.
Tliird Edition, revised by F. Parsons. Is. 2d.
Fertilisers and Manures. Bv A. D. Hall, F.R.S.

5s. 5d.
Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.
Benth.am. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.
Seventh Edition. 9s. 5d.
Flora, British, Illustrations of the. Bv W. H
Fitch and W. G. Smith. 1,315 Wood En-
[^ravings. Revised and enlarged. 9s. 5d.
Floral Decoration, British. By R. F. Feltoti.
Containing 26 full-page Illustrations (12 in
colour). 4s.
Florists' Bibliography, The. By C. Harman
Pavne. Second Edition, with Supplement
and Index. Cloth, 5s. 4d.
Flower Garden, The. By T. W. Sanders. The
Formation and Management of a Garden,
and the Culture of Outdoor Flowers and
Plants. 450 pages. 104 Illustrations. 8s.
Flowering Plants, Classification of. By Alfred
B. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 1. Gymno-
sperms and Monocotyledons. 400 pages.
Illustrated. 10s. lOd.
Flowers and Flower Culture. By H. W. Ward.

8d.

Flowers, The Book of Hardy. By E. H. Jenkins.

A Practical Guide to the Cultivation of

Hardy Flowers. Illustrated. Cloth, 2s. lid.

Flowers, The Book of OldFashioned. By Harry

Roberts. 2s. lOd.
Forestry, The Development of British. By A. C.

Forbes. Illustrated, lis.
Forestry, The Practice of. By Percival T. Maw.
A voluminous and practical manual. It
deals also with the financial aspect of
Forestry. 17s. 6d.
French Market Gardening. By John Weathers.
With practical details of " Intensive Culti-
vation " tor English Growers. Preface by
W. Robinson. 3s. lid.
Fruit Farming, Practical, for Commercial Fruit-
growers and others. By Cecil H. Hooper.
3s. lOd.

Fruit Farming lor Profit. By George Bunyard.
A practical treatise on all the more profitable
Fruits. Sixth Edition. 2s. 9d.

Fruit Garden, The. By George Bunyard and
Owen Thomas. 13s.

Fruit Growing, Profitable: for Cottagers and
Small Holders of Land. By John Wright,
V.M.H. A Gold Medal Essay, written for
the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers.
Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fruit, Hardy, Culture for Amateurs. By S. T.
Wright, with notes by W. D. Drury on
Fungi affecting Fruit Trees. Illustrated.
Is. 3d.

Fruit Ranching in British Columbia. Bv J. T.
Bealby. Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Fruit Trees and Their Enemies. With Spraying
t'alendar. By Spencer Pickering, F.R.S. ,
and Fred. V. Theobald. Cloth, Is. 9d.

Fruit Trees in Pots. By Josh Brace, twenty-two
years Foreman for Thos. Rivers and Son.
illustrated. 5s. 4d.

Fruit Trees, The Scientific and Profitable Cul=
ture of. From the French of M. Du Breuil.
Fifth Edition, carefuUv Revised bv George
Glenny. With 187 Woodcuts. 3s. 9d.

Fruit and Vegetables, Packing and Selling: for
Cottagers and Small Holders of Land. By
R. Lewis Castle. A Gold Medal Essay, writ-
ten for the Worshipful Company of Fruit-
erers. Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. Bv Dr.
M. C. Cooke. Many Coloured Plates. 5s. 6d.

Garden Beautiful, The, for Home Woods and
Home Landscape. By W. Robinson. Ilbis-
trated. 7s. lOd.

Garden Planning and Planting. A Guide to the
Laying-out and Designing of Flower Beds
and Borders. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth. Is. 9d.

Garden, Chemistry of the. A Primer for
Amateurs and Young Gardeners. By Her-
bert H. Cousins, M.A. Is. 2d.

Garden Craft in Europe. Bv H. Inigo Triggs.
£1 15s. 6d.

Garden Designs, The Book of. By Ch.arles
Tlionger. 2s. lOd.

Garden Flowers for Town and Country Gardens.

By John Weathers. Coloured Plates. 5s. 4d.

Garden Furniture, The Book of. By Charles

Thonger. 2s. 9d.
Garden Guide. By Walter P. Wright. A Prac-
tical Handbook for all Garden lovers. 100
Illustrations. Cloth, Is. 9d.
Garden Plants, A Practical Guide to. By John
Weathers. Contains descriptions of Annuals,
Biennials, Perennials, FMwering and Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs, Conifers, etc., and
also the best kinds of Fruits and Veget.ables
that may be grown in the open air. 1,192
pages. 163 Illustrations. 21s. 6d.
Garden Receipts. Edited bv Charles W. Quin.
Fourth Edition. Is. B^d'.

Garden, The WellConsidered. By Mrs. Francis

King. 4s. lOd.
Garden Under Glass, The. By W. F. Bowles.

Contains much practical information. Price
6s. 6d. Illustrated.
Garden Series (edited by R. Hooper Pearson).
My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles.
M.A., Chairman of Scientific Committee of
Royal Horticultural Society. With Pre-
face by Reginald Farrer. 320 pages.
Contains 15 Coloured Plates and 24 Half-
tones. Price, 5s. 6d.
My Garden in Summer. By the same author

as above. Price 5s. 6d.
My Garden in Antiimn and Winter. By the
same author. Issued 1915. Price 6s. 5d.
Gardener's Assistant, The. New Edition by
William Watson, Curator, Roy.al Gardens,
Kew. 5 vols., cloth, 8s. 5d. each. Also in
2 vols., Roxburghe binding, 52s.

Gardeners' Chronicle Horticultural Directory

(5Bth Year.) Revised edition for 1917. This
unique Horticultural Directory contains,
amongst other valuable information : — A
Register of the principal Nurserymen, Seeds-
men and Florists. Mansions of the United
Kingdom, with their Occupiers and Head
Gardeners. Horticultural Builders and Engi-
neers ; Landscape Gardeners. Horticultural
and Floral Societies ; Fruit, Flower and Vege-
table Trades' Societies. Principal Fruit and
Flower Salesmen and Commission Agents in
London. List of County Staff Instructors in
Horticulture appointed by the County Coun-
cils. Principal Public Parks in Great Britain
and Ireland. Indispensable to every Nursery-
man and professional Gardener. Every pos-
sible means is taken to revise this work each
year ; this involves over 15.000 communica-
tions by post, as a form for verification is
sent to every name included in the lists.
Published on January 1 each vear. Price
Is. 4d.

Gardening, Alphabet, of. By T. W. Sanders.
Illustrated by diagrams. Is. 9d.

Gardening, Encyclopiedia of. By T. W. Sanders.
A Dictionary of Cultivated Plants, Flowers,
Fruit, Vegetables, Trees and Shrubs, with
Description and Popular and Technical
Names. Cultivation, etc. 466 pages. 3s. lid.

Gardening, Home. By W. D. Drury. A manual
for the Amateur, containing instructions for
the Laving-out, Stocking, and Cultivation of
Small Gardens. Is. 3d. '

Gardening, Pictorial Practical. Edited by Walter
P. Wright. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth. Is. 9d.

Gardening. School, A First Book of. By A.
Logan. Is. 9d.

LiiOO Gardening Questions Answered. A useful
Handbook for the 'Amateur Gardener, deal-
ing with every phase of Gardening, both
inside and out. Paper, Is. 3d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,

W.C. 2

inted for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lovo .»ND Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn. Lr
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellingron Street, Covent Qarden, Oity oJ Westminster, Saturday, May 26, 1917.

ifinn, W.C.
Agent f..:

and Published weekly by the Gardener
Manchester, John Hbywood.

JUN 2 i 19

No. 1688. Vol. LXI. {,

SVBSCRIPTIOS— Inland, ISi-l Foreign, 17 e {22fr. 10c.
Postal Addres»— 4 1 , Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 2.

3d.

OST-FREE, Sid.

[S4 26c.] per anitxtm. Kntered at y»tv York Post Office fit seeond-clasa matter.
Telegraphic Address — " Oardchron, Rand, London.** Telephone— Qerrard 1543,

SATURDAY, JUNE 2, 1917. | Registered as a Newspaper.! PR'CE

I IPOST-FRE!

For CONTENTS lee page 219.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Adi'ertfrrs will pleaur note that the paijes of tin
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on

Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on

Wednesday, otherwise they will most likely be
held over until the followin/j week.

.NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT AT REDUCED PRICES.

KELWAY'.S New and Choice Hardy
P«rennial Plante of all kinds.
KEa.WAY'S Famous Gladioli.
KELWAVS many coloured Pyretlirums.
KEa,\VAY'S Gay Gaillardiaa.

Write for Reduced Price Lists to

TJLACKMORE & LANGDON, Bath, will

"*-' have pleasure in sending a copy o( Uieir 1917
Cat^k>{rue of Begonias and Delphiniums, &c., iic,
froe, if this paper is mentioned. Ma^iflceiit stronj(
roots of our unequa.Ile<i Delphiniums, In superb variety

VIOLAS, finest Scotch. 12 Bedding
Varieties, correctly named. 2s. 3d., post free. Early
Chrysanthemums, 12 very flue varieties, 3«. 9d., post
free. Strong plants,— DOBBIE & CO.. Florists. £din-
burgh.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
* Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineers.
Danvers Street, Chelsea. London. S.W. 3. Wire, 201.
Western, London. Telephone : 201. Western.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER A- SON.S.
LTD.. I.awr*nce Road. South Tottenham. Con-
Ber\-atories. Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peach-houses.
Portable Buildings, &c. C.atalogue8 gratis.

rjENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s.,
^-^ free ; 6 Dryas ootopet-aia 38. ; 6 Osmunda regnUis,
3s. ; 6 Bee orchis. 4e.— O'KBLLY, Botanist, Ballyvaiigluin,
Ireland.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high-claea Fertilisere ; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulani
free on application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Cbeeter.

"yEGETABLE PLANTS.— Barr's Selected

^ St.mins, now ready to plant out. Summer Oabba^e,
SmaH Red Cabbage, Bru.ssels Sprout.s, Oauliiflowere (early
and late). Kale (Asparagus and Scotch). Sturdy plants.
5g. 6d. per 100, carriage paid. Potato, Up-to-Date,
Belecited seeti for late planting, 561'bs. Ms. &d., 14lbs. 48,,
oarriage extra.— BARR & SONS, 12 and 13. King Street,
Covent Garden, London.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
^-^ century's reputation for efTectivpnesa in prevent
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug.
Thrip American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, Ac.
Sold in boxes about lib.. 31b , and 121b., by Dealers
in Gar<l.-n Sundries, Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
f'ANDI.K rn., LTD., Battersea, London. S.W. 11.

UTTON'S VEGETABLE

SUTTON'S FLOWB^ SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEDS.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
BEADING.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-^ " Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS. Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

ROSES. — Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham
Cross. Ltd., beg to oSer a fine stock of all the
best varieties, new and old, for present planting. Priced
catalogue on application. — PAUL'S ROYAL NUR-
.SERIES, Waltham Cross, HerU.

PXPENSIVE ADVERTISING.— In these

■'-^ days, when every firm has to advertise or see
ili^ husines8 decline, it is necessary to make sure tluit
the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
justify the expenditure. It is this consideration
that has led most keen business men to discontinue
the wasteful method of advertising by catalogue. If
enquiries be made of any printing firm it will be found
that catalogue printing has fallen away sinoe the war
by obout £W per cent-, nor is this to be wondered at.
The price of paper is nearly three times what it waa
formerly, printing rates are higher, and the cost of poet
age is much increased, so that the wholesale distribution
of large catalogues is now too expensive for business
purpoees- The newspapers, though they themselves
are produced at much greater expense all round, have
nevertheless refrained from increasing their prices for
arlvertisementfl, and it is by utilising these permanent
media that profitable advertising may still be practised.

SPORTSMEN. Farmers. Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather : showerproof ; 7 ^-ards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.- BRADFORD WOOLLEV CO.. 71. Bradford.

CANES, 6ft. 30s. 1.000.
JOHNSON,
Trafford Road. SaUord.

XJOTHOUSE FOR SALE ; pipes and boiler

-■--'- in working order, complete; gla«iS iheets. about
800. size 18in. x 20in. What offers where it stands, or
Uken down? — WILLI.\MSON. Market Pkice. Peter-
borough.

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albaiu.

S

LAWN BOWLS.— 50s. Association set
Lawn Bowls, 4 pairs superior fuU si7.e selected
lignum, me<lium bias, with 2 Jacks, complete, in strong
box, unused, price 293. 6d. ; alao 2 new pairs finest
Standard M«toh Bowls, absolutely accurate, 5 bias,
officially te-*;te<l and stamped, lis. 6d. pair, or whole lot
for 49s. 5d. .\pproval.— Box 707, Mlyard's, Parley Street,
Bradford.

CABBAGE PLANTS, M.vatfs Early
Evesham Sutton's Harbinger, Enileld Market,
OhrLstmas Cabbage, Drumhead Savoy, 149. 1,000 ; Tomato
plants. Market Kinp, ex 60's, 15?. 100.— OHlPrEHFlKLD,
Nurseryman, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

"DEGONIAS and GLOXINIAS.— MORLE

^-^ & CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
large 60 potfl, in flower anjd bud. Early inquiries, as
stock is limited this season. — 160166. Finchley I{o;kI,
N.W. 3.

Fop Advertisement Charges see page III.

SOW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-
SIES, as grown for the Royal fiardens at Froginore.
Tlie richest and lai-gest-flowere<l strain of Pajieies exlalit.
Per packet, 2s, 6d. and Is, 6d., post free for cash with
oixler.— (Dept. A), R. H. B.KTH, LTD.. The Floral Farms,
Wisbech.

WATERER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-
OUS PL.\NTS and WATER LIUES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue fi-ee.— JOHN VVATBRER. SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks,

FOUR NEW PRIMULAS, collected by
Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa. A.M., R.H.S., Ss. 5d.
P. nutans, A.M.. R H.S,, 7s. 6d. P. vincaeflora, A. M.,
R.Il.S., 5s. P. conica, A.M., R.H.S., 5s. The set of four
grand novelties for 18s. Full descriptive catalogue of
these and other new Chinese plante post free on applica-
tion —R. WALLACE & CO., LTD.. Colchester, Essex.

\''EOETABLE PLANTS.— Barr's Selecte.l

' Strains, now ready to plant out. Summer Cabbage,
Small Red Cabbage, Brussels Sprouts, Cauliflowers {oarfy
and Uite), Kale (Asparagus and Sootcth). Sturdv plajus,
39. 5d. per 100, oarriage paid.— BARR & SONS, 12 and 13,
King Sti-eet, Covent Garden, London.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Peat. 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks; in bags
a<. 5d. each, 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech I.eat Mould.
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand;
4 ton lots for 45s.; C.N. Fibre, 24s. dozen bags; list
free.— J. HANPSCOMBE. F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Fern.s, Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free— J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

VERBENAS.— Miss Willmott (pink), King
of Scarlets, Queen of Whites, Lovely Blue (Lavender
blue). Princess of Wales (purple); strong, clean, well-
rooted stuff from boxes, 60 for 5s.; 08. per 100; car-
riage paid for cash.— H. DUDDERIDOE. The Dorset
Nurseries, Blandford.

A RM"^ BOOTS (reconstructed), cost

-^ *■ Government 22s. 6*1. ; selling now at bargain,
prices ; speoiaJly selected, without a blemislh, as goodi as
new ; unsurpassed for Gtirdening, farming, and other
work. Single pairs, post free, 8s. 6<l. or 10s. 5d. SUte
size. Money returned if disapproved. Spectial quotations
for quantities. — THE THAMES 'niADING CO.. LTD.
(.\rmy Boot Dept.), 6, Ekion Strert, London, EC.

1 (\(i AAA LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

X\J\J tXjyjyy 209. II ; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Draoaena.s, Roses, Erica.s. ( -pxinias. Lilies, Hydrangeas.
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. Tlt5MlTH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Jul on, London, S.W.

BEGONIAS, Gloi le Lorraine, Turnford
Hall and Rotlischi ■ S»7aiiety of Lorraine, well
rooted cuttings, 2s. 6<1. ('■ '"V 60 for 53. 6d., 10s. 6d. 100.
The King, 4s. doz., 50 '" .-123.. .20.s. 100.— H. DUDDER-
IDGE, The Dorset Nui''-es, Blandford.

SEED POTAT^^, Scotch-grown, and once
grown in Linr*uflhire from Scotch Seed : King
Edwards, Dp-to-Dates, Dalhousies, Evergoods, Queen
Mary, and other good varieties, 14s. per 66 lb., oarriage
paid. Prompt despatch. — FRED PAEKES, Wybertoii,
Boston,

THE gardenehs' chronicle.

[June 2, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

M

FRIDAY NEXT.— ORCHIDS.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

will sell liy auolion at Uieir R'ntral Sale Rooir
67 and 68, Oheapsule, London,

On Friday next. June 8th. at 1 o'clock,

a flue lassortraent of Bstajblished Orcliitls from wirio
welli-known Oolleetiona. Many wall be in flower or bu
On view morning of sale and catalogues had.

BUSIMCSSCS FOR SALF.

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSERIES, MARKET G.\R-

DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSBIS to be Let

or Sold, Published by

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
every month. Copies may be obtained poet free
an aipplication.— Estate Offices, 67;' and 68, Oheapside,
London, E.O.

FRUIT and Flower Farm or Market Gar-
den, of 5 acres, with Ixouse ; main line, good
markets; owner retiring after 15 rears' successful occu-
pation. Price £1,900.— RUSSELL BUTLER'S, Reading.

FOR SALE, as a going concern. Nursery
business ; 600 feet Glass, 2 acres land ; Southend
district.— R. F., Box 6, 41, Welling:ton Street. Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

PLANTS, Ao,, WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

MIS CELL A NEOUS.

"D EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,

"^■^ * Porthleven, Oomtwalll. — The largest manufacturers
af GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and epeciaUy strong SQUARE MESH NETTrxG, half-inch
and one-inch meah, at 4d. per square yard. LIGHT
NEW square mesh, suitable for Strawberry- Bed«, at 3d.
per square yard.

These Nets are bound ail rooind with etout oopd, and
cover their measured length and widtJh. Any l^jngth or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in stock. Stat© yooxr
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also ma-kers of TENNIS NETTINGS, RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE 8H-4DINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK-
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
PAID, on receipt of order.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Unas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated'

must give full parliculars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insuffic'ent.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Let-ters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIf'ATE,

W/'ANTED, HEA WORKING GAR-

' ^ DENER ; normal sta 6, 4 at present ; must be
willing and obliging, and b< 'in recommended ; a know-
ledge of forestry would b* ii advantage ; cottage pro-
vided.— .\pply, giving fuU s .ticulars and wages asked,
to MAJOR E. UPTON, Coptfold Hall, Ingatestone, Essex.

"WANTED, FOREMAN, for Inside; no

" • objections to discharged soldier ; must under-
stand Fruit; good wage. Botta', &c.— Apply, J. VOSS,
Kedleston Hall, Derby.

WANTED, FOREMAN for Inside; also
SECOND or strong LAD; vegetables and Bothy.
■^Stjat© wages required to WARREN, Head Gairdener,
Aaton Rowant Gardens, near Wallimigford, OxO(n>,

WANTED, FOREMAN, Inside, married
or single ; ineligible ; good cottage or Bothy ojid
hberal wages ; also YOUTH. 16 or 17 ; live in Bothy ;
1 o'clock Saturdays. State wages.— E. HILL, Osbertnn
Gardens, Worksop.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for Gardens;
chiefly Inside; ineligible; good wages. Apph', C.
LEACH, The Gardens, CramJield Court, Woburn Sands,
Beds.

T\7'ANTED, GARDENER; must be ex-

• • perienced Inside and Out ; 3 men kept ; single. —
MRS. TVNDALE, Meadoworoft, ChislehuiBt.

T\/"ANTED, GARDENER; good all-round

' " niiiin ; age about 50; bov kept; wages 30s. pei' week,
with house and vegetables.— Apply, B. DAVIES, Woo<l.
side Urange, North Finchley.

"WANTED, GARDENER, ineligible, mar-

' ' ried, no family ; cottage, 4 small rooms and
scullery; wages 24s., \iegetabies; permanency.—
WHITING, ToUington, Gosmore, Hitchin. Herts.

WANTED, immediately, WORKING
GARDENER; Greenhouse and Vegetables; help
given ; wages 25s., house and coals. — AppK- bv letter,
WOODHOUSE, Fairfield, Biggleswade.

"Vl/'ANTED, married BIAN, over military
' * age, for Kitchen Gai>ien ; wages 25s,, good cottage,
coaJs, and vegetables to a good man. — For partjculars
applv to A. C. LEHANE, Park Hall Gardens, MamsfleW,
Nott's.

/".^ARDENER (married or single) re-

^-^ quired immediately for institution dn North Lon-
don ; gorxl experience and referenoes essential ; no
children. — -Apply by letter, giving full particulars, stall-
ing wages required, and sending copies of testimonial?,
to MRS. PYKJE, 10, Westbourne Terrace, London. W. 2
If married, and wife able to assist with needlework <u
in laundry, please state.

'W'ANTED, immediately, skilled GAR-

' ' DKNER, temporary, to take place of one in,-

valided, with experient^ of Flower, and Kitchen

Gai-dens, Vines, and Plants. — -Apply, stating wages, to

MR H. L.\MB, Gretton House. Gretton, Kettering.

WANTED, SINGLE - HANDED GAR-
DENER; goorl wages; no Glass. — AppIV, OAPT
BRETT JAMES. St. Augustines, Totteridge, Herts.

"WANTED, 4 JOURNEYMEN or

' ' YOUTHS for Houses; good wages, occonding to
age and experience ; overtime paid ; 12 o'clock Satur-
days; Bothv and the usual peixjuisites. — Apply, O. X.
wilEELER,' Swintou Gardens, Mashiam, Ripon.

WTANTED (3 miles from Hampton Court),
' ' 2 Men (ineligible) or 2 Women, must be experi-
enced, for Kitchen Garden, Bordere, and Lawn ; Head
kept ; no cottage ; comfortable and permanent place.
—Write full particulars and wages asked, to 0. L., .
Box 20, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

W/'ANTED, young GARDENER; under

' ' experienced Head ; age 16-17 or ineligible.— W.
I'F.ARCE, The Gaidens, Portisliead House. Portdshcail,
Somerset.

W/'ANTED, ASSISTANT GARDENER;

' ^ not eligible for military service ; Northern dis-
trict, London; 4-roonie<i cottage provide*! ; water laid
on ; penny slot gas meter.— Apply, stating experience
iiid wages requir^, io A. B. 0., Box 7, 4-1, Wellington
Street, Covent Ga.rden. W.O. 2.

Yl/'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER ;

* ' nwrried ; good all-round experience n-ecessary ; in-
eligible ; wages 30s. ; good house, garden, part firing
found ; duty evety third week.— P. HURST, Stapleford
Park, Melton Mowbiiay.

T/17*ANTED. a MAN, with good experience,

* ' for Rose, Rock, and Water Gardens ; ineligible or
discharged from Army ; good wages wall be paid ; good
Bothy, milk, vegetables, and -attendance. State wages
required, with reference —P. WRIGHT, The Gaixlens,
Ash ton Wold, Oundle, Northamptonshire.

T^TANTED, Man or AVonian for SECOND.
'" in place of man called to Colours; knowledge
of Iruside ; (good reifeiiences pequired. State woges. —
G. W., The Lodge, Brockley Hall, BrocJdey, S.E. 4,

TITANTED, strong YOUTH for the

'" Houses; BotJiy and vegetables; good wages t^
anj-on© suitable ; Sunday duty, 3s. 6d. ; also ineligible
man for Pleasure Grounds. State wages. — J. W, BARKS,
Caistle Estate Office, Bletohingley, Smrey.

TITANTED. strong YOUTH. Inside and
'* Out; some experienee ; good wages, with Bothy,
&(■-— Apply, W. DIXON, Waresley Park Gardens, near
Sandj'. Beds.

TIT'ANTED, YOUTH, about 17, to assist
' ' in Fruit Houses and VegetaMes under Glass ; ITs.,
vvith Both}', vegetables, &c. — J. MARTIN, Golxlens,
Buclian Hill, Crawle.v, Sussex.

T^T'ANTED, a strong LAD, for gentleman's

' * Gaiden ; about 16 or 17 years of age ; to help In
side and Outside ; Bothy residence. — Apply, stating wages,
R. POOLEY. Poul'toii Priory Gardens, near Pairford, t;^o>.

WANTED, several LADS, 16 to 17; In-
side and Out ; wages 18s. ; Bothy. &c. ; Sunda.v
daty paid.— C. GARRA'IT, Canwell Hall Gardens, Sut-
ton CoWfiebd, Birmingham.

"Tl/'ANTED, experienced FOREWOMAN
• ' {Inside). State wages required (board and ludii-
ings provided) to E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gaixlens,
Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN WOMAN
GARDENER, chiefly for Outside work ; wages 30s.
per «-eek ; extra for duty.— Apply, CURATOR, Chelsea
Physic Gai-den, London, S.W. 3.

WANTED, 2 WOMEN GARDENERS,
as Head Wou-king and Under; boy kept; furmsh&l
rooms, coal and light.— F. SOHUSTER. Esq., The Hut,
Bray, Berks.

WANTED, WOMAN GARDENER^ for
PL-easure Grounds. State wages, experience, ojkI
full particulars.— H. LANGDOWN, Framewood Gaideuvs,
Stoke I'oges, Slough, Bucks.

WANTED, at once, GARDENER (lady) ;
single-handed ; wa^es 30s., or according to ex-
l>erience. — -Apply, with full particulars, to R. J. Mttlt
RISH, 15, Shortlands Grove, Shortlands.

WANTED, 4 young WOMEN GAR-
DEXERS, for Fruit and Plant Houses; take tiini
on duty. — Apply, stating age, wages required, an.d cx-
I>erieiice, with excellent Bothy, coal, hghts, mitk, ati<l
vegetables, resident women attendants, to AR'niTH
.AVERY, EnviUe Gardens, near Stourbridge.

WTANTED, 6 WOMEN GARDENERS,

experienced, for Pleasure Grounds, Rockeries, &c. ;

WANTED, for private Gardens, in various
parts of the coontr.v, WOMEN, -with or witjiout
gardeming experienee. — FuU partdculars to WM. CUT-
BUSH & SON, Highgate Nurseries, Highgate, N. 6.

LADY GARDENERS WANTED ; all
suited entirely free of charge.— For Alresfoi^l
(Hante), Head and Under; 3i aci-es (Pleasure Grounds
and Kitdhen, some Glass) ; man and boy kept; could tuKe
pupiJ or do some market gardendng. Beaulieu (Hants),
aa Groom-Gardener; knowledge of Vegetables; 1 pony;
boy onoe week. Halifax, Head, Under kept; £1 week,
cottage, witJi coal and gas. Hindhead, 2 oi- 3 wamte^^l,
one as Head, second as Groom-Gardener (one horse) ;
good all-round knowledge, especially Vegetables. Kent,
2 wanted, under excelleait Head Man, without saUun ,
tmt furnished cottage, milk, wood, and vegetables given.
Limpsfield ; 30s., no board or residence, i acre Gardeni,
chdefly Vegetables; help given. Near Liverpool, us Head ;
25s. and cottage ; must have training or good esp?rieiire ;
5 to 6 Unders kept. Near Maidenhead, under Head Man ;
30s. week, live out ; chiefly Glass work. Notts, 3 wajited ;
Head Man, 3 other men and 2 hoys kept; one require^l
with experience of Vineries; and many other good pusts.
—MRS HUN1\ LTD. 86, High Street, Marylebone, W. 1.

TRADE,

"WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN for

* ' Market Nursery (Cucumbers and Tomatos) ; 45s.
weekly and bonns. — State age, experience, wihen dis-
engaged, to L. W., Box 15, 41, Wellington ,Sti'epl.
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, a CUCUMBER and
TOMATO GROWER ; good wages and overtime.—
Apply to J. M. LEATHER, East Fields, Mitcbam.

WANTED. GROWER for Caladiums,
Glofxinias, and Gi-eenihouse plants ; inehigible.
—Apply, stating wages required, to JOHN PEEID &
SOV, West Norwood, London. S.E.

T^ANTED, GROWER, Ferns and Bedding

' ' Plants; good wages given for eanart man. — Appl,\',
The Fir's, Barrowell Green, Wincbmore Hill, N. 21.

WANTED, for Farm Seed Warehouse, a
capable F0RF1L\N ; must be able to superintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade; also
Warehmiseman, neat sack stitcher and tyer indispensable ;
also for Garden Seed Department, an experienced Hand,
must be able to take entire charge. Good wages offered.
All applicants must be ineligible.— A. B., Box 19, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, AUDIT or CHECKING
CLERK; experienced; over mihtary age; quick
and accurate.— TOOGOQD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.
Southampton,

June 2, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

CASHIER and BOOK-KEEPER required
bv Xorth oJ England linn of Seed Merchants.—
-AppUca'nts musi have knowledge of Garden and Farm
Seed trades and be oapaWe ot taking entire charge of
ofBce in absence of principals. Permanent situation, gccd
salary, and war bonus to perfectly reliable man — Write,
stating age, experience, salary expected, and enclose
copies of recent testimonials, to S. JJ., Box S, 41, Wellinj-
ton Street, Covent Gaixien, W.C. 2.

TM^ANTED, MAX, to help work small Nur-

* ' ser\- in everv wav ; wages 35s. per week. —
C'HIPPElRFlELD, uHimptoh Hill, Miiddlesc*.

WANTED, MEX ; ineligible ; Cucumber
and Tomnto growers; good prospects. — Apply,
COOKEIX, Basildon, Essex.

WANTED, Smart LADS, to learn Fruit
and Rose Growing. — Apply, JOHN WATERER,
SON'S & CRISP, LTD., Hare Hatch. Twyford. Berks.

T\/'ANTED, FLORIST, male or female, to
' ' nianag:e Floral' and Seed Shop ; must be a good
maRer-up ; about 30 vear* of age; good wages and
place.— W. & J. BROWN, Peterborough.

t^LORIST. — Young lady required for good

■^ class shop ; live in preferred, — Write, stating
salary and experience, HORSMAN, Beckenham.

YOUNG LADY required as IMPROVER

-■- in our Cut Flower department. — Apply, stating
age, Experience, and wages (required, to WlUvS m
SBGAR, Royal Exotic Nursery, Onslow Crescent, South
Keinsington,

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words fop 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh

sueceeding Elghl words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address atone are insufficient.

GardtneTt writing to Advertisers of Vacant
aituations are rocommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communicatu>n with unknown corre-
tpondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

TJEAD GARDEXER (fust-class); expert
-■^-■- in everv branch o( Horticulture, at liberty.—
VVrit<?, A. H,, Box 19, 41, Wellin«toB Street, Oovent
fiardeu, W.C. 2.

QARDEXER (Head); 30 .years' practical

^^ experience, Inside and Out ; knowledge of stock.
I'lease state wages.— J., c/o .Mr. II. Little, 84, Statiott
Kuad, Redhill, Surrey.

(^ARDENER (Hf.ad) ; practical e.xperi-
^-* ence in all branches in goo<.l establishments, m-
rliwling .\st«n Clinton, Oowdr.ay I'ark, and Sandon Hail ;
excellent references and can bo confidently rccom-
rnendetl ; ineligible for Army, having rei-eived final <-Lis-
r-liarge a<ter 3 monilis' service.— F. HYL.^N'D, Leyswo'Hl
fiantlens, Oroombridge, Tumbndge Wells.

QARDENER (Head Worki.mg) ; age 51;

^^ 20 years' plead Norbury Park, Dorking ; seeks re-
piigagomenl, through death' of employer; tlioroughu
experienced all branches ; used to growing large quan-
liities Fruit and Vegetables ; awarded medals, &c., at
R.Il.S. meetings; highest refcrenocs.— .\pply, GEOKiiK
KKNT, Pi.tliam Lane, Dorking.

QARDEXER (Head Working), where 2
^-^ or 3 kept ; flrst.class references ; experienced in an
branches. Inside and Out; marrie<l ; discliarged (not dis-
abled).—SPENOER, Blaekbrooke, Grosmont. Hcrefor<l.

(^ARDEXER (Head Working), where
^^ several are kept ; first-class experience all brancheT^ ;

• lisoliarge certificate ; age 40 ; married (no tamU\).— A.

SMITH, 46, Ookridge Road, High Wycombe, Bucks.

QARDEXER (Head Working) ; life ex-

^-^ perience in all branches; charge of small estate it
nei««sary ; 12 years' personal character ; age 60.— B. O.,
4, Station-parade, Palmers Green, N.

QARDEXER (Head Working) and MAN-

^-^ AOER ; small farm and estate if required ; 36 vears'
practical experience, 21 vears as Head ; excellent reconi.
mondations: age 80 ; 1 boy. ago 15.— WM. SAYbK, ."i,
Tlioinas Street, St. .lohn's, Tunbridgp Well",

QARDEXER (Head Working), where 3

^^ or more are kept tnornial times) ; thoroughly ex-
perienced all branches, also stock ; previous si'lmi-tions
12 and 10 years ; age 48 ; daughter could help m Garden
if rc'iuired ; disengage<:l ; good cottage. Please state
wages. — G., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Gameai, W.C. 2.

JT'OREMAN (Working), private or Xur-

sery, or good Single-banded, or take sole control ;
56 years' practical experience as grower of Fruils
Flowers, Vegetables, &c. (Inside and Out); total a.h'-
stainer ; married ; age 50 ; good references. — H, G. Box
21. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gnrden, W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDEXER (Diploma, experi-
ence) seeks post in Julv ; near I-^mdon ; school or
training centre preferred.— H. A., Box 18, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

T ADY, strong, willing, requires situation
■'-' as I'XIiER GARDENER; some experience.— A E
Box 17, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2-

TRADE,

lyrAXAGER or FOREMAX ; life experi-
ence in Cucumbers, Tomatos, Mushrooms, C?arna-
tions, \-c., and general market work imder Gloss
highest references.- C. F- SEEKIXGS, Tlie Villa. Glazeii-
wood, near Biaintree. Esfe.x.

jyTAXAGER or FOREMAN ; life experi-

•■• ence in the tmde, controlling -labour, and pro-
ducing cro|)s in large quantities. Plants. Flowers, Fruit,
\egetables.— LAWRENCtE, 83, Warwick Avenue. Pa<l
dington.

()PEX for Engagement as HEAD SHOP-

^^ MAN or MANAGER ; upwards of 30 years' ex-
perience in all branches of the trade; over military
age.— Write, 0., Box 9, 41. Wellington Street. C^ovent
Garden.

A SSISTANCE (personal) offereil bv Sus-

'^^ sex man (Public School) : 53 : experienced w ith
country house, estate, Glas9l1u11.se, Garden, intensive
culture, oftlce, &c., work, fruit preserving, t>ottJing,
motoring, driving; recently retumetl from French Rwl
Cross work ; teni|H)rarv, permanent, private, or trade. —
Write " War Service," Box 22, 41, Wellington Street
Civent (;arden, W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Adverti>f>m-nts intended for inser ion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHI R not later than

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

Ordinary Poaltlona per page to

Facing matter and Back Page ... ,, ,, 12

Half and i(iinrter pages, column and half colunii

spaces, pro rata.

£

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per Inch, einglc column

Per Inch across 2 columns

Per inch, across 3 col iinim ...

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line «pa
I Headline counted as two lines ]

For discounts apply to address b low.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. ed., and gd. for every additional 8 words
or fewer.

These Advtrtlsementi mntt be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO CARDINERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

TiiK I'.NITKI) Ki.soDOM 1 5/ per aniiun

AiiHcuii 17/e ,, ,,

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2,

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' MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

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MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

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41. WELLINGTON ST.. GOVf NT GARDEN. LONDON, W.G. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 1917.

ORcmos,

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'AMES CYPHER & SONS,

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SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

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Quote GAKBENEE3' CHRONICLE.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

^ there >:s

gay all llic \pai;r'oijrid ^^^£T:p-

Seid»verTwbrreinTINSaie4l. A.1S., andta BKANDBD*S£*LAD
i £•.««. Hlb3..4s. «««. iWlt»..7s.«A.MIht„tSs.««. Illlke. KOa. ,
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IT IS THE
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PLANTS.

JiNE 2. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

!19

No 168SSATURDAT. JUNE S. 1917,

CONTENTS.

Anemone Pulsatilla
Apple blossom, the glory

Z6 Fungus which attacks

of .

225

Australian vegetable

sources 224

Chioiiodoxa Tnioli . . 226

CruBoe'3 Island : Juan

Fernandez .. .. 220
Didy nil operma disti-

chum 225

Electrical discharge and

crop production .. 224
Farm, crops and stock

on the home .. .. 228
Flora of Xew South

Wales 225

Food production, on in-
creased—

Broad Keans, 222; and
PotatoB .. ..221

Broccoli, planting .. 222

Brussels Sprouts .. 222

Butter Beans .. ..221

Honey for fruit pre-
serving .. .,222

Parsnip seed, the ger-
mination of .. .. 221

Peas and Beans injured
by weevils .. .. 222

Potatos and Beet .. 22'2

Wireworma .. .. 221

ILLUSTRATIONS.
l)idyrn()8perina difitiflnitn
Hybrid Rhodudendron in a fialloway garden
Rothschild, the late Mr. Leopold de..
Sea elephant (or elephant seal)
Trillium granditlorum at Monreith . .

Galloway garden, notes
from a \

Hnmogen :

'Kew Bulletin," suspen-
sion of the . . . , :

Obituary —
Rothschild, Leopold de :

Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
New hybrids . . . . :

Pea weevil (Sitones
lineatus) ., .. i

Pompon Dahlias., .. ;

Pure-line breeding .. \

Seeds, the germination of \

Societies-
Horticultural Club .. :
National Tulip .. ;

Royal Horticultural .. \
United Hort. Benefit
and Provident . i

War items S

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. *
Fruits under glass .. \
Bardyfruitgarden.the !
Kitchen garden, ihe .. ;
Orchid houses, the ,. \
Plants under glass .. \

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-VL*

ON a moniiuf^ in April 1 watched a
thrush plastering the inside of her
new nest with the orthodox mixture
uf mud and rotten wood. It was a pretty
sight, for the bird had chosen a bush of
Khododendron arljoreum set with rose-
coloured flowers, wherein to rear her
brood. I have described the medium as
nmd; Yarrell and other writers on ornith-
ology specify clay; but this tiirush would
have to fly long journeys to tind real
clay, and doubtless used the ordinary loam
uf the borders. The weather, and conse-
iiuentl}' the surface of the ground, were
very dry at the time, and it occurred to
me to wonder how she (or he) moistened
the dry soil to make it plastic. There is no
water near enough to be handy ; yet when
1 put my hand into the nest, tlie walls
were quite wet. Is it possible that the song
tlirush is enabled to finish its nest in tlie
manner peculiar to it by a devclo])ment
of tile salivary glands similar to that of
birds of the swift family! The extreme
instance is tlie Chinese architect of the
edible birds' nests (Collocalia), which nests
are esteemed by the Chinese gourmets as
stock for soup, though they consist almost
i-ntirely of the salivary secretion of the
l)irds. To-day (May .'5) there are foni'
'•ggs in the nest that was Ix'ing plastered
a week ago.

The gardener's task at this season always
consists largely of a hand-to-hand conflict
with weeds, and this year victory rests in
most gardens with the weeds. Amateur
aid may Ije forthcoming, but is not always
frCi? from risk, as I felt when a fine tuft
of Wahlenbergia graminifolia wa« rooted
out of our rock garden by a good-natured
young lady who had undertaken to conduct
a raid upon Dandelions and grass — so
easily recognisable. The plant was duly
labelled, but her education had not in-
cluded Latin, wherefore "graminifolia"
— grass-leaved — conveyed no warning to
her diligence !

Occasionally a garden gains fresh
beauty through neglect ; at least, one
learns what good effect may sometimes re-
sult from following Lord Melbourne's
axiom in politics—" WTiy can't ye leave it
alone? " I came across a notable instance
of this lately in the garden of Glasserton,
in Wigtownshire, the residence of Admiral
Johnston Stewart. The grounds, origin-
ally laid out on a jian.! xale, require

gravel path, to which a clipped Yew hedge
runs at right angles, cutting off another
side of this mighty bush. But for this it
must have spread to a circumference of
200 feet. The height I could not ascer-
tain, but it is certainly between 18 and
20 feet. The whole plant was a sheet of
golden blossom — a magnificent sight.
These dimensions considerably exceed
those of a bush of Berberis buxifolia
(dulcis) which we have here, viz., 114 feet
in circumference and IS feet high. It is
not often that flowering shrubs are given
room enough to show their full capa-
bilities for display. The time arrives to
every planter when he finds himself in a
painful dilemma as to what must be sacri-
ficed in the interest of something else. If
he shrinks from the sacrifice, the result is
disastrous, for a congested shrubbery is a
distressing sight.

Owing to scarcity of labour this season
many shrubs must have escaped the mis-
chief so generally inflicted on them
through a rage for "tidying up." The
annual leaf-fall provides not only natural

TRILI.U'M OHANDIFLURCM AT JIONBEITH.

• yor previous articles see Jan. 13. p. IS ; Keti. 17. p. BD ;
March 10, p. 105 ; April 14, p. 149 ; and April ii, p. 169.

more than an ordinary amount of labour
to dress and keep them, owing to an exten-
sive and complex arrangement of grass
terraces. These cannot now Ix) shaven and
shorn as in the i)ipiug days of jieace,
neither can the flower beds be made ablaze
with colour iii spring and sunuuer, as of
yore. But sweet are the uses of adversity.
Hound a large circular bed, formerly
stocjiod with l)ulbs which are no more, there
was ])lanted as i)art of the design a ring of
Scilla sil>irica. The plants have endured,
outlasting more ephemeral things; and
not only endured, but prospered exceed-
ingly, spreading into a broad, dense band
of azure, whereof the beauty has to be
seen in order to realise how to treat this
hardy little bulb. To me, at least, the ap-
])oaranco it pre.sented in mid-April was a
revelation of its capabilities.

The mention of Glasserton must serve
as an excuse for referring once more to
Berberis pinnata, for I think a specimen
there must break the record for size. I
measured the circumferenc<! carefully las!
week and found it to be 135 feet. One
side has been severely cut back from a

noni-ishment, but an excellent mulch, pro-
tecting the soil from frost and scorching
•sun. This is especially important for such
shallow-rooters as Rhododendrons; yet it
is a common practice to rake the dead
leaves off and wheel them away. One day
last winter I was sorely tempted to remon-
strate with two men whom I saw diligently
engaged in scraping bare the ground
uiulor the shrubs in St. James's Park.
Methought they might have lxK:n put to
more profitable employment.

Staphylea holocarj)a, raised from seed
introduced by Mr. Wilson in 1908, is
tioweriiig here for the first time. The
blossoms arc^ pink, in short, few-flowered
corymbs, decidedly pretty, but not showy.

One has heard complaints about Morisia
hypogaea — that it suffers from cold feet,
is prone to damp off in winter, and should
Ih> treated to the luxury of a Moraine.'
We have no Moraine bed here, but plenty
of patience, and exercise of that quality is
certainly necessary in getting young
plants established, for they are not only
slow in getting on their legs, so to speak,
but until thev increase into considerable

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 1917.

Iiatclieti. rim serious risks at the hand of an iii-
e.\perienced or careless weeder, so nearly do the
loaves resemble those of some of our native
irucifers. A pigmy in height, Morisia owes its
value to the luminous yellow of its blossoms,
which it produces in such profusion as to
conceal all the foliage except the outer
fringe of the patch. Moreover, it continues
a long time in bloom ; having opened its first
flower here on January 10, it is still a brilliant
object on May 25. In his useful handbook on
Alpine plants, Mr. \V. A. Clark recommends a
tiip-dressing in November of gritty loajn and
lenf-m'0uld, but we never succeeded well with it
till we applied some sifted mortar rubbish. It
is a meet companion for Diia.ba (PetrocaJlis)
pyrenaica, flowei-ing simultaneously, and being
of similar lowly stature.

The eaj'lieet of the terrestrial Orchids to
tiower is Cypripedium calceolus. Like mo.st
other things, it is a fortnight behind time this'
year, the lir.s.t bloom opening on May 23, wherea;
it generally begins to flower in the first
or second week of that merry month.
It is more than thirty years since I
bought i^p the whole stock — ^some twenty
clumps — of an amateur who was leaving hi,s
homre in Surrey, and it lias been a joy ever since,
growing vigoa-ously in half-shade in a border of
loam, pe«xt, and lime. Somewhere or other, I
have read a pathetic story about this, the queen
of British Orchids. Long after the ruthleEi^
greed of collectors had caused it to disappeai'
from the rest of its native haunts in Yorkshire,
a few plants remained in a woodland attached to
a, certain vicarage in that county. Tlie vicai-.
dreading the inevitable result of allowing these
snrvivoi's to flaunt their showy blooms of canary
and chocolate, took tlie precaution evei-y spring
of picking off the flower-buds before they
opened, wiereby the roots ©soaped detection by
raiders.

Not until midsummer shall we know the full
extent of lose ensuing upon the severest winter in
two-and -twenty years. Meanwhile, we appear to
have iflared better than we dared to expect. The
Chinese plants introduced by Messrs. Wilson and
Forreist have stood the test bravely ; and older
species, retarded by the cold' of April, have pro-
duced a deluge of blossom the like whereof is
seldom seen. Herbert Maxwell, Monreith, U'l;/-
toivnshirc.

two inc3ies in width and of firm substance. The
ground is white, the dorsal ^pal having broad,
iri-egular lines of claret-puxple, and the petals
profuse .spotting of the same colour. The lip and
staminode have minute purple markings, and the
reverse side of the flower is tinged and spotted
with claret colour. Mr. Puddle, in his letter,
makes an interesting remark, showing the varia-
tion in complex hybrids. " Of this cross we
have flowered! two plants in which C. Hera
Euryades dominated, and they were weeds,
whei'eas, as you can' see by the flower sent, with
C Psyche dominating, the hybrid is quite a '
good tilling."

Sophro-Laklia iStella. — A two-flowered in-
florescence of a remarkable hybrid, obtained by
crossing Laelia supei-biens with the pollen of
Sophronitis gramdiflora some years ago in the
Tring Park Gardens, Tring, is sent by Mr'.
Arthur Dye, the gardener. The seed capsule
and young seedlings were watched for years
with considerable interest, and imagination pic-
tured a very much greater dej)arture from
Laelia superbiens than is shown in the resultant
hybrid. Evidence of the correctness of the cross,
however, i's ample, and the conclusion is that, as

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANihCS

NEW HYBRIDS.

l$RA.SSO-l,«A.KLlA Je-ssica. — A two-flowei't'il
inflorcsceriice of this pretty and delightfully
fragrant 'hybrid between Brasso-Laelia
Jessopii (B. Digbyana X L. xaothina) and
Bra.'isavola glauca is sent by Pantia Ralli,
Esq., Aishtead Park, Surrey (Orchid grower, Mr.
W. H. White), in whose gardens the plant is
flowering for the fir-st time. The flowers are
finely formed, five imches in width, the petals
broad, well diisplayed, and the whole flower
|iart!akiiig of the thick, wax-like texture if
Hrassavola glauca. In Brasso-Laelia Jessopii
the assertive yellow of Laelia xanthina prevailed,
but in the crossing again with the white,
greenisli-sepalled Brassavola glauca, the yellow
has nearly vanished, sliowing only a faint trace
on the greenish-white sepals, and still lees on the
whiter petals. In Uie lip the tubular form of
R. glauca a.ppears, but in the expanded white
front lobe, with its slightly fringed margin, B.
Digbyana sihows its features. The disc of the
lip is pale yeUow, and the under side of the
column purple.

CVpHiPEDitiM General Pet.a.in. — Mr. F. C.
Puddle, gardener to W. H. St. Quinton, Esq.,
sends a floweff of 0. General Petain, raised
between C. Hera Euryades (Boxallii x Leeanuni)
and C. Psyche (bellatulum X niveum) in
Hcamipston Hall Gardens, Eillington, Yorks. Th?
flower, wliiich is finely formed', has petals nearly

FlO. Gl. — HYBRID RnilLiODENHKON AT MONREITH.

in some other cases of wide parentage, L.
superbiens, while taking on certain minor fea-
tures of the other parent, docs not yield in point
of size, colour, and habit. Tlie flowers are over
four inches across, and coloured rosy-mauve,
with white midribs. The petals are broader than
those of L. superbiens, and the cua-ve of the
sepals faintly suggests S. grandiflora, whilst the
shorter lip deflected in front with yellow mark-
ings in the centre, and the thinner dark rose
column, with white anther-cap, also indicate
that species.

Laelio-C'attleya Psyche. — Mr. Dye also sends
a fine three-Sowered inflorescence of Laelio-
Cattleya Psyche, raised in Tring Park
Gardens between Laelio-C'attleya elegans and
L.-C. Nysa supeiba. In size and general appear-
ance of the flower, it is nearest to Cattleya
Warscewiczii, which, with Laelia crispa, pro-
ducetl L.-C. Nysa, and the usual defects in the
labelhim caused by L.-C. el^gans (C. Leopoldii X
L. purpurata) are happily obliteraited. The sepals,
}>etals, and tube of the lip are silver- white,
flushed with rosy-lilac. The front of the lip is
coloured mauve-purple, the disc being pale
yellow, deepeniii'g into light orange at the base.

CRUSOE'S ISLAND : JUAN FERNANDEZ.

{Continued frcni p. :?n.)
ANSON'S VISIT IN 1741.
In 1741 ihe island sheltered Anson's expedi-
tion on its voyage around the world. The
chaplain of the " Centurion," the . Rev.
Richard Walter, gives a very complete ac-
count of the doings of the expedition which
is well worth reading. The " Centurion " ar-
rived under the lee of the island on June 10, after
a dreadful voyage from Cape Noir! A great num-
ber of the crew had died of scurvy, and very few
were left to man the sails and work the ship.
Walter says "those only who have endured a
long. series of thirst, and who can readily recall
the desire and agitation which the ideas alone of
springs and brooks have at that time raised in
them, can judge of the emotion with which we
eyed a large cascade of the most transparent
water, which poured itself from a rock near a
hundred feet high into the sea, at a small
distance from the ship. Even those amongst the
diseased, who were not in the very last stage of
the distemper, though they had been long con-
fined to their hammocks, exerted the small re-
mains of strength that were left them, and
crawled up to the deck to feast themselves witli
this reviving prospect." One can imagine the dis-
appointment of these much-tried mariners when
night closed in and still no suitable anchorage
had been discovered. Owing to the imminent
risk of running on shore with the strong current,
the anchor was let go during the night, and their
helplessness was such that next morning the
anchor could not be started from the ground until
a friendly breeze filled the sails and dragged it
from its resting place. The crew of the " Tyral "
sloop was in even a worse plight, since no fewer
than thirty-four men had died of scurvy, and
those that remained were so afflicted with the
malady that only the captain, the lieutenant, and
three of the men were able to stand by the sails.
The stricken crews were at length landed on Juan
Fernandez, not a few of them dying en route,
and afterwards on account of their weak
condition. The f'abbage trees, goats, Water-
cress, and a vast profusion . of Turnips and
Sicilian Radishes, with abundance of fresh
water, soon restored the health of the sur-
vivors. They found many acres of ground
covered with Oats and Clover. " The excellence
of the climate and the looseness of the soil render
this place extremely proper for all kinds of vege-
tation, for if the ground be anywhere accidentally
turned up, it is immediately overgrown with
Turnips and Sicilian Radishes. Mr. Anson,
therefore, having with him garden seeds of all
'vinds and stones of different sorts of fruits, he
.sowed Lettuces, Carrots, and other garden plants,
and set in the woods a great variety, of Plum,
.\pricot, and Peach stones, and these last, he
has been informed, have since thriven to a very
remarkable degree."

Describing the interior of the island, Walter
continues : ",Som,e particular spots occurred in
tbese valleys, where the shade and fragrance of
the contiguous woods, the loftiness of the over-
hanging rocks, and the transparency and frequent
falls of the neighbouring streams, presented
scenes of such elegance and dignity, as would
with difficulty be rivalled in any other part of the
globe. It is in this place, perhaps, that the
simple productions of unassisted nature may Ibe
S'lid to excel all the fictitious descriptions of the
most animated imagination." Walter .speaks of
the malicious manner in which the Spaniards had
introduced a large number of dogs into the island
in the endeavour to extirpate the goats in order
to deprive their enemies of provisions with which
goats' flesh furnished them. At the time ot
An.son's visit there were not more than two
hundred goats left, and these had taken refuge
in the most inaccessible localities and were very
difficult to approach. - The shallow nature of the
soil was the cause of a fatal accident to one of the
sailors. Whilst pursuing a goat he caught hold

June 2, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

221

of an overhanging tree to prevent himself from
slipping, but it imfortunately gave way. In liis
fall he seized hold of another, but it also bi^oke
loose, and he fell amongst the rocks and was
dashed to pieces. Describing the sea elephants
or sea lions as he calls them, which -n-ere at first
such a terror to poor Selkirk, Walter says they
are, when mature, anything from 12 to 20 feet
in length, and from 8 to 15 in girth.
Some idea of the appearance of these curious
creatures may be gathered from the aceom-
|ianying sketch (see fig. 82); copied from
Anion's Voyages. They appear to divide
their time equally between land and sea.
continuing at sea all the summer and
coming on shore at the setting in of the winter,
where they reside during the whole season. At
this time they bring forth their young, of which
they generally have two at a birth. These
they suckle with their own milk. Walter
relates that a sailor was one day care-
lessly employed in skinning a .voung sea lion,
when the female from which he had taken it came
upon him unperceived, and getting his head in
her mouth scored liis skull in many places, wound-
ing him so severely that he died in a few days.
They live in families and societies, and feed on
lish and molluscs, especially cuttle fishes. The
.■ikin furnishes leather, the oil is valuable for
burning; the tongue alone is really palatable. At
the time of Anson's visit, the Pardelus had been
practically exterminated by the dogs introduced
liy the Spaniards, as also the progeny of Selkirk's
ats. The expedition remained on the island
about three months, when they were snfiiciently
recovered to commence serious operations amongst
the Spanish merchant ships.

In 1750 the Spaniards decided to e.stabli.'ili
.1 colony on Juan Fernandez, and the Presi
ilcnt of Chile sent one of his superior ofBcers
.IS Governor, with a strong detachment of
-■Idiers. They occupied Tumberland Bay. built a
■ mall township, and at great expense erectct
several forts and batteries at different points.
The situation was evidently a suitable one for
the practice of corruption and waste, and the
Spaniiih proverb was often levelled at the ad-
niini.stration, " Entre picos y azadones, van mil-
liones" (between pick -axes and hoes, many a
million goes), though fortunately in this case mil-
licms of pesetas and not pounds ! Guns without
mountings were dragged up the heights, where
they were quite useless as weapons for the de-
fence of the place, which, indeed, was never likely
to be attacked. The establishment was kept up
for .several years at great expense, sheltering a
number of political exiles as well as convicts con-
demned to hard labour during their term of im-
jirisonment. Among them was a French military
officer of rank and superior scientific attainments,
Avho threw himself into the bay where he was
confined, now called El Frances, no doubt on
account of this melancholy occurrence. /.
Ilulchinmn, Kew.

{To be continued.)

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

NOTES ON PLANTING I$R00O0LI.
Broccoli is liable to severe injury from fiost,
and for th's reason cultivators should take every
precaution to keep the plants sturdy and hardy.
The seed should lie thinly sown in an open
poition, upon soil not too rich, ample space
being allowed between the plants. Firmness of
foil wdJl check luxuriance, and encourage fibrous
root growth, and it is sometimes advisable to
plant TiiKin plat.s that have remained undug after
Iiaving been cleared of their previous crop,
Qu.irterfl cleared of Strawberries have, for in-
stance, been utilised in this way. Where the
soil is very retentive, however, this method has
sometimes led to failure owing to the foil being
excessively hard. In the kitchen garden here,
which is in a low position, and has for years
been deeply trenched and well cultivated, every

Broccoli plant was lost last winter, while in the
fruit garden, placed on a higher elevation, crops
planted on less well cultivated land were saved.
Thos. Ooomber, The Hendrc Gardens, Mon-
mouth.

WIREWORMS.

The following remarks on \vireworms have
been foi-warded us by the Board of Agi-i-
culture : —

In some places, recently planted Potatos are
being damaged by wireworms, and inquiries are
being made as to the means to be taken to get
rid of these pests. Inasmuch as harmless soil
insects are sometimes mistaken for wireworms,
it is important ^ that the inexperienced should
be able to recognise them.

A wireworm is light brown in colour with a
slightly polished and somewhat tough body. It
is more or less worm shaped, and has a distinct
head and three pairs of small legs just behind
the head. Wireworms measure up to about
three-quarters of an inch in length.

A wireworm is the young or larval stage of
a click beetle. The insects live as wireworms for
three years or even longer. They are most active
in spring and early summer ; in the late summer,
when they often burrow deep into the soil, they
are likely to do less harm. In winter, especially
during cold weather, they may go so far down
into the soil that they are not seen when the
ground is being dug. A full-fed wireworm, aftei
burrowing deeply into the soil in late summer,

Flfi. »Z. — SKETCH OF SEA ELEPHANT OH ELEPHANT-
SEAL (MACRORHINUS LEONINUS). FROM "ANSON's

changes into a "chrysalis" or "pupa," which
later on turns into a beetle. In the following
summer, the beetles lay the eggs from which
fresh wireworms are produced.

Almost all plants are attacked by wireworm,
Broad Beans less, perhaps, than other garden
vegetables.

To rid a piece of ground of wireworms re-
ipiires much trouble and considerable time.
There is no simple remedy for this pest.

If the ground is bare of crops, digging it ex
poses the wireworms to the attack of birds ;
similarly, poultry penned on a newly dug piece
of ground are useful in devouring wireworms.
Naphthalene, too, at the rate of not less than
2 ounces per square yard, dug in, helps to
destroy the pest ; but the price of this may be
prohibitive. Only so much should be spread as
can be dug in on the same day that it is applied.
It is not advi.sable to use this insecticide when
the ground is under a crop. Proprietary in-
secticides have sometimes given good results,
but at other times they have failed completely.
It is unlikely that any of these remedies will
succeed if they can only be applied on the sur-
face, whilst the wireworms are far below.

The chief means for reducing damage by wire
worms is to encourage the rapid growth of the
crop. This may be done by applying, in the
form of a top-dressing, either sulphate of am
monia at the rate of 1 lb. per rod, or soot.
1 gallon jicr rod. In applying sulphate of
ammonia, which should preferably be in the
form of a line powder, care should be taken Id

spread it uniformly and to hoe the ground imme-
diately after the application, in order to prevent
the material from burning. If the soil is dry
and water is available, a thorough watering after
the sulphate of ammonia has been spread will
help to wash it down to the roots.

In the case of soot, this material, if taken
direct from the chimney, should lie in a heap
for a week or two before being spread on the
soil. Another means of reducing the damage
done by the pest is thorough cultivation. Hoe
frequently. If any such roots as Carrot, Beet
or Mangold are available, they may be used as
"bait." For this purpose, cut the roots in
pieces and put a piece at the end of a short stick.
Bury the pieces in the ground with the stick
projecting, pull the " baits " up and destroy any
worms feeding upon them.

In the case of Potatos, even if some wireworms
are found attacking the seed, it should not be
assinned that complete failure of the crops will
result ; provided that the growing parts of the
plant are not destroyed, a partial crop may be
obtained in spite of the presence of the pest.
If, however, the attack is so severe that it be
comes evident that no crop is to be expected,
before planting another crop, dig up the
Potatos and treat all those containing wireworms
in such a way that the pests are killed. For in
stance, Potatos may be fed to pigs or poultry.

If transplanted plants can be obtained. Onions
and Leeks may be planted. Turnips and Swede
Turnips may also be sown, but care should be
taken to sow sufficient seed to allow for a cer
tain amount of loss. When thinning the crop,
do not at first thin to the distance at which the
permanent plants are to grow. At each thinning
remove only sufficient plants to give room to fl\e
LTowth of the others. In the case of crops which
are pricked out, keep a reserve bed to replace
failures.

Good and con,stant cultivation extending over
one or two seasons will generally reduce the
number of wireworms in the soil.
THE OBHMINATION OF PARSNIP SEED.
P.^RSNip seed may be longer in germinating
this year than usual, as staited by Mr. Bartlett
<m p. 212, but it is habitually slow any year, and
that applies to the whole of the Umbelliferae.
Seeds tihat I sowed in April were covered with
snow a day or two afterward®, yet the seedlings
are up and making good progress. I have seen self
sown Parsnip seed germinate in February. It is
a question of time and the warmth of the soil.
Parsnip seeds need not necessarily be dormant,
although they lie long in the soil. The embryo
of any of the Umbelliferae ceases growing at an
eai-ly stage, and at the maturity of the seed
forms a very tiny body embedded in a mass of
ihaird, oily perisperm. This latter has to undergo
chemical changes by the aid of wa,rmth and
moifitrire in order to feed the tiny embryo, which
has to make considerable growth before it c;im
germinate. This growth can be hastened by ai-ti-
ficial heat, as may be remembered in the case of
Celery and Parsley. The seeds and embryo of
the Ranimculaceae are similar in condition and
behaviour : compare the slow irate of germina-
tion in Delphiinium, Anemone, and Clematis.
.7. F.

BROAD B'EAiNS AND POTATOS.
Thf, cottager's plan of sowing Broad Beans
amongst his Potatos is worthy of consideration.
The Bean seeds are iplaced singly in alternate
rows from five to six feet apart amongst the
Potatos. The tuberous crop does not suffer, and
the Beans, having .ample room for development,
are usually very fruitful. As bees are fond of
the flowers, this is an additional recommendation
in many cases, A. C. S.

BUTTER BEANS.
Thr Butter Bean ig the lima (Phaseohis luna-
tus) or a variety of it, as Mr. Beckett states on
p. 212. It was introduced to this country in
1818, and is stated to be a native of the TroTiics,
perhaps Tropical South America, but its habitat

22;

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 1917.

is not positively known. Butter Beans are
lai-gely cultivated in the United States, West
lu'dies, Madagascar, and Bm-ma. Even in the
United Slates the crop sometimes fails, and it
cannot be grown with any certainty of success in
this counti-y. There are many varieties, the
climbing sorts being known ae Pole Beans. There
are also Bush Limas, 18 inches to 2 feet high,
some spreading amd others etrictly erect. The
older varieties of Pole Limas have pods about
5 inches long and four-seeded. The Giant-
podded Pole Lima has pods 7 inches to 8j inches
long, 5-6 seeded, and borne in clusters of four
to eight. The older Bush Limas have pods 2^
inches to 5 inolies long, and tliree to four seeded.
The Burpee Improved Bush Lima has pods 6
inches long, five -seeded, and borne in clusters of
five to eight, occasionally ten. Most of the
varieties have wliite seeds, but those of the last-
named are tinted with green when mature and
dried. In America the tei-m Butter Bean seems
to be restrioted to the small-seeded Lima, Caro-
lina, Sieva, or Sewee, grow-n in the south of the
Uraited States. Some of the old Bush Limas
have dry and mealy seeds, but the Fordbrook
Bush Lima has juicy and sweet seeds even when
mature. This is another improvement which
Mr. Beckett may note when tliinking of the
Butter Bean of the shopB. I quite agi'ee with
liim that some of the Dwai'f or Haricot Beans are
better in flavour than the Butter Bean of the
shops. I can speak from experience of Green
Haricot, whioh must be closely related to Green
Gem. J. F.

THE BROAD BEAN.

I AM growimg three to four times the usual
quantity of all kinds of Beans, but prefer the
Bpoad Bean as a food to any of the others.
In some seasons large quantities of Broad
Beans are dried here by laying the pods
on the borders of friut houses. Thei'e is,
perhaips, a danger in using too many Kidney
Beans. Some cases of Beri-beri which were
brought to an infirmary were said by the medi-
cal authorities not to be traceable to any known
cause, and it was suspected that the eating of
large quantities of these Beans had something
to do with the attack. I grew some of the
Beans, and they turned out to be a variety with
black and white pods. S. P. Brotherston,
Tyninghavie, East Lolhian.

HONEY AND FRUIT PRESERVING.

The question of the possible use of honey as
a substitute for sugar in jam-making and fruit-
preserving having been raised, the Food Pro-
duction Department has considered the question.
Bee-keepers who have honey to spare and fru.i
bi jam, or otherwise to preserve, may utilise
honey instead of sugar quite satisfactorily. The
general rule is to use honey in the same quanti-
ties and in the same way as sugar for either jam
or marmalade. Whether it is worth while so to
utilise honey depends on individual circum-
stances and personal taste. Those who do not
keep' bees may find the price of honey much
higher than that of sngar ; indeed, practically
prohibitive. Moreover, the supply of honey at
present is very short and not likely to be liiL"
at any time this year.

BRUeSEiLvSi SPROUTS.

Mb. Tuhner's quei-y, on p. 211, as to my
method of growing Brussels Sprouts is reason-
able. I may say that I make it a poinit to
prove the merit of practical methods by
repeated trials before pubhshing them, one
season or two 'being too brief a period
in which to determine the value of any practice
or theory. Our Brussels Sprouts have been
grown on the same gi-ouiiid for more than twenty
years, and before that they were taken from
another piece of ground for fifteen years, the
i-ows one year invariably being planted between
those of the previous year. Cultivation consists

largely in turning over the ridge of soil occupied
by the crop in the preceding year, to earth-up
the crop, and when pteasanhs are more than
usually greedy, each plant has a dessert spoon-
ful of sulphate of ammonia at the end of summer,
whicli, however, is very seldom needed. Now,
why treat them in this seemingly haphazard
nxanner? Tile reason for trying it was that the
Sproaits produced under the treatment usually
adojAed were too lax-ge and roug-h, wlhile I obtain
better p^roduce by my own method. The soil here
yields good crops of Bawcoli and Scotch Kale,
without being cultivated specially for these
vegeitaWes in any way. When pressed for time, I
never hesitated to plant Cabbages and Cbleworts
in andng ground. Winter Spinacli, of which a
vei-y large quantity has to be gi-own, is usually
sown in Potato ground that is merely levelled
before sowing the seeds. But Cabbages and
Kales, as soon as time pemiits, have the ground
between the rows forked over. Soot is applied
thickly over the whole surface, but, of course, I
dio not limit the manure to soot. B. P.
Srolherston,

POTATOvS AND BEET.

With regard to my method of planting
Potatos, as recorded on p. 181, there are several
Jimiting factor's which my critics fail to notice.
In regard to the Evergood variety, which ulti-
mately grew 3 feet high, if I had known the
haulm would reach that height, and had allowed
a space of 3 feet between the rows, the question
arises, sJioidd 1 have got so great a weight of
produce as 22 tons? My opinion is that I should
only have lifted three-quarters of that amount,
or even less ; therefore, instead of 22 tons 2 cwt.
ware and seed per acre, I might possibly have
had 16 tons 11^ cwt. My reasons for this con-
clusion are that the tops would have fallen down
flat at tile wider distance, instead of supporting
each other as they did at 2 feet between the
rows, and air would not have reached the roots
so well as it did. The point where overcrowding
commences and the weight of crop diminishes
can only be deLermined by e.\periments with
each variety, and on various soils. '

Ml'. Beckett (p. 201) imagines I might" have
grown the varieties with smaller tops closer to-
getlier ; yet he overlooks the fact that these early
varieties require earthing-up several times if tlie
nights are frosty, and frost is especially frequent
in tilie Midlands. Two feet between the rows
often proved an insufficient distance for this
operation, for it did not permit of enough soil
to cover the tops.

The fact that Beet will survive tlie winter in
the open, unprotected, has been a revelation to
many of us. I saw the plot referred to on
p. 211 at Wisley, on April 23. Tlie young
leaves were coming up thickly all over it, and I
have seen other cases of Beet out-of-doors this
spring in gardens close to my present residence,
where frost and snow were severe. But I still
hold the opinion thait the old plan of lifting and
storing Beet in late autumn is best, provided one
has a cool, moist shed 'where the roots can be
kejit from withering if a sudden fr'ost occurred.
It would be no easy matter to lift Beet
from the open without injuring the root*.
IT'. H. Divers, Westdean, Hooh, Surhiton.

PEAS AND BEANS INJURED BY WEEVILS.
I NOTICE in your "Answers to Correspondents"
a reference to weevils. Unfortunately this year
these have done a considerable amount of damage
in this locality to second earl}' Peas, and also to
Broad Beans. One or two long rows in our case
were so disfigured that we had to sow again,
and there are very many other such instances in
the neighbourhood. I am wondering it it is
general this season, for I know of no effectual
remedy. No doubt after the welcome rains the
ravages of this pest will be lessened, as they are
generally most active when growth is slow owing
to di-y -weather. Edwin Bccl-elt, Aldenliam
House, Blstree.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens. Windsor.

CoLEWORT.- Seeds of this useful vegetable
should be sown at once, selecting Rosette, the
best variety for early winter supplies, and
Hardy Green, as this latter variety will stand
through the winter and furnish good heads
in early spring. Sow the seeds in an open posi-
tion where the soil is not too rich, so that the
plants may be grown as stocky and hardy as pos-
sible. When they are of sufficient size they may
be planted in rows 15 inches apart. Continue to
plant out, as opportunity arises, such crops as
spring-sown Cabbages to furnish heads through-
out the autumn. Brussels Sprouts for late sup-
plies should also be planted now. Autumn Broc-
coli and Halloween Giant Cauliflower should not
be allowed to become crowded and drawn in the
seed-bed, but should be planted in their per-
manent quarters as soon as large enough. Other
plantations may be made later to continue the
supply as far into the autumn as possible.

Celery.— As soon as Celei-y plants are large
enough they should be carefully transferred to
the trenches, and a sufficient quantity of clear
water applied to settle the soil about the roots.
It is a mistake to leave these plants too long in
ihe nursery bed, as transplanting them late causes
a check from which it takes them a long time to
recover, especially if the weather is dry at the
time of planting. When the plants begin to make
fresh growth, frequent light dustings of soot may
be applied. Careful attention must be given to
watering throughout the season. Continue to
prick out plants for late supplies, giving each
plant plenty of space.

Early Potatos.— Special attention should be
Kiven to early plantations of Potatos. Stir the
ground deeply between the rows and earth-up the
plants as they become large enough. Do not draw
the soil up to a shai-p ridge, but leave the top as
broad as possible, so that the rain-water may reach
the roots. Potatos in cold pits should have all the
air possible. Remove the lights and give a good
supply of clear water to the roots. Old Potatos
in store should be examined, and all young shoots
removed.

Tomato*.— Plants intended for cultivation
out-of-doors should be planted with as little delay
as possible, and if wall space is available the best
results will be obtained by planting 18 inches
apart and confining the plants to single stems.
Remove all side-shoots as they appear. A mulch-
ing of decayed manure should be applied
as soon as the plants become established, and
when sufficient fruits are set, liberal supplies
of manure water may be given. Tomato plants
from which ripe fruits are being gathered should
be assisted to ripen the remainder of their crop
by frequent applications of manure water from
the farmyard, or by sprinkling the surface of
the soil with guano previous to watering with
clear, soft water. It is important that fresh air
should be admitted to these plants night and
day, and that the fruits be gathered before they
become over-ripe.

Mushrooms.— The beds from which Mush-
rooms are being gathered should not be allowed
to become too dry. Remove the litter from the
surface of the beds in order to see if water is
necessary or not. When necessary, rain-water
may be given through a fine rose and the covering
replaced the following day. Beds in^ the open
should be protected from drenching rains, or the
material may become sour and fail to produce a
crop.

Leeks.— Continue to plant Leeks as they be-
come large enough, and keep the soil stirred be-
tween the plants to promote free growth. If dry
weather sets in, give the roots a liberal supply
of water.

Lettuce.— The recent heavy rains have done
much to promote the growth of early planted
Lettuce, which will benefit by the free use of
the Dutch hoe between the rows Plant sue-

June 2, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

2-zS

cessional batches, and make small but frequent
sowings of approved varieties which are known
to succeed well in summer. For these sowings a
border should be selected where some protection
from the hottest sunshine can be afforded. No
time should be lost in digging all land recently
occupied with winter and spring crops, so that
other crops may be got in for autumn and
winter use. Garden Swedes may be sown now
and thinned to 1 foot apart in the row as soon
as large eiiough to handle.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. .\rihur D.ivet,
Abbotts Wood. Godalniing, Surrey.

Insect Pests.— Notwithstanding the severe
winter and repeat.ed sprayings with insecticide,
there are many maggots on Plums, Damsons
an-d Pears. The trees should, as far as is pos-
sible, be looked over and the grubs removed by
hand-picking. Afterwards spray with a nico-
tine insecticide on both sides of the foliage.
This spraying should be followed by another of
a strong solution of Quassi i E.KLracc. Peaches
and Nectarines should, if free from aphis, be
syringed frequently with clear water in bright
weather ; if not clean, use about 1 quart of
soluble petroleum to a garden engine of 30 gal-
lons ca/pacity. Direct the spray into the points
of the shoot's and wet every portion thoroughly.

Cherries.— Cherry trees have set plenty of
fruits, which should be thinned where too
numerous, and more especially on early varieties,
such as Early Rivers. Knight's Early Black is
a good prolific early-fruiting variety, whether
grown as trained cordons or in fan shape. The
shoots need to be stopped early to enable the
fruits to develop. Nail in the branches required
for extension, and stop all laterals about the
third or fourth leaf. Use the garden engine to
keep down .aphis, and look over the trees dili-
gently for maggots, which roll up the leaves to
hide themselves. Protect the fruits of early
varieties before the birds attack them, which they
do as soon as they begin to show colour. Fasten
the netting so that it hangs quite a foot from the
trees.

Wall Trees —The material used for protect
iug wall trees should be removed entirely and
stored ; the foliage will now afford sufficient pro
tection for the fruit. Many of the new shoots on
Pear and Plum trees are ready fur stopping and
tying. If the trees have been disbudded care
fully the shoots will now require to be pinched to
about four or five leaves, and e.\tra vigorous ones
on the upper branches should be attended to fir.st,
allowing a few days to elapse before completing
the operation. In the case of very old trees .some
of the more vigorous of the new shoots may be
trained in to take the place of worn-out branches.
Fruit trees on warm, south walls require copious
supplies of water.

FROITS UNDER GLASS.

Pineapple.— Fruits of the Queen variety of
Pineaii])le are swelling. Give clo.ser attention to
watering, affording occasional applications of
a weak stimulant. Peruvian guano sufficient
only slightly to colour the water may be used
for feeding the roots. 1 attach much importance
to watering Pineap))Ies with water as warm as
the plunging material. Let the house be closed
early. u.se the syringe freely, and keep the
evaporating troughs filled with weak liquid
manure from the farmyard. Later plants of the
Queen variety should be showing fruit fur the
autumn. Where the growth has Vieen somewhat
free it will be well to keep the plants drier for
a few weeks, then water again ; this treatment
will have the desired result if, so far, they have
nut showed for fruit.

Late Grapes.— The latest Vines, such as
Lady Downe's variety, will soon be in flower.
I have noticed that this (irape usually flowers at
the end of May without any attempt at forcing.
When the Vines arc in flower a night tempera
ture of 68° Fahr. is suitable. This is not a free-

setting variety, and special attention should be
directed to the pollinating of the flowers. If
necessary use a camel's hair brush and dust with
pollen from a free-setting variety, such as Black
Alicante. More attention will be needed if the
weather be dull and sunless. No varieties repay
for careful thinning more than these late ones.
Bear in mind, too, that medium or small bunches
are the best for keeping in bottles in the spring.

THE FLOWER GARDEN

Bv W. J GuiSB. Gardener to Mrs. Desipsiek, Keele
Hall, Staflordshire.

Antirrhinum. — The early plants of Antir-
rhinum are ready for placing in their flowering
quarters. In well-prepared ground the tall
varieties should be placed 18 inches apart, but
for the dwarf varieties 12 inches is sufficient.
When planting beds with distinct colours
examine the plants carefully for rogues, which
may be detected by the difference in the foliage.

Roses.- Syringe Rose trees occasionally to
keep aphis in check, and make an examination
of the foliage for grubs. Q,ua.ssia Extract is a
suitable insecticide for Roses. The removal of
the weaker shoots will result in increased vigoiu'
in those that are left for flowering. Established
plants will be benefited by liquid man,iire given
in dni' wea/ther.

Climbers.- Climbers on walls and pergolas
should be trained before the shoots grow en-
tangled. Clematises grow very quickly and need
constant attention in this respect. Climbing
Roses should receive similar treatment to that
advised above.

Hardy Annuals.— Hardy annuals should be
thinned directly they can be handled. .\ space of
12 inches is sufficient for dwarf plants, but such
kinds as Lupins, Larkspurs, Malope, and Lava
tera need at least 18 inches. For supports place
small brushwood between the plants. Soot hoed
lightly ih the soil serves to keep slugs in check
and stimulate the roets.

Asters and Stocks.— These half-hardy
aiuuials need a liglit, rich soil; heavy, retentive
ground may be made suitable by the addition of
old potting soil, wood ash, and decayed stable
manure. The plants are in good condition for
planting, and the first showery day should be
chosen to get them into their flowering quarters.
It Is advisable to have reserve plants to replace
anv failures.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Dj- J. CoLUER. Gardener to Sir .Ieukmiah Coijiun,
Bart., Gallon Park. Heigale.

Odontoqlobsum orande and O. Insleavi.

— These Mexican Odoutoglossums are developing
young gi'owtlts, and ,i8 soon as rtiots pusn
from their base they should be repotted or top-
dressed. Those that have suflRcient pot-room for
another sotsoii and with the compost in. good
condition should be immersed in water to soak
the soil ; afterwards allow them to become par-
tially dry, when portions of the old materials
on the surface should be picked from between
the roots and replaced with fresh compost.
Plants that need repotting should have all the
old compost shaken from the roots, and be
potted afresh in receptacles large enough to
accommodate them for two seiisons.. Use a com-
post similar to that advised for Dendrobiunis,
adding some crushed crocks. Plants of Odonto-
glossum TTro-Skinneri are active at the roots,
and should also be repotted or top-dressed iis is
considered necessary. A]\ these plants grow
best in summer in the wannest position of the
Odontoglossum house, but they should be re-
moved to the Intermediate house for the winter.
Odontoglossum Rossii majus and its many
hybrids will require attention at the roots as
they pass out of flower. These plants are best
grown iji ])lain .shallow pans, and suspended
from the roof, rafters in the cool Odontoglossum
house. Any specimens that have grown over the
sides of the pans should be broken up, removing
the back, leafless pseudo-bulbs save three or four
behind the lead, and the plants potted afresh.

Btanhopea.- This Orchid is best grown in
.shallow teak- wood baskets, and suspended from
the roof-rafters in a moist, shady position, in the

Cattleya or Intermediate house. The pendulous
inflorescences push downwards through the bot-
tom and sides of the receptacles. For that
reason, when replacing them in the baskets a
thin layer of peat rhizomes should be placed
over the bottom for drainage purposes, in pre-
ference to broken potsherds. At this period of
the year, or directly new roots develop, fresh
rooting material, consisting of a mi.xture of equal
parts Osmunda-fibre or A 1 fibre and Sphagnum-
moss in rather coarse portions, should be afforded
the plants. Plants that require increased rooting
space should be given receptacles that will
accommodate them for at least two seasons, as
they dislike frequent root disturbance. Plants
that have sufficient rooting space and good com
post should be merely top-dressed afresh, remov-
ing a portion of the old soil to permit of this
being done. Water the roots sparingly during
the earliest stages of growth. Spray the foliage
on frequent occasions, and especially the under
sides of the leaves, to prevent attacks of red
spider.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston. Gardener to Lady Northcote,
Eastwell Park. Kent.

Tuberous Begonias .—Tuberous-rooted

Begonias give the best results indoors when they
are grown, in cool conditions, but if the plants
are required to bloom early in summer it is
necessary to encourage growth by a little extra
warmth, though conditions approaching forcing
treiitment must, at all times, be strictly avoided.
Tubers that have been stored during the winter
will start freely into growth if placed in boxes
containing a little rough leaf soil. The mould
should be kept slightly damp. As soon as
they have rooted the plants should be potted
to prevent damage to the roots in separating
them. Place them in receptacles of suitable
sizes according to the strength and age of tlu'
tubers, or, if preferred, direct into their flower
iug pots. Do not allow the roots to become pot
bound or growth will be checked. Use a light,
open soil consisting chiefly of turfy loam ami
rough leaf-mould. If the latter is not of good
quality a little manure from a spent Mushroom
bed may be added, with a little sharp sand and
soot. Grow the plants in a low house or frame with
a moist bottom, and damp them lightly overheaii
in bright weather, but do not over-water the
roots in the early stages. As growth advances
■ more space should be given, for on plants that
are crowded the leaves and stem, become drawn,
and the blooms suffer in quality. Shade tlic
plants from hot sunshine. Pick off all the flower
buds until the plants have filled their pots with
roots, when the latter may be stimulated by
regular feeding.

Salvia splfndens,— Cuttings of Salvia
splendens struck last month should be jotted on
as required. Pinch the points of the shoots at
intervals to ensure a bu-shy habit. Plants rooted
from cuttings early in the season make large
specimens in the same year if treated liberally.
Salvias may be jjlanted out during the summer
and lifted in September. If lifted carefully ami
shaded heavily fo'r a time afterwards the plants
give good results indoors. Those grown in jiots
should be plunged in a bed of ashes in the open.
.Syringe the foliage regularly in the afternoons,
using weak, clear soot water occasionally to keep
down attaclcs of red spider.

BouviRDiA.— Boiivardias raised from cutting.";
riiudcl tins spring .should be re-potted as le
ipiired and kept growing in a house having an
intermediate temperature. The compost shoultl
consist of turfy loam mixed with leaf soil and
sand. Pinch out the points of the shoots to en
sure a bushy habit. Do not overwater the
roots, but damp the plants overhead lightly
twice daily, and keep the surroundings damn
Old plants which were cut hard back after rest
ing and shaken out, should be potted on, or as
an alternative planted out in a frame, or on a
south border, but pl.inting out-of-doors is '■ i
suitable for gardens in cold districts. Pindh the
shoots once or twice, but do not contiime this
practice too late in the season. Syringe the
plants regularly in hot weather.

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE,

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER, 41, WelUngton Street.
Covent Garden. W C-

Editors and Publisher- — Our correspondents
2vou}d obviate delay in obtaining ai^swers to
their communications and save vs much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that aU com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are miadirected.

Illustrations.— r/i0 Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangemerU. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
pinnts for naming, t-hould be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41. "Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, Sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

. APPOINTMENTS FOR JUNE.

TUHSDAY, JUNE 5—

Roy. Halt. Soo.'s Cnms. meet. M:i?teis' Memo

tare at 3 p.m.
Tl'ESDAY, JUNE 19—

Roy. Hoi-t. Soe.'s Coins, meet. Mosteis' J

l^eotiire at 3 p.m.
WEDNESD.iY, JUNE 27—

Crovdon Flower Siliow.
THURSD.^Y, JUNE 28—

Rov. Botajiii* Soo. iiieeb,
S.\TURDAY, JUNE 30—

Windsor, Eton and Dist. Hose Soe.'s Sliow.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the la«tJ fifty
\o;iis ;it. (;reeii«ir:h 68,2:'.
Actual Temperature:-

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
fiivent Garden, London. Thurt:darj, May 31,
10 a.m.; Bar. 29.S; temp. 67.5°. WetiHier—
Sunnv.

aa WEEK.

SALES FOR THE I

FHIIi.W

(inliMl. ,il 67 and 68, Oheapside, B.C. 2, by Pro Jleioc
\- Jlonis :it 1 o'clock.

The usefulness of the
Pure Line "°^ ^^^^ " established

Breeding. method of breeding

from single plants is
well illustrated by .the work in the breed-
ing of improved races of Oats which
has been carried on in Maine by Messrs.
Surface and Zinn.* In the case of Oats,
as in that of most other cereals, there is
no complication due to crossing, and once
a pure line is established as the result of
breeding from a single individual, it
maintains its characters indefinitely.
This method of improving varieties lends
itself particularly to practice by commer-
cial men wlio have seed-testing stations,
for they begin with the knowledge — only
obtained as a result of prolonged e.xperi-
once — of wliat are and what are not quali-
ties which it is desirable a given plant
should possess. In order to make clear the
principle underlying the method of pure
line breeding, the famous example given
In- Johannsen may once again be described.
In a commercial sample of Beans it
will be found that seeds of various sizes
— small, medium, and larger — occur. If

the object sought be a large Bean, a plant
breeder might think that by picking out
a single large Bean and growing it he
would ne.xt year obtain a plant all the
seeds of which are large. In point of fact,
he iniglit or he might not. For the large
seed which he chose might be a member of
a line pure for large seededness, or
again it might onl.y represent the largest
seed whicli a race of average size is capable
of producing. Therefore, in order to ob-
tain a race with uniform large seededness
the plant-breeder picks out and grows
separately, not one, but a dozen or more
large seeds. The behaviour of the plants
shows him at once which are pure to large
seededness ; for in those that are, although
their seeds will show a range of size, all
the seeds are on the large side. Those seeds
in turn, whether tlie largest or the smallest
are grown, will produce plants which
are large-seeded. Once the pure line is
isolated, selection will do nothing to im-
prove the quality of size, and the larger
and smaller seeds will produce similar-
sized progeny.

In the case of Oats studied by Messrs.
Surface and Zinn, pure-line breeding led
to the isolation of races which gave an
average yield of 80.8 bushels as against
75.2 bushels — the average of eleven com-
mercial varieties. Needless to say, in
Iireeding for a^ particular quality the other
necessary qualities must not be lost sight
of : and it is because seedsmen who regu-
larly conduct trials are of all people
those most familiar with tlie necessary-
■' points " of plants that we sugge.st that
this method of pure-line breeding should
lie adopted as part of their routine of
lilaiit-imiirovement.

SutPENSION OF THE KEW BULLETIN.— The

Controller of MM. Stationerj' Office, hitherto
publi.sher of the Kew Bulletin of Mur.eJlanant.t
Information, hias advised the Editor af the
Bulletin that he has been instructed to foi'm a
priority list for printed books, and to defer the
jniWication of evei-j-thing wlia<:h is not essential ;
that it has been ruled that the Kcw Bulletin -s
not essenitial, and that its publication has, there-
fiiie. been suspended.

A FUNQUS WHICH Attacks Canv/Cs.- A
communication* from Mr. J. Ramsbotiom on
the subject of the destruction of canvas by fungi
draws attention to the work of F. Gueguen
{Comptes-rendus, clix. (1914), p. 781), who has
identified the canvas-attacking fungi as members
of file Pyvenomycetefi ■ (Pleospora infeotoria and
P. lierbarum).

Overhead Electrical Discharge and
Crop Production.— Under the above title
Profe-ssor Blackman and Mr. I. Jorgensen de-
scribe the remarkable results produced by the
overhead electric discharge on Oats grown by
Jliss Dudgeon at Dumfries. The discharge was
started on April 14, the day after the seedlings
appeared. Already, by May 16, a marked dif-
ference was apparent between the elecitrified and
unelectrified areas, the electrified plants being
taller and greener. The difference in yield was
enormous, for whereas the controls yielded from
20 to 22 bushels Ihe electrified area (1 acre in
extent) yielded about threefold these amounts
(62.8 bushels). The authors have a.lso observed
that the discharge appears to have a beneficial
after-effect, for the Clover-Hay produced in

Xature, May 10, 1917.

1916 on the area electrified in ithe previous
year was distinctly better and gave a bigger crop
than in the non-electrified parts of the field.
The experiments which were begun last year at
the R.H.S. Gardens, Wisley, and which are
being continued in the present year, should,, in
\-iew of these remarkable results, prove ex-
tremely interesting.

HUMOGEN.— An. account of the tests made by
Dr. Russell at Rothamsted and by the authori-
ties lait the Hai-per Adams Agricultural College,
is no more favom-able ito humogen than have
been other recent tests carried out in the open
at Wisley and elsewhere. It would serve no
useful pui-jxise to describe the results, since, in a
note attached to Dr. Russell's paper, Professor
BoTTOMLEY attribute's the fa.ilm-e of tlie humogen
to an error in its mode of prepanation. We trust
that before further experiments are made Pro-
fessor BoTTOMLEY will give the expea-imenters a
guarantee that the material has been properly
prepared. It is a serious tax on the patience
of investigators to go tlrrough all the laborious
work of making a test and then to lea.rn that
the material has not been properly made. The
error appears to have heen due to causes beyond
Professor Bottomley's control, but it is none
the less to be deplored.

The Qermination of Seed*.- In a paper'*
lead before the Horticultural Society of Clhar-
teiv; Towers, Mr. E. Mann drew attention to the
great differences in germination of se^-d accord-
ing to the place in whicli it was raised. He
cited the case of Phlox, seed of whiich imported
from England gave only 10 or 20 pe<r cent,
germanation in Queensland, whereas seed of his
own raising in that hot climate gave 85 per
cent. Raisers of new seedling Chrysajithemums
might take a hint from this. Mr. Mann avers
that Aster seed gives even worse results than
Phlox, and states that from £5 worth of seed,
enough to raose 20,000 plants, he succeeded in
getting only three seedlingis. On tihe other
hand, in the case of Lupins, Mir. Mann finds
that seed ripened in Queensland is so haj'd that
it has to be chiptped before it will germinate.
If, however, the seed be taken before it is ripe,
it geTminiates readdjy enough. • Mr. Mann men-
tions a curious observation whicih he has made
wiith resipect to Sweet Peas. If planted in April
(in Queensland), the Sweet Pea grows well with-
out a check and flowers in August ; but if, in
order to produce early flowers, the seeds are
-sown in March, the seedlings, after growing
about 2 inches, die off. The earlier planting is
done the more the seedlings die off. He cites
as examples of the irregularity of germination
so common among seeds, the case of the Petunia,
.and, if planted in hot weather. Celery and
Lettuce.

Australian Vegetable RESOURCES.-Mr.
R. T. Bakke, the Curator of the Technological
Museum. Sydney, New South "Wales, is direct-
ing the energies of. liie staff to the utilisation of
home products in the preparation _of articles of
domestic and other Tequirements, such as
were diaported previous to the war. The
Institution was primarily founded to assist
trade developments by scientific, industrial re-
search, by advice, and by furnishing reports on
the natural resources of the country. The
Museum exhibited various articles at the Panama
Exhibition, and from Mr. Baker's annual report
we learn that the awards were a Gold Medal of
Honour for Eucalyptus oils and tanning barks ;
a Gold Medal for prepared timber, and for Austra-
lian flora in enamelled and silver work ; Silver
Medals for ofiice furniture, ceramics decorated
with Australian flora, essential oils, and orna-
mental building stones. ITie Department (]f
Agriculture was equally successful in its exhitiits.
.\nstralia is peculiarly rich in vegetable re
sources, and a fillip has now been given to their
.scientific investigation.

• Queeniland Agric. Journal, VII.

Ji-NE 2, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

225

OlDVMOSPERMA DIBTICHUM (see fig. 83). —
The name of "Fan-palm" may well be
applied to the remarkable and rare Indian
Palm, DidjTnosperma distichum. This curious
ti-ee grows to a height of 30 or 40 feet,
the leaves being arranged along two eides of the
stem only, aiter the manner of a gigantic fan.
The leaf bases are effectively .set off with sheaths
of a very fine network of brown fibre. An
avenue of this Palm forms a striking feature in
the Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, in Ceylon.
The figure in the photograph, kindly sent us by
Mr. Hugh F. M.^cidllan, is a Kandyan native
(of Ceylon), in the typical dress of his race.

The Word " Pompon."— Mr. Habmas Pavnk

writes to say that we misprinted his paragraph
on the word "Pompon" last week. It should
have read tihat the final "e" appears in the
N.D.S. schedule this year for the first time, not
that it appears in all the society's publications.

Mr. Prothero and the Gardeners'
Company.- On Thursday last Mr. li. E.
Fr(ithero was elected a member of the Wor-
shipful Company of Gardeners, one of the old
City companies, in accordance with the follow-
ing resolution : — " That the honorary freedom of
this Company, and (with the approval of the
Court of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen) the
freedom of the City of London, be given to the
Right Honourable EoL.\NP EDirrND Protheho.
M.V.O., M.P., President of the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries, in recognition of his dis-
tinguished services to agriculture and horticul-
ture in the present national crisis." The cere-
mony took place in the Bakers' Hall, Harp
Lane.

An Old Rimedv.— V\e were somewhat taken
aback the other day by the makers sending us
a sample package of the insecticide (iis-
hurst Compound. It was quite unnecessary,
for it is nearly forty years s-ince the
writer first employed this preparation, and he has
a)ways found^t as "safe as the bank" for use
J^gainst the common garden insects, particularly
aphides, red spider, and thrips. No gardener
need be afraid of ill-effects from the use of this
old remedy if he will take the trouble to follow
directions.

Flora of New South Wales.— The first
supplement to Maii)i;x md Bktchk's 6V«.«i/.- «/'
.V>'W South Ilo/r.s- Plants has appeared. It
comprises the Freshwater Algae by G. I. Play-
KAIR, following G. S. We.st's cla.ssification in his
IliUtxh F If s/i water Ahjar of 1904. Preceding
the enumeration is a summary of the differences
between West and Engler's' systems, the chief
iif which is the e.vclusion by West of the Flagel-
latae and Bacteria, the former being referred
to the animal kingdom and the latter treated as
a group outside the Algae. Upwards of 1,000
species and varieties are enumerated. Those
belong to 150 genera, grouped under eight heads.

War Items.- Captain (Acting Slajor) J. L.
X'eitch, youngest son of Mr. Peter ( '. M.
VEncH, of Exeter, has been mentioned in a
despatch from the Commander in-(^hief. Sir
Douglas Haig.

Mrs. Lliiti) (tEorok has joined the

Ladies' Committee of file War Horticultural
Kelicf Fund.

Publications Rece i ved.— Jord'ng* of a
Gentleman Gardener. By \i. T. Ellis. (Ion-
don: L. Reeve \- Co., Ltd.) Price .3s. (id. nit.
— Agricultural Co-operation and Organisation.
By (ieorge Radford, '.'nd Kdit. (London : Hodder
& Stougliton.) Price 3s. fid. net. — The Forest
Flora of New South Wales. V..I. VI., Part X.
Part LX. of the com]>letc work. By J. H.
Maiden. (Sydney: Government of the .State of
New South Wales.)— r/ie Rose Annual. 1917.
By H. R. Darlington and Courtney Page.
(N'ational Rose Society, 2.^, Victr ria Street, West-
minster.) Post free, '2s. fid. — Vegecalture : By
ILirry A. Day. (London: Melhuen & Co., Ltd.)
Price Is. 6d.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

[Tht Editors do not hold themselves Tesponiible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

The Qlory of Apple Blossom.— People

travel considerable distances to see the Plum
blossom at Evesham and Pershore, and the great
sheets of whiteness presented to view are no doubt
very striking. There is a monotony in the dis-
play, however, which contrasts uiifavourably with
the brighter colouring and size of Apple blos-
som, which stands supreme over even that of the
Cherry and the Pear in beauty. The sight pre-
sented by Apple orchards recently in the south-
ern parts of England was more splendid than I
can remember ever having seen it before. There
was hardlv a variety grown by me which failed
to show at least a fair quantity of the strongest

blossom to a sudden collapse, littering the ground
with petals. Southern Grower.

Pea Weevil (Sitones lineatus).— This

most injurious beetle is very much on the in
crease both in field and garden, and the damage
done to crops is enormous. I find in many gar-
dens that the gnawed Pea foliage is often
ascribed to birds, but in the majority of cases
this is not so, the gnawing being due solely to
the destructive influence of the Pea beetles, and
not the birds. The beetles are rather difficult to
detect, as they are very sensitive to danger, and
when anyone approaches them they invariably
drop from tlie plant to the soil, and either hide
under particles of earth or remain as if dead until
the danger is past. One would think after a
severe winter such as we have experienced that the
chrvsalids would have been killed, as they hiber-

blooni, and in most cases there was a great pro-
fusion. The only e.xceptions were among trees
too young to make nuich display, and patches of
alternate year fruiters, which bore great crops
last season. Iliere are gradations of beauty
even among the varieties of Apples, however..
Lord Derby stands first among varieties grown
by me in beauty of blossom, particularly when
its flowers are only partiv expanded, so that the
deep shade of pink of the buds is noticeable.
Royal .lubilee ranks next in colouring, followed
by Domino, Irish Peach, Lane's Prince Albert,
Cox's Orange Piijpin, Potts's Seedling, Blen-
heim Pippin, Bramley's Seedling, Nev\'ton
Wonder, James Grieve, Forge, and a few others.
.•\mong the legist coloured are Bismarck, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Lord Gros-
venor. and Early Julyan. The thunderatorm
of Sunday night brought the glory of Apple

HLiElsS, peradeniya, CEYLON.

nate only a few inches under the soil. 1 have
tried several remedies for the destruction of these
beetles, such as spraying with a strong solution
•of nicotine, and dusting on, separate occasions
on the damp foliage slaked lime, wood ashes,
and soot. I have also tried a solution of paraffin
2 ounces to 1 gallon of water, but this latter
proved injurious to the foliage of Beans. The
above remedies seem to hold them in check, but
do not kill outright; therefore I should be grate-
ful til any reader who could recommend a
practical remedy for their immediate extermina-
tion. G. II. Jl. W.

Propagating Violets (see pp. 206 and 215).
— " Fri'sh ruiHiers are Nature's method of re
jiiveii:ition " 1 admit, but 1 read the statenUMits
\A Mr. E. 11. .L-nkins from a different point of
view from Mr. Uartlett's, and agree with the

226

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 191?.

i'oi-mer. Many fail to grow Violets tu their
satisfaction, for, instead of making a new plan-
tation in spring from a bed in the open, they
u'se runners, or divide the old plants that have
been in the frames all the winter, and have had
their constitutions badly impaired by insufficient
ventilation. Such plants generally become a prey
to Violet disease (Phyllosticta violae). which de-
stroys the leaves, as I have had ample evidence
during recent years. J. F.

Anemone Pul«atilla.— I was interested in
Mr. Dyke's statement on p. 209 of the way this
flower flourishes in poor, sandy soil. Here I have
it growing in stiff clay, practically free of lime,
and with no lime added. The plants w-ere raised
from seed about six yeai's ago, and have had no
manure of any sort, yet they flourish exceedingly.
— 0. E. Fletcher, Broomfield, Yaldituj, Kent.

Chionddox^ T.VI J.I. - Referring to the re-
marks on (this vei-y pretty Chionodoxa on pages
186 and 205, it is, I suppose, undisputed that
it takes its name from 'Mount Tmolus, in Asia
Minor, in the ancient province of Lydia, re-
ferred to by the Roman aiithors Ovid and
Pliny. The plant has certainly been very unfor-
tunate in the variety of ungrammatical appella-
tions given to it, especially as to their endings,
tliough such spellings as Tinoli and Tinolusii
(with an "n" replacing the "m"), are,
no doubt, printers' errors. There is not the
very smallest doubt as to what the spelling
should be. The word Tmolus, being actually
Latin, or at least adopted and formed as
such by the Romans, had its genitive, Tmoli,
formed as all the other words in "us" of the
second declension. It therefore requires no spe-
cial concocting oif a genitive, as when a purely
English name like Jenkins has ii itacked on
to it (as in Dendrob-ium Jenkinsii) in supposed
imitation, I presume, of a Roman clan-name such
as Cornelius, making its genitive Comelii, biul
of course in this case the first " i " formed part
of the stem, not of the ending marking the
case. Sui'ely, when the Latin word is in actual
existence, and known, we do noit want to im-
prove on it. either by inserting an "i" before
the casal ending, or, stOl worse, by tacking a
genitive ending on to a nominative one. 'The
word Tmolius also existed as an adjective de-
rived from Tmolus, and meart " of or belonging
to Tmolus," or, as one mj ht say, Tmolian.
Chionodoxa Tmolii would therefore stric'Jv
mean not the Chionodoxa of Mount Tmolus, but
of some person or thing connected with the
mountain. This is not what v>'as meant, of
course. The inserted " i " is apt to be very mis-
leading, and is quite out of place where najnes
of Latin origin, in which it does not occur
as part of the stem, are used, as, for instance,
in the case of Leopold, latinised into Leo-
poldus, the genitive of which is certainly Leo-
poldi, not Leopoldii. But certainly ithe a.ddi-
tion of one ending on the top, so to speak,
of another, is worse, as in Tmolusi, which I
believe is the form usu-illy appearing in cata-
logues. It reminds one of the abomination,
Cattleya Trianaei, used instead of C. Trianae,
appearing- some time ago frequently in the
Jf.H.S. Jnririwl. The improvere on the name
did ncit content themselves with substituting the
masculine termination " i " for the supposed
feminine one, inae, but tacked the former on to
the other as if ihe man's name had been Tri-
anaeus. There were, of course, manv Roman
masculine name? of the first declension in "a
so Triapie was ouite right. It would almost
seem as if some classical authority was required
as censor to prevent too great ha\'OC being made
with the Latin language. EiiKti:re F. Clnrl'.

Haodiness of Shrubby VEPONic»».-Tha
two A'eronicas enclosed are commonly cultivated
here in Broadstairs, both on the " front " and
in all sorts of gardens in, and' around the town.
Both are New Zealand types, I believe, and
they we.^ther ordinary winters without injury,
but the ''old h:is killed the one with thicij
leatherv leaves, whilst the other, having rigid,
pointed, Pimelea-like leaves, is unscathed. The
small leaved, hardier kind if of fastigiate
growth, with, usually, several nearly equal
stems from near the base, rising to a height of
7 or 8 feet. IF. Bottinq Hemsley. [The large-
leaved varietv is a form of V. Andersonii ; the
other is V, Travei-sii. — Eds.]

SOCIfiXIES.

ROTAL HORTICOLTDRAL.

Scientific Committee.

M.\Y 2Z.~Pre.^eiit : Lh-, A. B. Rendle, F.R.S.
(in the chair). Col. H. E. Rawson, Messrs. W. J.
Bean, J. Eraser, VV. Hales, VV. Allard, J. W.
Odell, W. C. Worsdell, and F. J. Chittenden
(hon. secretary).

Gall on Ehododendron fernujineiini. — Mr.
W. C. Worsdell showed specimens of the well-
known gall on Rhododendron ferrugineum, due
to the attack of the fungus Exobasidium Rhodo-
dendri: This gall usually occurs on the leaves,
but in one case on the plants shown it was on the
corolla.

Varieties of Pyrits Aria. — Mr. J. Eraser
showed specimens and commented upon the forms
of Pyrus Aria which he had collected from wild
sources in Surrey. Among them was one ap-
proaching the variety salicifolia, and another of
the variety majestica. The latter is particularly
interesting, for it is the form known as the
Nepaul Service tree, or Pyrus Aria nepalensis
(though it is not known to occur in Nepaul), and
is generally assumed to have originated in nursery
grounds.

Alteration in foliage of Tropaeolum. — Col.
Rawson exhibited a plant of Tropaeolum tubero-
sum to show what he considered to be the sun's
influence in causing the leaves to divide, as they
normally do, into any number up to five lobes.
The division had been observed taking place at
critical altitudes of the sun, which had confirmed
previous years' observations. Prior to the leaf
dividing, precipitation was seen to take place
from the margin inwards, which indicated the
exact vein affected. This precipitation, whicli
was reversible, he associated with the starch of
the tuberous plant considered to be a coUodial
phenomenon.

Tetramerous flmrers of Narcissuf!, — From two
sources came tetramerous flowers of Narcissi ; in
each case there were eight perianth pieces, eight
stamens, and four carpels. The tetramerous con-
dition of these flowers seems, therefore, not un-
common, and it is not rare in nearly allied plants.

NATIONAL TULIP.

Mav 22.— The National Tulip Society usually
holds its annual exhibition on the second day of
the R.H.S. show at Chelsea, but the latter
exhibition having been abandoned, it was held
in conjunction with the R,H.S. fortnightly
meeting on the 22nd ult. The exhibits were
much fewer in number than usual.

Mr. A. D, Hall, E\vhur.st, was the largest ex-
hibitor, but neither he nor Mr. W. Peters, Cam-
bridee, nor Mr. H. S. Bartleet, Shooters Hill,
nor Messrs. Barr and Sons, entered for competi-
tion, though they all grouped their flowers more
or less in accordance with the schedule.

Mr. H.iLL's exhibit of Old English florists'
Tulips contained a fair number of varieties, and
his specimens of Annie McGregor and Talisman,
both flamed and feathered, wei'e especially good.
Mr. Hall showed several new seedlings of his
raising; these were of good quality, and one.
of rose colour, with a fine, pure white base was
much admired. The bases of many of the seed-
lings were of cross shape, very few having the
circular base which is considered necessarv to
perfect form. Mr. Hall was awarded a Silver-
gilt Flora Medal, while his variety named
Attraction was adjudged the premier feathered
variety, and his Gleam the "premier breeder
flower. This collection was awarded a Silver-
gilt Flora Medal by the Royal Horticultural
Society.

Mr. Walter Peters. Forcet House, Cam- .
bridge, had a small collection of shapely and
finely-coloured Old English Tulips. Mr. Peter.'!.
like Mr, C. \V. Needham (v>-ho was present) and
Mr. A. D. Hall, is an enthusiastic member of
"the fancy." Some of his best flowers were
Lizzie, Mabel. Sam Barlow (the premier flamed
Tulip). Annie McGresjor. Elizabeth Pegg, Adonis.
Sir Joseph Paxton (rather dark, and needing a
little more yellow), and Garibaldi. Mr. Peters
has rarelv shown better, and his three flamed
flowers. Sir .Joseph Paxton. Mabel, and Duchess
of Sutherland were capital specimens. The

Royal Horticultural Society awarded the collec-
tion a Silver Flora Medal

Mr. H. S. Bartleet showed a fine bloom of
Goldfinder, the " runner-up " for the premier
breeder flower, while his bloom of Adonis was
excellent.

Messrs. Barr and Sons had a small stand con-
taining Adonis, Annie McGregor, Sam Barlow,
and other old favourites.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

May 14. — The month] v meeting of this society
was held at the R.H.S. Hall on the 14th ult,',
Mr. Chas. H. Curtis in the chair. Five new
members were elected. Seven members with-
drew double the amount of interest, amounting
to £22 lis. lOd. Three members over the age
of seventy years were allowed to withdraw sums
from their deposit accounts amounting to
£84 8s. 2d, The death certificate was produced
of one deceased member, and the Army Forms
of Sergeant W, T. Almond and Private J. Perks,
who had been killed in action, and Ihe sum of
£93 12s, lOd, was passed for payment to their
nominees.

HORTICULTURAL CLUB,

LECTURE ON NARCISSUS DISEASE.

(Concluded from p. 318.)

May 8.

The treatment of bulbs by soaking has re-
ceived much attention. Last autumn about 3,500
diseased bulbs and the same number of healthy
ones were treated with different chemical solu-
tions. The experiments are being continued, and
the results will be published in due course.

Hewitt recognised some time ago that
Tylenchus was connected with the disease, and
in a paper entitled " Eelworm in Narcissus
Bulbs," published by the Department of Agri-
culture and Technical Instruction for Ireland in
1912-1913, recommends soaking the bulbs in
copper sulphate solution at a strength from 65 per
cent, to 7^ per cent, for 17 hours. On a recent
visit to Ireland it was understood from one firm
who had worked in conjunction with Hewitt that
the treatment advised had been abandfined, as
the results did not prove satisfactory. Hewitt
died before his investigation was concluded.

Experiments designed to ascertain the tempera-
ture which eelworm will stand give the follow-
ing results : — Between 43° and 44° C. all eel-
worms were killed at the end of 45 minutes ; at a
temperature between 48° -49° C. the eelworms
succumbed at the end of 15 minutes ; 52°-53° C.
11 minutes; 53° -54° C. 9 minutes; 55°-56° C.
9 minutes ; and 57°-58° C. 5 minutes.

The effect of temperature on the eggs was not
considered. Wlien. bulbs are placed in hot solu-
tions,'the temperature of the bulb in the interior
is 9° F. below that of the solution at the end
of one hour ; at the end of two hours the tempera-
ture is 3° F. lower ; and at the end of four
hours there is no difference.

No matter in what manner the bulbs are
treated it is courting disaster to plant again in
infested ground, and even land which has never
before been utilised for bulb culture is not neces-
sarily free from Tylenchus, seeing that this eel-
worm is capable of attacking some of our com-
monest grasses and weeds.

Trap or " Cube " Cropping." — In 1880 Kuhn
devised a method of reducing the injury caused
by the eelwonn Heterodera Schachtii in Sugar
Heet, based upon the principle of trapping the
eelworms in some susceptible plant and destroy-
ing the crop before the nematodes again entered
the soil. He used a species of Rape for the trap
crop, which was sown and removed from three to
five times in the season. The number of eel-
worms was reduced by this method, and profit-
able crops could be grown again for several
years. TThis method has more recently been em-
ployed in America for controlling the root-knot
eelworm, but without success. For the eelworm
under investigation a suitable trap crop may be
found, but it will have to be one of which the
seed is cheap, of easy culture, showing great
.susceptibility to attack, ,of quick growth, and
one which can be readily removed.

June 2, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

227

It appears to be generally held by growers that
bulbs naturalised in grass escape the attacks of
Tylenchus. If this be true, can it be that certain
grasses attract the eelworm, or that soil condi-
tions of grass land, such as lack of air, are un-
suitable for the development of eelworm ? Or is
it, as is well known, that certain grasses excrete
toxins, which in their turn render the soil un-
fitted for the eelworm? On the other hand,
bulbs grown for naturalising are generally
planted in drifts and left undisturbed for years,
and, as a consequence, grow freely, so that
should any succumb to the disease they are not
missed. One large grower in Guernsey seems .=o
convinced that bulbs in grass land are unaffected
that he has left his beds unweeded. and is ex
perimenting in other directions.

In this country the treatment of Narcissus
bulbs attacked by eelworm had received no atten-
tion except from Hewitt. Last July, when I
had convinced myself that eelworm was probably
the cause of the disease, I wrote to Prof. Ritzema
Bos concerning Fasarium, and he gave his
opinion that eelworm is the cause of the disease.
I then wrote to Dr. Westerdyk, Director of the
Pathological Laboratory of Amsterdam, asking
her to enlighten me on certain points in the in-
vestigation. In her reply she informed me that
she was engaged upon the study of Narcissus
bulb diseases in general, but that she thought eel-
worm was the most serious, although it had onlv
been known in Holland for one year. Contribu-
tions from Dr. Westerdyk have appeared in ;.
Dutch trade paper. According to this author
the disease which we attribute to Holland
is ascribed by her to England.

The origin of the first outbreak of the dijease
in this country cannot be traced. Some growers
say it came from Holland, others say from
Guernsey, while there are others who maintain
that the disease never appeared until new varie
ties were introduced in their collections. At first
sight it certainly appears that the newer varie
ties are more addicted to the disease than the
■ ilder ones. This may possibly, however, not be
the ca e. If certain varieties prove to be
immune we have a possible means of attacking
the problem. Webber, Oi-ton, and others in
America have endeavoured successfully to breed
varieties of cowpea an-d other crops resistant to
root-knot. If in a field of NarcisKus badly in
fected with Tylenchus certain of the plants
remain outstandingly free, it would pr<)bilil\
|»y to begin propagating bulbs by otfofts fmiii
these plants.

The DiscrssioN.

The chairman (Mr. H. R. Darlington) stated
that he had been experimenting with various
chemicals that might generate a gas which
would kill the di3ea.se. He had tried formalin,
but this had too caustic an effect on plant life ;
in the case of Roses he found that formalin
killed the plants entirely. Treatment with
lime sulphur had yielded some success. He
had soaked bulbs of Weardale Perfect icm
Daffodil in this specific fur half an hour on
thi-ee or four consecutive days, and the bulbs
were unbanned, and apparently cured. Soaking
the bulbs for three months, however, killed
them. He had left one in the solution for a
week, which apparently cured it of disease, and
did not seem to have done it any harm. He
thought, however, that this method would only
be effective in the case of bulbs only slightly
affected with the d.isease. The real difficulty
was to get rid of the disease from the soil ; it
seemed almost impossible to do this without at
the same time killing the bulbs.

Mr. J. W. Barr thought it would be interest-
ing to those present to hear that Mi.ss Welsford,
of the Royal College of Sciwice, had been work-
ing on this disease of Daffo<lils, and that Pro-
fessor Fanner h;id given him pernvission ito rea<l
extracts from her notes. The conclusions of this
investigator were that Tylenchus devastatrix
wns clearly ithe source of the disease. Both Misss
Welsford's and his (Mr. Barr's) experience w.-is
that in the sheds where the bulbs were drie<i
many of the mature insects emerged fi-om the
centre of the bulb, became dormant, and in this
onnditioii. dropped from the bulb often on to a
he-nlthy bulb, thus linifeoting it if the conditio).
w»rM favourable. It was found that drv, co<il
comlitions checked the spread of the disease.

Bulbs that were affected by disease began to
grow earlier than healthy bulbs, and pi'toduced
crinkled leaves.

Mr. Chittenden interposed with the remark
that precocious lowering could not always be
accepted as evidence of disease. i£r. Barr, con-
tinuing his remarks, advised the destruction of
all diseased bulbs, no matter how valuable the
variety, and said it would help to check the
spread of eelworm if weeds were prevented from
growing, as weeds were a source of
infection. He had esperimeivted in immersing
the bulbs in water, which had given
good results. The water was warmed to 110°
Fahr. , and the bulbs remained immersed for
one hour. Another experimenter, Mr. J. C.
Fryer, foujid that by .the hot-water treatment
all the eelworms were destroyed, and 80
to 90 per cent, of the eelworm eggs. Another
advantage was that the grubs of Mei-odon
and Humerus flies were destroyed. nis
first experiment with heated water resulted in
the bulbs throwing split flowers, but this . year
the bulbs had been cooled more gradually, on
wood instead of on stone, with the result that
none of the flowers had split.

Mr. Peter R. Barr stated that he believed that
soaking the bulbs in hot water for one hour
would destroy the Tylenchus. Last year his
fii-m had removed every disease<l-looking builh
from their Daffodil beds, and in cases of a few

llIK l.ATK MU. LEOPOLD DE ROTHSrHILl).

rare and new sorts where the offsets were
found to be unhealthy these were dipped in
permanganate of potash and replanted, where-
upon they recovered and were showing iealthy
growth this season. With regard to soaking
in hot waiter, he would recommend growers
not to do this more than once in three
years, as it gave a check to the bulb.
In reply to Jlr. Jacob's <|uestinn as to
treatment of soil, Mr. Barr stated that nothing
was done except to place lime in the holes where
the di.seased bulbs had been, as was practised
in Holland. He said that in the old nursery
at Surbiton they used to apply kainit to the
soil in Augu.st, when the Tylenchus is breeding.
The best plan would be ito sterilise the .soil by
heating, but this was too expensive for large
areas.

Mr. Frank Law maintained that eelworm
only attacked plants which were in feeble
health. He considered that the disease was
caused more often by wrong methods of cid-
ture than by eelworm. The Narci.ssus was
" over-cultivated." and that was the cause of
the newer varieties being the more susceptible
to the disease. Growers who transplanted their
bulbs every year predisposed them to the dis-
ease, as transplanting wa.s unnatural, and led
to the bujb becoming dried out. Bulbs growing
in grass, v' 'ch were left undisturbed for years,
were us'....,iy perfectly healthy. 'He thought
also that the material of which pa^'king-boxes

were made had an influence on the health of
the bulbs. He had seen a consignment of bulbs
m which all the bulbs in cases made of a cer-
tain kind of wood were diseased, while all the
rest, in cases of a different wood, were perfectly
healthy, ^

The Rev. J. Jacob considered that the nature
of the soil had a great deal to do with the ques-
tion oif disease. He thouglrt that in cold, wet
ground the spread of the disea-se was much more
rapid and more certain. He planted a bed some
90 feet long in his own gai-deu with Narcissi.
The soU in the bed varied in different parts.
One part was unmanured, another part had re-
ceived a dressing of dung, while the remainder
was peat vi-ith a damp bottom. The bulbs in
the damp, pea£y ground were badly affected with
the disease, wihereas those in the part which
had been manured were very little affected, mot
.<;o much a.s those in the unmanured pant. This
he considered was because the soil which had
been dressed with manure was more open and
in consequence drier and warmer. He thougiht
also tha.t it was quite possible to " over-propa-
gate " the bulbs and to lift them too often,
which had the effeot of weakening the stock.

Mr. W. B. Cranfield remarked that over-propa
Ration would not be likely to produce the disease,
but it might vender the plants more susceptible
to attack. It was well known that certain varie-
ties were more prone to attack than others.

Mr, Backhmis<\ said that he had found' eel-
vvoi-m in two-year-old seedlings in the seed-pan.
He drew attention, to the f.Tct that the older
growers had noticed the discoloured tissues and
precocious, dwarf growth mentioned by the lec-
turer in the variety J. l\f. Camm, but the dis-
ease did not then .appear to spread.

Mr. W. Cuthbertson said that he grew a small
collection of Narcissus, which was verv success-
ful until about two years ago, when he had intro-
duced some of the newer varieties. Since then
60 per cent, of the bulbs had failed. He con-
sidered that in his case the disease was intro-
duced with the new bulbs.

Mr. Leak said that in his experience the older
v.-irieties were as subject to the disease as newer
ones. In some cases, indeed,' they were affected
more severely. For instance, he found that
bulb- of Sir Wntlrin must be moved at least on:ce
in three years.

Mr. A. M. Wilson said that in the most
highly cultivated and most richly maniued
garden he had ever seen the disease had never
put in an appearance.

©bltuat^.

LCOPOLO DE Rothschild. — It is with
deep regret that we lea.ru of the death, after
an illness of six weeks, of Mr. Leopold de
Rothschild. One of the most enthusiastic and
discriminating of gardeners, Mr. Rothschild was
devoted to the interacts of Horticulture. In
1912 he acted as President of the Jury at tho
Royal International Show. He was Vice-
President of the Gardeners' Royal BenevKilent
Institution, and presided at the Festival
Dinner in 1889, and again in 1913. He held a
like office in connection with the Royal
Gardeners' Oi-phan Fund, and, indeed, his
generosity, on which there were many
calls, was consistently devoted to the aid
both of ITorticulture and of gardeners. Not a
few Jads owe to his liberality their opportunity
for making a gbart in life, and to this day are
unaw.nre of the source whence proceeded the
help they recedved. The beautiful garden which
Mr. Leopold established at Ascott has frequently
been described in these pages. A perfect host,
Mr. Rothschild took the keenest pleasure in
showing his witors round the garden and in
explaining the .«tages by which he and his
gardener had turned the country-side into a per
feet garden, full of charming surprises and fine
specimens of tree, and .«hrub, and flbwer, all
so admirably arranged as to give the greatest
measfure of diversity. In Ounnersibury House
Gardens he took no less an interest, and t.he
many succesises of Mr. Hudson were always a
.source of the keenest jileasure to Mr. Leopold.

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[.)UNE z, 1917.

One of the most versatile of men, Mr.
Bothechild knew how to win the hearts, not
only of visitors, but of all those who worked
for, or, as he preferred to call it, witli him on
his estates.

In the last months of his life Mr. de
Rothi«hild threw himself with ardour into the
work of increasing the production of vegetable
food. With his experience and far-sightedness,
he knew that the situation with respect to food
supplies with which this country is menaced
had to be taken seriously, and that he might
))lay his part in producing more food. He was
prepared to convert the garden at Ascott and
also that at Gunmersbury into a market garden.
As described recently in these pages, Roses in
borders were replaced by vegetables, and the
glasshouses converted into places flor the in-
tensive cultivation of food-yielding plants.

Of his many and great qualities, that which
was ma«t consjjicuous was his simple kindliness.
He Pound the highest pleasure of which men
are capable in love of friends and love of
gardens, and his friends will always hold his
name in high honour.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

M.iXGOLDS.

It is important to keep Mangold jjlants free
from weeds, and early and continuous stirring
of the soil between the rows by horse or hand
labour is imperative. Ihe stirring of the soil
about the plants admits air to the roots, and the
resultant extra yield well repays any additional
outlay in labour. Early thinning of the plants
is also important. It is a mistake to delay the
setting out of the plants after the second pair
of leaves is formed. There is a difference of
opinion among growers on the subject of the
ground space required by the plants. Some con-
sider that a medium-sized root, tolerably
abundant, will yield the heaviest bulk of the
finest quality ; others say that extra large roots,
obtained by allowing ample space to develop the
leaves, yield the best results. • In my opinion,
however, the larger roots contain more water
and less saccharine. The closer the woody rings
in the roots, the greater their value, as the sugar
is stored mainly in these parts ; therefore it may
ho, assumed that the medium-sized roots are the
more useful. The drills should be 20 inches
apart and the plants thinned to 18 inches in the
rows.

StIMTILATINO the 0\T C'BOP.

On p. 187 I advised the use of sulphate of
ammonia for accelerating the growth and increas-
ing the corn yield of this cereal. I note the
President of the Board of Aericulture, p. 208,
refers to the same subject. With a view of en-
couraging others who may be loth to make use
of this stimulant, I will briefly give the resuH of
an experiment I tried last year on a held of Oats.
In the autumn of 1915 I ploughed and pressed
16 acres of an old Sainfoin ley of fifteen years'
existence, which was full of grass roots and a
thick sward, just the home for wireworm. Early
in March the plot was sown with Black Titrtar
Oats at the rate of 5 bushels per acre. Directly
the Oat plant showed through the soil, I ap-
plied sulphate of ammonia (a little over 1 cwt.
per acre), afterwards rolling the plot with a
heavy ring roller. From the beginning the Oats
grew luxuriantly, attaining the full height for
the variety. The crop was not laid by storms
of rain, but stood erect, ripened perfectly, and
was safely stacked. Last week it was threshed,
the vield being 80 bushels per acre. As the
President of the Board of Agriculture remarks,
it is not too late now to apply sulphate of am-
monia to this croD. I am doing so on 20 acres
as a fillip to growth of a rather weakly plant.

C4BB-\GE.

The recent dry weather experienced in the
South has retarded the germination of the Cab-
bage seed sown in April. To prevent an attack
of f'ahbage fly, and to stimulate the growth, dust

the plot with basic slag and superphosphate in
equal quantities. The former is a fine powder,
and will not only prevent the attacks of the fly,
but will also nullify any injurious effect the
superphosphate might have on the leaves. It is
liable to burn them during hot sunshine.

R-\PH AND Turnips i'OR Sh>;kp.

Sow at once Rape and early Turnips intended
as food for sheep in August and September, to
be fed off and followed with early-sown Wheat.
Use two pounds of seed of Essex Branching Rape
and one pound of seed of Beef Heart, commonly
known as Lincoln Red, per acre. Devon Grey
Stone, Red Globe, and White Pomeranian are all
good Turnips for this purpose. The best method
of sowing is by the Turnip drill, at the same time
adding 3 cwt. superphosphate per acre, which
gives a fillip to growth, and aids the Wheat crop
also. Some sow the seed broadcast, but this
method makes it difficult to free the plants from
weeds.

Winter Spinach.

In view of the shortage of green vegetables
in the garden and of roots on the farm during
the past winter and early spring, it is remark-
able how well Winter Spinach has withstood the
cold. I do not see why this vegetable should
not, become one of the regular farm crops. I
made a small experiment last autumn whicli
augurs well for future success. Many fail with
Winter Spinach by sowing too late, which does
not allow the plants to get established before
autumn rain and frost check the growth. By the
end of August all the seed should be sown in
drills 18 inches apart, which will allow for sur-
face stirring of the soil in the autumn. Deeply
worked, fairly heavy, dry soil, well enriched by
a dressintr of farmyard manure, suits Spinach
to perfection. I grow the ordinary round and
prickly variety. Since the end of March I have
regularly picked laree quantities of .succulent
leaves. There He still a pi-omise of further
sxipplies for some time to come. E. Molyveiix.

B.\MB0O IN Flo\ver : W . H. The scrap of
material you send . is not sufficient for the
species to be identified with certainty. It is
a species of Arundinaria — most probably A.
Falconeri. The flowering stems are better cut
off as soon as any indication of their nature is
perceptible. It is the only method of saving
the lives of some Bamboos when they flower.

Bananas -.A. W. The fruits wiU be of superior
flavour if they are allowed to ripen on the
plants.

Beans Diseased : G. W. H. The Beans have a
bacterial disease in the stem at the level of
the ground ; the affected plants should be de-
stroyed.

Fatsia japonica (Aealia SiEBOLDii) Dying :
M. mid Co. The foliage has the appear-
ance of having died very suddenly, and
the injury may have been caused, as you
suggest, by lightning. We notice, however,
that the stems of the shoots are completely de-
nuded of bark. Such a condition, though it
would not cause the sudden death of the foliage,
would certainly cause it to wilt and turn black
in a comparatively short time. The destruc-
tion of the bark may have been caused by some
gnawing insect or animal.

Gardener's Character : Surprised. We do not
think that any redress is possible. The head
gardener on leaving your service gave a state-
ment to each of those who ha'd served under
his direction to the effect that the services
rendered had satisfied him. 'j':ii.-, is not
surprising when it is remembeied that under-
gardeners almost inviriablv obtain their testi-

monials from their pi'ofessional chief, rarely
troubling the employer in the matter.

M.ABKET Gardening : J. P. B. A reasonable
salary to a good man would be 30s. per week,
with house and fuel, and a commission of 5
per cent, on all sales. You should grow as
many Toraatos as possible instead of the
Melons, Orchids, and stove plants you now
cultivate. Pay special attention to the
Peaches, especially if they are late varieties.
All out-door fruit, especially Black Gurrants,
will be in demand, and so will all kinds of
choice vegetables and salads. In calculating
the profit the upkeep of the glasshouses, such
as painting, repa,irs, tools and manure must be
taken into consideration. To keep poultry On
a small scale would be an advantage, as from
such a garden as yours much surplus green
food would be obtainable at nominal cost.
With reference to the grassland, you do not
state whether your tenant has a fegal right
to sublet it. If not, you should instruct your
solicitor to prevent the sub-tenant from enter-
ing into possession or cutting the grass. If,
however, the agreement with your tenant does
not stipulate that there shall be no sub-letting
we fear you have no legal remedy.

Names of Plants ; .4. B. H. Allium para-
doxum. — /. G. S. 1, Kerria japonica; 2,
Spiraea pruiiifolia var. flore pleno ; 3. f'oro-
nilla Emerus ; 4, Exochorda Albertii ; 5, Loni-
cera involucrata ; 6, Cornus sanguinea ; 7,
Spiraea bracteata ; 8, S. hypericifolia. —
Shropshire. Staphylea pinnata.

Overtime Payment : M. Y. C. There is no rule
as regards payment for overtime in gardens,
unless a stipulation on the subject is made at
the time when a gardener is engaged.

Plan of a Tennis Court and Croquet Lawn :
M. G. A plan of a tennis court, with details
for making it, was published in the issue for
July 22, 1916, and for a croquet lawn in the
issue for April 1. 1916. These back numbers
are obtainable from our publishing department.

Potato Diseased : G. H. The Potato has the
fungus Rhizoctonia on it. This disease seldom
does any serious injury to the growing plant.

Propagating Lilacs : B. .4., Ley ton. You can
propagate the Lilac from cuttings inserted now
in sand, and rooted in a close frame with a
bottom heat of 60° to 65°. If you have no
bottom heat at command the cuttings may be
rooted under a hand-light in a shady spot out-
doors, but the former method is the more suc^
cessful. Choose as cuttings the young grow-
ing shoots, pulling each off with a heel, and
merely trimming away the lower leaves. They
should root in from six to eight weeks with
a steady bottom heat, but may be expected to
lake at least three months out-of-doors.

TOMATOS Diseased : B. J. The Tomatos are at-
tacked by a disease known as black rot, or
Macrosporium Tomato. The fungus probably
gains access to the fruit by means of minute
cracks or punctures in' the skin. You should
remove and burn all affected fruits, and spray
the plants occasionally with potassium sul-
phide. Be careful to ventilate the houses tho-
roughly, and prevent an excess of moisture in
the air. Do not use too much green manure,
as. this causes the fruits to crack. You
should not use the soil from the Tomato house
for planting Potatos, as the disease can also
attack Potatos, and is very infectious.

Wif.ED ON a Lawn ; D. G. P. The plant Ls one
of the foliaceous Lichens, and is an indication
of a very damp soil. The lawn should be
drained and the turf dressed with nitrogenous
manure, such as nitrate of soda or sulphate
of ammonia, to stimulate the growth of the
grasses.

Communications Received-— W. W.— J. F. M.—

E. M.^T. G. W.— S. A.— W. E. B.— J. G.— T. W. B.
(Allahabad>-J. H. (Thanks for wire)— W. T.— Coun-
t.e.«s Sondes— Shropehir«—T. E. W.— Dubious— A. R. B.
—Food Economi.sit— L. M.— Dr. H.— Miss L. M.—
H. J. W.— H. B.— W. A. C— Miss F. M. G.— Sir
E. G. L.— W. F., Wolverhampton (We are glad that
the advice proved so sati.sfactory).

JrxK 2. 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

m; A R k: s: T s.

roi

Plants in Pots,

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen ..
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz.
- Sprangeri ..
Aspidistra, per

doz. green . .
BTOnia li^tero-

phylla. 4S's.
per doz.

— megastigma.
48's. per doz.

Cacti, various.

per tray of 15'8

tray of 12's ..
Calceolaria, j-el-

low. I'l a, per

doz

Cocos Weddelli-

ana 48'3. p«r

doz

60'8 per doz.
K icas persolu'a.

48's. PT doz.

candidissima.

48'3. per doz

— Wilm^reana,
48's. PT doz.

Perns, in thumbs.
per 100..

— per 100. in
small and
large 60'3

— in 48's. per doz

— in 32'8. per
doz

— clioicer sorts.
per doz. 48's..

Fuchia. various.
48'3. per doz. ,

ENT GARDEN. MAY-sn.

&e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d. a.d.s.d.

Geonoma gracilis.

5 0 6 0 60's.perdoz... 6 0-80

larger, each.. 2 6- 7 •

Hydrangeas, blue

10 0-12 0 48's 32's per dz.l2 0-30 0

10 0-12 0 — pink. 48's. per

doz 12 0 18 0

30 0-36 0 — white. 48's. per

doz 12 0-1.1 0

Kentia Belmore-
21 0-24 0 ana. per doz. 4 0*0

— larger per

21 0-24 0 doz 18 0-S8 0

— Forsteriana.
60's. per doz. 5 0 8 9

5 0 — Latania borbon-

ica, per doz.. 12 0-30 0
L i 1 i u m longi-
8 0 10 0 Borum.perdoz. 18 0-24 0
lancif oliuni
rnbrum .. 24 0-30 0
18 0-80 0 - -album ..24 0-30 0
8 0-10 0 Marguerites in

48's. per doz. 6 0-80
15 0-18 0 Mignonette. 48's.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
15 0-18 0 Pelargonium. 48's.

15 0 IS 0 _ (Geranium).
.»,«*,.» zonal-leaved.

10 0-15 0 48'g pe, joz. X 0- fl 0

— fiO's. per doz. 2 6-30

— hy-Ie'v\ed.l8's.
per doz. .. S 0-10 0

Phoenix rupi-

cola. each .. 12 6 21 0
■Spiraea, per doz. 12 0-15 0
12 0 Stocks. white.

pink and red.

per doz, .. 12 0-18 0

14 0

12 0

10 0

24 0

18 0

12 0

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Price

S.'l

9 0

Arums, per doz.

Carnations, per

doz, blooms,

best American

varieties .. 18-

— Carola (crim-
son), es. large 3 0-

Cornllowcrs. per
doz, liun. .. 3 0-

Delph'nium. per
doz. bun.

Forget- Me Not.

per doz. bun. 4 0-

Gladiolus. Blush-
ing Brid . per
doz 0 0

— TheBiide.per
doz. bun. .. 12 0

— Peach Bios
som. per doz.
bim 12 0

Gynsophila. white.

per doz. bun. 3 0
Heather, white,

per doz, bun. 12 0
Iceland Poppies.

per doz bun 2 0
Iris.,Spa ish,bl'ie,

per doz, bun, 12 0-

— mau\'e. perdoz
bun 12 0

— white, per tioz.
bun 18 0

— yellow. per
doz. bun, .. 21 0

L I lium longi-
dorum long I 6
short .. 1 6
1 ;i n c Ifolium
album, long.. 2 0

— - r u b r u ra,

per doz,. long.. 1 6
- short .. 16
Lily of the -Valley.

per doz, bun, 12 0
Narcissus—

double white,

per doz, bun

Orchids, per doz.

— Cattleya

Oichids. con -

— 0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crispum

Pelargoniums—

— double scar-
let, pe ■ doz.
bun

— white, perdoz.
bun

Pyrethru

■A -t

d'ble.
bun.
per

8 0

Cut Foliage, &c,:
8,d

10 0

— singl
' doz. bun.

Roses

— General .lac-
aueniinot. per
doz. blooms. .

— Joseph Lowe
perdoz. bims.

— Lady Hilling
don. per doz.
blooms

— Libert.v. p r
doz. blooms. ,

— Melody, per
I doz. blooms..

j - Mnie. A. Cha
1 tenay. perdoz.

blooms
[ - Mme EdouanI
Herriot. per
doz blooms..

— Ophelia, per
' doz. blooms. ,

; - PrincedeBul-

garie ..
I — Richmo'-d

perdoz, blms,

— Sunburst, per
dnz, blooms..

— White Molly
Sharman Craw
ford, per doz
bl'^oms

Stephanotis. p-r
72 pips .

Stock, white, per
doz. bun.

.Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Viola lornuta ,.

I 0

Adiantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus, long

trails, per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— medium,
doz, bunchei 12 0-18 0

- Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 "

Average Wholesale Price
s.d

Croton foliage,

doz, bunches I
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Fern. French, per

doz. bunchei
Moss. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun

small - leaved

French, per

doz, bunches
Smllax. per bun.

of 6 trails ..

0 6

4 6

6 0

s.d.
15 0

double white Narcissus, Ixia and Ii-is are almost un-
•saJeable when they reach the market. Home-grown
double white N-nrcissus is selling freely. Double wiiite
Stock is now more plentiful, but soon . bought up.
Many enquiries are being made for double white
Pyrethrum, the first consignments of which are ex-
pected to reach .the market this week. Single varieties,
coloured, are on sale. Irehind Poppies are selling
freely. Iris and Gladiolus are scarce this week. .4.11
Tulips are flnisiiing for the season : the iblooms will
not .stand the journey in warm weatller. Ca.rnations
advanced in price during last week-end. There was a
good demand on Saturday for scarlet and white flowers
for the Whitsuntide decol^ations, the market being
CTo^vded with buyei-s on Saturday mornin«. Roses are
not so plentiful, and the majority of the blooms are
much sniaUer. Liberty. Mme. .^bel Chafcenay. and
uliite MoUy Shaj-man Crawford are most in demand.
A few baskets of maiive Statice and Paeonie.s are arriv-
Mig from France this week.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

THE

s.d.
Artichokes. Jeru-
salem,per bag 36 0
Asp'<r,igu5 —

Worcester &

Cambridge.

P<T bun. .. 1 0-
Beans. English.

per lb. ..0 10.

Beetroot, per bag 16 0
Broccoli. Purple

Sprouting. per

bag .. ..2 0
Cabbage, per tally 15 0
Carrots, new. per

bun .. .. 1 0-
— washed, per

bag .. .. 18 0
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. ..4 0-
Chicory. English.

per lb 0 6-

Cucumbers. per

flat .. .. IS 0-
Endive, per doz. 2 0
Greens, per bag., s 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
Herbs, per doz.

bun 4 0

Horseradish, per

doz, .. 86 0

Kale, per bag .. 2 6
Leeks.per doz.bun.2 6-

s.d

Lettuce. Cabbage
andCos. perdoz. 1 6

Mushrooms. per lb. 10-

Mustard and
Cress. perdoz.
punnets .. 0 10-

Onions, per cwt 23 0

— spring. per
doz. bun. .. 4 6-

Parsley.perJ bus. 2 0
Parsnips nercwt. 24 0
Peas. Channel

Islands. perlb. 0 8-
Potatos. new. per

lb 1 0-

Rad is hes. per

doz. bun. .. 10-
Rhubarb. forced,

per doz, .. 10

— natural, per
doz. bun. . . 2 0-

Seakal", natural.

per i sieve .. 5 0-
Shallots, per lb, 0 6-
Spinach, per bus. 3 6
Swedes, per 1 aL' 7 0
'Turnips, per cwt, 9 0

— ne^\, per bun. I 3-

— Toils, per bag 2 0
Vegetable Mar-
rows per doz. 6 0-

Watercress, per
doz 0 5

0 S

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s,d,8,d. Grapes-con, s,(i, s.d.
Muscats, per

lb 5 0 8 0.

Lemons, per case 25 0 35 0

Almonds.percwt, 80 0-85 0
Apples
— Oregon, per

case

Bananas. Jamaica.

per ton .. £32 —

Cranberries per

cas' . ..9 0-11 0
Dates, per doz,

boxes .. .. 9 0-86
FigMWorthing),

per doz. ..4 0- 15 0
Goisebcrri

32 0-35 0 Me'ons, English

and Guernsey.

each . . . . 3 0-50
Nectarines, per

doz 12 0-24 0

Nuts. Brazils,

new. per cwt, 95 0 100 0

Coconuts, per

100 ,. ..31 0-32 0
Oranges, per case ,50 0 80 0

green, per peck 4 6-50 Peaches, perdoz. 6 0-30 0

Stra wherries,

forced,. .. 2 0- 5
Tomatos, English,

per 12 lbs, or

peck .. .. !l 0-12 0

4 0 8 0 Walnuts, percwl, 65 0 85 0
•There are

Grapes :Almeria,

perdoz lb, .. 30 0
— Knglish (new

season) Black

Ham b urg li

per lb.
Remarks.— There are now no Apple* available, the
market having been completely cleared. Supplies of
(Jrapea (Black Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexandria)
are fairly well maintained. Peaches, Nectarines,
Melons, Pigs, and 'morning-gathered Strawberries are
all more plentiful. I-arger supplie.s of green Ooose-
l>erriefi are reaching the market. The bulk of Asparagus
is arriving from Kvesham in nne condition. The re-
mainder is from Norwich and Cambridge, rontjnental
flupplies of this vegr4.able ■ are now exhausted. Tomatos.
both home-grown and from the Channel Island."*, are
daily inorea^sing in quantity. Peas. Beans, and New
Potatofi continue to arrive in sufficient quantities.
Cucumbers are not so plentiful as usual at tliis son^on
of the year. Lettuces, both Cabbage and Cos, are scai-ce
and dear. A consignment of South African Potat/os
l\,i,s arrived in coses of about 66 lbs. to 90 lbs. E. Tl. R..
CnrcnI. Gnrilm lHarltH, Mny SO, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr- Arthur Fresh-water, as Gardener to iLady
KATHI.BEN CuRZON Herrtck, B«au Manor, Lough-
borough. Leicestershire.

Hhm.miks. — Tonsignment.s of cut flowers from One
f.y and Srilly are showing the effect of the long jo
lev rn warm weather, antl many tioyes of nindiol

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farror. One of the best and most pojiular works

on the subject.
Contains 3 plates in colour. Price l/IQ post /ree.

THE PCBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd,, 41, WelllnKton

street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

ONLY

DIRECTORY

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TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 2, 1917.

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H.H.S., 5.S. P. coniott. A.M.. R.H.S., 5s. The 6et of four
i(ran<t novelties for IBs, Full descriptive ca-talogue of
liese and other new Chine.se pjanta post free on applica-
lion.-Jl. WAU^^OE & CO., LTD.. Colchester, Essex.

WATERER'S ALPIXE.S. HERBAt'E-
OT'.S PI.A.NT.S and WATER IJLIES. Large
^■t^.ck^ of tihe best and m(«i |K>puIar varieties. Deycrip-
live Calailoiruo free.^JOHN WATFJIER. SONS & CRISP,
LTD.. The Nurseries. Twyford. Berks.

COW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-

^-^ sues, OS grown for the Royal Gardens at Fro(tni<ir.'.
Thf rii-hest an.i largest -flowere.1 strain of Panfiies exiant.
r- r piii-Kct, 2s. 6d. aiwi Is. 6d., post free for cash witji
-.rvler.— (Dept. A). R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral Farme.
Wisbeoh.

(GREENHOUSE PAINTING i^L OLAZINO

^-" ■■ Vitiolit*.," superior to While U-a<i Paint.
■' I^lastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. ('ARSON & SONS, drove Worl(s, Ba«erse<i. Agents
ihriMiifhout the country'.

rnSHURST COMPOUND. — InswliciJe

^-^ and Funtjicide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
f'oniraended R U.S. ScicntifloallycontroDed Trials at
Wisky. 1914 15. Sold bv dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea. London, S.W. 11.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatorifs,
■' • Greenhouses. .&c., and Heating Engineers,

Danvfi-s Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201.

Wcslern. Ixindon. TeUsphone : 201. Western.

ArEGETABLE PLANTS.— Barr's Sele.^ted
.strains, now readv to plant out. Summer Oab-
liai,'"', .Small Bed Cabbage, BrusscJa Sprouts, Oauli-
lli.w.-rs (early and late). Kale fA^TJaragiia and Soolch).
sturdy plants, Js. 6d. per 100, carriage paid. Pot.alo
I'o lo.Uate. selected seed for late planting 661l)s.
14s. 6d.. lllbs 4s., carriage extra.— BARR «.• SONS.
12 and 13, King Stteet. Covent Garden. London.

T AWN BOWLS. — 50.s. Associatiuii .set

I.aw-n Bowls. 4 pairs superior full size seleerted

litrnuni, medium bias, with 2 jacks, complete, in strong

I""-. ' -^'d. prira- 29b. 5d. ; also 2 new pairs finest

SljiiMhiid MatcJi Bowls, ahsohilolv .accurate. 3 bias.
omcin,Il.\' tested and stamped lis. 5d. pair, or whole lot
f.T 49s. 5d. .\pproval. -• Box 707, (7ilvard's, Parley
streot. Bradford.

lUTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.
* SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.

The Best.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

VIOLAS. finest Scotch, 12 Bedding
' Varieties, correctly named. 2s. 3d. poet free. Early
Chrysaiitheuiums. 12 very fine varieties. 3s. 9d , post
free. Strong plants.— DOBBIE 4 CO., Florists, Edin-
burgh.

BUSINESS METHODS.— Experience in
the world of commerce shows that there are two
wavs of conducting a businees, the one being to charge
OS much as possible for what is sold, exacting a high
rate from one customer and a low pnoe from another,
and the other to have a fixed price for everything and
stick to it. The first method is to be condemned from
every point of view, but mainly because it punishes
Ihe best purchasers, those who are ready to pay what
is reasonably aske<l when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The Oardenera' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It guarantees that ll« advertisoment rate* are
not altered for any customer, big or little, old or new ;
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Conse-
quently, while It is not possible to grant ooneessions.
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to assure each advertiser that h« pays no more
than anyone olae.

GARDEN ENGINE; strongly made steel
ejsteni. g:ilvaiiis«l and i»ainted ineide and out;
powerful bra'ss pump, on wheels : 12 gallons.— E. B.\LP-
IXC. 20, Marriott Road. High Bamet, Herts.

FISHING NETS, second-hand.— Several
to di.siK>se of, at Id. per s<iuare yard. — R. V
ROftf^. Seedsmonj Pickerlnff. Yorkshire.

'■pWO LAWN MOWERS for Sale ; Green's;

-•- In g(KKl eomlilion : 20iin. 55s., 22in. 76.s. ; no fur
lliKr use— HARRIS, Bryaiita Lake, Rugeley.

SET of HORSE LAWN BOOTS; 5J inch
long. 5 wide; used one seaaon : 27s. 6d.— L. H..
Box 5. 41, WelliiiKtoii Street, (Movent Oiuiden,, W.O. 2.

'■pO SELL. 1 PAIR fine ITALIAN

■*■ Cnluinnw.— For ixarticaitors, iipply tJARDRNKli,
Bel^ize Coiu-t, Haropateacl, N.W.

SPORT.SMEN, Farniei'S, Horsemen, tiy
our fii)l.'ndid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like I<-ather; showerproof; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
fr^o.— BRADFOUD W0OLLB3J CO.. 71, Bradford.

XJOTHOUSE FOR SALE ; pipes and b.iiler

■^-^ in workinjEr order, complete; glass sheeta. about
800. size 18in. x 20in. What offers where it etan<ls. or
tak<'n <ltr»wn? — \VTLMAM,SON. Market Place. Peber-
borouffli.

S

Fop Advertisement Charges see page v

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

T) I C K S O N ' S HORTK'ULTUKAl.

^'^ M.ANURE and other high-class Fertilisers ; also
Dickson's Impri.ved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
fnv on application to DICKSON'S. R..yal .Seed Wan-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Cardens. Vineries, Peach-houses.
Portable Buildings, Ac. Oatalogue.s gratis.

PERNS! FERNS!!— Tree Ferns, Clin 1.
-*- iMg Ferns. Basket Ferne. Stove and Gre©nhiui«i'
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free. — J. E
S.MITII. London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction.
London. S.W.

"DEGONIAS, Gloire de Lorraine, Tunifoi'd
■*-* Hall and Rothschild variety of Lorraine, well-
r«.te<I cuttings, 25. 5d. doz.. 50 for 6s. 6d.. 10s. 5d. 100.
Th.. King, 4». doz., 50 for 12s.. 20s. 100.— H. nrPDEH
MICE, Tiie Dorset Nurseries, Blandford.

BEGONIAS and GLOXINIAS.— MORLF
& CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
large 60 pot«. in flower and bud. Early inquiries, as
sif.ck is limited this season.— 150-156, Fincliley Road.
N.W. 3.

TUBEROSES, double African Pearl, jiisl
;irrivcil, for winter flowering; extra large bulbs,
as «U>z., 13s. WO ; sent free any address, for cash.-
MORT..E & CO., 160-156, Finchlev Road, N.W. 3.

12

K HYBRID and other DENDRO-
BH'MS. on hanginig iK>ta; best varieities ; givlne

GENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s.
free ; 6 Dryo* octopetata, 3s. : 6 Oaniimda regalij
3s. : 6 Bee orediis, 48.— O'KELLY, Botanist, Ballyvauglmii
Ireland..

FOR SALE, Belladonna; strond seedlings;
i;i.»,'<l in noUl frame; ISs. iier 100. -H. C'MN
TUN llAKKH. Bavfordiury, Hertford.

1 (\(\ (ififi TiARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-*-"" •'-''-H-f 20s. 100; Palms. Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses. Ericas, Gloxinias. Lilies. Hydrangeas.
4c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. lyondon Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants fluitablp for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues tree. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Txjughborough Junetion, London,
S.W.

()RCHID PEAT. 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
^-^ TJrown P«at, 10a. 6fl. per yard in trucks; in baffs
2.S. 6d- each, 30s. dozen; Oak and Beech i..eaf Moukl.
Yellow Loam, Stac-.k<>d and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand ;
H-ifm ]a\s for 15g. ; r.N. Fibre. 24a. dozen bags; Unf
fip-., .r. ir.\NI)SCOMBE, F.R.II.S.. Felthani. Middles^^x".

THE GARBENEnS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

JAPANESE DWARF TREES AND
MINIATURE GARDENS,

including many exceptioeal specimens.

GARDEN ORNAMENTS,

Old land Modern,

inchuUng Fountain and other fig^ires, Sundial, Vases, &c ,

in atone, stoneware, and lead.

GARDEN FURNITURE, &c.,

including Teakwood Seats, Tables, Ohalrs and Tubs, &n.,
Bamboo Poles land Oaneis, and a vairi^ty of Tents.

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■'-'^ will sell the above at tdieir Central Auction Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside, London; E.O..

On Frldar, June 22nd, at 1 o'eloek,

Oi^ view two days prior and morning of sale. Oata-
loguos on application to the Auctiomeers.

SURREY,

about 2 miles from Surbiton. 3 from Kingston, and

5 from Leatherhead.

The Valuable FREEHOLD PROPERTY known as

CHESSINGTON COURT FARM.

extending^ to about
136 acres 1 rood 22 poles,
contiguous to Hook and mostly in the Parish of Ches-
eington. It includes an attractive OLD-FASHIONED
RESIDENCE, Farm Buildings, and several Cottages,
RICH ARABLE and MARKET GABDEN LANDS, and
possesses EXTENSIVE FRONTAGES TO MAIN ROAD
available for Building Purposes.

Possession will be given at Michaelmas next.

fqrUMBERT & FLINT will OFFER this

•■-'- PROPERTY, by AUCTION, at the Mart, Token-
house Yard. E.C., on WEDNESDAY, June 20th, 1917, at
2 o'clock fin 4 Lots), unless meanwhile sold privately.
Particulars of tlie Auctioneers, 11, Serle Street, Lin-
coln's Inn, W.C. 2. and at Wajtiford, Herts, or of Messrs.
MAUDE & TUNNIOLIFFE, Arundel House, Arundel
Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

BUSINESS FOR SALE.

Tj^OR SALE, as a going concern. Nursery
-*- business; 600 feet Glass, 2 acres land; Southend

district.— R. F., Box 6, 41, Wellington Street, Covent

Garden, W.C. 2.

PARTNERSHIP.

PARTNERSHIP wanted by lady in small
-*- Nurser>', Fi-uit, or Bee Farm, Tea-garden, &c. ;
worked by owners. — 0.\RMEN, 38, Duiister Gardens,
Broiidesbury. 6.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

JOHNSON'S GARDENER'S DICTIONARY:

Eiilii-ely r<-irrilli:ii dud hruii,/hl doirn to dale hi/

W. HEMSLEV and .1.' FRASER, !)8'2 pp.,

royal 8vo. 12s. net.

Since its first publication in 1846, there have

been several revisions of this standard work, on

which most of our leading gardeners have been

brought up. The present revision is a wholesale

recasting, based wholly on original work, of the

1863 edition, the main outlines of which have

been preserved, tho' many improvements both in

scope and in method have been introduced. It

will doubtless again take rank as /he book for

the serious gardener, professional or amateur.

GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS. LTD..

68-74, CARTER LANE, E.C.

BOOKSELLERS' NOTICE.

iSClEN'nFIC BOOKS AND SERIALS.
JOHN WHELDON & CO. have the largest
*^ stock in the country of Books in all departments
of Science and Natural History ; also Transactions and
Journals of Learned Societies. &.C., in sets, runs, and
single volumes or numbers.
Libraries or small parcels purchased for cash.
SPECIAL CATALOGUES : Gardening, Botanical, Agri-
cultural, Ornithological, Entomological, Geological,
Chemical. Microscopical, •&c., gratis on application.
38, GREAT QUEEN STREET, KINGSWAY. LONDON,
W.C. 2. Telephone : Gerrard 1412.

MISCELLANEOUS.

[AWN MOWER (" Shanks "), 42in. ; in

^ thorough repair, also Green's 36in., FOR SALE
lieap. owing to closing of golf links,— HIOGS, West-
ood Kiln, Reading,

"D EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,

-*- 'Porthleven. Cornwall.— The largest manuLaoiurers
r,f CARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-
inch and one-inch mesh, at 4d. per square yard. LIGHT
NEW square mesh, suitable for Strawberry Beds, a'.
3d. per square yard.

These Nets are bound all round with stout cord, and
cover their measured length and wiath. Any length or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in stock. State your
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS. RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.
' All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
P.VIT), on receipt of order.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each sueeeeding line.

PRIVATE,

W

ANTED, HEAD GARDENER, where 4

kept ; single ; must be over military age ;
B.ithv; must have Inside and Outside experience; good
wages to suitable man— Applv to W. L. SMITH,
128, London Wall. E.G. 1.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (2 kept) ; thoroughly experienced Vege-
tables, Fruit, and Herbaceous, little Gla,=s. and small
home farm ; preference, to man with son as Second ; well
built (small) cottage, coals, wood, and vegetables found.
Particular of experience, age, wages, and family to
PRBSCOTT, Highlands. WoIdineh.am, Surrey.

■WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

^ ^ ING) ; ineligible : 2 under ; wages 26s. ojid cot-
tage,.—Full particulai-s to H. N. P., c/o WilUn^'s, 33,
Knightsbridge.

TYANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' ING); over military age; married; 5 kept; 30s..
cottage free; allowance, coal, light.— AOKERS, Moreton
Hall, C-ongleton.

T> EQLTIRED immediately, HEAD WORK-

** I.VG GARDENER; man or woman; thoroughly re-
liable and energetic ; good cottage. — State full partioulars
to HONBLE. MRS. F. COLBORNE. Nonsudh Park,
Che.am, Surrey.

Tl/'ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER ; not under 50 years of age ; three kept ;
must be a hard-working, sober, reliable man, who iin-
derstands his work.— Apply, .first by letter, to H. P.,
c/o Willings, 33, Knightsbridge, London, S.W.L

T^ANTED, FOREMAN ; chiefly Inside ;

" good wages ; ovei'time and Sunday dutv paid ;
Bothy, vegetables, &c.— W. PHILLIPS, Derry Ormond,
Llangybi. Cardiganshire.

■WTANTED, FOREMAN or good SECOND

" * for Glass ; experienced dn Fruit and Plant Cul-
ture; married or single; ineligible. — W. SMITH, Book-
ham Grove Gaixie-ns, Bookhani, Surrey.

T^ANTED. FOREMAN or MAN who can

grow Fruit, &c.. Inside ; good wages and overtame
paid.— nState particulars to E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gar-
dens, Grnombridge, Tunbiidge Wells.

Tl^ANTED, FOREMAN under Glass;

~ ' well experienced in Fruit and Plant Growing.—
Apply, REES, Gardens, Llanover, Abergavenny.

/^ARDENER (Single-handed) wanted im-

^-* uiedintely for bou.seliold of 38; cliiefly Vegetables
required. State if married or single and wages, with
nr without rooms.— St. Midhael's Hostel, Grove Park,
Kent.

WTANTED, good all-round SINGLE-

' ' HANDED GABDENEE (ineligible), used to a
gentleman'^ place ; help given ; wages 30s. and good
room.s.-^Letters. WILLEY, 16. Uxbridge Road, Ealing.

WANTED. good SINGLE-HANDED

'' GARDENER; boy kept; 3 miles Guildford; cot-
tage and garden ; over military age.— W. M., Box 6,
41. Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

^T^'ANTED, GARDENfSR; good know-

^ ' ledge Inside and Out; 3 men kept; single pre-
fined.— MR.S. TYNDALE, Meadowcroft, Chislehurst.

WANTED, comi^etent GARDENER, with

' ' WIFE ca.i>able of good plain cooking, Slaving
no children, for family of two, living about 12 miles
fin.ni London; wife required to look after house ; board,
lodging, and satisfactory wages; good references essen-
tial.—Re.ph- to W. O,. '423, i-'o n.-,i<-on'--, !,e;irtenhall
Street, E.C.S.

WTANTED, GARDENER; experienced,

' ' reliable ; single handed ; some Glass.— MRS. ■
MulinJLEN, Westfleld, Hertford. Hea-ts.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Southport ;
mostly glass ; knowledge of Orchids ; indispen-
sable ; good wages. — Apply, in first instance, to JOHN
COWAN & 00., Nurseries, Gateacre, Liverpool.

A GOOD VEGETABLE GARDENER

■'-*- wanted immediately ; help given ; wages 25s. and
lodge (4 rooms and scullery) ; permanent position. — S.,
" Deerswood," Crawley, Susisex, or apply Monday, Wetl-
nesdav, or Friday a.m., to agents, Keeips, Ltd., 24, Hoi-
born, 'E.C. 1. Tele., 1215 Holbom.

WANTED, GARDENER, under Head;
man. — Write, st-ating full particulars, LADY
McMAHON, Southbroom House, Devizes.

WANTED, young GARDENER; under
experienced Head ; age 16-17 or ineligible.- W.
PE.ARCE, The Gardens. Portishead House, Portishead,
Somerset.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Houses ;
ineligible ; wages 24s. per week ; Bothy and
vegetables; dutv everv tbird Sunday.— C. E.^RI., Somer-
lull Oawlens, fonbrid'ge, Kent.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN or YOUTH.
with some experience in Fiuit and Pliant Houses.-
-\pplv, with references, stating experience and wages
required, with Bothy, &c. — C. E. BARTER. Longleat
Gardens, Wa.rminjster.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER, for
Inside and Out ; comfortable funiitJied cottage or
Bothv ; with usual allowances. State wages and full paii-
tioulars.— A. BRADBURY, Bryn Luipus, Llandudno.

WANTED, at once, SECOND GAR-
DENER (maTTied or single) ; good all-round ex-
perience ; ineligible ; wages 28s. and house. — H.
SYMONDS, Kneeswortb Hall. Boyston. Herts.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; in-
eligible.—Apply, in writing, W- F. FLADG.ATE,
Esq., Dao.re Lodge, New Bamet.

WANTED, GARDENER-HANDYMAN,
for North London ; wages 30s. and vegetables ; also
3 nice rooms, with scullery and bath, electric bght and
gas. — Write, staling age, experience, and references to
W. B., Box 27. 41, Wellington StTCet. Covent Gaixlen,
W.C. 2.

WANTED, 2 MEN ; one expert Vegetable
Grower and one for Glass chiefly ; 32s. and free
house. — MR. CALLOCK, Iden Gardens, Staplehui^-t.
Kent.

WANTED, GARDENER (male oi
female) ; help work Gaiden., Vegetables, Green;
houses. State wages required. — Apply by lettea-, WOOD-
UOUSE, F.iirllcld, Biggleswade.

WANTED, man or woman as SECOND, in
place of man called to Colours; knowledge of In-
side ; good references required. State wages. — G. W.,
The Lodge, Brocldey Hall, Brockley. S.E. 4.

WANTED, LABOURER GARDENER;
married ; counit.ry man ; wages 25s. ; cottage and
good garden. — Write to ROUTH, Amport, .indover,
Hamts.

WANTED, HA-NDY MAN, for Ladies'
School ; windows, boots, and Inside generally ;
good wages ; cottage provided.— FOSTER. Head Gar-
dener, St. Monica's Road, Burgh Heath, Tadworth.
Surrey.

ANTED, a youth as IMPROVER in the

Houises; age 15 to 17; good wages; Sunday duty
and overtime paid extra; 1 o'clock Saturda.v».— iState
age, wages, and if any experience, to W. L. BA,ST1N,
Buscot Gardens, Faringdon, Berks.

X\7'ANTED,

» » side; Bothv

strong

YOUTH, 16 to 17

; In-

, milk, a

nd vegetables ; 21s.

per

week ;

duty and overtim

i paid ; :

o'clock Saturdays

—A.

BAL-

LAItD, Glanusk Park Gai-d

ens, CricWhowell.

WANTED, TWO Smart YOUTHS, one
Inside and one Outside; wages IBs. per week
(£1 if experienced); with good BotJiy, milk and vege
tables ; duty and cvertime paid extra.— Apply, H.
PRINt'E. The Gardens, Polesden I^cey. Dorking.

WANTED, a thoroughly experienced lady
GARDENER, for period of the war; accustomed
to Vegebibles, Greenhouses, Vineries, and Herbaceous
Borders, &c. ; to lodge in garden cottage with wife of
Gardener who has been called up ; Oliurcliwomon. —
Apply, w'itb full paitioulars. to MRS. WARDE-ALDAM,
Hooton Pagneli Hall, Aai.tiliaiT MiBtary Hospital No.
134, Doncaster.

MRS. ARTHUR WILSON is requiring
immediately 2 strong oapable WOMEN, to worI<
under Head Gaidener in Fruit and Greenhouses'.— Apply,
i|'rain,l)V Oi-oft, HuUi

June 9, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SALE OF

Ker's Famous Aigburth Amaryllis

This strain of Amaryllis (Hifpia^lriini)
has won First Clas; Honours wherever
exhibited. The total honours awarded
exceed the total of those given to all
other strains in the whole of Europe.

44 Gold Medals and numerous other
Premier Awards made at the most
notable exhibitions m

London.

Peirograd

Brussels,

Antwerp,

Ghent.

prove this strain to be
paralleled excellence.

The buyer of this strain will inherit not

(R. P. Ker ,& Sons. Aigbitrth. Liverpool).

only the existing medals, &c., but the
far more valuable Premier Position as
owner of the finest race of flowers
extant.

The buyer will leceive, in addition to
the magnificent stock of nearly 13,000
bulbs, and many thousands of seedlings,
the Priceless Pedigree records which
have been assiduously kept by
Mr. F. Ker. These records are of
inestimable value as a guide to future
hybridisation, as well as to the influence
of the different species, varieties and
fofms upon actual results.

The present status of the Amaryllis,
important as it is, is only of small account
compared with the brilliant future
ahead.

The Stock is in a perfectly healthy
condition, and consists of at least

620 large named flowered bu'bs,

2,350 10;, flowering bulbs, 3 |i and 4i
years' old,

7,400 2^0 3* year old bulbs,

2,350 Wiolh

and a huge quantity of seedlings.

95 per cent, of the entire slock is
accurately labelled with parentage to
correspond with stock book.

Offers are invited by the Trustee for
the whole or part of the stock.
Arrangements can be made for attention
until growth is fin shed, and the bulbs
are ripened and dry ready for shipment.

This advertisement will appear almost simultaneously in the American and the English Press.

Offers are to be made to the Trustee :

Harold Sadler. Esq (Messrs Finney. Son <f Sadler). .31. North John Sireel. Liverpool.

w

lloM

WTKI), 'Wvn WnMKX ( ;A KDKXKKS.
oru- able lo liu Milking.-Apply. W. F. POTTS.
fi^ld. Sutton-at-Hone, Kent.

WANTED. 2 WOMEN as UNDER GAR-
DENKRS, lo w-orli VegeUble and Fmit Oartlt-ii
uii'ltr Ilrtid Cn.r<lener ; one inusrt i>e triiiiuxl in Vtjft-iiib v
ghtv..mg, the (jtJier Wiilliiig a&sij-t witli elertrii- light ; liO li
ifH|inrHHl to <hg and attend to garden stove; IIen<l (inr-
<l**n«M- will train in Vines and Peat-he » ; 2 friends pre-
(f'rre-l ; InrniL-'hed t-oUage, coals. light, and vegetu-ble.t
priividtxL— Apply, stating age, height, experieni.-«, refs.,
nn<\ wage askeil. to MRS. TAYLOR. a*ipclKiBe Oofllle,
Wuik on-Tjiiie, .Vorithuniberland.

T ADY (lARDENERS wanted; all suited
*-^ eiitin'lv free of cbarjfe ; Heiuls, Simg-le han<ie<],
ll««l a.n<i I'lKlers (togother). tor ^ill piirls of Etigbml —
MILS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High ,Stre<-1, Marvlebone. W . 1.

TITANTED, at once, GARDENER (lady) ;

' ' ^in^le hundod ; wages 50s., or according to ex-
pel icn<e.—.\pplv, with full pnrtifularg, to R. J. Mini
lll.Sll. 15, Shortlnii.ls (Jrove. .Shurtlimda.

TRADE,

lyjANAGER Wanted, to take Entire Charge

of General RHail Nursery ; full particulars an to
age, expenentve. neferenccil. So.— E. P. DIXON .4ND
SUNS LTD.. Hull.

w

ANTED, (iROWER for (■aladiiini,s,
Uloxiniaa, and OrwnhouBe plant.s ; ineligible.
Applv. stating wages required, t.. .lOHN PEED &
siiV, West Ni.rwood, Ix>ndon, S.E.

WANTED, a CUCUMBER and
T0M.\TO GROWER ; good wages and overtime. -
.\Iipl.v to .1. M. I,E.\THER, East Fields, Mitoham.

WANTED, CUCUMBER GROWERS for
niarliil niirseiy in Cheshnnt, Herts; vuges 35s.
weekly, overtinwr and bomiia extra. — State age. experi-
enee, 'when di»engagf<l, to H. W., Box '5, 41. Wellingtr.n
Street, Oovent fiardcn, W.C. 2.

WANTED, for Dublin Seed House, HEAD
SII()P\fAN, fiill.v emniwlent in a.11 departments,
with administrative ability. —Appl.v, wit.h particulars of
age, experience, and salary re<|uired, to .S. D., Box 1.
41, Wellinittorj Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

VYTAXTED, MEN; ineligible; Cucumber
'' and Tomato growers; good prospects. — .^ppiy.
COOKELI.., Basildon, Essei.

"^^ANTED, a man used to Ferns grown in

' • large ipiantities and quick ot potting. — Please
stale wages lo 1,. .1., B<ix 3. 41, Wellington .Street, C.venit
Garden, W.C. 2.

■f^ANTED, MAN that understands Car-
' "^ n^ition growing and general market grower; gowl
wugcs given and overtime. — .1. CJRIFFIN. WeMhronk
IfOdge, F.iriiborougli, Ken^

T EDGER CI,ERK wanted to release pre-

^^ yeni employee for the Anny ; must be accurate
and truslwortiiy ; experienced in l)«ok keeping, know-
ledge of the trade u great advamlage - .\ppl\ , LITTLE 4;
BALLAXTVXE. Carlisle.

■«"»^ANTED, AUDIT or CHECKING

CLERK; experienced; over military a.ge ; quick
and a "curate.— TOOtJOOD & SONS, The Kiiig'9 Seedsmen,
Southampton.

WANTED, at once, for " Work's Food
PriKJuct.ion Scheme," STtlHK KEEPER, with giwd
experience of Iwok-keepiiig -A.iipl.\ , stating experience,
ic ; man with Nursery or Market C:aixlen exiwrience pre-
(erre<l. -Apph, MR. CiRfaSNElELI), Gaiiden Superintcn-
<lent, c/o .Messrs. White ami Poppe, Ltd., Coventry.

WANTED, SHOPMAN o;- SHOI'-
WOMAN for retail Garden Seed Business in
county lown in South of S<'otland ; UKin must he iiii-
eligible for Armv. Pltn«e «tate former experience and
silarv re.iuire<l .--Write, M. K., Box 26, 41. Wellington
Street. Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

SEED TRADE. — SAMUEL FINNEY &
00 , LTD., Newia.stle on-Tyne, liave vaianc'v f<ir ex.
pe[-ienced ASSISTANT in theiir Garden Seed <leparltn6nt ;
permanent situation and good w"ages to reliable man.—
Write, slating age, experience, and wages expectecl, to
above.

WANTED, for Farm Seed Warehouse, a
capable FOREMAN ; must be able to superintend
cleaning and de-spatch of orders for a wide trade ; also
Warehouseman, neat sacji stitcher and tyer in^lispensahle ;
also for Garden Seed Department, an experienced Hand,
must be able to take entire charge. Goixl wages offered.
All applicants must be ineligible.— A. B,. Box 19. 41,
Welliington Street, Oovent flarden, W.C 2.

w

ANTED, several WOMEN GAR-
UK.VEHS lor Market Nursery, 'l'ouiat«s, Chrysan-

ns, and Roses grown ; good wagis aaid overtime.—
SAPSKOUn & ALLMAN, Waltham Abbey, fc.so.x.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6cl for eaoh

«ueceedlnK Klght word« or less.

PRIVArif'

HEAD GARDENER (first-class); expert
ill every branch of Horticulture, at liberty.—
Write A H., Box 19. 41, Wellington Street, Oovent

Garden, W.O. 2.

ARDENER (Hf.au), where several are

kepi ; life exiicr ieiice all round ; knowledge o(

si >ck ; hiig'hI.N reconimendcd by past and present em-

pliiyera; iiKsliuition or.privul

llndcilUld Ga.r<Jcns, Boreha

i'^ ARDENER ^Head); life experience;
'-^ light «iiiiali.>ii Ihst object; truistworthy ; well re-
conwnend,'.! ; niiHt for Anny ; age 38 ; married (1 child).

- F. G., Fern Bank, Grotton, Petersfleld.

C"* ARDENER (Heau Working, or Bailiff-
' Gakoknub) (Sm«tch) ; 26 years' experience in large
i^lablishments in all branches Horticulture, aLw man-
ai;i-iiK-nl Stock and Tillage ; over military age.— For
particuiai^ apply I" iM,BSSRS. LAIRD DICKSONS &
SONS, 17. Frederick .Street, Edinburgh.

G~ ''ARDENER (Head Working), where 3
* or 4 -ire kept ; life experience in all branches; goo<l
references- ever n'lilitJiry age; married (no family).

- DOWNIIAM, Hegiira Cottage, New Rotid, Ascot.

("'TRDENER (Head Working), where 2
^ .„■ J ;,ic kept; " -- '"■

■li, Hurph Healh,

■d (1 diild, age 6| ; age 48 ;
branches.— H. LOCKWOOD, Carr
Ladworth, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; 35 years'
luacHcal experience nil l.i-aln-ln's. Inside and Out ;

used to large Gl:i
ties Pea<-he.s, lli
Vegetables, c^.r^
Please stale « ,,,
head Court, Mi

s and aill iliji-dy Fruit am.
Jionnds, Trc?a, and Shrubs
MJi. White I/Odge, Maiden.

SITUATIONS WANTED continued on page v.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

V

Slugs
Slugs

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will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

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with instruotions Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& 15/- per Cwt.(i.o,r. London)
of ill Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal al Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. IQII.

fflCMAKD SANHeVS^ SON, LTP.

Bolwell PoHer'its. NOTTINGHAM.

Save

throu h the
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with LiverpoolVirui,
In XSxiS ready prerar*

sxterminates

EVANS SONS

LESOHER A- WEBB

Ltd., Liverpool,

BENTLEY'S^^

WEED DESTBOYERS :

Liquid : Concentrated Strength 1 to 80.

Double Strength 1 to SO.
Patent Powder : 1 to ZS.

BENTIEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BEHTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BEHTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd..

Ghemioal Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

[June 9, 1917.

MANY rEARS REPUTATION. '

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS - NO NfW EXPERIMENT ,

f LABOUR SAVERS.-EUREKA- uwn sand.

I SoiLFUME, Nicotine insecticides Fumebs.

I SPRAV5. AND OTHEB CHEMICALS » SUNDRIES.

L See List Please ask your agent for the eureka
7 ARTICLES - They are always satisfactory If any"

r,v;i..!T0MLINCONS(HAYWARD L" llNCOLN

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We Btill hold certain small stocka of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""'^N^rw^cT"'

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Spray
lOur

Potatoes

Stok*^B.Treit

PBOTKCmOK agalnrt tile Fotato'i wwit enemy— Bligbt-
1b absolutely essentiaL Blight cannot be cured ; but It can
be prevented if the crop Is sprayed la time with a reliable
mixture such as

Keelings Spraying Mixture

(Kiln Brand)
which is the mixture approved by science. Can be used
with an ordinary garden sprayer— keeps in any climate—

good for fruit trees. Harmless to other plants.
4 lbs. makes 25 galls, of mixture (auttictent tor 3 acre). Price,
ill 4 lb. hags, 4/6; 8 lbs., 8;-; 16 lbs., 13 6; 32 lbs., 24/-;
all carriage free in U.K. Special prices for larger quantities.
Sample 1 ib. 1/6, post free. Sena P.O. with order direct to
liie -Manufacturers,

Keeling & Walker.Ld. ^''•.rirnr.rS.c'.T''

S^Cr SOLE AGENT: ^Oy

/ T. T. PASCOE, \

"^ York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

^0*

T«I« \ phone

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch.

Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

Jl-ne 9. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

229

(Bavbmm (lljvanich

No, 16S9.— SATURDAY, JUNE 9, 2917.

CONTENTS.

Aciphylla squarrosa at

Leonardslee .. .. !
Azolta Carnltniana and

Mulgedium Plumeri . i :
Cniaoe's Island : .fuan

F«niandez . . :

Daffodils In 1917.. . :
Karm, crops and stock

on the home .. .. '.
Food production, on in-
creased—

Bottles for preserving !

Hutter Keans .. .. '.

Fruit preserving uith-
out sucar .. ;

Planting Broccoli

Planting Potatos .. :

Wasps, the destruction

ot

rJrlgnan, Monsieur G. T.
Honours Ii?t, the
Market fruit garden, the

'J29

Orchid notes and glean-
ings

Prothero, Mr., and the
Gardeners' Conipany..

Societies-
Horticultural Club ..
Royal Horticultural ..

Trees and shrubs—
Rtbes alpinuni aureuni

Veronicas, hardiness of
shrubby

Vio'ets, propagating ..

Wallichia disticha

War items

Waterproofing cotton and
paper

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
H ardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, llie ..
Orchid houses, the .,
Plants under glass . .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aiiphylli squarrusa -^35

.luan Fernandez, view showing the peak " El Yunque "at 231
Moths : Brindled Beauty. 22i) ; Ermine Apple, 22!» :

Mottled Umber. 220 ; Winter 229

llobinia Kelseyi 237

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

iT is aome y&irs since we have enjoyed a Mhv
as sunny and warm as the past month,
although the wind was in a cold quarter for
half the time, which prevented growth from
being a-s rapid as it might have been. There
was not a single frost 4 feel above tiie ground
level at my station, and the nights lost their
coldness in the latter part of the month. Rain
was measurable on only ten days, making a total
of 1.50 inch. Absolute droujjht prevailed until
the 13th, and only one shower of a few minutes'
duration occurred after the 23rd, the thunder
.storms of the last week having missed my dis-
trict. The dry periods were beneficial for killing
weeds by horse cultivation and hoeing. Gardens
in which Lilac, Pink May, Laburnum, and
Guelder Rose are growing in juxtaposition were
very beautiful at the end of the month, as the
rare upectacle of all four in blo.ssom at the same
time was presented, though Lilac blossom wa?
past its prime.

A Plaoue or C'atehpillahs.
Ju.st before the petals of Apple blossom
li.gaii to drop, the outlook for Apples and
Plums was extTemely promising, and with re
.sppct to Apples particularly, it seemed that no-
thing wae at all likely to occur to prevent the
production of a bumper orop. Tn n little more
than a week, however, a lamentable transforma-
tiim scene was developeti. the result of the
mo.at tremendous infestation of caterpillars
that I have known in my seventeen years'
residence in my present home. On many
varieties the trusses of blossom had turned
brown, as if they had been killed by frost, of
"hich there was none at my place after the
lilo.s.som had opened, while the foliage was
1 iddled with holes. The attack varies in in.
t'-nsity in different orchards, and among the
several varieties in the same orchard. The dif-
ference, however, is only one of degree, ranging
from slight injury at present apparent to the
almost total destruction of the crop and
very .serious injury U> the foliage. Where
arsenate of lead rannot be safely applied, in
eori.'e(|uen(e of Black Currants growing under
<h" trees, the damage cannot fail to be increased
tiofore the pests have finished their larval stage.
I'lie misfortune is all the more imnressive to m"
fioni the fact that it ia a noveltv in mv ex-

perience in my present place, this being the fir.«t
time of serious damage to my AppI? crop having
been done by caterpillars, though it has suffered
Sims injury, particularly from the Apple sawfly

Flu. 84. — MOTTLED UMBER MOTH.

larvae. Curiously enough, this particular pest
may almost be said to be conspicuous by its
absence this season.

With respect to Plums, the infestation is wor.^t

l'"lO. 85. — ERMINE Al'I'LK MOTH.

jn young trees, with abundant growths of aew
wood and tender foliage, now eaten into ribbons.
The blossom on Plums Jiad set remarkably
well, and on comparatively old trees the injury

BIUNPLED BEAUTY MOTH.

to foliage is not much worse than I have had
it before, so that the crop may not be greatly
reduced, but young trees will not bear out their
blossoming promise. As the young trees are

I''[i;. 87.- riiK wintkh Mm

III an oi.JKird where there h a I

Black CJurraiits, they cannot be

arsenate of load, and the injury to them will

not be limited to the mischief don» in the pr

ttoni crop of
(prayed with

sent season. To me it appears criminal to spray
with rank poison trees growing over Currants
which will be marketed in about four weeks,
and in the case of Gooseberries the danger is
much greater if they are to be sold while green.

Vari.\tions in Injury.
Among the most seriouslv damaged Apples
are Cox's Orange Pippin and Allington Pippin
planted in the autumn of 1906. Nearly every
truss of blossom on these trees is w'ithered.
and comes off entire when a hand is passed up
it. On May 30 it was found that there was, or
had been, as obvious from traces, a caterpillar
in nearly every truss. Probablv some growers
will charge the Apple sucker with this destruc-
tion, but not more than two or three out of
scores of cases e.xamined with a lens contained
a sucker or any trace of one. In an orchai-d
planted in the autumn of 1909 some finelv grown
Allingtons have had their crop almost "entirely
destroyed, while trees of the same variet'v
planted sixteen years from last autumn have set
a^ good crop. The like contrast holds good with
Blenheim Pippin in the two orchards. Mr. Glad-
.stone has escaped damage almost entirely in
three, and Beauty of Bath in three, while liadly
injured in a fourth orchard. Worcester Pear-
main varies greatly in degree of injurv; although
all the trees have been badlv infested, mature
trees of robust growth liave set a good crop,
while some vounger trees which have never beeii
healthy will be almost devoid of fruit. Mature
trees of Bramley's Seedling have not been much
damaeed, but on younger trees, even where a fair
quantity of blossom has set, a very large propor-
tion of the fruitleits have surface'holes eaten in
tVm. Queen, Lord Grosvenor, and Royal Jubilee
■■^liow no injury to fruit at present, though Lord
Grosvenor has its foliage much eaten in one
orchard. Duchess of Oldenburg trees, ten years
from the planting, have their blossoms almost
entirely destroyed, while mature trees of tb«
sime variety have hardly been touched. Lane'.s
Prince Albert has been injured in varying de-
grees. Chelmsford Wonder, of which" I have
only a few trees, is in the worst condition of any
mature variety, its crop heing destroyed and its
foliage in ribbons. Excepting one lot of trees
iilready mentioned, which have never been
henlthv. Cox's Orange Pippin has been iniure<l
le«.s than many more robust varieties. James
Grieve has had more harm done to foliar^e than
to fruit.

Too Much Blossom.

Apart from the attack of caterpillars, then-
must have been a considerable proportion of
abortive trusses of blossom, as it was so super-
aburdant that it could not be nearly all ferti-
lised, nor was it desirable that it should be.
But it is to caterpillar attack that the failure
to set on some large groups of trees is traceable.

Reference to the loss of blossom through cater-
pillar attack does not cover all the injury done
thereiiy, for. among the Apples net there is a
very large proportion with surface holes eaten
in them. This statement applies to almost all
the varieties badly attacked.

Varieties of Caterpii.i.ars.

The number of varieties is considerable, and
it includes some not familiar to me. The pro
portion of Winter Moith larvae (see fig. 87) is
smaller than I expected to find, while there are
hardly any hairy caterpillars of any kind in
the collections obtained by shaking branches
over an inverted umbrella, and practically no
Apple Sawfly maggots. Mr. Theobald, who h«s
kindly repented on two collections sent to him,
names the so-called Common Tissue Moth
(Scotosia du/bitata) lai-vae as numerous" in a
lot from Blenheim Pippin, and remarks that
they are uncommon, none having ever been sent
to him before. Other varieties named by him

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

are the larvae nf the pale Brindled Beauty (see
hg. 86), Winter (see fig 87), Clouded Drab,
and Mottled Umber moths (see fi^. 84), while
one large loaper requires time for identifica-
tion. Here and there I find tents of the Lackey
and Little Ermine moths (see fig. 85), but the
caterpillars of these varieties were too small
when taken to have done any material damage.

When to Sprav against Caterpillars.

It has been generally agreed that the time to
apply arsenate of lead for the poisoning of
caterpillars is immedia.tely after the petals of
tihe blossom have fallen. But is that soon
enough? A negative reply to this question seems
to be indicated by the circumstances of the pre-
sent season, for, by the time named, a vast
amount of irreparable damage "had been done.
Even if the trees first sprayed are saved from
serious injury, beginning, of course, with varie-
ties soonest off blossom, increasing damage must
be done before the operation is finished, even
when continuous fine weather allows of steady
progress in the work, while the case is much
worse when spraying is interrupted by a few
rainy days. Yet the spraying cannot be done
while the blossom is open, because the result
would be the poisoning of bees and other pol-
linating insects. It may be suggested, then,
that the arsenate of lead should be applied
shortly before the blossoms open, when the clus-
ters of blossom -buds have just emerged from
their sheatlis, which is now admitted to be the
best time for what is known as " winter spray-
ing." In other woixls, the arsenate of lead
should be mixed with the linie-sulphur, or lime
alone used for that operation. It may be ob-
jected that this implies the use of the poison
on all varieties of Apples without knowing
whether they will be seriously atta.cked by cater-
pillars or not, but probably half the usual pro-
portion of arsenate of lead would suffice to kill
larvae just hatched as soon as they begin to
feed, and 2s. or less per hundred gallons of wash
would not be a heavy addition lo the expense
of the first spraying of the season, while there
are always more or less caterpillars on Apple
trees. It is true that the suggested application
of the poison would be too early for the de-
struction of the Codlin Moth larvae, and that
a second spraying for them specially would be
needed where these pests a.re common, unless it
happened to be deemed desirable to spray
against aphis and Apple sucker just after the
fall of the blossom, in which case the poison
could be added to the contact wash. The sug-
gestion is not applicable to Plums, because there
is nothing for the poison to lodge upon until
the blossom is at least partially open. Unless
I am mistaken, caterpillar attacks on Apples
usually begin in the bottom trusses and among
the tender foliage around them, while on Plums
they are mainly confined to the foliage.

Destruction by Brown Rot.

This serious disease has had its part, as
was the case last year, in the destruction
of whole trusses of Apple blossom. Lord
Derby, ('ox's Orange Pippin, Fearn's Pippin,
Lane's Prince Albert, Early Julyan, and
Domino are most affected. Trusses of blos-
som l<illed by this fungus are easily dis-
tinguished from those which have simply
faded from lack of pollination or vigour of
a tree to set superabundant blossom, as the
spurs are found to be rotten nearly or quiite
down to their junctions with a branch. Unless
these spurs are cut out cleanly, each one will
cause a brown rot canker. They should be re-
moved and burnt promptly. James Grieve is
a variety particularly liable to lose main
branches from brown rot canker. I have some
finelv-grown young trees of this variety which
need pinning a second time this sea,son for the
removal of main blanches killed by this dis-
ease. Southern Grower.

ORCHID NOTES AND CLEANINCS.

CiHY..SI.S BK ACTESL EN S.

This fine old Mexican species, now seddoin
seen in good condition, is making an attractive
display in the nurseries of Messrs. J. Cypher
and Sons, Cheltemham, where a dozen specimens
are producing their stout spikes of white wajc-
dike flowers, each three inches across and well
arranged beneath their arching, leafy pseudo-
bulbs. A gi\>up of finely-coloured Cattleya
Moissiae, with several specimens of the white
variety, Wagemeri ; some good emerald-green
and white Cypripedium callosum Sanderae, and
others of tlie class ; a fine lot of Odontoglossum
citrosmum, and brilliant scarlet and mauve
Masdevallias, with Dendrobium Dalhou-nobile
and other Dendrobiums, are also arranged with ,
the Chysos braotescens.

EPIDENDRUMS AT OHELTEiNHAM.

The reed-stemmed decorative Epidendrums
are said to be in flower more or less all the
year round. Some of the specimens at
Messrs. Cypher's bearing trusses of yellow, red,
and crimson flowere, have been in flower
for over eight months, fresh buds expanding as
the older blooms pass oft'. Epidendrum

gattonense (Boundii x xanthinum), of which
there are twenty plant® in blocmi, is the
favourite on account of its neat habit and com-
pact spike. E. O'Brienianum, the oldest of the
class, with flowere varying from rosy-purple to
crimson, is still one of the most effective. The
species from wh'ch these and other hybrids of
the claEB were obtained — E. radicans (dark
scarlet), and the lighter Bletchley Park varietal' ;
E. eveotum, light purple ; the dark-red E.
Sthomburgkii ; and the pale yellow E.
xanthinum — are also in bloom. These Epiden-
drums are most useful for decorative a.nd con-
servatory work, and they are easy to propagatj
by eutitings from the reed-like steme.

BiRu\iSS0-LAE1LI0<;ATTLE'YA ADMIRAL
SIMS.

A FLOWER of a new hybrid between Brasso-
Cattleya Diglbyano-Mossiae and Lael'o-
Cattleya 8t. Gothard (L.-C. (Jottoiana X •'.
Hardyana) is sent by Messrs. Sander and Sone,
who have flowered it for the first time. The
flower, which is seven inches across, with petals
two and a h'alf inches wide, has deep rosy-
mauve sepals and petals. The silver-white
ground shows through in the vedning and on
the m'd-ribs. The lip is well formed, three
iiichee across, and is coloured like the petals at
the base. The front lobe and the edges of the
side lobes are crimped and very slightly fringed.
The colour is dark reddish-purple, with yellow
veining running from the base to the darker
yellow disc.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

RJBES ALPINUM AUREUM.

A BUSH of Ribes alpinum aureum th,it his
never fruited -with me before, is this season
covered witii small fruits. Mr. Bean, in Trpcs
and Shrubs, states that the two sexes are usually
represented on different plants. I am not aware
whether the golden-leaved variety is supposed
to be a male or female variety. I have a green-
leaved bush of R. alpinum which carries, I be-
lieve, only male flowers, but this is nearly two
hundred yards from the golden-leaxed plant now
in berry. Mr. Bean also states that occasionally
there are perfect flowers formed. Is it possible
that something in the season has so affected the
bufih as to induce it to produce perfect flowers
tihroughout' C. E. Fletcher, Yalding, Kent.

CRUSOE'S ISLAND : JUAN FERNANDEZ.

(Cvniinucd from p. 2JI.)
In March, 1817, the Spaniards ceased to hoU
possession of .Juan Fernandez on the establish-
ment of the independence of Chile. The Chilian
patriots, who had suffered many indigmities,
were liberated by an intrepid Englishman, Cap-
tain Morris, at the instance of General O'Hig-
gins, who had bee^n proclaimed Supreme Director
of the Republic. The colony was retained as a
depot for State prisoners until 1821, -when an
insurrection took place, which obliged the
Government to abandon the establishment. Dur-
ing the next few years it was farmed by two
Chilians, who kept a few men to take care of the
cattle and collect sandal wood.

Mrs. Maria Graham, wife of Admiral Grahajn
(afterwards Lady Callcott) in her Journal of a
Residence in Chile (1824), gives an interesting
account of her visit to Juan Fernandez in 1822.
Mrs. Graham, who became an authoress of some
repute, had a keen interest in all things pertain-
ing to natural history. She describes the island
as the most picturesque she had ever seen, with
its " high perpendicular rocks "wooded nearly to
the top, and beautiful valleys." In the half-
ruined hedges she found Apple, Pear, and Quince
trees, with Cherries almost xipe. In her cliarm-
ing style Mrs. Graham describes how she re-
mained behind when the rest of the party set off
to reach the highest point, in order to be alone
and soliloquise on her surroundings as " Monarch
of all she surveyed." After some hours in a
• lonely spot, where "no trace of man could be
seen, and whence I seemed to have no communi-
cation with any living thing," she very soon felt,
in the words of Cowper,

" Oh, solitude ! where are thy charms
That sages have seen in thy face ?
Better dwell in the midst of alarms,
Than reign in this horrible place " ;

although the place, on her own showing, was evi-
dently not so horrible as the poet would have one
believe. And she repeated again and again the
whole of the poem, until she saw two of her com-
panions of the morning coming down the hill,
when she hurried to meet them, as if she had
been really "out of humanity's reach." Her
friends were enraptured with the wild 'beauty of
the scenery, and brought her specimens of many
beautiful shrubs, the giant Fuchsia, Andromeda
(Pemettya rigida) and Myrtles (no doubt Myrtus
fernandeziana and Myrtus Selkirk ii). In one cf
the caverns they found an enormous goat dead,
which, of course, reminded them of "poor
Robinson Crusoe."

In 1835 the island was governed by Mr. T,
Sutcliffe, an Englishman in the Chilian service.
His trials and troubles are recorded in a pam-
phlet, entitled "The Earthquake of Juan Fer-
nandez as it occurred in the year 1835 ; anthenti-
cated by the retired Governor of that island."
On the night of February 19 a strange rumbling
noise was heard, and the next day it was ob-
served that the sea, although -at the time low
tide, had risen nearly over the mole. The
Governor became alarmed, especially as the sea
began to retire quickly, leaving the greater
part of the bay dry. He ordered the drummier
to beat to arms, and the alarm bell to be rung.
When the people were collected he directed them
to lift the boats and carry them inland. In order
to animate them he led them from behind, which,
in this case, was the post of danger. Then the
earth began to shake violently, and a tremendous
explosion was heard, whilst the sea receded in
immense rollers. The convicts became so fright-
ened that they abandoned two of the boats ; all
was confusion, the people screaming and making
dismal cries as they climbed the hills. The sol-
diers had barely time to save their arms before
the settlement vas eovered with water, which,
receding again, carried away houses, several men

June 9, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

231

and women, trees and cattle, leaving only the
store-house, prison, and church standing. One
of the boats was launched by the Governor, and
he managed to save the men and women who had
supported themselves in the water on floating
timber. The unfortunate Governor lost nearly
everything. All the ammunition was ruined
e.xcept a few cartridges in the possession
of the soldiers. The town and gardens were
buried in sand, and the mole and watering
|ilacp destroyed. The officers and troops took
refuge for the night in the caves which had for-
merly been the dwelling-places of the convicts,
the latter remaining at large.

In .July of the same year an insurrection broke
out. The convicts gained possession of the castle
and were afterwards joined by many of the
soldiers and officers, who, unfortunately for the
governor, had sympathy with the rebels. The
castle was stormed by the gallant governor and
a few soldiers and coiivicts who had remained
faithful to him. They killed two, wounded six,
and took fourteen prisoners, the rest escaping
with their firearms to the mountains. Three of
the prisoners were summarily shot as an example
to the other mutineers. During the parley be-
tween the renegade commandant of the troops
and the governor, the latter was treacherously
taken prisoner, and was eventually expelled from
the island by the mutineers. The convict station
was soon afterwards transferred to the main-
land.

In 1866 H.M.S. " Topaze " visited the island
and Commodore Powell plai ed a tablet near
" Selkirk's lookout," a high point from which
both sides of the island can be seen. The tablet
bears the following inscription : —

In Memory of
Alexander .Selkirk, Mariner,
- A native of Largo in the ("ounty of Fife.
Scotland, who was on this island in coni|ilctp

solitude for four year."* and four months.

He was landed from the " Cin(|ue Ports" galley.

96 tons, 15 guns, a.d. 1704,

and was taken off in the " Duke "

privateer, 12 February. 1709.

He died Lieutenant of the " Weymouth."

A.D. 1723, i.ged 47 years.

This tablet is erected near .Selkirk's look out by

Commodore Powell and Officers of

H.M.S. " Topa/;e," a.d. 1868.

In the spring of 1875 the " Challenger " ex-
pedition visited the islands, when Moseley, the
natural st, made a very complete and interesting
collection of the native plants, which are pre-
served in the Kew Herbarium. .Some of his
observations have already been alluded to.

Carl .Skottsberg, an able and energetic Swedi.^ih
botanist, visited ,Iuan Fernandez in August, 1908.
In his book on The Wilih of Patagonia, which
is appropriately dedicated to the late Sir Joseph
Hooker, it is pleasant to read in the preface that
" In Chile, as well as in Argentina, we met and
were assisted by a great number of English
people ; we made good friends wherever we came,
and learnt to admire the English nation as t/te
r/rrnt civilUing power of the world." His im-
pressions on landing on the island are equally
well worth reproducing, not only because of their
interest, but also that they prove the Swedes to
be as \\c\\ acquainted with Robinson Crume as
we are : " We set our foot on the shore of a
legendary Lsland. Dear reader, do you remember
how the wonderful fortunes and adventures of
Robinsfin Crusoe interested you, when you were
a small boy or girl, and went to the infant
school? Did you not dream that it rained drops
' large as pigeons' eggs,' or that you discovered
on the sandy sea-shore those footprints making
your blood curdle with terror? . . . .\rid I
was seized by a feeling of pure joy when I
thought that I was really here, walking about on
that soil, and able to live through the favourite
book of early childhood again."

The island is of volcanic origin, and is about
1,^ miles long and a little over 4 in breadth.
Moseley says it is most beautiful in appearance,
the dark basaltic cliffs contrasting with the

bright yellow-green of the abundant verdure.
The land terminates in fantastic peaks, which
rise to a height of about 5,000 feet. Especially
conspicuous is the precipitous mass known as
"El Yunque " (Spanish for The Anvil), see fig.
88, which forms the background of the view from
Cumberland Bay. J. Hutchinson, Kew.
(To be concluded.)

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

FE,UIT PRESERVING WITHOUT SUGAR.
Refehrixo to the article vrritten by
."Southern Grower (see p. 212), where he states
ithat without the use of sugar " it is pro-
bable that half the Plum crop will be
wasted." I may say that Plums can be bottled
without sugar, when fully grown and be
ginning to colour, by putting them into open-
mouthed bofctlee witJi a teacupful of hot water,
placing them in a .''low oven, and gently ook-
ing them till they shrink in the bottles. Have
ready some bladder that has been soaking in
hot water. One bottle at a time should be

the winter and spring. It is much smaller than
the Butter or Haricot Bean, but the flavour is
excellent. /. .4. .S'.

PLAA'TING POTATOS.
_ The planting of Potatos is practically
finished for the season, but it will be weU for
growers to make a careful study ae to the re-
sults fitxm the various methods of pJanting in
their particular localities. I am still firmly of
the opinion that varieties and the nature of tlie
soil should, to a large extent, be the governinf
factors as to the distance to plant.

If it is the opinion of Mr. Divers that the
result of the heavy cixip of Evergood was owing
to the fact that the long growth was the means
of holding the haulm ereot, why should this not
also apply to other varieties making much Iesb
growth, such, for instance, as Factor, a variety
he mentions, when planted closer together? It
would be interesting to know what kinds of
manure Mr. Divers employed, and how many
acres of Evergood were grown. Anyone

who has had exjierience with this variety must
be aware that it is one of the heaviest cropping
Pot.itos. and is seldom attarked bv <lispn.sp, hut

I>E.\K KNOWN AS 'EL VHNQUE

' THK ANVIL ' ').

taken from the oven, and innnediatcly filled
with boiling water jjoured through a funnel, the
bladder pla«.ed on at.once, and tied down with
string, excluding all air. I>ast year all my
Plums were treated in this way, and after
being kept on a dry, airy ghelf for nine montlLs
they were excellent, and the flavoui- better than
that of fi-esJi fruit, ajs the kernels luui imparted
a taste of Almondis.- The fruit can be eaten as
a compote, and sweetened with golden syrup,
honey, or dates, or made into jam if sugar
thould then be obtainable. The same rules
would apply to Gooseberries, Black and Red
Cun-ants, and Pears, the latter peeled and cut
into quarters.

Fruits tliat are not quite ripe arc bost for
bottling. Food Economist.

BUTTER BEANS.
Mr. Beckett, on p. 212, recommeiid.s such
Dwarf Beans as Magnum Bonum and Canadian
Wonder as being equal, if not superior, to the
Lima Bean in flavour, but, seeing the skins of
these require to be removed after cooking (surely
a tedious process), why not grow a dwarf Bean
like Everbearing? This is a small white variety
which may be cooked exactly in the same way
as the Butter Bean, and it may be used through

for quality, on the majority of soils, of little
value. His reasons for allowing the same dis-
tance for early varieties could surely not apply
to the Factor and many other mid-season and
late varieties, which vary considerably as to the
length of their growth.

My experience has always been that the more
growth a particular variety of Potato makes,
the more room it requires, and the better the
retums. Also, the quantity of tubers required
to plant a large area of ground where close
planting is adopted is an important item. /'J.
/ie.clcett.

Mr. Divers' assumption (p. 222) that

widely set Potatos have a tendency to " fall down
flat " is surely mere theory. I allow a space of 7i
feet by 1^ foot for the variety Golden Wonder,
and have no recollection of the tops ever falling,
and they grow much more than 3 feet high. This
year I am allowing Arran Chief less space be-
cause the tubers, in conditions where space
i.s. given for the haulm to extend, grow far too
large for use, and possibly other varieties may
have to be treated according to their peculiari-
ties. Whenever I have been told that Golden
Wonder has failed to give satisfaction I have
found that the tubers have been planted too
clo,sely. I find it by far the best Potato I have

2:52

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

ever gnnvu. Tilie eating qualities of Golden
Wonder are just as good now as they were in
September last, and they will continue equally
good for a long time to come. But it is not
Potatos only, that are grown too thickly. Broad
and French Beans are commonly planted far ton
<Ii>sely. This entails a waste of seed, for neither
need ultimately be closer in rows than 18 inches,
iiiid by seeding at half that distance every pro-
liability of loss from bad seed is guarded against,
whilst- the crop is not only as large as in close
seeding, but the plants continue longer in bear-
ing and produce Beans of better quality. R. P.
/IrolJicrxtoii, S'l/iiiiKjhnmc <Jar<Un-s, Prextonfeirk.

PLANTING BROOOOLI.

I HAVK had expei'ience with Broccoli similar
In tlial related by Mr. Coomber, on p. 221, in
a noi-thern county on the outlying sipurs of the
Gi'anipianis. Tlie garden wae situated on a steep
.■■lope, with a stream running through the lower
end of the gix>und. On the higher reaches of
the garden the Broccoli came through the winter
safely, e-specially when the plants were half-
uprooted with the fork and laid on their eddes
in autumn to olieck growth. One year a plan-
tation of several hundreds was ma<le on the
lower half of the slope. The following winter
happened to b« a severe one, with much sJiow,
commencing in Novemlber, and continuing more
ur lees till the third week of April. The snow
continued in au unbroken sheet on the lower
slopes for four months, and every plant of
Broccoli had completely rotted when the snow
melted. Repeated partial thaws kept the plants
wet, and to this, as much as to the frost, I at-
tiibute the loss of the crop. Elevated positions
and firm soils contribute to the safety of this
crop. /. /*'.

THE DBSTBUCTIOK OF WA~SPS.
The capture of queen wasps in the spring is
very desirable, and is encouraged in many die-
tricts by the offer of a small reward. Traps
(isuch as jars or bottles containing beer or sugar)
which are often used later in the season against
worker wasps, when used in spring account for
a large number of queens.

Neets should be marked down as eoon as
jjo.'sible and dealt with before they have become
too strong. Various means are employed for
taking neets on the ground, such as burning or
siiiokinig them with tar, paraffin, or sulphur. In
uuiiiy districts potassium or sodium cyanide is
used most effectively. However, the supply of
cyanide this year is very uncertain, whilst the
price 16 sure to be high. Where cyanide can be
obtained, its use is the best and simplest method
•for destroying wasii>s. A little cyanide is placed
iudide the entrance to the neet after the wasps
liave returned in the evening. The hole is then
lilucked, and further trouble is seldom e.\-
perienced, although, to make sure, the rie^t is
sometimes dug out after the adult wasps have
been killed. It must not be forgotten that
cyanide is a deadly poison, and great care must
be exeiKiised when handling it.
BOTTLES FOR PRESERVING FRUIT AND
VEGETABLES.
The Food Production Department has ar-
ranged with the Ministry of Munitions of War
to supply glass ja.rs for preserving fruit and
vegetables. The price of the bottles is 52s.
per gross, delivered to the nearest railway sta-
tion. Orders mueit be for not less than 100
dozen {which cost £21 13s. 4d.), and preferably
fur 400 dozen (one truckload, which costs
£86 13s. 4d.). The requirements of every district
must be ascertained by a responsible authority
and submitted collectively. Only one order can
be accepted from a locality ; the orders of private
individuals cannot Ibe accepted. The Depart-
ment will shortly be in a position to meet de-
mands to the extent of 2,000 gross jars per
week. For further particular apply to the Food
I'roduction Department, 72, Victoria Street,
Loudon. S.W. 1.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens,' Windsor.
CucuMBERS.-Give a" liberal supply of
manure water to the roots of Cucumber
plants from which supplies are being cut,
and maintain a moist atmosphere by fre-
quentlv damping the walls and floor of the
house." The foliage may be syringed twice
daily while the weather is favourable, and
top ventilation should be given early in the day.
Very little, fire heat will be necessary during the
day, but a little may be applied at night with a
view to keeping the atmosphere in a bouyant
condition. Thin the shoots carefully and
tie in those that are retained, jtopping them
at the first or second leaf beyond the
fruit, according to the space available. Prevent
overcrowding, as this would render it neces-
sary to cut away large quantities of foliage
at one time, which would have a detrimental
effect on the crop. Top-dress the bed with rich
loam and horse droppings. Cucumber plants in
flat pits must be kept moderately thin. Remove
all rough, overgrown foliage, and peg down the
leading shoots, regularly stopping the young
growth as it becomes necessar>'. Water freely m
the early part of the day, and allow the foliage
to become dry before the evening.

Swedes. —A good mowing of garden Swedes
should be made as soon as possible, so that the
roots may be available in the autumn and winter.
Sow in shallow drills 18 inches apart, and thin
the plants to 9 inches in the row. If the Turnip
fly becomes troublesome, frequent light dustings
of soot should be applied, and the ground between
the rows frequently stirred with a hoe. Sifted
wood ashes may also be applied.

Turnip*.— Make frequent sowings of Turnips,
and thin the plants as soon as large enough. The
hoe should be freely used amongst this crop, and
the ground selected should be of a rather cool
nature, if possible. Snowball and White Model
are good varieties for present sowing.

Carrots A good sowing of stump-rooted
Carrots may be made in order to make cer-
tain ot a fiill supply throughout the winter and
spring. If showery weather prevails, these
Carrots will be through the surface in a very
short time, and should be carefully thinned as
soon as large enough to handle. It is from this
sowing that the principal supply of Carrots is
obtained at Frogmore for winter use, although
several sowings of Scarlet Horn are made later.
It is important in the case of late-sown Carrots
tiiat thinning be accomplished as soon as the
plants are large enough, and the hoe should be
kept at work between the rows as much as pos-
sible. Dust the crop several times with .soot
during the season, to keep fly and other pests
in check.

Late Peas.— A sowing of Autocrat or some
other good variety of Pea should now be made,
and another ten days later. If the weather is
favourable a supply ot pods may be expected
from these plants until late in the autumn. Pea
plants require support as soon as they attain a
fair size ; but the latest sowings should be made
in a position which is sheltered from west winds,
which sometimes do much harm to Peas in
October. If dry weather set* in, a mulchiiig of
farmyard manure applied in good time will do
much to keep the plants in a healthy condition.

French Beans.— A sowing of French Beans
may be made now to furnish a supply in the eai-ly
part of Aui;u.st. Sow in an open plot and give
plenty of room between the plants, which should
be mulched if the weather proves dry. Small
sowings of French Beans should be made every ten
days, so that it may not be necessary to retain the
old plants after they become hard and stunted.
The produce from young, healthy plants is of
much better quality than from old plants, which,
however, may be kept to save a break in the sup-
ply if these frequent small sowings are not made
at the proper time.

THE ORCHID HOUSES

By J. L'oi.UER, Gardener to Sir Jehemiah Cot.man,
s Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate.

CvMBiDiUM.— Cymbidiums include some of the
most decorative of Orchids, especially C. ebur-
neum, C. grandiflorum, C. Lowianura, and its
variety concolor, and such hybrids as C. Pau-
welsii, C. Schlegelii, C. Gottoianum, C. Alexan-
deri, and C. Queen of Gatton. The majority
of the plants have passed their flowering
stage, and such as require it may be re-
potted, but it is not advisable to repot
oftener than is absolutely necessary. The
treatment, however, is necessary for speci-
mens that have become pot-bound and have not
sufficient space in the pot for the development
of the present season's growth. Cymbidiums are
strong-rooting plants, and require rather larger
receptacles than most Orchids : the pot should
afford sufficient space to accommodate the roots
for several seasons. If the plants are so firmly
attached to the receijtacles that they cannot be
removed without injury to the roots,' the pots
should be broken and taken away in portions.
Disentangle the roots as much as possible with-
out breaking them, and pick out loose portions
of the old compost by means of a pointed stick.
The pots should be ' filled with clean crocks for
drainage to about one-quarter their depth. A
suitable rooting medium consists of a mixture
comprising three parts good fibrous loam, one
part Osmunda-fibre cut rather short, partially
decayed Oak leaves. Sphagnum-moss, and suffi-
cient crushed crocks to keep the texture open.
Pot moderately firmly, working the compost well
between the roots. Specimens that have beconn'
bare in their centres, and are in an exhausted
condition generally, should be broken up and the
portions planted singly in pots of a suitable size.
Species with flower scapes of a pendulous habit,
such as C. tigrinum and C.'devonianum, are best
cultivated in pans, and suspended from the roof-
rafters. Newly-potted plants should be afforded
extra shjide and very moderate supplies of water
until the roots have become I'e-established. Let
the soil always become moderately dry before
applying water. Syringe between the pots
several times daily in summer and spray the
plants overhead at least twice daily during fine
weather. The foliage and pseudo-bulbs should
be sponged frequently with an insecticide, as a
preventive against attacks of scale insects and
red spider. The temperature should be the same
as in the Odontoglossum house.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. Arthur Davey,
Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Gooseberries.- Green Gooseberries may be
used for tarts, and some may be bottled. By
removing part of the crop at this early stage the
trees will be relieved, and enabled to develop
extra fine berries suitable for dessert purposes.
The new shoots on Gooseberries trained on walls
should be pinched as soon as they are Ipng enough
to permit of this operation. Nail in the shoots
that are required for extension, and if insect
pests are present syringe the plants with strong
Quassia Extract. li caterpillars are seen after
syringing the trees, dust the ground with strong
lime and kainit. which should effectually stop the
ravages of these pests.

Pears.— Pear trees are growing well, and the
shoots require stopping, especially on younn,
vigorous trees. Make secure the main shoots t'p
prevent them being injured by strong winds. In
the case of espaliers it is a good plan to fix small
Bamboo canes in position and train the branches
bv easy stages to the main supports. Examine
the trees very carefully for maggots and the Pear
slug, which destroy much of the foliage. Thin
the fruits carefully as soon as it can be seen
which are swelling. ' Those that grow in clusters
and large fruited varieties require early thinning.
Peach and Nbctarins Trees.— These trte.s
should be disbudded for the last time, and the
thinning of the fruits completed. The amount
of crop retained must be determined by the con-
dition of the tree, and by the variety. On trees
which produce very large fruits these must
be thinned to at feast 9 inches apart First
take off such fruits as are badly situated,

June 9, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

233

e.g. against nails in the wall, or under the wire
of the trellis, or between two branches. Train
in a suitable number of the new shoots, and re-
move all the laterals that are not needed, in
order that the light may penetrate to all parts
of the tree. Such varieties as Amsden June,
Waterloo, and Early Alfred should be given
copious supplies of liquid manuie and soot-water
• in dry weather, and syringed every day, wetting
every leaf. The best liquid manure is fonjied
from the drainings of the farmyard, but if this
is not obtainable use one of the concentrated ferti-
lisers sold specially for fruit trees. Keep the
shoots free from aphis, and syringe them occasion-
ally with insecticide.

ApRiooTB — The fruits on Apricot trees are
.■■welling freely. Give daily attention to the work
of stopping the shoots, and eradicating insect
|iest«. Stop \igorous shoots growing at the top
of the wall.

Strawb'RRIes.— Strawberry plants intended
tn supply runners early in the season are already
sending out offshoots, and preparations .should
be made for rooting the runners in pots. The
jilants may be layered direct into 6-inch pots,
or pegeed into pots 3^ inches in size. Fairly
rich soil should be used : crocks are not necessary
for drainage purposes. In order to facilitate the
work of watering and hoeing between the rows
the plants from two parallel rows may be layered
in the «pace between the one row, thus leaving
the next alley free for .passage through the bed.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS

at Gunnersbiiry House,

Vines in Cold Houaes.— It is possible to
1 ultivnte Vines without fire heat with fair suc-
cess, especially in warm localities and where the
.soil is a light, sandy loam and the subsoil not
waterlogged. I have in my mind's eye a healthy
Vine of Black Hamburgh variety, which fills the
house. This particular Vine finishes its crop in
perfection every year without the aid of fire heat.
As a companion to Black Hamburgh the ordinary
Sweetwater variety may be planted. In favour-
able localities these Vines are in fiower. and the
atmosphere of the house should be kept dry.
Roduco the number of pot plants in such
liouscs to the lowest minimum. Keep the
atmosphere as buoyant as possible by ad-
mitting a small amount of air both nitjht and Hay.
With good management there will be but little
risk of an attack of mildew. Often in these cold
vineries the foliage is allowed to grow too
densely, whereas the rods should be trained at
a greater distance apail than in the other
vineries.

Newly Planted Vines.— Keep the laterals
of newly -planted and young Vines pinched, and
encourage the leaders tn grow. Place a bag of
soot in the water used for syringing. Young
Vines in their second or third year need strict
attention. Some of the second year Vines may
show a few promising bunches, but do not be
tempted to allow any to remain, or at the most
only one bunch to each rod. Supernumerarios
may be .allowed to carry a few bunches
the second year, as these plants will eventu-
ally be cleared out to make room for the
permanent Vines. Vines in their third year
should not be allowed to carry more than
three bunches to each rod, even if the
canes are e.ttra vigorous. It is better to possess
one's soul in patience than to overcrop young
Vines, for the evil caused by overcropping is not
easily remedied. Keep a sharp watch for red
spider and thrips. Nothing is more effectual at
this stage in combating insects than thorough
syringing with clean rain water.

Fia« IN Pots.— Figs raised from cuttings
rooted this spring are getting well established in
8-inch pots. A few fruits may be permitted to
ripen if the plants have made good progress. The
jilants .should have four or five main shoots,
which, if of good length and vigorous, may be
stopped. Do not rely upon bottom heat, but give
all the warmth jiossible in other ways ; the tem-
nerature of the Pine stove or Melon pit is not too
hii?li for young Figs. Moisture should be ap-
plied both at the roots and on the branches by
syringing. Even if the plants are not likely to

develop fruit it is well to encourage them to
make as much growth in their first year as
possible. But do not use an undue amount of
stimulants to this end, for the soil must
be kept sweet. Established Fig trees in pots
are making stm-dy growth, with leaves of a dark
green colour. The shoots of the more forward
plants will soon need stopping to distribute the
balance of growth and at the same time induce
the fruits to develop. We have already top-
dressed our plants, preferring to be in advance
with this operation rather than late, as they
were not repotted during the past winter. So
far the plants are much overcrowded, but this
cannot be avoided, as there will be no e.xtra
room for them until the early pot Cherries are
cleared of fruit, and these are later tlian usual
this season. The houses in which the Figs are
grown are freely ventilated during the day, but
closed sufficiently early in the afitemoon to eco-
nomise fire-heat, of which only a small amount
is now used.

Cherries in Pots.— We have been pickin"
t hemes on our earliest pot trees for a fortnight
past. The fruits have been ripened with the
aid of a very small amount of fire-heat. The
crop is a heavy one, and is proving extremelv
'T-^>"'' . ^': '« * good plan to shade the house
w.hilst fruit IS ripe or ripening, as it prolongs
th« development of the crop, thus extending the
season ; with care it may be extended until the
earliest fruits are ripe on south walls out-of-
dooi-s. Only a thin, or scrim, shading is
needed— just sufficient to break the rays of
the sun and prevent the temperature of the
house from rising too high. Clear water onlv,
and preferably rain-water, should be given the
niots, and this not in an excessive quantity.
If these pot trees show a tendency to grow some-
what freely, keep the stronger growths pinched ;
this will aid in the formation of fruit-buds for
another year Keep a close watch for red spider.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Wbstox. r.ard^ner to I.adv Northcotb
Ea.<twell Park, Kent. "

Chrysanthemums.— Let the plants be re
potted as required before they become pot-bound
or the shoots will get hard, and growth receive
" <='ieok. The compost for the final potting
should consist of rich loam, mixed with a little
bone meal, soot and sand. Use the potting stick
or rammer freely, as plants potted locjsely in a
rich compost make soft, weedy growth instead
of solid, short jointed wood. Stand the pots on
a bed of ashes or other firm base, and let the
plants have sufficient room for their develop-
ment. Stake the plants before there is a danger
of the shoots being damaged by high winds.

Perpetual-Flo WERINQ Carnations.—
Young plant.s intended for flowering in autumn
and early winter must be given tJieir final pot-
ting without delay. No Carnation will flower
satisfactorily in the winter unless the pots are
previously filled with healthy roots. When in
this stage they readily respond to a little good
plant food. If the plants are not so forward as
usual do not over-pot them, as this would tend
to make them later in developing bkx)ms. The
soil used for the final potting should be prin-
cipally good loam, somewhat heavier in texture
than that used for previous pottings. A shal-
low frame on ashes Ls an excellent place for them
when potted. W'hen they have re-established
themselves they may be placed outeide. but they
must be protected from excessively heavy rains.
Pinch the shoots early in the season "if early
blooms are required. PlantB in flower should
be shaded to prevent the blooms from losing
their colour. Feed regularly and water freely.
Carnations al\v;iys pay for good cultivation.

SOUVFNIR DB LA MaLMAISON CaRN>TIONS —

Plants of till' main batch are now opening their
blooms, and the supports should be put on with-
out delay. I have used the " As<'Ott " support
for many years, and find it quite satisfactory.
These supports enhance the beauty of the bloom
and add materially to the length" of time it re-
mains in good condition. No more manure
should be giveu after this d'aite. Keep the houses
well ventilated, day and niglit. Shade from all

sunshine, which at this season quickly takes the
colour out of the blooms. On very hot days tlie
syringe should be freely used amongst the pots
and /foliage to ensure a cool atmosphere and
keep red spider in check. If plants are required
for decorative purposes in rooms select those
with healthy, well-coloured foliage, just before
the blooms are at their best, these will last
in good condition for a long time.

THE FLOWER GARDEN

By W. J. GUISB. Gardener to Mrs. Dbmpsibr, Keele

Hall, Staffordshire.
Tubs and VASES.-It is a good plan to place
portable tubs and vases in cool houses for a week
or so after they are planted. The plants will soon
become established if they are syringed daily and
shaded slightly from bright sunshine. Where
vases are fixtures on terrace walls or steps, the
plantJ should be hardened and established in
pots, for usually such situations are exposed to
cold winds. In such cases it is advisable to insert
pieces of Yew or other evergreens around the
plants in the receptacles to protect them. The
compost should consist of a mixture of loam, leaf-
mould, and decayed manure, with sufficient sand
to keep the compost open. Tubs should be
painted bronze-green, a colour that lends itself to
any form of decoration. Vases are generally of
stone colour in keeping with their surround i"ngs.
The most popular plants for the purpose are
Fuchsias, Zonal and Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums,
Hydrangeas, Marguerites, Begonias (these do
better in a rich, light compost in which a little
peat has been incorporated). Calceolaria amplexi-
caulis, the spreading varieties of Lobelias, Sal-
vias, Verbenas, Heliotropiums, and Sweet Peas.
Zonal and Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums are always at-
tractive. Such varieties as Paul ( ■rampel, Madame
Crousse (both the pink and scarlet sort). Souve-
nir de Charles Turner, and Beauty Supreme, may
be used exclusively for furnishing tubs or vase's
for immediate effect. The soil should be made
firm, and a moderate watering given the roots
through a coarse rose. Syringing with tepid
water in the evenings is beneficial, and stimulants
are necessary, or the plants will soon become ex-
hausted.

Summer Bedding. —Bedding plants should
be at (line triuisfcrred to their final positions
outside. Directly the plants have finished
flowering the beds should be cleared and a light
dressing of short manure and leaf-mould worked
into the soil. If the beds are watered a day pre-
vious to planting, and again directly the "plant-
ing is over, to settls the soil about the roots, no
more attention will be required for some time,
if the plants are sprayed each evening. Examine
the plants carefully to see if they are dry before
.setting them in their final quarters. Neat stakes
must be placed by the tall plants before they
get twisted or broken. Wire pins are the mo.s't
suitable, where the plants are to be pegged
down. Run the flat hoe between the pliiiits
during fine weather to conserve the moisture and
prevent the soil from becoming caked.

Dahlias.— If the ground has been pre|iared
iu advance, only a light forking will be neces-
sary after the jilants are placed in their final
positions. Care should be taken that the jilants
in pots 3o not suffer for want of water. Make
the soil firm about the roots, and place a neat
stake by each, directly the work is finished. The
large stakes may be placed in po.sition at a later
period. Directly tlie plants are cstabhshed, a
light mulching of decayed manure and leaves in
ci|ual proportions will be beneficial. ()( casinn.-il
.syringings of some insecticide will keep iiLscct
pests in check.

Begonia.- Plants in pots or boxos will now
be ready for their final positions outside. The
beds should be well prepared for tuberous Bego
nias. and a partially shaded position selected.
Leaf mould, Mushroom-bed manure, and a lilll--
peat should be incorporated with the soil, espe
cially where it is heavy and retentive, and it
should be made moderately firm. Apjdy water
thnnigh a coarse rose after"the beds are jilanted.
Syringe the plants each evening until they arv
established in their new (jiiarters. A light iriiilcli
ing of coconut fibre or leaf-mould at a later
period will assist them considerably.

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB. 41, Wellineton Street,
Covent Garden. WC-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondentii
uniihl oliridte delay in obtaining answers to
their roiniiiiniieation^ and save us much time and
troutile, if thcji would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r'le Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
florcers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munication or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.
Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under-
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOKS. 41. Welling-ton Street. Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONS SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee ef good faith.

AvERiGH M£AH Tbmpbratdrb for the ettsuiD* week
deduced from obserTatioiie durii]^ the Iflet tifty
yeai.^ at Oreenwich. 58,4°.
Actual Tempkratdre : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellin^on Street,
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, June 7,
10 a.m.; Bar. 29.5; temp. 70.5°. Weather-
Sunny.

Tlie Dafiodil season of
Daffodils 1917 has proved one of

in 1917. the latest and, in con-

sequence, the shortest
that this generation has Ivnown. Severe
wintry weather, with frequent snow
showers, continued until the middle of the
month of April, and till then not a flower
ajipeared ; but the sunshine of the last day
or two of April and early in May caused
the flowers to open with great rapiditj^,
many of them lasting out-of-doors in good
condition for barely a week. As some coni-
yiensation for this brief flowering season,
the blooms remained beautifully clean,
scarcely a drop_ of rain having fallen on
thom from start to finish.

A curious effect of the season has been
that the flowers in many cases opened very
small in size, so much so in .some cases
as to appear out of character, and
they only attained something like their
normal size after being out for some few
days. This peculiar feature seemed
upecially marked in some varieties of the
Barrii section, such as Seabird and
Incognita.

Tlie table in tlje next column shows the
ilates of first opening, in a garden to the
north of London, of fiftv varieties selected
to range over the season, and be repre-
sentative of the Daffodils usually opening
at the periods named in the table.

The first column shows the average date
of opening of the past five years. Speak-
ing generally, the years 1912 and 1913
were rather early seasons for Daffodils,
while 1915 was unusually late, but nothing
like that of 1917. The earliest date of
opening is given in the second column,
and this usually occurred in 1912, but in
a few cases in the following year. The
final column gives the dates of opening in
1917. It will be observed that while the
normal period of opening of the varieties
selected extends over two and a half
months, it has this year been compressed
into a little over a month, but that the
usual consecutive order has been fairly
preserved, the differences not being greater
than might be accounted for by <lifferences
in the times of planting, in the position
of the bvdbs in different years, errors of
observation, and so on.

DATES

OF OPENING.

Average of

Earliest

five years,

date, gene-

1017.

191J-1916.

rally 1912.

Feb. 1.T

.Tan. 26

April 6

palUduB praeccx

2i

Feb. 5

10

Henry Irving

March s

12

7

March 3

8

,, 2

10

obvallaris (Tenby)

11

6

Fairy

19

,, 27

Sir Watlvin

.. 21

Maximus

,, 22

12

ViLtoria

26

„ 10

29

Blarkwell

„ 2S

9

Duke of Bedford..

„ 28

„ 19

27

Alice Knights

29

26

25

Emperor

30

21

King Alfred

31

23

May 2

Southern Star

„ 31

23

April 3(1

(il ry of Noordwijk

April 1

23

Torch

1

„ 13

29

,, 2

24

May 2

Glory of l.eiden ..

2

20

April 28

Princess Mary ..

>, '-

22

Willie Barr

,, 2

30

April 29

Lady Margaret Boscawen

3

23

Barrii conapicnus

6

27

Cornelia

fi

Eyebright

(!

JIarch 30

Homespun

Chaucer

s

Mrs. Langtry

s

30

White Queen

8

30

Orangeman

Weardale Perfection .,

,, 9

3

April 30

Klondike

!•-

,, 7

Albatross

12

Cresset

13

3

3

Evangeline

., 13

6

1

Mme. de Oraalf . .

H

6

>, 2

Gloria Muudi ..

l^

„ 3

6

Virgil

„ 16

*

*

Bianca

„ 16

Lycidas

17

e

Mrs. G. H. Barr..

17

Horace

18

„ 10

,, 6

White Lady

18

6

Eoster

Acme

25

12

8

Greeneye

27

22

Moonbeam

May 1

27

''«<^"™=

1

26

14

The unusually fine weather and hot sun
which prevailed during the whole of the
time the flowers were open, while it
severely tried all the blooms, was espe-
cially injurious to 'the red-cupped section.
In many cases a flower which opened one
day was faded the nest, and the only way
by which one could see the flowers at all in
cliaracter was to gather them before they
opened and keep them indoors. Lucifer
and Cardinal appeared to keep their colour
better than most of those with red cups,
and among the newer varieties Charm
seemed specially good in retaining its
colour and character.

We were much struck this year with the
lusting (lualities of Glory of Leiden. Its

form is rather coarse, but it holds its head
well up in the garden, and though among
the early trumpets in opening, it succeeded
in outlasting most of the others.

Another yellow which has great lasting
power is Solfatare, which was still in
tolerable condition so late as May 20.
It belongs to the Incomparable section,
and has a very pleasing, soft yellow shade
of colouring. In the same section Home-
spun makes a showy garden flower ; it is
nearly a self-yellow, and holds its head
well up, a great advantage in any flower
employed in a mass. Two comparatively
new comers in this section. Giraffe and
Noble, give promise of becoming useful for
massing when the supply of bulbs will
permit of this being done.

It has l>een a great year for the Leedsii
varieties. Most of them open a pale
creamy yellow, taking a few days to turn
white ; but this year the transition stage
was scarcely noticeable. Not many of the
giant Leedsiis which are so striking when
staged have yet earned a place as bedding
varieties ; White Countess, however, has
a fine stance, is tall, and shows itself to
advantage. The small-cupped section is,
however, most attractive for this purpose,
and there is, as yet, no more beautiful bed
than one of Evangeline, its rounded peri-
anth, tall stature, and graceful pose show-
ing to great advantage when it is allowed
a bed to itself. Queen of the North, per-
haps a trifle taller, is another Leedsii
that promises to be useful for bedding.

The poets, like the red cups, suffered too
soon from the sun to make it a satisfactory
year for them. The newer forms, Caed-
nion. Kestrel, and Socrate^, and the older
Virgil, Horace and Laureate, retained
tlieir colour rather better than some others,
while tlie old recurvus, latest of all, except
the double white, suffered lea.st of all in
tills section, for it escaped the sunburst
and lasted into the cooler weather.

Daffodil growers will look forward to
next season, hoping it may be a mild
spring. The present year, though interest-
ing from the point of view of its unusual
character, has given us but a inontli of
flowers, and though it may have been " a
crowded hour of glorious life," a season
that will give three good months of flowers
is more satisfactory, and fortunately more
common.

Horticultural Club: Visit to Wisliv

Gardinb.— The member.s of (he Horiiniltura.l
( 'Uih will this year visit the Royal Horticultural
.Society's Gardens at Wisley on the occasion of
their annual outing. The visit will take place on
Thursday, the 21st inst. , and details of the ex
cursion will be published in our uext issue.

Mr. Prothero and the Gardener*'
Company.- In our last issue we referred to the
election of Mr. R. E. Protheko, President of
the Boai-d of Agriculture, as a member of the
Worshipful Company of Gardeners (see p. 225).
Speaking in acknowledgment of the honour con-
ferred upon him, Mr. Protheho, after refen-ing
to the great development which had taken place
during the past year in the direction of esiab-
lishing nllotments, said : " It always strikes the
visitor in France and in Belgium that right
up to the mouths of the colliery pit« and to the

June 9, 1917.]

THE GARDENETtS' CHRONICLE.

235

duors of the great manufactories you find gar-
dens laid out and cultivated to the utmost per-
'fection. That is one of the things that during
the past four or five months we have tried to
bring about in this country. I think it may
interest you to hear a few figures. We have
in urban areas laid out 172,000 additional gar-
dens. They are not of great size ; they are
gardens of 10 poles and upwards in extent. The
great railway companies and the great collieries
have extensively given garden ground, so that
we may say there is an additional number of
something like 500. COO of these gardens now-
being cultivated for crops. I mention especially
the Vacant Land Cultivation Socieitv, which is
doing extraordinarily good work with the most
unpnomising material. Old bits of building
land have been turned into gardens, and pro-
mise tn be highly productive. In Bermondsey
thore are gardens which. T believe, will produce
really good crops. In Middlesex there are 1.000
additional acres under small cultivation. Be-
fore the war Wandsworth had 100 alloitment-s :
to-day it has 2.200. Southall has 2.000 to a
population of 30.000 people, which means a
10-rod plot to every three houses in the tt^vn.
The same spirit is showing itself in the enthusi-
asm for spraying Potatos, which is a very ne-
cessary thing. Last year we had a rather
Inmeriitable failure in our Potato crop, and we
do not know how valuable Potatos may be to
this country in the months lo come. We have a
greatly increased area, and are taking every
precaution to provide all the proper copper sul-
lihate material for spravintr. My Board also
p-ovide.t the .".prayers, and sells them to different
P)rt.<! of the country. Devon.shire has ordered
500 of these knapsack sprayers, rornwall 4iAi.
and Glamorgan 200." Mr. Prothero paid a
tribute to the great assistance given by
Professor Keeble to the Board of Agricul-
ture and the country at large. To his energy
and advice, he thought, they owed a large part
of the success they had attained.

AciPHVLL* •QUARROSA. — We are indebted to
Sir EuMtiNn G. Lodfr for the illustration in
fii;. 89 of a plant of .Xcipbylla »f|uarroaa which
is growing in his garden at Leonardslep,
Horsham. Sir Edmi'ND sent us two photographs
of the .same plant, pointing out the peculiar
phenomenon displayed by the plant of inclining
the flower-spike to right and left alternately.
The plant is 5 feet across, and the flower-spike
5 feet high. The old leaves are remarkably
rigid. A. squarrosa. commonly known as the
Bayonet plant, is a native of New Zealand, and
.1 member of the Umbelliferae. The flowers are
white.

M. Q. T. GRiaNAN, who for ten years or so
iias iieen on the editorial .staff of the Parisian
journal. La licvur Ilorlicolc, ha« recently been
appointed to torm a Department of Horticultural
Instruction at the Ecole des Beaux-Metiei-s at
Barcelona (Spain).

Thi Honours List.- The news that the
Hi. Hon. Lieut -Colonel Mark Lockwood has
b en elevated to the peerage will be received
"ith great pleasure by horticulturists, for
Colonel Lockwood is no le.ss popular among
gardeners than he is among the members of
the House of Commons. Nor is his popularity
depondent only upon a charming per,sona.lity.
I rilonpl LocKWoon's geniality of manner "is
linked with shrewd judgment, and powers of hard
work, always at the service of his fellows. Both
on the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society
and in his mvn county of Essex Colonel LoCK=
woon-i)r Lord Lambournk, as we believe will
be his title — has rejid«>red signal services to horti-
culture—services enhanced by the unvarying
clieerfulnei-s with which they are always given,
(Hher noteworthy honours are a Privy Coun-
cillorship to Mr, Evelyn Cepil, whose great in-
terest in education in geneial and in school gar-
dpTiing are well known, and a knighthood to Mr.
Graham Balfour, who, in his capacity of Direc-

tor of Education in Staffordshire, has also ren-
dered valuable services to the development of
horticultural education in his county.

War Item*.- a correspondent sends from
the North of France blossoms taken from fruit
trees which the Germans cuit down -before re-
treating. He writes : " All fruit trees show
signs of very heavy crops this season."

M. Benoit Bekey, son of the well-known

Lyons seedsman, after having been wounded
while serving in the cavalry, joined the Air
Service. He has since been mortally wounded
in an air-fighi on the Somme.

For the third time Capt. L. C. Baltet

has been mentioned in Army Orders for gal-

den ; and James Woodward, journeyman in the
plant department.

Captain E. R. Rintoul, second son of

Mr. R. Rintoul, Melbury House Gardens, has
again been wounded in France. As private in
the London Scottish he was wounded in the
famous charge of that regiment on October 31,
1914.

AZOLLA CAROLINIANA AND MULQEDIUM

Plumeri. — These two plante have been found
by Mr. W. H. Stansfield, of Southport, grow-
ing apparently wild in the neighbourhood of
Preston. Azolla caroliniana is a native of North
America. It is a plant of the order Marsileaceae,
of which order there is only one representati\-e

FlO. 89.— ACIPHYLLA Hyl.AUUusA flowering at LEONARDSLLE, SUSSEX.

laiit service. He is the son of the late Charles
Baltet, the fanuius pomologist of Troyes.

It has just been learned that the son of

.M. Caiumat. of Antibes, was killed early in the
war.

A cununittee has been appointed lo en-

fjuire into the damage done by the retiring Ger-
mans to the orchards and fruit trees in the
north of France. Messrs. Nanot, Chatenay,
Barrier and Grosdemange are members, and
they will have power to deal with the question
in a practical maimer.

Mr. W. A. Cook informs us that three

young gardeners who were with him at Leonards-
lee have bpcn killed at the front -James Haves,
who was foreman in the gla.ss department;
SiD.NEV Worcester, foreman of the rock gar-

in this counti-y, namely, Pilularia gloliulifciH..
The Azolla in question is always found (lontn)g
upon the .surface of still water, not sulmicrged,
as in Pilularia. It is proba.ble, as Mr. Stans
FIELD suggests in the Sotithport Visitor, that it
is not really wild, but has e.scap«d from some
private garden in which Water Lilies and other
aquatic plants are established. The Mulgedium
•s a neir relative of the native M. alpinum, or
Sow Thistle, and is common in Switzerland, e&pe-
cially in the meadows around Andermatt. This
may also be an escape from a private garden, as
it is sometimes cultivated in herbaceous borders.
It is more suitable, however, for a wild garden,
its growth being too rampant for- an ordinary
bnrder. In its native habitat it grows to a
height ''f several feet, and bears pale blue
flowers.

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

[Thi Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

PROPAQ*TiNQ Violets (3fe page 225). — If
.vuui- con-espoiident is able to obtain runners or
cuttings of double \'iolets from plants -which
have wintered out-of-doors he is to be envied,
for, even after an average winter, the plants in
most gaixlens are rarely so vigorous as those in
trames, while this spring the outdoor plants in
my garden at Hampton Hill are more dead than
alive, and quite useless for prooagating pur-
poses. /. F.'s explanation of failures to grow
frame Violets satisfactorily is inconsistent. If
the plants have their " constitutions impaired
by insufficient ventilation " thev would natu-
rally be failures, for, as all who have grown Vio-
lets successfully know full well, free and abun-
dant ventilation, except when it is actually freez-
ing, IS one o.f the chief essentials. If the frame
plants are treated properly no one need fear
that in April the plants will be weakly and so
worn out as to be unfit for propagating "pui-poses
—their vigour at that season is usually undesir-
ably great. A. C. Bartleft.

, "oo"!;?'",^,'* °f 8h''ubbv Veron.c**

(p. iai).~My garden is situated on the highest
point between the River Severn and its'tribu-

'"^'■j' 'Ax^'"''c,''"1 '^ "'"^•'^ expo.^ed to east
winds. Of the Shrubby Veronicais, \. Traversii
IS the hardae'st, and the past winter ha« not
hai-med at in the lea^t. V. saUcifolia (here
10 feet high) against a waH was badly singed,
but is making a quick recovery. V. parvifiora
IS quite dead in an exposed position, but only
.^lightly injured against a west wall. V
Hulkeana, which I expected to lose, is coming
into flower, and is decidedly hardier than is
often supposed. V. pimelioides {syn. glauco-
coerulea), in a vei-y exposed position, is un-
harmed. I should class this sipecies as quite as
hardy as V. Traversii. V. speciosa has been
killed outright. Can any of your- readers tell me
the ecxirect name of a little creeping plant witli
grey leaves that I had from Messrs. Veitch, of
i^xeter, under the name of Veronica cinerea ? It
IS not in my edition of the Kew Hand-List.
A.^ If. Goodwin, Boscotnbe. Kidderminster.
\V. cmerea will be found in Index Kewensis.—
Ed.s.]

Wallichia disticha (•yn. Didymosperma

OI8T.CHUM). - The Palm referred to on p. 225
as fonning an avenue in the Botanical Gardens,
ieradeniya, Ceylon, and of which a photograph
was reproduced in fig. B3, is included by
Hooker in his Flora of British India.
\oI yi., p. 419. in the genus WaUichia, not
in Didymospernia. It was discovered bv T
Anderson in tropical goi'ges in the SLkkim Hima-
laya. There were fomierly several young
examples of it in the Palm collection at "Kew,
but there are none now. Hooker describes the
plant as having a naked, annulate trunk 10-16
feet high and 6 inches in diameter; leaves
6-10 fet't long, alternate, erect, and arranged
distichously, not spirally on the trunk ; leaflets
l-2Jeat long by about 2 inches wide, narrowing
from a truncate apex to the base, and with a
large tooth on each fide about the middle,
glaucous beneath ; petiole and sheath sliort,
scuify. Mate spadix 3-4 feet, very narrow,
with many slender crowded branches. Female
spadix 6-8 feet, pendulous, with stout, simple
branches: flowers in mfiny spiral series, green.
Fruit oUong. obscurely lobed, reddish. Thirty
years ago I saw a fine specimen of this
Palm in the Botanic CJarden, Herrenhausen,
Hanover, which the Director, Hermann Wind-
land, pointed to with pride, and spoke of as the
iiitt'st inreresting Palm in his collection, at that
time the richest in Europe. The best plant we
ever liad at Kew was about 8 feet high. It was
planted out in a border in the Palm House by
the' side of Ravenala madagascariensis, the
leaves of which are also arranged in fan-like
fashion, and they both died at about the same
time, as the result of a low tempei-ature ex-
perienced in a winter of unusual severity. It
may be noted here that a large number of
tropical plants, including Palms and Pandanuses,
were injured in the same way last spring,
Benti"ckia Condapanna, and the Double Cocoa-
nut, Lodoicea seychellarum. both about twenty
years old. having been killed by the cold. ]V. W.

S O C I JB T IE S .

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.

June 5

The exhibits at the meeting of the Society on
Tuesday last filled the building. The Floral
('ommittee in.spected a very large number of
novelties submitted for award. One First-class
Certificate was recommended, seven Awards of
Merit, and one Botanical Certificate. Messrs.
DoBBiE AND Co. were awarded a Gold Medal for
a group of Antirrhinums, Sweet Peas, and Aqui-
legias; Not only were the flowers themselves of
the highest quality, but their arrangement and
grouping won general admiration, especially as
such flowers as Antirrhinums are difficult to stage
in a graceful manner. The Sweet Peas comprised
all the best, both of the old and of the new
varieties. Among the novelties were Alexander
Malcolm, cerise with a scarlet sheen ; Mrs. Tom
Jones, blue shaded with mauve ; and Mrs. Hitch-
cock, a fine creamy-pink flower of the best
type. Several exhibitors showed Roses, princi-
pally the climbing varieties, in pots : the season
for large blooms grown indoors is waning.
Messrs. Piper's group contained some exceed-
ingly well-flowered plants of Clematis, and a
number of new plants sent over from China by
collectors. One of the most attractive groups
was a collection of Irises exhibited by Messrs.
R. Wallace and Co. The spikes of Eremurus
exhibited by Mr. J. C. Alloroye were
exceedingly fine, especially E. Elwesii and
E. robustus, with its white variety. The same
exhibitor also showed a number of new Chinese
plants, among others a fine rosy form of Primula
Bulleyana. The new Spiraea Wilsonii, also shown
by Mr. Allgrove, had dense umbels of white
flowers borne along the whole length of the
branches.

The exhibits of Carnations included, besides
the Perpetual-flowering varieties, some fine
border flowers from Mr. James Douglas, and a
hybrid form (Perpetual-flowering x Dianthus
plumarius) from Messrs. Allwood Bros. The
best of the named varieties were Mary (rose
liink with a maroon centre), Dorothy (deep rose
pink with darker centre), and Robert (old ro.^e
with maroon centre). The remainder of the floral
exhibits included hardy plants, cut sprays of
flowering trees and shrubs, Ferns, and miscel-
laneous greenhouse plants.

The Orchid Committee made several awards,
including two A\wards of Merit and one Cultural
Commendation.

There was only one exhibit befox'e the Fruit
and Vegetable Committee, namely, a collection of
vegetables from Messrs. Barr and Sons, which
was awarded a Gold Medal. This was a ver\-
representative collection of kitchen garden pro-
duce, comprising some seventy dishes. The
quality was remarkably good.

At the 3 o'clock meeting of the Fellows an
address on " Delphiniums," by Mr. Amos Perry,
was read by Mr. W. A. Bilney.

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. Mav (chairman), J. F.
McLeod, J. Heal, J. Green, C. E. Shea, C.
Dixon, W. Cuthbcrtson, G. Reuthe, A. Turner,
J. Dickson. C. E. Pearson. J. W. Moorman,
W. P. Thomson, C. R. Fielder, T. Stevenson.
E. H. Jenkins, W. Howe, S. Morris, R. C. Not-
cutt. ,J. Jennings, R. Hooper Pearson, P. W.
Wallace, A. G. Jackman, H. Cowley, E. A.
Bowles, G. Harrow. J. W. Barr, J. T. Bennett-
Poe. and W. J. Bean.

FmsT-CLASs Certificate.

h'lihinio Ke!.<i'i/i. — This species is a native
of North America, and has been in cultivation
in this country for some years. The specimen
illustrated in fig. 90, flowered in Kew Gardens
ill 1908. The racemes of rose-pink flowers are
shorter than in the common Robinia, but the
individual flowers are larger. It is a first-rate
flowering shrub, and very effective in its colour-
ing. Shown by Mr. J. C. Allgrove.

Awards of Merit.
Antir^rhiniim Prima Donna. — A variety of ex-
ceptional vigour, the massive spikes bearing
flowers of a pale apricot-salmon tint. .The base
of the hood is tinged with rose pink, and the lip
with lemon-yellow. Shown by Messrs. Dobbie

AND Co.

Carnation Maldwin Drummond. — A large, pale
pink variety of the Perpetual-flowering type ; it
is fragrant, and the calyx is not apt to split.
Shown by Capt. Drummond, Cadland Park,
Southampton (gr. Mr. L. Smith).

Iris sibirica Perry's Blue.— A. very tall variety
of the sibirica section, with broad, round falls
of violet-mauve, fading to paler mauve at the
edges, with darker reticulations in the upper
part, intersected with white and greenish-yellow.
The standards are a paU shade of mauve, and
the crest.j paler still, with a clear blue line down
the middle. Shown by Mr. Amos Perry.

Magnolia M' atsonii .—T^he flowers of this fine
species are globular, creamy-white, and deli-
c iously fragrant. The cluster of crimson stamens
forms a mass of rich colour in the centre. The
species is fairly well known in gardens, and was
figured in Gard Chron., August 18, 1894, p. .189.
Shown by Mr. J. C. Allgrove.

Deutzia Vilinoriniana. — This handsome flower-
ing shrub has somewhat the appearance of a
small-flowered Philadelphus. The branches are
studded along their whole length with trusses
of white blossoms, with golden stamens. The
foliage is lanceolate, very pointed, with ser-
rated margins ; the leaves are dark green above
and glaucous beneath. A very floriferous shrub,
whieh would form a good garden plant. Shown
by Mr. J. C. Allgrove and Mr. C. Turner.

Iris Uingdorc. — A very striking variety, with
a branching habit, which -greatly adds "to its
attractiveness ; this is derived from I. pallida,
through which the variety has its descent. The
falls are violet-purple ; 'the standards, of the
same shade, bear darker reticulations. Shown
by Messra. R. Wallace and Co.

' Syringa Miss Ellen W illmott. —T^his was a
very fine double white variety of Lilac, which
would make a striking feature in a shrubbery, or
as a single specimen on the lawn. Shown liy
Mr. C. Turner and Messrs. Paul and Sons,
Cheshunt.

Botanical Certificate.
B/ieuni Alexandra)'. — This plant bore long
spikes, well furnished- with greenish-yellow
bracts. The leaves, which were borne on long
petioles, were dark green, and very handsome.
Shown by Mr. J. C. Allgrove.

Groups.
The following medals were awarded for col-
lections : — Gold Medal to Messrs. Dobbie and
Co., Edinburgh, for Sweet Peas, Antirrhinums,
and Aquilegias. Silver-Gilt Banlsian Medals to
Messrs. W. Paul and Son, Waltham Cross, for
Roses ; Messrs. Pipers, Bayswater, for climbers ;
and Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., Colchester, for
Irises. Bronze Flora Medal to Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
Langley, for Eremuri and other hardy flowers ;
Messrs. Allwood Bros., Wivelsfield, for Per-
lietual-flowering Carnations ; Mr. E. Hicks, Twy-
ford. for Roses ; Messrs. H. B. May and Sons,
Edmonton, for F^rns and indoor flowering
plants; Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Enfield,
for Carnations; and Mr. G. Miller, Wisbech,
for hardy flowers. Silver Banksian Medals to
Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, for
Roses ; Messrs. J. Cheal and Sons, Crawley, for
flowering trees and shrubs, and Star Dahlias ;
Mr. James Douglas, Great Bookham, for Border
Carnations: Messrs. W. Cutbush and Son. High-
gate, for miscellaneous flowers ; Mr. R. C. Not-
ruTT. Woodbridge, for flowering shrubs ; and
Mr. G. Rbuthe, Keston, for hardy plants. Bronze
Bank-sian Medals to Messrs. H. Cannell and
Sons, Eynsford, for PeJargoniums ; Mr. F. Gif-
FORD, Hornchurch, for single Paeonies ; and Mr.
.1. C. Jenner, Rayleigh, for Perpetu.il-flowcring
Carnations.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colraan. Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, and Messrs. ,Tas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), Frederick .1. Hanburv.
Pantia Ralli, Chas. H. Curtis, Walter Cobb,
J. Charlesworth, T. Armstrong, R. Brooman-
White, W. Bolton. C. J. Lucas, R. G. Thwaites
and R. A. Rolfe.

Award of Merit.

Miltonia vexillarUi var. Sir Mercyn Buller

(r. Memoria G. D. Owen X v. Leopoldii), from

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst.

Tunbr'dge Wells. A great success obtained by

June 9. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

237

crossing two forms of M. vexillaria, each with
•the characteristic dark claret-crimson mask on
the lip, and as a result obtaining a larger and
better flower in every respect. The finely-shaped
flower has a labellum 4 inches across, bright
rose in colour, with a triaiiKuhir, maroon-crim-
son mask, short, oblong rays at the sides, and
two ascending crimson lines in front of the
column, and corresponding lines on the bases of
the lateral sepals. The broad sepals and petals
are bright rose colour. The whole flower is
well arranged in all its parts.

Cypriptdium nlveum The Grange Variety,
from Phulip Smith, Esq., Manor House, Ash-
ton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. Thompson). The
species received a First-Class Certificate in
1871, and has since been shown in quantity.
The Grange variety has broader petals and a
larger lip than any of the ordinary forms. The
flowers are pure white, with minute purple spot-
ting on the inner halves of the segments and
lip. The plant was remarkably well cultivated.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. Collier, gardener to Sir Jeremiah
CoLMAN, Bart., Gatton Park, Surrey, for a
plant of Dendrobium acuminatum carn.-ing six
spikes of pretty rose-coloured flowers with
darker centres. The species, which is also
known as D. Lyonii, is a native of Manila, and
probably identical with the Bornean D. Trea-
cherianum. It was awarded a First Class Cer-
tificate on August 17, 1909.

General Exibijs.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., showed fine
specimens of the rare Saecolabium ampullaceum
with ascending spikes of dark rose-coloured
flowers.

Dr. Miguel Lacboze, Bryndir, Roehampton
Lane (gr. Mr. Cresswell), exhilbited Laelio-
Cattleya Aphrodite Bryndir variety and L.-C.
luminosa Bryndir variety, both of excellent
quality.

R. Brooman-White, Esq., Arddarroch, Gare
lochhead, showed a selection of flowers of some
of the older and better fornis of typical Odonto-
glossum crispum, and of hybrids raised at Ard-
darroch, very finely developed.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
Me<lal for an effective group of good hybrids
exceptionally well grown, in which hybrid
Miltonias, including the delicately tinted M.
Miss Louisa Fowler and the bright rose-
roloured M. Frank Reader, were prominent.
Among Odontiodas, Oda. .loan Orchidhurst
variety, with large red dish -claret flowers having
broad labellums mottled with deep rose colour ;
Oda. Genera! Haig Orchidhurst variety, with
a spike of nineteen fine flowers richly spotte<l
with Indian red, and with a broad light purple
margin, are new. Other rare plants noted
were Odontodossiim Epicasta mnL'nificum. 0.
Meiiier var. St. Vincent, a gem of the Bracken-
hurst collection ; white Cattleyae, and the bril-
liant scarlet Odontioda Chantecler Orchidhurst
variety.

Messrs. Sander and Sons. St. Albans, were
awarded a Silver Banksian Afedal for a group
of Laelio Cattleya Fascinator and other showy
hybrids. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Me.ssrs. Stuart Low and Co.. .Tarvisbrook.
Sussex, were awarde<l a Silver Banksi.Tn Medal
for a. group of Cattleya Mossiae, 0. Mendelii.
and some good hybrids. (Silver Banksian Medal.)

Fruit and Vegretable Committee.

Presenl : Messrs. J. f'heal (vice-chairman). W.
Wilks, P. A. Tuckett, E. A. Bunvard, H. Mark-
ham, J. C. Allgrove, A. R. Allan, P. C. M.
Veitch. W. H. Divers, J. Vert. W. Bates, and
C;. P. Berry.

A Gold Mfdol was awarded to Messrs. Barr
AND Sons. King Street, Covent Garden, for a
collection of vegetables. The prfxiuce was ex-
ceptionally good, especiallv Tomatos Golden •
.''iImIc- and Wi.,te'- Bcaiitv ; Cnvrot Earliest :-
Pens Duke of Albanv and Little Marvel ; Cauli-
flower First nf All;" Cucumber DelicMCv; Cab-
bage Be«t of All. and Potatos Sharpe's Express
and King Edward VII. There were also
Onions. T.ettnces, Mushrooms. .Xsparagus. Mar-
rows, and others.

TRIALS OF STOCKS (UNDER GLASS)
AND MYOSOTIS AT WISLEY, 1917.

Awards have been made by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society to Stocks grown under glass in
the Wisley Gardens. We "print tlie ofTicial r,-«
port : —

Stocks.

Awards of -Merit.— Crimson Brompton, sent

by Jtessrs. R. Veitch, Exeter; Mammoth Pale

Lilac, sent by Mr. Dawkins. Chelsea; Mammoth

Pyramid Flesh Colour, sent by Messrs. Hurst.

London ; H. J. Vansittart Neale, sent by Messrs.
Hurst; Intermediate White, sent by Messrs. R.
^eitch; John Bright, sent by Jles'srs. Dickson
and Robinson ; Madaino RivoiVe, sent by Messrs.
D'.ckson and Robinson, R. Veitch, and Hurst;
.Mammoth Dark Blue, sent by Mr. Dawkins and
-Alessrs. Hurst; Mammoth t'yramid Rose, sent
by Messrs. Hurst ; ^L^mmoth Pyramid Salmon
Rose, sent by Messrs. Hurst ; Mammoth Pvramid
10-week Blojd Rel, Sent by Me srs. Hurst ;" Mam-
moth Pyramid 10-week Crimson, sent by Messrs.
Hurst: Mammoth Pyramid 10-week Lilac, sent

FlO. 90.- -ROBINIA KKLSJiVI : LULUUa OF flowers, rose I'INK.

(Awarded Firs«tcla«9 Certinoatc at R.H..S. meeting on Tueoclay last. See p. 236.)

London ; Mammoth Rose, sent by Mr. Dawkins,
Chelsea ; Nirr Giant Light /Hue, sent by Messrs.
N'utting, Ivondon.

Highly Commended. — Abundance, sent by
Messrs. Dickson and Robinson, Manche.qter';
Almond Blossom, sent by Messrs. R. Veitch.
Exeter, and Messrs. Hurst, London ; Beauty of
Nice, sent by Me.ssrs. Dickson and Robinson.
Manchester ; Mess^s. Hurst. London ; Messrs.
Watkins and Simpson, Jjondon : Cote d'Azur,
sent by Messrs, R. Veitch and Messrs. Hurst ;
East Lothian Crimson, sent by Mr. A. Dawkins ;
East Lothian Scarlet, sent by Messrs. R. Veitch ;
Giant Biompton Crimson, sent by Messrs. Barr.

by Messrs. Hurst; Mammoth Pyramid Yellow,
sent by Messrs. Hurst ; Mont Blanc, sent by
Messrs. Hurst; Nice Canary Y'ellow. sent by
Messrs. Watkins and Simpson ; Nice Giant Early-
Salmon, sent by Messrs. Nutting. London':
Novelty (unnamed), sent by Messrs. Hurst:
Parma Violet, sent by Messrs. Barr and Hurst ;
Perpetual White, sent by Mr. A. Dawkins :
Princess May, sent bv Messrs. R. VeitcJi ; Purple
Brompton, sent by Messrs. R. Veitch; Pyramid
Chamois, sent b.y Messrs. Watkins and Simpson ;
Queen Alexandra, sent by Messrs. Hurst, Messrs.
Watkins and Simpson, Messrs. Dickson and
Robinson ; Rose of Nice, sent by Messrs. B

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1"JUNF, 9, 1917.

Veitch and Messrs. Hurst; Souvenir de Nice,
.■ieiit by Messrs. Barr ; Violet Queen, sent by
Messrs. Daniels, Norwich ; White of Nice, sent
by Messrs. Watkins and Simpson ; White of
Nice No. 2, sent by Messrs. Hurst ; Yellow of
Nice, sent by Messrs. Hurst.

Trial of Myosotis.

AwArn or .Vierit. — alpestris Indigo Queen,
sent by Messrs. R. Veitch, Exeter.

Highly Commended. — alpestris Indigo Queen
sent by Rev. J. Jacob, Whitchurch ; alpestris
alba, sent by Messrs. Hursit, London; alpestris
stricta alba, sent by Messrs. Hurst ; Blue Eyes,
sent by Messrs. R. Veitch ; Bouquet (blue), sent
by Messrs. Sutton, Reading; Perfection Rose,
sent by Messrs. Sutton ; Pink Gem, sent by
Messrs. Sutton ; Pyramid White, sent by Messrs.
Carter, Raynee Park ; Royal Blue, sent by
Messrs. Sutton; stricta White Gem, sent by
Messrs. Barr, London ; Victoria Rose, sent by
Messrs. Barr; White Pearl, sent by Mr. E. H.
Bowers, Roscommon.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM

Rearing Calves.
On an ordinary dairy farm where milk or
butter is the chief concern, the rearing of calves
is an important item. In the case of bull calves
of no special pedigree value, the aim is to get
rid of them as quickly as possible witli a view
to conserving the milk supply. In the open
market such calves at about one week old will
fetch 40s. In the case of pedigree Shorthorn
cah es of either sex where size and quality are of
the utmost importance for future stock purposes,
the calves should be allowed to run with their
mothers for twelve months or longer. In that
case milk is not the main factor.

The economical rearing of heifer calves by the
utility farmer is of much more importance to
him in the saving of milk, especially during the
winter months. The calf should be alloAved to
feed from its mother four days after birth.
.\fter that period it should be removed to a
warm box and fed artificially. In the morning
and evening give two quarts of new milk, pre-
ferably that from its parent. At the end of a
fortnight alter this treatment by adding one
quart of separated milk to the four quarts of
new milk for another two weeks. Then, in the
place of the new milk, substitute warm skim or
separated milk, adding some calf meal. I pre-
fer Bibby's Cream Equivalent, of which one
short pint is mixed with the milk. There are
many other calf-rearing meals, all of which are
doubtless suitable. Continue this treatment for
six weeks. At that stage, or earlier, give a
small quantity of good meadow hay.

When the calf is three months old gradually
discontinue the meal, but give the separated
milk, to which add a little water, as long as is
convenient.

At the age of three months the calves should
be given a little hay, 'chaff, and concentrated
food. The best food for calves is undoubtedly
soft linseed cake containing 9 per cent, or 12
per cent, of oil, and crushed oats. If the calves
are having separated milk with their calf meal,
one part of linseed cake to two parts oats is suf-
ficient. If, however, water is substituted for the
milk then the linseed cake and oats should be in
eijual ))ortions. At four months old 5 lbs. hay,
J Ih. linseed cake, and the same quantity of
crushed oats would be a suitable ration.

At a later stage feed twice daily with cut
ilangolds, just a handfiii to start with, in-
creasing the quantity as it is seen that no harm-
ful effects in scour result. To the Mangold add
a sprinkle of cod-liver oil condiment, or any
other approved a.pipetiser, and give a regular
eupply of good hay.

The time for turning calves out in grass varies
according to the time of birth. For instance,
a September calf might, if strong, be given a
grass run in May or June, but where convenience
exists it is safer to keep them under cover where
they might be fed witli green Vetdhes.

Keep the animals in an airy shed or bam, free
from draughts, but witli plenty of fresh air,
before |iutting them on grass. Fed with dry
food under cover the animals grow vigorous and
aliapely.

The Boaird of Agriculture and FisiherieB have
made an Order, to operate on the 19th inst.,
whii^h withdraws the restrictions on the
'laughter of calvcB imposed by the Main-
tenance of Live Stock Orders of 1915 and 1916.
A'. Moli/ncux.

Areas under Wheat.

The Boai'd of Agriculture aJid Fisheries has
received the following particulars from the In-
ternational AigricultiLj'al Institute : —

The area iTnder Wheat in France this ye^r ii^
estimated at 10,564,000 acres, or 15 per cent,
below last year's acreage.

The total yield of Wheat in four countries of
the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina., Uruguay.
Australia, and New Zealand) in 1916-17 is esti-
mated at, 125 million cwt., against 20O million
cwt. in 1915-16 and 134 million cwt., the
average of the previous five years. The juoduc-
tion of Oats in these four countries in 1916-17
is estimated at 16 million cwt., Hf. compared
with 51 million cwt. last year, and 26 millions,
the average of the previous .five years.

REPLY.

Waterproofing Cotton and Paper. — In
reply to T. W. (p. 218), waterproofed calico is
the best substitute for glass, as this material
lasts much longer than paper similarly treated.
The calico should first be tacked on to a light
wooden framework of the required size, strain-
ing it tightly. The watei"proofing mixture is
made up of 3 pints pale linseed oil, 1 oz. of
acetate of lead, and 4 oz. of white resin. The
acetate of lead should be ground up with a
little of the oil into a stiff paste, then add the
remainder of the oil, well mix, and stir in the
resin. Place the mixture in an iron vessel over
a slow fire, stirring it well. When quite hot
apply with a brush in thin layers, allowing each
to dry separately. Usually two or three coats
are sufficient. Finely-woven calico gives the
best results. Calico so treated, when stretched
on small frames of the correct size, will be
found a fair substitute for glass for glazing
greenhouses. If neatly fixed and well stopped
with putty there will be very little drip.
For temporary use in summer paper lights are
of value. The cheapest grade of cartridge paper
is suitable, and this should be fixed to the
frames in the manner advised for calico. Damp
the paper all over with a sponge wrung out
of a bowl of water, and when dry the paper
will be found to be strained tightlv. Paint the
upper surface of the paper with boiled linseed
oil into which n small quantity of white lead
has been worked. If carefully handled, and
cai-e is taken to prevent them being blown
about by winds, these paper lights will last
much longer than might be expected. A. C.
Bnrthtt.

^NSWER^ TO CORRESPONDENTS.

.\PPLE AND ChERRT ShOOTS WITHERING :

L. Q. P. It is not possible with any certainty
to identify the cause of the shoots withering,
but we may sav that this year there are large
(juantities of boring maggots on fruit trees,
which cause damage similar to that which you
describe. There is one in particular which
bores a hole through the base of the shoot,
where it joins the main stem. You had better
examine the affected trees, and see if this has
occurred ; if you have not many trees, your
best plan will be to pick off bv hand every
maggot you see, and destroy it.
Caterpillars on Apple Tree : T. W . Palmrr.
The caterpillars infesting your Apple tree are
those of the Lackey Moth (Clissiocampa
neustria). The moth lays its eggs in bands
around the young branches, each band contain-
ing from 40 to 200 eggs. In colour they are
dull greyish-brown. About the end of April
they hatch out; the young caterpillars are at.
first dark and rather 'hairy. They soon begin
to form a web of fine silk, beneath which they
shelter, venturing out after a time to feed, but
returning to their shelter at night and in wet
weather. As they grow they become more
IiriUiaittly coloured : when full sjrown they are
bluish-grey, with four black spots at the hea<l,

and black, orange and blue stripes down the
back. They are about IJ, incli in length.
Maturity is reached in the months of June
and July, when they .spin cocoons of pale silk.
In the cocoon the caterpillar changes to a dark
brown pupa, from which the moth hatches in
two or three weeks.

Laburnum with Different Coloured Flowers ;
0. J. P. Your tree of Laburnum, which is
bearing blossoms of thi^ee distinct colours, is
not attacked by disease, but is an example of
a " graft hybrid," between Laburnum vulgare
and Cytisus purpureus. The variety with pink
Howers is known as Cytisus Adami, after
the original graif ter ; the yellow flowers arige
from the pure Laburnum tissue, and the purple
flowers fiom that of Cytisus purpureus. So far
as one can judge from anatomical evidence, C.
Adami is Laburnum vulgare clothed in an epi-
dermis of C. purpureus. In certain cases seed-
lings obt-ained from C. Adami have proved to
be pure Laburnum.

Names of Plants : E. Shaw. Euonymus Sie-
boldianus. a native of China. — BoM>rie.«s. 1,
Clematis montana rubra ; 2. Cotoneaster hori-
zont.ilis.

Onion Seedlings : /. C. B. The Onion seed-
lings arrived in a very crushed condition,
owing to being packed in too frail a box. They
appear to be affected by Onion fly, Anthomyia
ceparum, a very common pest. The female
lays its eggs on the leaves, and the maggots,
working down between the leaves, reach the
lowest part of the bulb. When fully fed they
leave the bud and enter the soil ; they there
pupate, and finally become perfect flies. It
is difl[icult to rid the plants of the flies, but
one of the best preventives of injury is to in-
duce quick, strong growth in the seedlings,
and prevent anvthing in the way of a check.
Pull up and burn all infested plants, and
water the rest of the plants and the bed with
strong soapsuds ; or, in the case of a very bad
attack, with petroleum emulsion, in the pro
portion of 1 gill to a gallon of water.

Pear Leaves Injured : P. S. W. The Pear
leaves appear to have been injured by the Pear
Leaf Blister Mite, Eriophyes pyri. You state
that the mite does not interfere with the fruit-
ing of the tree, but we must warn you that
although, in the past, it has chiefly attacked
the leaves o.f trees, lately it has also attacked
the fruit-buds, w"hich it has completely de-
stroyed. Pick off and destroy every leaf which
shows .signs of the disease ; if you persevere
the disease will completely di.sappear in a year
or two.

Pelargoniums Diseased: /. L, Lnnwond. The
spotting and blotching of the "Geraniums" is
caused by the very common fungus, Botrvtis
cinerea. The disease occurs commonly on dead
parts of most Dlants, and spreads to living
plants ; hence the necessity of cutting off and
destroyini; dead blossoms, removing dead
plants, and maintaining hygienic conditions in
the glasshouses and gardens generally.

PiNF Growing : ('. T. For small suckers just
received select some good turfy yellow loam,
preferably loam that has been stacked for some
time, rejecting the finer portions. To this
add a fair sprinkling of crushed mortar rubble,
and should the loam be somewhat heavy, add
also a little peat or leaf soil. Pot quite firmly,
for this will help to keep the suckers erect and
suit them generally. Use quite small pots ; a
6-inch pot is ample, but even a smaller size
if the suckers are small. If a Melon house or
pit is in work, either would suit them well
if plenty of heat is provided. After giving one
good watering, be cautious with the watering-
can until the roots become active. Bottom heat
will encourage them to root more quickly, and
is almost indis,pensable in Pine cultivation.
Take particular care not to put the suckers in
a house where there is any suspicion of white
scale being present, for this pest is one of the
greatest hindrances to good Pine culture.

Communications Beceived.— H. V. O. (Many
thanks)— Seedsman (Yoil .shoiilil havf s<?nt your name
ami addi'es.s. not neces&arilv for publication but a^
n nuaranlee of good faithW. A. P.— T. C— E. M.—
F,. M U,— F. J. r.— R. I. L.— C. N.— R. Farrer.

•TuNi: 9, 1917.]

IM A R K E T S.

COIEXT GARDEN. June 6.
Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

. ,. „. . , B.d.s.d.

Arali* Sieboldii,

dozen .. ,.5060
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 10 0-12 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0 JS 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15'8 4 0-

- tray of 12'8 ..5 0 -
Calceolaria, yel-
low. 4S'a, per

„ doz 8 0-80

Cocoa Weddelli-

ana 48's. per

doz 18 0-30 0

„ ,. , a.d. s.d.

Heliotrope. 48's.

per doz. .. 7 0-80
Hydrangeas, blue

48's.32's perdz.l2 0-JO 0

— pink. 48's. per

doz 12 0 18 0

— white. 48's. per

doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

— — larger per

doz 18 0-8J 0

— Forsteriana,

ISO's, per doz. 6 0-89
Latania borbon-

ica, per doz.. 12 0-50 0

- «0'B per doz, 10-10 0 Li Hum longi-

Crassula. 48's per

„ doz 10 0-12 0

Erjcaa persoluta,

48's. per doz, 15 0-18 0

— candidissima,
48's, per doz. 15 0-18 0

— Wilmoreana.
48's. per doz. 15 0-18 0

Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100., ..12 0-15 0 Pelargonium. 48's

— per 100. in
small and
large OO'a ,, IS 0- 31 0

— in 48's.per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32'8. per
doz ., ,. 12 0-18 0

— choicer aorta

florum.perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lancifolium
rnbrum ,. 24 0-50 0

— — album ,, 24 0-SO 0
Margueritea in

48's. per doz. 6 0-80
Mignonette. 48's.

per doz. ,, 8 0-10 0

per doz. ,, 10 0-12 0

— (Geranium),
zonal-leaved.
48's. per doz. 5 0-60

— "O's. per doz. 2 0-26

— Ivy-le<>ved.48's.

,-Mun,ci oui LH, per doz.

per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0 Stocks. white

8 0-10 0

pink and red.
per doz.
Verbena, white,
blue or scar-
let, per doz,..

Fuchsia, various.

48's. per d07. . 10 0-12 0
Geonomagracilia.

60's.perdoz.,, J 0- 8 0
— larger, each,. 2 6- 7 J
RB.vt(RKS.— Trade i.? now
ni^nt : there is a good dem.„„ ,ur a.i ueoa.ng vano-
les. Craasulas, Ivy Ieav«d Pelargoniums Fuchsias
rf^l^'"""'' ,I'*'"''»"'P«'. Mignonette, Terben^?Hy-
Irangea.'i. a few good Ericas, and various sijes of
iixiiihlfr Ros« in pots are on sale.

Cut Flowers. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

8 0-90
depart .

S.d. a.d.
Carnations, per
doz, blooma,
best American
varieties ,, 2 (t- 2 6

— Carola (crim-
son), ex, large 3 0-38

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun. ., 2 0-30

nelphlniuni. per

doz, bun, ..9 0 —

Gladiolus. Blush-
ing Brid , per
doz 12 0-15 0

— TheB ide.per

doz. bun. .. 15 0 IS 0

— Peach Blos-
.som, per doz.

„ ^"" '2 0 1-, 0

Oypsoohila. white.

per doz. bun. S 0 12 0
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Iceland Poppies.

per doz. bun, 2 0- 3 q
Iris. Spanish. blue,

per doz. bun. 15 0-18 0

— mauve, perdoz.

bun 15 0-IS 0

— white, perdoz,

bun 15 0 IS 0

— yellow. per

doz. bun. ,. 21 0-24 0
L Ilium longi-

floruro. long 2 6-30
abort ,. 3 8-40

1 an cifoliam

album, long,, 2 6-30

— - rubrum,
perdoz,. long.,
short ,,

Nigella(Love-in-

a-Mist). per

doz. bun.
Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya ..

— 0 d 0 n tnglos-

6 0-80

D , s.d. B.d.

relargoniuma—

— double acar-
let. pe • doz.
bun. ..

Pyrethrum. per
dnz. bun -

— double, white 4 0-60

pink ., 4 0-60

red , , , , 4 0-50

— single, rod ,, 3 0-40
pink .. 3 0-40

Rosea -

— General ,Tac-
Queminot. per

doz, blooms,. 0 9-10

— Joseph Lowe
perdoz, blms, 16-20

— LadyHilling-
per doz.

lilO

10-16

2 6 -

6 0- <) 0
8 O-IO 0

— Liberty, p^r
doz. blooms.,

— Melody, per
dnz. blooms..

— Mme. A, Cha
tenay. perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per
doz blooms..

— Ophelia, per
doz. blooms.,

— PrincedeBul-
garie ,,

— Richmond,
perdoz, blms,

— Sunburst, per
dnz, blonms,,

— White Molly
Sharman Crav
ford, per doz
bl oms

Stephanotis, per
72 pips . ,,

.Stock, while, per
do?, bun.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun. .. 6 0-10 0

2 0 3 0
16-20

16-20

16-28
2 0-26
16-20
18-20
16-26

16-20
2 0 2 6
10 0 12 0

u u u 11 viiKiuo- uui, uun.

sum crispum 2 0-26 Viola cornuta
IlE.MUiKS.- D.juhle white Narci'!«i.« i« "'
lhi<i season. Double while Pyret
are selJinj freely, and the siippl
.scarcely sufflcient for the demi
display of the single varieties
are very popular

10-16

iruni and white Stocks

es of these flowers are

-nd. There is a go<Ml

varieties of Pyrethrum, whieh

ere is an advance in prices for

„ -- —. Gladiolus, Sweet Peas. Iceland

Poppies. Lily-of-the-Valley, and all Liliums are mucll
Bcareer. O^rnations are not very plentiful, and the
finest blooms are soon bought up. (5ood Roses aie
unobtainable at; the pi-efent lime, all the available
I.I.....11H l».i„K verv small, and the majority arriviii"
in an cpen condition. The b.^ weather is no iloi]|,T
ancoiinlalilo for the inferior qnalilv of the bhioms

(Lo

in the-Mist)

Vegetables : Averag
s,d, s,d

Asparagus-
Worcester &
Cambridge,
per bun.

Beans, English,
per lb.

Beetroot, perbus.

Broccoli. Purple
Sprouting. per
bag

Cabbage. per tally

Carrots, new. per

bun
— washed, per
bag

Cauliflowers, per
tally ,.

Cucumbers, per
flat ,.

Garlic, per lb,,.

Herbs, per doz,
bun

Horseradish, per
doz. lun.

Leeks, per doz. bun

10-16
10 0 12 0

2 0 -
15 0 -

10-16

18 0 —

5 0-90

18 0 22 0
0 10 —

66 0-72 0
.20-40

re Wholesale Prices.

s.d.

Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos. perdoz, 1 0-

Mushroom8,per lb, 10-

Mustard and
Cress, per doz,
punnets ,, 0 10-

Onions, per cwt 24 0

— spring, per
doz, bun, .. 4 6-

Parsley.perJbus, 2 0
Ptas, Channel

Islands. perlb, 10-
Potatos, new, per

^ lb 10-

Radishes, per

doz, bun, ,, 10-

— natural, per
doz, bun, ,, 2 6-

Spinach, perbus, 5 0
Turnips, per cwt. 9 0

— neiv. per bun. 1 0-

— Tops, per bag 2 0
Vegetable Mar-
rows, perdoz. 12 0-:

Watercress, per
doz 0 5-

(Continued from page ill.)

QARDENER (Head Working) ; life e.x-
perrence in iiJI branches: excellent testimcxniaJs :
lUath the cause of leaving ; ineligible.— T, W,. 11, Mount
rle.isaiit, Arundel,

tho-

QARDENER (Head Working);

roughly exi«Tienced all br;uiches : manage smtUl
ec-tiUe : liigbest references : over military age ; Ohristian ;
abstaiiier ; nm-ned (no familyj.-B., Bon 2, 41, Welling:
tonMreet, (>3veut Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working) ;

roug-lil.\- experienced atl branches : where 3 o
are kept (normal times); previous situations 12
.ve.us (Head); age 48; a daughter could lielp
• lulled; good cottage; now disengaged —Apply
DEXER, c/o Ckifk, newsagent, Midhurst Sussex

tho-

more
ind 10
If le
GAR-

QARDENEK (Head Working), wh^^i^^TTT,

n„ 1 n ""f"^' ■ "'^''"<^'l- '"o ohUdren ; experienced Inside
and Out good references.-SPENCER, Blackbrooke
t.iosmont. Hereford.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

."ieyeral are kept in normal times ; age 45 ; mar-
ried ; life e-xpenenoe in all branches ; would undertake
management of small stock and land if required • also
son. age 17; 2J years' esperience ; good references'— Z
Box 7, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C. 2. ''

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, a.d. a.d. s.d

Almonds. oercwt. 80 0-85 0 Nectarines, per
Bananas. Jamaica. doz 6 0-18 0

per ton ,, £32 - Nuts, Brazils,
Dates, per box. new, per cwt, 95 0 100 0

about 70 lb. ,, 46 0 — — Coconuts, per
Fig^ (Worthingi, 100 ,, ,,300 -

perdoz. ,, 6 0- 15 0 Oranges, per case ,50 0 70 0
Go seberries. _ . , . „ .„ „

green. perpeck 3 6-40' Peaches, perdoz. 4 0-10 0

Grapes

- English (new
season) Black
Hamburgh,
per lb. ..20-40

— Muscats, per
lb 5 0- 8 0 „ . t. ,• u

Lemons, per case 18 0 52 0 ; Tomatos.ltngUsb
Melons. English I Per 12 lbs. or

and Guernsey

Strawberries

— Cornish
doz punnets 8 0-12 0

— forced,.

— Southampton
skips ..

QARDENER (Head Working) and MAN-
AGER : smaU farm and estate if requij-ed ; 36 \>eai-s'
practical experience ; 21 years .as Head ; excellent reconi-
niendatjons ; age 50 ; one boy aged 13.— WM. S.\YER 5.
llion^s Street, St. John's, Tun,bridg« Well®.

Q ARbENERTCHEl^r^'oRKiNG) ; 6 or more
are kept in nwinal time ; life experience in all
brancJies; age 47; married (no famih) ; excellent refer-
ence from present and previous emplo\ers.— BEAI,E New
Cottage. Llanwerni Newixirt, Mon.

TRADE.

2 0-50

3 0-60

peck

JVfANAGER or FOREMAN; life expevi-

enee in the Trade, controlling labour and nro-
ducing crops in large quantities; Plants, Flowers
Jruit, VegetJlbles.-^LAWRENCE. 83, Warwick Avenue
t addington, '

each

3 6- 6 0 Walnut8,percwt, 65 0-75 0 pOREMAN (Working), disengaoed ; 28

.M'-ars' grwd geJieral experience; Toniatoa ' and

""li'n,"?,^,',P'^''"'''''': excellent references; ineligible

ORirriN. West End, Bradnincli. OuU^lpton:

of

RE.MARKS.— The market is practically cleared
.\pples and PearB, but a shipment of .Australian
Apples is reported to be due this week. Good sainplen of
Giapce (Black Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexan.dria)
are now on offer. Forced Strawlx'rries are finishing,
but the first arrivals of out<loor Strawberries are to
hand this week. Melons and Figs have been scarcer,
but Peaches and Nectarines are more plentiful.
There are much larger consignments of green
Giwsoberrios to hand. Supplies of Asparagus are now
decreasing; Peas and Beans are not plentiful but
supplies of Tomatoe from all sources are increasing.
New PotatOR are fairly plentiful, and will probably
soon be cheaper. Cucumbers and Vegetable Marrows
are scarcer than is usual at this time of year. New
Onions, C-arrtits and Turnips are not arriving in quan-
eqiial to the demand. E. II. K.. Cnvnf (inrilrn

-H

Dove

0^?S^ (?'■ Engagement as HEAD SHOP-
MAN, Manager, or Traveller; life experience
m all branches including practical,' in nursery ove?
m.litaiy age,-Write. "J, E.," Box 3, 41 Well ngton
Street, r<ivent Garden, W,C. 2. Wellington

QPEN for Engagement as HEAD SHOP-

MAN or MANAGER; upwards of 30 years' ex-

^T""^!" "-n '•^no'T of the trade; over military

C^rd^n • "'■ ■«'«'"''SK"' Street, Covent,

Miirtr

.;./»/■ r.. 1917

JTLORIST, — Lady desires re-engagement ;
over 12 years' experience with artistic designs]

Ml^l^/i^'^ r *'''^''' ^^'"'i' ■•<rf«- ; 'd^sengaged.-Write,
MISS, c/o 93. Lawrence lioad, .South Ealing, I.onilon.

THE WEATHER.

TIIK WRATIIER IN SIOTI.AND.
(-:<)UI, dry. easterly winds were the outstanding fea-
ture of the weather during May, The month, on the
whole, wa,s a cold ime, the number of bright days lieing
few. and the rainfall much less than a " growing sea-
son " requires. The rain-gauge yielded a to«al of 1.72
inch; this fell on 15 days, but only nine of these were
" rain days." i.e.. days with a tall of 0.04 inch or over.
The wettest day was tho 8tli, with barely half an inch
of rain. Of sunshine we had 145.2 hours, an average
of 4.7 houi-s per day, and a |)«rcentage of 29. The
liriglilest day was the 28lh, with 14.1 hours. There
were sevi-n sunless days. With a mean of 30.084 inches,
the barometer varied from 30.419 inches on tho 6lh to
29.796 inches on (he 30th. The teniperalure rose from
the 1st to the 4lh. when the highest niaximuin for the
month was renched, viz.. 70°; tliereafter the tempera-
ture fell cons'derably and ronaincd low till the 24lh.
Two days after the highest, maximum the lowest mini-
mum, of 31°. was recorded, so that within three days
we bad an al>sfilute range of temperature of 39°. The
lowefJt. maximum, of 41°, was registered on the 8th,
and the highest minimum 55°. on the 26lh. With a
mean maximum of 56° and a mean minimum of 41°
we get a mean range of 15° and a mean temperature
of 48,5. On the grass the mean minimum was 36°.
the lowest licing 25°. on the 6lh. There were seven
nights of ground frost. .At 1 foot deep the soil tem-
perature i-ose from 46° to 53°. Jameit Mnllnrli. Trnhihifi
f'ojjff/r Cnrdi'ng, Kirl-lon of Mainf. vfnT Dvndfe.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

i MUST roach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions

Facing matter and Back Pago

Half and quarter pages, column and half
spaces , pro ratiu ,

4 line apace not ejceeding 20 words

Per Inch, single column

Per Inch across 2 columns .„

Per Inch, across 3 columns ,.. .i

per page I o 1 0 0

I'd) 1/. per line space

w.

Front page (no display alb

llleadline countc ,„,,

For discounts apply to address I
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26 words Is, gd,, and 6d. tor every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These Advertliemeots mast l>< prepaid, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c„ OUT OF EMPLOYMENT,

Thk United Ki

SUBSCRIPTIONS,

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr. J. T. Nicol, for the past 4 vears Gardener
the Duke .f Drcri.BUcH, LangboIm'Lodge. Langhol
N.B,. a.s Gaixlener to Ma.ior Sir 0. D. Hope-Dunbar
Bart.. St. Harv's Isle, Kirkcudbriirlif . (Thanks fm
2s. f,,r H r:.ii.F, hox.-ElJS.I

I 6/- per annum,
17/6 „

to

Chtques and P.O.t to ft madt payable to " Qardinkrs'
Chromiolk," Ltd,

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON. W.C. 2.

Telegrams: 164S '■ GaaDOHKim, Rand, London,"
Telephone : 1643 Gerkard,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 9, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His Majesty The King;.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— 121, St. Vincent Sf.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegram*: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

LETHORION ::
Fumigator

VAPOUR
CONE

Introduced 1885.

The marvellous effect of this
simple and cheap method of
Fumigating Greenkouses is
fully borne out by the
enormous increase of sales
year by year.

Only a match required
for starting the Cone. Full
directions for use on each
Cone.

Thousands of testimonials

KeBiBt.'red Trade Mark 62957. receiTod from all parts.
Prices. -No. 1. 600 to 1,000 cuWc ft., 64.; No. 2, 1,600
cubio ft., 8d. ; No. 3, for 2,000 to 2.600 cubic ft, 1/-.

•■•■■-*■*■ ^*^"*^ SUCCESSFUL

Grafting Wax

It is a much required "HOME-MADE" article

to meet the requirements of all Nurserymen and

Gardeners,

It is rapidly taking the place of all Foreign and

otker preparations for all Grafting and Budding

Purposes.

In TiDS, each 6d., 1/-, 2/-, 4/-, 6/-. Alto in bulk ut
r.duc.d rates.

CORRY & CO., Ltd.,

Bonded Chemical Works, Shad Thames,

LONDON. S.E.

Phytobroma

Barr's Neuj Plant Food
For Flowers VejgetzkUes and Fruit
of hiohest queility & ouaranteed analysis

IPhytobroma Greatly Increases all Vegetable Crops.

Ouarantceil AnalyxLi : — 3M % Mtroqen: 16-60 1 Soluble
Phoxphates : i;i-60 % Insoluble Phosphnhs ; 3 I Pure Polasli.
71b., 2,9 ; 141b., 5/6 ; 281b., 8/-; 561b., 15;- ;
1 cwt., 28/..
Prepaid Orders for 281b. and upwards, carriage
paid Circular, with full particulars, on application

BARR and SONS.

King Street. Covent Garden, LONDON

improved

fornreenh -uses. Bess iver i sed, says A. \Vils.,ii, Erid-f CastiL-

/*/ fs.fdsinen, A. a- v. Stores, EIr.
Sole Manfr. : F. ELLIOTT, LONDON, Vi/ . 3.

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Present-Day Gardening Seriea)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction br William Rebinaon.)

H Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Climb-
" ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with 24 full page plates, 8 of which
are reproduced in colour.

Price 2/10 po$t free from:

Th« PUBLISHING DEPT..
'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE" OFFICES,
41, Wellington Straat, CoTent Garden, W.C. 2

THE BOOK OF
THE MOMENT.

Root & Stem
Vegetables

By ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

At the present crisis the food problem
bulks largely. The question of which
\'egetables contain the most food is a
pressing one, and it is found that root
and stem vegetables, such as Potatos,
Carrots, Turnips and Parsnips, contain
much higher percentages of food value
than green vegetables, valuable though
these are as adjuncts.

" ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES "

is a book which treats only of those
vegetables the root or stem of which is
eaten, and is therefore especially valuable
to all who are endeavouring to concentrate
their attention on growing the most
economical forms of food. It contains
eight coloured plates reproduced from
photographs.

To be obtained from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

Gardeners* Chronicle, Ltd..

41, WELLINGTON ST., W.C. 2.
PRICE 1/10 POST FREE.

nted for the Oardene

licle. Ltd., 11, Wellington Street. C

cle. Limited, by Love and Mali-omson. Ltii.. Dane Street. High Holborn, Lnnd.vn. W.C. and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
iiden, City of Westminster, Satorday. June 9, 1917. Agent for Manchester, .Tons Heywood.

^OL 1 4 1917

Established 1841

No. 3^90

No. 1590. Vol. LXI. {sSf^s} SATURDAY, JUNE 16, 1917. {Registered as a Newspaper. {PRICE_^

Sd.

SJd.

SUBSCBIPTIOX— Inland, ISI-f Foreign, 17:6 [22/r. tOc] [$4 26c.] per annum.
P05UI Address-4i, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address-

Entered at X*w York Jt^ost Office at second'Class tnatter.

' Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS lee page 239.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

AiJvertisers will please note that the pai/e/i of the
"Gardeners' Chronicle" are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MOST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
\V (ihieKday, otherwise theij will be held oi'cr
until the following week.

T) r C K S O X ' S HORTICULTUR.\L

-■--' MANURE and other high class Fertilisers; also
Uicks.in's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
fre^ ..n apphcalion to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
hou-so and Nurseries, Chester.

"D ARR'S SEEDS FOR JUNE SOWING.—

■"^ Finest strain.'? of Antirrhiaiims, Aquilegiias. C;ini-
panulaa, Oantcrbury Bells, Oalceolarias, OinerarniB.
Uelptiiniinns, IloUyliooks, Lupiii^, Paneies, Pnniulas,
sjo^-ks, WoJJflowors, kc. Catalogue on application.
HARR \- SONS, King Street. Oovemt Garden. London.

()UR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
mimmer mowing, is now reodv, and will be sent pow
free on application.— DOBBIE 8: CO.. Seedsmen to tin-
King, Edinburgh.

T GR.\Y, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
^' • Orpenhousos, Ac., and Heating Eniineers
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London. S.W. 3. Wire, 201
Western, London. Toleiphone : 201, Western.

WATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-

' ' OUS PLANTS and WATER LIIJES. Large
^t-icks of the best and most popular varieties. Dew-rip-
iivo OatalogTie free.— JOHN WATEKER. SONS & ORIS?
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks.

QISHUR.ST COMPOUND has over half a

century's reputation for cflectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Ihrip American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, Ac.
Sold in boxes about lib.. 31b, and 121b.. bv Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S ' PATENT
( ANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London, S.W. U.

OOW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-

^ SIES, as grown for the Royal Gardena at Frogmore
Tlie richest end largest-flowered strain of Pajiaies e.Ttatit
Per packet, 2s. 5d. and Is. 6d., post free for cash with
oivler.-KDept. A), R. H. BA'HI, LTD., The Floral Famie.
N\isbeoh.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. AUmuu.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed). Cost

*■ Government 22s. 6d. Selli-ng now at bargain priceei
Spc'CUiUy selected, without a blemish, as good as new
I,'nsurp:u<ae<l for gardening, farming, and other work
Single pairs, post free, 89. 6d., or 10s. 6d. State siie
Money retumned if disapproved. Special quotations for
■lUalMities.— THE THAMES TftADINO 00 LTD \nnv
liools Dept,, 6, Bldon Street, London EC ' ^ '

OUTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

^ SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.

The Best.

OUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

'^ READING.

\YM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

~ ' LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens. Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, A'C. Catalogues gratis.

pOUR NEW PRIMULAS, collected by

•*- Geo. Forrest. P. helodoxa, A.M., R.H.S.. 38. 6d.
P. nutans. A.M., R.H.S.. 7s. 6d. P. vinoaetlora, A.M.,
R.H.S.. 58. P. conica, A.M., R.H.S., 5e. The set of four
grand novelties for IBs. .Full descriptive catalogue of
thefle and other new Chinese plants post free on applica-
tion.—R. WALLACE & CO.. LTD., Colcheeter, Bssex.

days, when every Arm has to advertise or see
its business decline, it is neceesary to make sure that
the needful publicity is so obtained that the results
justify the expenditure. It is this consideration
that has led most keen business men to discontinue
the wa.'^teful method of advertising by catalogue. If
enquiries he made of any printing firm it will be found
that catalogue printing has fallen away sinc«» the war
by about 80 jx-r cent., nor is this to bo wondered at.
The price of paper is nearly t-hree times what it was
formerly, printing rates are higher, and the cost of poet-
age is much increa.-w-d, so that the wholesale distribution
of large catalogues is now too expensive for business
purposes. The new-spapers, though they themselves
are pr^iduced at much greater expense all round, have
neverthebvifl refrained from increasing their prices for
advertisements, and it is by utilising these permanent
media that profitable advertising may itill be practised.

CPORTS.MEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
'^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wear's
like leather; showerproof: 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

(^ENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s.,
^-^ free : 12 Pinguicula giiandiflora, 7s. W. ; 6 Habc-

naria alblda, 78. 6d.— O'KELLT, Botanist, BaUyvaughiain,

Ireland,

IJ EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,
■^ *Porthleven, Cornwall.— The largest manufacturers
of GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong .SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-
inch and one-inch mesh, at 4d. per square yard. IJOIIT
NEW square mesh, suitabfo for Strawberry Beds, at
3d. per square yard.

These Nets are l)ound all round with stout cord, and
cover their mea-sured length and width. Any length or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in stock. State your
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS. RICK COVERS,
GREIENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
P.Art), on rooeipt of order.

For Advertisement Charges see page iii.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
" Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CAIiSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battei-sea. Agents
throughout the countr}'.

POTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for
inunediate delivery. Sulphate of Copper 98 per
cent,, pure Wasliiug Soda 98 pi-a- cent. Write for prices
ami qu.'Uitity required per acre.— G. H. IIIOHARDS,
234, Borough High Street, London, S.E. 1.

1 (\(\ nnn large garden ferns,

-•-"" tW\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Rases, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas.
&c, ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, liOndon, S.W.

WANTED. 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See Other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH.
I.'indon Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, offers of Tomatos, Cucumbers,
new or old Potatos, Oarrots, Turildps. Gooseberries,
iind Mushrooms.— WELLS, Florist and Fruiterer, M6, Ntir-
borough Road, Leicester.

t("'EUNS ' FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
-■- ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse
Ferns. Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free— J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, 8.W.

BEGONIAS, Gloire de Lorraine, Turnford
Hall and Rothschild variety of Ixirraine, well-
rooted cuttings, 2s. 6d. doz., 60 for 6s. 6d.. lOs. 6d. 100.
The King, Is. doz., 50 for 12s., 208. 100.— H. DUDDER-
IDGE, The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford.

BEGONIAS and GLOXINIAS.— MORLE
& CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
large 60 pots, in flower ond bud. Early inquiries, a.s
stock is limited this season.— 150-156, Finchlcy Koad,
N.W.3.

TUBEROSES, double African Pearl, just
arrive<l, for winter flowering; extra large bulbs,
2s doz., 13s. 100; sent free any address, for cash.—
MORLE & CO.. 150-186, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

FISHING NETS, second-hand.— Several
to dispose of, at Id. per square yard. — R. V.
ROGER, Se*KJsmjan.. Pickering, Yorkshire.

GLOBE ARTICHOKE plants for sale ; 24s.
per 100. — Apply, F. A. SEOKETT, Marsh Farm.
TwickenJiam.

()ROIIID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
^-^ Brown Peat, 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks; in bags
2s. 5d. each, 30s, dosen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand;
4-t«n lot.s for H5%. ; C.N. Fibre, 243. dozen bags ; list
free.— ,1. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

THE GARDENETtS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

JAPANESE DWARF TREES AND
MINIATURE GARDENS.

mcliKlmg many exceptional specimens.

GARDEN ORNAMENTS,

Old and Modern,

incliuling Fountain and other flgoires, Sundial, Vaises, i-c ,

in bronze, stone, 'stoneware, and lead.

GARDEN FURNITURE, &c.,

including Teakwood Seats, Tables, Ohairs and Tubs, &c..
Bamboo Poles and Oanes, and a vairiety of Tents.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
wiU sell tlie above at their Oentral Auction Rooms,
67 and 68, Cheapside. London. E.O.,

On Friday, June S2nd, at 1 o'eloek.

On view two iiays prior and morning of sale. Oatar
logucs on application to the Auctioneers.

BUSINESS FOR SALE,

PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Hoeticul-
TURAL, MARKBT GARDEN. AND ESTATB AuonONEBRS

AND ValtJers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC, and
ait Leytonstone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had
on application.

NOTICE.

THE WINDSOR, ETON, and DISTRICTT ROSE SOCIETY.

'TiHE ANNUAL ROSE SHOW HAS

-*- BEEN ABANDONED for this year, the Coromibtee
liavinig decided to devote their energies and employ their
funds for tlie encouragement of increased food produc-
tion.

EXHIBITION.

SOUTHAMPTON R.H.S.

SUMMER SHOW, JULY 11th.

Prizes for Ro.ses, (.!ariiatioii.s. Sweet Peas, Fruit

and Vegetal lies.

Si'fie'hdes and Particulars of :

C. S. FUIDGE, F.R.H.S., Secretary,
7. SILVERDALE Rd.. SOUTHAMPTON.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Unas 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each sueeeedlng line.

Gardeners desiring tbeir Advertisements repeated

must give jull particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.idvertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

W/'ANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-

^ * ING) ; inelig:ible ; good knowledge Vegetables, Fruit,
Vines; country; balf hour's rail London. — Address, et^^t-
ing age, single or anarried. family experience, length,
looalitv, former sttuataons, wages required inclusive ctA-
t,ige, S. E., Box 10, M, Wellington Street, Ooyemt Garden,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ing); ineligible; 2 under; wages 2es. and cot-
tage—Full partieul.i,rs to H. N. P., c/o Willing's. 33,
Knightsbridge, London. S.W.

"WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' ING). hiighly qualified, for Reading; w^pges 32s.
and excellent lodge ; Vinerv and Conservatory ; 2 kept. —
FARRER & SOXS. Reading.

W/'ANTED, good man, HEAD WORKING

' ' OAR.DENBR; Grapes; married.— .\pply by letter,
MISS BOOTHBT HEATHOOTE, 10. Hereford ijarclens.
Park Lane.

■WTANTED. immediately, a Temporary
' » HEAD GtA'RDBNER, Man or Woman ; 2 boys
kept ; some experience of Vegetable Garden essential. —
THE DOWAGER LADY CHURSTON, Churston Court,
Chursiton.

WANTED, SINGLE - HANDED GAR-
DFTXER end of June; ineligible; for Glass and
Vegetables.— Apply, CRUIGKSHANK, Lenliam, Woodbam
Road , Woking.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DEXER : ineligible ; good all-round man ; cottage
provided— Write fuB particulars to MRS. MURRAY, Fair
Oak Lodge, Bisliopstoke, Bants.

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
HANDED G.ARDEXER (ineligible'), used to ft
gentleman's place ; help given ; wages 32a. and good
rooms. -Letters, WaLLEY, 16, Uxbridge Road, Ealing.

W/'ANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ' DEN'ER (ineligible) ; permaJiency ; help in sum-
mer; about 5 acre mixed Garden on a hill; wages 27s.,
and cotta,ge handy.— MRS. DAVISON. Woodlands, AJma
Rixiil, Reigate.

W/'ANTED, good all-round GARDENER,

' ' with liclp ; Glass, Vegetables, Herbaceous Bordei-s ;
ineligible —Apply, MRS. S. COURTATJLD, Stanstead Hall,
Halstead, Essex.

WANTED, GARDENER, for 2^ acres;
good wages. — Apply, The Wihite House, Ongar,
Essex.

IVfR. GEORGE PAUL is desirous of hear-
-'•'-■- ing of a good eligible GARDENER to undertake
the management and making, under his superin-
tendence, of a garden to la new house about 10 miles
from London. — ^Send particulars to The Old Nurseries,
Cheshunt.

W/'ANTED, experienced SECOND GAR-

* ' DENER ; married or single ; good .all-round ex-
perience ; good cottage or fumisTied rooms, vegetables,
and 30s. State all p.artioular9, &c.— SMITH, Ibstone
House, Stokenchurcb, Bucks.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER (3
kept) ; over military age ; only those with good
experience of Outdoor work in Pleasure and Vegetable
GaKlen need apply ; good wages to capable man. — Write,
stating experience, referentf'es, wages, and with other
full details, to HEAD GARDENER, Drrnham, Oatlands
Oha.se, Weybridge.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER ; mar-
ried ; good all-round exi>erience ; ineligible ; terms
30s. weekly ; good touse, garden, and coal foimd ; duty
every thiwl week.— P. HURSf, StapWord Park, Melt-on
Mowbra.v.

"V^ANTED, an experienced man as
' ' SECOND ; well up in Fruit and Plants ; 30s. ond
lodging paid ; dutv and overtime paid for. — Send particu-
lars and refs to J. BLACKWOOD, Sefton Park Gardens.
Slough.

W'ANTED. UNDER GARDENER; used

to Grp<*uhouse and Stove plants ; single ; ineligible,
-MRS. WAKEMAN NEWPORT, Saudboume, Bewdley.

W/'ANTED, UNDER-GARDENER having

" gxxid experience and references; single and in-
eliidMe; liberal wages.— Apply, T. ELUOTT. Norton
Manor. -Sutton Scotney, Hants.

^l\rANTED, FOREMAN ; chiefly Inside;

' ' good wages; overtime and Sunday duty pai^i ;
Bothy, vegetables, &c.— W. PHILLIPS, Derry Ormooid,
Llangybi. Cardiganshire.

TITANTED. FOREMAN or MAN who can

* ' grow Finiit, &:c.. Inside ; good wag-es and overtime
paid.— State particulars io E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gar-
den's, Groombridge, Tiinbrddge Wells.

W/'ANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-

' ' NEYMAN, for Fruit and Plants (Inside) ; Army
d'scharged or over militarv age; good wages, Botihy, ie
Apply, A. DYE, The Gardens, Tring Park, Tring.

W/'ANTED, FOREMAN, under Heaid Gar

" ' tlener ; general all-round work; single or married,
former preferred ; ineligil>le ; state wages. — Apply, W.
OHALCRAFT, Blaisdon HaU Gardens, near Longhope,
Glos.

W/'ANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Houses;

' • ineligible ; wiages 24s. per week ; Botby and vege-
tables; duty every third Sunday.— C. EARL, Somerhill
Gardens, Tonbridge, Kent.

I;^LECTRICIAN (Handyman) required
^ take oliarge of Tangye oil engine, dynamo, battery ;
rough carpentering and odd jobs, under Head Gaflxiener.
—VISCOUNTESS K., Kneesworth Hall, Rojiston, Hert*.

WANTED, MAN and WIFE, without
children, to live in cottage on tlie place; mjan as
experienced Gardener and wife occasionally to help in
the house. — STEVENS, Addlestone Lodge, Addlestone,
Surrey.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, for the
Houses and Herbaceous Borders, under Fore-
woman ; BoHiy, &c. State experience.— FARWELL, G;ir
deners' Lodge, Pains Hill, Cobham, Surrey.

WANTED, young lady PUPIL for Gai--
dening. fruit bottling, poultry rearing. Sic-
.Apply, MRS- L., Woodlands House, Beaconsfleld, Bui-ks.

LADY GARDENERS WANTED ; all
suited entirely free of charge. Head and Unders for

(1) Lines, 2 men and boy to assist ; cottage 'Supplied.

(2) Susssex, garden, 3 acres, chiefly Vegetables ; furnished
cottage and coal. (3) Worces., Vegetables, Fruit, no Glass ;
2 years' tftitning required ; rooms and vegetables found.
(4) Merionetli, Vineries, &c., damatione. Borders, and
kitchen Garden ; good man kept. (5) Hants, 3^ acres,
Glass and Kitchen Garden ; man and boy kept ; and
Head could do Market Gardening or take pupil. Fore-
woman for Beds, Head Man kept; Vines, Peaches, &c.,
potting. Single-handed, for (1) Aecot, plain Garden ;
Vegetables, Flowers, little Glass ; ladv helps ; cottage
found. (2) Yorks, general Gardening. In and Outdtxtrs ;
help given.. And others.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, Higli
Street. Marylebone, W. 1.

TIT ANTED, strong YOUTH, experienced,

~ for Kitchen and P^uit GaMen; talie duty; 20s. per
week, Both'V. and vegetables; overtime paid; 1 o'clocl;
Sa>turda\s.-^J. A. MTJLFORD, Merevale Gardens, Ather-

stone.

^TRONG LAD required to work under
^^ fully traine<l Gardener; nursing ihome ; 59. and
live in ; all found. State age, experience. Oould ta.ke
Garden pupils.— PRINCIPAL, " Woodfiold," Streatham,
S.W.

W/'ANTED, a strong LAD, for general Gar-

' den work. Inside and Out ; about 15 or 16. — Al>pl.v,
stating wages. &c., to A. SMITH, Arbuiy Gaiders.
Nuneaton.

WANTED, an experienced MAN for Fruit
Trees and Vegetables; good cottage and garden.
— .\U particulars, wages expected, and referenceis (copies
only), to J. O. WESTON, Eastwell Park Gardens, .teh-
foixl, Kent.

W/'ANTED, IMPROVER or discharged

' ^ soldier. Inside and Out ; good wages. — -Vpply to

MOYES, Tlie Gardens, Osterley Park, Islewortih, Middle

TRADE.

IVTANAGER or FOREMAN ; life experi-

-'■'-*- ence in the trade; cut stuff, phints, and Tomatos,
Cucumbei-s, &c. ; good testimonials. — ItOSES, c/o 41a,
Widdrington Road, Coventr.v.

W/'ORKING MANAGER ; Landscape and

^ ' Jobbing, or General Nursery for market or shop
trade ; life experience ; age 47. — A.', Box 18. 41, WeiUing-
ton Street, W.O. 2.

QPEN for Engagement as HEAD SHOP-
'-^ MAN or MANACJER ; upwards of 30 years" ex-
perience in all branches of the trade ; over military
age.— Write, G., Box 9, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden.

GENTLEMAN, accustomed to Orchard

^-^ Planting, Orclhard Work, and General Farm, seek-s
engagement with Fruit Grower; discharged. — Write, Box
4621. Willing's, 128, Strand, W.C. 2.

'W/'ANTED, a PROPAGATOR for general
' ' Greenhouse work ; ineligible. — Write, stating age
and salary required, GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.. LTD.,
Maidstone.

ANTED, GROWER of small collection
Pot Vines. Figs. Oranges and Tomatos; please
state wages, age. and send references.- WILL TAYLEIR,
Hampton. Middlesex.

ENTLEWOMAN requires post UNDER

GARDENER, market or private; country between

London and Brighton ; strong, capable ; some practical

experience. — MISS SANDBEEG, St. Just, Highdown

Avenue, Tarring, Sussex.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVATE.

HEAD GARDENER; 20 years' practical
expea-ience in lai-ge G.iixlens. can be oonildently re
commended as thoroughly capable of taking ctoarge of a
good establishment.— CLEMENT, SomerhiH Gardens, Ton-
bridgc^ ^_^__ ,

HEAD GARDENER (first-class) is open to
engage with lady or gentleman; age 51; married.
— W. I,AMBERT, Ravensoraig Cottage, Oanway, Noith
Wales.

JcN-E 16, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDEXER (Head) ; life experience in all
brantihes ; age 32 ; single ; ineligible ; 8 years'
l-.ist situation as Head ; excellent refereJices. — DENYER,
Sharnden, Ma\'fieW, Sussex.

ITEAD GARDEXER (where 2 or 3 are

■'--^ kept); practical experience Inai<le and Out; first-
class testimonial ; at liberty ; ineligible.— A. HORWOOD.
Aston Rowant, Oxon, Wallingford.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; 35 years'

^-^ practical experience all branches, Inade and Out ;
used to large Glasshouses and growing laige quanti-
ties Peaches, Grapes, Tomatos, and all Hardy Fruit and
Vegetables, care of Pleasure Grounds, Trees, and Shrub?.
Please state wages.— WILLIAMS, White Lodge, Maiden-
head Court, Maidenhead.

rjARDENER (Head Working); age 51;

^-^ 20 years' Head Gardener Norburr Park. Dorking,
■ieeks re-eng3gement, through death of employer ; tho-
roughly experienced all branches ; used to growing l.irge
<iuantities Vegetables and Fruit; awarded medals, i*c., at
R.H S. meetings; highest references. — Applv, GEORGE
KENT, Pixham Lane. Dorking.

rjARDENER (Head Working) or OAR-

^-^ DEXER and BAILIFF; life experience; well up in
all branches ; ace 50 ; excellent referen-ces. — Applv tu C.
BRAYSHER. 4, Station Parade, Palmers Green. K.

/_JARDENER (Head Working), living

^-^ reter?field ; where 3 or more kept (normal tiniest ;
ihv>roughIy experienced :\11 branches; manage small e.-l tc
nn«^l .stock if required ; previous situations 12 and 10 yt-ars'
Head ; a daughter could help in Garden ; age 48; disen-
gaged; good cottage.— G.. Box 16, 41, Wellington Street.
Uovent Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDEXER (Head Working); 30 years'

^^ life experience in the cultivation of Fruit, Flnweis,
and Vegetables. incJuding Vines and I'eaohes; highU re-
commended; over mUitary age. — R. FLINX. Cr.iiifoi<i
Hooise Gardens, near Hounslow.

QARDEXER (Head Working) ; lOJ, years

^^ as such with Lord and Lady Ampthili, who tho-
roughly recommend; married (2 children); ineligible; age
46; disengaged.— KING, Shenley, ChnrcHi End, Blet hl.y.
Bucks.

QARDENER (Head Working); 6 or more

^-^ are kept in normal time; life experience in ull
brancihee; age 47; married (no family) ;■ excellent refer-
ent* from present and previous employers. — BEALE, New
Cottage, Llanwem, Newport, Men.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ several are kept ; first-doss cxpe^i(^^ce in all
branches; disohorge certificate; age 40; married (no
family).— A. SMITU. 46, Oakridge Road, High Wycombe,
Buck£.

rjARDENER (Heait Working or no.irl

^-^ .SIXGLE-Il.l.NDKDl, with help of lad; near London;
life experience ; good all round ; age 49.-- «E0 E. OOL
I.ISS. 4. Central Hill, Upper Korwood, S.E.

C^ARDEXER (Head Wop.kin-g). where 2 or
^-^ i kept ; flrst.class references ; experienced^ in aU
Iiran<lie9; married; 2 children.— SPEKOBR, Blaiikbrooke,
(irxmniont, Hereford.

QARDENER (Head Wohkixg) ; age 50;

^"" IhoroughJ.v up in all branches, e.'!|>et?iaU!y Vegctiibles,
Fruits. Flowers, Plants, Vine*, Melons, &e. ; wife help in
house.— ■ fJARDENER," Box 17. 41. Wellington Street^
(Vvenl aarden, W.C. 2.

QARDEXER (Single-handed or with

lielp) ; ineligible ; married ; age 32 years ; no fajnilv ;
reference. Please stale wages, &c.— Address, (iAKDKXEJ{,
ilardener'.s Cottage, Oakcndean, Oowfold, Sussex.

/"jJARDENER (where 2 or more are kept) ;

■" life e.T|>cricnce all brancJies; stock, inetitution, or
private; ineligible; age 35; highlv reconuncnded.— KINC
I'lKlerfieW Gardens, Boretuun Wood, Herts.

pOREMAN (Inside), in good establish-
ment; age 43; single; abst<uner ; good prop^igalor,
I>'i„rator, Fruit, and Plant«man ; Armv discharge; .i.W..-
liixliMl. State wages. .At lilicrtv. Good refs.— FOX 54.
Ciunliprland Street, Pimlico, S.W. 1.

OREMAN (Inside) requires situation ;
(tiiod experience; Fruit, Plants, hoiwe and fable
■ lc<:oration ; in or near Manchester preferred; exempt for
■'Tvice. Slate wage and full particulars, with or wifJi-
.i.il Bothy,— P. A., Box 15, 41, Wellington Street. Oovemt
(;.ll^.lcn, W.C. 2.

A DVERTISp;u open for Re-engagement as
-^ »■ WORKING FOREMAN or MANAGER; life cxperi-
Mice in firatclasa nurseries; highly recommended.-
\ .X. Box 23. 41, WeHington Street, Covent Garden .

F

ly/TAN ; ineligible for Army ; intelligent ;
■^"-** seeks unskilled work in Gaixlen ; good character.
— W., c/o SUPT., Turner'sCourt, near Wallinglord, Berks.

T ADY GARDENER requires post a:
-*-^ HEAD next September ; man.v years' first-class prac
tii.>al experience; would teach Gardening. — .Applv, D. M.
lOJ, &3uth Villas, Camden Square, N.W.

TRADE.

"Y^AXTED, Representative for leading firm
' ' of Seedsmen amongst Market Gaiideners ; South-
west of England ; state qualifications, salary, &c. ; must
cvcle.— " SEEDS," Box 9, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
(jarden, W.C.

]VTAXAGER or FOREMAN ; life experience
-^ -*• in the trade ; controlling lakour and prodiioing
crops in large quantities. Plants, Flowers, Fruit, Vege-
tables.—LAWRENCE, 83, Warwick-aTenue, Paddington.

WANTED, for Farm Seed Warehouse, a
capable FOREMAN; must be able to superintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade : also
Warehouseman, neat sack stitcher and tyer indispensahJe ;
also for Garden Seed Department, an experienced Hand,
must be able to take "entire charge. Good wages offered.
All applicants must be ineligible.— A. B.. Bos 19, 4i.
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. Z

T\;^AXTED. FOREMEN, to undertake

" " actual work with men on new Landscape jobs,
who must be ineligible. State age, wages required, and
previous experience.— J. T., Box 12, 41, Wellington Street,
Cuvent Garden, W.O. 2.

TVANTED, a capab^le WORKING FORE-

" ' HAS, for tlie West of Engkind ; must be well up in
Roses, Fruit Trees, Shrubs, &c. State expeaience, refer
encc, &c.— B. M., Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, OovenI
Garden, W.O. 2.

"WT'ANTED, at once, for Work's Food

" Proluction Si'licme. STOREKEEPER, with good ex-
perience of Nursery and Market Oaixlcjiing book-keepii:g :
applicants, who must be over militar.v age. shoukl ^tnte
full «Ietails of experience and wages required. — Applv, MR.
GREENFIELD, Osrden Superintendent, care of Tlie
National Filling Fa/story, No. 4 Offices, Ooventrj-.

"WANTED, SHOPMAN or SHOP

" " WOM-VN for retail Garden Seed Business in
county town in Soul'h of Scotland ; nKm must be iji
eligible for Annv. Please state former experience ami
salari- required— Write. M. K., Box 26, 41, Wellington
Street. Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

"\\^ANTED, for Lancasliire district, experi
" » ence«l COrXTER HAND; ineligible; used to whole
sale and retail trade ; permanency to suitable hand. Give
full particulars as to experience, aalary, &o. — Write, M. F.,
Box 13, 41. Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

Tl/'ANTED. Hard.v Plant PROPAOATOR,

' ' in good Nurserv, near London.— Write, stating full
particulars. W. B., Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

"WANTED, a CUCUMBER and
" " TOMA TO GROWER ; good wages and overtime.—
Apply to J. M. LEATHER, East Fields, Mitdiam.

"¥\7'ANTED, a man used to Ferns grown in

* ^ largo quanitdties and quick at potting. — Please
state wages to L. J., Box 3, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

A UDIT or CHECKING CLERK (experi-

"^^ enced) wanted; ineligible; quick and accurate. —
TOOOOOD i SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Southampton.

"Vl/'ANTED, CI-ERK, for ledgers, invoicing,

' ' and to a-*pist gcnenillv in ofHt.'e ; good progressive
situation.— Applv, in own handwriting, stating full par-
ticulars, to WOOD & INGR.A.M, The Old Nurseries. Hunt-
ingdon.

"WANTED, several WOMEN GAR-

' ' DEXERS for Ma,rket Nursery, Tomatos, Chrysan-
t.hemums. and Rosea grown ; good wages and overtime. —
Apply, S.APSFOUD & ALLMAN, Waltham A,bbey, Essex.

OEED TRADE. — SAMUEL FINNEY ct

'^ 00 , LTD., Newciustle-on-Tyno, have vacancy for ex-
perioni-e<l ASSISTANT in thedr Garden Seed department ;
pennaiifnt i-itUJtion and good vrages to reliable nmn.-
Write, stating age, experience, and wages expected, to
above?

The Gardeners' Chronicle

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THE BOOK OF
THE MOMENT.

Root & Stem
Vegetables

By ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

At tlic [ircsciit crisis tlie (ikkI pniblcin
bulks largely. The question of whicli
vegetables contain the most food is a
pressing one, and it is found that root
anil stem vegetables, such as Potatos,
Carrots, Turnips, and Parsnips, contain
much higher percentages of food value
than green vegetables, valuable thout;h
these are as adjuncts.

"ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES"

is a book uhiih treats o;i/v ul those
vegetables the root or stem of which is
eaten, and is therefore especially valuable
to all who are endeavouring to concentrate
their attention on growing the most
economical forms of food. It contains
eight coloured plates reproduced from
photographs.

To he obtained from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd.,

41, WELLINGTON ST., W C. 2.
PRICE mo POST FREE.

IV.

THE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

BULL'S PLANT

FOOD Go ,
536, King's Rd.,
Chelsea,
LONDON.

Has proved a Phenomenal Success

A SUBSTITUTE lor ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
■^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
A in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thicliness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. Britleh Sheet Claes, under the same
conditioBS.

Manufacturer* of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

" BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List ot
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C.
And Blaokfrlars Wharf, Upper Qround Street, S.E.

Quote Gardeners' Chronicle.

MANV rEARS RrPUTATION.

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS -NO NEW EXPERIMENT.

LABOUR SAVERS. -EUREKA" uwn samo.

5DILFUME, Nicotine Insecticides Fumers.
Sprays. AND other Chemicals & Sundries.
See List please ask vour agent for the Eureka

' ARTICLES - They are always satisfactory If a

nCULTY IN OBTAINING WE SEND DIRECT. CARRIAGE

<T0MLIN$DN!«HAYWARD L" LINCOLN.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARKATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

Phytobroma

Barr's Nexw Plant Food
For Flowers Vej^etables and Fruit
of highest quality & ouaranteed analysis

Phytobroma Greatly Increases ali Vegetable Crops.

Guaranteed Analysis : ~ 350 % Nitrogen ; WW % Solulile
Phnsjthates ; 13-60 % Insoluble Plwspkatcs ; 3 4 Pure Potash.
71b., 2/9 ; 141b., 5/6'; 'iSlb., 8/-; 561b., 15/- ;
1 cwt., 28/-.
Prepaid Orders for '281b. and upwards, carriage
paid Circular, with full particulars, on application

BARR and SONS,

King Street. Covent Garden, LONDON.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold curtain Bmall atocke of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

whieli we shall be pleased to cleir at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on opplication,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSbwicT"''

** XSho BEST and CheapecK

RICHARD SANKBYA SON. /?
Bolwell Po^^eries. NOTTlMnMjiM

BAMBOO BLINDS for GREENHOUSES.

SIZES

IN STOCK

FROM

I0ft.x8ft.

TO

15ft. X 15ft.

-i^'H^zy^

PRICE LIST

SENT
POST FREE

ON
APPLICATION

J. AVERY & CO., Horticultural Blind Makers

-81, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

HHNIilNIIINIIiMllllWIIMHiM^^

ray

Ybur

Rotatoes

PROTECTION against the Potato's worst enemy— Blight-
is ahsolutely essential. Blight cannot be cured ; but it caa
be prevented if the crop is sprayed la time with a reliable
mixture such as

Keelings Spraying Mixture

(Kiln Bnsnd)

whicli is the mixture appioved by ticieiice. Can be used
with an ordinary garden sprayer— keeps in auy climate-
good for fruit trees. Harmless to other plants.
4 lbs. makes 25 galls, of miitiire (sufficient for ) acre). Price,
in 4 lb. hags. 4/6: 8 lbs., 8/ : ItJIbs., I3 6 ; 32 lbs., 24/-;
all carriage free in U.K. Specia. prices for larger quantities.
Sample 1 lb. 1/6, post free. Send P.O. with order direct to
1 lit- -'lanufuLturers,

Keeling & Walker, Ltd. "•»?'; un^l'S'.^r''
M

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

BM^tfe

Said aTerTwhrr. In TINS ti ed. 4 1 •. . w>4 U B&AHM D « S KALAO

BAGSt riba.Ss. e«l., Ulb>..4B. a<i. i M >t>>..Ta. ««,, Ulk.„ «X». •«. IISIk*.aOa. 0>

ilCKi (rrai th* WkMi. Cairtaf e paM in the UaltW Klnfd.ni tar CMk *ttk OrArt 4caM^ Ad. TINSt

CLAY & SON, Ma-aire K".- i. g.

IT. IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

June 16, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

239

No. USf!^.— SATURDAY, JUNE 16, 1$17,

CONTENTS.

Alpine garden, the—

Morisia hypogaea

Primula spicata
AzolU caroliniana
Beetroot, R.H.S. trial of
Bracken, the use and

•radication of ..
Crusoe's Island : Juan

Fernandez
Farm, crops and stock

on the home ..
Fertilisers, cheap
Flowera in season
Food production, on in-
creased—

Beet, the hardiness of

Broad Bean, the

WeeTilB

Frost, damage to Lime

trees by

Fuchsia sptendena
Gardeners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution

214

Hardy flower border,
the—

Myosotideum nubile.. '.
Orchid notes and glean*
inga—

Orchids at Gatton Park '.
Science and the nation.. '■
Seed, old, and new .. i
Societies —

llancheiter and North
of England Orchid . . '.

Royal Horticultural .. '.
Trees and shrubs—

Batsford Park, notes

from '■

Week's work, the—

Flower garden, the .. '.

Fruits under glass .. !

Hardy fruit garden, the :

Kitchen garden, the .. !

Orchid houses, the .. !

Plants under glass .. '.
Weevil, the Pea .. .. :

ILLUSTRATIONt.

Dendroseris mJcrantha on Juan Ktirnandez.

Fuchsia splendeus

Juan Fernandez, vegetation of,. .. :

SCIENCE AND THE NATION.*

HUWKVKll much tho welter of war
may be deplored, there is no
doubt that a time of great stress
has a value of its own in forcing
us, whether willingly or not, to probe
the weaknesses of beliefs, and examine
the foundations of practices. Many
tilings can be tolerated without discom-
fort in times of prosperous peace, and
dangers are apt to grow whose very exist-
uiice was hardly suspected by the mass of
the people. They and their rulers have
rested content with arrangements that had
been good enough for their forefathers,
and still seemed good enough for them,
before the rude awakening in 11)14
brought disillusionment with it. A few
thoughtful men and women knew that all
was not well, but their voices were
drowned in the general shout that all was
as good as it could over be expected to
be, and even the widening breach between
capital and labour was accepted as some-
thing which, if regrettable, was at any
rate ineluctible. Perhaps few things
havc' undergone a greater change in the
public mind than the position allotted to
science from the point of view of its
national importance. The whole matter
of eilucation has also assumed an aspect
it never wore before. There have lieen
Royal Commissions, Departmental In-

• Sri nti-i' and the Sation. Essays by Cainbrid(tek'raduale8
With an Introiliiotion by the Kigbt Hun. Lcirtl Moultoii.
F K.S. E'lited by A. C Seward. K R S. (Cambridge: At
tbu I'niveislty Press.) 1917. Price is. net.

quiries, and all sorts of other Govern-
ir'ental machinery constructed to improve
education in the past, but scheme after
scheme was spoilt, or mutilated in the in-
terest, not of the nation or the children,
but of the politician. A very different
state of things prevails to-day. We have
had to examine the foundations on which
our national prosperity rests, and we have
not found the result of that examination
to be satisfactory. We have had to realise
indeed what great results for Germany
accrued from the battle of Jena; for the
well-constructed and definitely decided
policy of education, and particularly
scientific education, and the encourage-
ment of research in the country, was
started in the stress of those times. We
have seen enough of the results of com-
petent direction and foresight, and we
have had a glimpse of the pit that lies in
tlie path of a nation that wastes its
opportunities of improving for its own
purposes the results of advancing know-
ledge.

The excellent series of essays collected in
the book before us has been designed to
illuminate one aspect of this national
question. Everyone is now agreed that
Science is one of the most important
branches of knowledge, and especially when
viewed from the material standpoint of
profit and loss. An important Committee
appointed by the late Government is giving
earnest consideration to the matter, and
without doubt drastic alterations and re-
forms are in the air. Meantime, a good
beginning has been made in the establish-
ment of a national Department to aid
scientific and industrial research out of the
public funds.

Although many people are now vaguely
appealing to science, as to a modern
.'Esculapius whose business it is to find a
cure for industrial deficiencies and for
other economic evils, there is a good
deal of confusion ob to what is really
meant by science itself, and how its opera-
tions are advantageously to be most ex-
tended. It is recognised that somehow it
is concerned with, industry, and the catch-
word " Science and Industry " is in every-
body's mouth.

But in the impending processes of recon-
struction the matter is too important to be
allowed to suffer shipwreck on side issues,
after the manner that has more than once
befallen the educational barque in bygone
days. We must have a clear idea of what
science is, what its proper relation to, in-
dustry, and through industry to material
prosperity, if we are to avoid a fatal repeti-
tion of past mistakes. For we are at the
parting of the ways. If we do not now
learn and profit by the lesson which it has
needed a great war to teach us, the writing
on the wail will be written for us, as it has
already been written for many another
great nation before us.

It is just such a collection of titterances
as is comprised in this work, issuing
from some of the foremost of the
scientific men trained at Cambridge, that
was wanted to enable the ordinary man,
in whom the political power which wiill
make or mar our future mainly resides.

to arrive at a just apprehension of the
matter. The key-note of the book,
speciallj" emphasised in Professor Bragg's
admirable contribution, is the import-
ance of pure science. That is, the build-
ing up of a knowledge of nature and
the discovery of those immutable, because
they are causally related, sequences of
events which we term the laws of nature.
Often the unravelling of cause and effect
is a long and costly process, costly in
time, in brain power, and — least impor-
tant— in money. It is not till these natural
laws are discovered that we are able, so to
speak, so to control conditions as to ensure
the results we require for our own advance-
ment or prosperity. It is often not clearl}-
realised that we never reall}' create any-
thing, either by scientific or other means.
All we can do is to arrange conditions, and
when these are supplied nature inevitably
does the rest. This is a tact, the percep-
tion of which is essential to progress. It
shows, too, that much of what passes for
science is really a craft, a mere utilising
for our own advantage, of the formula or
recipe which it is the business of science to
discover.

But even the fashion in which the
recipe itself is to be employed, until it
becomes merely a technical art, comes
within the purview of science — applied
science, as it is often then called. It is,
liowever, the chief glory of science to reveal
the mechanism by which things happen, to
discover hidden and often unsuspected
forces, to examine the relations of energy
and matter in their intricate and manifold
interactions, and to penetrate the disguises
which conceal the reality and simplicity of
law under the cloak of the most varied
external conditions.

Pure science is the stream of knowledge
which fertilises practice. Provided all is
right with tTie fountain, the rest, in-
dustrial progress and all that this means,
may become possible, but by no means
otherwise. Pure science cannot be ex-
pressed in terms of pounds sterling, and the
ordinary Englishman likes to act on the
principle of putting down sixpence on
Monday and picking up a shilling on Tues-
day. It is this short-sighTed devotion to
quick profits that is our special constitu-
tional weakness. Perhaps a perusal of
Science and the Nnticm may do some-
thiiij,' to correct this besetting defect in our
national character. /. B. F.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINCI.

ORCHIDS AT G.\'1T0N PARK.
Sill JuaEMi.vH Colman's collection at <,Tatton
Park, Iteigate, is eepecially rich in choice
Odontioda* and Odontoglossunis, and the raising
of n«w varieties of these Orchids has been
carried on there for a number of years with
much succews. There ds at the present time a
fine display of eoailet Odoiitiodas and white and
variously coloured Odontoglossinns. Among the
foi-mer the more striking varieties noted during
a recent visit were Odontioda Ohanteder Was-
tonibirt variety ; Oda. Lady Colman, a brilliant
scarlet Hower of exceptionally tine form ; and
Oda. Colmauiae, the gem of the collection,
which was awarded a First-class Certificate by
the Orchid Committee at the Royal Horticultural

MO

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

Society's meeting on May 18, 1915. The flowers
of Oda. Colmaniae are of the largest size, with
very broads petals ; the ground colour is yellow,
with heavy, reddish-claret blotches. In its
fine form it partalies of the good qualities od
Odontoglossum Queen of Gatton, the best yellow-
ground Odontoglossum yet raised, its other
parent being Oda. Bradshawiae. The prin-
cipal O'dontoglcesum house presents a fin« ap-
pearance ; it contains choice forms of 0.
orispum, including 0. c. Franz Masiereel, and
the beautiful 0. c. Solum, bearing a strong
.-spike of its clear white flowers with dark darot-
cnloured labellum. In connection with this re-
markable variety it is interesting to note that
the unique 0. ardentissimum Memoria J. Gur-
ney Fowler (crispum Solum x Pescatorei),
in which its peculiarities are reproduced in aji
extraordinary manner, m now included in the

the Royal Horticultural Society on May 8, 1917,
when the latter received an Award of ' Merit.
Another plant finely in bloom is the original I).
Triumph (Dalhousieanum x thyrsiflorum).
raised by Messrs. Armstrong and Brown. A
First-class Certificate was awarded to tlie plant
when shown by the laite Mr. Fow-ler on Janu-
ary 19, 1915. Its history was given in Ganl.
C'/iron., February 13, 1915, p. 76. The plant
now bears a fine ispike of large white flowers
with claret-coloured blotch on the lip.

In one of the cool houses Dendrobium Victoria
Regina makes a good show with its gentian-blue
flowea-s with white centres, and various other
rare species are in bloom.

The numerous plants of Cattleya and Laelio-
Cattleya in the intennediate houses have a
wealth of flower. White fomis, and others witli
shades of blue, are special favourites. They

i.-i;i;is MIl'llANTHA
nN .ir.\N KEHXA>

Gatton i ark collection, the plant being in good
condition. Many of the Gatton hybrids are in
flower ; one very distinct, prettily-blotched form
is being employed for progressive raising, a use
which is also being made of the very richly-
hlntched 0. Lambardea.num Gatton Prince,
which is finely in hloom. In an adjoining house
is :>. beautiful collection of Miltonias, including
.M. ve.\illaria Memoria G. D. Owen, with finely-
developed flowers, and some of the best hybrids.
Sir Jeremiah Cohnan has met with great suc-
cess in the raising of hybrid Dendrobinms, his
best result being D. Lady Colman, which re-
ceived the R.iH.S. FJrst-cla&s Certificate on
February 10, 1914. The flowers of this section
of Dendrobium are now over, after making a
good show, being succeeded by the fine strain
oif n. illustre (Dalhousieanum x chrysotoxum),
of which the Gatton varietie.=. Bartels'annm and
Florence Bartels, were shown at the meeting of

include a pure white fonii of Cattleya Wanieri
and .some excellent white C. Mossiae. 0. Men-
dejii delicata is a blush-white improvement oi
Quorndon House variety : C. Mendelii iLa^ly
Colman, a charming white flower with sky-blue
front to the lip, and many of the best forni.s
of the large-flowered Cattleyas are in bloom.
Iin one house a batch of the orange- coloured,
purple-lipped Laelio-Cattleya Hippolyta Phoebe,
with the yellow L.-C. Ceres Gatiton Pari;
variety, make an attractive display; in another,
L.-C. Aphrodite, L.-C. €anhamiana, L.-C. Epi-
casta, and L.-C. Fascinator are flowering- in
profusion, probably the best being L.-C.
Fascinator var. King Edward VII., with a spike
of four noble white flo^vers, -with yellow
disc to the broadly expanded lip, the front lobe
of which is rbse-tinted at the sides. In another
house is a fine lot of Laelia purpunita. with
graceful Thunias raised at Gatton Park.

CRUSOE'S ISLAND^jlUAK FERNANDEZ.

(Coiidudcd Jrom p. 231.)
From a botanical point of view, Juan Fer-
nandez is one of the .most interesting islands in
the world. Far removed from the great South
American continent and from other islands, it
has a unique and special flora of its own.
An endemic fauna is frequently associated
with such a flora, i.e., many of the genera
and species of plants and animals are not
found elsewhere. In this respect Juan Fer-
nandez is surpassed only by the Sandwich
Islands, where 78 per cent, of the vascular plants
are confined to the group, as against 65 per cent
in Juan Fernandez. As Skottsberg remarks, " it
is as if one had been carried back to past geo-
logical periods, as if one walked about in a
liv'ing museum crowded with rare specimens. So
many wonderful plants are brought together here
on a small area that one must touch them to
realise that one does not dream."

The trees are mostly sparingly branched with
long, erect, slender, nearly naked branches,
crowned by a rosette of large, thin leaves. Many
of the trees have tufted leaves, and belong to
the Compositae, a family in which trees are com-
paratively rare. Similar types occur in the
Canary Islands, Madeira, and in the African
mountains near the Equator. In the last-men-
tioned there are whole forests of Tree Groundsels
(Senecio) which give the landscape a most weird
appearance : in the Canaries there are very
curious Tree Sow-thistles (Sonchus) ; all these
remarkable types are probably the relics of an
ancient flora, perhaps of tertiary times, or even
older, which existed also on the adjacent conti-
nents but which has been swept from them by
vast geological changes, such as the ice age. In
the narrow gorges of Juan Fernandez there is a
<lpnse and almost impenetrable primeval rain-
foresti with here and there one of the reraai'k-
able Cabbage Palms which have been so useful
as a vegetable to successive "Robinson Crusoes."
In 1895 Prof. .Johow, of Santiago, who has pub-
lished a book on the flora of the island, from
which some of our photographs have been taken,
[iroposed to the Chilian authorities that this tree
should be afforded protection, and that it should
be considered a crime to destroy it. There
exists a law on the subject. In the woods
creeping or twining plants are almost absent,
with the exception of a few Ferns, some
of which adorn the trurtks of trees. The
Sandal-wood, which was so much used by the
early travellers, is now totally extinct. When
H.M.S. "Adventure" (Capt. King), accom-
)>anied by the botanist Signor Bertero, visited
the island in 1830. no growing Sandal-wood could
lie found, only a large quantity of dry old trees
in the valleys. At the time of Skottsberg's visit
in 1908, only one tree remained, and it was
nearly dead. Although known for such a long
period, it was not until 1888 that the species
(Santalum fernandezianum) was described. The
Fern flora is remarkably conspicuous, especially
the arboreal species. The number of species of
Fern on the island is about one-third of the
whole flora. They are a conspicuous feature in the
vegetation, forming the chief constituent of the
undergrowth. Amongst them are two Tree Ferns
which give a pleasing yellowish tint to the general
foliage. The common Bracken (Pteris aquilina),
an almost cosmopolitan species, is entirely absent.
Four of the species of Fern are found only on
Juan Fernandez. One of these (Thyrsopteris
elegans) has a striking characteristic — -it is
the only known instance of a genus of
Ferns being confined to a small isolated island.
An excellent specimen is grown in the Temperate
House at the iRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The
appearance of the Fern when in " flower " is very
remarkable, the cup-shaped masses of spores
being bunched together and hanging down just
like clusters of Millet seed. At the time of
Moseley's visit in 1875 there were no trees for
the first few hundred feet from the shore, as
they liad all been felled bv the crews of vessels

June 16, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

2il

visiting the island. But Skottsberg says that the
Maqui (Aristotelia), a disagreeable tree imported
from the American Continent, is now spreading
rapidly, and is threatening the original vegeta-
tion on the lower slopes of the volcanic hiUs.
The valleys are partly covered with rain-forest
composed chiefly of three trees, a Myrtle
(Myi'tus fernandeziana) about 60 feet high, being
predominant. Associated with these trees are
the Cabbage Palm (Juania austrslis) and a Tr-o
Fern with mas-^ive stem? (Dicksonia Berteroanal.
There are several plants which, like the Mistleto.
grow on others (epiphytes), species of Hymen-
ophyUam (a Fern), and a member of the
family Compositae, which are very rarely of this
* habit; this is Ehetinodendron Berteroi, a tree-
destroyer ; it commences its life on the branches
of some other tree, which it eventually kills and
supplants.

Naturalists have not been slow in commemo-
rating in the names of plants and insects those
of Alexander Selkirk and his mythical double,
Robinson Crusoe. There is an insect called
Variopalpus Crusoi, whilst Dr. Hemsley, the late
head of the Kew Herbarium, described a new-
genus of plants, Selkirkia, a member of the
borage family, peculiar to the island. There
is also Robinsonia, a Daisy tree, described
by the celebrated Swiss botanist, De Candolle,
A Thistle has spread rapidly as a weed, and
Moseley humorously describes it growing "as if
eager to remind travellers to what race the world
owes the immortal Selkirk " — Scotland, of course '
Amongst the plants of the family Compo-
sitae there is a remarkable genus peculiar to the
island, Dendroseris (see fig. 91), a kind of Tree
Chicoi-y, and closely allied to the genus Cicho-
rium. In the appearance of its flowers it is
something like a Dandelion, and i^very like the
Tree Sow-Thistles of the Canary Mslands (Son-
chus). Excellent Sti-aiwberries, of a nearly white
Spanish variety, have ibeoome naturalised on
the lower slopes of the hills. A plant with
giant, circular. Rhubarb-like leave® ((Junnera
cliilensis (see fig. 92), gives a pleasant shade
during hot weaAlier. The stalks of the leaves
are about 7 feet high.

In concluding this sketch of the principal
events in the history of Juan Fernandez, it seems
fitting that after so close a connection with Eng-
lish literature and with British naval expeditions,
the island should have figured prominently in the
naval operations of the present war. It will be
remembered that during the fight off the Falk-
land Islands in December, 1914, the German
cruiser " Dresden " managed, owing to her
superior speed, to escape from the annihilation
meted out to her consorts by the gallant Sturdee.
It was not until March 14, 1915, that she was
cornered at the island of Juan Fernandez by the
"Kent" and the "Glasgow," where, after an
action lasting only five minutes, she was sent to
her last resting place beneath the waters of
Oumberland Bay. J. Hutchinson, Krw.

THE ALPINE GARDEN.

PRIMUT^A SPICATA.
QitiTE recently this miracle of loveliness easily
took pride of place in the garden. And as its
wa.ys are queer, I had "better put down my ex-
perience of it. Fon-est .sent me seed some
yeans ago. It germinated freely. But the
losses among the seedlings during winter were
frightful, though boxes, pot*;, and pans were
under glass. The few eurvivoTs flowered feebly.
But the following spring they came again, glori-
fied beyond belief, and I knew that I had got
fine of those gems which wipe out all the disap-
pointments of a collecting expedition. I gazed
at it with the eye of folly, and it re-
warded me by dying without setting a
seed. Two years -ago Forrest again seint liome
seed, and the friend to whom it came wa.s kind
enough to let me have some. History repeated
itself. The seed germinated tWcWy. The winter
almost exterminated the seedlings. At this

point, however. I introduced a variation by
planting out the surWvore in a dampish peat-
bed. Here they ilowered miserably. During
winter I laid Gorse over them — which, by the
way, is a good specific for throwing SoIdaneUas
into bloom. In the spring the Primulas came
again, changed in most cases from single to
many-crowned plants, and shcKwing by their
splendid condition how thoroughly tJiey had en-
joyed the cold. Every crown is carrying bloom,
and the beauty is so rare and delicate that I
have the greatest difficulty in getting past it.
Glorious P. nutans is P. spicata's only com-
petitor. But, warned by previous experience, 1
am this time taking no chances. Every flower
is being hand-fert.ilised. And the main object of
this note is to urge all who have bought plants
of P. spicata and P. nutans from Mr. Wallace,
of Colchester, to do likewise. It would be sad
if such beauties were to be lost to cultivation fin-
lack of a little care. .4. A'. liuUcy. Xes/fni.
Cheshire.

the two, and the natural slope of the ground
prevents its stagnation. A trench was run back
in the bank at one place, the excavation being
subsequently filled up with a mixture of Mendip
granite and limestone chips, .with the minimum
of added soil, forming, in fact, what often goes
under the name of a moraine. Jlorisia confines its
natural spreading to the area thus marked out.
I have hardly ever found natural seedlings on the
ground on either side, though there appears to
be no plain reason for its specialised predilection.
But in attempting to dig up some very small
seedlings tor a friend the secret leaked "out. I
got down about 18 inches, but seemed no nearer
the end of the long white tap root, which I sup
pose perhaps goes dow^n to the neighbourhood of
the water that percolates through the stones at
the clay level, some 5 feet below the surface. I
have never succeeded in getting an entire plant
out — that would apparently involve the destruc-
tion of the bank and the many good plants that
thrive in it, but it would be interesting to know

K-rATION OF .JI'AN FKHNANnKZ.

IMiiiii, „\ Uiinnera chiieiiBKi is seen in the toreitTOumi ; Uie large rhub;irb.lik<! leaves ooUect
and retain a considerable amount o( rain-water. (From the " Chnlleiiger " norrativc.)

MORISIA HYPOGAEA.

Lv Sir Herbert Maxwell's interesting " Notes
from a Galloway Garden," which appeared in the
issue of the (lardiiwrg Chronicle on June 2, he
refers to Morisia. hypogaea, an Alpine of the
greatest value not only on account of the bril-
liant yellow of its freely produced flowers, but also
on account of its very long period of blooming. As
many people seem to find this a somewhat diffi-
cult plant to keep, I may perhaps be forgiven for
giving my own experience of growing it, the
more so since I formerly had many failures with
it. But for the last eight years it has been
flourishing on a somewhat elevated bank of the
rock garden, where it regularly flowers from
December till .lune, and seeds freely, the young
plants being quite abundant. But it only thrives
in one spot in this fashion, and though I grow it
in other places, it dies out there after a 'year oi-
two.

Tlio rock garden was originally formed by
adnnting the banks of an old gravel pit resting
oil clay. Water moves freely at the junction of

whether anyone has followed this rather wonder-
ful root system completely out. I should perhaps
add that the plant never seems to take harm from
either excessive heat or even cold, nor does it, in
this position, suffer from drought or damp, both
of which I often find to bo fatal to specimens
growing only a few yards distant.

Of course, it is well known that niiiiiy Alpines
naturally possess root systems which are very
large in proportion to tlie size of the plant. I
have found Eritrichium nanuni, for example,
growing in fair abundance on the south precipice
of the Meije, and one small specimen peered out
of a crack which bounded a slab more than a
square yard in area that turned out to be loose.
On prising out the slab with an ice axe the whole
of the exposed surface was seen to be closely
felted over with the root system of a plant that
was itself less tlian 2 inches in the diameter of
its tuft of leaves. This is one of the properties
of many Alpines which sometimes makes them
difficult to manage in the rock garden. /. II F.,
Gerrurd'., Cross.

242

THE gardenbus' chronicle.

rjuNE 16, 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

WEEVILS.
DUBINO the first sptll of dry weather in May
my attejitiou was called to Peas that were being
oaten by something on allotment grounds in a
wes-tern suburb of London. Sparrows wej-e
blamed, but I could see that the damage was
not being done by thoee miscliievous birds, but
by an insect pest. However, my shadow was
BufficLent to make the weevils begin di-opping on
their bivcke, feigning death, and I soon found
tliat the culprit was Sitona crinita, or the
spotted Pea weevil. Other Peas on the grounds
were eaten in the same way, and I ascertained
tJliat the insects were there in previous years.
A few day^ afterwards I received a boxful of
Broad Beans and Peae eaten by the same pests
from anot'her part of the country. I note that
the modern spelling of Sitones lineatus {the most
widely distributed and common species) is
ad(>i5ted by G. H. H. IF., p. 225. All the older
authorities quote the names Sitona lineata,
Linnaeus, and S. crinita, Olivier, including
Jolin Curtis in hlsi Farm. Insects. However, the
peste are the same. There are some thirteen
species that feed on leguminous plants, and four,
at least, are liarmful to cultivated crops. How
to destroy them is the burning question, as ex-
pressed by Mr. Beckett, on p. 222, and others. I
would suggest arsenate of lead paste for spray-
ing Peas and Beans to poison the weevils. A
well-made paraffin eonukion would be safer for
vegetation generally than paraffin and water,
mentioned on p. 225. Laying tarred boards
aiong either side of the rows overnight or eaxly
in the morning, and making the weevils drop on
them during the day, would be effective if the
Peas were tall enough to shake them over the
boards. They were not tall enough for this on
the allotment gix>unds above-mentioned, and this
is the stage when the weevils ar« most harmful.
Lines of sanid wetted with paraffin, strewed on
either side of the rows, would have a deterrent
effect. Soot and Avood ashes dusted over the
Peas on the allotments checked the weevils, and
subsequent rains were highlv beneficial to the
Peas. J. F.

I had a fin« row of The Pilot Pea, about

9 inches high, when weevils attacked the plants,
stripping off the foliage. I obtained some soot
that had been taken out of the flues three or
four days previously (we had been burning logs
of wood instead of coal for about six or eight
weeks, and that might have made a little differ-
ence in the nature of the soot), and dressed the
Peas and the ground round about with it. From
that day to this I have never seen a single trace
of a weevil. A row of second early Peas is
entirely free from weevils. On the other side
of the first row of Peas there is a row of Broad
Beans in full flower, sown the same time as the
Peas, and these have never been touched.
H. J. H. Davison.

THE HARDINESS OF BEET.
iMosT of us have considered it risky to leave
Beet in the ground later than the end of Novem-
ber, though from the Wisley experience it would
seem that much unnecessary labour has been ex-
pended (the lifting has to be done in any case,
either collectively or as required, in storing the
roots in a frost-proof place. Then, again, if
Beet is a hardy perennial, why do we not sow
the seed during March and obtain the advantages
of an earlier crop, and of getting the seedlings
safely established before the advent of the
general early summer droughts, instead of wait-
ing until the end of April or May ? In my
opinion, despite the apparently conclusive Wisley
experience, and the fact that in ray own garden
a few roots have safely passed through the
severe winter and are now in flower, the answer
is that generally Beet is tender. The fact that
it has safely withstood prolonged, hard frost
merely proves that thi_rty odd degrees of frost

when the ground and roots are fairly dry, have
no ill effects. But those conditions in this
country are generally agreed to be decidedly ex-
ceptional. In an average winter we are more
likely to experience frosts of much less intensity
with mild intervals, and when the ground is wet.
Under these usual conditions the roots in the
ground would be surcharged with moisture and
their skins soft. A. C. Bartlett.

THE BROAD BEAJ^.
It is pleasant for one who has advocated the
increased cultivation of the Broad Bean to ob-
sei-ve Mr. R. P. Brothcrston urge its extended
cultivation on p. 222. Many seem to object to
itis flavour' and discourage its growth in their
gardens. There is a feeling abroad that it
is » "vulgar" dish, and not to be mentioned
in polite society ! I have had an opportunity of
seeing many new allotments this year, and have
been disappointed to observe how few Broad
Beans are being grown in Scottish allotments.
It shows how little the Bean is esteemed in
working-class houses, and the few grown in
many private gardens show that this is not
peculiar ti) the working housewife. In some
parts of Scotland, too, the Broad Bean finds
little sale in the shop of the greengrocer.
A Scottish Gardener.

THE LIFTINQ OF IMMATURE POTATOS.
In certain quartere feai's have been ex-
pressed that growers oi Potatos this .year
may lift part of their crops before they
are mature. It has been suggested that licences
for the lifting of Potatos shoidd be granted
after inspection of crops by the local authorities
or the Board of Agriculture. The Food Pro-
duction Department believes that the patriotic
common-sense nf the general body of growers
may be left safely to deal with this question.
The sugge,,ted licensing would entail much
labour, and possibly some irritating interference
alike with amateurs and commercial growers.
It the committees of gardening and allotment
and small-holding societies will make it quite
clear to their members that self-interest, as well
as the national welfare, demands that Potatos
be left in the ground long enough to produce a
full crop, no regulation should be required.

POTATOS AND BEET.

The planting of the Potato Evergood at
5 feet apart and 1 foot between the eeie
(pp. 181 and 222) opened up an interesting
question, sincg the results obtained were so
satisfactory. As the Potatos continued to stand
upright, I immediately concluded that the sodl
was not overburdened with humus, and that
the situation was sufficiently open for a free
play of air on the haulms. I have seen old and
confined gardens overdone with animal manures,
and so shut in that old-fashioned varieties of
Potatos gre\v 5 feet to 6 feet long, fell down
flat, and produced only few and small tubers.
I have always understood that Beet was hardy,
and some books, at least, say so. However,
many late sowings of Beet have been left in the
gi'ound all winter since 1914 induced tie prac-
tice. Spinach Beet is a common example of the
crop being left in the open. Some authorities
consider that Beta maritima of our sea coasts
was the probable origin of Beet and Mangold
Wurzel. Tills is native from the western
shores of Europe and Western Asia to India,
and must be subjected to severe weather in some
of its habitats. Garden practice often makes us
forget the hardiness of plants. Like Mr. Divers
(p. 222), I believe in storing the juicy-rooted
form.s of garden Beet. I have stored' it in sand
in a shed where it must often have been frozen,
yet the roots remained usable till midsummer
or after. I have had to lift lumps of frozen
earth 2 feet square in order to get a, supply of
Jerusalem Artichokes. That would not have
answered for Beet, hence the reason for storing
it. J.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Winter Greens. There is still time to sow
in an open position Christmas Drumhead Cab-
bage for use in January and Febniary. Pint
the plants out as soon as they are large enough
to handle, and they will then be likely to
retain their bottom leaves. Plant firmly,
and give a good supply of water to settle the
soil about the roots. Haxdy Green Cole-
wont may also be sown for winter and spring
supplies. Savoys and other winter greens should
be planted out as soon as the ground is available,
allowing plenty of space between the rows.
Give a liberal supply of water, and keep a sharp
look-out for slugs and other pests. Broccoli
should be planted in good time, and at least 2 feet
allowed between the rows. The soil for these
plants should not be so rich as for early varieties.

Spinach.— Iff a cool border is availaJble,
a solving of Spinach may be made every eight
days. If the weather continues dry, water
will be necessary, freely applied from the com-
mencement. New Zealand Spinach is a good
substitute for the ordinary variety, and where
there is only a limited supply of water and labour
it is the best substitute. It will grow quickly
even during very hot weather, and continue to
produce a large quantity of green leaves until
destroyed by frost in the late autumn. It may
be sown now in rows 3 feet apart in rich soil.

Lefks.— These should be planted in large
quantities, if space is available. They should be
planted on good soil without any special prepara-
tion. Early plantations of Leeks will benefit by
a liberal supply of manure water at the roots.

Celery.— Continue to plant out Celery as the
plants become large enough. Do not let them
remain in the nursery beds too long, or they will
become drawn, and suffer when transferred to the
trenches. Give special attention to the watering
of Celery during dry weather. Dust lightly with
soot in the early morning, to keep Celery fly from
the plants, and keep a sharp look-out for slugs.

Beet.— A sowing of Turnip-rooted Beet may
be made on rich soil, to furnish roots for use
during the winter and spring. Thin the seed-
lings to 9 inches apart as soon as large enough,
and keep the soil lightly stirred with the Dutch
■hoe throughout the flower'tng season.

Late Pea».— The last sowing of Peas should
be made not later than the middle of the month.
.Sow the seeds thinly in deep drills or trenches,
and apply the sticks as soon as the plants are
2 inches high. No earthing up will be necessary
beyond drawing a little crumbling soil into the
drill to steady the plants until they reach the
sticks. Thus the stems of the plants ■rt'ill be
rather below the surrounding level, which is
much better than drawing the soil up in ridges,
which would cast the rain-water away from the
roots. As soon as the sticks have been placed
in position, a mulching of farmyard manure be-
tween the rows will help to retain the moisture
in the soil.

Potato*.— The earthing-up of all main-crop
Potatos should be accomplished as soon as pos-
sible after the ground has been stirred and all
weeds destroyed.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLUER, Gardener to Sir JEREailAH COLJUN,
Bart., GattfOn Park, Reigate.

Cattleya and Laelias.- Cattleya Mendelii,
C. Mossiae, Laelia purpurata and their many
hybrids, are now at the height of their flowering
season. Avoid letting the plants " overflower " ;
a great many are permanently injured by allow-
ing the flowers to remain on them for too long.
In the case of plants that are not well rooted,
either remove the flower-spikes directly they
appear, or cut the blooms as soon as they open.
Cattleya Warscewiczii (gigas), C. Gaskelliana,

June 16, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

24:3

C. Warneri, C. Dowiana and its variety aurea,
and others whic'li produce their flowers during
the late sommer, are now making new growths,
and should be placetl in the warmest and
lightest position in the Cuttleya house. Give
them a more liberal supply of water at the roots,
thoroughly soaking the compost through, but
allowing it to become moderately dry between
each jipplication. A few of the earliest plants
will be producing their flower sheathes, but any
specimens that do not bloom may be repotted, if
necessary, as soon as they commence to root from
the current pseudo-bulbs. Use a mixture of
Osmunda and Al fibre, with the addition of suffi-
cient crushed crocks to keep the materials
porous. Qattleya Mendelii, C. Mossiae, and their
hybrids, should be looked over as they pass out
of flower, to ascertain if additional pot room or
new material is needed. If so, the same mi.xture
may be used. For a few weeks after repotting
careful watering is necessary, and extra shading
should be employed. The plants should be
.sprayed overhead two or three times every day
during bright weather.

FROITS UNDER GLASS.

Peaches, Ncctarines, and Plums in

Pots.— These fruits are safely past the stoning
period and are commencing to swell again. A
little weak stimulant may be given to the roots
to keep the shoots •growing steadily whilst the
fruit is swelling. We expect to ga/ther our first
fruits from trees in 'houses that have been kept
quite cool towards the end of the present month.
Early Plums have been thinned again, to be on
the safe .side. I noticed a little red spider on a
few of the trees, but the pest was soon checked
by sjTinging with clear water, and ae there i.''
no indication of colouring yet the fruits will not
be stained. In no case are we hurrying these
pot trees, and both the side and top ventilators
are kept open at night. At the same time
warmth from the pipes is reduced to a minimum.

Later Pot Trees. -Plums have set freely
on late treee in pots in a cold hou-se, and, so
far, there is but little evidence of the Plum
fly, which will often attack the trees soon after
the fruits have set. If this fly threatens to
spread we .shall sjTinge freely with Liquid Gis-
hurirtine. The trees are much crowded, but I
hope to be able to afford them more room later.
.\lthough Plume will, at a pinch, bear a little
more crowding than either late Peaches or Nec-
tarines at this early stage, I prefer to fully ex-
pose these trees to light and air from the
time of frMit-.setting oirwards. Sea Eagle and
the Nectarine Peach, and the Victoria Nectarine,
need a long .season and plenty of sunshine to
ripen their fruits thoroughly.

Pot Vinbs.- Give vines in pots everj' atten-
tion from now onwards. Light, heat and
moisture are essential, but I do not advise
bottom heat. Pot vines do well standing over
hot-water pipes, two bricks intervening between
the pots and the pipes. An effort should be
made to give the vines a fair chance of making
good growth. When any teach to a length of
5 or 6 feet they should be stopped, and then be
made to break the m,ain bud at the top. Do not
let the lateral growtb come away, as this is not
good enough.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Hv \V. a. Took. Gardener t<> the Hon. Arthiir Davby,
Abbotts Wood, Oodalming. Surrey.

Outdoor Vines.— Vines grown in the open
fill- tlifir fruits should be disbudded carefully,
and all shoots which are not required for fruit-
ing or extension .removed, rubbing thSm out with
the finn<Ts ; pinch any shoots th.at need stopping.
The bunches should be thinnecl to one on each
Literal, whilcih may be stop^jed at .about the
-i-cond lealf. In training the shoots exercise great
rare, fior they are very tender, an<l break off at
the base in, consequence of very little extra, pres-
sure. The vines must be kept free from mildeiw,
by the use of a fungicide if necessary. PotJas-
sium sulphide is suitable, butdt must be remem-
bered that it will cause paint to turn black. If

preferred, flowers of sulphur may be dastted on
tbe leaves, but it is necessary to repeat the
application at intervals. Where the roots are
growing in dry situations water may be neces-
sary, and should be given copiously when ap-
p'lied at all. Vines are suitable plants for fur-
nishing treUises and pergolas, and if the shoots
are trained early in the season not much further
attention will be needed.

Bush and Pyramid Apple Trees. — If
black aphis is present on the tips of the shoots,
use ttie syringe or garden engine for sipraying
with a strong solution of Extract of Quassia.
If caterpillars are stiU present, give a good
syringing with Bichu, according to the
directions sold with it. This is beist applied
at night, and the trees should be washed
with clear water in the morning. Early Apples
which are swelling their fruits should be thinned
when set in clusters. Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach,
Lady Sudeley, and Beauty of Both all ripen early.
Early Harvest is also a good variety ; the fruits
attain to a fair size, and ithe tree is a free
grofwer. Culinary varieties are also the better
for being thinned early, eepecially such large
somtB as Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, Frog-
more Prolific, and Newton Wonder. Be on the
alert for signs of American blight, and if dis-
covered brush the bark hard with a mixture of
nicotine soap and petroleum.

Tyino and Nailino.-AII kinds of trees are
now growing rapidly, and if the stopping and
disbudding has been already carried out the re
maining shoots should be fastened to the wall
or wire in the desired directions. The brandies
of trees which have filled their allotted space
should be srt.opped, but in the case of newly
planted or smaller trees they should be retained
their whole length. The points of Cordon Pears
and CHien-ies may be nailed in ; the most robust
shoots coming from the lower branches should
be kept in order to furnish bare places.

Strawberries— Give the Str.awberry plants
a good soaking with water or liquid manure,
(Specially in light or shallow soil, before they
are netted.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

■ OLANUM caprioastrum.— This popular
berried plant is usually much in demand for de-
coration during the winter months. Plant*
grown from seed sown, or cuttings struck, during
the early spiing, will now bo ready for the final
shift into pots measuring 4j to 5 indhas.
If large specimens are required, old plants
should be grown on and transferred into
larger pot« of the size needed. After potting
they should be kept under glass till re-estab-
lished, and then plunged the whole depth of the
pot into soil or ashes. Excessive dryness muet
be avoided, or red spider will attack the plants.
Syringe regularly to keep down insect pests, and
use clear diluted soot-water occasionally for the
same purpose.

Qrsvillia robusta.— When in small-sized
pots, euoh as 60's or 48'is, this species makes ex-
cellent lititle table plants. It thrives under, cool
treatment, and .it can be grown by anyone who
has a litAle glaes, and cannot attempt stove plant.s
like Crotons or Dracaenas. The seed may be
sown almost any time, but if sown in the early
spring the plants are ready by now for potting
into the sizes mentioned above, or larger if pre-
ferred. If possible, after being potted, they
should be kept a little closer in the house or
frame, to ensure a quick start. If checked mucli
they are apt to lose their bottom leaves. Avoid
over-watering the plants when they are small, but
syringe them freely, and provide shade from
very hot euii, .in order to keep t/he foliage fresh
and green.

Cyclamen latifolium.- Plants of Cyclamen
latifolium should be traiiaferred to their flower-
ing pots without delay, especially if they are re-
quired to flower, ill the autumn and early winter.
Use a compost of two parts fibrous loam and one
iwrt leaf-soil, adding sand, crushed charcoal, and
a little dried cow-manure. Place the plants in a
frame, if possible, not exposed to the full glare

of the sun ; in the latter case they would have to
be carefully shaded. When the plants are well
established and growing freely, the lights should
be drawn entirely off at night, so as to give the
plants the benefit of the cool night dews. Keep
over plants that flowered this season for late
blooming next year. Pot thom up, and give them
similar treatment to that recommended above for
seedlings. Sprinkle a little soot over the ashes,
and keep the frame damped. Fumigate regularly,
to keep dwvn aphis and thrips.

Cinerarias and Primulas.— Early batches
of Cinerarias and Primulas wiU now be ready for
pricking oft into small pots or boxes. The latter
lare economical when handling large numbers, as
the plants can afterwards be transferred directly
to their flowering pots. Use open soil, and
return the plants when potted to a cool frame,
keeping them weU up to the glass, but shading
them during bright weather. Dispense with the
shading in the late afternoon, and draw the lights
off entirely on calm nights, to allow the plants
the full benefit of the night dews. Sow another
hatch of each of these, using light, open soil.
After filling the pans or boxes, the soil should be
watered before sowing the seeds. Press the seed
gently into the soil, and cover very lightly ; sow-
ins too deeply is a common error. Place the
seed-pans in a cool frame, and see that they are
kept uniformly damp.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bj- W. J. GuisB. GardeDer to Mrs. Dempster, Keelo
Hall, Stailordsbire.

8ub-Tropical Plants.— Plants raised from
seed this year should now be in good condition,
and may be used in the summer bedding arrange-
ments either .as dot plants or for furnishing beds.
An open site, but sheltered from north-east
winds, should be selected. Such plants as
Canna, Ricinus, Wigandia cai-acasana, Zea japo-
nica variegata, ^ Salvia argentea, Amai-anthus
caudatus, .the Giant lienip (Cannabis), Nioo-
tiana wigandioides, Perilla nankinensis. Acacia
lo])haiitha, Eacalj-^iltiis Globulus, and Solanums,
are easily raised from seed, and are excellent sub-
jects for many forms of garden adornment. Other
plants that may be used in conjunction with the
former are the Japanese Maples, Arali.as,
Yuccas, Bocconia, Dracaenas, Coleus Versch-
affeltii, and Palms. It is advisable to plunge the
plants, as they are then better under the con-
trol of the grower. Stimulants must be given
occasionally, or the plants will soon deiterforate.

The Rock Garden.- During dry weather do
not let the plants suffer for want of water. As
they pass out of flower, remove all dead
flowers, except from the varieties required to
seed, of which the pods should remain until the
seed is nearly ripe. Attach a liibel to each plant
for future reference. The strongly-growing
plants will need cutting back. Place sifted leaf-
mould round the base of the plants to conserve
the moisture, and a small quantity of some |ap-
proved fertiliser in the can before watering.

Pbrennials.— Perennials can be sown in drills
on an open border, but skeleton frames are
better, as they can be covered with any spare
lights. Make the seed bed quite flat, and allow
a space of 5 to 9 inches between the drills. .'\
thin shading and occasional sprayings with clear
water will hasten germination. The following,
sown now, will provide good plants by October:
Primulas in variety, Pyrethrums, Statice lati-
folia, Chelone barbata, Heucheraa, Delphinium,
.4quilegia, Anchusa italica, Galega, Lychnis, and
Eryngium. Sow the seed thinly and prick out
the seedlings directly they are large enough tn
handle.

Summer- Flowerinq Chrysanthemums.—
Coiitiiuie to stop the slmots until the end of the
pre-sent month, after which tlit* pl.ints should be
allowed to grow on to the flowering stage. Re-
duce the number of shoots according to the size
of the plant required. StakiH e^ich root separately
and allow ample space to admit light and air.
The flat hoe mu.s.t be frequently used between
the plants, even if there are no weieds. Give
water during dry weather and syringe tlhe .plants
occasionaUy to keep insect peSts in chedk.

244

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

rJoNE 16, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEETISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41. WelUnerton Street,
Covent Garden, W-C-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in oblai7ung answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Tubushse ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/i« Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for toss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or tUustrations. or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do rwt hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News. — Correspondents will grgatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens tf
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS, 41. Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. Xiondon. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE 31DB ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in tha week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee tf good faith.

Ateragb Meah Trupbratuab for the enfiuintf va&k
deduced from obeerrations duruif the last Qfty
yeme at Greenwich, 59.5.
Actual Tkupbratobb : —

Oardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WeUin^fton Stffeet,
Ooven-t, tJarden, London, Thursday. June 14.
10 a.m. ; Bar. 29.4 ; temp. 70°. Weather—
Oloudy.

It is very desirable that

Old Seed and experienced gardeners
New. should do all in their

power to assist the
authorities in spreading knowledge
among amateur cultivators on the sub-
ject of seeds. They know the vagaries of
seeds, whereas the amateur is apt to re-
gard a seed as the certain progenitor of
a plant. The need for general instruction
is a very, real one, for the world is revert-
ing to its first occupation of gardening.
Nowhere is this reversion more marked
than in England, although it looks as if
America is going to run us very close.
Hence there is bound to be a strain on the
world's supplies of vegetable seeds.

Even during the present sowing season
signs have not Ijeen wanting that the sup-
plies of some kinds of seed are deficient,
and that some samples contain a certain
percentage of old .seed.

A striking example recently came under
our notice. Parsnip seed was sown a
month or so ago, and generated so un-
evenly as to suggest the advisability of
re-sowing. Fortunately, the gardener
was wise, and, shaking his head, decided
to wait and _see. Immediately after he
liad taken that decision a heavy rain
fell, and within two or three days a
.second crop — no doubt of the older seed
— had germinated, and the rows of seed-
lings were plainly visible and sufficiently
thick.

It is the liabit of old seed to germinate
.slowly and irregularly. Such seed finds a
difficulty in plumping up. Hence judg-

ment must be exercised both this year
and next as to how best to com-
pruiuise between the need for economy by
Uiin sowing and the need to sow thicklj-
enough to produce sutlicient seedlings.
In this connection the readiness with
which diherent seedlings may be trans-
planted must be borne in mind. No doubt
most vegetable seedlings may be trans-
planted if sufficient care be taken, but
some survive transplantation better than
others. For example, Beet transplants
well. I'eas are — at least, in our exjjeri-
ence — tickle ; sometimes benefiting by a
change of ground, but sometimes suffer-
ing severely.

Depth of sowing and planting is also
another subject on which professional gar-
deners can help their neighbours. Some
enthusiastic amateurs have this year
planted their Potatos 8 inches deep (in
the subsoil), and their Shallots half as
deep. These are no doubt exceptional
cases, yet errors of lesser degree are bound
to be common.

Again, the advisability of ' 'red-lead-
ing '' seed apt to be attacked by birds re-
cjuires to be made yet more widely known.
We understand that the authorities are
about to issue instructions in pamphlet
form on seed economy, and we suggest that
the many gardeners who are already
giving so much of their time to helping
their less experienced neighbours should,
when they are issued, secure copies of the
pamphlet and see that its contents become
widely known. Seed economy might well
form the subject of lectures and discussions
in local societies during the coming late
summer and winter months. By keeping
the importance of economy constantly
before the minds of users of seed much
good can be done. It will encourage them,
among other things, to place their seed
orders early, and to order no more than
tliey are likely to require, to make judi-
cious use of seed left over from the pre-
vious year, and, in the case of such seeds
as those of legumes, to save their own seed.

Horticultural Club: Abandonment of
Excursion.— The proposed visit of the members
of the Horticultural Club to the Wisley iHurdenfi
on the 21st iiLst. , has been abandoned owing to
unexpected difficulties in the hiring of road con-
.vevances. R. Hooper Pearson, Hon,. Sec.

R.H.8. Trial ofB'ets— The Etoyal Hor-
ticultural Society is about to carry out a trial
of Beets for late-summer ecAving and Lettuces
for autumn sowing. One packet of each
vaj-iety for trial should reach the Director,
R.H.lS. Gardens, Wisley, on or before the SOtli
inst

"Rose Annual for 1917." —

A perusal of the Rose Annual for 1917,
issued recently by the National Rose Society,
leads to the conclusion that the somewliat
apologetic tone adopted in the preface is uii-
necesisary. Although some who have contri-
buted articles in happier times have been on
this occasion unable to assist, the Annnal for
the current year suffers nothing by compariwioii
with its predecessors, and contains a series of
articles of ejftreme interest and utility. " Ro.?efi
for the Rock Garden," by Mr. S. Arnott ;
" Roses on Walls," by Mr. Edwin Molyneux ;
"Roses Near a Manufacturing Town," by Mr.

C. B. WoESEY ; "Pergolas and Arches," by
Mr. Waltek Easleaj "Roses in Water-logged
Gardens," by Mr. H. Oppenheimer ; "Early
Roses in Pots," by Mr. H. G. Mount — all deal in
a practical manner with sections of Rose culture,
and cannot fail to be of gi'eat assistance to the
amateur rosarian. The very able and ex-
haustive article on " Some Early-flowering
Sipecies of Roses," by the Deputy-President of
the Society Mr. H. R. Dahlingtcn, has an
added value m that it is based on personal ex-
perience and keen observation. Two articles of
great value — "New Seedling Rosee in 1916"
and a "Rose Analysis" of the same year — are
contributed by Mr. Courtney Page, the
honorary secretary to the Society. These latter
give to the reader a survey of the never-ending
improvement of the Rose at the hands of the
breeder, most useful to those who cannot always
themselves see the new Roses, and must be largely
guided by the expert advice of those who can.
Amongst other articles may be mentioned one
by the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, who boldly
tackles the subject of "Rose Perfumes," a
matter wherein personal tastes differ so widely.
The Aiinval is well illustrated, and, althougli
colour photographs! are absent, the black-aiul
white illustrations, accompanied by. adequate de-
scriptions, convey very useful impressions of the
flowers. The last picture in the Annual is re-
produced, by permission, from Punch, and shows
how, even under the trying conditions of the
trenches at "the Front," the taste of the true
rosarian will assert itself. The National Rose
Society may be congratulated on having given
to its members an .inniial which bears testimonv
to the vitality of the Society, and to the energy
and ability of its co-editors, Mr. H. R. Darling-
ton and Mr. Courtney Page.

GaKD£.NERs' RoVaL BtNbVOLENT INSTITU-
TION (Worcester Auxiliary) -The President
of tile Worce.ster Auxiliary of the Gardeners'
Royal Benevolent Institution, Earl Beauchamp,
threw open his gardens at Madresfield Court,
Malvern, to the inspection of the public on Whit
Monday, with the object of assisting the funds
of the InstitAition. A sum of about thirty
pounds was taken at the gates. The visitors
were much interested in the display of flowers in
the pleasure grounds. Many of the glass 'house.s
are this year being used to grow food crops in-
stead of flowei's.

Flowers in Season. Mr. W. A. Cook
sends flowerirag shoots of Halesia tetrapt^ra
and Piptanthus nepalensis. Mr. CoOK state.s
that the "Snowdrop Tree." as the
Halesia is commonly called, is especially fine
this season. His specimens were gathered from
a tree 40 feet high in Miss Gertrude Jekyll's
garden at Munsted, and estimated to be about
35 to 40 years old, the same age as the tree at
Leonardslee.

The UaE AND Eradication of Bracken. *-
As is well known. Bracken contains a large
amount of potash. Of the dry matter which
makes up 9 per cent, of the plant about half
consists of sulphate and chloride of potash. In
the older fronds the percentage of potash falls
fropi 55 to 40 per cent. According to Mr.
Berky, who has recently caiTied out experiments
on the reduction of potash by treating the
ash with water, 70 per cent, of the potash paeaes
into solution. By adding superphosphate of
lime to the extracted potash the caustdc pro-
perties of the latter may be destroyed. Mr.
Berry advises a slow fire for burning, and re-
commends the cutting of the Bracken at a time
when it has reached its maximum growth and
the first signs of withering are manifest. From
4-8 acres of Bracken yield 1 Um of ash, the
potash in which, at 12s. 6d. per cwt., is worth
£25. After deducting cosit of preparation Mr.
Berry eetimates that a good margin of profit is.

* A Ri-nort nn Bracken UtUisatinn and E^adieatitn
West of Scotland Agric. College Bull. No. 80.

June ]6_, 1917.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

245

left. The crude ash should b<» put up in bags
and stored in a dry phce. When used as a.
fertiliser it must not be mi.\ed with ammonium
sulphate. At the present time the use of
Bracken for litter is to be recommended very
strongly.

Irriqation and Food Production in the
States.- In the annual Report of the Smith-
sonian Institution. \Yashington. U.S.A.. there
is an interesting article on the reclamation of
certain arid districts in the west of the United
SUtes by Mr. J. B. Beadle, of the U.S. Recla-
mation Department. A million and a half acres
have, since the commencement of work in 1902.
been supplied with water, and the annual pra
duct from some orf the irrigated lands exceeds
th° output of some ether States with a good
natuial water supply. The chief crop grown at
present is the nitrogen-fi.xing Alfalfa, but many
other plants are being tried, including hay,
cereals (chiefly Barley), fruit of various kinds,
and the .Sugar Beet. Fruit-growing is flourish-
ing, and from the Suniiyside Unit, as an e.xample.
a niilliori dollars' worth of Apples were produced
in 1914.

Sumac Growing in Sicily.- The Jnuniui
III tlir Siirirtij oj Artf puWiiihes an interesting
account of the cultivation of the well-known dy^
|)lant Rhus Coriaria, which is used for tanning
hid.es. Two varieties are grown, the wild anu
the cultivated, the latter being R. Coriaria.
'I'lic island of Sicily provides ideal condition.s
for the cultiva-tion of the plant, as it grows best
on soil of volcanic origin. Such soil, combined
wi'.h heat. pr::duces the ma.\imum amount of
tannin. The plant'ng at Palermo is done in
furrows. 6 inches deep, usually in December
or January, and the leaves are gathered just
when they begin to turn yellow, in July and
August. Thev are piled on a floor, and turned
two <ir three times a day with a fork.

Plants in Season.— We have received
from .Messrs. Ueohce Bunvard and Co. varie
lies of bearded Irises. In Isolene the stan
(lards are pale mauve, contrasting well with
the purple falls, and set off by the bright yellow
of the beard. .Mithra.s is a rather small-flowered
variety, with clear yellow standards and dark
purple ialls veined with white. Calcrina beare
large, refined blossoms ff bluish mauve, with
lather darker falls veined with white and
brown, and brightened by the touch of yellow
provided by the heard. The orientalis va) iely
Hmperor is a small, dark purple flower, the has •
Iff the falls decorated by a close netw<irk of
vcininig, brown and pale green. .Shelford Chief-
taii is a massive bloom of rich purple, the base
i>f ithe falls th ckly veined with white, and .i
prifuse white and yellcrvv beard.

Cheap Fertilisers.— Although crude sewage
is not to be recommended for manurial u.se by
inexperienced persons, sewage matter properly
prepared is a fairly safe fertiliser which can be
utilised advantageously for general farm and gar
den purposes, especially at the present time, when
artificial manures are both .scarce and costly.
I'nder the name of "Guano" a good deal of
treated sewage matter has been bought by foreign
glowers, notably those of France and Belgium,
for many years pa.st, and latterly fertiliser mer-
rhants. as well as many market garden growers
.ind a few farmers, have been ready purchasers
in Kngland. The sewage of Kingston-on-Thames
and Bradford, among other places, has been dis-
po.sed of in greater or less degree for some time
past for nse as manure; and had it not been that
the cost of transport brought the price to a figure
that was relatively high — as compared with other
sources of plant food — doubtless the market would
have been wider. For gardeners, amateur and
professional, and farmers withiTi comparatively
short distance of a source of supply, sewage fer-
tiliser just novi' can be obtained at tempting
prices. For example, growers in the North who
arc short of manure may well communicate with

the Town Clerk. Town Hall, Bradford, with a
view to securing a supply of the sewage fertiliser
of which the town has many thousands of tons
ready for sale. The Director-General of Food
Production recommends this course ; and prompt
application is desirable, so that transit facilities
may be arranged. The prices charged f.o.r. Brad-
ford are 6s. to 15s. per ton, according to the con-
tent of moisture, and, at these prices, a heavy
rate for transit could be added before the fertiliser
became uneconomical. The best samples, indeed,
on the field or garden, according to an analysis
ordered by the Food Production Department are
worth about £2 per ton, reckoned according to
the familiar system of unit valuation. That is
to say, to secure the same amount of plant food
in chemical form from other sources, the grower
must pay about twice as much as the Bradford
Corporation are charging for this sewage fer-
tiliser, which laboratory tests showed to contain
phosphate 0.8 per cent., potash 0.5 per cent., and
nitrogen 1.5 per cent. The Food Production
Department will be pleased to hear from any
other municipal body or private person holding
manurial matters that might be placed at the
disposal of agriculturists.

Harvestino Horse Chestnuts -A new

and important use having been f,.und for Horse-
Chestnuts, an appeal has been i.ssued bv the
I'ood (War) Committce.of the Roval Societv for
t.he .sy-stematic collection of Horse-Che^q'tnuts
during the forthcoming season. Every ton har-
vested means the saving of half a ton"of .Maize,
and hence the liberation of that quantity of
food. Since any quantity up to 17,000 tons a
week can be used it is hoped rf'hat all who can
assiist in collecting (he Chestnut harvest will
lend their help. In particular gardeners on
large estates should be 'n a position to afisist
this important work. An ajiiiouncement with
respect to the org.-, ni sat ion to be adopted will
be made immedi.ately.

Publications Received. - Brit/,/, Insects
and How to Know Them. By Harold Bastin
(I.on(l..n : Mctliucn \- Co) Priie Is 6il net —
Industrial Fatigue in its Relation to Maximum
Output. By IKnry J, Spoooer. (London:
Co-partnership Publisliers. Ltd.)~Land Nation-
alisation : The Remedy for Poverty and Ur-
employment. By T. P. Rit/cma. (Reprinted
fr,m the ;;;,ic;.-l)i(c(i HV,;,-/„ Trlri,r„iih.)~Fruit
Bottling for Cottagers. K.II.S leaflet Bv
the KcM. W. Wilks. M \.-The Manufacture
ot l^heese in Co-operative Dairies. Board cf
Agriculture Leaflet (special) No. 7,S. (London :
Whitehall Place, S,W.)

TREES AND SHRUBS.

NOTKvS FRO.M BATS|-(JRI) PARK.

The long, severe winter has iinpo.-L<l a /ievere
test on the more tender forms of vegetation in
these gardens, and many jjlants and shrubs have
suffered badly.

Srmie of the Bambooe for which this garden
is f.^mous have as&umc-d a brown and dismal
appearance. Several plants of Anindinarii
nobilis, raised from ..=eed by the late Lord
Redcsdale n/iiie years ago, have suffered
severely; most of the .stems of these have be.ii
killed b.ick. and as far a^ one can judge at
pres.'iit, only two s.pe<;imens are likely to re-
c<iver. A. Laydekcri, A. anceps, and A.
japonica (.Met.ake) are badly cut by the cold
winds. I w.os .'somewhat surprised to find thit
the latter had suffered, as I hear that a. largr
clump oif tliis Bamboo growing in a Suffolk
garden close to the sea is quite uiihanned.
Phyllostaohys Quilioi has fared rather badly,
and is far from being ornamental at present.
P. aurea is in much the same condition, and
P. rugofa (marliacea) has suffered a goid deal.
P. quadr<angula.ris is anything but attractive, in
-sipite of it« sheltered .position, although it ha.s
not suffered in previous years.

Tlhe Variety that looks best of all is Ai-un-
dinaria nitida, which is scarcely amy ,the worse
for the severe winter. P. viridis glaucescens,
P. iastuosa, and P. Henonis are little the worse,
wMe P. sulpliurea has come through the win-
ter well, and is a variety worthy of attention.

Among other shrubs that have .suffered I may
mention Cistus, Choisya, Buddleia. and Ber-
beria D'arwinii, though none of the otlier Bar-
berries is any the worse. Most of the
Buddleias are breaJdng satisfactorily from the
base, but will soon recover. Rubus australis,
Hypericum reptane, and many of the Helianthe-,
mums ,ha.ve, unfortunately, been killed outright.
The diminutive, but charming, Rubiis arcticus
lias blossomed freely, and appears to have en-
joyed the Arctic conditions. Kniphoiia
Xort.hiae is little the worse ; young plants have
not suffered at all ; and the showy K. cau-
lescens has come tlirough the winter uninjured.

The gardens are situated at an altitude vary-
ing from 600 tr. 800 feet above sea-level, and the
mast fro.it experienced during the winter was
26° Fahr. J. Gardner, Balsfard Park- Gardnis,
Morcton-in-Marsh .

THE HAROY FLOWER BORDER.

MYOSOTIDKUM NOBILK.

Very great intei>6s,t has been evoked by llii'
free flowering* ot a group of this intere.-tiiig
plant in the gardens here on account of its
rarity on the East Oast, though not un
common in Galloway and other warm spots in
the weet of Scotland. One lot planted on a
rockery was, however, all but completely
destroyed by the severe January frost, tho.'^c
that escaped and flowered being in a sheltered
position in the kitchen garden, I raifcd the
plants from seeds produced by a plant in ii put
a few years ago, and a various-coloured lot re-
sulted, from whiti.ih almost to turquoise-lilue
All are lovely. R. P. Brotfieraton, Tyninq-
liame. East Lothian.

:\IB(X)NOPSIS SIMPLICIFOblA :
BAILLKY'S VARIETY.

My plant of Bailley's variety of Mi cuiu,|isi:s
siinplicifolia has again opened its lovely, pale-
blue flower.s, which are fully 4j inrhe* in
diameter, on a 16-inch stem, this is an original
plant raised from seed given to me by the late
Colonel Bailley, the father of the finder, and
there are still Sf>me half-dozen plants of the
same batch yet to flower.

I hope, contrary to the usual habit of tlie.-^e
F,a;tern Meconopsis, that this one will, in
favourable circumstances, prove perennial, as the
two pi ints that flowered last year have grown
into big clumps, and, though not showing signs
of flowering at present, may do so later, and will
certainly flower next year if alive. These plants
are all in their original seed bed under a north
wall, and have had no proteotinn. One plant
from the same batch ha.s a large flower of a good
lake colour (not the usual dirty red lilac), with
deep blue rays at the base of the petals, and i i
a good thing, though not comparable with lis
sky-blue relative. ,\n-/iihalil /iiir/iiiii //rphiuii ,
Smcalon, Kasl Lothian.

FUCHSIA SPLENDENS.

Thi.s pretty and di.stiiicl Kpecies of Fuchsia
(.i-ee fig. 93) is far less freciuently met with in
gardens! than it was 40 to 50 years ago; indeed,
it seems to have alinosit <lropped out of cultiva-
tion. Tlie plaint is of free growth, and if
allowed space for its development, will form a
good-s'zed bush, though effective specimens may
be grown in pots eight inches in diameter. The

246

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

leaves are heart-ehaiped, hairy, and' of a pale-
gi'een tint, while the flowere are in sliape more
suggeetive of a Correa, than a Fudiaia. The tube,
which is somewhat inflated, is of a bright
crimson coloui-, while the sepals, which do
not reflex, are green. This Fuchsia should
lie well exposed to the sun in the latter
part of the summer and in autunui, in order that

have never succeeded. It was, therefore, with
great interest that I noted a vai'iety under the
name of Benita at one of the sijJiing meetings of
the Royal Horticultural Society in 1912, the
exhibitors being Mes&rs. W. H. Rogers and Son,
Red Lodge Nureery, Southampton. T?ie noveltv
was said to be the result of a cross between a
Continental variety — Crartemneister Bonstedt —

scarlet. Several other species of Fuchsia are well
worth cultivating, aind they form pleasing sub-
jeict« for the gi'eenhouse. I refer to Fuchsia
ampliata, F. microphylla, F. thymifolia, the
curious F. excorticata, and F. procumbens
from New Zealand. The blue and yellow
in the flowers of this creeping plant give
it a quaint appearance, and in addition to its

SPLENIJKNS

I'LOWERS BHR^H] (RIMS

the wood may be thoroughly ripened. When
subjected to a temperatiu-e above that of an or-
dinary greenhouse, it will flower early in the
year, ' but it is particularly effective when allowed
'to develop naturally. This species dees not
continue flowering throughout the summer as
many garden varieties of Fuchsia do. I have,
time after time, tried to cross F. siplendens with
other sfpecies, and also with garden varieties, but

and F. splendeiis. I had no doubt, judging by
the appearance of the plant, that the last-named
was one of the parents. In the variety Benita
the flowers, whioh are borne in great profusion
at tbe ends of the shoot-s, are about one inch
long, and hang suspended by pediceh of the same
length. The stout tube of the flower, whioh,
however, newer reflexes, is of a rosy scarlet
colour, while the petals are of a bright orange

flowers the bright Cherry-like fruits are very
attractive. Then there are the large sliowy
kindis, suoli as F. fulgens, F. boliviana, F.
corymbiflora (and its white variety, alba), and F.
serratifoUa. As a i-oof plant for a faii'-sized
Stnioture, F. dependens is particularly suitable,
while the distinct coloured F. triphyUa desen-es
mention, not only for its own intrinsic merit, but
also for it* value to the hybridist. W. T.

June 16, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

247

NOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(rft* EditOTi do not hold themgelrei rerporuibU ftr
the opinioru expressed by correipondenta.)

AZOLLA CAROLINIANA (see p. 255). — With
reference to the discovery by Jlr. Stansfield of
AzoIIa caroliniana in the neighbourhood of
Preston, I may say that some years since 1 saw-
ponds of some considerable size a few miles out-
side Cork, in which the plant had established
itself. The growth covered every square inch -of
the surface with a blanket of some depth. As
there are many gardens in the neighbourhood, 1
have no doubt that it was an escape. Should the
plant spread through the country, it is just pos-
sible that it might become as great a nuisance
in ponds and ornamental waters as Elodea cana-
den.sis (another American aquatic] did some years
since. W. F. Gunn.

Pba Weevil (Sitone* Lineatu*). (see also
p. 242). — It may interest vour correspondent
'.;. H. H. W. to know that l"have found the fol-
lowing specific an infallible remedy for Pea
weevils ; Spray the plants directly they appear
through the ground with a mixture off oz. of
liver of sulphur to 1 gallon of rain-water. Re-
peat the spraying every other evening for one
week. /. D., Shahtone.

Damage to Lime Tree* by Frost.— A re-
markable effect of the severe frost is seen in the
Lime trees, the growths of last year being killed.
We e.tperienced a severe blizza'rd here previous
to the frost, which damaged many evergreens,
but every part of the Limes, whether exposed or
sheltered, is injured equally. One can only re-
gard the damage as the effect of extreme cold
on growths which had not matured sufficiently
in the previous season. 7?. /■'. Brothtrston, Tyn-
hujhiiine. East Lothian.

Government OFFtRs for Fruit. Although
no official notice on the subject ha« been
published up U) the time of writing, it is
announced in the papers tliat offers of cer-
tain varieties of fruit for jajn for the Army
have been made to salesmen, who have been in-
. struicted to secure contracts from g7x>wers at
certain prices, which may, however, be modified.
The prices nametl are £18 to £20 per ton for
t>)aseberrie«, £30 to £32 for plugged Straw-
ben-ies, £26 to £28 for Strawberries on stalks,
£35 to £37 for Ra.sjjberriee, £40 to £42 for
IJliaick Currants, and £10 for Victoria Plums.
The hight'r prices, it is stated, are for fruit de-
livered at jam factories in growers' em'pties.
The higher price for Gooseberries is equivalent
to 5s. per half-sieve of 28 lb., which is betlter
than peace rates for folly-grown fruits, though
only about hajf the current price in Covent
Oarden. For Black Currant* the higher price
ia equivalent to 9s. per half-sieve of 24 lb.,
which is below l.-ist year's average in London.
For Victoria Plums the offer is only 2s. 6d.
per half -sieve of 28 lb., or no more" than an
average peajce-time rate. Southern Grower.

B O C I E T IE a .

ROTAL HORTICDLTDRAL.
Scientlfle Committee.

•TrsK 5, 1917.— Present; Mr. E. A. Bowles,
M.A. (in the chair), Messrs. J. Fraser, W. C.
Worsdell, J. W. Odell, H. J. Elwes, W. .1. Bean,
and F. J. Chittenden (hon. secretary).

Maiiyf/ojvered Tulips.— Mr. W. C. Worsdell
remarked upon the branched Tulips shown at the
previous meeting, which are common especially
among Darwin varieties in many gardens,
that_ the many-flowered condition "arose from
adnation of branches, not from fasciation, as
might appear probable from the external char
arters of the growths. He drew attention to the
occnrrence of branching in some species, as in
T. biflora, T. saxatilis, and T. praestans, and Mr.
Bowles remarked that it seemed to be a primitive
condition.

Cup-shaped Leaves. — Mr. Fraser showed a
" blind " Cauliflower in which a leaf had assumed
the form of a cup. This is not uncommon in
Cauliflowers, and is associated with the occur-
rence of a leaf at the tip of a shoot where it takes
the nlace of a terminal bud. Mr. .\nstis sent a
similar growth in Aucuba from his garden at

Birmingham, where the leaf formed a cylinder
nearly 2 inches long before the free parts of the
two leaves which formed the cup were reached.

Pyrus twminalis. c^c— Mr. J. Fraser showed
a series of specimens which he had collected in
various localities, mostly on the Surrey downs, of
Pyrus torminalis, P. intermedia, and P. latifolia.
He and other members of the Committee re-
marked upon the possible hybrid origin of P.
latifolia and P. intermedia and the possibility
that birds had carried the seeds of some of the
forms from neighbouring gardens to apparently
wild localities, where Jlr. Fraser had found the
trees grooving.

Various Plants. — Mr. H. J. Elwes showed a
series of plants from his garden, including Paeonia
Emod'i. P. albiflora, P. Broteri from Portugal, a
bright, light form of P. lobata (a variety of P.
officinalis), and Polygonatum verticillatum.
which he had collected many years ago in Perth-
shire. He also showed a .large, dark form of
Camassia, probably a seedling from C. Leicht-
liniii.

KEW GUILD.

MANCHESTKR AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID

M.u- 10.— Committee prr.^ent: The Rev. .1.
Crombleholme (in the chairl. Messrs. R. Aeh-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan. Dr. Craven
>roore, J. Cypher, A. G. Ellwood. J. Evans,
P. Foster, A. R. Handley, A. Hanmer, F.
Houghton. J. Lupton, D. McLeod, H. Thorp,
and H. Arthur (secretary).

Awards.
First-Class Certificates.
• Odnntioda Prince Albert (Odn. Zephyr x
Odm. perrultiirn). a round, well-seit flower (^i
even colour and with broad, flat lip ; Odontn-
glo.'sum crispiim Kama, a, large flower, heavily
blotched with deep crimson on a white grotind,
both from Dr. Craven Moore.

Odontoijlossum eximinm Margnrat, a, fine
flower with heavy and even markings of
a deep maroon shade, and Odnntioda Brrrd-
shnu-iae .Arms, both from P. Smith. Esq.

Odontoqlnssum rrispum tiaidc. a large flower,
one of the best of the white ground tvpe. from
W. R. Lee, Esq.

Onridium fuperbiens Bronze King, a flower
of deep bronze colour, from Mr. J.' Evans.

Awards of Merit.

Od„nti„dn St. Fusrimi (Corhllnda nnetzlianii
X Odm. .Adriftfnnr). and MiltoniiT BleufPna Per-
lertinn. both from R. A SH worth, Esq.

Odontnglossum rrispum itntadnr, from .T. .T.
Bolton, Esq.

0. fnfcinatnr nureum, from Dr. Craven
Moore.

0. Leeaniim (Odm. Cnlyjvn x Odm. licnige
nriignv). from W. R. Lee. Esq.

Callleya Mmdelii Fain/ Queen, from Mr. .T.
BiRrHENALL.

The annual meeting of the Swiety Was held
at 2.30 p.m., the Rev. .T. Crombleholme pre-
siding. The report and balance-sheet were
adopted. R. .Vshworth. Esq.. was re-e!»ctpd
president. The vice-pres'dents, officials, and
committee were all re-elected.

The prizee were pro.sented to the successful
exhibitors as follows : Hfr. .i.ih worth's Silver
Cun to Dr. Craven Moore; Mr. J. J. Bnltnn's
Cold Mrdnl to the Rev. .T. Crombleholme. Gar-
dener's Prize to Mr. E. Marshall ; Mr. Boltnji's
Silver.ailt Medal to R. Ashworth. Esq. Gar-
dener's Prize to Mr. R. Davennort nml Mr.
W. Gilden : Pnfam'r Snrieti/ nf Manchester's
Cold Medal to Mr. E. Rogers; Mr. .4. 7?.
Uandley's Prize to Mr. C Branch ; Messrs.
Charlesworth and Ca.'s Ohjet d'.Art to Dr.
Craven Moore. Gardener's Prize to Mr. T.
Arran ; Messrs. Cuvhi-r's Cold Medal to R.
A.shworth, Esq. Gardener's Prize to Mr. S.
Davenport and Mr. W. Gilden; Mr. .^ .
Eanmer's Silvtr Cun to R. AsHworth, Es<i.
Gardener's Prize to ATr. S. Davenjiort and Mr.
W. Gilden ; Messrs. McBean's Silver Trophy to
Dr. Craven Moore. Gardener's Prize to Mr.
T. Arran; Mr. P. Smith's Prize. Isf. to Mr.
S. Davenport and Mr. W. Gilden ; 2nd. to Mr.
T. Arran ; Zrd. to Mr. E. Marshall.

June 2.— The annual meeting of the Kew
Guild was held in the lecture room at the Royal
Gardens, Kew, on the 2nd inst. Mr. Chas.
H. Curtis, the president for the year, presided.
-Many old Kewites sent letters expressing
their regret that war-time conditions pre-
vented them from being present; many are on
active service, including Capt. Hugh Pktigrew,
who is now "Somewhere in France." Mr. A.
Hill was unavoidably absent, and the meeting

was also notable for the absence of young men

practically all the young men on the" garden staff
at Kew are on active service — and the presence of
many of the young women who are now working
in the gardens.

Reference 'was made to the many losses by
death, and the work of the Benevolent Fund.
Old Kewites fwilJ be glad to hear that Mr. w!
Crisp is being assisted, but will be isorry to
learn that he is gradually becoming weaker.
The Guild has a sum of £325 iiwested.

The President, in moving the adoption of the
report, suggested that some form of memorial
should be raised at the end of the war to com-
memorate those Kewites who had taken part in
the war. Mr. .J. Weathers, Mr. Hales, Mr. W.
Goldring, Mr. Whipps, and Misis Joshua spoke
on various subjects, and it was airanged that
next year a meeting of present Kewites should
be called so that the ladies should have an op-
portunity of nominating a candidate Jor a seat
on the committee.

Messrs. Osborne and Coutts were re-elected
secretarv and treasurer respectively ; Messrs
T. W. Brown. S. A. Skan, H. Spooner, A.
Meunissier, and M. Free (the latter nominated by
the -Association of Kew Gardeners in America)
were elected members of the committee, with
Messrs. J. Clark and D. Halkerston representing
the present .staff. Messrs. W. Hales and J. Aik-
man were appointed auditoi's for the ensuing
year. Greetings were sent to the American Asso-
ciation of Kewites, .and also to Mr. G. Neville
and Lt. Roswick, prisoners in Germany. A fund
was opened for the purpose of sending food and
comforts to members who were prisoners of war.

©bttuari?.

Frederick Burvenich.— It is with deep re-
gret that we receive the news of the death of
Monsieur Fred. Burvenich, who died at
Ghent on March 27 last. Burnevich occupied a
prominent position in Belgian horticulture,
having laboured at the Ghent School of Horti-
culture for many yeare. His close con-
nection with the Quinquennial Exhibition
at Ghent gave him world-wide fame, and ho
was well known to the numerous English horti-
culturists who visited these Exhibitions, and from
time to time ejyoyed his profuse hospitality.
M. Burvenich was born in 1837. At fifteen years
of age he entered the nurseries of Louis Van
Houtte, where he was apprenticed. He soon
gave evidence of unusual skill and industiy,
and he also devoted himself to botanical
studies. In his twenty-first year he was ap-
pointed Professor of Fruit and Vegetable Culti-
vation at the Horticultural School at Gent-
brugge, which was subsequently taken over
by the Government and removed to Ghent. M.
Burvenich soon became famous as a lecturer
— indeed, he was the most popular lecturer
in Belgium. Every Sunday hundreds of people
from all corners of Flemish Belgium crowded to
the school, to hear his lectures on various horti-
cultural subjects. Three of his contemporaries
were Edouard Pynacrt, E. Rodigas, and H. .T.
Van Hulle. These four friends did more than any
other men to disseminate knowledge of plant
cultivation throughout their countiy ; and it is
mainly due to their efforts that Belgian horti-
culture was brought to the high standard to
which it had attained previous to the war. The
little company of four enthusiasts was often
likened to "the four-leaved Clover," Three of
the leaves, alas, have long since fallen,
and now the stem is bare. M. Burvenich was the
author of many works on horticulture and allied
subjects. His book on arboriculture, in Ffemish

248

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

and French, ran through a large number of
editions. His work on vegetable culture was also
exceedingly popular. He was the founder of three
journals, Revue de VHorticvlturc Belqe vt
litrangere, Bulletin d' Arhoricultiire, and Tyds-
ihrift over Boomtcdt. Much of his spare time
was devoted to a nursery which he established
near Ghent. He was a prominent member of the
Societe Royale d'Agriculture et de Botanique de
(Jand and of the official Belgian Horticultural
Council. In both capacities, and in spite of his
great age, his vast experience enabled him to
render valuable service. In July, 1908, .he at-
tained his golden jubilee as State lecturer, and
his friends presented him with a testi-
monial. He was also nominated by the King
( 'lievalier de I'Ordre de la Couronne'. The last
Quinquennial Exhibition which took place in
1913, was designed by Monsieur Burverich, and
those of us who had the privilege of visiting
Ghent on that occasion will recall the beautiful
effects which were the result of his skill and
experience.

It is to be specially regretted that our old
friend has been called to rest whilst his loved
city of Ghent is still occupied by the invading

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Dairy (.'ows and Ploughing Up of Grass
Land.

In some counties there seems to be an idea
tliat daii7 oows and other cattie can only be
kept when large areas of permanent grass land
are available. At a recent meeting of the Essex
Wai- Agriculiural Committee, various estimates
were given of the number of acres of grass land
necessary for each cow when the produce of
arable land was used to help with their keep.
It was stated that two acres per cow were de-
sirable. The Hon. B. G. Strutt said that he
found one acre per cow quite enough. Mr.
C'urrie, who farms for cow-keeping, thought
tliree-quarters of an acre sufficient. These
opinions of practical agriculturists show what
can be done with arable land. It must not be
forgotten that the total food production of
arable farming may be about four times as much
as that from the same area of permanent grace.
By ploughing up grass, the same number of cows
might be kept, and a large surplus of grain food
for human contsiumption grow.n as well. Dairy
farmers need not fear the new three million
acres of ploughed land, when labour and horses
and machinery are guaranteed them.
Haymaking.

The recent rains have brought on the various
hay crops so well that the season is now not far
short of normal. The method of haymaking varies
according to the locality. In the Southern Coun-
ties a start is usually made with yellow Trefoil
(Hop Clover), mixed with Hampshire or Devon
Bents or Italian Rye grass. In other districts
Sainfoin is the first to be cut. It is not wise to
allow either of these to be too old before cutting.
Especial care is required in harvesting Trefoil,
as, during dull weather, although the bulk ap-
pears to be thoroughly made, the Trefoil " goes
iiack " during the night with heavy dews, and
if carted before it is again dry there is a risk of
its heating in the rick. Sainfoin should be cut
when the blossoms are three-parts expanded, or
earlier if it is mixed with grass.

Machinery now plays a conspicuous part in hay-
making. There are many types of grass cutters ;
the main point in purchasing one is to secure the
lightest running movement combined with effi-
cie-ivcy. Some farmers use machines with a
6-foot cut, but where the crops average about
two tons per acre a 5-foat machine is wide
enough.

Swath turners save much labour. A boy with
.■1 stout cob in a Martin swath turner will turn
twenty acres of Sainfoin or Clover in a (fairly
long) day. and more efficiently than by hand
liibour. A side rake, too. is an excellent aid ;
not only does it turn the hay, but it collects two
"iwalhes into one. and rakes the ground clenn.
Where much meadow or park grass is grown the
.\meric.an " Vicker " is useful, which scatters
the grass evenly, leaving it light. This should

follow close on to the cutter, as the sooner
meadow grass is made into hay the better.

Then there are " sweeps," which collect and
convey the hay to the ricks. It the ricks can he
built ill the field, wagons or carts can be dis
penseiS with altogether. If not, self-loaders
attached to wagons load the hay very quickly.
Large ricks should be built with the aid of an
elevator, driven by an oil engine or horse. To
clear the field, there are horse rakes — much more
economical than liand drag rakes. Of these there
are mbny types, of which a very good one is the
Howard.

In favourable weather Sainfoin and ClOver
should not be turned more than once ; the oftener
it is handled, the greater is the loss of leaf, which
diminishes the quality. It is a mistake to dry
hay too much ; hay which does not heat at all in
the rick is not good in quality. Some persons
favour the building of small ricks. I prefer one
of 20 tons. It is economical to build and thatch,
and there is very little waste at top, bottom and
sides. The shape of a rick is an important
matter. Do not build too flat in the roof, which
encourages moisture under the thatch and spoils
several inches of hay. The Hertfordshire fashion
of a sharp-pitched roof has much to recommend
it. Directly a rick has settled down, the sides
should be tucked and shaped, and the roof made
up with the tuckings, which should be raked
down quite smooth to ward off rains until the
whole h.as settled sufficiently for thatching.
When the first sweating has taken place, thatch
the rick thickly at once, as a safeguard from
hea-Vy rains. Where obtainable, Dutch barns are
a boon, saving labour in many ways. Into these
tlie hay can be carted a little at a time when
ready, and with safety. E. Mnlyneux, Swan-'
uuire Farm, Binhop's Walthnm, Hants.
Thistle-s in Corn.

From many quarters come reports of the ab-
noimal quan'^ity of Thistles in the cornfields
this year. Thistle spudding is work within the
capacity of women and children, and the utmost
TK>asible use should be made of this source of
labour. Farmers who ha.ve difficulty in getting
the necessary' help should at once, write to the
Secretary of the County Agricultural Executive
Committee.

There are several reasons why farmers should
spud Thistles in their Com as soon as possible.
One of them is the special need of providing
this year the maximum vield ri grain — which
cannot be done on Thistle-infected land.
Another is the neceesitv for saving labour later
on. particularly in \new of the likelihoorl of the
fai-mer having to take a second crop of Corn
from the same field. Again, the stocks of hay
in the country are small, and may be smaller
next winter and spring, and the supply of con-
centrated feeding stuffs is also short. There-
fore, more straw than usual will have to be
used for 'the feeding of stock. Apart from all
these points, there is the further circumstance
that not only will much nf the forthcomins'
hay crop be required for the Army, but much
straw as well.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Actinidia chinensis ; 11'. J . P. This climber
was only introduced to culitivation in 1900.
but its flowering has been recoi'de.d on several
oooasions in these pages; the first time it
bloomed in England wa.s in June. 1909. In
Gard. C/iran., Sep't. 20. 1913, Colonel Main-
waring Jackson records a plant as flowering in
his garden at Tedsmore Hall, Osrweisitry,
Shro7>shire. Your specimen, about four yeai's
old. has flo'Wered two years earlier thau Col.
Jackson's plant, which was six years old.

Address : A. P. M. The .secretary of the Gar-
denens' Royal Benevolent InBtitution is Mr.
Gen. J. Ingram. The official address is 92.
Victoria Street. S.W. 1.

A " Shakespeare " Garden. — A " Shakespeare "
garden denotes one in which are flowers men-
tioned in Shakespeare's works, such as Tansy.
Pansy, Rue, Hemlock, Crocus, and Columbine.
The most complete list is found in Canon
Ellacombe's Plant Lore of Shakespeare. The
garden should be of a formal character, if
possible square, with a roughly flagged space
in the centre, and a sundial.

Bees Swarming : J. K. When bees swarm it is
usually an indication that the colony is strong
and in good health. But swarming is no proof
that the bees are free from Isle of Wight
; disease, and •they might contract the complaint
at any time, although the present fine weather
is conducive to good healtih.

Moth : H. M. The moth you sent us is the
Privet Hawk Moth (Sphinx Ligustri). The
caterpillar feeds on Lilac, Privet, and other
plants. The perfect insects usually appear
about midsummer, so that your specimen is
rather early. In August and September the
caiterpillars are very common; they are hand-
some, 'the colour being delicate green, with
pale mauve and white markings.

Names of Plants : J. T. S. 1, Too withered to
identity; 2, Cornus alba var. Spaethii ; 3,
specimen missing ; 4, Helianthemum formosum ;
5, Cornus alba ; 6, Lonicera sp. (send when in
flower) ; 7, Deutzia Lemoinei ; 8, Viburnum
Opulus ; 9, Spiraea discolor; 10, Indigofera
Gerardiana. — T. Bury. Salix phylicifolia. —
Beech. 1, Staphylea colohica ; 2. Ulmus mon-
tana ; 3, Syringa Emodi ; 4, Quercus Ilex ; 5,
Kerria japonica var. flore pleno ; 6, Crypto-
meria japonica. — J . H. S. 1, Euonymus euro-
paeus ; 2, Rhus Toxicodendron ; 3, Syringa
japonica.

Peaches Dhopping : A. T. The most usual
cause of Peach fraits dropping after they
have grown a little is the difficulty of forming
stones'. If you cut in half some of the fruits
which ihave dropped you will probably find
no trace of a stone, and this may be due to
the blossoms not having been fertilised, or to
a la>ck of lime in the soil. The fruits may
drop from other causes; any cultural defect,
such as too much moisture or too little, may
have a similar result. A check sometimes
operates in this way, as, for instance, when
too much pruning is done at one time, or when
a cold draught is allowed to reach trees that
are being forced.

PoTATOS : E. O. With regard to wireworm, as
you will be ploughing up the old pasture in ■
the autumn, you had better dress the ground
immediately after the ploughing with gas lime.
This is the best remedy for the pest, but can-
not always be adopted, as the gi-iound must
be left fallow for at least six weeks or two
months after gas lime is applied. For spray-
ing the Potato plants, the bei^t material to use
is the Bordeaux Mixture. The first spraying
of main crop varieties should be done early in
July, and a second at" an interval of a tf'ort-
nigiit. If you buy the specific from your
sundriesman ready made you will find direc-
tions for strength with the packet ; there are
many formulas, all islightly differing. You do
not Bay what caterpillar it lis which is attack-
ing yanv trees, but you will find in 'our laslt.
issue (p. 229) an article by Southern Grower
on this subject, which includes directions 'for
.spraying. If you have not got a isprayer.
you may be able to obtain one at cost price
from the Food Production Department. 72.
Victoria Street, S.W. 1.

Red Spider on Carnations : H. B. Red spider
is not a difficult pest to combat iuiplant houses.
Its presence is a sure sign that the house is
kept in too dry a condition. Syringe the
plants with clear water and damp the floor and
stages. In order to get rid of it now, spray
the plants with a solution of half an ounce of
common salt to one gallon of water, as often
as necessary, until the spider disappears.
Afterwards repeat the operation once in three
weeks as a preventive measure.

Weevils on Nectarines. — The insects you send
us are black weevils (Otiorhynchus picipes).
Thev are exceedingly prevalent this year, pro-
bablv owing partly to there not being so many
small birds as usual. An illustration of these
insects was given in the issue for April 28 last,
p. 178. with directions for catching and destroy-
ing the pest.

Communications Beceived. — N, E. B — .T. F.—
Gunner T O , Ireland— E. M,— T, H.— Shropshire— S,
Piclteiiiig— .r Burtt^D., Ti-ansvaal— W, & S,— F. F.,
Epsom, N. Zealand— J. H, D,— Ladv N.— Brufe .7 —
W. P.— M. B,— W. B.— J. H.— W. S. R.^T. J. & Si.n-,
— M.ars— -\. Freshwater (thanks for 2s. 6d. for B.G.O.F.
box).— Private R. G. A., Macedonia— K. A. C.

.IrNE 16. 1917.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Cacti, various.

per tray of 15' a 4 0

- tray of 12'8 .. 5 0

Calceolaria, yel-
low, 48'8. per
doz (080

Cocoa Weddelli-
ana 48*s. per

m; JL R k: e: T s.

COrENT GARDEX. .Time W.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

B.d.s.d, s.d.s.d.

Aralia Sieboldii, Heliotrope. 48's.

dozen .. ..5060 per doz. 70-80

Asparagus plu- Hydrangea, blue

mosus nanus. 48's.32's perdz.l2 0-50 0

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0 — pink, 48's. per

— Sprongari .. 10 0 12 0 doz 12 0 18 0

Aspidistra, per — white, 48's. per

doz. green ..30 0SSO doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz, 4 0-80

— — larger per

doz 18 o-se 0

— Forsteriana,
80'b. per doz, 5 0- 8 j

Latania borbon-
dcz, .. ..18 0-50 0 ica, per doz.. 12 0-SO 0

— OO'b per doz, I 0-10 0 L i 1 i u m longi-
Crassula 48's, per florum,perdoz, 18 0-24 0

doz 10 0-12 0 — lancifolium

Erica persoluta, rnbrum ,. 24 0-30 0

48's. pi-r doz. 15 0-18 0 — —album ..24 0-JOO

— candidissima. Marguerites in

48's, per doz. 15 0-18 0 48'8, per doz. 6 0-80

~ i^l''^7^5^,*' 1.; n i« n Mignonette, «8's,

Peril i•n^^±^,•= per doz, ..8 0-10 0

r ems, in tnumos, t^ i • .n.

per 100.. ..12 0-15 0 Pelargonium, 48 s.

-per 100. in P^"" doz. ..10 0-12 0

email and - (Geranium).

large «0'8 .. 18 0-3'' 0 zonal-leaved.

- in 48's.Der doz. 7 0-80 f..^- ver doz. 00-60
-in 32'8. per ' t" ^•,''" ""PL. ^ 0- 2 6

doz 12 0-18 0 - lvy-leaved,48 s,

- choicer sorts, per doz. .. 8 0-10 0
per doz, 48'B,. 10 0-12 0 .Stocks, white.

Fuchsia, varioui, pink and red,

4S's, per d07. . 8 0-10 0 per doz, ,.120180

GeonomaRracilia, Verbena, white.

fiO's.oerdoz,.. 8 0-80 blue or scar-

- larger, each.. 2 8-76 let. per doz... 80-90

Cut Flowers, &e.: Average Wholesale Prices

B.d. ad.

Carnations.' per
doz. blooms,
best American
varietieB .. 10 2 6

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 3 0-36

0- 1 3

per

Gladiolus. BluBh-
ine Urid . per
doz. .. ■ .. 12 0-15 0

— TheB ide.per
doz bun. .. 15 018 0

— Peach "BloB-
som, per doz,
bnn 12 015 0

Gypsophila. white,

per doz, bun, 5 0-60
Heather, white,

per doz, bun. 12 0 —
Iceland Poppies.

per doz- bun. 2 0-30
Iris, Sua'iish, blue,

per doz, bun, 15 0-18 0

— n)au\'e, per doz,
bun 15 0-18 0

— white, per doz.
bun 15 0 18 0

— yellow, per
doz, bun, .. 21 0-24 0 1

L Ilium longi- |

floruro, long 2 0-26
short .. 2 0-26
lancifolinm
album, lone.. 2 0-26

— r u b r u m,
per doz,, long.. 2 6 —
short .. 16 —

Nigella(Love-in-

a-Mist), per

doz, bun, .. 4 0-60
Orchids, per doz,:

— Catlleya

— 0 don toglos-
sum crispum 2 0-26

PelargoniuniB-

— double scar-
let, pe • doz.
bun 6 0

Pyrcthrum, per
dm bun -

— double, white 2 R

pink

,3 0

red

— single, red ..

— — pink
Roses -

— General ,lac-
Queminot. per
doz. blooms..

— Lady Hilling-
don, per doz.
blooms .. 10-16

— Libert.v, dt
doz, blooma.. 16 2 0

— Melod,v, per
doz, blooms. .

— Mme. A.Cha
tenay.perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edouard
Herriot, per
doz blooms,.

— Ophelia, per
doz blooms,.

— PrincedcBul-
garie ..

— Richmord.

§erdoz, blms, 16-20
unburst, per
dnz, blo^mn.,

— White Molly
Shainian Craw-
ford, per doz
bl( cms .. 16-20

StephanotiB, per

72 pips.. .. 2 0 2 6

.Stock, while, per

doz, bun. .. 10 0 12 0

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun. .. 4 0-80

Viola lornuta .. 10-16

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

0 6-09

16-20

6- 2 0

16-20

16-26

8 0-10 0

s.d.e.d,
A'dlantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz,

bunches .. 5 0-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails, per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

- Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 "
Carnation foliage,

doz, bunches 4 0-50

s,d, 8,d.
Croton foliage,

doz, bunches — —
Cvcas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern, French, per

doz, bunchei 0 6-08
Moss. gross

bunches .. 4 6- .'> 0
Myrtle, doz. bun,

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smila.T. per bun,

of 6 trails .. 2 6- :i 0

0 6-50

Paeonies, The prices of all are much lower. Liliums
are also cheaper, but the price of Iris remains fil-m.
Boxes of these fiowei^ sent from Guernse.v are much
affected by the long journe.\' in Imt weather, and are
practically un.*;aleable when they reach the market.
Sweet Pea,s are becoming more plentiful, and cx>n9ign-
nients of the outdofiv grown are arriving in good eon-
dition. Little change is noticeable in the quality of
Roses and Carnations ; good blooms of Roses are "still
difficult te obtain. Lrly-of-the-Valley is prftctically
over for the time being. Small consignments of white
Stock are arriving, and selling freely. A few white
Pinks (Her Majesty) and Carnation Mrs. Sinkins are
on ^ale.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d - s.d. s.d .

Mushroom8,perlb, 0 8-10

Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets .. 10 —

Onions, per cwt IS 0 —

— spring, per
doz, bun. .. 6 0 12 0

Ptas. blue, per

* bus 7 6-10 0

— Channel Is-
lands per lb, 0 9-16

— White, per
J bus 8 0-11 6

PotatoB, new, per

lb 0 7-08

Radishes, per

doz, bun, .. 10-26

Spinach, per bus,. 7 0 ~

'Turnips, per cwt, 9 0 —

— ne>v, per doz.
bun 2 0-80

— Tops, per bag 2 0 —
Vegetable Mar-
rows per doz, 8 0-10 0

Watercress, per

doz 0 5-08

THE

Aspiragus —

Worcester &,

Cambridge,

per bun.
Beans. English.

per lb. ..0 10- 1 0

Beetroot, perbus. 10 0 12 0
Broccoli, Purple

Sprouting, per

bag .. .. 2 0
Cabbage.per t?lly 10 0 —
Carrots, new, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0-16 0
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. 6 0-10 0
Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 18 0-22 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 10
Greens, per bag.. 5 0—0
Herbs, per doz,

bnn 4 0 8 0

Horseradish, per

doz, ' un. .. 60 0 —
Leeks.per doz,bun,2 0-4 0
Lettuce, Cabbage

andCos.perdoz. 0 6 2 6

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d.B.d.

Almonds. per cwt, 80 0-85 0
Bananas, .Jamaica,

per ton .. £42 -

Chi-rriei;. English,

per pock .. 9 0-10 0
Dates, per box,

about 70 lb, .. 46 0 —
Fie- (Worthingi.

per doz, .. 4 0- 15 0
Go scbcrries,

green, perl bus, 7 0-90
Grapes :

English (new

sea.^on) Black

Ham b urgh,

per lb, .. 2 0-40

— Muscats, per

lb 4 0-80

Lemons, per case 18 0 32 0
.Melons. English

and Cuernsey.

each .. .. 2 6-50

s.d

s.d.
6 U-21 0

Nectarines.

doz.
Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0

Coconuts, per

100 . . . . 30 0 -
Oranges, per case 45 0 70 0
Peaches, perdoz. 6 0-24 0
Strawberries :

- Cornish, per

doz punnets 4 0-00

- forced,.
Southampton
skips ..

- per peck
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs, or
peck . .

2 0-40

16-40
8 6-10 0

9 6-10 0
Walnuts. cercwt. 65 0-75 0
Rkmarks. — Gi^pes (Black Hamburgh and Muscat of
Alexandria), Figs and Melons, continue fairly plentiful
for the time of year. Peaches and Nectarines have not,
been s<j plentiful this week as la.st, but English Cherries
are ooinmencing to arrive. Forced Strawberries are
finishing but outdoor Strawberries from all the well-
known Bourc-'s an' fin offer, packed in punnets, skip.s,
and iiecks. ("loos^-IxTries ore ]deritiful. Tomatos (Eng-
lish and Chann.-l Islands) are scarcer than usual.
Supplies of fiicMirnbers are limited. Outdoor Peas ond
Vegetable Mari-ows (forced) arc available. Some good
.«tainple« of French Beans arc to be had, and supplies
M .\sjparagus aiv well maintained. Earl.v Lcmgpod
Beans an' in-flt oonimenoing to arrive, and are in de-
mand. F. II /.'-. rnrnil niirdi-n Mnrlcrt. Jinir !'.. 10!:

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS

Mr. T, Elliott, -is fiardener to G ILimi'Tun, F,^i ,
Norton ,M,iMoi, Sutton Sootney, liampthire.

Mr. Arthur Freshwater writes to inform us ihut
his apiHtiiitm.-nt at Benu .Manor Park Oarden«, Wood,
house, Loughborong^li, is ae ossistani only, until siu'h
rime as tile Head (iardener, Mr. McVlNlsH, has re-

■d tn

illn

Rbmarks.— Th

,.r ('.

L further increase in the supply
flowers. Delphiniums, Gypsophila, Nigclla,
ind single Pyrethrum, white Daisies, and

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Preterit Day GBrdcning Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(IntroduetioB br William Robinson.)

B Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Olirab-
\. ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with 24 full page plates, 8 of which
4re rojjroduced in colour.

Price2/10 pott free from:

Tha PUBLISHING DEPT.,
' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES.
41, Wellington Street, Cerent Garden, W.C.|2

ONLY

DIRECTORY

OF

GARDENS

AND

GARDENERS.

The Horticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 is the

ONLY Directory that exists of gardens
and i;ardeners in the British Isles.

If yon want a list of all Nuiserymen
and Seetlsnien, Suntlriesmen, Hot-house
Builders and other traders closely con-
nected with horticulture, consult the
ONLY Horticultural l)ii-ectory.

Shoul 1 you lU'sirc to trace tlie where-
abouts of the youiii; nieii you associate(l
with in the Bothy you liave no otlier
means of finding out tlieir pie.senl
adtlrcsses tlian by turning ti) the ONI..Y
Directory of l^ritisli (iar(h'ners.

Obtain a cojjy ami set^ if your own
name is there, and if it is not, then send
us particulars for inclusion in the edition
for lilLS.

The Year Book part of this unitiuo
volume contains descriptions of all tlu>
new plants, flowers and fruits certihcated
in iHltj, notes on the principal gardcnei's
who died during tliat period, and much
additional information of great value to
all amateur and professional horticul-
turists.

We are still abh^ lo oIlVu' some few
copies of the current number, Rcaileis
are advised to send tlicir ordiTs early,
before the work is out of jiriiit.

Apply, enclosing 114 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. GOVENT GARDEN.
LONDON. W.C. 2.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 16, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the - GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdoni.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With preface by Sir. F. W. Moore, F.L.S.
(The first popular voUime published on this
subject.) 8 full-page Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Rocit and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley,
rockwork expert. A practical guide to the
makin" of Rock, Alpine, Wall and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Rock Gardens. By Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. .T. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S.
Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
500,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late Alex-
ander Dean. Contains B full-page Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Rose, The Book of the. By Rev. A. Foster
Melliar. M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
5s. 5d.

Roses. By H. R. Darlington. Contains 8 full-
page Coloured Plates. 2s. lid.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Propaga
tion, Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations.
5s. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other-
wise. , 2s. 2d.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and Under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper, Is. 2d. ; cloth, is. 9d.

Sa.xifrages or Rockfoils. By W. Irving and
R. A. Malby. A practical work on the Cul-
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Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc
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Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta-
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Edition. 21s. 6d.

Strawberry Culturist. The Illustrated. A Book
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Varieties as of the General Cultivator.
Is. 7d.

Strawberry, The Book of the. With Chapters
on the Raspberry, Blackberry. Loganberry,
Japanese Wineberrv. and Allied Fruits.
By Edwin Beckett, 'illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Sweet Peas. (Second and Revised Edition.) By
Horace .J. Wright. Contains 8 Coloured full-
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Sweet Peas and Antirrhinums. By William
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Sweet Peas, The Modern Culture of. By Thomas
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Is. 3d. Cloth, with Coloured Plates, 3s. 4d.

Teratology, The Principles of Plant. By W. C.
Worsdell, F.L.S. Containing a large amount
of new and interesting information. Illus-
trated. Price 25s. 8d.

Tomato Culture for Amateurs. By B. C.
Ravenscroft. Illustrated. New Edition. In
paper, Is. 3d.

Tomato Culture for Market. By J. Stoddart.
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Topiary, The Book of. Bv C. H. Curtis and W.
Gibson, of Levens Hall. 2s. lOd.

Trapping of Vermin «nd Birds, Practical. By
W, Carnegie. Is. 3d.

Trees : A Woodland Notebook. Bv the Rt. Hon.
Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., F.R.S., LL.D.
22s.

Trees and Shrubs, Beautiful Flowering, for
British and Irish Gardens. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Planting,
Pruning, Propagation, etc. Coloured Illus-
trations. 3s. lOd.

Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. By
W. .T. Bean. Asst. Curator of Kew Botanic
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Trees and Shrubs, Hardy. Ornamental Flower=
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Tropical Gardening and Planting. By H. F.
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Tulips. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob. Illustrated
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Variation, Heredity and Evolution. By R. H.
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Vegetable Culture for Amateurs. By Trevor
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Vegetable Garden, The. By Henry de Vilmorin
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Vegetable Gardening, The Principles of. By
Prnt. L. H. Bailey. 6s. lid.

Vegetables for Home Consumption and Exhibit
tion. By E. Beckett, V.M.H. Useful for
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Vegetables and Flowers, The Culture of, from
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Vegetables. The Book of. Bv George Wvthes,
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Villa Garden, Mv. Bv S. Graveson. Illustrated.
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Vines and Vine Culture. By the late Archibald

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and Enlarged. Illustrated. 5s. 5d.
Vine, On the Cultivation of the Grape. By W.

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Wall and Water Garden. Bv Gertrude Jekyll.

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herbert. 2s. 9d.
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by E. S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp). 7s. lid.
Alpine Flowers for Gardens. By W. Robinson.

Revised Edition. With Illustrations, lis.
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Tliompson. With Cultural Notes. Price

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For CONTENTS lee page 249.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisera will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 6 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

QISHURST CO.MrOUND. —Insecticide
^-^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years" reputation ; highly
Commended R H.S. Scientifloally controlled Trials at
Wislcv, 1914 15. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD..
Battersea, London, S.W. IL

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready, for
*- iximiediate delivery. Sulphate of Oopper 98 per
'•nt., pure WasltinR Soda 98 pt-.r cent. Write for prices
iiwl quantitv required per acre.— O. H. RICHARDS,
254, Borough High Street. I..ondon, S.E. 1.

IJ ARR'S SEEDS FOR JUNE SOWING.—

-■-^ Finest strains of Anttrrhiiiums, Aquilegias, 0am-
punulfls, Canterbury Bells, Oalceolarias, Oineraria;*,
Delphiniums, Hollyhocks, Lupin.'*, Paneies, Primulas,
Sfoolta, WoJJflo^\■eP8, &c. Catalogue on application.
BARR & SONS, King Street. Covmt Garden. London.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^^ ■■ Vitrolile." .superior to White Lead Paint.
■' Plastine " supersedes putty. FuU particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the oountrj-.

/"iUR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^-^ summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
free on applioation.— BOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

aOW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-

^^ SIES, as grown for the Royal Gardens at Frogmore.
Tlie richest and largest-flowered strain of Pansies extant.
IVr packet, 2s. 6d. and Is. 6d., post free for cash with
order.— {Dept. A). R. H. BATH. LTD.. The Floral Farms,
Wisbeoh.

"DOWLS. — £2 2s. Association set lawn
"^'^ bowls, 4 paiiTS superior full-size selected lignum
bowls and 2 jacks in strong box, unused, 29s. 6d. ; also
2 pairs finest Standard Bowls, perfect 3 biiis, offloiallv
tested and stamped b}' Bowling .\.ssociation, lis. 6d. pair;
or w.hole lot 478. 5d. Approval. -Box 725, Oilvaids', Jljir-
li-v Street, Bradford.

s

UTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

SUTTON'S FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

CUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

rfc I C K S O N • S HORTICULTURAL
-^-^ M.tNURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

BUSINESS METHODS.— E.\perience in
the world of commerce shows that there are two
ways of conducting a business, the one being to charge
as much as possible for what is sold, exacting a high
rate from one customer and a low price from another,
and the other to have a fixed price for everything and
stick to It. The first method is to be condemned from
every point of view, but mainly because it punishes
the best purchasers, those who are ready to pay what
is roa-sonably asked when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The GardeneTt' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
.tive- It guarantees that its advertisement rates are
not altered for any customer, big or little, old or new ;
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Conse-
queotly, while it is not possible to grant concessions,
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to assure each advertiser that he pays no more
than anyone else.

BEGONIAS. Gloire de Lorraine, Turnford
Hall and Rothschild variety of Lorraine, well-
rooted cuttings. &. 6d. doz., 50 for 6.s. 6d.. 10s. 6d. 100.
The King. 4s. doz.. 50 for 12s.. 20s 100.— H. DDDDER-
IDGE, The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford.

BE(;ONIAS and GLOXINIAS.— MORLE
& CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
largo 60 pots, in flower and bud. Early inquiries, as
stock is limited this season.— 150-156. Finchlcy Road,
N.W. 3. ^____

TUBEROSES, double African Pearl, just
arrive<l, tor winter flowering; extra large bulbs,
2s doz , lis. 100 ; sent free any address, for cash.—
MORLE & CO.. 150.156, Finchlcy Road, N.W. 3.

GENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s.,
free ' 12 Pinguicula grandiflora. lOs. ; 6 Habinaria
aJbida, 7a.' 5<1. ; 12 Fly Orohis, lOs.— O'KBLLY, Bolandst,
Ballj-vaughan, Ireland.

FERN.S ! FERNS ' 1— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Sime and Greenhouse
Ferns, Hardv Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London. S.W.

POINSETTIAS, established in small pots;
cle.™ and strong, 3s. 6d. per dozen, 21s. per 100,
carriage paid ; cash with oi<!er.-.IOHN BUROH, Staple
Hill Nur.iory, Bristol.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather; showerproof; 7 yards for 178. 6d. Patterns
tree— BRADFORD WOOI^LEN CO., 71, Bradford.

For Advertisement Charges see page lii

WT'ATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-
' ' OUS PLANTS and WATER ULIES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.— JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks.

jlTACKENZIE and MONCUR, Limit«d,

■^ -*- Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London OfBoe, 8, Camden
Road, N.W.

TJ EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,
"Porthleven. Cornwall.— The largest manufaoturers
of OARD.EN NKTTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-
inch and one-inch mesh, at 4d. per square yard. LIGHT
XKW square mesh, suitable for Strawberry Beds, at
3d. per square yard.

These Nets are bound all round with stout cord, and
cover their measured length and width. Any length or
width supplied.

all sizes in stock. State yo'ur
ill quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS, RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PACK
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
PAID, on receipt of order.

Repaired Nettings ir
equireiiients, and we

in<i (Win LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-JL"* '' '-''''' 20s. 100; I'nlms, Begonias, Crotons,
DKuaiii^is Hoses. Ericas,' Gloxinias, Lilies. Hydrangeas,
4.-I'. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, Londom, S.W.

ORCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;
Brown Peat. 10s. 6d. per yard in trucks; in bags
Zs 5d, each. 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam. Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand;
4-ton loUs for 45s.; C.N. Fibre. 24s. dozen bags; list
free._j. HANDSCOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old pkuils suitable (or stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S W.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &o. Oataloguee gratis.

SPRAY YODR POTATOS.

INCREASE vour crops and protect them
from bliglit "and disease bv using REELING'S
Sl'RWING MI.XTURE ('' Kiln " Brand). Gu.iranteed free
from at-id and keeps indefinitely. A 4 lb. bag, with 26
ctIIs of w.atOT. is enougJi to spray twenty rods t\nce,
and costs only 4s. 6d. ; 8 lbs., 89.; 16 lbs., lis. 6d.;
32 lb» , 249. ; oarriaige free in the U.K. Sample 1 lb.
Is 6d. post free. Send P.O., with order, direct to the
m:uiiifactuTers, KEELING & WALKER, LTD., 20, Milton
House, Surrey Street, London. W.O. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

FRIDAY NEXT.— ORCHIDS.

Two private Colleotioiis of Orchids, one by order of the
Owner, who is giving up their tniltivatiou, and the
other by order of the Executrix, compiising Cattleyas,
Laelias, Laelio-Oattleyas, Odontoglossimis, Odonitiodas,
Cypripediums, Deupdrobiums, &c. ; aliso choice Orchids
horn various growers, in flower or bud.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
-'■'-*- will sell the above by auftion at tSieir Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68, Oheapside,

On Friday, June 19th, at 1 o'eloek.

On view morning of s^de and catalog-ues had.

BUSINESS FOR SALE.

lyORTH-WEST COAST.— Important and
popular seaside towTi. For immediate sale ; ownea-
ralled up. For sale. Florist's, Seed, and Fruiterer's busi-
ness.—Full partJciiUrs of PROTKEROE & MORRIS, 67
and. 68, CTieapside, E.G. 2.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four LIn.s 3s. (Head-line counted as Two).
6d. for eaeh sueeeedlng line.

Gardeneri desiring their Advertisements repeated

7nust give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient .

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
xnto communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

OITY AND COUNTY BOROUGH OF BELFAST.
MUNICIPAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE.

''PHE LIBRARY and 'TECHNICAL IN-

-■- STRUCTION COMMITTEE mvitc APPLICATIONS
for tihe position of TEMPORAEY INSTRUCTOR in
HORTICULTURE. Salary at tbe rate of £M0 per aminm.
The appointment miajy be for the duration^ of tlie w-ar.
Papfcicullars of the Duties and Conditions of Appointment,
together with the Form of Application, may be obtained
from the Acting Vioe-Principal, Municipal Technical In-
stitute, Belfast, witlh whom application®, on t(he special
form provided for the purpose, must be lodged not later
than NOON on TUESDAY, 26th June, 1917. Applications
.should be accompanied b.v copies of three recent testa.
moniaJb (original testimonials must not be sent). Can-
vassing is strictly forbidden a.nd will disqualify.

VyANTED, HEAD GARDENER, with

thorough knowledge Vegetable and Fruit Growing ;
Guildford district ; Under Gardener kept.— Send full par-
ticulars, experience, &o.. to H. G.. 565, c/o Deacon's,
Leadenhall Street, E.G. 3.

WTANTED, immediately, a Temporary
' • HEAD GARDENER, Man or Woman ; 2 boys
kept ; some experience of Vegetable Garden essential —
THE DOWAGER LADY CHURSTON, Churston Court,
Chureton.

\\;'ANTED, HEAD GARDENER; present

Head Gardener on military service ; good wages
for experienced man.— R. OORRY, Esq., Ivanlioe. Alders
Road, Reigate.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

^ ' DENER ; experienced Insdde and Out. Write, stilt-
ing full particulars and wages. — LADY McMAHON,
.Southbroom House. De\izes.

'VI/'ANTED. immediately, HEAD WORK-

' ' ING GARDENER (temporary); 2 or 3 under Full

particulars, age, wages, &e.. to MRS. ANDERDON
WESTON, Holme Grange, Wokingham.

ANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

DEXER : inelig-ible; g-ood all-round man; cottage
provided.— Write fulil particulars to MRS. MLTRRAY, Fair
Oak Lodge, Bishopstoke, Hants.

w

"V^ANTED, good all-round SINGLE-

' ^ HANDED GARDENER (ineligible) ; used to a
gentleman's place ; help given ; wiages 329. and good
rooms.— Letters, WILLEY, 16, Uxbridge Road, Ealing.

GARDENERS WANTED ; all suited free
(whether married or single). Valuable presents
given. (1) Berks, help given; 25s. and cottage. (2)
Essex, about 30s. ; look .ifter a few chickens. (3) Herts,
50s. and good rooms over stables ; present man( there 9
years. (4) Middlesex, 27s. and cottage ; wife witlh know-
ledge of plain cooking ; required act as caretakers wihen
family not in residence. (5) Surrey, 30s. and good cot-
tage and coal. (6) Surrey ; need not he experienced ;
help with poultrv ; discharged soldier preferred. —
Write, sending full particulars, oi- call, MRS. HUNT,
LTD., 86, High Street, Marylebone, W,. 1. No engage-

fee.

YyANTED, GARDENER (Single-

' ' H.iNDED) ; no Glass ; wife been good service ; no
children, as caretaking required when house empty ; Nor-
folk.—Write, Z., Box 21, 41, WeUington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

"YVANTED, GARDENER; single-handed;

^ g:iio<l general knowledge Flower and Kitchefni Gar-
<ien, Glass; good wages, with cottage (no accommodation
fcr family). — Elmstead Manor, Chislehurst.

TITANTED, for Highgate, GARDENER,

experienced; single-handed; do boots, ooal, mats;
25s., 3 rooms and wash-house. — G. P., Box 26, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

T\/'ANTED. GARDENER, male or

" ' female, for diuiation of wiar.— Apply, stating wages
required, to H. H. SCOTT, Newstead. 103, Leig-ham CV)urt
Rr.od. Streatban:, S.W. 16.

TyANTED, GARDENER, for private

' ^ grounds, single or with another, 30s. to £2 ; must
be skilled in all general work. Glass excepted ; a willing,
clieerful worker i.^ required, taking a keen interest,
otherwise no use to me.— Call, if possible, otherwise send
tes'tiimonJals, to MR. ROBINSON, Kemptown Manor,
Brighton.

TyANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) ;

' " exi>erienoed Inside and Out ; Vinetry, Orohard
House, some Orchids; second man kept. — Appl^', witli full
particulars, to E. T. BOWLE, Mill House. Salishun-.

w

ANTED, WORKING GARDENER for

11 Garden at Staines. — Stat<e wagers required
swood," Staines. Middlesex.

TITANTED, competent GARDENER, with
' wife, cap.ible of good plain cooking, having no
eliildren, for faimily of two, living about 12 miles from
London ; wife required to look after house ; board, lodg-
ing, and satisfactorv wages ; good references essential. —
Repiv to W. G., 423. c/o Deacon's, Leadenhall Street,
E.G. 3.

\^ANTED. ORCHID GROWER, imme-

" " mediately ; one witih some experience of Seedling
raising preferred; easy place; good wages; I^ady would
do. PleJifie state experience and requirements.^ — Gi.
HAAriLTON-SMITH, Noi-t.hside, Leigh Woods, Bristol.

W/'ANTED. a good SECOND GAR-

' ' DEXER or .JOURNEYMAN. — Apply, LAWLEY,
Head Gai^lener. Witham Hall, Bourne, Lines.

w

ANTED, GARDENER, under Head.—
t;iling lull particxilars and wages, LADY
House, Devizes.

McMAHON, Soutlibr.

TyANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; used

' ' tn Greenhouse and Strove plants; single; ineligiDle.
—MRS. WAKESIAXNEWPORT. Sandboume, Bewdley.

"YVANTED, UNDER-GARDENER having
" ' good experience and references ; eingle and in-
eligible ; liberal wages.— Apply, T. ELLIOTT, Norton
Manor, iSutt-on Sootney, Hants.

W/'ANTED, UNDER GARDENER (ineli-

' * gible) ; principally for market work, mostly Grapes.
State experience and wages wanted. — B., Broadw^ater
House, Broadwater, Worthing.

VITANTED, FOREMAN, under Head Gar-

' ' dener ; general all-round work ; single or married,
former preferred ; ineligible ; state wages. — Apply, W.
OHALORAFT, Blaisdon Hall Gardens, near Lonighope,
Glos.

TifRS. ARTHUR WILSON requires

■'■'■*■ FOREMAN for Inside ; also LADY G.VRDENER for
Fruit Houses.— Applv. W. J. E-\RL, The (Jardens, Tranbv
Croft, Hull.

W^ANTED, .lOURNEYMAN (ineligible)

' ' ■ for Inside and Out ; also IMPROVER for Inside
and Out; wages 25s. and 21s. per week and Bothy; duty
and overtime.— .\pply, with full particulars, to H. A.
PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize Court, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

TIT-ANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Houses ;

• • ineligible ; wages 24s. per week ; Bothy and
vegetables; duty every third Sunday. — C. E.\RL, Somer-
hill Gardens, Tonbridge. Kent.

TITANTED, 2 JOURNEYMEN (ineligible
or disobarged soldiers) for Inside : fruit. Bothy,
milk, and vegetables ; duty and overtime pa.id ; 12 o'clock
Saturdays. — Wages expected and full particulars to H.
CHANDLER. Ooombe Abbey Gardens. Ooventn-.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN or YOUTH,
with some experience in Fruit and Pliant Houses.—
Applv, with references, stating exiJerience and wages
raiuired, with Bothy, &c. — C. E. BARTER, Longleal
Gardens, Waj^minster.

Y\r ANTED, an experienced MAN (over

* * age), for Fruit Trees.— All particulars, wages ex-
pected, and refei-ences (copies only), M. CROOKE, The
Gardens, Kidbrooke Park, Forest Row, Sussex.

"P LECTRICIAN (Handyman) required

^-^ take charge of Tangye oil engine, dyniaano, battery ;
rough carpentering and odd jobs, under Head Gaaxlcner.
—VISCOUNTESS K., Kneesworth Halil, Roa-ston, Herts.

V^T'ANTED, at once, for gentleman's estate,
" ' a. thoroughly reliable and truatwortihy man ;
capat>]e of running modern electric light installation with
12 h.p. duplicate oil engines ; must have thorough Icnow-
ledge of small running repairs, wiring, &c., and be willing
to flill in time Gairdennng or other light duties ; must be
ineligible for military service.— Write, stating age, wages
required, and all particulars, enclosing copy of testi-
monials, to G. L. THURGOOD. Builder, Mucih Hadham,
Herts.

W/'ANTED, FOREWOMAN and 4

^ ^ WOMEN UNDER GARDENERS, with experience,
for Pleasure Grounds ■ and Rockeries ; well- appointed
Bothy and usual perquisites, — MARTIN, Moreton Paddox,
Warwick.

T\^^NTED, LADY GARDENER for the

' Houses and Herbaceous Borders, under forewoman ;
Bothy, duty, and overtime paid. — FARWELL, Gardeners'
Lotige, Pains Hill. Gobham. Sai'rey.

\Y^NTED, LADY GARDENER or MAN

'* (ineligible); help work Garden, knowledge Vege-
tables, Greenhouse ; 24s. week.— .\pply. WOODHOUSE,
Fairfield, Biggleswade.

TVANTED, LADY GARDENER, with

" ' some experience, for Plant Houses.— Apply to J.
ELDER. Hursley Park. Winchester.

\Y'^^'TED at once, 2 LADY GAR-

^^ DENEKS, with some practdoal experience; reliitiona
or friends preferred, for care of Vegetables and Flower
Ganien and some Glass ; t^mis, niceJy furnished cottage,
near work, £1 a week each, vegetables and milk ; Ohurcli
of England.— Applj', giving particulars, to MRS. TEES-
DALE, Whitminster House, near Stonehouse, Gloucester-
shire. ^

W/'ANTED. two LADY GARDENERS for

^' Inside, under a forewoman; 20s. a week, Bothy,
&c. — State experience, and for further particulars applv
J. JAQUES, Bryanston Gardens, Blandford.

^l/'ANTED, 4 LADY GARDENERS for

' * inside work ; Botliy, milk, and vegetables; duty and
overtime paid ; 12 o'clock Saturdays. — Full particulars an
to experience and wages expeoted, to H. CHANDLER.
Coonibe Abbey Gardens. Coventry.

TY*^^IEN GARDENERS (working class)
" ' wanted ; all suited entirely free of charge. —
Two Unders for Bath ; head man kept and 3 other women ;
comfortable bothies, with attendance. Three, as Head
and 2 Unders, for Sevenoaks ; no Glass, Two Unders for
Staffs; furnished cottage, water laid on; Head Man and
another woman kept ; chiefly Outdoor work, but man
woaiild teach Glass. Ladies wanted as Head.— (1) Derby,
very comfortable post; must understand Glass; no rougli
work. (2) Hindhead, Groom-Gardener also wanted ; 1
horse, small Garden, Greenhouses, Vegetables. (3) Amer-
sham, 5 kept in Gardens ; lady would take Under a!>o
if 2 friends. Singlehanded for (1) Reigate; 25s., with
good modern cottage, vegetables, and wood ; garden,
under 2 acres. :ind small Greenhouse. (2) Dun?-
fold (Surrey); slight experience would do; Vegetables,
Garden, and help little with poultry. Also other good
posts.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street, Marylebone.
W. 1. Tel.. Mayfair 6200.

Tl^ANTED, two IMPROVERS for the

* ' Houses, with some experience; good wages, wiih
B.>tbv.— W. BUTLER, Wilton House Gardens, near Sali.*;-
bury, Wilt-s.

WTANTED, strong active 'LAD as TM-

^^ PROVER, 16-17; excellent opening for intelligeTit
lad ; good wages ; Bothy, vegetables, &c. ; overtime an<I
Sunday duty paid.— W." PHILLIPS. Derry Ormond, Car-
digan.s'hire.

T^T" ANTED, for Inside, three smart young

* * MEN. about 16 years of age ; £1 per week ; Botby,
milk, vegetables, dutv and overtime paid; half-day Satur-
day,<i. State experience. &c.— MR. R. STUART, The air-
dens, Stoneleigh Abbey, Keniilworth.

Tl^-'^NTED, active lad of 16 or 17 years
"* ;is IMPROVER in th-e Houses; good wages and
Bntihv, with extra for Sunday duty.— J. HOWARD. Ben-
ham Park Gardens. Newburj'.

W/'ANTED, LAD (under military age) for
' " Inside and Out ; to take dutv ; wages 17s. per
week ; Bothy and vegetables.— J. L. WATERMAN. The
Gardens, S.vndale, Faversham.

.Tdne 23, 1917.1

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

111.

TRADE.

WANTED, Representative for leading firm
of Seedsmen amongst Market Gardeners ; South-
west of England; state qualifications, salary, &c. ; must
.■vrle.— •■ SEEDS," Box 9, 11, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.

WTANTED, Hardy Plant PROPAGATOR,

' ' in good Xursery, near London, — Write, stating full
particulars, W. B., Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Oarden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, Hardy Plant PROPAGATOR,
in good Nursen', near London. — Write, stating fuU
particulars, W. B., Bo'x 8, 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Oarden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, a CUCUMBER and
TOM.\TO fJROWER ; good \vages and overtime.—
.\ppl.v to J. M. LEATHER, East Fields. Mitohom.

WANTED, 'grower ; used to Ferns.—
F T , Box 24. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gnr.
den, W.C. 2.

WANTED, GROWER; nursery, 2A acres;
7 Glass Houses ; Cucumbers, Tomatos, Grapes, Vege-
t.ihles, Bedding Plants, Ohr\-sant1jemums, Out Flowers,
.V1-. ; good references. — X., Box 20, 41, Wellington Street,
lovPT.t Garden, W.O. 2.

M

ARRIED MAN wanted for Nursery

(Tomat<rs onlv); must have some expeiienre; wages
per week and good cottage on the premises rent

1 o'clock Saturdays: overtime and Sunday work
. — .^ppiy personally, Kingsfleld Nurser>', Seward-
Road, Cliingford.

"1\7' ANTED, Nursery Order and Corre-
' s|iondence CLERK : within 20 miles of London.—
Apple, stating full partiicular.", .\. L., Box 24, 41. Welling
Inn Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

A UDIT or CHECKING CLERK (experi-

'^*- enced) wanted ; ineligible ; quick and accurate. —
TOOGOOD i SONS, The King's Seedsmen. Southampton.

TJOOK-KEEPER wanted, to take charge
^-^ of accounts: one used to general Nursery work and
over militiu*y age. — St-ate particulars of present duties
and salary fwiuircd. to P. M., Box 27. 41. Wellington
Slreet. Covent Garden, London. W.C. 2.

WANTED, for Farm Seed Warehouse, a
capable FOREM-tN ; most be able to superintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade ; also
Warehouseman, neat sack stitcher and tyer indispeii8al>le ;
also for Garden Seed Department, an experience*! Hand,
must be able to take en-tire charge. Good wages ofTered.
AM applicants must be ineligible. — A. B., Box 19, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O 2.

W^ANTED, at once, for Work's Food

' ' rro<luction Scheme, STOREKEEPER, with good ex-
perience of Nursery and Market Gardening bookkeeping :
applicant's, who must be over military age, shouUI ftato
full details of experience and wages required- — Apply, MR.
GHEENFIELD, Oarden Superintejldcnt, care of The
N.ili"nal Filling Factory, No. 4 OfBces, Coventry.

TyANTED, for retail business. EXI'ERT

" • SEEDSMAN, with good general knowledge of Sce<l6
and Horticultui-al Sundries; ineligible for ser\icc. Full
particulars as to experience and wages required.— KING'S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD.. Hereford.

"WANTED, WAREHOUSEMAN, for

' ' good nursery near Lomlon, with some kncnvledge
of tile handling of Bulbs and of packing. — Appiv, stating
full particulars, N. B., Box 23. 41. Wellington Street,
O.vcnt Garden, W.O. 2.

w

Torqu

ANTED, SHOPMAN for seedsman's
and fiorisfs shop.— W. B SM.\LE, 31, Fleet Street,

"\/l/'ANTED, several WOMEN GAR-

' ' BENERS for Moj-ket Nursery, Tomatos, Chrysan-
t-hemunis, and Roses grown ; goo<I wages and overtime. —
Apply, SAPSFORD k ALLMAN, Waltham Abbey, Essex.

VOUNG LADY required as IMPROVER

in our Cut Flower department,— -\.pply, stilting age,

experience, and wages required, to WILLS & SEGAR

Royal Kxcilic Nurser.v, Onslow Crescent. South Kensing!

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must giv( full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address atone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at t'ost-offices, as all
Letters «o addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

XJEAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical

-^-'- experience in growing Vines, Peaches, Melons.
Oucimibers, Tomatos, Flowers, large quanitities of Vege
tiibles; at liberty July 7. — W. LAMBERT. Ravenscrag
Cotliige, Conway, North Wales.

XTEAD GARDENER ; expert in every

•'--'• branch of Horticulture, and estate management if
neces.'orv. at iilicrt v.— Applv, A. H., Box 26, 41, Welling-
ton Rtriit, Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working); 6 or more
are kept in normal time ; lite experience in, all
brandhes; age 47; married (no family); excellent refer
ence from present and previous employers. — BE-\LE, New
Cottage, Llanwem, Newport, Mon.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or
3 are kept ; 30 years' practical experience in all
brandies. Inside and Out: goiKl kno\vle<lge of poultry:
married : over military age— G. Tl'IlNKR, 15, Tliroxenliy
Lane, Newby, near Scarborough.

rjJARDENER (Head Working, or good
^^ SiNui.E-fiANDRD): age 50; married (no family): life
experience iii all brandies. Inside and Out; good refer-
ence.—GARDENER, Octavia, Pegwell Bay. Ramsgate.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 3 or
4 are kept ; a capable, practical man ; 47 years ol
age ; total abstainer ; thorougJi knowledge of his busi-
ness, both Indoors and Out; a widower (no family). -
COLIN MITCHELL, St. .tn<lrew9, Malahi<Ie, Oo. Dublin.

(GARDENER (Head Working); age 45;

^-^ marrlwi : life experience Glass, Fruit, Flowers, ajid
Vegetables; good references.— J. BLOl'NT, Tlie Gardens,
Lillingstone Oayrell. Buckingham.

rjARDENER (Head Working), in large

^-^ establi.shment ; flrst-class experience in all branches
of tlie profession : good organiser ; personal recommenda-
tions; age 46.— J. L. G., Box 19, 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-
DENER BAILll'F; well up in all requirejncuts of
good establishments: thoroughly experienced, both Out-
side and under Glass ; also landscape work : excellent re-
ference*; 14 years' Head; age 48; married (no family). —
P. R., Box 22, 41, Wellington Street, Oovenrt Garden, W.C.2

rf^ARDENER (Single-handed) ; good with

^-* Vegetables, Fruit, &c. ; no objection to cows, pigs,
and poultrv ; married (2 ohildren) ; age 50. Please etade
wages, with cottage. — GARDENER, c/o T. Grove. 47,
Chase Side, Old Southgate, N.

rjJARDENER (Single-handed) or LENDER

^-^ GARDENER, in country ; permanent place ; 26
.vears' experience General Gardening ; 18 j-ears' character
in one pl.acc ; ot-her references ; abstainer ; married (no
family) ; age 45 Please srtate wages.— FRANKLIN. Garden
Cottage, Heathlando, Hampstead Heath, N.W. 3.

/^ARDENER (Second) ; life e.xperience in

^-^ all branches. Inside and Out; Ohrj'santhemums,
Roses. Carnations, &c.. Decorator; ineligible; single:
state wages.— GARDENER, Sutton Green, near Guildford.

T ADY GARDENER seeks post in good es-

■^^^ tablisbment ; experienced in Fruit and Plant
Hoii.'ies : age 2^ : strong, willing ; Manchester district pre-
ferre<l.— MISS BAILEY, Bothy. Hursley Park. Winohestsr,

T^WO LADIES, experienced (trained under
-*■ Head Gardeners) re-juire work together in large,
up to-date Fruit and Vegetable Garden.— G. L., c/o MRS.
WARING. 52. Hamilton Square, Birkenhead.

TRADE.

]V,TANAGER, Grapes, Tomatos, Cucumbers.
■'■'■*■ and general market stuff; life experience.— H. S.,
Box 23, 41, Wellington Street, Covent (Jarden. W.C. 2.

Tpt.lREMAN (Working); over 30 years' ex-
perience wbolesiile and retail market', nurseries,
well up in Chrj-santbemums. Tomatos, Cucumbers, Feins,
Pots, Plants, Cut Blooms, Forcing. State wages ; gco<l
references.— WOODS, 1, Foi-ework Road, Mitcham, Surrey.

Xj^LORIST. — Re-engagement, lady requires ;
-*- 14 .lears' experience Floral Designs. Bouquets,
Plants, Seeds; used to taking charge; refs.— FLORAL,
c/o 93, Lawrence Ro-id. South Ending. Lcmdon.

Evaporate your Fruit

bv using the

" NATIONAL " EVAPORATOR.

It V.

elf ill ~

Ycu can thus Save and Stcre all your Fru t safely.
Preserve it without su^ar.
Utilise every ounce of it.
Sell when prices arc highest, and
Reduce transport charges.
Apiile ring.s euii lie mailt- liy ohildrt'ii.
PaiHculars free tinm -

THE BRITISH FRUIT EVAPORATOR CO.,
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'^TJpa^r' SUMMER SHADING. 'PINGO.'

fnrKrcciih uses. Itest ever . s.d. snvs A Wils>.n, Kriil-c Tastlc

'^™;^^;ir'';^-1/6c;;v^r20Ki:R.H.Sj;:^;

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Telegrams: 1648 "OARtiCHRON, R.*Nii, London."
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TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

Save our Food Lt"' »!

throu- h

rftvases of Rata and Mice Iq o

im^s?^iis

Rats

oxterminates

Farms, store & Homea

Dutroylhibmenaca
with LiverpoolVinis
In tin^ ready prenar
ed with bait; forRat.

t/e&e

Of all Chemists.
EVANS SONS

llt^JHItB'*

■^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instruotions Free.

6d. & i/- Tins & 15/- per Cwt.([.o

of all Chemists. Stores and Nursei

, London)

THE "SANITAS" GO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticultural
Exhibilio'i. igil.

MANY YEARS REPUTATION.

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS - NO NEW EXPERIMENT. ,

LABOUR SAVERS.-EUREKA- uwn sani>. ^

SoiLFLME, Nicotine insecticides Fumehs.
Sprays. AND other Chemicals * Sundries
See List please ash your agent for the Eureka

ARTICLES- They ARE ALWAYS SATISFACTORY IF ANY' '
DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING WE SEND DIRLCT CARRIAGE PHIO

JniyAiliIitssTOMLINSONiiHAYWARD \" LINCOLN

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an! cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send h'V Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

BENTLEY'S=^

WEED DESTfiOYERS

Liqni^ : Coaceiktrated Strength 1 to 80.

Dtuble Strength 1 to 50.
Patcat Powder: 1 to 25.

BENTLEY'S DAISY KILLER

(LAWN SAND).

BENTLEY'S INSECTICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUNGICIDES.

BENTLEY'S FUMIGANTS.

BENTLEY'S MANURES.

Catalogue on application.

JOSEPH BENTLEY, Ltd

Chemical Works,

Barrow-on-Humber, HULL.

SANKEYSO'^POTS

r'^i'ill^ rl^ ",',"'7" j;"j"'"'"'' ••" >"" '•',"'-1' —* ■'

IwJ.l. .r -rin u, J.„j, Ll.l. <„, '
*»H . 1*1 ll'TS ulall d..«ripii,i,t».'r Bulb S*wl, mnj l:tri>

RICMAmO SANKC^A SON, LTC

Important to Gardeners
and Fruit Growers

EC

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(IMPROVED)

^=(REGD.)

11

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Insecticide of tlie Day.

^? Its Advantages are —
^:^^. Ceitain Death to all Insect Peats.
''' ' '' ' No possiWe injury to the most
,' "lelicate Plant, Flower or Foliage.

^ '- It 18 the Cheapest Insecticide known.

One pint makes 10 to 12 gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, etc.,
whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy Bug and
Scale call be thoroughly eradicated
hy usini; "NIQUAS" about double
the strength required for Fly.

PRICES.

Half-pint, 1/- ; Pint, 1/6 ; Quart, 2/6 i
Half-g^al., 4/- ; Gallon, 7/6 ; Keg^s,
each, Five Calls., 25/- ; Ten Calls.,

<5/-.

THE "NIQUAS" SYRINGE

These SyriiiRes are eBpecinlly adapted for the use
of ''NlquaBj*' and as a general Vaporising Syringe
The " Niquas " Syringe changes auto-
matically from Direct to Uuderleaf
Spraying byBimply turning the Syringe.

^Twmki*i^''-"7af'ft^f

To be had from the Trade geuerally,

M anufachirers : —

OnODV Pm i^(\ I TH BONDED TOBACCO

UUnni Qb UUi« Lllli* STORES & WAREHOUSE,

SHAD THAMES, LONDON, S.E,

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hohl cirtain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., "^Srw'.cT"''

A^^

^tvd Pontytere^

SOLE AGENT:

^
^

c
/^ T. T. PASCOE, \

York Chambers,

%

SWANSEA.

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

JcNE 23, 1917.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

249

(Bavhcmvs QDIjronirk

Xo 1591 -SATURDAY, J USE ^'.J. 1317

CONTENTS.

Agricultural education

for disabled men ,. 2
Books, notices of —

Herbs Used in Medicine 2
Caterpillar plague, the.. S
Farm, crops and stock

on the home .. ..2
Flowtrrs, duulile .. .. S
Food production, on in-
creased—

Brassicas and Onions,
nitrates for .. ..5

T»rying fruit .. ..5

Food production at
Gatton Park, Reigate :

Parsley . . .. *.

Strawberry plants . . ;

Tomato, training the.. !
Gordonia anomala .. \
Hailstorm, damage by .. ;
Horticultural War

Relief Fund .. .. :
Insec-t pests, eifect of the

winter on . . .. \

Insects and birds

Irises, notes on . . . . 2

Japan, letters from—
\egetation of the Liu-
kiu Islands .. .. -2

Market fruft garden, the '2.

Novice, confessions of a 2

Obituary—
Foster, Lieut. H. L. . . S

Pea weevil, the .. .. 1

pineapple ■ growing in
South Africa .. ... 5

Potato spraying . . . . S

Schneider, the late Mr.
Georye *

Seed trade, an appeal to
the i

Seeds, old, and new . . :

Societies-
Royal Horticultural .. :

Veronica La -S^uisante \

Veronicas, hardiness of
■■ shnibby . . . . 265, :

War Items '

Week's work, the. . 232, :

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Gordonia anomala v ..250

MeconopBLS cambrica, the double-flowered .. .i 264

LETTERS FROM JAPAN. -I.

THE VKCKIATION OF THK LIl KlU
ISLANDS.

MR. E. H. WILSON, who is again in the
Eiaft gatlicring matevial aiirl information
for the Arnold Arborttiim sent the
following account of his visit to the Liu-kiu
Islands to Professor Sargent, who has kindly
for%varded it to us for publication. These
islands constitute one of the lea«t-known of the
dependencies of the Japp.nese Empire, and are
rarely visited by foreigners.

" I have just returned from the Liu-kiu
Islands, where Pine and Palm meet, and have
pleasure in reporting a sueceefiful trip. . . .
The southern half of the main i&land is of coral
rock, hilly, but of no great elevation, and most
of the land is under cultivation. Sugar is the
chief crop, and two crojjs of rice are raised in a
year, the first being planted alx>ut the end of
February. The northern part of the island is
mountiii nous and sparsely populated, and is
ptirtly of coi'al rock and partly volcanic. Some
of the small ii»lan<i> vi«it^^d were purely volcanic.
Near the sea tlie flora i.s composed mainly of
subtropical and tropical plantfi, which have a
wide distribution in the tropics. Of tliese I'an-
danus odoratisiima is the most abundant. Tlie
comjnou trees are Kcus nitida. F. Wdghtiana,
Eirythrina indica, Bischofia javanica, Melia
Azederach. Terminalia Catappa, and Hibiscus
tiliaefolia. Inland on the hills and mountains a
few Japanese plant*, suoh ;is 'ITiea japonica.
Eurya japonica, Di«tyliiun raceniosum, iMaohi-
lus Thunbergii, Viburnum odoratissimum, and
Cti^tanopfiis cuspidata, occur, but the flora
proper is largely endemic, and the woody plants
are nearly all evergreen. whiUt the majority
have lustrous leaves. The striking features of
the Hora ore Pinos luehuensis and Cycas revn-
lula, and these give much character to the land-
scape. Pinius luehuensis is the only species of
Pinus in Liu-kiu, and is not only wild, hxsi ha.s
been planted very largely. It ia one of the
handsomest of Asiatic Pines, and is a very dis-
tinct and easily recognised species. The bark is

always grey, quite smooth on young trees, but
early becoming scaly, and finally deeply fissured
and cracked into plates of irregular size and
shape. The winter buds are reddish-brown, and
the cone comparatively small, and not very per-
sistent. Though abundantly distinct, it appears
to me more closely related, to Pinus Thunbergii
th?.n to any other As'atic Hard Pine familiar to
me. At its best the Liu-kiu Pine is a handsome
tree 100 feet tall, with a straight trunk from 9 to
10 feet in girth, and a broad, oval or flattened
crown. The wood is of fair quality, rich in
resin, and may poFsiibly contain tiu-pentine dn
commercial quantity. The trunk hoUowed out
and shaped foi-ms the canoe in common use
among the fislier folk. This Pine forms pure
woods with usually a dense undergrowth of ever-
green sJirubs and low trees, among which Tree
FeiTi} and A-arious kinds of Palms are con-
spicuous. I took many photographs of Pinus
luehuensis, and collected abundant herbarium
material, and also some seeds of it

" On the sea cliffs Cycas revoluta is wild, but
it ie everywhere planted in va<it quantities, and
is. perliaps. the most common plant in Liu-kiu.
Formerly, and to a less extent today, the pithy
trunk fumisihed an article of food.

" In order to collect and study the Juniper,
which has long been known to grow in Liu-kiu,
I made trips to outlying islands 20 and 32 miles
distant from NaJia. my home. This Jnuiper is
a littoi-al, prostrate species, sltiA forms dense
broad mats on sand and rocks above tide-mark.
The foliage is pe,T-green, and the fruit sub-
globose. Plum colour, and slightly pruinose. The
leaves are awl-shaped, not pungent, and each
has two stomatic bands. Lntil I loave seen the
Bonin Island Juniperus taxifolia in a living
state, I am not prepared to give any name to
this Liu-kiu .Juniper, which is, in fact, the geo-
gr<xphical representative of the Japanese J. con-
ferta, although a distinct species. Of this Liu-kiu
Juniper I collected plenty of material, including
ripe fruits, and also brought back living plants.
I'nfortunately, there is no likelihood of its being
hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, but it (vhould
be useful in Southern California and Florida.

" In Liu-kiu I took five dozen photographs and
collected about fix hundred specimens, repre-
senting more than one hujidred apeciesi. Of the
more interesting plants coUeoted I may mention
Quercus Miyagii, Buxus liukiuensas, Tourne-
fortia argentea, Myoporum bontioides, Hliodo-
<Iendr'm Tashii'oi, R. publanceolatimi, two Palms,
three Mangiwes, and a local variety of loose-
sl<inned Orange, said to be indigenous, and
known as ' Tasliibana.' The Rhododendron sub-
lauceolatum is the sole representative in Liu-kiu
of fcho group ItHjsely called R. indicum in books,
and is endemic.

" The Liu-kiu people are a distinct race,
probalbly of Malay origin, in the main part
farmers, part fishermen, llie manners and cus-
toms are primitive, and very different from tho.<ie
of Ohina and Japan. As a race they are smaller
than the Japanese, and their manners are mild
and inoffensive. The women, in particular,
vn>r\i very hard, and carry all lr>ads on their
heads. Children abound, and seem happy. The
houses are very small, of Bamboo wattle sides
and thotohefL niofs, and each is enclosed by a
wall or fence. The people seem very poor, and
whatever wealth they amass appears to be
squandered on the confi.truotion of enonnous
family tomlx=. By educaibion of the children and
the development of various industries, the
Japanese are doing much toward the improve-
ment of the conditioni^ and social life of the Liu-
k i u people.

" On the trip I i-eceived every po-siible
a&?)istanee from the Japanese. The forestry
officers at Kag«>shinia and the Agripultnral De-
partment in Liu-kiu exei-ted themselves to the
utmcft In our favour. T find that our woi-k in
Japan during 1914 has become widely known,
and is viewed most favourably by the forestry
officials

NOTES ON IRISES.

REGELIA IRISES.
M.\.Y I give a warning to those who grow these
beautiful Irises? It is that the rhizomes should
not be lifted until the root-iibres are fully de-
veloped. In early June it will probably be found
that the foliage is beginning to show signs of
turning yellow, and that the tips of the new
growths. at the ends of the running stolons are
showing through the ground. Until last year
I always took this to mean that growth was
mature and hastened to lift my plants before
the main root-fibres sent out their lateral shoots.
I was, however, always disappointed to find that
the roots died away before planting time came
in October, and that flowers were few in the
following summer. Last year I left my plants
ill the ground until the middle of July, by which
time growth was much more mature. The result
was that the rhizomes and roots were in far better
condition in October, and this season the plants
flowered better than ever.

Some Juno Irises.

The Juno section of Irises is by no means a
homogeneous group. There are at least two
main groups, those with flowers of which the
haft of the fall bears large wings which arcli
over and clasp the style branch, and those of
which the haft of the fall is strap-shaped and
wingless. The sefeds of the species of the two
groups are very different, but our knowledge
of some of the rarer species is still so scanty
that it is impossible to say with certainty into
how many sub-divisions these two main groups
naturally fall.

It would be interesting if some geologist could
tell us whether in the hills of Asia Minor the
.*oil is a stiff clay, or at any rate that heavy red
loam which is found in the limestone districts
of southern Europe, and which seems to be
extraordinarily fertile, and also whether there
ar3 not large tracts of sandy soil in Turkestan.
These theories are deduced from the behaviour
of various plants in this sandy soil in Surrey,
and it would be interesting to know whether
they are in accordance with facts. In any case,
the fact remains that tlie Persica group of Irises
dies out here, such Tulips as pulchella and poly-
chroma are none too happy, and Fritillaria
aurea refuses to live, while Iris bucharica grows
like a weed, Tulips such as Kaufmanniana arc
difficult to eradicate, and Fritillaria pallidiflora
grows 2 feet high, with six or seven flowers on
each stem. Of these plants, the former are all
natives of Asia Minor, while the latter come
from Turkestan.

Experience has therefore led me to abandon
the Western Junos, and to concentrate on the
Turkestan species, which have well repaid my
interest in them. Last summer I lifted all my
bulbs of Iris Rosenbachiana, and my belief was
confirmed that there are either two species or
two very different local forms concealed under
this name. Dr. Fedtschenko has alluded to an
Iris baldshuanica in the Journal Itunse (!'■
i.Dtnniijiic, 1909, p. 77, but as he only separates
it from I. Rosenbachiana by suying that the
flowers are yellow, it is difficult to be certain
with what plant he was dealing. I would sug-
gest, however, that the true Rosenbachiana is
The early flowering form with bright orange
pollen, i'he thick fleshy roots on the dormant
bulb taper gradually and are of a pale yellowish-
brown. Here I have only one colour varietv
of this form, and the flowers have falls marked
with a briuht crimson-ini'rple on a white ground.
The later form, which is probably Fedtschenko's
baldshuanica, is very variable in the colour of
its flowers, and has given me one or two seed
lings of a pale creamy-yellow marked with
brown-purple. This form has white pollen, and
the roots taper much more abruptly than do

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

those of the true Rosenbachiana, and are of a
whiter colour. 1 found when dealing with large
numbers of bulbs that 1 could separate them into
tlie two species by the colour and formation of
the roots.

Perhaps the most striking and certainly the
most vigorous of all the Juno Irises is I. buch
arica, with white and yellow flowers. Here it
has combnied with the yellow 1. orchioides and
given me wholly yellow forms, with the vigour
and size of bucharica. One chance seedling of
bucharica has come wholly white except for a
pale yellow crest, and in others the deep yellow
of the type is replaced by a pale, delicate lemon-
vellow, which gives a beautiful efiect. I. buch-

type, and pale yellow forms which also retain
this feature.

Iris orchioides is rich in colour, but the flowers
are small and insignificant in comparison with
those of 1. bucharica. Seedlings vary a good
deal, some having conspicuous bright green
markings on the golden ground ; some are of a
pale sulphur-yellow, while others are wholly
white or white with a yellow crest.

My failure to keep Tubergeniana and Will-
mottiana. both of which come from the neigh-
bourhood of Tashkent, in Turkestan, and have
winged falls, makes me wonder whether (there
is not in that district a region, of the heavy
soil in which this kind of Juno Iris appears to

Fig. 94. — gordoxi.v .vxoMAL.i: flowkrs white.

[Photograph by V. I'. RaffiU.

arica also crosses readily with 1. warleyeiisis,
and many different seedlings have recently been
in flower here. The style branches and the stan-
dards are usually tinged with blue, and the
blue of warleyensis contends with the yellow
of bucharica to produce much variety in the
markings of the falls. Sometimes these are
yellow with a greenish tinge at the edge ; some
times the blue-purple only appears as blotches
on the yellow, and sometimes there is little
trace of the influence of warleyensis on the falls
at all.

Iris warleyensis grows well here, but never
with the vigour of bucharica. It has also given
me a variety of seedlings, including a white form
which retains the orange-coloured crest of the

revel. Vet. the various crosses between simljar
ensis and forms of pereica, which Van Tubergeii
has raised at Haarlem, presumably in the sandy
soil of the bulb garden, dwindle away here.

The lifting of a number of bulbs of Juno Irises
is most trying to the temper, even in the lightest
of sand. In heavy soil, baked hard in summer,
it must be so disheartening that no gardener
e.xcept the most calloiis could persevere with it.
The slightest jerk or twist snaps the fleshy,
brittle roots or detaches them bodily from the
base of the bulb. It is true that clusters of roots
thus detached do develop buds in the course
of time, but I have yet to find that these ever
develop into vigorous bulbs.

I. bucharica seeds here abundantly, and seed-

lings are easily raised in pots sunk to the rim
in the open. The seeds must be sown soon after
they ripen, or germination will be unsatisfactory.
At the end of the first summer the small bulbs
may either be left a second year in the same
pots, if the latter are large and the soil rich, or
sifted out and planted in September in bed.^ in
which they will flower two or three years later.
IF. R. Dtjkris, CharlerJwuse, Godahnimj.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Herbs Used in Medicine.-

One of the many difficulties that the pioneers
of the herb-growing industry met with was to
teach collectors of wild herbs to distinguish be-
tween plants having similar names, and between
those actually used medicinally and similar
species which have no medicinal or commercial
value. Some of the latter, such as Agrimony
and Hemp Agrimony ; Centaury and Centaurea ;
Chamomile and German Chamomile ; Woody
Nightshade, Garden Nightshade, and Deadly
Nightshade ; Mallow and Marshmallow ; Wood
Betony and Water Betony ; Valerian and Red
Valerian ; Hemlock and Water Hemlock ; are
often confused by those who have had no bota-
nical training or experience. Mrs. Ellis has on
this account published sixteen excellent coloured
illustrations of such of these plants as are actu-
ally used in orthodox, or herbal, medicine, with
such botanical descriptions as should enable any
one of ordinary intelligence to recognise the
plants by the aid of the illustrations. A certain
amount of elementary botany, such as is neces-
sary to understand the botanical terms used, is
intercalated with the descriptions. This little
brochure should be very useful to beginners in
herb collecting. It does not pretend to give cul-
tural or commercial information, for which refer-
ences are given to other publications of the
National Herb Growing Association. Books con-
taining coloured representations of indigenous
medicinal plants are scarce, and this attempt to
.^upply a felt want should meet with generous
recognition.

GORDONIA ANOMALA.

I'm; Chinese shrub illustrated in fig. 94 is a
native of tropical ajid sub-tropical -^Vsia, and' was
introduced to this country in 1816. Tlie name
Gordonia was given to the genus in honour of
Alexander Gordon, a nurseryman of this comitry,
who died in 1780; but the plant has also been
known ae Polyspora axillaris Sweet, under
which name it is figured in Bol. Mag., tab.
4019 ; and Camellia axillaris Ker, the name
given under the illustration in Bot. Reg. IV.,
t;vb. 549, and Bol. Mag., tab. 2047, 1819. In
the very brief description given in the last-
named wor.k, it is stated that the plant had then
been ciiltivated for several years in a Fulham
nui«ery, and was supposed to have been intro-
duced from Cliina by a Mr. Robarts. It flowered
in December, 1818. The plant from whicli our
illustration was tidten flowered at Kew in April
and May, and Pere T'rbain Fauric reported
a s.pecimen at Kelung which flowered in May and
June, 1903. Nicholson, in his Dictiomiry of
tiarilcn'wg, gives November as the month of
flowering. Prof. Sargent, in Plantae WU-
soniaixae, give.? the period of flowering as the
latter part of the summer and the autumn.
Sargent adopts the specific name of axillaris
given by Szyszylowicz ; he describes the tree as
being 6"to 8 metres tall, evergreen, and bearing
white flowers. The specimen illustrated is two-
thirds natural size.

• Bv Mrs .1. D. Ellis. (National Herb GrowinE Associa-
tinn, 'Lmidon, 1917.) Sniill svo., 32 rP-. "ith sixteen
coluil red plates. 3s., pcist free.

June 23, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

251

CONFESSIONS OFJ NOVICE.-XV.

XoT the least curious of the after-effects of
the severe winter is the breakdown -of the garden
calendar. The floral times are out of joint, and
flowers which hitherto had jiever met nave lately
nodded acquaintance to one another. In this
garden, at all events, Fors\-thia suspeiisa, which
ought to be a herald of spring, marched in the
procession with the Aubrietias. The Darwin and
the early Tulips went hand-in-hand, and the
Daffodils, which ought to take the winds of
.March in beauty and to come before the swallows
dare, were this year, like so many other plants, »
month behind their scheduled time. Yet in this
temporal anarchy many floral things, though
belated, obser\-e<l the relative times of their
coming. The Apples waited decorously till the
Pears were past their prime before fully opening
their blossom. The response of plants to the
hard winter weather appear.s to be capricious.
Some, like the Larch and i/aburnum, seem to
reply by a sort of canny timidity. The buds
poked their way into the open world a month
later than usual.

For weeks the Larch buds, tipped with yellow,
negotiated the weather as cautiously as a ship
ill a fog, and it was only when a fine burst
of sunshine came that they threw caution to the
winds and burst forth suddenly in their exqui-
site greenness, and not until June did the
Laburnum throw off the silver-shining armour
of its buds and reveal its yellow racemes.

Later, after brilliant sun, warm showers
forced everything alive in the garden into
flower. Here and there Stocks and Wallflowers
which sunived the killing frost scurried into
flower, and my garden favourite, Cheiranthus
AUionil, flowered beside them and proved
.ut once its superior beauty and hardiness.
.My Fig tree, under which in my old age T had
1 lomised myself an umbrageous seat, assumed
black in mourning for its own death, but near
by in scarcely less sheltered positions Magno
lias bloomed as they had never bloomed
before. M. consinciia, purest of flowers, has been
p.xquisite, with its great white blooms ajipear
in^; to float in fhe air. ^^ I^nnei, a little later,
was like a candelabrum, with lamps of old rose,
mid M. alexandrina. which looks like a hybrid
between M. eonspicua and M. Lennei. bore
it^ large flowers, pure white within and flushed
■vviith pink on their outsides. Nor has any night
frost come to mar the beauty of these most ex-
quisite blossoms. Cupressus macrocarpa lutea.
said to be hardier than the type, has just — and
iiiily just — escaped the frost, and is now resum-
ing that mighty rate of growth which, at least
'►n this light soil, makes it the most acceptable
of all Conifers to those who are in a hurry to
icmvert a novice-garden into an established
place.

The Potatos on the lawn are growing apace,
and the green borders, which are all that
remain, are proving that the sacrifice of
the lawn to Potatos must be ascribed solely
to patriotism, and not to despair of ever
making a real lawn. The top-drcesings of sul-
phate <>! ammonia, of superpho.sphate. of chalk,
and of matured road sweepings have at last pro-
duced their effect, and the border relics of the
lawn that was would make superb turf if we had
the labour to mow them. But that is not to be.
Like all proper gardeners, all our energies are set
on raising food, and the only relaxation which I
am allowed from pushing the Planet Junior hoe
is the destruction of the infinite variety of cater-
pillars and grubs which are battening on the
fruit trees. •

In the vegetable garden signs are not wanting
that seed generally so fertile is less good than
in normal years. There .ire gaps among the Peas
and Parsnips, and even in the rows of
Turnips, and it will require this year, and still
more next year, a nice judgment to hit off the
proper sowings to avoid waste on the one hand
and broken rows on the other. Yet I am told

that it is of the first importance for every gar-
dener to be as economical as possible in the use
of seeds. The demand was never so great and the
supply was nerer so difficult to maintain.
Economy in seed-sowing is therefore an impera-
tive duty. I have obtained supplies of the Brown
Haricot Beans which the R.H.S. has procured
from Holland. I sacrificed a couple of dozen
in order to satisfy myself that they are really
good to eat. The result of the test was very
satisfactory, and these Beans appear to me to
be of the best flavour of any Haricots I have
tasted. I have asked for another pint. .1. A'.

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

Birds as Alltes.
It is difiicult to estimate the extent to which
birds aid the fruit-grower in his campaign
against caterpillars and various injurious insect*.
On two or three occasions in past seasons, when
I was preparing to spray against caterpillars,
I found they had almost disappeared from the
frees they had infested. This season, again,
although at the time of writing spraying is
being continued, there are cases in which the
caterpillars on Apples and Plums that had been
seriously attacked have been greatly reduced
in number, if not quite cleared off the trees,
so far as can be told by smartly jarring the
branches, or shaking them violently. When this
was done a week ago numerous caterpillars fell
to the ground, whereas, in the ca^es referred to,
few, and sometimes none, were thus brought
down. But we cannot afford to wait while birds
are clearing off caterpillars, whicJi is slow work
when the pests are as numerous as they are this
se.oson. Enormous damage has been done in the
meantime. There are always great flocks of
chafl'inches in my orchards. I prohibit the
taiing of tiheir neets. and those of tits, in spite
of the fact that the latter biixls do dam,age
by pecking holes in fruit. The blackbird, the
sparrow, and the missel-thrush are the only
birds whose nests and eggs I authorise one of
my working lads to take, paying for the eggs
broug'ht to me. Common thrushes are regarded
as doing more good than harm, although they
eat Strawberries, Raspberries. Currants, and
.some other fruits. It is when birds have young
ones to feed, as at present, that some varieties
are very useful in clearing trees of caterpillars.

Short Life of the Apple Sucker.
The first Apple suckers this .season were found
on April 29. They were then very small, and
apparently just hatched, and not many were to
be found before the end of the month. By
May 31 very few appeared to remain in the
trusses of blossom on the earliest blooming varie-
ties. The great majority had obviously de-
veloped into the perfect insect stage, as little
swarms of psyllas were startled into flight on
the jarring of a branch. In that stage they
are harmlees, and therefore the injurious cam-
paign of this insect is a somewhat short one
My investigations dispose me to conclude that
the injurv done bv this insect is much exagge-
r:ited. Sinntfii-rn Ornwfr.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

FOOD PRODUCTION AT GATTON.
At Gatton Park, Reigate, the reridence of Sir
Jeremiah Colman, Bart,, many acres of grass-
land have been ploughed up and planted with
Potatos and other food crops.' A number of
flower bed® in the pleasoire gardens have been
planted with Beet, CJarrots, Onions, and other
vegetables, instead of the usual bedding plants.
Mr. Collier, the head-gardener, is raising plant^^
of various kinds of vegetables for distribution to
the cottigers in the neighbourhood, whom he is
also assisting by his advice on cultivation.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.
In order to secure good crops of Strawberries
111 the shortest space of time, plants should be
raised from vigorous plants of the previous
season. The strongest runners should be
selected and layered as soon as fit, in 60-sized
pots filled with suitable compost. These, if
carefully attended to with respect to watering,
and the removal of supei-fluous growths, will
quickly fill their pots with roots. Sever them
from their parents, and place them in a semi-
shaded position. Afterwards plant in an open
s :te upon well-prepared soil, and give liberal sup-
plies of water and liquid manure. If ke\ii free of
runners they will make strong plants before -win-
ter. Plant in rows 2 feet apart, and 1 foot
apart- in the rows, each alternate plant being
removed after the first crop is gathered, if the
plantation is to be used the second year. Tfws.
Cnomhcr, The Heiuhr tiiiifli'iis. M'onmoiith.

DRYING FRUIT.

I.N- a recent issue of the Evening News, Mr.
.Marcus Knox, the novelist, gives aji account
of the methods of drying fruit for winter
use as practised on the Continent, particulai-ly
in Switzerland, which seem deserving of adop-
tion. Tlie method is suitable for the harder
fi-uite, such as Apples, Peai-s, Plums, Cherries,
and Whortlebfrries, but is not practicable with
Strawberries, Raspberries, or Blackberries,
which must be bottled. Sound, ripe fruit only
should be used, and must be first carefully
wiped, bnt not washed.

Small Apples may be merely cut into halves
for drying, but the Larger fruits are best peeled,
cored, and quartered, or, if preferred, may be
cut into rings. Pears should be peeled and
quartered, but only mid-season and late varieties
should be used, as the earlier sorts do not keep
well. The stones of Plums and Cherries may bo
removed, but, except in the case of the largest
Plums, these fruits are said to be better if the
stones are allowed to remain.

The drying of the fruit requires care, and it
should be realised that the fruit is to b? dried,
and not cooked. On the Continent, where the
sun-heat is greater and the air drier than her<',
much fruit-drying is done out-of-doors, and it is
considered that the fruit partially dried in the
sun has an improved flavour. In the villages
where the old-f:ishioned brick ovens still exist,
the fruit, after the preparatory sun-drying, is
finished in the ovens; the heat that remains
after the bread has been baked is usually just
right for finishing the fruit. An excessive tem-
perature in whatever type of oven is used must
be guarded agajnst, and novices are advi-sed to
experiment with small quantities before treating
the bulk. Those who have greenhouses should
make use of them for commencing the drying.
The fruit must be laid out singly, and to keep
the Apple rings flat they slioidd be weighted.

When finished and quite coW, the dried fiilit
may be stored for winter use in tins or boxes —
air-tight receptacles are by no means essential ;
in fact, in Siwitzerland much of the dried fruit
is hung up on tlie kitchen rafters in linen bags.
But care must be taken to select a perfectly
dry place, as damp is fatal to the keeping
properties of the fruit, which should be
periodically examined, and any which sliow sign.s
of damping should be taken out and u.sed.
A. C. B.

A PROFITAJ3LE WAY OF TRAINING THE
TOMATO.
Ix these gardens, for many years past,
Tomatos grown under glass have been trained in
the following economical manner : The plants—
.siiiigle cordons — are pliinted at 15 inches apart
in a ridge of soil placed beneath the front of the
trellis, and, as their growths extend, they are
secured to the trellis. All lateral growths, with
the exception of one at the base of each plant,
are removed as they appear, while those re
taaned are stopped at one leaf. Subsequent

irl,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

UtNE 23, 1917.

growtlls are coafined to one to each spur, and
these are kept stopped at one leaf until the prin-
cipal rod reaches iU allo'tted space. By this
time the eai'liest fruits conimetice to ripen, and
as the gathering of each cluster is completed the
leaves placed near to it are removed, by which
means a section of the rod is bared. A shoot ifi
at this time allowed to extend from each spur
and trained up the old rod, this course being
followed until the young rod entirely takes the
place of the old one. The secondary rods, pro-
vided the plants are assisted by suitable stimu-
lants, are equally prolific with the first, and
by this system of training a succession of
ripe fruit can be continually maintained from a
single set of plants, with an appreciable saving
of time, space, and expense, compared with that
of planting another crop for succession. In our
ca,se the earliest fruit upon- the ycmng rods ripen
before those at the top of the oW ones aJe all
gathered. The continuation and the length of
time that a supply of fruit lasts by the adoption
of this method depends, of course, upon the
length of the rods of the plants. By the selec-
tion of suitable varieties, such, for instance, a-
Sunrise, combined with careful management, the
■ plants may be kept short-jointed, and their crop-
ping powers thereby increased. 7'. C.

PABSLEY.

Parsley should be grown in moderately heavy
soil, and in a situation, not too warm and
gravelly, nor much exposed to the sun. Before
digging the ground, spread a layer of soot, lime,
and wood ashes in equal quantities over the sur-
face, and work the materials welL into the soil.
Tills will make it vennin-proof for twelve
months, and the Parsley will grow unmolested as
far as grubs are concerned. Parsley should be
sown on ground that has been well manured for
the previous crop, and fresh manure is not
needed. If sown in June the plants will remain
jjerfectly good for twelve months or longer, but
those sown in March generally run to seed early
the following spring.

Sow the seeds in drills made 15 inches apart
and about li inci deep. The material used for
covering the seed should be half-soil and half-
lime, with soot and wood ash added.

When the plants are 3 inches high they may be
thinned to about the same distance apart, but if
they are extra vigorous they may be allowed a
space of 6 inches apart. As soon as the plants
meet in the rows, the large leaves should be
gathered, as they become too coarse for use. After
furnishing a supply all the winter, the whole of
the leaves may be cut off close to the ground, and.
when the plants grow again, the foliage will be
as fine as ever, especially if a little soot is
washed down about the roots at the time of
cutting off the old leaves. James A. Pake.

NITRATES FOR BRASSICAS AND ONIONS.
The prevailing hot and dry weather makes
growth very slow in autumn Cauliflowers and
autumn Cabbages, and Brussels Sprouts. A
dressing of 1 ounce per square yard of nitrate
of soda, will ensure a quick, healthy growth again,
and assist in making up lost time when the
weather changes. It should be scattered between
the plants when the leaves are dry, just before
hoeing, and will soon work down to the roots of
the plants; if put on the leaves when they are
wet it burns them. It should not be given to
Broccoli, as they would grow soft and prove less
able to stand severe weather. For very light
soils sulphate of ammonia should be used instead
of nitrate of soda, .as it is not so quickly washed
down by heavy rains. Onions that show signs
of suffering from drought or attacks of mildew
should have 3 ounces of superphosphate or dis-
solved bones per square yard, in addition to the
nitrate of soda, but unless there is danger of
losing them it is better not to apply these
manures before the plants commence to form
their bulbs, otherwise there may be a tendency
ti develop long necks. If. H. Divers.

The Week's Work.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLUER, Gardener to Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate,

Cypripedium. — After Cypvipedimn Stonei,
C. Rotliscliildianum, C, callosum, C. Lawrence-
aiium, and the hybrid Maudiae have passed out
of fiower, and new gi-owth commences, any
neoessai-y repotting may be done. Plants that
are in a root-bound condition may be shifted
into larger pots. Remove with a pointed stick
as much of the old compost as possible without
damaging the roots ; fill the fresh pot to one-half
its depth with clean crocks for drainage, and pot
firmly, keeping the base of the plajit just below
th« rim of the pot. The summer-flowering
Cypripediums do not require a compost of such
a retentive nature as those that produce
their fluwers during the winter. A suitable
rooting medium for the former is composed of
three-parts Osmunda-fibre and one-part good
fibrous loam and Sphagnum-moss, the whole cut
rather short, adding crushed crooks in suflicieiit
quantity to keep the soil porous. The materials
should be well mixed. After potting, pWe the
plants in a shady part of the house, and keep
the compost juet moist until the new roots have
grown well into the soil. During bright weather
the plants will be benefited by a fine spraying
overhead on mornings and afternoons, and the
surroundings should be kept moist. Care should
be taken with regard to C, Stonei, C,
Bnthschildiammi, and others of that section, not
to allow water to lodge in the centre of the
growths or in the axils of the leaves, or they
will decay. Cypripediums of the dwarf-growing
species, such as C, bellatulum, and its variety
C, b, album. C, niveum, C, concolor, and such
hybrids as C Helen II., C, Lawrebel, C, Chap-
manii, C, Venus, C, Vipanii, and C, Mrs, E, V,
Low, after passing out of flower, should also be
given attention at the roots. These plants are
best grown in fairly deep pans, provided with
ample drainage material, A suitable compost
consists of two-part? good fibrous loam broken
up in lumps about the size of Walnuts, and one-
pai't peat mixed freely vrith small pieces of
mortar rubble. After repotting, they should' be
placed near the roof gla,ss of the Cattleya,, or in-
termediate house. The plants are very liable to
attacks of the small yellow thrip, which should
be destroyed by means of frequent fumigations.
Take the usual precautions in watering newly-
potted plants until the ne^v roots are well estab-
lished in the fresh compost.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Ddnn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Peas.— Tliere should be no delay in applying
a good muleliing of farmya.rd manure to all
main-crop and late Peas, If tliis work can be
accomplished before the soil becomes too dry, it
will do much to retain what moisture there is
ui the land, and lessen the danger of having the
crop injured by mildew. One liberal applica-
tion of soft water after the mulching will do
more good than frequent light waterings.

8c*BUET RiiNNFRS.- Strong sticks should be
)ilaced in position before the plants become en-
tangled with each other, a mulching applied
over the roots, and a good soaking of clear
water given. The manure should be placed as
near the stems of the plants as possible, and
thoroughly shaken up as the work is being
done, so that rain-water may find its way to the
roots instead of being cast off by hard lumps of
manure,

Asp»R«GiJ8.- Do not cut Asparagus after this
date, but clean the beds, and give them agood
dressing of salt or some approved ai-tificial
manure. In exposed positions the shoots should
receive some support, as much injury_ may soon
Ije done by rough winds. Soaking with manure
water, given several times during the season,
will be very valuable.

VeoETiBLe M»R>»ow Plants.— The.se should
receive a hberal supply of water at tlie roots.

and if dry weather continues the plants will
benefit by being damped overhead in the even-
ings. Keep worthless shoots and decaying foliage
removed.

Parsley.- A good sowing of Parsley should
now be made for winter and spring supplies.
Sow in drills 18 inches apart, and select a posi-
tion which is protected from north and east
winds, as these sometimes work serious injury
to this crop early in spring.

Cauliflowers.— The plants which were put
out in April will now be turning in, and may
need liberal watering at the roots. Great Dane
and Magnum Bonum are showing well, and
Early London will follow a fortnight later.
Success^onal julants should also receive a liberal
supply of water, and the soil needs to be fre-
quently stirred between the plants. Further
plantations should be made in order to maintain
an unbroken supply throughout the season. Lift
the plants very carefuUy, retain as much soil on
the roots a? possible, and thoroughly water them
directly they are planted.

Lettuces and Endive,- A shady bordei
should be selected for Lettuces for the remainder
of the season. Sow the seeds thinly, and as
sooii! as the seedlings are large enough to handle
transplant those removed at the thinning of
the crop. If thin sowings are made very
little transplanting will be necessary, as Let-
tuces generally succeed belter during hot
summer weather if allowed to mature where they
are sown. Prince of Wales Cos and Monument
Cabbage Lettuce are good varieties for summer
sowings. Endive should also be sown in a
shady place and trea'.ed in the same way as
Lettuce,

Radishes.- Sow Radishes frequently on rich
soil, protected from strong sunshine. Give a
liberal supply of water to promote quick
growth.

Chicory.- It is not too late to sow Chicory
for spring supplies. Sow in shallow drills 18
inches apart, and thin the seedlings freely,
Elarly-sown Chicory should be freely supplied
with' water at the roots, or many of the plants
may rui"B to seed during hot weather. Keep the
hoe freely at work between the rows, and dust
the plants with soot during showery weather.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W, J GniSB, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keel*
Hall. Staflordsbire.

Lawns,— To keep tennis courts, croquet lawns
and bowling greens in good condition they should
be mown at least twice weekly, and as frequently
rolled ; or, if the lawns are not required for
games now that so many thing,s of greater im-
portance claim our attention, once a week will
be sufficient. During dry weather lawns must be
watered, A light dusting of some approved lawn
manure, applied before watering, will be bene-
ficial. Grass edgings should be cut at frequent
intervals.

MULGHINQ AND FEEDING, -On light soils,

mulching can hardly be carried to excess, for
there is not labour available now for frequent
waterings in the flower garden. Most plants
in herbaceous or mixed borders will show
renewed vigour during dry weather if mulched
with decayed manure and leaf-mould, and water-
ing can then be reduced to the minimum. Rose
trees, climbers, shrubs, waterside plants and rock
jjlants will greatly benefit by mulchings of some
description, but manure must not be used for the
Alpines; leaf -mould and coconut fibre being more
suitable. One gallon of liquid manure to six
gallons of water is sufficient for most purposes.
Four ounces of guano or other approved fertiliser
di,ssolved in six gallons of water will make n
capital stimulant as an occasional change from
liquid manure,

VVatering. -During hot, dry weather it is im-
possible to refrain entirely from watering. Rock
plants soon show signs of distress if neglected
in this respect, and many herbaceous plants re-
quire copious supplies of water at this period.
Give the plants a thorough soaking so that the
water will reach all the roots, then apply a
midching of decayed manure, leaf-mould, or even
lawn mowings, to retain the moisture. By these

JvNE 23, 1917.]

THE GARDENETtS' CHRONICLE.

253

means much labour will be saved. Late-planted
shrubs. Rose trees, ornamental trees, and
climbere shoidd receive similar treatment. All
summer bedding plants recently planted may be
given a mulching of coconut fibre or sifted leaf-
mould. Plants in reserve beds will need water-
ing occasionally. Syringing or sprinkling of
seSl-beds during dr\' weoither does much good,
and assists germination. Plants in tubs or vases
must be examined every morning. Syringings
in the evenings after a hot day will assist
growth.

HOEiNO.— The use of the fiat, or Dutth. hoe
cannot be too strongly recommended during dry
weather. Rains and waterings soon cake or
liarden the surface of the soil, and, as this is
detrimental to growth, the surface should be
stirred frequently. Even 'if weeds are not visible,
the soil should be stirred.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Bv JiS HrnsoK. Head Gardener at Gunnersbuiy House.
Acton, W.

Vines in Bearino.-A few weeks ago I ad
vised readers not to tie up the shoulders of the
larger bunches of Urapes. Instead, it is better
to go over the bunches and gently lift the shoul-
ders with a stick. This should be done on two
or three occasions, so that the berries do not
become interlocked with each other. By lifting
the upper berries and freeing them, the bunch will
increase in the height of its shoulders and tighten
tj the stem. Kvery effort should be made to do
the usual stopping of the lateral growths on vines
in bearing. Pinch off the young shoots with
the thumb and forefinger. See that rather more
light is given to white Grapes during the pro-
cess of colouring than to black varieties ; this
can be managed by moving the developed foliage
aside for the tim« being. If there is any fruit
of Madresfield Court swelling to the finishing
stage, see that ventilation is carefully attende<l
to. Want of ventilation causes splitting in this
Grape, which may also occur during a period of
damp, dull weather, when the atmosphere is
heavily charged with moisture. To prevent this,
maintain rather more warmth in the pipes.
Excess of water during the final stage of swell-
ing will also cause splitting. Keep a look out for
any berry that may crack, and remove it as care-
fully as possible. When any Grapes are ripe
enough for cutting, keep the temperature of the
house somewhat lower and ventilate freely,
except in very damp weather. If birds are
tronhleRome, stretch some fine netting over the
ventilators.

Strawberry Runners for Forcing.- No
time sliould now be lost iji securing the requi-
site number of runneis. Tlie best way by
far is to set apart sullicient young plants of
last year for this purpose, pinching out all the
flower-spikes. By 60 doing, quite a fort-
night will be saved, au'd this is all-important.
Do not take the secondary runner off any
growth It there are sufficient without. For the
first car.y batch of plants, I am in favour of
Ai-iiwh pots, otherwise what is known as size
4B's. By using these |X)ts, some labour may be
saved in the potting if we layer straight away
into the fraiting pot, selecting the Jx'st runners
for the pui-pose. Of course, this only applies to
the first early variety chosen for the purpose,
such as Keen's Seedling, when a good stock of
this old .^iiawberry can be obtained. My next
rlioic<" is King (Seorge (Laxton's). I have found
this Strawberry to be quite reliable. For pack-
ing to send away, it is the better traveller of the
two. I am a sir mg believer in firm potting ;
the growth may not be quite .«) luxuriant, but it
will be sturdy. When the larger pots are u.scd —
that is, 52's — prepare a sufficient number of
"thumbs ' rather than "sixties," for the pur-
pose of layering, nrt'ssmg the soil down quite
firmly. One crock is sufficient for drainage.
Plunge these pots closely together, for it
will be easier to water them, and they will
not dry up &o quickly. Lse the best available '
soil for .Strawberry culture in pots, finer some-
what for rooting the runners than in the after-
potting. To a good fibious loam add some
finely-sifted mortar rubble in sufficient quantity

for it to be distinctly traced, and a few handfuls
of soot. When the loam is not all that one could
wish, use with it some sifted leaf -soil, or some of
the spent manure from a Mushroom-bed. Do not
lose any opportunity of preparing the permanent
fruiting pots ; clean pots and clean drainage are
both essential. Do not force so many plants ae
in former years, is my advice. Labour is scarce,
and mav be so another season.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bv J. G. Weston. Gardener to Lady Nortbcote,
Eastwell Park, Kent

Campanula pyramidalis.— This species,
and its white companion C. p. alba, are satisfac-
tory plants for decorative purposes. They last a
long time in good condition if placed in a dr\
and shaded position as soon as the flowers begin
to open. Last year's seedlings are throwing up
their flower-spikes, and should be fed regularly in
order that they may develop to the fullest extent.
Liquid manure should be used, alternately with a
little artificial manure given as a top-dressing.
Plenty of water will be required at this stage.
.Sitake'them in good time, if exposed to wind, but
remove them under glass before the flower-spikes
open. The compacta varieties are excellent for
pot culture. Seedlings sown this spring for next
year's blooming, and pricked out early in boxes,
can now be potted on, or planted out in the
reserve garden. If the latter, they oan be lifted
and potted in the autumn. If left out during the
winter, they can still be carefully lifted and
l)otted as the flower-spikes are developing This
later plan is not recommended, except in cases
nf emergency, as, if the balls are much broken
the plants will not be satisfactory.

Canterbury Bvlus (Campanula Medium)
—These are great favourites for decorative pur-
poses, and a bat<?h in pots is exceedingly useful
before the outside border plants are in bloom
Give plenty of water and stimulants. The plants
can be procured in many shades, including good
pinks and whites in both single and double
vnrieties.

Qrpenhouse Climbeb 8 -Climbers in houses
should be looked over at frequent intervals at
the present season, as growth is very rapid.
Thin the shoots, leaving ' only sufficient to
furni.sh the allotted space, and stopping
the others fairly close t<i the main stem.
If the honse is sufficiently lofty, a number of
the later.al growths can be allowed to drooji
from the wires in a natural manner. There is
,1 wide range of climbers suitable for a cool
greenhouse. One of the most satisfactory for an
amateur is Bougjiinvillrti glabra, which can bo
grown successfully under cool conditions. Ex-
posure to the sun is not injurious ; the flowers
assume a most brilliant colour, and last in bloom
almost the whole season. Fuchsias can be trained
as piUar or roof plants. Bignonia and Abutilon
in variety. Jasmine. Lipageria rosea and
alba, Pa<isdflora, Plumbago capeiisis, .\lande-
villea suaveolens, Solanum Wendlandii and S.
jasminoides, Swainsona and .Stre))tosolen .Tame-
sonii are all beautiful climbers which will thrive
admirably in a cool house, and keep up a suc-
cession n\ bloom practically the whole season.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A. COOK, Gardener to the Hon, Arthur Dav»t,
Abbotts Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

BUsH Fruits.— Red Currants are very pro-
mising this year. In pruning the bushes, reUiin
the old wood, with a few strong shoots at the end
of the branches, to make the tree taller and
bigger. Slop all shoots not required for this pur-
pose, and pinch all side growths, retaining only
those that ai'e required for extension. Occa-
sinniilly it is well to run up one or two from the
base, to take the place of anv that show signs of
decreased vigour. White varieties require samilar
treatment. A good soaking from a sewage tank
is' advantageous at this stage. Black Currants
should only be stopped when the growths are
extra vigorous, but young shoots should be en-
couraged from the base, to take the place of old,

worn-out growths. Gooseberries are yielding Large
crops, and require scarcely any pruning at this
season, excepting where the growths are too
close together, when the fruit on a superfluous
one may be gathered and the shoot removed.
Gordon bushes may be both stopped and thinned
if too thick and vigorous.

Pear Trees on Walls. All Pear trees
should be examined frequently, thinning the
fruit, pincliing the shoots, and tying in the
growths when long enough. Varieties such as
iJoyenne du Cornice, Beurre Diel, Pitmaston
Duchess, Glou ilorceau, and others require
severely thinning, and they are best when of
good size. Some of the second early Pears
ai-e ako much improved by judicious tliinning.
including iLarguerite Marrillat, Williams's Bon
Chretien, Beurre d'Amanlis, Triomphe de
Vienne, and Souvenir du Congres. See that the
roots ai-e not allowed to lack moisture.

Cherries.- Cherry trees ripening their
fruits need plenty of mois.ture. See to the
proper tying of the growths, especially of cordon-
trained trees. The Cherries should" remain on
the trees tiU they are thoroughly ripened, for,
although some kinds of fruit mature when
gathered before they are quite ripe, Cherries do
not; t-he stalks quickly wither, and the fruits
become tough. Late varieties should have
copious supplies of water, and should be fre-
(piently waslied in order to combat aphis. Those
trained on north walls will not require so much
watering as those on west or south-wesit walls.
Bush and pyramid trained trees on light soils
may also require moisture. Cherry ti'ees should
not be neglected after the fruits are gathered,
but should receive careful watering and syringing
till growth is matured, and all growths kept tied
to prevent the wind damaging them.

Strawberries,— Thesi.' are ripening very
early. I gathered the first fruits outside on tlie
9th inst., but the main crop is now ready.
The trusses of fruit' of late kinds should be
lifted from the soil to prevent washing by vio-
lent storms, and, if necessary, afford copious
waterings, or the season will be a short one
especially on light .soils, and if the small, im-
perfect fniits are removed, it will make those
that are left all the better.

THE APIARY.

By CBLORtl.

Taking Bees to Clover.— After dusk give
the bet* a liltli' piil'f of smoke, then close the
entrance. Take off the r(Hif and strew on at
Iccist two strijjs of wood across the frames to
keep them steady in transit. Having previously
levelled' the ground, put down the hives at least
2 yards apart. After removing the screwed on
strips put on the queen excluder and shallow
frames (if a great quantity of honey be wished)
fitted with drone base foundation and wired. It
is best not to put on the supers the same night,
because the bees will be irritable after the
journey, and as it is dark, too, manipulation
would be very difficult for any but the most
skilled apiarists. Do not forget to open the
entrances before leaving the hives. Wrap up
the supers very warmly, for draughty and cool
supers court failure. Wherever I go I find that
this apparently simple matter is neglected, and
bees refuse to use them, especiall.y if sections arc
employed. Wrap the supers as completely as in
winter, for what will keep out the cold in winter
will keep out the heat in summer.

In fitting up sections and shallow frames, use
full sheets nf foundation, worker base for the
former and drone for the latter, aa it is easier to
extract honey from the wider mouthed cells. An
acquaintance in the North of England took his
bees to the Clover a few years ago, and in a
very few days his supers were nearly full, so hr
put on a second and a third, but the weather
became bad before much was di^ne to the third,
and ht' had an average of 50 lbs. of deliciinis
Clover honoy from each, which brought a good
price after winning several valuable prizes at
different shows— £11 in all— and the honey was
sold at prices ranging from Is. 3d. to Is. 8(1. (H-r
pound.

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEK, 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden. W C-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay tn olltaining answers to
their comviunications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect thai all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pubushbr ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should he directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r'le Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they ca?mot be respon-
sible for toss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illu.^trations. or to return unused com-
municatiov.i or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
corresjxtndenls.

Local 'Se'WS.—Corrtspondenls will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
erenis likely to be of interest to out readers, or of
mil/ miilirrs which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of hnrtii-ilUiiTists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS. 41. ■Wellington Street. Covent
Qarden. London. Communications should be

WRITTEIN ON ONE aiDB ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee »f good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

|.;nXESD-\Y. .JUNE 27—
Ciovdoii Flower Show.
T11URSD.\Y, JUNE 28—
Rov. Botanic Soc. meet-.

Average Meak Tbmpbratdrb foe the ensuiac week
deduced from observationfl during the last iifty
vfars III GrreinMch. 61.4.
AOTniL Temperatcre : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WeJJIin«ton 8toeet,
CoTciil. Garden, London, Thursday, Jime 21,
10 a.m.; Bar. 29.2; temp. 65°. Weather—
Oloudy.

•ALES FOR THB KNSUINa WEEK.

FRIDAY—

CoJlections of Orchids, by ProtJieroe & Morns, iu
67 and 63, CSieapside, at one o'clock.

We are glad to know

tliat Miss Saunders,

Double Flowers. ^,^^^ ^^^ already done

so much to elucidate
tlie mode of inlieritance of " doubleness "
in Stocks, is continuing her investigations
and extending them to other flowers.

As is now generally understood, double-
ness in Stocks is' a remarkable and inte-
re'sting phenomenon. The doubles are
themselves sterile, and, therefore, when
raised from seed have to be built up from
" double-throwing singles."

It is probable that doubleness in Wall-
flowers is similar to that in Stocks, for the
old-fashioned double Wallflower, not often
seen nowadays, is, like the Stock, fully
double, and also sterile. Whereas, how-
ever, it is open to anyone to raise double
Stocks provided he possesses the right
strains of singles, the fully-double Wall-
flower is not produced from seed. It arose
as a " sport," and can only be propagated
by cuttings.

A new strain of double Wallflowers,
originated by German growers, exhibits
different degrees of doubleness. This
strain is fertile, and hence may be per-
petuated by seed. In Meconopsis camBrica
(Welsh Poppy), Carnation, and Hollyhock
doubleness is a variable phenomenon, and

intermediate stages between single and full
double are of frequent occurrence. In

Meconopsis the full double is sterile, but
one and the same individual may bear
flowers of different degrees of doubleness.
When a single and a high-grade double
are mated the progeny bears flowers of an
intermediate degree of doubleness, and
gives rise in turn to singles, intermediate
doubles, and pure-breeding doubles in the
simple proportion of 1:2:1. Tlie first
reference to double Meconopsis which Miss
Saunders has been able to find is in the
Gardeners^ Chronicle.* The plant which
is illustrated in fig. 95 appeared sponta-
neously in Messrs. Backhouse's nursery.

Fig. 95. — double-fluweked meconopsis cambeica
that appeared spontaneouslx in messes,
backhouse's nursery.

It is interesting that the figure of this
early sport represents a flower in extreme
double condition — all the parts of the
flower within the normal corolla con-
sisting of narrow, strap-shaped peta'loid
structures. But at the present time
Meconopsis with all degrees of doubleness
(petalody) occur. In Meconopsis double-
ness behaves as a dominant, whereas in
Sweet William doubleness — in the sense of
the transformation of the stamens into
petals — behaves as a recessive.

The Hollyhock (Althaea rosea and A.
ficifoHa) produces doubles which are
capable of yielding seed. High-grade

doubles, as well as singles, breed true, and
when crossed with one another give rise to
intermediate (low-grade) doubles, which
behave as heterozygotes, producing, in the
next generation, singles, intermediate
doubles, and full doubles.

In the Carnation (Dianthus Caryoph}'!-
lus) the case would appear to be different.
See3 from doubles throw some singles. Ac-
cording to Mr. James Douglas, the num-
ber of singles amounts to 12 or 15 per
cent. According to work carried out by
Mr. J. B. Norton,* doubles yield doubles,
semi-doubles, and singles in the propor-
tion of 1: 2 :1, and Norton regards the
semi-double, in which some stamens are
always found, as the florists' type. This
conclusion was confirmed by Batchelor,+
and has been verified by Miss Saunders.
Singles are recessives and breed true, but
of doubles obtained by crossing single and
double and breeding from the F, plants, it
IS not possible to discriminate between
pure doubles and heterozygous doubles.
Nevertheless, as Miss Saunders has found,
it is a fact that some doubles breed true
(pure dominants) and some throw doubles
and singles.

1S'J6 (Vol. XIX., p. «71.)

National Sweet Pea Society.— The

National Sweet Pea Society, having abandoned
the exhibition that was to be held in Man-
chester, will hold a special exhibition of Sweet
Peas in conjunation with the Royal Horticul-
tural Society's meeting at the Drill Hall on
Tuesday, July 3. No money prizes will be given,
but medals will be awarded to the more meri-
tiirious exhibits.

Southampton Summer Show.— We learn

that the Southampton Hoyal Horticultural
Society's Summer Show will take place this year
on July 11. There will be prizes for Koses,
Carnations, and Sweet Peas, besides a number' of
classes for fruiit and vegetables.

Fruit Crops in the Netherlands.- In a

report dated May 30 from the British Consul
General at Kotterdara it is stated that the pro-
spects for small fruit crops in Holland are satis-
factory, although Raspberries suffered from the
severe winter, and some damage was done t-o
Gooseberries by insects. Prospects for R-ed and
Whiie Currants are on the whole very good,
though near Winschoten and in part of North
Brabant they are only fairly good. Prospects
for Black Currants are from good to very good.
Gooseberries generally are good to vei-y good,
and favourable reports are received ae to Rasp-
berries from the neighbourhood of Breda, the
principal district of cultivation. Cherries gene-
rally show good prospects.

Agricultural Education for Disabled
French Service Men.— We leaa'u from th*'
Bevue Horlicoh that at the Agricultural School
at OirseUerie (Charente, France) a department
ha-s been opened for the re-education "in agricul-
tural operations of disa.bled Sei-vice men. The
couree will be open free to discharged, wounded
men. and those still being treated at the hos-
pitals. The scheme has been sanctioned by the
Minister of Agriculture.

PlNEAPPLK-QROWINQ IN SoUTH AFRICA.—

The Journal of the Royal Society of Arts pub-
li.=.hes in its issue for June 15 a fascinating
account of the Pineapple industry in South
Africa, which has reached amazing proportions
in the comparatively short period of sixty years.
It appears that until the middle of the last cen-

• See Gard. Chron.. XXXVII., 11)05, p. 63.
t " f'iirtiatlon Breeding," .^iiii. Report American Breeders'
Assoc, vii., 1912, p. 199.

June 23, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

255

tury Pineapples "were unknown in South Africa,
but at the present time, on one estate alone,
there are 2^ million plants. The soil and cli-
mate of South Africa are eminently adapted for
Pineapples. Sixpence to a shilling per dozen is
the average selling price, out of which the grower
i;htains a good profit. It is calculated that the
returns are about £60 per acre per annum. One
large estate, the Langholm Estate, is obtaining
concessions front shipping companies which will
enable a number of Pines to be sent to the Euro-
pean markets on advantageous terms.

The Late Georqe Schneider.— We notice
in our esteemed contemporary, L'Horticulturc
Frani;aise, an appreciative article based on the
notice of Mr. Schneider which appeared
iu these columns at the time of his deatli. Our
readers will sympathise with the widow in her
recent loss — the husband of her youngest daughter
(Maud) having been killed at the Front a few
weeks ago. He was serving in the H.A.C.

Horticultural War Relief Fund.— At

the invitation of Lady Noethcote, the County
Presidents of the Ladies' Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society's War Relief Fund
attended an At Home at Lady Northcote's re-
^idence, 25, St. James's Place, S.W., on Satur
day, June 16. The meeting was presided over
by Lady Xorthcote, who gave a report of the
work which had been done by the Ladies' Com-
mittee in securing subscriptions for the Fund.
Lady Northcote reported that not only had the
I 'ommittee been active in this country, but it
had also been able to create interest in the
Fund in the United States. The Rigliit Honour-
iMe the Speaker gave a graphic account of the
devastation in the region of the Somrae battle-
field, which region he had recently visited. So
complete is the destruation in that region that
it is not possible for peasants returning to their
countryside to discover either their homes or the
boundaries of their land. All has been blotted
out by the con.stant rain of shells. The Speaker
insisted upon the need for a survey and the re-
parcelling of the land, and drew attention to the
fact that it must take years before the fertility
of the soil is restored. Even in those places
where the soil is not pitted with great shell-
lioles the surface soil has been buried and is now-
covered by infertile subsoil. Reports from Serbia
show no less devastation. The Plum trees,
which were the chief source of income of the
peasants, have been systematically destroyed.
Mr. MAr-KiNDER was able to speak as an eye-
witness of the state of the ground from which
the Germ.ins have recently retired. Across that
strip of land over which no battles had taken
place the German army has effected a de.struc-
ition even more complete than that on the battle-
fields. This foolish frightfulness has taken the
form of razing villages and hamlets tfl the
ground, so that nothing is left of them but the
debris of the bricks of which the housce were
on<'e composed. But the act which will be e.xe-
crated so long as the German name is known is
thai of the destruction of the fruit trees. They
lie in thousands in close ranks as they were cut
down. Nor is it true that the destruction was
designed to serve any military purpose. Tar<lily
apprehensive lest this methodical act of destruc-
tion might yet further prejudice the name of
Gei'man, the authorities caused a semi-official
statement to be issued from Berlin to the effe<t
that th» cutting down of the fruit trees was
undenlaken in order that military use might be
made of the timber, but i\Ir. Mackindeb was
able to demonstrate the clumsiness of the pre-
varication by pointing to the facts that the trees
lie there untrimmed, with every branch intact,
and those that have not been felletl have been
ringed, so that the subsequenit death of the trees
is assured. Even the vines, and Apricots and
Plums on the walls, have l>een torn down and
des'froyed. Tho.s«> whose hearts are touched bv
these accounts of damage done may rest assured

that the Fund which the Ladies' Committee is
collecting will help not only to restore the plea-
sant land of France, but to kindle hope again
in the desolate hearts of the peasants in the
countries of our Allies.

War Item*.— Mr. H. Corrkvon, of Geneva,
has contributed an article to the Journal de
(Ti:nei-e on the subject of German devastation in
Belgium and France. Basing his observations on
Deuteronomy, ch. 20. v. 19, he protests vigor-
ously against the wicked destruction of the beau-
tiful forest ot Soignes, in Belgium, and against
the mutilation of fruit trees in France

M. Pierre Leveque de Vilmgrin (the

youngest son of JI. Maurice L. de Vilmorix).
to whom the War Cross for gallantry ha,^ lately
been awarded (see p. 175), was mentioned in a
despatch as follows: "On the 27th and 29th of
March, 1917, having received the order to retain
with his gun only enough men to keep it in
action, under a hot fire of heavy shells, himself
took the post of gunner, showing complete in-
difference to danger."

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(.Tht Bdilort do not hold themsetict respomibU far
the optnioTU expressed by correepoiideiitt.)

Hardiness of Shrubby Veronicas

U^ee pp. 226 and 236).— Veronica Traversii
is usually considered to be the hardiest
species, but 1 saw specimens killed outright
in 1895. This year the species has escaped
where sheltered by hedges or bushes. Four
dwarf and vigorous plants, close to where I
write, have lost every leaf, though the branches
are now sprouting feebly. The site is fully e.\-
posed to vfind, wliicii caused the damage
before the advent of snow. All the species
of which I have experience require a con-
siderable amount of iroisture to support the
foliage, which was destroyed because the soil
was frozen. Hitherto I have regarded V.
lobelioides as one of the hardiest. For years
past some thousands of plants have been
grown in pots and bo.xes, for planting in
the London district. So far I have not seen
a live bush since the frost, e.\cept some very
small ones on the shores of the Moray Firth.
With me, more than one variety of it have been
killed. V. Hectori and Y. pimeleoides minor
have not suffered in the least, though V. formosa,
V. Armstrongii, V. epacridea, V. loganioides,
and V. diosmaefolia in front of them have been
killed outright. This I attribute to greater ex-
posure, and it is borne out by the fact that V.
pimeleoides itself was partly killed on the outer
or less sheltered side. V. Uarwiniana lost all
its leaves on the larger branches, while the shoots
at the base retained their leaves and are now
growing freely. V. Colensoi glauca was killed.
/. F.

INSEOTS AND BiRDS.— I noticed in the issue
for June 2, remarks on the subject of insect
pests by several writers who lamented their pre-
valence, " in si)ite of the severe winter." It is a
common fallacy to think that a severe winter is
bad for insect life ; as a matter of fact it is just
the reverse. Most insects are well equipijed for
withstanding cold in the particular stage in
which each species is accustomed to hibernate.
The severer and more prolonged the winter,
the more complete is that hibeniation, and
the more do the natural enemies of insects,
the birds, suffer. When the winter consists of
alternations of spells of mild weather and cold,
dry frost, it does not materially affect the birds,
but the warm spells tend to rouse the hibernating
insects to activity, only to perish in the succeed-
ing cold snap for which they are not always pre
))ared. Large numbers of insectivorous birds
liave perished during the recent winter. In ad-
dition to this, our authorities in their wis-
dom recommend us to kill sparrows and other
birds just when they would be most useful ; in
spring and early summer, when their nestlings
would be fed on de.structive caterpillars and
other insects. I fear that the crops we so badly
need this year will fall victims to the devouring
hordes of insects, and it is to be hoped that if
there is a food shortage later on, we shall learn

the importance of setting the forces of Nature to
control each other, which is the only proper way.
America and Gei-many have taken in hand the
subject of bird protection and conservation in a
thoroughly scientific manner. C. N.

The Pea Weevil (see p. 222).— This insect
has done much damage in our localitv to earlv-
Peas. Market growers and allotment holders
testify to the terrible crippling — in some cases
the actual loss — of all early sowings. In this
garden four rows of Peas were sown on the same
date on the same plot of ground, two dwarf
rows alternating with two rows three and a half
feet high. The dwarf varieties were spoiled,
while the taller plants escaped. The damage
was done when the Peas were just above the
ground, early in April. It is difficult to under-
stand why the two tall i-ows escaped unharmed.
C. T., Am pt hill Park.

The Caterpillar Plaque. -The catei oilla
attacks seem to be gathering strength in Kent,
and will have to be taken in hand more
systematically if fruit is to be grown success-
fully. Opinions as to the value of grease band-
ing as a preventive are very diverse. Only the
Winter, Umber and :March motlis have wingless
females, while the Pepper and Salt, Clouded
Drab, and several varieties of Tortri,x, have
winged females, and all have been found on Apple
and Pear trees. The difficulty of fixing any
band on a tree in such a manner that the minute
larvae hatched below the band cannot pass under
it is very great, and on old trees one often sees
large fissures by which even the female can
ascend. Before any sound conclusion can be
drawn as to the efficiency of banding, we must
know what is the larva attacking the foliage,
and how and where the bands wei'e affixed.
Kentish growers are in no doubt as to the suc-
cess of arsenate of lead as an insecticide, and enor-
mous quantities are used annually. My experience
of four years' continued use of this specific on
an orchard of dwarf trees is very hopeful. After
se\eral bad attacks, a gradual decrease in the
number of pests has been noted, and this
year, despite bad attacks close by, my trees
were almost clean. My experience would
lead me to believe that the moth does not
travel far in search of a host plant, and that it
should be regarded as a soil rather than an air
pest. Fruit trees planted on fresh land remain
comparatively clean for some years, even when
adjoining infested plots. The danger of hedges
as breeding grounds is shown in one plantation
I have seen, where the hedges are riddled, and
also the row of trees close to it, while further
in the trees are untouched. Saiit/irrn (Irov'vr
refers to the susceptibility of certain varieties.
This may be partly due to the fact that late
starting Apples are generally exempt from at-
tack. I have noticed a curious case of a row
of Pears, alternately Hessle and Chalk. The
Hessles are almost clean and bear a good crop,
W"hilsl the Chalks are nearly defoliated, ti. E.

Old Seeds and New.- In the article on
"Old Seeds and New," that appeared in the
Gardeners' Chronicle on June 16, it ie urged that
economy should be exercised in using seed. A
good deal of preventable waste occurs every yeai-
with expensive f.eeds such as Peas and Scarlet
Runners owing to irregularity of gennination,
and the various checks the young seedlings are
apt to encounter in the soil during their earliest
stages of swelling and gi'owth. For some years
I have reduced the amount of seed used, and
have 6C*cured a great improvement in the final
result by the very simple expedient of gei'-
minating the seeds before sowing them. Several
friends have also tried the same, and with uni-
formly succes.sful results. The method is fairly
cibvious, and is known to practical gardenei's,
but there are at least beginners who have not
tried it, and it is this circumstance which em-
boldens me to record my own practice. The
seeds are soaked in water for about a
couple of hours, and then spread out on a
wet rough towel, which is folded back to cover
them over. The whole can be conveniently
placed in a meat dish and covered with a second
inverted dish. It is invportant that the seeds
should not lie in water, but they must have
enough liquid to keeip them thoroughly wet.
When the radicles have protruded from about
i inch to 1 inch, they may be sown (of course,

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23. 1917.

wiUi the roots pointing downwards) in^ a pre-
pared trencli, the bottom of which should have
been well soaked if the ground is at all di-j'.
Under these conditions germination goes on
rapidly, and in a few days they are above the
soil. The whole process only takes relatively
little time, and it means not only saving aibout
50 per c«nt. of the seed, but the final results
are. so far as I am able to judge, always more
satijiactoi-y than those obtaiined by the ordinary
practice of sowing. J . B. F.

An Appeal to the Seed Trade.— The seed

trade has for many years required an a£socia-
tion that could do i^omething for the mutual
benefit of both employers and employees. Could
not a meeting be arranged to form a committee
and to appoint a permanent secretary who is
thoroughly conversant with all branches of the
trade, and who would receive a salary for his
services. A subficription should be paid by all
members, and these could be utilised for the
benefit of emploj'ees who through illness or any
just cause fall out of employment. One of the
chief objects would be the finding of employment
for those requiring situations, which would
materially help the trade in general in recom-
mending only suitable applicants, and this would
be beneficial to employers. I should be glad to
hear that there are men willing to promote an
association covering the whole of the United
Kingdom. As there are a great many men doing
their bit at the present, something could be done
to find employment for those after the present
qrisLS is ended, and thus it would be a great
benefit to all connected with our trade if such a
matter could be taken in hand at once. Seeds-
man, Gloucester.

Potato Spraying —The Food Production
Department, in the campaign which it is carrying
on for Potato spraying, is perhaps following too
closely in the footsteps of the Irish Board of
Agriculture, without having suiEciently e.\amined
the soundness of that Board's action, and with-
out considering the climatic differences in Ireland
and in England. The material recommended by
the Department is soda-Bordeaux, which the
Irish Board has in recent years called Burgundy
mixture, though I know not on what authority,
for that name was applied by Gaillot in
1888 to an ordinary lime-Bordeaux of a
particular strength ; it consists of copper car-
bonate made by adding carbonate of soda to
sulphate of copper, and was introduced by
Masson in 1887, and used by Partigeon in that
same year as a remedy for mildew of vines.
At that time the nature of the reaction between
soda and copper sulphate was not known, and
Masson used 1 of sulphate to from 1 to 2 of soda.
Partigeon adopted a mean of these proportions,
namely, 1 to 1.5, and further increased the actual
strength of the mixture so that 4 parts of the
sidphate should be used for every 100 of water.
In 1909 an investigation of the reaction in ques-
tion appeared in the Jonrniil of the Chemical
Society (reproduced in the 11th Woburn Report)
showing that the copper carbonate produced had
the formula 5 Cut), 2CO2, acid sodium carbonate
(bicarbonate) being formed at the same tinre, and
that, consequently, the requisite proportions of
the reagents were 1 of sulphate to 1.8 of carbon-
ate. The Irish Board, however, made no altera-
tion in the proportions which they had adopted
in 1901, and our English Board is now copying
them. These proportions are 4 of sulphate to 5
of soda, recently modified to 4 : 4.5 by the Eng-
lish Board, and they appear to be based on the
relative molecular weights of the substances con-
cerned, which are in the proportion of 4 to 4.6.
thus implying a belief that it is the normal
copper carbonate which is formed, CuCOj, a
substance which any school text-book on
chemistry would have taught is incapable of ex-
istence. At the same time, it may be mentioned,
an actual strength fai' in excefs of that originally
jn-oposed, namely, 20 parts of copper sulphate to
100 of water, is being adopted. It was shown
in the communication referred to that any altera-
tion in either direction from the correct propor-
tions of the reagents resulted in an increase in
llie amount of copper remaining in solution
(though not to any large extent) till the propor-
tion of soda was reduced below 1.31, and con se-
(]uently, an increase in the danger of scorching the
foliage, whilst the large amount of sulphate of

soda in the mixture further increases this danger,
for, according to statements made, this sub-
stance has considerable scorching tendencies.
Doubtless the heavy rainfall in Ireland would
reduce the danger, but from certain remarks
of the Irish Board in its Journal it is evident that
it has not been entirely avoided even there, and
might be serious in this drier climate. In any
case, it is well to warn fruit growers against
using such a mixture on fruit trees. The Irish
Board has published the results of trials with
Bordeaux paste (now known as Bordorite),
soda Bordeaux, and ordinary lime Bordeaux, the
effectiveness found being least with the paste,
and greatest with the lime Bordeaux, whereas,
according to our trials at Woburn these latter
two gave practically the same results; indeed,
the proportion of paste required for spraying
was based on the amount found to be equivalent
to ordinary Bordeaux mixture in such trials.
These apparently discrepant results are not really
contradictory, for the fungicidal value of dif-
ferent substances must necessarily vary with the
climatic conditions under which they are used.
One substance may have greater killing powers
than another, but in a wet climate this advantage
may be outweighed by the other substance
possessing a greater adhesiveness, or containing
a greater bulk of solid. Supposing that the
above three substances gave the same results in
England, a mere consideration of the bulk of
solid in them would lead us to anticipate that
their order of merit in Ireland would be that
which it has been found to be there. This shows
the unwisdom of basing recommendations for one
country on experiences obtained in another,
where the meteorological conditions are dif-
ferent. It is to be hoped that growers will be
able to supply further evidence this year as to
the comparative value of different fungicides, but
they should be reminded that results must be
based on the comparative yields of sound tubers :
the mere appearance of the haulms is, as we have
shown, an altogether fallacious guide. A word
of warning as to soda Bordeaux should be added,
namely, to use it at once after preparation, for
on keeping it, even sometimes for only 1 Itw
hours, the carbonate changes to a dense deposit
of malachite, and becomes useless for spraying
purposes. Careful observation should also be
made on the behaviour of subsequent crops in
fields which have been sprayed. Copper is in-
tensely toxic to vegetation, and the large dose
applied in the case of soda Bordeaux (24 lbs. of
sulphate to the acre) may have a deleterious
effect. Spencer Pickering.

Hardiness of Veronicas and other
Shrubs.— I find that I omitted in my note
(p. 236) to say that Verojjiica buxifolia has come
through the winter unharmed, but in a sheltered
position, while V. catarractae on a dry wall is
dead, Rhododendron intricatum, in a most
exposed position, and not protected in any way,
has surprised me by proving thoroughly hardy.
In Mr. W. Watson's book, Ithododendrons and
Azaleas (Present-Day Gardening series), p. 105,
it is described as " tender." My plant has not
lost a leaf, and is gi-owing into a nice little bush.
Azalea Hinodigiri, in the same position, has suf-
fered badly. I though it dead, but to-day
(June 16) I see it is springing up from the base.
After this winter I shall never again doubt
the hardiness of Oarj^enteria californica. True,
it lost (some branches and looked a piteous ob-
ject for some time this spring. But it has made
a rapid recovery, and will flower in July.
Azara microphylla was punished severely, losing
most of its side branches. The main stem
is, however, quite uninjured, and is now shoot-
ing out freely. Of the Cbtoneasters, pyrenaica ( ?)
is, I am KoiTy to say, quitei dead. C pannosa.,
20 feet high on an" ,east wall, is unharmed.
Pyracantha anguftifolia , which I understand
has taken to itself yet another name, is not
dead, but has liad a narrow escape, and even
now looks mi/ierably brown. Evei-y Cistus in
the garden save ladaniferus and alyssoides (now
a mass of golden glorv). has been killed ; so has
a very large plant of Euphorbia Wulfenii. Young
plants of this latter, however, have taken no
liarm, though given no protection. In the
valleys below me, Tea, H. T., and Wichuraiana
Rose> have suffered severely, while hardlv a
plant ha« been injured here. I have only Inst
two standards, Maman 'Cbihet and Mme. Lam-

bard ; varieties like W. R. Sinith, Mrs. Aaron
Ward, Edu JNIeyer, and the Lyons Rose, grown
in standard form and given no protection what-
ever, have come through unscathed. Arthur JR.
Goodwi n , Kidder m i n ster.

Veronica La Seduisante.- I agree with
Tl'. T. (p. 60) in what he says regarding this
tine Veronica. At the same time, hai-diness is a
thing of degree, and if by experiment we find
that any given shrub or other iplant of ornamen-
tal value will live outdoors for three to five
yeai-fi in a given soil or situation, that plant is
worth grownig. I have not yet seen the plants
of V. La Seduisante, mentioned on p. 52, since
the storm, but two fine bushes, ^ to 3 feet
high, which have been tiowering foi' some years
past in a subui-b of London, still look relatively
liappy. iSome of the older leaves are browned,
but the rest are green, flat, and in their normal
position. If every plant that is not quite hardy
ill some part of this country were deban-ed from
cultivation outdoors, that would exclude all the
New Zealand shrubby Veronicas, for I have seen
V. Traveiisii killed' in a sandy soil in the spring
of 1896, though it was 5 feet high, and this is
generally regarded as the hardiest of them. This
would ako exclude WallHowers, Antirrhinums,
and Pentstemons, and gardens would be the
poorer. The temperature for five days in suc-
cession during the early part of February
showed an average of 17.5°, with a maxi-
mum of 25°, yet I consider the degree of
frost was not directly responsible for the
damage. The ground was frozen hard before
the advent of snow, and evergreen sub-
jects, both shrubby and heAaceous, could not
get sufficient moisture from the roots to support
the foliage. I have seen Prunus Laurocerasus,
10 feet high, with every leaf hanging perpen-
dicularly and limp. The variety Veronica Dia-
mant. mentioned by W. T., is a very fine one,
but I consider the scarlet V. Simon Delaux
better. I have dried flowering specimens of
both grown outdoors ; also V. lobelioides and
several forms of V. Andersonii, all of which
have V. speciosa as one of their parents. My
impression is that V. lobelioides is a more com-
mon plant around London than V. Traversii.
,/. F.

The Effect of the Winter on Insect
Pests.— During the long and trying winter some
consolation was derived from the thought that
the severe weather would' put a check upon many
garden pests. This idea would appear to have
been based on a fallacy, for there does not seem
t(i he any diminution in their numbers. Slugs
and snails are just as numerous and voracious
as ever, while complaints as to the damage done
by weevils are heard on all sides. The white
butterflies mal(e their appearance in" clouds, and
(heir numbers suggest trouble with the various
members of the Brassica family later on. The
hot, dry weather has caused an outbreak of red
spider, and that terrible pest here (to the south-
west of London), namely, the frog hopper, or
cuckoo spit, is, as usual, dotting everything
with its masses of slime. Even the Rhubarb is
not ]iroof against its attacks, almost the only
subject immune therefrom beiirg the Del-
phiniums. Complaints with regard to cater-
pillars, too, are very general, and I have often
wondered whether the catei-pillar plague is not
partly due to the sparrows being so ruthlessly
destroyed. I am aware that they do a good deal
of mischief, but consider that they have some re-
deeming features, the destruction of green fly
and caterpillars, for instance. They used to
pull up many seedling vegetables till I followed
the advice of a bird-loving friend to put plenty
of water within their reach. W. T.

Damage by Hailstorm in Lancashire.—
On Sunday, the 17th insj,.. a severe hailstorm,
accompanied by thunder and lightning, took
place at Woolton, Gateacre, and Hunts Cross,
the neighbourhood of Liverpool. The storm'
was from 15 to 20 minutes' duration. Trees,
plants and glasshouses were badly damaged. In
Mr. G. Tuffin's establishment at Gateacre about
500 squares of glass were broken, whilst other
trade growers, including the Liverpool Orchid
Company, Gateacre, report extensive damage.
In the gardens at Bellevale Hall, Gateacre, from
foui- to six hundred sheets of glass were broken.
U. O. Waterman, Woolton.

June 23, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

2b7

SOCIETIES.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.

June 19. — The usual fortnightly meetiug was
held on Tuesday last in the Drill Hall, Bucking-
ham Gate, Westminster. The number of ex-
hibits was well maintained, and all sections were
represented. Several novelties were submitted
both to the Floral Commiitee and to the Orchid
Committee, the latter of which awarded two
Awards of Merit, two Preliminary Commenda-
tions, and four Medals to collections. The ex-
hibits in the floral section were the more nume-
rous, and the Floral Committee gave four
Awards of Merit, for Trollius Ledebouri and
three varieties of Sweet Pea respectively. The
highest medal award was made to a collection
ofDelphiniums and Paeonies shown by Messrs.
Kelway and Son, whose exhibit* of these flowers
are always of high merit. They showed a
new variety of Delphinium named Admiral
Cadigan. with a very large spike of cobalt-blue
flowers flushed with mauve. The Paeonies in-
cluded ithe beautiful single variety Lena Ash-
well, like a pink goblet, with a cluster of golden
stamens in the centre.

Roses, which are now the glory of every gar-
den, were displayed in a wealth of variety of
colour and form. Most of the Rose specialists
had something new to offer, besides the old
f.avourites, and on ^lessrs. Frank Cant and
Co.'s .stand there was a sweetly-scenited Rose
called B*ulah, of a rich red colour, and Mrs.
Hugh Dickson, a large new sulphur-yellow H.T.
variety of great promise as an exhibition Rose.
Mr. Georoe Printe showed that delightful
little Tea variety. Shower of Gold, the dark-
green, glos.sy leaves of which are almost as at-
tractive as the blooms. He also showed Diabolo.
a velvety-crimson single Rose of the Wichurai-
ana type. Mr. Elisha HirKS gave gre.at promi-
nence to his novelties C. E. Shea and the climb-
ing Lady Hillingdon, while Messrs. W. Paul
and Son exhibited Scarlet Climber from plant*
in the open to demonstrate how well the
colour is retained even in hot sunshine.
Mr. W. Easlea had a stand of new seedling
Roses, the beat of which were Mrs. Raymond
<le E.icofet, a H.T. variety of deep rose-colour,
shaded in the centre with bright red ; Eastwood
Queen, a lemon-yellow Tea variety, the inner
petals margined with pink : and President Wil-
son, a full-petalled she'l-pink bloom of fine
build. Messrs. Stuart Tow and Co. showed a
selection of the popular varieties, and had a
separate exhibit of perpntual-flowering Carna-
tions. These flowers, which are now at their
best, were also well shown by Messrs. Ai.i.wood
Bros., whose hybrid Pinks are very floriferous
and a promising new ■ break in border
plants. The variety Marv is a cood example
of the type, some of the individual stems
bearing a dozen blooms Mr. .T. C'. Alt.-
r.ROVE showed a flne group of border flowers,
a.mong which were many new varieties. Besides
the Trollius, which gained an award, there were
Notholirion Hookeri, with ver\' refined spikes
of delicate pink flowers arising from a cluster
of long, narrow leaves, and Senecio Przewalskii,
which has black stems and petioles rontrastinc
sha.rply with the clear yellow flowers. The
foliaffe is deeply laciniated and exceedingly
li.ind.some.

There were several exhibits of shrubs, both
flowering and ornamental-leaved. Mr. L. R.
Russell brought a varied collection of Maples,
which formed a companion group to an exhibit
of shrubs and climbers from Me.wrs. PrPERS".
Several firms .showed varieties of Philadelphus.
and Mr. C. Turner, of Slough, showed some of
Messrs. Lemoine's choice hybrids, including P.
h^'bridus Lemoineii virginal, which received a
First-class f^ertificate on .Tune 20, 1911, and P.
Manteau d'Hermione, which has smaller blooms
ST numerous as almost to hide the foliaye. Most of
the new Philadelphnses are whits, but the petals
of P. purpureo-macnlatus are blotched at the base
with mauve-nink. The crroun of Antirrhinums
shown by Messrs. W. H. Simpson and Sons
covered a wide range of beautiful colours.
Mr. H. J. Klwes brought a number of
rare plants from his interesting collection at

Colesborne. They included a species of Bo-
ma ria from Peru, bearing a large lax umbel of
rose-pink flowers, spotted in the interior with
crimson ; the dainty Blandfordia princeps ;
Dyckia raiiflora (a Bromeliad with spikes of
orange-coloured flowers) ; Utricularia Blandfordi-
ana ; Cypripedium .spectabile ; forms of Orchis
htifolia ; Lilium sutchuenensis ; and Iris Clarkei.

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. May (Chairman), J.
Green, S. Morris, R, C. Notcutt, J. W. Barr,
G. Reuthe, J. Heal, E. F. Hazelton, E. A.
P.owles, R, Hooper Pearson, R. W. Wallace,
J. T. Bennett-Poe, C. R. Fielder, J. Dickson,
J. Hudson, W^ J. Bean, C. Dixon, W. P. Thom-
son, W. Howe, T. Stevenson, J. W. Moorman,
.\. Turner, .T. F. McLeod, J. Jennings, W. H.
Page, C. E. Shea, E. H. Jenkins, and G. Paul.

Awards of Merit.

Trolliux Lcdehouri. This magnificent Globe-
flower has large expanded blooms of bright
orange colour, not so cup-shaped as on the com-
mon Trollius. In the centre there are a num-
ber of filamentous processes of a rather deeper
shade than the petals. The upper foliage is
sessile, or nearly so, dissected almost to the base
into five or six segments. Shown by Mr. .T. i".
.Vllcrote.

Siveet Pea Mrs. Tom Jones. A fine flower of
clear lavender colour, shaded with mauve.

Sweet Pen Alexniuler Mdlrrtlm. Scarlet with
a cerise tendency, beautifully waved. Both these
varieties shown by Messrs. Dobbie and Co.

.'>weet Pen FAe'janre. A very refined flower
</f delicate blush pink, the blooms carried on a
iiold spike Shown by Messrs. Alexander Dick
■^ON AND Sons, Hawlmark.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded for col-
lections : —

Silver-fiHl Flora Medal to Messrs. Kelway
AND Son, Langport, for Delphiniums and Paeo-
nies ; Silver Flora Mednh to Mr. J. C.«Vllgr0VE,
Langley, for Eremuri and other hardy flowers;
Mr. E. Hicks, Tw\-ford, for Roses; Messrs. W.
Paul and Son. Waltham Cross, for Roses ;
Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, Colchester, for
Roses; Mr. L. R. Russell, Richmond, for orna-
mental-leavwl Acers ; Messrs. Piper's, Bays
water, for Clematis and Alpines ; and Messrs.
W. H. .Simpson and Sons, Birmingham, for
Antirrhinums.

.*>'i7rfr linnlsiart MednU to Messrs. AllwoCd
Bros., WiveLsfield. for Perpetu-il-flowering Car-
nations and hybrid Pinks ; to Mr. G. Reuthe,
Keston, Kent, for Alpine .and Hardy Plants ; ti>
Messrs. H. B. May and Sons, Edmonton, for
Feme and flowering plants ; to Mr. G. W.
Miller. Wisbech, for hardy plants; to Mr,
.Tames' Douolas, Great Bookham, for Carna-
tions: to Messrs. Chaplin, Waltham Cross, for
looses; and to Mr. C. Turner, S'.ough, for cut
l.ranches of flowering and oth-jr shrubs.

Bronze Flora Medal to Messrs. Stuart Low
and Co., Bush Hill Park, for Roses and Carna-
tions.

Fironzr Banl-sian MedaU to Messrs. H
Cannell and Sons, Eynsford. for Roses and
herb.aceous plants; Messrs. Frank Cant and
Co.. for Roses; Mr. Geo. Prince, Oxford, for
Roses : and Messrs. R. Tucker and Sons, Ox-
ford, for Alpine plants.

Orchid Committee.

Pre.oent : Sir .Ten'miah Colman, Bant, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, and Messrs. .las.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), W. Bolton. .T. W.
Potter, R. A. Rolfe. Pantia Ralli, E. R. Ashton,
J. Charle.sworth. W. H. Hatcher. C. H. Curtis,
Walter Cobb, C. .T. Lucas, and R. Brooman-
White.

AWARDS.
Awards of Merit.

Orlontinda The Prinre (Odo. Clinrlesirnrthii x
Odm. Adriann-triu/nphnns), from 0. W. Bird,
Esq.. The Manor House, West Wickham (gr.
Mr. H. Redden). An interesting and pretity
hybrid closely following the large-flowered

Odontoglossums in size and shape in consequence
of its having 0dm. Harryanum, HuruieweUi-
anum, triumphans and crispum in its ancestry,
with only one influence of Cochlioda Noezliana
through Oda. Charlesworthii. The flower is of
i;ood shape and light lilac-purple in colour, the lip
being blotched with ved-brown in front of the
yellow crest. The Odontoglossum parent was
entered as 0dm. Ernesti, but the name Adriano-
triumphans, Charlesworth, 1906, takes priority.
Miltonia Princess Mary (Hi/eana x Bleuana),
from Messre. Armstrong and Brown, Orchid-
hurst, Tunbridge Wells. A large flower with
diatinctly-lobed white labellum, having at the
base a broad purplish-rose mask extending wing-
like on each side, and with thin, ruby-coloured,
radiating lines in front. The sepals and petals
are white, the latter having a pale lilac tinge a.t
the base.

Preliminary Commend.^tions.

Miltonia Fairy Queen [Princess Mary x Vexil-
laria Memoria G. D. Owen), from Messrs.
Armstrong and Brown. A chai-ming seedling
flowering for the first time and bearing one large.
jHire white flower of fine shape, with an almost
equally-sided triangular mass at the base of the
lip. of ruby-crimson colour, lighter between the
short lines radiating from the margin.

Odontoglossum Felicity {Olympia x

ardentissimum), from Messrs. Charlesworth
and Co. a promising seedling with a large .and
finely-formed white flower with clusters of red-
brown blotches in the middles of the segments.

General Exhibits.

Me.ssrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awarded a " William's " Gold
Medal for a magnificent group, in which their
famous strain of Miltonia Charlesworthii. M.
vexillaria Lyoth, and other large-flowered Mil-
tonias, of which there were over three hundred
spikes, formed the chief display. Odontiodas
and Odontoglossums were well represented, the
dark red Od.a. Brewii giving effective colouring.
Among the Odontoglossums the new 0dm. har-
vengtense aurcum (triumphans aureum x cris-
pum xanthotes) gave an interesting example of
fixed characters of colour suppression in tlie
parents be'ng handed on to the progeny. O.
harvengtense aureum has canary-vellow flowers
with darker yellow blotches and wrthout tlie
brown markings of 0. triumphans seen in the
orieinal natural hybrid.

Messrs. Arm.strono and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver-gilt
Flora JTedal for an excellent and varied group
of new and rare hybrids, among which Mil-
tonias were an attr.active feature. A fine selec-
tion of Odontoglossums and brilliantly coloured
Odontiodas; the emerald-green and white Cypri-
pedium Maurliae niaiinificum. and ('. Holdenii,
and some white Catllcyas, including C. Saturn
alba^ were included in the collection.

Messi-s. Sander and Sons, St. Albans, were
awarded a Silver Banksi.-in Medal for a grou]) ■
of Cattleyas. Laelio-Cattlcyas. and other, spe-
ciallv noteworthy being Laelio-Cattleya General
Pershing, a fine white flower with deep purple
lip. of unrecorded parentage, and L.-C. Gottoian.i
Tmp"rator, a grand pla.nt with two spikes of
four flowers each.

Me.ssrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisbrook,
•Sussex, were awarded a Silver Banksian Medal
for a group of Laelio-Cattlevas and Odonto-
clossums. A striking new form was seen in
L.-C. Vesuvius var. Aurora (Veronique X
H.iroldiana), which has well-fonncd flowers of a
rose tinted copper colour with pnrplish-claret
lip.

G. W. Bird, Esq., The Manor House, West
Wickham, again showed Odontioda Aurora,
which received an Award of Merit on May 2.
1916. The margins of the sepals and petals are
lilac colour, the greater part of the segments
bearing large, red markings.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee

Present : Messrs. .T. Cheal (vice-chairman), W.
Jefferies, F, Perkins. E, A. Bunyard, W. H.
Divers, W. Poupart, E. Beckett, .1. C. Allgrove.

258

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

A, Bullock, P. C. M. Veitch, Owen Thomas,
\V. Bates, H. S. Rivers, J. G. Westan, E.
Harriss, W. Wilks, and A. R. Allan.

Mrs. Vincent Bank.s, Park Street, Grosvenor
Square, London, was awarded a Silver-gilt
Banksian Medal for bottled fruits presen-ed
without sugar.

Mr. Staward. Panshanger Park Gardens,
Hertford, showed large, solid heads of Cabbages
Sutton's Earliest, Imperial Harbinger, and
Flower of. Spring, raised from seed sown on
February 17 last, also Cos Lettuces of the Dwarf
Perfection type.

Mr. G. ,T. Whitelegg, Chislehiu-st, showed the
Xewberi-y, a Rubus raised from the Loi^aiibei-ry
( lussed with the Raspberry.

©bituar^.

LiFUT. H. L. Foster.- Keen regret will be
felt by horticulturists, and especially those
in Kent, at the news of the death in
action on June 7 of Lieutenant Harry L.
Foster. Second .son of the late Mr. Charles
Foster, who made a great reputation at
the Reading University Gardens, Lieutenant
Foster was educated at Reading Collegiate
School and at the Wisley Laboratories of
the Royal Horticultural Society. In 1913 he
was appointed Assistant Horticiiltural Instructor
mider the Kent Education Committee, and in
that capacity did admirahle work until the out-
break of war, when he immediately aeked per-
mission to join tlie Army. Enlisting as a pri-
vate, he fought bravely in several engagements
before being wounded at the great battle of Loos
in 1915. At the end of a long convalescence he
was recommended for cadet training, and in the
early spring of the present year he received his
commission. Lieutenant Foster resided for a
considei'alble time in Maidstone, and became a
ixypular memher of the Church Institute.
Although a keen student, first of horticulture
and entomology, and subsequently of military
science, he was a versatile athlete. He had a
singularly engaging personality, and was greatly
beloved bv all who knew him.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Eelwobm in Oats.
Already I hear complaints that the Oat crop
i.s being attacked by stem eelwonn — Tylenchus
(levastatrix. At the present stage of growth
no remedy can be applied. An entire change of
crop and deep cultivation ai'e the best preven-
tives. A dressing of gas lime in the autumn
after the stubble is ploughed, allowing it to lie
cm the surface for two months, would do much
to eradicate the pest. Sulphate of potash, if ob-
tainable, would act as a corrective. Dressings
of unslaked lime, soot, and even chalk, are also
to be recommended. The Oat crop should be
followed by roots such as Mangold and Swedes,
Rape, Vetches or Mustai'd.

Potatos.

Where new seed tubers were planted, growth
is satisfactory, the haulm being strong and of
good colour. Although some plots of home-
saved "seed" are promising generally, growth
from these is weak and irregular. So far the
results once more prove the advantage of a
cliange of seed. Weakly-growing plants would
be improved by the use of sulphate of am-
monia scattered along the rows at the rate of
1 cwt. . per acre before earthing them up.
Freeing the haulm from weeds and admitting air
to the roots by stirring the soil will be time well
spent with this crop. Where the plants are
6 inches high no time should be lost in earthing
them up, as this is a means of conserving the
moisture in the soil.

Wireworm is rampant in some plots where
the soil is recently dug grassland. Whether
this pesl will attack new tubers, after disposing
of the old sets, remains to be seen, certainly
the haulm of plants growing in some newly-
broken up plots has a distinctly promising ap-
pearance for a good crop.

Weeds m Pastures.
Such weeds as Thistles, Docks and Ragwort
are very troublesome in pastures this season.
Cutting off the tops of the Ragwort causes it
to spread all the more. Pulling the plant up
by the roots is the only remedy ; it is shallow
rooting, and easily dealt with during wet
weather. Continuous cutting of Thistles will
check their growth, but not so Docks, the roots
of which must be removed. Corn crops have
been especially infested with Thistles and Docks
this season, and where not removed the weeds
are liable to increase in the future, as straw and
hay used on the land as manure may contain the
seeds of both weeds. E. Molyneux.

Top-dressing for Hay.

Correspondence in certain papers sugge.its that
fanners who have top-dressed for hay, or
intend to do so in the future with nitrogenous
fertilisers, may be needlessly alarmed by
exaggerated statements as to the'dangers of such
top-dressing. Some racing men and hunting men
and other owners of fast-working horses are well
known to favour hay produced' " naturally," as
they call it, and to attribute kidney trouble in
horses to hay forced into bulk by" the use of
rapidly-acting nitrogenous fertilisers. If there
is anything in the theory or the prejudice at
all — and a few cases are reported to have
occurred where horse., a.ppeared to be injured
by the use of such hay — the probable explana-
tion was the excessive application of nitrate of
soda or its very late application, or both excess
and lateness of dressing. No well-founded com-
plaint can be traced against hay from fields top-
dressed at the proper time with a reasonable
application of sulphate of ammonia. This is the
nitrogenous fertiliser which will be generally
used in this country this year and next, and for
the supply of which to farmers at a fair figure
the Food Production Department has made ar-
rangements. The Department will gladlv give
further information about sulphate of ammonia,
its use and cost, to anvone interested.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

CucOTLBEKs Diseased : E. F. C. We cannot
say definitely what is the matter with your
Cucumbers without having seen them. The
symptoms of Cercospora melonis (which we
presume is wliat you mean by " spot ") are
that the leaves become spotted, the affected
parts, sometimes an inch or more in diameter,
being whitish or grey. Every affected leaf
should be picked off and burnt, or the whole
plant destroyed if the attack is very severe.
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is sometimes
effective as a preventive, but careful cultivation
is the best way of preventing attacks.

Figs : L. L. L. On one Fig (the oldest)
the fungus Botrytis cinerea was present ; this
tree should be grubbed up and burnt. The
others are free from apparent disease, but
have the appearance of suffering from some
cultural defect.

Gooseberry and CuRR.ixT Bushes Dying :
./. H. The Gooseberry bushes are affected
with the "die-back" disease, Sclerotinia
Puckeliana. The Currant bush is affected with
Nectria cirmabarina. The remedy is the same
in both cases, viz., cutting out and burning
all dead or diseased wood. This is far more
effective than spraying.

Irises Diseased : M. F. There are pustules of
the fungus Gloeosporium on two of the leaves
sent, but it is not possible to say whether this
is the cause of the disease unless younger
leaves are sent. AH the leaves showing the
symptoms should be picked off and burnt.

LiLiUM ^Mastagon Spotted : Dorset Gardener.
The leaves sent were insufficient for examina-
tion. You .sliould have sent more, packed in a
box, not merely enclosed in a letter ; they
arrived very crushed.

Lime Leaves Galled : Cumbrian. The leaves
are attacked by a gall mite, Eriophyes tiliae.
The trees will not suffer permanent injury
from this pest.

Military Service : E. B. You .say you have an
appeal pending, but we presume you mean you

are making application for exemption, as it
is at the Local Tribunal. If the application
has not already taken place, we should advise
.you to take a friend with you who can con-
firm, if necessary, what you say about the
extent of the ground you are cropping with
•vegetables. If, however, your application is
refused, you can still ask permission of the
local Tribunal fo lodge an appeal at the
Appeal Tribunal ; and if permission is granted,
there is some chance that you may still be
exempted. If you have already " appeared
before the Local Tribunal, there may still be
time to ask for permission to appeal, but yon
should do so immediately, or permission will
not be given.

Name op Plant: H. W. Your Ciilceolaria is
in all probability a seedling from " Jeffrey's
Hybrid."

Peach Leaves Failing : W. M. The trees are
attacked by the " Shot-hole Fungus,"
Cercospora circumscissa. Spray with am.
moniacal solution of copper carbonate next
season when the leaves are just expanding, and
repeat at intervals. Do not use Bordeaux
mixture, which ds injurious to the leaves of
Peaches.

Pear Leaves Diseased : D. H. See reply to
P. S. W. in our issue of June 9, p. 238. You
have apparently used some kind of spray.

Plum Tree : J. H. S. The Plum tree is evi-
dently in need of a good dressing of lime in
the soil round it. It appears to be suffering
from an excess of feeding with strong manure.

Pot PotTRRi : W. P. Take the rind of two
Lemons (cut thinly), one pound of bay salt,
one ounce of powdered Orris root, one ounce
of Gum benzoin, one ounce of Cinnamon, half
an ounce of Cloves, one ounce of Nutmegs,
one grain of Musk, 12 Bay leaves, a few Sage
leaves, Rosemary, and Lavender, cut small,
one ounce of Lavender water, one ounce of Eau
de Cologne, and one ounce of Bergamot. Mix
all together in a pan, and add Rose petals in
their natural state as they come into blossom.
Stir frequently ; at least once a day. Put
into a covered stoneware pot with a wooden
spoon to stir with. At the end of two months,
the mass can be placed in Japanese Rose jars.
From time to time throw in fresh Rose petals.

Shrivelled Grapes : G. P. The temperature
of your vinery has been too high during the
peri<id of stoning, and the berries are affected
with what is called "scalding." The tem-
perature should not rise much above 80° at
such a t'me. This is difficult, with such bright
hot weather as that lately experienced, but
much may be done by temporary shading,
abundant ventilation, and frequently damping
the house while the ventilators and doors are
open. The danger wiU be past as soon as the
second swelling commences.

Slug : K. A. C. The slug youi send is tihe white
form of Ai'ion empiricorum. which is com-
monly known as the Mack slug. lit shows
variations in colour, being sometimes red,
brown, or yellow.

TOMATOS : G. A: B. Your plants are hopelessly
diseased with bacterial wilt, and should all be
destroyed. Spraying will be of no use what-
ever.— Reader. On one stem of your Tomatos
the fungus Mycosphaerelia citrillina was pre-
sent. You should obtain from the Board of
Agriculture, Whitehall Place, S.W., the leaf-
let on Tomato canker caused by that fungus. —
W. W. The spotting of the fruits is not due
to any fungus ; the specimen received was not
sufficient for us to be able to say why the stem
was rotten.

Vine Roots : E. L. The roots sent had the ap-
pearance of having been attacked by a "" grub "
of some sort, but without specimens it is not
possible to identify it. Please send some the
next time any are seen, securely packing them
in a small box.

Communications Beceived.— Sir E. G. L.— C. E.—
R. I. L.— J. D.— E. A. B.— W. W., Gloucester— C. H, C
—Paul A.— T. O.— T. H.— M. A, F. F.— A. S.^I. P.—
Sir .<. B.— H.— W. S. R— W. D.— L. F. B.— S. A,—

E. B.

.Tt'NE 23, 1917.1

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

NL IL ¥t I^ E T S.

COYEST GARDEN, June 20.
Ve cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the sample';, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and thev may fluctuate not only from day to day.
l.ut occasiona'lly several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

B.d,s.d.
Arali* Sieboldii,

dozen .. ..6060
Asparagus plu-

mOSUS D&DUS.

per doz. .. Id 0-12 0

- Sprengori .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 088 0
Cacti. various,

per tray of 15'a 4 0

tray of 12'8 ..50
Calceolaria, yel-
low, 48's. per

doz 0 0 8 0

Cocoa Weddelli-

ana 48'3. per

doz 18 0-SO 0

- 60'b per doz. I 0-10 0
Crassula 48'3. per

doz. .. 10 0-12 0

E'ica candidis-
sima. 48's. per
doz ,. ..15 0-18 0 Marguerites

- Wilm-^reana. 48'8. per doz. 5 0-70
48'3. per doz. 15 0-18 0 Mignonette, 4'!'s.

Ferns. in thumbs. per doz, .. « 0-10 0

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0 Pelargonium, 4«s,

s.d. s.d
Heliotrope 48's.

per doz. . 7 0-80
Hydrangea, blue

48'3.!2's per dz.l2 0-80 0

— pink. 48's. per

doz 12 0 18 0

— white, 48's. per

doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz, 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0-B« 0

— Forsteriana.

60's. per doz. 5 0- 8 C
Latania borbon-

ica, per doz .. 12 0-10 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

tlorum.perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lancif olium
rubrum .. 24 O-JO n

album .. 24 0-80 0

too. in

10 1 '2 0

per doz,

- (Geranium),
zonal-leaved.

48's. per doz. .'i 0-6 0

- fO's. per doz 2 0-26

- Ivy-le'»ved.4S's.

per doz. 8 0-10 0

Stocks. white,
pink and

— per
small and
large 60'8 .. 18 0-3'' 0

— in 48'a.perdoz. 7 0-80

— in 82'a. per
doz 12 0-18 0

— choicer aorta,
per doz. 48'8.. 10 0-12 f

Fuchsia, varioui,

48's. per .i07. . 8 0-10 0
Geonoma gracilis,

60's.perdoz,,. 6 0-80
larger, each.. ? « 7 »
Remauks There does not
thii <lcp;irtriicnt. The hot. weather has brought on the
flowering plants very quickly. There ore unme flne plnnls
III Cra.sHiiIa. Rho<lanthe«. and the usual varieties of Ver-
bena. There is a fair demand for plnntii for funiishing
*r decor.itive purposes. M.Trguer-
iirgoiiimns are selline (r<-elv

Verbena, whit",
blue or Qcar-
let. PTdoz...
appear to be any

018 0

8 0-00

window boxes and
iles an<l Ivv.lcave.^1 P,

Cut Flowers. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

per
per

s.d.a.d.
Canterbury Bells.

per doz. bun. 4 0- (J 0
Carnations, per

doz, blooms,

best American

varietiea .. 16 2 6

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large 2 6-30

Coreopsis. per

doz. bun. .. 2 6-30

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun. .. 1 0- 1 .1

Delphinium,
doz. bun.

Gaillardia,
doz, bun.

Gladiolus. Blush-
ing Brid ', per
doz

— TheBide.per
doz, bun.

— Peach Bios
som, per doz,

bun 8 0 10 0

Oypsophlla. white.

per doz. bun.
Heather, white,

per dnz. bun. 12 0 —
Iceland Poppies,

per doz, bun, 2 0- 3 0
Iris, Spanish. blue,

per doz. bun. 4 0-60

— mauve, per doz.

bun 4 0-60

— white, per doz.

bun 6 0 8 0

— yellow, per

doz. bun. .. 4 0-60
Lllium longi-

florum. long 1 .1- 1 6
abort .. 13-16

— 1 anclfoliom
album, long.. 2 0-26

rubrum.

per doz,, lone 2 6 —

4 0- fi 0
2 6-30

6 0-80
10 0 12 0

5 0

Bhort

Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.

b-n

Nigclla(Lovc-in-
a-Mist). per
doz. bun.
Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya

- 0 don togloa-

1 6 —

3 0-36

4 0-60

Pelargoniuma.

double acar-

let. per doz.

bun 6 0-80

Roses -

— Frau Karl
Dru.schki. per

doz. blooms.. 10-16

— General Jac-
queminot, per

doz. blooms.. 0 6-09

— General Mc-
Arthur, per

dnz, blooms .. 1 0- 1 r,

— Liberty. p"r

doz. blooms.. 10 Hi

— Melody, per

doz. blooms.. 10-16

— Mme. A. (^ha
tenay.perdoz.
blooms .. 1016

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per

doz blooms.. 10-16

— Mrs John
Laine.per doz.
blooms

— Ophelia, per

dnz blooms.

— Richmond
per dnz. blma.

— Sunburst, per
dnz. blonmn..

— White Mnlly
SharmanCraw
ford, per doz
biroms

Scabiosa cauca-
I sica ..

Stephanotia, per
72 pipB .

10-20
10-20
10-16
16-20

.Stock, white, per
doz. ban.

Sweet Peaa-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, per doz,
bun

8 0-10 0 "~ n>»"\''' V<"^
doz, bun.

Adiantum (Mai-
denhairFern)
best, per doz.
bunches

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen ..

— Sprengeri
Carnation foliage.

'. 0-18 0
0-10 0

doz, bunches 4 0-50

s.d. s.d.

Croton foliage.

doz. bunches
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Fern. French, per

doz. bunchei
Moss, gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun,

small - leaved 6 0 —

French, per

doz. bunches
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails ..

THE

3 0-60
0 6-08

4 6-50

1 3

Remarks.— r.wethnmis are almost over, and Pinks Her
Majesty and Mrs. Sinkins are taking the place of doublt-
white P.vrethrums. White Stocks are getting more plenti-
ful, and a few bunches of mauve and pink are on the
market. Hardy flowers are more plentiful, consisting
chiefly of Achillea, Cornflowers. Coreopsis, Gaiilardias,
Delphiniums of various sorts. Scabiosa caucasiea, Sapon-
aria (white and pink), pink and white Gypsophila, Oonter-
biu-y Bells, Yellow Marguerites, and mauve and wliit.'
Sweet Sultans. There is a good supply of outdoor Roses ;
the most saleable sorts are Jlrs. John Laing, Caroline
Testout, Frau Karl Druschki, General Mac.\rthur, and
(Ji^ne.ral Jacqueminot. All indoor flowers are more or les.s
affected by the hot weather. Gladioli, Irises. Carnations,
.and many boxes of Roses are almost iiseless when t.hey
reach the market. Liliums are now very low in price,
but Lily-of-the-Valley is unobtainable. .\ few Tuberoses
;ire beginning to arrive.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d s.d. s.d.

Lettuce. Cabbage

andCos.perdnz. 0 4 2 0
Mushrooms, per lb, 0 8- I 0
Mustard and
0 10- 6 0, Cress, per doz,

punnets .. 10 —
10 0 — j Onions per cwt 18 0 —

— spring. per
0 8-0 10 doz. bun. .. 4 6 12 0

10 0 12 o' Peas. blue, per

i bus 6 0 7 6

- Channel Is-
, „ I lands per lb. 0 40 6

White. per

.\rtichokes. Globe

per doz.
AspT.igus-

Worcester. per

bun.
Beans- Broad. per

bus.
— English, per

lb

Beetroot, perbus.
Broccoli. Purple

Sprouting. per

bag
Cabbage, per doz.
Carrots, new. per

doz, bun
Cauliflowera. per

doz

Cucumbers, per

flat ..
Oarlic, per lb,..
Greens, per bag..
Herbs, per doz.

bun

Horseradish, per

doz. t un.
Leeks, per doz, bun

3 0-50

4 0- 8 0 I Po'*'°3' new. per

4 0-

0 4i-

Ib,
<n un Radishes, per
'""'*" doz. bun. .. 10-20

n ,5 n ' Spinach, perbus. 7 0-80

0 10

Turnips, per cwt. 90 —

— new. per doz.

4 6—; bun 16-30

— Tops, per bag 2 0 —
4 0-80 Vegetable Mar-

j rows, per doz. 6 0 —
60 0 — Watercress, per
.30-50 doz 0 6- 0 S

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.a.d.
Almonda.percwt. 80 0-85 0
Apples, per case 36 0-48 0
Bananas. Jamaica.

per ton .. £42 -

Chorries.EngHah.

per peck .. 7 0-10 0
Dates, per box,

about 70 lb. .. 48 0 —
Fig-(Worthingi.

per iliiz. .. 4 0- 12 0
Go iseberrics.

green.perj bus. 5 0-6 0
Grapes:

- English (new
season)Black
Ham b urgh,
per lb. .. 13 3 6

— Muscats, per
lb 3 6 6 0

Lemons, per caae 15 0 45 0

KEMAUK8. — A iihipnient of Australjiin Ajjplcs is to hand,
p;u-kc<l in bo.xes of al>out 361hs. Some of the samples me
reahsing r^K-ord prices— as much an 60s. per box in on^-
instance. Orangea are limited in supply and very ex-
pen«ive. There are heavy supplies of Strawberries from
all sources. Gooseberries are plentiful, and early Cherries
are on offer. Grapes. Muscat of .Alexandria ami Black
Hamburgh, are much more plentiful. Canloloupe Melons
.■ire available, and Melons and Figs, l)oth English nn-i
Ctuinnel Islands, are fairly plcnfiful. Supplies of Peaches
;uKt Nectarines have Increased during the week. Cucum-
bers conlinue limitol in supply, but .MniTowg are in-
creoaing in number. Large quantities of Engli!<h and
Channel Isl.an^l^, Tomatos arc arriving daily. Pone and
Broad Beans .ire daily increasing in numl)er, and new
Polntos are plentiful. CauliflowOTs and Cabbages are
much in demand; hut new Carrots and Turnips are plen-
tiful. .\sparagu3 is almost over U>r the sc^ison, E. 71. 7? ,
foifitif Oarifpn Mnrl-et, June ?(?,

S.d, s,d.
Melons, Capte-

loupe, each .. 20 0-25 0

- English and
Guernsey, ea, 2 6- .'> 0

Nectarines, per

doz 4 0-21 0

Nuts, Brazils,

new, per cwt. 95 0 100 0

— Coconuts, per

100 .. .. ,30 0 -
Oranges, per caBe 80 0 70 0
Peaches, pcrdoz, 4 0-21 0
Strawberries :

- Southampton

skips .. ..10-30

— per peck .. 3 6-60
Tomatos. English.

per 12 lbs. or
peck .. .. 8 0- ii 0
Walnuts. percwt. 65 0 75 0

aun

crispum 2 0-26 Viola lornuta

6 0-80
10-16

CATALOGUE RECEIVED.

FORBION.

YoKOHAUA NURSBBY Oo., LTD., 21-35, Nakaniuia, Yoko-
liama, Japan. — Bulbs, &c.

ONLY

DIRECTORY

OF

GARDENS

AND

GARDENERS.

The Hoi'ticultural Directory
and Year Book for 1917 is tlif

ONLY Directory that exists nf i;;n'deiis
anil gardeners in the British Isles.

If you want a list of all Nurserymen
ami Seedsmen. Sundriesmen, Hot-house
iiuilders and other trailers closely con-
nected with horticulture, consult th(>
ONLY norticultural Directdry.

ShouM you desire to trace llu> where-
aliimts of the young men yon associated
with in the Bothy yon have no other
means of linding out their iiresent
addresses than l)y turning di tlie ONLY
Directory of British Gartleners.

Olitain a copy and see if .your own
name is there, and if it is not, then send
us particulars for inclusion in the edition
for I'.IIS.

The Year Book part of this iiniiine
volume contains descriptions of all tiie
new plants, flowers and fruits certificated
ill I'.tll), notes on the i)rincipal gardeners
who died during that period, and mnch
additional information of great value to
ail amateur and ])rofessional hoi'ticul-
tiirists.

We are still able to offer some few
copies of the current number. Readers
are advised to send their orders early,
li(>for(> the work is out of i)rint.

Apply, enclosing 1/4 for each
copy required, to : —

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. GOVENT GARDEN.
LONDON, W.C. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 23, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the *' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in all Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and
School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With
195 Illustrations. 5s. 4d.

Botany, Elementary. By Dr. E. Drabble.
2s. lOd.

Botany, First Course o{ Practical. By G F.
Scott Elliott. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Botany, Lectures on Plant Physiology. By Dr.
Ludwig Jost. Translated by J. Harvey
Gibson. Morocco back, gilt top, 24s. 6d. ;
cloth, 21s. 6d.

Botany, Practical Plant Physiology. By
Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S. Recom-
mended for use in colleges and schools.
3s. lOd.

Botany, Structural. By D. H. Scott, M.A.
2 Vols.

P.\RT I. — FtOWEHING PLANTS. 3s. lid,

P4RT 11. — Flowehless Plants. 3s. lid.
An excellent introduction to the Anatomy
and Life Histories of Plants.
British Plants, List o{. By G. C. Druce, MA.
.\ detailed list of Species and Varieties.
2s. 9d.
British Plants, The Uses of. By Prof. Henslow.

4s. 9d.
Bulb Book, The. A Practical Work on Culti-
vation, Propagation, etc. By John
Weatliers. Illustrated. 15s. 7d.
Bulbous Plants, Beautiful. By Jno. Weathers.

5s. 4d.
Bulbs and their Cultivation. By T W. Sanders.

2s. lOd.
Bulbs, The Book of. By S. Arnott. Illustrated.

2s. 9d.
Calendar of Garden Operation, The. Based on
the original work compiled by the late
Sir Joseph Paxton, M.P. Adapted to the
requirements of Cottage Gardeners, Allot-
ment Holders, and Amateur Gardeners, by
members of the staff of the Gardeners'
Chronicle. Ilustrated. (Nevf edition in
the Press.) Is. 3d.
Cambridge Manuals of Science. Cloth edition.
Is. 4d. each, post free.
Plant Animals: A Study in Symbiosis. By

" Frederick Keeble, Sc.D., F.R.S.
Plant Life on Land. By Prof F. 0. Bower,

F.R.S., Sc.D.
Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Bed-

dard, F.R.S.
TTie Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting,

F.R.S.
The Atmosphere. Bv A. J. Berry, M.A.
The Story of a Loaf of Bread.' By Prof.

T. B. Wood, M.A.
Bees and Wasps. Bv 0. H. Latter, M.A.
Soil, The Fertility of the. Bv E. J. Rnssell,

D.Sc.
Insects, The Life Story of. By Prof. G. H
Carpenter.

Carnation Culture, Commercial. Edited by J.
Harrison Dick. A collection of ti-eatises by
the best modern cultivators. Illustrated.
7s. 4d. ($1.50).
Carnations, Perpetual Flowering. By Laurence
J. Cook. A Practical Manual with Details
of Cultivation. Illustrated. Paper, Is. 3d. ;
cloth. Is. 9d.
Carnations and Pinks. By T. H. Cook, Head
Gardener at Sandringham ; James Douglas,
V.M.H. ; and J. F. McLeod. Contains 8
Coloured Plates, reproduced from colour
photographs. Is. lOd.
Carnations, Picotees and Pinks, By John Fraser.

Fully Illustrated. 8d.
Chemistry of the Garden. By D. R. Edwardes
Ker. A course of practical work designed
for the use of Teachers and Students of
Gardening. Is. 8d.
China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest
Henrv Wilson. Illustrated, in Two Volumes.
£1 lOs. 6d.
Chrysanthemums. By Thomas Stevenson. With
Cliapters by Charles E. Shea and C. Harman
Payne. Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
Climbing Plants. By W. Watson, A.L.S. With
Introduction by W. Robinson, author of
"The English " Flower Garden." 2s. lOd.
and 3s. lOd.
Coco^nut, The. Bv Edwin Bingham Copeland.

10s. 6d.
Cottage Gardening ; or. Flowers, Fruits and
Vegetables lor Small Gardens. By E.
Hobday. Is. 9d.
Cucumber Culture for Profit. By W. Dyke. A
Practical Guide to the Cultivation in Frames
and in the Open. Is. 2d.
Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs. Potters. By
R. C. Wren, with additions by E. 11.
Holmes. Containing the Names and Pro-
perties of all the Herbs employed medicin
ally in this country. 3s. lOd.
Cyclopaedia of Horticulture, The Standard. By
L. H. Bailey. In 6 vols. Fully Illustrated
in colour and half-tone. A valuable book of
reference. Each part, 263.
Daffodils. Bv the Rev. Joseph Jacob. With
Preface by the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A. A full
treatise on their culture for private and
E.xhibition purposes. With 8 Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.
Dahlias and their Cultivation. By J. B. Wroe.

Is. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 8d.
Dahlias. By George Gordon, late President of
the National Dahlia Society. Contains 8
Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.
Date Growing in the Old World and the New.

By Paul P. Popenoe. Illustrated. 9s. 6d.
Dictionary of Hardy Flowering Plants (see
■■The English Rock Garden," by R. Farrer).
Directory, Horticultural (see (Hardeiifrs Chronicle
Horticultural Directory).

Diseases and Garden Pests, Book of Plant.

By R. Hooper Pearson. 214 pages. Over
65 Illustrations. Cloth, 2s. lid.
Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees. By

George Massee. 7s. lid.
English Rock Garden. By Reginald Farrer,
author of " My Rock Garden," " Among
the Hills," etc. This work contains up-to-
date monographs of the Plants suitable for
cultivation in the Rock Garden. The te.xt
consists of 500,000 words. 300 Plants are
Illustrated in Half-tone Plates. In 2 Vols.
Price £2 2s. lOd. (in the Press).
English Flower Garden, The. An Illustrated
Dictionary of the Plants Used, and
Directions for their Culture and Arrange-
ment. By W. Robinson. With numerous
Illustrations. 15s. 7d.
Ferns, The Book of British. By C. T. Druery.

Illustrated. 3s. lOd.
Ferns, Choice, for Amateurs. For the Garden,
Conservatory and Stove. Illustrated. With
full directions for their Cultivation, and
Formation of Ferneries, Rockeries, etc. By
George Schneider. New Edition. 3s. lid.
Fern Culture. Bv A. Hemsley. Well Illus-
trated. 2s. 9d.
Ferns and Fern Culture. By J. Birkenhead.
Third Edition, revised by F. Parsons, is. 2d.
Fertilisers and Manures. By. A. D. Hall, F.R.S.

5s. 5d.
Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.
Bcntham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.
Seventh Edition. 9s. 5d.
Flora. British, Illustrations of the. By W. H
Fitch and W. G. Smith. 1,315 Wood En-
gravings. Revised and enlarged. 9s. 5d.
Floral Decoration, British. By R. F. FelturL
Containing 25 full-page Illustrations (12 in
colour). 4s.
Florists' Bibliography, The. By C. Harman
Payne. Second Edition, with Supplement
and Index. Cloth, 5s. 4d.
Flower Garden, The. By T. W. Sanders. The
Formation and Management of a Garden,
and the Culture of Outdoor Flowers and
Plants. 450 pages. 104 Illustrations. 8s.
Flowering Plants, Classification of. By Alfred
3. Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. Vol. 1. Gymno-
sperms and Monocotyledons. 400 pages.
Illustrated. 10s. lOd.
Flowers and Flower Culture. Bv H. W. Ward.

8d.

Flowers, The Book of Hardy. By E. H. Jenkins.

A Practical Guide to the Cultivation of

Hardy Flowers. Illustrated. Cloth, 2s. lid.

Flowers, The Book of OldFashioned. By^arry

Robert.s. 2s. lOd.
Forestry, The Development of British. By A. C.
Forbes. Illustrated, lis.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN,
41. Wellington Street, Co vent Garden,

W.C. 2

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by LOVB and Maicomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Hollwm London, W.C., ^"d P"Wished w«kly by the Gardeners'
Cbroniole, Ltd., 11. Wellinron Street. CoventGarden, City of Westminster, Saturday, June 23, 1917. Agent for Manchester. John Hbywood.

Coileg

Established 1841.

No. 3992

No. 1592. Vol. LXI.

/ THIRD I
3/

SATUKDAY, JUNE 30, 1917

\ SERIES J

SVBSCRIPTIOS— Inland, 1SI-S Foreign, 17G I22fr. tOc] [$4 26c.] pet
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden W.C. 3. Telegraphic

(Registered as a Newspaper.! PRICE 3d .
I Post-free, 3Jd.

<i»»u»i. Entered at lf*w Tork Ftst Offie* ni seeona-clasa nxatter.
Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1S43.

For CONTENTS lee page 259.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

Aclt-ertisers will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will he held over
vntil the following week.

TO replace Dutch Bulbs for next Spring
flowering sow now British flowers.
SUTTON'S WALLFLOWERS.
Sweet-scented flowers of brilliant colour.
Sutton's Fire King, vivid orange, per packet. Is. 6d.
SiJtton"? Giant Vulcaii, brilliant crimson, per paciiet.

Is. 6d.
Sutton's Orange Bedder, a very striking colour, per

jjacliet, Is.
Sutton's Cloth of Gold, bright yellow, per packet, 5d. i Is.
Sutton'ti Superb, mixed, per packet. Is. and Is. 6d.
Post free.

CUTTON & SOXS, The Kings Seedsmen,
^^ HEADING.

SPKAY YOUR rOTATOS.
TXCREASE your crops and jjiotect them
-■• from blight '.and disease bv using KEELINO'S
SPRAYING mXTUUE ( " Kiln " Brand). Guaranteed fre«-
from acid ajid keeps iridpfiiiitely. \ 4 lb. bag, witlt 25
galls, of water, is enough to spray twenty rods twice,
and costs only 4s. 6d. ; 8 lbs., 8s. ; 16 lbs., IJs. 6d. ;
32 Iba., 24e. ; carriage free in the UK. Sample 1 lb.
l3. 6d., post free. Send P.O., with order, direct to the
manufacturers, KEELING i- WALKER, LTD., 20, Milton
House, Surrey Street, London, WO. 2.

■P) I C K S'O N • S HORTICULTURAL
■^-^ M.\NURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushr'X)m Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries. Chester.

"D ARR'S SEEDS FOR JUNE SOWING.—

^-^ Finest strains of Antirrhiniuns, Aquilegias, Oam-
IKinulas, Canterbury Bells, Calceolarias, Cinerarias,
Delphiniums, Hollyhocks, Lupins, Panjsies, I^rimulaa,
Stocks, WaJlflowers, &c. Catalogue on application.
BAER & SONS, King Streert, Oovemt Garden, London.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-" " 'Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throug:hout the country.

VXTM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
.*?rvat«rie8, Winter Gardens. Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, .tc. Catalogues gratis.

COL-

Course».

/^HESTER HORTICULTURAL

'-^ LEGE.— Women War Workers. Sliort
Thorough tuition in Fruit and Vegetable Oro\ring by
expert teachers.— .\pply, SECRETARY.

OS. 9d. — Spray Potatos now witli Bordeaux-
Cre.om ; reliable, effective, inexpensive ; sufficient to
Bptuv 20 rods twice ; full instructions ; P.0.0. witih oiyler.
— G. L. MOORE, 27, Dalmally Road, Croydon, Surrey.

SPRING CABBAGES. — The best varie-
ties to sow during the early part of August.
Order at once.
SUTTON'S HARBINGER C.VBBAGE.
The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.
" Trial of Autumn Cabbages. — A trial of nr .ess than
114 stocks, represent uig 94 sorts, w;is ma<'e at Wisley last
year. ... It will be noticed tiat Sutton's Harbinger is
the only sort that <lid well in both trials (Autimiii-sowii
and Spring-so\vn)."— '■ The Field," Juno 17, 1916.

" Cabbage Harbinger is a capital vanet.v, I sowed
some seed in July, and now (January 10, 1917) 1 am
cutting some lovely he.ids." — Mr. A. J;". Coles, Tlie Gar-
deIl^, Wallacefield, Croydon.

SUTTON'S APRIL C.4.BBAGE.

The most popular earlj- Cabbage for garden use.

Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.

'■ The April Cabbage you supplied me with last year

have done wonderfully well, hardly a plant has been

destroyed bv the severe winter, and Ibev are now coming

in very useftil."— The Rev. F. J. Brlggs,' May 4, 1917.

" The -\pril Cabbage, raised from seed supplied by you

last year, was wonderful. They were a lovely batch of

plants, and not one bolted."- )fr. H. Bryant, Franifleld.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING CABBAGE.

The most suitable lor the general Spring crop.

Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 3d.

" My be<i of Flower of Spring Cabbage was well worth

a pliotograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this

neighbourhood,"— W. Webb, Esq.. Dursley.

" I consider your April and Flower of Spring the best
Cabbage in cultivation. Last September I planted 2,000
of tihem, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. Tlie bulk of these are
being sent to the He.t Ihi-oiigh tJie A'egctablc Products
Committee."— Mr. T. R. Scholev, Rodba,ston Gardens.

gUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

COW NOW.— BATH'S EMPRESS PAN-

'^ SIES, as grown lor the Royal Oerd«n« at Frogmocro.
The richest and largest-flowered strain of Panfiies extant.
IVr packet, 2s. 6d. and Is. 6d., post free for cash wiUi
order.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, Ll'D., The Floral Farms,
Wisbech.

WT'ATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-

* ' OUS PLANTS and WATER LIUES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.— JOHN WATERER, SONS & ORISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twj'ford, Berks.

|?VERY GARDENER'S LIBRARY con-

""-^ tains a certain number of indispcnaable books.
Some gardeners have a arnoU library ; otJhera a pretty
complete collection of modem, booka on. cultivation ;
some few ere the fortunate possessors of books on. cver\'
phase of gardening:, both old and now, from the early
Herballs lo the last new .\raerican Uyclopaxlia, Tliero
is one little book -wlmoh slioiUd -be found on the slielvcs
of every gardener, young or old, litejan.-, scientaflc, or
practical, and whicli is consulted a thoaisand times a
year by those who possess u. That is 'the " Horticul-
tural Directory aud Vcar-Book." There is so much an
it. It is a veritable roulfcum in. parvo. This year it is
emiiller tlian usual, because it iiaa cast off a de:id
weijshi of out-of.<Ut.e, obsolete iwimes ; but it is steadily
growaiig again, and is already having fresh names
abided, and old ones cori-ected, m preparation for the
1918 edition. Tliere are still eom^ copies left of tJhe
present year's issue. The price is Is. 4d,, post tree.
Do not let your library remain incomplete for lack of
this indispenisable volume. — Send for it to the
Librarian, " Gardeners' Chronicle," 41, Wellington.
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

For Advertisement Chapgei see page iv.

Ji; ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
*^ St. Albans.

LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.
JpINE early pot plants for forcing or oiit-
'^ door planting of Kuig George V., Royal Sovereign,
^■c,, pots 18s. 100 ; open ground. 6s. 100. Grand New
Maincrop, Lajctoiiian, pots, 30s. 100 ; open ground, 20s.
100. Illustrated Oatalogue, with cultural hints and de-
scription of all tlie new and older sorts gratis.^
LAXTOX BROTHERS, Bedford.

(^^ISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, ScaJe, Mealy Bug,
Thrip, American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, &c.
Sold in boxes about lib., 31b., and 121b.. by Dealers
in Gardon Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W. 11.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for
■*- immediate delivery. SnlpKate of fupper 98 per
cent., pm-e Washing Soda 98 per cent. , Write 'for prices
ami quautitv required per acre.- G. H. RICHARDS,
2i4, Borough High Street, London, S.E, 1.

^^UR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^-"^ summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent poeti

free on application.— DOBBLE & CO.. Seedsmen to the

King, Edinburgh.

ARMY BOOTS r reconstructed), cost
Government 22s. 6d. Selling now at bargain prices.
Specially selected ; without a blemiali ; as good as new.
l.'n»uip,issed for gardening, fanning, ojid otjher work.
Single paii-8, post free, 8s. 6d. or 10s. 6d. State size.
Monov returned if disapproved. Special quotations for
qimntities.— THE THAMES TIt.4.DlNG 00., LTD. (Army
Boot Dept.), 6, Eldou Street, London, E.O.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• Greeiiiliouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Dniivers Street, Ohelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone; 201, Western.

T

HE

GREAT POTATO SPRAY

(Land Sprayal)
Willi crown your labour witli success. Finest remedy for
Potato and 'Tom.^to Blight, Mildew, Fungi, Oatei-pillars,
and Diseases of .all other Crops. One packet makes 6
gallons. Price Is. 2d., or 12s. per doz. Spraying
S.v ringes, with tanks, 4s. ; Steel Hand Plough and Trench
lioe, 3s. Bank your Potatos and weed the gaowing
Croi>s. Tools of every variety ; good lines in Garden
Hose. AU carriage pa'id.— LAND TOOL 00., 18, AUfiop
Sii-eet, Upper Baker Street, N.W. 1.

GENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s..
free ; 3 Bee Orchis, 2s. ; 3 Gnat Orcihis, 23. ; 3
Oichis O'Kelilyii, 3s. ; 3 Butterfly Orchis, 26.— O'KELLY,
Bolani.it, Ball.', vaughan., Ireland.

TiTESSRS. ROBERT GREEN (1911),

■^'.*- LTD., have a limited mumber of Standard and
Pyramid Bay Trees to offer; in fine condition.— 28,
Crawford Street, London, W.

JAPANESE GARDEN UMBRELLAS,
9ft. aci\>as when opened ; 7s. 6d. each, carriage
Iiaid. Japanese Sunshades, prettily coloured, 6s. 6d.
Iier doz., 3s. 6d. lor 6, 2s.' for 3, carriage paid.— AROHER
WOODMOUST, 2, Meeting House Court, MUee I/ane, E.O.

THE GARDENEBS' CHRONICLE.

[June 50, 1917.

CI^^^^^tS^3^^^^b

S

W^^MjiA^€.

dJiilS

; Many years reputatijon.

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS -liiO NEW EXPERIMENT^

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

DIFFICULTY m OBTAIN

VE SEND DIRECT CARRIAGE

OnlvAdilrtssTOMLmSON&HAYWARD L7 IlNCOLN.

. Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet Is about
^ in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
BUpplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet GlasSf under the same
conditionB.

Manufaoturera of

GENUINE

.WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

Mixed ready for use. In 141b.
tins and 1 cwt. wide-neck cans.

AND
BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &e., on application.

Sample CRET Pot CLIMBING PLANTS

FREE with Booklet

that the
Diainage, Porosity. Healtliful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.

2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

improved

forRreenhnuses. F.esscver isi'd, savsA. Wilsuii, Bridge

Of Seedsmen, A.&N. Stores, or Elliott, Alfred Rd., Lond. W. 3

(Preient-Day Gardenine Seriet)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction br William Robinton.)

II Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Olimb-
.. ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.

Illustrated with '24 full page plates, 8 of which

are reproduced in colour.

Price 2/10 poit free from:

Th« PUBLISHING DEPT..
" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES,
41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C, 2

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C-
And Blackfriars Wharf, Upper Qround Street, S.E,

Quot* Gardeners' Chronicle.

SANKEYSt^'^POTS

'^Zhz BEST and Cheopesh

-late quantity or each me reauirtd and have " rarriarr naid "

ff /CHARD SANK£yji SON, LTP.
Balwell Pof>epies. NOTTINOMAM.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

PaTticulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^Urw'.cT"''

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalegtie.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

POLYANTHUS V. FLOWERING BULBS

Willi the restrict eil trade in Flowering' Bulbs, and to those who
still wish to have a few bright flowers, we suggest as a war time
change that Polyanthus shotild take a leading place this next
Sjiring, and would draw your attention to our stocks of the

Famous Clovenfords Strain of Polyanthus,

^0^ Specially selected and saved by oiirseh'es.

White, Dark Yellow, Primrose Yellow, Crimson and Mixed,

all at 11; 216, 5/- and lOj- per packet.

LAING & MATHER, The King's Seedsmen, KELSO.

BAMBOO BLINDS for GREENHOUSES.

.SIZES

IN STOCK

FROM

lOft.xBft.

TO

I5ft.xl5ft.

-"■

f.

•**■*»*=-« s'.w—fctAa/

-^

'1 '

PRICE LIST

SENT
POST FREE

ON
APPLICATION

J. AVERY & CO., Horticultural Blind Makers-

si, GREAT PORTLAND STREET. LONDON, W. 1.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

June 30, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CRRONICLS.

259

Xo. 159^.— SATURDAY, JUNE 3'\ 1?17,

CONTENTS.

Aciphylla Colensoi .. :
Ijooks. notices of —

Botanical Magazine . .

Publications received , :
Farm, crops and stock

on the home , . . . !
Food production, on in-
creased^

India-
Allahabad FlowerShow 260

Marketing surplus pro-
duce 263

Obituary—
Harris, J. . . . . 264

Kinc, H. T 264

Macdonald, Sir W. C. 264

Beet, the hardiness of 260 J Orchid notes and gle

Cabbai.'e .
Celery fly and Parsnips 261
Earthintr-up Potatos.. 261
Old seeds and new . . 261
Prices of sulphate of

ammonia - . . . 261
Protection uf allot- ;

ments .. . . 261 I

Tomato training . . 260 '
Vegetable economy . . 260 |
Vegetable Marrow i

Rotfaerstde Orange.. 260 ■

Weevils 260 :

Fuchsia splendens . , 264 ;

(Calloway garden, notes i

from a 259

ings-

Odontoglossura Calypso 259
Odontoglossum Minos 259

Parsnip seeds, germina-
tioq of 264

Sauerkraut in France . . 261

Sparrow, a good word for
the house .. .. 264

War item 263

Week's work, the —
Flower garden, the .. 261
Fruits under glass .. 261
Hardyfruitgarden.the 261
Kitchen garden, the .. 261
Orchid liouses, the .. 261
Plants under glass .. 261

ILLUSTRATIONS.

India, a flower show in 260

Saxifraga manshuriensis . .. 264

Sweet Peas at Khusru Bagh, Allahabad 260

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-VIL

Quia delectasti me, Domine, in factum tun,
el in operibus manuum tnarum exultabo. (Ps.

xcii. 4).

HIS must be a cold heart that the month of
June, of all months in the calendar,
does not stir to unison with these
words of the Psalmist. And such a June
as is now passing amply atones for the
rigours of April and blote from remem-
Inance the asperities of the first half of May,
whereof the latter half brought forcibly to mind
Disraeli's characteristic expression, " the radiant
effulgence of spring." How gladly would every
gardener compound by a severe winter for the
absence of late frosts! We are now in a posi
tion to estimate pretty accurately the extent of
loss caused by the severest winter for two and
twenty years, in which years probably more
exotic plants have been introduced to British
and Irish gardens for the first time than in
any previous period of equal length. The re
suits will, of couriie, differ widely from each
other, according to variation of soil, exposure,
latitude, longitude and humidity ; but a com-
parison of results cannot fail to bring out some
facts serviceable for general guidance.

The garden in which the following lists have
been compiled is on the south-we.st coast of Scot-
land, one mile or so from the sea, and 120 feet
above it. Although the shade thermometer never
registered more than 17° of cold, the frost con-
tinued with but slight intermission throughmit
Jamiary and February, accompanied by search-
ing winds. Had that been all, we should have
escaped scathless. but worse was to follow. It
was the frost of March 7, 8, and 26, and April
1 and 2, that did all the damage. The following
lists include only plants reputed to be of doubtful
hardihood in Britain and tho.se which have been
introduced or distributed since 1895. The letter
" w " is prefixed to the names of plants grown
against a wall. No Rhododendrons have been
mentioned, because the only injury sustained in
that genus, besides the ruin of blossom on R.
barbatum and R. praecox, has been to R. grande
and R. buUatum, the growth buds of which were
nearly all destroyed.

' UMiBJCrnED

.\butiIon vitilolium
.\lpiIKint,huii iimbellatus
.\ric.hti>*.i itfllioa fBrop

mor*' var.)
Astelia nervosa
.\zara microphylla

Berber]<loj»sis t-ur.il-hnu
BiKj.lleia Oolvilei
Bnddleia globopa
BulbineUA (Chnac^bac-

tron) Hookori
Cftrmiobflelhfc ausiralts

V. Ceanothus indigo.
Ohoisya temata
Cordrline australis
Crinum Moorei
Crinuin Powelli
Cupressug formos-Ttia
Daphne Bla^yana
Dasjantha azurea
Desfontainea spinosa
Dianthiis Elizabethae
Bscallonia x exoniensis
Escallonia x langley-

ensis
Escallonia macrantha
Eucalyptus coccifera
Eucalyptus Whitting-

hame Hybrid
Eucrj-phia cordifolia
Fuohsia Riccartonii
Glaucidium palmatum
Griseliania littoralis
Habranthus pratensis
Helicodiceros (Arum)

crinitus.
H>-pericum Ooris
Hj-pericum Hooker-

Illicium religiosum
Incarvillea brevipes
Knipbofia oaulescens
, Lardizabala biternata
Leptospermum, several

species and va-rieties.
Libenia grajidiflora
Lilium regale
Lilium Sargcntiae
LitJiospemium gramini-

folium
Lobelia catdinalis
. Lonicera tragophylla
Lycoris squamigera
Lj'slchit.f)n kamschat-

kenae
Meconopsis latifolia
Meconop?is nepalensis
Meoonop^is alTnpliclfolia
Meconopsis Wallirhii
Mlmulus reptans
Moltkia petraea
Morisia hypogfaca

;. Mutisia deourretns
V. M%-rtu8 oommunis

Myrtus Luma

Nobhofagus obliqua

Nothospartium Oar-

michaelii

Olearia ilicifolia

Olearia macrodonta

Olearia nitida

Olearia nunmiulanifolia

Oleairia stelloiLaba

Oamanthus Delavayi

Paeonna lutea

Pancratium illyriciun

Patrinia palmate

Pelargctnium Endlicheri-

Pierds formosa
Pieris japonioa
Piptanthus nepalensLs
Plagianthus LyaUi
Polygonum equiseti-

forme
Bfloulia australis
Romne^-a Coult.eri
'. Rosa bracfceata
Salvia patens
SolAnuni crispum
Sparaxis (Dier.ima) pul-

clierrima
Stenantliium robustiun
Staipihylea holocarpa
TIuuniiooakLmud Falcon-

eri
Trachycarpus (Ohamae-

rops) excelsus
UmbeUularia (Oreo-

daphne) californica
Veronica catarTatrt.ae
Veronicji Lavaudiana
VeronicKi x T.indsen
VeronicA parviflora
Veronica galiiMfolin
Viburnum Carlesii
Viburnum rhytidopliyl-

him
Watsonia Ardernei
Xanthoceras sorbifolia
Zauschneria californi<^a

. .\beba floribunda
Berberis nepalensis
Bealei)
. Ceanothus Gloire
Vereailles
Hypericum patuAum

SUOETLY INJDHEU.

Lithospennum prostra.
(? turn

w. Mitraxia coi^cinen
de ' Myosotidimn nobile
1 Zonobia pulveruleuta

Sevkbelt Injured (will recover).

. Abutib'n me^potanii-
ouni
Andromeda Polifolia
€kUoeolaiia iniegrifolia
. Calceolaria violacea
. Carpenteria califoi-nica
. Clemoti.s indirisa
. Clianthus puniceu."
Oorokea virgata
Hypericum fragile
Hypericum reptans

Iberia sempeorirens
Iberia gibraltarica
Koiphofia Xorthii
rhiomia fruticosa
Solanimi jasminoide.^
Spartium junceum

. Sophora (pAlwardairt)
tetrapbera

. Tricu>pidaria<lepi>(iwU-iis
Tricuspidarift liinc«>ljiui

Killed ootbioht.

Acantbolimum venustum
Oheirantbua mutabilis
Oonvolvulus Oneorum
Fabiana imbricata
Gladiolus tristia

Leucocrinum m o n.

tanujn
Rhus Ovbecldi
Romneya trichocalyx
Verbena rham'.iedrioi<le
Verbena venoea

In these Hsts there are but two or rnree point.s
which may not have been anticipated'. It is
strange that while the Spanish Broom (Spartium
junceum) should have suffered severely, neither
Carmichaelia nor Nothospartinm should have
turned a hair. Again, while Pieris formosa and
P. japonica both escaped injury and flowered
abundantly, our native Andromeda Polifolia,
originally brought from a sour i)cat moss in
the same parish, has been hard cut. The
cause for this may probably be traced in the
luxuriant growth of the plant in garden soil,
where it grows to a height of 15 inches, whereas
in ils native peat it never exceeds six. Some
doubts have been expressed whether Ro^mneya
trichocalyx is more than a variety of R. Coulteri.
It seemed at first as if our experience here indi-
cated a specific distinction between the two. for
■whereas R. Coulteri is none the worse of the
winter, both our plants of R. trichocalyx are no
more. But when I was in Mr. Elwos' beautiful
garden last week, where, in the Cotswold dis-
trict, the winter was far more severe than on the
west coast. I found that R. trichocalyx had
survived unhurt, while R. Coulteri had suc-
cumbed.

The most unexpected result has been that of
Thamnocalamus Falconeri, for the leaves of this
Bamboo are striated, which the late Lord Redes-
dale regarded as an invariable sign of tenderness,
only those with a tesselated venation being hardy
in the British climate [The Bamboo Garden, pp.
54, 55). I thought at first that the twenty-foot
rods had been killed, for they shed their leaves,
while the base of the plant remained green ; but
now they have put forth fresh verdure alorm
their entire length.

That charming bush or small tree, Xanthoceras
sorbifolia, has never established itself as a
favourite in north-country gardens, and we ha<l
written it off as one of those things that reqnne
stronger sunshine than we get on the west coast
to cause it to flower freely. Thirty years ago or
thereabouts two small specimens were planted
here, which are now 10 and 15 feet high. As
the years passed without any sign of blossom, we
used them as supports for Rambler Roses and
Clematis, mutilating the bushes sorely in the pro-
cess. Suddenly, three years ago, both of them
appeared sheeted with erect panicles of white
flowers blotched with chocolate. Although these
are carried on the old wood, which the cold and
sunless summer of 1916 was ill calculated to
ripen, yet both bushes are again flowering freely.
This must be the effect of the warmth of last
September. It looks as if Xanthoceras requires
to reach a considerable age before flowering.
Perhaps some of your south-country readers can
enlighten me. Even were it never to flower, this
shrub is worth growing for its beautiful foliage.

In 1915 Mr. Clarence Elliot gave me some seed
of Cheiranthus linifolius, commending it as a
desirable thing to establish in order to sow itself
about. It made no sign until Jf.iy of the present
year, when patches of agreeably soft lavender
colour appeared in various places. I trust it has
come to stay.

For clothing an old wall there are few things
more commendable than Erinns alpinus, which
sows itself abundantly, and, being of humble
stature, interferes with none of its neighbours ;
but far superior in colour to the type, which is
mauve-pink, is the variety called carmineus,
clear rose in hue without a trace of blue.

A chance colour harmony was caused by wood
Forget me-not, self sown round a bush of Rhodo
dendron glaucum. Herbert Maxwell, Mnnreitli.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ODONTOGLOSSUM MINOS.
F1.0WER.S of this very fine Odontoglossum,
raised between 0. harvengtense and O. Lambeaui-
anum, are sent by R. Ashworth, Esq., Asli
lands, Newchurch, near Manchester, with whom
the variety first flowered in October, 1914. 'I'he
flowers, which are large and broad-petalled, have
clear yellow sepals, heavily blotched with chest-
nut red, lighter yellow petals with one large and
several small irregular blotches, and a broad,
primrose-yellow lip with one large chestnut-red
blotch in front of the or,angeculoured crest. In
the derivation, 0. crispum, 0. triumphans, O.
Harryanum, and O. Pescatorei are blended with
excellent results.

ODONTOGLOSSUM CALYPSO.
Mr. Ashworth also sends a flower of this pretty
yellow Odontoglossum, raised by Mr. De Barri
Crawsh.iy, between O. triumphans and O.
r.ambeauianum (crispum X Uolfeae). first shown
by him in 1913. 'ITie plant then shown was
nearest to O. Lambeauianum, fTut the present
variety has the features of O. triumphans very
strongly marked. The sepals are bright yellow
with clusters of reddish-cl.aret blotches ; the petals
are white with broad yellow margins, and two
or three small clarel-coloured spots. The lip is
reddish -claret, with white base and mart,'iii anij
vellow crest.

260

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JuNB 30, 1917.

INDIA.

ALLAHABAD FLOWER SHOW.

On February 24, 1917, the annual flower show
of flowers, fruits, and vegetables was held in the
beautiful grounds of Government House, Alla-
habad, and it proved a great success. Until 1
arrived in India I had no idea .such lusciou.s vege

cultivates a fine collection of plants. The reader
will gather from this picture that Sweet Pea.s
in India are not far behind those at home.

The judges were Mr. H. A. Davies, Superin-
tendent, Government Gardens, Lucknow; Gun
ner Briscoe, R.G.A., Bombardier Langdon.
R.F.A., and Gunner Conybear, R.F.A. As a
result of the show Rs. 355 were handed to the
St. John Ambulance Association. 7'. W. Brismr,
Fort Allahabad, India.

tables coiikl be produced lifre: i lia\c rMit-ly
seen such fine specimens of Lettuces, Car
rots, Cabbages, Onions, Pntatos, Celery, Beet-
roots, and Artichokes. Tomatos were also
shown, some first-class fruits being staged.
The flowering annuals were arranged on the
lawns, and these comprised a most attractive
series. Tlie first prize, for a group of 24 pots
of annuals, was won by the Hon. T. C. Piggott.
The group contained Clarkia, Schizanthus, Candy-
tuft, Brachycome (which makes an ideal pot
plant), Dianthus, and Lobelia. Other annuals
staged in their various classes embraced Aligno
nette, Mimulus, Asters, Stocks, Nemesia, Nastur-
tium, Phlox Drummondii, Larkspur, Nemophila,
Leptosyne, and Antirrhinums.

In the tents were staged the foliage and flower-
ing plants, including good Cinerarias. The Ferns
made an excellent display, while the Crotoiis,
Coleuses, Palms, and Aralias were worthy of
special mention. Among the flowering plants I
noted some finely grown Freesias, Begonias.
Eucharis grandiflora, and Ivy-leaved Pelar
goniums, while the humble Violet was also seen,
although the perfume was not so pronounced as
at home. Roses were a feature, but the out-
standing exhibits were the lovely specimens of
Marechal Niel ; never before have I seen them in
such quantity or quality. They made an im-
pression on my mind which will remain long after
my sojourn in India is finished. What an
exquisite Rose, and what a loss to English Rose-
growers that it cannot be produced in such
splendour in English gardens ! Oranges, Limes,
Cape Gooseberries, and Papayas were also shown.
Another notable feature of the show was the
various exhibits staged by Mr. Head (an old
Kewite), the hon. secretary and superintendent
of the Government Parks and Gardens of
Allahabad. They included Roses, a miscel-
laneous group of foliage and flowering plants,
an effectively arranged exhibit of Sweet Peas,
including many of the latest varieties; a fine
collection of Cannas, showing a wide range of
colour ; and a large group of Freesias remarkable
for their different tints and shades of red and
pink. In fig. 97 will be seen some Sweet Peas
as grown in Khnsru Bagh, where Mr. Head

Fig. 97. — sweet peas at khusru bagh,
allahabad.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

VEGETABLE MAKEOW ROTHERSIDE
ORANGE.

Mr. F. Herbert Chapman kindly eent me a
few seeds of this early Marrow last spring. We
have grown it side by side with many other
varieties, starting the plants in frames on a
mild hot-bed. Both frames and lights have now
been removed some time, and the plants are
literally covered with fruits of medium size.

practically round, and absolutely distinct from
anything I am acquainted with.

For providing early supplies of this favourite
\tgetable, it should pi-ove of great worth.
Cooked wliole when, small, the fruits make a
tempting dish, the qualitv being first-rate. E.
llrrLrtf.

THE HAEiDINEBS OF BEET (see p. 242).

I have found Beetroots keep longest and in
beet condition stacked at the north side of a
wall, with a covering of straw or litter during
hard fixiets, which is removed as the weathej'
becomes warmer. Some amateurs have but
little elied room, and this method will enable
them to save as many roote as possible for win-
ter use. One cannot imagine gardeners leaving
crops needed for daily use in the ground during
the winter, when the land should be cleared and
dug as soon as possible. M.

WEEVILS.
I FIND the bes.t remedy for the Pea weevil
(which has been very troublesome in this dis-
trict) is nicotine emulsion, sprayed on the plaiit.s
in the evening. This has cleared the pests from
the Peas and Broad Beans, and the plants have
iKjw recovered. I would also recommend it
fur the Turnip beetle or flea when ordinarv
remedies fail. H. H. M., Will.t/iire.
VEGETABLE ECONOMY.
In hot, dry weather, Lettuces have a great
tendency to bolt, making them unsuitable for
salad purposes. They will, however, be found a
good substitute for Cabbage if cooked in the usual
manner. They should be used before they run
too far to seed, or they will have a bitter taste
when cooked. L. F. Baijg, Stinnyxide Gardeni',
Holmwood.

CABBAGE.
For early spring Cabbage, sow the seed at the
end of July, and plant out tlie seedlings when
ready at a distance of 2 feet by 1 foot 3 inches
each way. Also sow seeds in a box early in
February, prick out the seedlings in a frame, an<l
when large enough plant them between the early
spring crops which have just been earthed u)).
The earliest Cabbages at cutting time should be
cleared away at once, a fertiliser forked in the
soil, and a fresh crop of some kind, planted.
Carrots should be sown between the spring-sown
Cabbage, the latter, when cut, to be followed by
Lettuce or Radishes. John Bates, Meafiiril
Gardens, Stone.

TOMATO TRAINING (see p. 251).
Usually the Tomato is trained as a single
cordon. Vercier recommends that the main
stem should be stopped above every second
truss, the prolongation being obtained from
the eye of the la.st leaf retained, and claims
that fruiting is hastened and regularised
thereby. W'lth the single cordon, as age
advances, inmmierable side shoots have to be
dealt with — ^at any rate, where the plants can
only be allowed a sufficient height for four or
five trusses. In the hope of avoiding this con-
fusion and work last year, I grew some plants
upon two stems, and certainly the difference in
accessory shoots which had to be dealt with after
a fortnight's absence at the beginning of Septem-
ber was very striking. The U-trained plants
hardly required any attention. In this way I
got eight to ten trusses per plant; moreover,
the plants have a bigger root run, and fewer
plants are required. This year I am trying
alternate singles and U-shaped plants, which
seems, perhaps, the most economical arrange-
ment. The plants are stopped at the second
leaf, when about four have appeared ; the
upper shoot may want pegging down for
equalisation of growth. The eyes at the bases of
the seed leaves rray be used ; if the eye of Uie
first true leaf is destroyed and the stem above
if nip)ied off, the cotyledonary eyes shoot, and a
Lorette-like U is formed, but retardation of
growth is rather greater than with the other
plan, H. Fj.. Dvrhaw.

.Tune 30, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

i6[

THE CELERY FLY AND PARSNIPS.
Much earlier than usual, the larvae of the
C-elei-y fly lias obUiiied a firm liold on the
Parsnip leaves, and unless remedial measures are
promptly and widely undertaken, the crop will be
at the best a comparative failure. In normal
seasons Parsnips grow so freely that the presence
of the maggot is not a serious matter, and con-
certed means of prevention and cure are not
needed ; but this year, largely ou account of the
di"ought. though, also, by reason of the unavoid-
able lateness in sowing the seed in the generality
of allotments, the plants are only one-quarter of
their ueual size at this season, and the leaves are
studded with the yellowish-brown patches which
tell of the presence of the maggot. Usually the
fly lay.ij her eggs singly, though in considerable
luimbers, on the upper surface of the leaf, but
this year I have found two maggots in many of
the brown patches, so it would seem that the in-
sect is determined to be exceptionally destructive.
In a season favourable to the fly there may be
half a dozen, or even more, generations hatched
out, so that it is highly important to take imme-
diate steps to combat the pest. Where the
plants are small, the brownish patches should be
squeezed between the forefinger and thumb to
kill the maggot, but as in larger plants the lofS
of the .affected leaflet is not such a serious matter,
it may be removed and burnt. To prevent future
egg-laying, the foliage should be made distasteful
by dusting it while damp with sort or powdered
lini". or bv sorayinu with Ouas.''ia Extract n'-
paraffin emulsion ; but whatever is selected, th ■
applications .-should be repeated at regular inter-
vals until the danger is past. The application of
a stimulant, either lupiid manure, nitrate of
soda, or sulphate of ammonia and snperphos
phate of lime, is also advisable in order to en
courage the plants to grow as (|uickly as pos-
sible. In some gardens and allotments the fly
lias also attacked the leaves of Beet, therefore
this crop should receive similar attention to that
given the Celery and Parsnips. A. C . U.
EARTHINCrP POTATOS.
f 'oMi'ARATiVEi.Y little is saiil by writers on
I'otatos about bow much or how little carthin;;
is desirable. I have usually given a slight earth
iiig when the plants were well up. a second when
alicuit 8 inches, and a final one later. When the
lows are close together (say 24 to 26 inches),
tile ridge of soil is much less than that
oljtained when the distance is 30 or more
inches. It is clear that the yield per plant
is generally greater with wider rows, and
the question ae to how far this may be due to
deeper burying of the lower stem, and also to
better drainage and aeration, seems possibly of
some iniportaiu?e, e-specially in heavier soils,
where the diflpoeition to disease is rather greater
than in pervious, sandy ground. In the f'ornell
trials (Roberts' FertUMy of the Land. New
York, 1911, p. 220, etc.), " intertillage " was in
some cases ro|)eated seven or eight times, and
superior results were claimed ; the "earth mulch
was kept up till late in the season, and seemed
to bo quite as beneficial in the late as in the
early part of the season." At present it i< nut
possible to get in amongst must of my main croj)
\arieties where the rows are 30 inches apart and
the height from bottom of furrow to top of
ridge is about 6 inches, so that further cultiva
tion cannot be done. A ventilation of the ques-
tion of the effect of different depths of earthing
would be interesting, if not important. //. E. D.
PRICES OF SULPHATE OF AMMONIA.
The attention of manure mi.xers, agricultural
merchants, co-operative societies and farmers is
drawn to the advantages to be obtained from
ordering sulphate of ammonia at once. Prices
have been arranged with the manufacturers for
till' season ending May 31, 1918, in such a way
as to give an advantage of £1 per ton to those
who purchase before the end of September.
Pe.ilers and others having good dry storage
.11 I iimmodation should take advantage of this

offer. (IJ The terms and conditions which will
be applicable to the sale of sulphate of ammonia
244 per cent, basis, in makers' single bags, net
cash delivered to consumer's station in any part
of the United Kingdom, in quantities of not less
than two tons, are : — For orders placed with
makers for deliverv during the following periods :
(a) June 1, 1917, to September 30, 1917, £15
7s. 5d. per ton. For this first period orders for
60 tons and upwards are to be placed by June 20
for delivery in Great Britain, and by .luly 10 for
delivery in Ireland. Delivery in Great Britain
must be in four equal monthly quantities, and in
Ireland in three equal monthly quantities.
Smaller quantities must be ordered before Sep-
tember 15. (b) October 1, 1917 to December 31,
1917, £15 15s. per ton. For this second period
orders for 60 tons and upwards must be placed
by September 10 for delivery in three equal
monthly quantities either for Great Britain or
Ireland. Smaller quantities must be ordered by
the 10th of each month for delivery during that
month, (c) January 1. 1918. to May 51, 1918, £15
7s. 6d. per ton. For this third period all orders,
large and small, must be given by the 10th of
each month for delivery during that month. The
foregoing prices are subject to a discount for
cash of iOs. per ton to manure mixers, agricul-
tural merchants and dealers and co-operative
societies. (2) Quantities of less than 2 tons will
be supplied at the above rates, provided they
form part of a bulked order of not less than 2 tons,
so as to facilitate railway transport and avoid
the wasteful use of trucks. (3) Where the pur
chaser takes delivery at the maker's works for
conveyance otherwise than by rail the price will
be 10s. per ton less. For sulphate of ammonia
of a higher or lower quality a difference of 3s. 3d.
per ton is to be allowed in resjiect of each
quarter per cent, above or below 24^ per cent.
Fractional differences of less than a quarter per
cent, will not be taken into account. Where
makers require purchasers to provide their own
bags the actual cost of bags at the time of de
livery shall be allowed.

PROTECTION OF ALLOTMENTS.

Nk.aki.v twelve thousand acres of allotments
are being handled under the Cultivation of Lands
Orders in England and Wales, and it will be
apparent that the value of the crops more or less
intensively grown on this area is considerable,
alike in terms of cash and in terms of food for
the people. The area occupied by allotment men
otherwise than under the Cultivation Orders, of
cour.se, is much greater. There are 13,800 allot
ment holders, for instance, holding land from a
single niilway company, and 8,000 from another.

The problem of protecting the crops on allot
ments has been considered by the Food Pro
duction Department. Circumstances differ so
widely that it is not possible to give advice
equally applicable to societies or authorities all
over the country on the best means of guarding
allotment crops. It is desirable, however, to
point out to all concerned that where land has
been taken under the Cultivation Orders and a
notice of the provision governing the matter is
conspicuously exhibited, any trespa.ss thereon be-
comes an offence under the Defence of the Realm
Regulations, and anyone injuring or stealing his
neighbour's crops is liable to a fine of £100 or a
long period of imprisonment. As a rule, the
patriotism and good sense of the citizens will
doubtless prove a sufficient protection for crops
O'l unfenced plots ; but it should be made clear
to other persons that they cannot illicitly tamper
with our food supply without being visited by
the severities of the law. Although allotments
not taken under the Cultivation Orders are out-
side the scope of the Defence of the Realm Regu-
lations, magistrates may be relied upon, no
doubt, to do their best to safeguard general and
specific interests against evildoers. Patrols of
members of allotment societies doubtless will be
arranged as crops increase in value; in. some
cases the special constables will keej) a watchful

eye on the local allotments. Day guards of school
boys have been suggested, and some of the older
lads might be utilised, although the ordinary
small boy generally has his defects as a sentry.
There are obvious objections to the use of young
people as guards at night ; and it is after dark
that supervision is most needed, especially in dis-
tricts where men work in shifts and there is
much " broken time." In most places there are
elderly men who would help guard either for
patriotic reasons or in return for a small pay
ment ; and large allotment societies might well
consider the desirability of subscribing funds fur
this purpose, the cost of which would probably
be small.

OLD SEED AND NEW (see p. 255).
Asotn? twenty-five yeai-s ago part of our
garden (previously a playground for children)
was infested with slugs, and to prevent the pests
eating the Scarlet Runners as they came above
ground we adopted the plan of sowing the seeds
in boxes of old potting soil, with a fair pro-
poi-tion of sand in it. This answered the pur-
pose admirably, and it has been continued ever
since. Though slugs have long ceased to be
troublesome, there were some failures with Peas
in the same foil. Tliey rotted ir.stead of ger-
minating. This year I sowed seeds of Dwarf
lieans, Canadian Wonder, Excelsior, Fillbasket,
and Mont d'Or (climlbing). About 98 per cent,
of the first three came up, and 95 per cent, made
good plants, including a blind one which
sprouted from the axils of the cotyledons. They
were sown on May 12, placed in a cold frame,
planted out on tlie .")0th of the same month, and
commenced to open their flowei-s on June 23, in
spite of the severe battering they got from the
hailstorms of June 16 and 18. About the middle
of .\pril I sowed seeds of a second early Marrow-
fat Pea on an allotment, and next day they had
snow upon them. Three-fourths of them failc<l
to germinate. Aljout the middle of May 1
sowed or planted Scarlet Runner-, two seeds to
each stake, to make sure of plenty of plants.
More than half failed to germinate, and the
same process was repeated. Even then we had
to transplant some of the duplicates to avoid
blanks. On the .same allotment we sowed Brown
Haricot Heans obtained from the Royal Horti
cultural Society, and, though most of them gernii
nated a considerable percentage lost their heads
by rotting just as they came through the soil.
This was during drought or fine weather, and we
suspect injury from gn und insects and snake
millipedes, of which Julus pulchcllus is the must
abundant. The Brown Haricot Bean was sold by
grocers in our district during winter, and more
recently a similar variety with dark brown spots.
The lieans are excellent cooked, thungh they
cuntain a good deal of colouring matter. J. /''.

Sauerkraut in FRANC«,-lt may not be

generally realised that Sauerkraut is a very popu-
lar dish in France, especially in the North.
Before the war most of it used to be imported
from Germany ; but the Hevuv l/oilicule tells us
that a large factory near Paris has enormously
increased its output since 1914. The Oabbage.s
u.sed are chiefly grown at Daminartin (Seine-et-
Marne), and the manufacture takes place only in
the last five months of the year. It takes about
twenty days for the Cabbage to become suf
ficiently fermented, and the material used pro-
duces about 50 per cent, of its own weight in
Sauerkraut.

PUBLIOATION* BmoKiwmo.- Goat-keeping in
War-time. By C. J. Davits. (London: George
Newncs. Ltd.) Price7d.net. (This is a booklet
of about thirty pages, evidently written by a practi-
cal keeper. There is no preface, and we are not
told why goat-keeping in war-time is peculiar ; but
anyone desirous of acquiring one or mure of these
animals will find the book very useful.) — Experi-
ments with Humogen in Comparison with other
Fertilisers. A report of the tests c.irried out at
Reading in 1916. By Martin H. K. Suttun. Price
2s. (id. net.

'26:

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JDNE 30, 1917.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Cucumber* in Flat Pits.— Cue um b er
plants ill flat pits require careful attention in
thiimiug and pinching the young shoots. Stop
them at the first or second joint beyond the
fruit, and remove all worthies* growth to aUou
the light and air to enter freely. If aphis
makes ito appearance, fumigate the pitfi at once.
S>Tinge the foliage with clear water twice daily
in warm, sunny weather, but not in the after-
noons in dull wea.ther. .Strong, healthy plants
may still be planted in pits which have been
occupied by Pot,atos or French Beans : a supply
of CucunAers should be had from such plants
throughout September and October.

French Beans.- From a sowing of French
Beans made now pods should be gathered about
the middle of August. Use rich soil, and select
an open position for the plants, allowing them
plenty of room. The Belfast and Canadian
Wonder are two good varieties for present sow-
ing, and will furnish pods in the order named.
Earlier plants will be benefited if afforded sup-
ports, and especially those planted in exposed
situations.

Turnips.— A large sowing of Turnip seed may
be made in late districts with a view to obtain-
ing roots in late autumn. In gardens in the
south, the middle of July will be soon enough
for sowing. Frequent small sowings of Turnip
seed' should also be made in order to maJce quite
certain of a crop, as much depends on the dis-
trict on the success of autumn ci'ops.

BeET.— Beet raised from seed sown in the
beginning of June is ready for thinning. Allow
a space of at least 9 inches between the plants.
After thinning, "work the Dutch hoe carefully
amongst the plants t« clear the ground of small
weed?. A sowing of Turnip-rooted Beet may
ftill he ma-de, and the plants should furnish nice
roots for use in winter. Select rich soil for this
crop, and thin the plants as soon as they are
large enough.

Carrots.- A sowing of Early Gern or early
Scarlet Horn Carrot may be made forthwith
with good prospects of a crop of roots for winter
and spring supplies. Model is another suitable
variety for present sowing, and the roots will
retain their colour if left in the gr-ound through-
out the winter for use as required.

Winter Grebns.— No time should be lost iji
fill ng all av:iila.ble ground with winter crops.
Boreci>le, Savoys, and Hardy Cabbage should be
planted in quantity, also Late Broccoli. Cole-
worts, and Christmas Drumhead Cabbage.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook. Gardener to the Hon. Arthur Davbt,
Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Peaches and Nectarines.— These are

making very strong g:ri:)wths this season. All
new shoots not required for next year's crop
should be removed forthwith. On young, vigor-
ous trees the remaining shoots can be trained
in position against the wall by means of small
lengths of Bamboo slipped in between the wire
or branches. The canes should be split into
small flexible pieces about a foot long, an'd, if
colleoted in tlie autumn and dipped in some
strong insecticide and tied in bundles, will last
several seasons. .Syringe the trees on all avail-
able occasions, every afternoon if possible, about
4.30 or 5 o'clock. If this is done very
thoroughly, it will keep the foliage free from
red spider. Occasionally the trees should be
sprayed wilh an insecticide or some reliable
wash ; some stimulant should also be given occa-
sionally. Too much mamu'e at one dressing will
sometimes cause irreparable damage, so little and
often should be the practice. It must be borne
in mind that only healthy trees will stand
mannring ; an unhealthy tree may lie killed out-

right if manured heavily at any time. Old trees
will be quite resuscitated by suitable di'essings.

Gooseberries and Raspberries should be
netted as .soon as the fruits begin to colour, or
the birds will attack them. Place the nets high
up on poles^ so that one can walk under to
gaither the fruit or water the trees. Good, stout
poles, with strong tarred rope strained across,
will bear the netting very well, and will last
for several seasons. If the nets are laid directly
on the bushes, the shoots get through, and the
nets are torn.

Figs growing rapidly will be improved by a
good watering with clear water, and trees carry-
ing heavy crops of fruits should be given a soak-
ing from the sewage tank.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By JAS. HCDSOK. Head Gardener a^ Gunnersbury H"use,
Aoton, W.

Young Vines.— When young vines and
others that have not yet reached the limit of
growth Rave need of stopping, it is a good prac-
t ce to compel the young growth after it has
been ; topped t) force the main bud to break.
This bud would not, in ordinai-y circum-
stance^, break until next year. By forcing it to
break now it will be the means of plumping U]i
the buds lower down the rod. These buds will
not break of themselves, but the laterals will
continue to grow. Do not continue to stop the
laterals, but rather allow them to extend, so
that all the available space is covered, but not
to overcrowding. I have allowed the laiterals
ti hang down when the growth has been free, for
by .=o doing a greater amount of growth can be
ensured without obstructing the light.

Melons. -See that the lastnsown batch of
plants have all the light possible, so as to keep
them sturdy and strong. These should be kept
well away from any stock that may have red
spider amongst them. Bottom heat will hasten
growth, we know, but for this next bateh most
of the progress will be made wbilst we have
plentv of warmth from early closing. It is not
now "essential to success that fermenting mate-
rial should be employed.

Cherries in Pots. -With us this crop is
now all gathered and the trees will without^ delay
be put outside and be plunged over the rims of
the pots. Cherries like a little shade from trees
in the open during a part of the day. Watering
will have to be carefully attended to daily, and
can be done with the hose. After plunging, an
occasional dose of artificial manure will be ap-
plied, preferably one containing a good percent-
age of phosphates and potash. During hot
weather a good overhead spraying should be given
to keep insect pests in check. Thus treated, the
foliage is retained well into the autumn in a
healthv condition.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLUER, Gardener to Sir Jereoiuh Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate.

Thunia.— As Thunias pass out of flower they
should be removed to a cool, well-ventilated
greenhouse, where the temperature does not fall
below 55°. Expose the stems and leaves gradu-
ally to full sunlight, which will cause them to
mature. The plants will need water at the roots
occasionally for so long as the leaves remain
green, but when the foliage commences to turn
yellow moisture .should be withheld gradually.
Plants that are exposed to the sunshine and
grown in a drv atmosphere are liable to attacks of
red spider. To prevent such attacks thev should
be placed on their sides and syringed with a nico-
tine insecticide, or soft soap dissolved in warm
rain-water. Thunias are easilv propagated from
the back pseudo^julbs by cutting them through a
joint into lengths of about 4 inches and insei't-
in£r them in pots filled n-ith a mixture of chopped
Sphagnum-moss and silver sand. The present
is the most suitable time to root these cuttings,
which will soon develop roots and top growth, in
a frame in the warmest house. Old plants that
have failed to flower and with stems growing to
an unreasonable length should have the points
of the shoots pulled out, and receive similar
treatment to those that have bloomed.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Iris.— Groups of Japanese Ijis are at their
best when planted at the sides of lakes and
.streams, or in any damp situation where the
roots can eventually reach the water. Although
the roots should be kept in a dry state during
winter, copious supplies of water are necessary
continually during the summer. A rich, reten-
tive loam suits them best, and established plants
Will respond to a mulching of deca.yed manure.
To increase the stock, lift .the largest plants and
divide them directly after flowering. The
Bearded Irises are vei-y effective in large masses
planted in the herbaceous or mixed' border.
These Icises like a retentive soil with plenty of
moisture during growth. The plants do much
better if they are divided and replanted every
few years.

Carnations —As these are now pushing up
their flower spikes, the stakes should be placed
in position without delay. The wire spiral
stakes are best, as no tying is required. Give
the ground between the plantsi a dusting of some
approved Carnation manure, afterwards stirring
the soil with the hoe. Soot water and liquid
manure properly diluted are excellent stimu-
lants.

Herbaceous Plants.— The necessary stak-
ing and tying of herbaceous plants will demand
constant attention. Use green stakes, as they
are hai'dly noticeable. The plants are growing
luxuriantly, therefore it is advisable to re-
strict an^ regulate the young growths to prevent
overcrowding of the weaker-growing varieties.

Bulbs in Grass.- Directly the foliage of
buUis growing in grass sliow signs of turning
yellow, the long grass should be mown with a
scythe, to allow .sun and air free access to the
lulbs.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Stove Climbers.- Amongst climbers re-
quiring warm house or stove treatment may be
mentioned AUamanda in variety, Cissus discolor,
Dipladenia, Stephanotis floribunda, Aristolo-
cliia, Clerodendron, Gloiiosa superba, G. Roth-
schildiana, and Thunbergia. 'These all thrive
when treated in the manner described for green-
house climbers on p. 253 — hanging loosely and
gracefully from the roof. Climbers always bloom
better if kept thinnSd out or pinched back. If
in tubs or restricted borders, they require abun-
dance of water during the growing season, and
regular stimulants either from liquid manure or
top-dressings of artificial manure. Young plants
propagated tliis season should be potted as re-
quired. Do not allow them to become pot-bound
until they are in their flowering pots, when they
must be fed.

Amaryllis (Hippeastrum). — Hippeastrums
should be removed from the houses to a
cool frame, standing on a damp ash bottom.
Do not be in too great a hurry to dry them off.
Continue to give them a moderate amount of
water, with liquid manure at intervals. Venti-
Idte moderately and shade the plants slightly
during bright weather, in the hottest part of the
day. When growth is complete, dispense with
the shading, give more air, and gradually reduce
the water supply. This assists in the complete
ripening of the bulbs, which is necessary for
their satisfactory flowering next season.

Hydrangea.- Late -flowering plants in pots,
now in full growth, should be given plenty of
water and stimulants. When coming into bloom,
arrange them in the cool greenhouse or conser-
vatory. If shaded from bright sunshine, the
blooms will keep in excellent condition for a
long time. H. paniculata, grown as a standard
in pots, is esipecially good for associating with
Palms, Gordylines, and other green plants in
corridors and verandahs, as well as in the
ordinary greenhouse. The same variety, as a
dwarf bush, is useful for all decorative pur-
posas. When grown in pots, and the plants
are in full growth, abundance of water and
plenty of feeding are necessary to ensure fine,
clean heads of bloom.

June 30, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

263

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

A.DVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB. 41. WelUneton Street.
Co vent Garden. WC.

Editors and Publisher- — Our correipondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, >f they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all tetters relating
to financial viatters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the PUBLISHIR ; and that an com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

APPOINTMENTS FOR JULY.

WEDNESDAY, JULY U—

Southampton R»yal HortiouUural Sncietys Flower,
Show.

TTIESDAY. JULY 17—

R'.iy. Hort. Sck?.'s Cora£. niee*. and National Carna-
tion and Picj^tee Society's meeting at Drill Hall.

THIRSDAY, JULY 25—

Roval Botanic Society meets.

TUESDAY. JULY 31—

Rov. Hort. Soc.'s Com. meet=. and Show of Drv
Buibs.

ATKBioa Hexs TniPiKiTUiui for Uie tmwiiing week
deduced from obeerrationa during the la^ fifty
years at Green-.v:ch, 61.9.

40TCiL TEMPKiATnaB : —

Oardenert' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Stieet,
O'veiit Gartlen, London, Thursday, June 28,
10 a.m. ; Bar. 29.7 ; temp. 70.5°. Weather—
Oloudy.

How to secure the most

On Marketing effectiinl flistribution of
Sfrpius Produce, .surplus produce is a
problem which is vexing
the iuiuds of many people who are grow-
ing more vegetables than they require.

On the one hand there is the outstanding
fact that their surpluses arc needed to help
to make good the general shortage of sup-
plies ; on the other hand, there is the
(Hiually cogent fact that owing to lack of
expert labour and to ilecreased railway
facilities it is difficult for the inexperi-
enced to supplement the work of the
or<linary distributing agencies. The diffi-
culty of the problem is aggravated by the
facts that many vegetable products are
l)erisliable, and that, coming in about the
same time, there are likely to be temporary
gluts, which will mislead peojile into Ije-
lieving that there is no risk of subse(|uent
sliortagw.

It will Ix" evident to anyone who has
thought upon the subject that it is not
possible to draw up a scheme for market-
ing which will ho applicable to all locali-
ties. It therefore follows that the task of
organising distribution is one which must
U' initiated by each community for itself.
In not a few cases this i,s l)eing done, and
it is to be hoped that every local commu-
nity will without loss of time give careful
attention to the subject. In this the whole-
salers and retailers engaged in the distri-
l)uting trade could lend invaluable assist-
ance to the State. Everyone is agreed that
it is desirable for distribtition to lie
carried out so far as possible through
existing channels; but if it is to be effec-
tual those channels must be broadened and
multiplied so as to allow of compensation,
80 far as possible, for the decreased rail-
way facilities.

The problem in ite broadest aspect may
lie stated thus: How to secure uniform dis-
tribution with tli<' iniiiiiinun of strain on

the transport system. Evidently local
organisation of distribution can assist in
achieving this object: btit the local
organisations require to be co-ordinated
by some larger authority. Just as the
Army lias its Army Service Corps to
carry out its work of distribution,
so we require a National Service Corps
to discharge a similar function for
the Nation. The wholesale and retail
distributing trade should be able to
provide experienced officers for this
service. National Service recruits for dis-
tribution of supplies could easily be ob-
tained for the purposes of local organisa-
tion. An approximate measure of the
vegetable foodstuffs available in each dis-
trict could be obtained, and the regions
which these foodstuffs were ear-marked to
supply could be delineated.

The staff of the National Service Supply
Corps would co-ordinate the plans of
iH'ighlKiuring localities, and it could also
do invaluable service in other ways. For
example, it could issue ration-tables giving
information as to the average quantity of
each kind of vegetable sufficient for the
needs of an individual. This, supple-
mented by instructions in the preserving
and storing of vegetables, would enable
the inexperienced to ascertain how much
of their produce should be reserved for
home consumption and how much might
t)e liWrated for distribution.

It may well be that there are simpler
and l>etter ways of dealing with this nll-
im|iortant problem, but what is certain i.s
that it reqtiires to be dealt with, and that
speedily. No less certain is it that the
problem is one which might not, and
cannot lie dealt with solely by a central
authority. It is one to the .solution of
whicli each locality must make a contri-
bution.

"Botanical Maoazine." — The quarterly
issue, comprising Nos. 1562-1564 of the entire
work, boing the iseues for April, May, and ,Tnne,
1917, contains illustrations and de.scriptiotis of
the following plants: —

Rttbfs ii.LFx;EBBostis, tab. 8,704. — ^The fruits
of this speciefi of Rubus reeemble a large Rasp-
I'trrv. The Tiiii^nlar name is the .Strawberrs'
Ra.ipberry, under which it is frequently seen at
exhibitions. The stems only attain a height of
about eight inches, and die down in winti-r, en
that the plant is herbaceous, not of ,i true
woody character. The plant has been grown in
thi.s Kiiiiitiy as R. sorbifolius, having been in-
tfoHuced from .\morica under that name.

SeneCio IIectori, tab. 8.705.— .\ native of New
Zealand, introduced int.T this country by Captain
\. A. Porrien-Smith The species is tender,
tmt has great promise as a conservatory plant.
The flowers are white : the capitulum is soin"
times two inches and a half in diameter. The
lower leaves are pinn.ately dissected, but the
upper ones are entire and sessile.

C'HiitiTA Tr.ulliana, tab. 8,706.- Thi.s hand
isome Gesnerad is a, native of China, and wa/i
Hiscovered by Mr. George Forrest at an eleva-
tion of five to seven thousand feet in Yunnan.
The ppecies tlcwered in .Tune in a greenhouse,
:rnd is apparoTitly too tender to thrive out-of-
doors in this countiy. The flowers are tubular,
the face of the corolla bright violet, with yellow
lines in the interior on a paler violet ground.

Saxtfraoa manshxtribnsis, tab. 8,707. — This
sjiecies fsee fig. 98) was described by Mr. W.

Irving in Gard. Chroii., September 18, 1915,
from specimens which flowered at Kew, the seeds
of which were obtained from Messrs. Kegel and
Kesselring, Tetrograd, in 1913. The inflores-
cence is a rounded panicle of white flowers, with
orange-coloured stamens and red pistils-

CoRTixiPSis Willmottiae, tab. 8,708. — This
new Chinese species is closely allied to C
Veitchiana, from which it differs in its pilotio
calyx and fruits, longer nectaries, and exsurted
red anthers. The raceme of pale-yellow flowers
16 very attractive, and the foliage has purplish
petioles, subtended by stipules of the same
colour.

Vanda mzoNiCA, tab. 8,709. — ^This handsome
Oi-chid is a native ul the Philippine Islands, and
closely related to \ ■ tricolor. The mast marked
difference is in the colour of the flowers, the
sepals and petals of V. luzonica being white,
blotched with purple, and with a lip of the
same colour.

Ptkola itligi.nosa, tab. 8,710a ; Pvrola brac-
TEATA, taib. 8,710b.— Both these plant-s are
natives of North America. P. uliglnoea has a
spike of cup-shaped flowers, bright rose-
coloured outside, and pale pink inside, against
which the violet stamens are conspicuous. P.
hraoteata bears a denser spike, and the flowers
are more open, with yellow anthers and a con-
spicuous yelloftv style. Both species are suitable
for growing in peaty soil, such as that of a bog-
garden, or near the banks of a stream.

PLAGIOSPERM0M SINENSE, FORMA BE.VCHTPODA,

tab. 8,711. — This Manchurian shrub was
described in Gard. Chron., February 2, 1907,
p. 65. The flowers are yellow, and almost
sessile ; they arise in groups of three or four
along the whole of the branch from clusters of
linear leaves.

Myrsine africana, tab. 8,712.-— This plant
was first introduced from the Cape of Good Hope
about the year 1691, in which year specimens were
cultivated at Hampton Court. The flowers are
inconspicuous, and are sometimes, though not
often, followed liy handsome purple fruits.

Aesctous turbinata, tab. 8,713. — The flower,
.ipike of this Japanese Horse-Chestnut is ex-
ceeclingly handsome ; the petals are creamy-
white, with yellow blotches which turn pink
with age. The foliage has been described as
being the noblest of Horse Chestnuts, the leaves
being sometimes 27 inches long. A tree is
Westonbirt, Gloucestershire, has attained a height
of 30 feet, and has a trunk measurement of 2 feet
9 inches.

Stai'Uopsis Imthurnii, tab. 8,714. — This
gpecies is named in honour of Sir Everard im
Thurn, who first found it in 1905 when visit-
ing the Solomon Islands. The flowers are white,
with pale yellow markings, and violet blotches
on the lip. The sca.pe is erect, and about three
feet long, arising from an aggregation of long,
narrow foliage.

OAMPANtTLA EpHESIA, tab. 8,715. — See Card.
Chron., May 12, 1917, p. 190, fig. 69.

DiSANTHUS cerciwpolia, tab. 8,716. — This
very attractive plant i-i the only member of the
genus, and belongs to the Hamamelidaceae. It
is a native of Central Hondo, .Tapan. Its chief
attraction lies in the rich hues assumed by the
foliage in autumn.

Aoiphvlla.— We are indebted to the Kew
Herbarium for the information that the photo-
graph of Aciphylla from Sir Edmund Loder's
garden, reproduced on p. 235, represents the
species Colen^ioi, not squarrosa, as printed. The
former species has longer leaves than A. sqtiar-
rosa, and makes a plant of larger growth.

War Item. — A bouquet of Mikado Carna-
tions an<t Frank Dolly Sweet Peas, presented by
Messrs. W. and .J. Brown, Stamford, to the
Peterlborougb and District Farmers' Branch of
the Red CrosK Society, and given by the Society
to Mrs. G. O. FrrzwiLLiAM, was sold by auction,
and reallised the sum of £112.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Junk 30, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

Cr/l* Bditori do net hold Ihrmsttrtt rttponiiblt ftr
the opiniom expressrd by corrtifndtnti)

Fuchsia SPLENDENS.— It may be of interest,
in connection witli the article ot\ Fuchsia
spleiulens by 11'. T. (see ji. 245), to mention that
plants at the base of a south wall liere have come
through the winter unharmed, and have now
growths a foot high. The plants have never
had any protection, but are always killed
down to the ground in winter. I have no
lioubt that F. fulgens could be grown success-
fully in many places in Great Britain. Arrh.
Ihifhait'Hephurn, Smenton, East Lothian.

aSRMINATION OF PARSNIP SECO*.— The

reference in the issue for June 16 (p. 244) to

■week or so aft^r I had removed the second set.
^\'here the hoe has not been run thi-ough the
.rows, occasional seedlings have appeared since,
and as late ae June 19 I pulled out a few jnch-
liigh plants from .among those left at the original
thinning, and which ai'e now nearly a foot high,
nie vaj-jety eown was Maltese. It seems pretty
certain that the seeds were not all from the sanie
ci'op, and the experience s.uggest« that Parsmip
seeds may retain their germinating power longer
than we have believed. Clwrhx 11. Curtis.
Brentford.

A Good Word for thk House Sparrow.—
f!nutlii'i-n ('!r<nfir .nnd others fom]ilain of the
damage done to the fruit trees l>y caterpillars.
In last week's Gardeners' Chronicle Southern
(!ro7ver states thar the only birds he allows his

so clean. I keep the sparrows alive by feeding
them when very sharp frost or snow prevails ;
and if there are some C'hickwced patches left
among the old Cabbage stumps and winter
greens the birds do no damage to my Peas or
Lettuces. Bullfinches have not done any damage
for three seasons ; but blackbirds, blue tits and
whitethroats are often troublesome. \]'in. St<iii-
hury, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thanus.

^Dbiruar\^.

Sir W. C. Macdonalo.-Bv the death of
Sir W. C. i\Ia<-donald, Chancellor and President
of McGill rniversity, Canada has last one of its
most . generous benefactors. Sir W. Macdonald
devoted much of his vast wealth to the pro-
motion of educatJon, and was particularly
generous in assisting all s/chemes connected witli
rural and agricultural education. It was due to
liim that the great agricultural college at
Guelph, the Agricultural Department oif the
University, was established, and Sir 'VVilliani
also established' "consolidated schools" in On-
tario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward IsLand, equipped for horticultural and
manual training and household science. He
was one of those men, not rare on the American
continent, who have a genius for spending their
fortunes lavishly for the benefit of their fellow-
men.

J. Harris. — We legret to recoixl the sud-
den death of Mr. John Harris, aged fifty, a
[lartner in the firm of Messrs. Harris and Mat-
thews, see(Jsmen, of Abingdon. Mr. Harris came
to Abingdon about twenty-five years ago as an
assistant to Mr. A. Pritchard, and in 1895 joined
Mr. F. W. Matthews, with whom he developed a
large business in Bridge Street. He was much
esteemed by horticulturists and others in the
town and neighbourhood. He was an active
member of the Abingdon Horticultural Society.

Herbert T. King. -Mr. Herbert T. King,
who was killed by a bomb during the air rai(i
on London which took place on the 13th inst.,
was head of the well-known seed finn, Messr.s.
■I. K. King and Sons, of Coggeshall. Mr.
King was on liis way from Coggeshall to
inspect seed crops in Lincolnshire, and his train
liad just reached the station when a bomb
fell near him, exploded, and killed him instantly.
Mr. King was accompanied by Mr. J. H. Mil-
a'd, the general manager of the firm. Mr.
Millard was not injured by the fatal bomb, but
directly afterwards a second bomb wounded him
on the back of the head, rendering him uncon-
scious. Mr. King was known and esteemed
throughout the horticultur-al world, and
espe<'ially at Coggeshall, where the firm has
been estaiblished for many years. He lea.vcs a
widow, with whose loss all will feel the mo«t
profound sympathy.

Km. 98. S.AXIFR.\G,\ MANSHI'RIENSH

FLOWERS WHITE, WITH ORANGE SI.VMENS .\ND KED PISTILS.

iSee p. 263.)

the germination of Parsnip seeds reminded
me of my experience this year. Assuming that,
in consequence of the great demand, I might
have to deal with seeds below the average in
qu;ility, I sowed somewhat thickly for this crop,
and instead of sowing a few seeds in regular
)xitches I sowed all along the drills. A very
fair germination took place, and I was able at
the first thinning to leave plants at regular in-
tcrvaU of eight inches apart in each of r.'iy four
ten-yard-long I'ows. About ten days after thin-
ning. I went to hoe between the rows, and was
surprised to find a second crop of Parsnip seed-
lings growing between the larger plants. These
were removed, and by themselves were suiEcient
to provide a good crop had there been no earlier
seedlings. I was more surprised, however,
tu lind a third crop of small seedlings a

lads to destroy are missel thrushes, black-
birds, and sparrows. If it had been some farmer
with fields of corn I could have understood,
but a fruit grower allowing the nests of sparrows
to be destroyed, and even paying for their eggs,
would be beyond my comprehension if I were not
aware of the ignorance that prevails in many
parts of the country in connection with the house
sparrow. The house sparrow destroys more
fruit-tree pests than all the other birds com-
bined, and never touches the fruit. He com-
mences by searching the trusses of blooms, then
the young foliage and fruit. I scarcely ever
need to spray my trees or bushes, except
Cherries for black aphis, and Plums sometimes
for aphis, as the sparrows will soon clean them,
if not too many for them. Travellers and others
often ask me what I spray with to keep my t-ees

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

P.\STPEE V. Abable Land for Dairy Cows.

In reply to a correspondent, I may say that
in the county of Hants, where pastures vary con-
siderably in their quality for feeding purposes
owing to the \arious kinds of soil, tJiree acres
per cow is the standard allowed for millt produc.
lion ; in some cheese-making districts, thi'ee and
a half acres is allowed.

If the Hon. E. G. Strutt and :Mr. Currie had
given the Essex War Agricultural Committee (see
p. 248) a few particulars as to what amount of
arable land would be required, and what crops
to grow in lieu of gi-ass, they would have en-
lightened an inquiring public. A bald state-
ment, by whomsoever it is made, does not convey
the information desired. Some cowkeepers do not
give their animals artificial foods regularly. I
think it will be admitted that it is much more
expensive to farm arable land for crops than
for grass for cows. There are many foods obtain-
able from arahle land suitable for cows, but the
question of cost weighsi considerably.

As to the various foods obtainable from arable
land, a single cow will eat 60 lbs. Mangold per

June 30, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

265

day from November to May, which means sis
tons of roots. Calculating 30 tons per acre as
a fair crop, this means one acre per five cows
would be required. Of other foods obtamablr
from arable land. Lucerne and Trifoliiini could
l)e had in May and June. Vetches in Jnnt' and
July, Maize in August and September, followed
by Cabbage. Turnips, and Swedes until the
.^^anKolds are again ready. Then there are the
Cereal crops of Oats and Barley, of which
none is better than Oats. The straw, too, is
valualile. All these foods are of the yreatesl
importance if their ctet is not to be taken into
account. Tlie question also should he cnii.
sidered whether the land thus occupi d c.iiiM
not he more advantageously employed in pro-
ducing corn for the nation, and leave the three
a<:res of grass for the cows. E. Molyneux.

m: A im E T s.

COVENT GARDEy. June 27.
We cannot acoept any responsibility for the subjoine<i
reports. They are furniehed to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day tn day.
but occasionaily several times in one day. — Eds.

Cut Flswers, &c : Average Wholesale Prices

s d.B.d

5 0-60

per

1 0- 1 .?
4 0-00

per

Achilles, per di

bun. ..
Alst-omeria. per

doz. bun. ., n 0- 8 0
Canterbury Bells,

per doz. bun. 4 0- B I"
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. I (f 2 6

— Carola (crim-

sonl ex. large i 8- S 0

Coreopsis. per

dnz bun. .. 2 B- .1 0

Cornflower.s. per
dnz. hun.

Pelphinium
doz- ''un.

OailLardia.
doz. bun.

Rladiolus. Blush-
ing Brid . [jer
doz

— TheBide.per
dnz bun .. 10 0 12 0

— Peach Blos-
som, per doz.

b'ln S 0 10 0

Gypsophila. white.

per doz. bun. 4 0 0 0
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
Iceland Poppies.

per doz bun 10 2 0
L Ilium lonei-

florum. long 2 S- 2 0

- short .. 10-20

— lancIfoliniD
album, long.. 2 0- 2 t

— r u b r u tn.

per doz.. Iodb 2 8 —

short ..

Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.

2 0-30

0 0- It 0

e.d. 8 d.

10-10

0 0-09

10-10

1 0 —

2 0- .? 0
Orchids, per doz.:

- Cattleya .. 8 0-10 0

— 0 d 0 n toglos-
sum crispum 2 0-26

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let. PC- doz.

bun 4 0-60

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Price

RoB"S -

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per
dnz. blooms..

— General .lac-
Queminot, per
doz. blooms

— General >Io-
.\rthur. per

doz. blooms .. 10-10

— Liberty, p r

doz. blooms.. 10 11)

— Melody, per
doz. blooms.

— Mme. A.Cha-
tenay.perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per
doz blooms..

— Mrs John
Lfting.per doz.
blooms

— Ophelia, per
doz. blooms. .

— Richmond

per doz. blm>. 10-16

— Sunburst, per

dnz, blooms.. 16-20

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
bl oms

Scabios I cauca-

sita
■Statice. white.

per doz. bun. 0 0-80

— mauve, perdoz.

bun 8 0-80

— yellow. per
doz. bun.

Stephanotis. p^r

72 pips.
■Stock, white, per

dnz bun.
.Sweet Peas-
white and

coloured, per

doz. bun.
.Sweet Sultan.

white, perdoz,

bun

— mauve, per
doz. bun.

Viola '-ornuta ..

1 0-

16-20
.3 0-4 0

0 0-80

0 0-80

5 0-70

6 0-70

s.d.s.d. s.d.s.d.

t/roton foliage.

doz. bunches - —
Cycas loaves, per

doz .3 0-0 0

Fern. French, per

doz. buuchei 0 0-08
Moss. gross

bunches .. 4 6- .S 0
Myrtle, doz. bun,

small - leaved 0 0 —
- French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smllax. per bun.

of 0 trails .. 13-20
iuin I<.ngiflr.ruiii arc less
and there is an advance in the price of
>!oom«. Outdoor flowers such as Achillea, Di-I-
in, Coreopaifl. Oaillardia. mauve Scabious, Cam.
Me-Iiunt (Canterbury Bells), yellow- MarpieriN's,

Adiantum (Mai
denhairFernl
best, per doz.
bunches

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen ..

— Sorengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Carnation foliage

bunches 4 0- !> n

mauve and white Sultan, anrl Cl.irkia are more plenti-
ful. Carnations are not very plentiful, and are in
ilemand. Various soits of outdoor Roses are being lo
(■'■ived in good ceruiition. and ar^' selling freely.

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d.s.d. \ s.d.s.d

Aralia Sicboldii,

....

Hydrangea, blue

dozen ..

S 0 0 0

48's.32's per dz

12 0-SO 0

Asparagus plu-

— pink. 48's. per

mosus nanus.

doz

12 0-18 0

per doz.

10 0-12 0

— white. 48's, per

— Sprengeri ..

8 0-10 0

doz

12 0-18 0

Aspidistra, per

Kentia Belmore-

doz. green ..

30 0-S6 0

an». per doz.

4 0-80

Cacti. various.

- larger per

per tray of 15'b

4 0

doz

18 0-16 0

- tray of 12's ..

5 0

— Forsteriana.

Calceolaria, yel-

60's. per doz.

5 0-80

low. 48's, per

Latsnia borbon-

doz

6 0 8 0

12 0-80 0

Cocos Weddelli-

L ilium longi-

ana 48'3. per

Horum. perdoz.

18 0-24 0

doz

18 0 30 0

lancif olium

— eo's per doz.

1 0-10 0

rnbrum

24 0-30 0

Crassulft 48's per

- — album ..

24 0-80 0

doz.

10 0-12 0

Marguerites in

Ferns. in thumbs.

48'B. per doz.

5 0-70

per 100

— per 100. in
small and
large 60's .. 18 0-30 o

— in 4S's.perdoz. 7 0-80

— in 32's. per

doz 12 0 18 0

choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0

Fuch-ia. various

.. 12 0-15 0 Mignonette. 48's.

per doz. .. 8 0-10 0
Pelargonium. 48's.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— (Geranium),
zonal-leaved.
48's. per doz. 5 0-60

— 60's. per doz. 2 0-26

— Ivy-leaved. 48's.
per doz. .. 8 0-10 0

48's. per doz. . 8 0-10 0 Stocks.

Geonoma gracilis,

60's. per doz...

— larger, each..

Heliotrope. 48's.

per doz.

vhite.

pink and red.
per doz. ..12 0 18 0
] Verbena, white,
blue or scar-
let, per doz... 8 0-90

ResuItKS. — The bedding season is now pi-acticall.v
ver, and most growers have sold their stocks. There
s no new line in flowering plant.s. Ferns of vari,>u^
'.r*s and siz;es are soon sold.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. 8.d
Artichokes. Globe,

per doz. .. 4 0-50
AspTagus —

Worcester.prr

bun 3 6-80

Beans Bioail p»r

bus 70 -

Beetroot, perbus. 12 0 —
Hroccoli. Purple

.Sprouting. per

bag .. 2 0-

Cabbage. per tally 5 0 10 0 { - Whit
Carrots, new. per | bus

Lettuce. Cabbage
and Cos. per

doz 0 4 1 0

Mushrooms. per lb. 10- 1 3
Mustard and
Cress. per doz.
punnets .. 10 —
Onions per cwt. 18 0 20 0
— spring. per

doz. bun. .. 4 6 12 0
Pi as. blue, per

. . 5 6-70
per

..20-36

Turnips, per cwt.
new, per doz.

doz. bun. .. 4 0 - 1 Potatos. new. per
Cauliflowers, per I lb 0 3t 0 4)

do/ S0'76|Radishe8, per

Cucumbers, per doz. bun.

flat .. .. 15 0 17 6' Spinach, perbus.
Garlic, per lb... 0 » "
(ircns. per bag.. 4 6
Herbs, par doz.

bun 4 0-8 01 VegetabI

Horseradish, per I rows perdoz. 4 0-80

doz. i.un. .. 80 0 — i Watercress, per
Leeks.per doz.bun.3 0 5 0 doz 0 6- 0 S

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d

10 2 0
6 0 —
9 0-

2 6-40

Almonds.percnt. 80 0-85 0
Apples, per case 3J 0-40 0
Cherries.EngliBh.

per peck .. .I 0- 6 0
Currants, black,

per ; sieve .. 10 0-12 0

— red, per *
sieve. .. 10 0 12 0

Dates, per box,

about 70 1b. . . 48 0 —
Fig- (Worthing),

per doz. .. 3 0-10 0
Go >seberries,

green. peri bus. 0 0-7 0
Grapes :

— Knglish (new
season) Black
Hamburgh,
per lb. ..1630

— Muscats, per
lb 2 0 0 0

Lemons, per case Ij 0 45 0

IlrMAIiK.S.— .Australian Apples now arrivfng consist of
tlw following varieties : Jonathan, Kymer, Munro'.s
favorite. Grannie Smith. Cleopatra, Cox's Orange Pip-
pin, and Ribr.ton Pippin. Ra8pl)erries and Black and
Keil t'urrantJS are on offer. It ie estimated that there
will be a good crop of Cherries (Early White and
Kivers'). Southampton, and Cornifrti Strawberries are
llnishing : Royal Sovereign and Sir Joseph Paxton
are plontiful from Kent. Grapes, Black Hamburgh and
Muscat of Alexandria, continue to arrive in good quan-
tities, .^ippliea of Pea<ihes, Nectarines, Melons and Figs
aro well maintained. The -Asparagus season is closing,
but Tomatos and Cucuml)ei« are equal to the dcmanrl.
Broa^l Beans, Peas, Beans (French), and VegetaM'-
Marrows are more plentiful. A shipment of 1,000 lojis
of Spanish Potatos is on offer. R. H. /?., Covfn^ Ciirden
Mnrkfl. June 27. 1917.

s.d. s.d
Melons, Cante-

loupe. each .. 20 0 25 0

— Knglish and
(Guernsey, ea. 2 6-50

Nectarines, per

doz 4 0-21 0

Nuts, Brazils.

new, per cwt. 95 0 100 0

Coconuts, per

100 .. .. 30 0
Oranges, per case 30 0-70 0
Peaches, perdoz. 4 0-21 0
Kaspberrits. per

skip .. ..

— per doz. pun-
nets ..

Strawberries :
- Southampton
skips ..

— per peck
Tomatos. English

per 12 lbs. or
peck ..
Walnuts, dried,
per cwt.

19-20
10 0-15 0

0 6-76
85 0-75 0

GARDENING APPOINTMENT,

Mr Joseph Smith, ffi tli" pxsi J veai-s Gardener
l<i .Sir THo\n.s Uovi.KN-. Bart.. Frankby Hall, Birken-
head. a« Garden.s Manager to .Abthiti F. Cdrtis,
l^q.. Suiiiniev Hill, Gainsborough.

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

National Carnation and Picotee Society's

(Southern Section) list of prizt-i t« be ..ffeiy..i at

111.- hi.-ciiiis I.. W lif-M in conjiuielioii with tlie Ruval
H..i1,.-iilliirai S.i>-].-tv's inoeting in llie Ili-ill Hall Wi.-t
iinii.st,.r. .m Twe-dav. .Iiilv 17, 1917. J. .1. K<ii-?i. Ii..n.
s .-iWarv. 54. The .\v.iiu.-. S..Litiiainpt.,n.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple Trees Dying : Miss 1'. Tlu- spurs from
your Apple trees are in a very unsatisfactory
condition. Either the trees have been neglected
or they are old and worn out. Canker on the
branches below the spurs may have caused the
trouble. The shoots are infested with foreign
growth : spray the trees next winter with a
i-austic wash and cut out all diseased parts and
burn them. We do not undertake to name varie-
ties of Roses.

Az.\LEAS : Lady Gardener. The Azaleas are at-
tacked by a fungus, Exobasidium rhododendri.
The leaves you sent us were in an advanced
stage of the disease, the first signs of which
are swellings on the leaves, at first of a
yellowish-green colour, but afterwards becuni-
iiig red, especially where they are exposed i-o
sunshine. You should look out for these swell-
ings, and,. pick oft and burn all the affected
leaves.

Foxglove ■with Abnormal Terminal Flower :
ir. .-1. /. The development of a regular, ter-
minal flower in the .spike of Digitalis purpurea
is not uncommon, and is known as peloria.
I'eloric flowers are common in others plants, in-
cln'ding Antirrhinum and Linaria.

C.MILIPLOWERS AND HrUS.SELS SpHOUTS FLAG-
GING : Amafciir (Itirdentr. The plants are
attacked by the Cabbage Root FlyfPhorbia
lirassicae). Dibble the plants in witli fine ash
or old eoot, or use the special card discs de-
si-ribed on p. 172.

IssKcT ON A Lupin : Mars. The insect is a Tiek
(Ixodea richius), a pest of sheep-dogs and,
I a rely, of man.

Names of Pl.ants : H'. H. Silene Cucuhalius
(S. latifolia), the Bladder Campion. The
specimen was very withered, and the petals
gone, hut the species is quite distinct. —
h. 0. S. Lonicera tatarica. — W. F. L. Iris
sibirica. — /. J. aitd S. Senecio Doronicum. —

0. J'. Cornus Mas. Pyrus lobata. — .1. IT.
Eucalyptus Globulus, Pestruni elegans. Genista
hispanica, .Statice intermedia. -7. T., Dnnlxir

1, I/onicera involucrata ; 2, Funkia ovata varie
gata ; 3, Heli.anthemum vulgare ; 4, Lycitini
liarbarum.

PrNU.s Dying : Dr. 0. The plants are attackeil
by the Pine Sawfly (Lophyrus pini) and the
Pine Shoot Moth (Uetinia turionana). 'J'he
damage done now is by the latter insect, which
is causing ifchc small, white, resinous patches.
Spray the tree, with arsenate of lead.

.Scarlet R-it.nners Failing to Set Pods :
ir. ir. Tlie pods of Runner Beans fail to set
where the roots are suffering from lack of
moisture. Now that the drought has broken,
you may expect better results.

Spraying Potatos : It. E. W,rite to the Food
Production Department of the Board of Agri-
culture, 72, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1.

WiLii Stocks for Grab-ting : W. W. Wild
stocks are not suitable for grafting excepting
those of the Cherry. The other kinds are ui
the hands of nurserymen. Suckers are not to
be recommended for grafting ; if Plums, they
are specially liable to Silver Leaf, and in any
case no safe result can be expected from a
mixed lot of stocks taken from old orchaivis
or hedgerows.

Communications Received - 1. F. Mc. (Many
thanks)— W. C. Edinburgh— .4. C. B.— T. C— W. S..
Eanmnre- M. B., .Iava--W. I., Kew— <;. L., Tolton,
Hants— (i. S. I'.xbridge— T. F.— .1. P.~E. A. B.—
.1. C. II. & Co. -f. H. D.-W.-H B. D— H. Mi'*
M. A. P. F.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[June 30, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

In Biinknilitcv. Bv Qrder of the Trusted.
Re A. VV. Ker (fiwiiiig ,is R. ['. Kcr & Son).

AIGBURTH, LIVERPOOL.

Three Jiiinut^s from Cressiiigkrti Station (Cliesliire Lines),
20 nimut«!s from -\llertoii Station (L. & N.W. lUy.).
Frequent trams from Liverpool pass tihe Nurserv.

]Yf)ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-"■'-■■ have iheen favoured wit.li instructions from the
TriK-itee, to pell hy nnetion, on llie piemises,

THE NURSERIES, AIGBURTH,
LIVERPOOL,

On Monday and Tuesday, July t6th and 17th, 1917.
at 11 o'clock precisely,

the well-known stock of E. P. Ker k Sons, consisting of
3,000 PALMS, including 200 line specimens, 4 to Mtt.,
Japanese Maples, Specimen Bamtwos, 10,000 CYCLAMEN,
Ker'8 celebrated strain, 1,000 Ivies, and other stock. The
universall.v known and unique

COLLECTION of AMARYLLIS,
wliich has been so successfully exhibited at the
prLncipaH shows; also the whole of tihe General
Nursery Stock in the groaind. Contents of Seed Shop and
Office, livn Safe, Office Funidtnre, Weigihing Madhines,
Tools, and Siuidries. Thousands of Flower Pots, Three
Carts, Harness, Barrows, and numerous other effects.

The whole of the stock and utensils as described (ex-
cepting tlie .imaiyllis) wU he first offered in One Lot
including the Name and Goodwill of the Business and
If not thus disposed of, then, in detail as oatalogued ' The
Amaryllis will also be offered in One Lot, thus aflirding
the oppoTtunrty to anyone desiring to acquire the whole
coUectaon jn its entirety. The Outside Stock will also be
onered as a. whole, with arrangements for removal during
the autumn. **

m^v ■ he^'J.ir'^ T "'*'"' -P"""' ^° *''« ='^«- Cat,alogues
Ser^\^:' cTaJ^Lf^:!,:,;.;;! ;tsJr?tfnne^Tr„
A- Sadler), 31, North .Tohn Street, iJferiSoi . nd of the
Auctioneers, 67 <,nd 68, Cheapside, London. E.C. 2

BUSINESS FOR SALE,

houses- total length 852 feet: near station- no

f^LANTsT^i^^^^WANTEDT^

"WANTED, 1,000 Large A,SPIDISTRAS

old plants ..suitable for stock: ca-h or e.xehaniV

Lmidon Fem'^N,,r'^rv''"T'' ^-?'"'°f>^' ^ee. - ' SMITTi:
L^don iei-n Nursery, Loughborough Junction. London

fL^NTS^^Ao., FOR SALE,

Ferns HaM!'"^,'' /""'• ^'*>™ ™^ Greenhouse
s«r™ T J Garden Ferns: catalogues free.-J. E

gEGONIAS. Gloire de Lorraine, Turnforrl

* J J,*"'^ Rothschild variety of Lorraine -well-
t'^ Kinf i"^'H ^- t^/°^o'' '" *'• M-. 10s. 6d. m
IDCE. The Dorset Nurseries. Blandford.

BEGONrTs and GLOXINIAS.-BfORLE

Hr„ fin ♦'^''° "2" ^"Pf^'y '*'<''■' celebrated strain, in
large 60 pots, in flower and bud. Earlv inquiries as
stock^is limited this season.-150.156, Pinchley R^ad,

100,000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

n,.nc \, V ^'''- ^"^ ■ P-''"'''' Begonias, Crotons,

l>i.icaenas Roses Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies. Hydrangeas,
k'-.. catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Pern Nur
scries, Loughborough Junction, London. S.W

'TUBEROSES, double African Pearl, inst

9,= Hf"\^' ''^!;n "■'"**'■ flowering; extra large bulbs.
3s. doz., 13s. 100: sent free anv addrew for cash —
MORLE & CO.. 150.156, Pinchley Road? N.W. "

POJ^^^^ETTTAsTe^^liAl^^

clean and st,rong, 3s. 5fl. per dozen, 21s. per 100
carnage paid : cash with Oixicr.-JOHN BURCH, Staple
Hill Nursery, Bristol. '

MISCELLANEOUS.

gOWLS. — £2 2s. Association set lawn
bowls, 4 pairs superior full-size selected lignum
bowls and 2 jacks in strong bos, unused, 29s. 6d, : .nlso
2 pairs finest Standard Bowls, perfect 3 bias, ofHoially
tested and stamped by Bowling .Association llsM pair-
or whole lot 475. 6d. Approval.— Bra 726. Gilvanls' Dar-
ley Street, Bradford.

gPORTSMEN. Farmers, Horsemen, try
1-, , °^J ^P'endid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; -wear's
like leather; showerproof; 7 vards for 17s. 6d Pattern'^
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO.. 71. Bradford

"D^ EDDY & SONS. Torleven Works,

"Porthleven, Cornwall. — The largeet manufaolurera
of GARDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-
inch and one-inch mesh, at 4d. per square .yard. LIGHT
NETW square mesh, suitable for Strawberry Beds, at
3d. per square yard.

These Nets are bound all round with stout oord, and
cover their measured length and width. Any length or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in stock. State your
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NETTINGS. RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS. PACK-
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Train, CARRIAGE
PAIt), on receipt of order.

r)RCHID PEAT, 6s. and 7s. 6d. per saclT;

^-^ Brown Peat, lOs. 6d. per yard in trucks ; in bags
2s. 6d. each. 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Loam, Stacked and Fresh Cut, Silver Sand-
4.ton lots for 45s. ; C.N. Fibre. 24s. dozen bags ; list
free.— J. HANDSCOMBE, P.R.H.S., Feltham, Middlesex.

'T'HE reason why advertisers find the
■' Gardeners' Chronicle " so good a medium is that it
reaches the best class of people. It is read bv people
who do not greatly mind how much tltev spend upon
a thing, provided it is the best that can' be got. Our
advertisers supply the best quality, and therefore they
appeal to those who kno\v good quality when they see it.

DEATH,

CPOONER.— On June 25. at " Wood-
*^ cliiie," Hounslow, Elieu, wife of Henry Spooncr,
of the Hounslow Nurseries.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line eounted as Two),
fid fop each succeeding line

PRIVA TE,

T^ANTED, HEAD GARDENER CVVork-

' ' ing) ; must be thoroughly good at Flowers, Vege-
tables and Fruits, including Vines and Melons; 4 kept.
— .\pply, stating full particulars of age. experience, and
wages required, to RICHARD GERRISH, The Manor.
Milford. Salisbury.

TITANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

"' DENER ; thoroughly experienced in up-to-date
Gaivit'nin^ Inside and Out; reierenoe to Jast employer
in(]is|ifii.sal)le ; state lage, wagee (live out), &c.—
CHAill-KS THOMAS. Esq., Plras-yn-llwyn, Wrexham.

T^AXTED at once, an experienced
' ' WORKING HEAD GARDENER ; ineligible ; no
young family ; state full particulars and wages.
^.\ddress, MRS. GUBBINS, Longmead, Bishopstoke,
Hants.

"WANTED, UPPER GARDENER of

' ' T\vo for compact Garden ; Vegetables, Flowers,
Grapes and Peaches, under Glass ; must be over 45 or
ineligible.— .\pply. stating qualifications, to MRS,
D.MTNTESEY. Fortishead House, Portishead, Somerset.

WTANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ' PENBR, in Wimbledon.— Write, stating previous
experience and wages required, to H. L.. care of J. W.
Vickers & Co., Ltd.. 5, Nicholas Lane, E.G.

■WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ' OENER, gofKi all-round man. and to look after
ponv and trap ; good cottage ; wages 27s. per week. — Full
particulars, T. W. H.\NMER, Fr,iinfleld Lodge, UcfcBeld

■WAN TED^ gTrDENER (Single-

" ' HANDED); must understand OrcWds ; good wages.
—Apply liP?t to JOHN COWAN, Nurseries, Gateacre,
Liverpool.

W EQUIRED, capable and industrious
-"-" .SINGLE-H.4NDED G.ARDENER. able to manage
about li acre, consisting of Vegetable and Flower Gar-
den, Lawns, Vinery, and small Greenhouse ; wages 30s..
house, fuel and green vegetables from garden.— A.pply,
F., Sunny Bank. Woodcote Road, Wallington.

TITANTED. GARDENER," for private

grounds, single or xrith another, 30s. to £2 ; must
be skilled in all general work. Glass excepted ; a willing,
cheerful worker is required, taking a keen interest,
otherwise no use to me.— Cill, if po.ssible, otherwise send
testimonials, to MR. ROBINSON. Kemptown Manor
Brighton.

"WANTED, '^^ WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER where 2 under-ones are kept ; no family.
— DOW.\GER L.\DY SOUTH.^MPTON. Park Place, Engl'e-
field Green,

ANTED immediately, GARDENER
(ineligible), to attend to 'Egerton Gardens; two

a we(?k only required.— Wages expected and full
culai-s to MRS. SlfHEL, 50 Ecjertnn Gardens, Lnn-
S.W.

w

w

ANTED, a Man as KITCHEN GAR-
DENER ; must be either discharged from or in-
igible lor the _^,.,„y. „o Bothy; wages 30s. per week.
A|iply, ALl-RLD WILLIAMS, Willoughbys. Oxshott.

TirANTED, good all-round GARDENER

' ineligible, for Harrow-on-the-Hill ; cottage pro-
vided ;^ good wages and help given.— MR. A. K
CARL-itlN. Mount Park, Harrow-on the-Hill.

WANTED, GARDENER ; ex-Army man

pi-eferred; permanency.— Apply, The Priory. West
.\IoIcsey, Hampton Court. '

WANTED, GARDENER (ineligible)^

expenenced Inside and Out; Vineirv. Orchard
House, some Orchids ; second man. kept.— Appiv with full
particulars, to E. T. BOWLE, Mill House Salisbury

"WANTED, GARDENER:7 capable, "all-

round man (whole time), at Wimbledom.— Write,

in hrst instance, givmg full particulars, to F , c/o J W

Vickers & Co., Ltd., 5, Nicholas Lane. E.G. ' '

■yyANTED, SECOND GARDENER (3

kept); over military age; only those with g<wd
expenence of Outdoor work in Ple.isure and Vegetable
Garden nee<l apply; good wages to capable man -Write
sUtuig eJiperience, references, wages, and with other full
iS^.'weyS."-'^'^'*^^' •■"^■^"■'-"•" 0=^"-*

■YVanted; second gardener'

tions b'" ■' '"^''?>We; good experience with Carna
ons. Begonias. Chrysanthemums, and House D«ora

R DAV°IDSON°t-'" '"''",'"1, "-"-F"" particulars to
R. DAVIDSON, hingswood Manor Lodge, near Keigate.

"RANTED. UNDER GARDENER, for

' Vegetables and Chickens; ineligible military
duty , permanency.- Appjy. GAiHDENER, G VV
.Tackson. Kings Head Hotel, Harrow.

"RANTED, "under GARDENER for

Inside work ; Grapes, Peaches, and Plant Houses ;
MRs'^ONS Th^'r* experience; Bothy and vegetables
~l-V"J'0->'' The Gardens, Garnons, Hereford.

WANTED. UNDER GARDENER; used

to Greenhouse and Stove plants- siniBle • ineli.Tit,'e
-MRajVAKEMANOJEWPO^r.jamlb^

Wanted, UNDER:GARDENERli^\;hrc.

.1 -Ki SooAvxp^Timm and references; single and in'?

mL^ . 'fi ,t "c V^^'^-^PP'y' '''• ELLIOTT, Norton
"'""■■ 'Sutton Scotney. Ha

w

PPREMAN WANTED, for Houses ; well
versed in Fruit and Vegct..ahles ; ineligible, or dis-
charged soldier; good wages and comfortable pli,e to
competent man,-Apply, E. BECKETT, Aldenhanf House
Gardens, Elstree, Herts.

ANTED. Foreman or good jour-

NEVMAN (Inside); 30s. per week. Bothy &c -
overtime paid.-E BRISTOW, Levswood Gardens'
(;rooiiibridge. Tunbridge Wells. oaiuens,

WANTED, INSIDE FOREMAN or good

" JOURNEYMAN (ineligible); good wages. Bothy,
den's De''rtl '"''"■~-'^- '• "^-^ST, Shipley Hall Gar-

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); in-

T t5ii-?d'':S!,* S"' disoharged.— Write full particulars,
■J. Hi^KEK. The Gardens, Goldings, Great Warley, Essex.

"WANTED, FOREMAN (married); ex'-
I>erience<l ; good wages offered ; must be ineligible
or over military age.— Apply, J. Elder, Hursley Park
VV inchester.

"wanted, journeyman, invisible'

for Inside and Out. al.so IMPROVER, for Inside
.and Out; wages 25s. and 21s. per week and Bothy'
duty and <»yti™e paid^Apply. with full particulars.
!?ead: N W. i ■ ^^^ °"'""''' ^''■^'^ ^"■*- Ha^P--

"WrANTED, JOURNEYMAN ; experi-
enced ausidc and Out), with Bothv. vegetables
and good wages; ineligible.— Write, st.-itdng age and ex-
perience, to H, SWAIN, The Gardens. Wilton Park
Beaconsfleld. Bucks, '

"yyANTED, JOURNEYMAN or YOUTH.

for Fruit and Plant Houses, with some experi- '
^".■^^i "IJi^Sl^* • "^ses 18s. per week, with Bothy. .6tc.
-WM. HOWE. The Gardens, Park Hill, Slrektham
t oinmon.

^:

"WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Insit-e) ■

-J°°^ ™S^*^ ""'' ''"*y P'l'd; also YOUTH, about
17, with some experience ; Bothv and wgetables — W
SCOTT, Edenhall, Langwathby. Cumberland.

WANTED. ELECTRICIAN (Handyman)',

for Crossley's Oil Engine, &c. ; ineligible for
military service.- Apply, stating age. wages required.
ro W. E. ANDERSON. Close House Gardens, Wylam-on-
Tyne. "^

TITANTED, LADY GARDENER or MAN

(ineligible) ; help work Garden, knowledge Vege-
tables, Greenhouse ; 24s. week.— Applv. WOODHOUSE.
Fairfield. Biggleswade.

"WANTED^ urgently, LADY GAR"-

DEN'BR. understanding Vines, Cucumbers,
TniTiat.iis. all branches Gardening; lodge and board
outside ; 30s. weekly ; excellent references.— Apply
I.ADY MARRIOTT, Kilwoiih, I,eicester. '

June 50, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED at once, 2 LADY GAR-
' '■ DENERS, with some praetdcal experience; relations
or triemls preferred, for care of Vegetables and Flower
Garden and some Glass; terms, nicely furnished cottage,
near work, £1 a week each. Tegetables and milk ; Church
of England— Apply, giving particulars, to MRS. TEES-
DALE, Whitminster House, near Stonehouse, Gloucestei-
shire.

ANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS.

for Inside ; 20.'!. per week, Bothy, &0. ; some ex-
perience necessai-y.— For further particulars apply, J.
J.\QUES, Bryanston Gardens, Blandford.

WANTED at once, TWO LADY GAR-
DEXERS. one must be experienced; good wage.'
and furnished cottage.— Apply, MISS RATLIFF. Coun-
don. near Coventry.

ANTED, FOUR LADY GARDENERS.

experienced in Inside work, 24s. per week,
Bothv iVc. ; duty and overtime paid ; 12 o'clock Satur-
day.—Paiticulai-s to H. CH.iXDLER, Coombe Abbey
GaVdens. Coventry. .

LADY GARDENERS wanted ; all suitetl
enjireh- free of charge. Heads for (l) Bucks ; also
Under • 5 kept in Garden. Orchard. Glass, Vegetables. (2)
Devon; man kept as Inder; Kit<ihen Garden. Vmery,
tew Flowers; nice cottage. (3) Herefords. ; would taJ<e 2
friends; Garden. 2i a^-res ; man and boy kept. (4) Hmd-
head; Groom-Gardener also warned, lor one horse. (5)
Hants ; two wanted (one as Under), 26s. and 20s. ; fur-
nished cottage, coal, and vegetables; understand Fruit
and Vegetables; (6) Glos; two wanted (one as Under or
equal) ; 30s. and 18s. ; furnished cottage, milk, and vege-
tables. (7) Worcs. ; good salary and accommodation ;
Vegetables ; Under also ; must have good training. Al.'«
manv good single-handed posts; small Gardens. — ^SrRS.
HtTliT, LTD., 86, High Street, MaryJebone, W. 1.

TIT'ANTED, strong active LAD as IM-
' ' PROVER, 16-17 ; excellent opening for intelhgent
lad ; good wages ; Bothy, vegetables. &c. ; overtime and
Sunday duty paid.— W. PHIULIPS, Derry Ormond, Car-
diganshire.

WANTED, Strong, active LAD. about 16.
fi'r Inside and Out; good opening for intelli-
gent Youth ; wages 18s. and Bothv ; dutv every alter-
nate week.— Particulars to S. A. CHEFFINS, Myton Hall
Gardens. Helperby, York.

WANTED, a YOUTH, as Improver, to
work in tlie Houses; age 16-17; wages 16s..
Bothv and vege^tables ; Sunday dutv and overtime pai<l
ejctra ; 1 o'cUick on Saturdays.— W.' L. BASTIN. Bu«-ot
Gatxlens. Faringdon. Berks.

WANTED, TWO STRONG YOUTHS.
al«.ut 16 years, for In.side : good wages, with
Bothv. milk and vegetables; duty and overtime paid;
12 o'clock Saturdays. — Wages expected and full par
tioularn to H. f IJANDLEH, Coombe Abbey Gardens,
C<.venlry.

TRADE.

TRAVELLER WANTED, for tlie North
of England aad Scotland ; splendid opportunity
for a i^epresentative w-ith ft connection amongst ti*ade
and private establislunenta.— Full particulars of expexi.
cnoe, salary required. &c.. to JOHS W.\TERER, SONS i
CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

WANTED7~MXN 7 to take cli nre,e of
hardwoo<le<l stuff ; capable of looking after Roses,
Outside, Budding, and general Nursen' stocks; good
prospects to the right man.— JOHS PLPER & SOX, LTD.,
The Nurseries. Langley, Bucks.

TIT'ANTED, Hardy V lant PROPAGATOR.

'* in good NurseiT, 7ie,ir Ixmdon. — Write, stating full
particulars. W. B., Box 8, 41. Wellington Street. Covent
Gaixlen, W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced GROWER, to
taJie charge of Glass ; East Coast, Scotland ; expert
In Tomatos, CTirysanthemimis, Bedding Plants, Forcing
Bulbs, &c.— Write in confidence, with testimonialfl, stat-
ing wages expe<rt©d, to W. D., Box 1, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

■yyANTED, a GROWER, for Caladiimis.

^ V Gloxinias, and other Greenhouse plants. — Pleose

apply, stating previoira experience and wages required, to

JOHN VV£,\) & SON, The Nurseries, West Norwood, S.E.

TIT'ANTED, a CUCUMBER and

' ' TOMATO GROWER ; good wages and overtime-
Apply to J. M. LEATHER. East Fields. Mitoham.

WANTED, good MAN for Vegetables and
Flowers and Bud Roses, &c.— T. FEWSTER &
SONS, Ragworth Nurseries, Norton-on-Tees.

"TIT'ANTED, a man used to Ferns grown in

^ ' laige niiantities and quick at potting. — Please
state wages to L. J., Box 3. 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDENER ASSISTANT WANTED.
^-^ male or female, with some experience Glass work,
Cucumbers, and Tomatos; ineli^pble.— W. H. CHANIN &
CO., Nurseries. Minebead.

WANTED, for retail business, EXPERT
SEBDS>L4S, with good general knowledge of Seeds
and Horticultural Sundries ; ineligible for service. Full
particulars as to experience and wages reqtoired. — KING'S
ACRE NURSERIES, LTD.. Hereford.

XyANTED. for Farm Seed Warehouse, a
' V capable FOREMAN ; mast be able to superintend
cleaning and despatch of orders for a wide trade ; also
Warehouseman, neat sack stitcher and tyer indispensable;
also for Garden .Seed Department, an experienced Hand,
must, be able to take entire charge. Good wages offered.
All applicants must be ineligible. — A. B., Box 19, 41,
Wellington Street. Oovent Garden. W.C. 2.

SHOPMAN WANTED ; General Seed and
Nursery trade.— Apply, BRUCE & ROBBIE, Seeds-
men, Forfar'.

SEED TRADE.— Wholesale House requires
services of experienced SHOPMAN for Vegetaible
Seed Department ; also WAREHOUSEMAN for Agricul-
tural Seeds. Applicants must be inehgible for military
service. — Write, S. T., Box 3, 41, WeUingtoni Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

TIT'ANTED, a SHOP ASSISTANT, with

' ' ;i gCKMil knowledge of retail seed and, horticulturiii
sundries' trade. — Apply bv letter, stating- age, referent^es,
and wages required. D. S. THOMSON & SONS, The Nur-
series, Wimbledon, S.W.

"WANTED, WAREHOUSEMAN, for

^ ' goo<l nurserj- near London, with some knowledge
of the handling of Bulbs and of packing. — Applv. stating
full particulars, N. B., Box 23. 41, Wellington Street,
Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

T^ANTED, Nursery Order and Corre-
spondence CLERK; witJiin 20 mUes of London. —
Apply, .<»ating full particulars, A. L., Box 24, 41. Welling-
ton Street. Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

A UDIT or CHECKING CLERK (experi-

■^^ enred) wanted ; ineligible ; quick and accurate. —
TOOGOOD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen. Southampton.

"ilTANTED, FLORIST (Young Lady> ; ex-
' ' perieiLced in Seeds and Bulbs preferred ; good
s-.iledwoman. — Apply, stating age, experience, and salary
required, MK. F. A. GODFREY, Nurseryman, Stour-
bridge.

"IITANTED, FLORIST, Male or Female.
' "' to manage shop ; age about 40 ; must be a good
niakerup; good wages and place (MidlancLs).— Apply,
INi;.\MF.I.I,S. Covent Garden,

SITUATIONS WANTED,

Twenty-six words for 1/8, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVATE m

■pARM BAILIFF or BAILIFF and OAR-

"*- DENKR.-.Vlvertiser, over military ago, and having;'
had a \\U' <xpcrioncc in all branchest. would be pk'as<'(l
to coinniuniciUe with any lady or gentleman requiring a
thorough, i( liablo man ; good references. — U. F., Box 33,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2. ,

JTEAD GARDENER ; 25 years* practical

oxpcrionce in growing Vines, Poaches, Melons.
Ououmbers, Tomatos. Flowers, large quantities of Vegc-
t.iblcs; at liberty July 7. — W. LAMBERT, Ravenscraig
CoM-ige, Oonway, North Wales.

TJEAD GARDENER ; e.xpert in every

branch of Horticulture, and estate management if
necessary, at lihertv.— .4pply, A. H., Box 26, 41. Welling-
ton Street. Oovent Garden. W.C. 2.

TTEAD GARDENER; all round life ex-

-*--•- per ion ee, inclmling Windsor. Gunton, Birr; age
45 ; married, 4 children ; at liberty after August.—
HOWES, The Gardens, Woodbastwick Hall, Norwich.

/^ARDENER (Head) , life experience in

^-^ all bran<-.hcH ; knowledge of stock ; g<M)d referenoefl ;
age 35 ; permanent discliarge from Army ; disengaged. —
KINO. 6. Midland Cottage's. Boreham Wood, Hert*.

r;<ARDENER (Head), where several are

^-^ kept ; life experience ; 8 years last place as Hea<I ;
.single; ineligible.— F. DENYER, The Vicarage, Cohharn.
Surrev.

GARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-
DKXER BAILIFF ; well up in all requirements of
goo<I establishments; thoroughly experienced, both Out-
side and under Glass ; also landscape work ; excellent re-
ferenoes ; 14 years' Head ; age 48 ; married (no family). —
P. R., Box 22, 41, WolUnKton .Street, Oovent Garden, W.0,2

GARDENER (Head Working); 6 or more
are kt-pt in .normal time: life experience in all
bran<*eB ; age 47 ; married (no family) ; eixoellent refor-
enoe from present and previous employers. — BEALE, New
Oottage, Llanweru, Newport, Mon.

QARDENER (Head Working), in large

^-^ establishment ; first-cUiss experience in all branches
of ^'ho profession; go(xl org^aniser ; personal recommenda-
tions ; age 46.— J. L. G., Box 19, 41, Wellin^on Street,
Oov&nt Gan3en, W.C. 2. ^_^

i?j.ARDENER (Head Working), where one

^-^ or moi'e kept ; good experience Inside and Out ;
first-class i-eferenoes ; married, 2 children.— SPENCER.
The Butts, Beenham, Reading, Berks.

QARDENER (Head Working); age 45;

^-^ married ; life experience Glass. Fruit. Flowers and
Vegetables; good refei-enoes.^. BI^OUNT, The Gardens.
Lillingstone, Dayrell. Buckingham.

rjARDENER (Head Workixg), of 3 or

^-^ mnre ; married, no family ; 35 years' experience
all branches. Grapes, Peaches, Melons. Cucumbers,
Tomatos, Hard\ Fruit and Vesretables, Pleasure
Grounds.— A. WILLIAMS, 5, Broadway, Maidenhead.

/IJARDENER (Single-handed) ; Second or

^-" Kitchen Gardener ; life experience, chiefly Out-
side ; over military age ; wife garden work, poultry-, or
Bothy ; excellent references ; no family. — Please state
wages and particulars to GARDENER, 19. Broad Street.
Wolverhampton.

(^ARDENER (Third), age 47, single, seeks-

^-^ Situation, Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Gai-den,
where two more are kept.— A. HDLLAMBY, 42, Wellfield
Road. Streatham. S.W.

■p^OREMAN (Working) ; disengaged ; 28

-*■ ye-ai-s' good general experience ; Tomatos and
Cucumbers a specialitv ; excellent references ; ineligible.
— -H. GRIFFIN, West End, Bradninch, CuUompton,
Devon.

LADY GARDENER, one year's College
ti-aining, requires post as UN'DER-GARDENER
or in Nursery. — VERREN, Hazelmere, Southside.
Weston-super-Mare.

TRADE.

IVf^ANAGER or FOREMAN ; Chrvsanthe-

■»•'-'- munrs, Roses, Bulbs, Ferns, Pot Planits, Ououm-
bere, Tomatos ; oapable of controlling a large staff ; good
references ; 30 years' experience. — ROSES. 41a, Wed-
drington Road, Coventry.

lyr ANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN m

■*■"-■- up-to-date cstiablisliment ; used to oontrollinff
Ijibour and to producing everything lequiredj for markertt
or shop sale.— LAWRENCE, 83, Warwick Avenue, Pad-
dington.

I^OREMAN (Working) ; over 30 years' ex-
■*- j>erienoe wholesale and ret.nil market, nurseries,
well up in ChryRantheninms, Tomatos, Ouctunbers, Fema,
I'ots, riants. Cut Blooms, Forcing. State wages; good
i.f, ivucc.i. WOODS, I. Forcw.uk lioad, SIllLjiam, Surrey.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.nn.

Ordinary Fotltlons

Facing matter and Back Page

£ 8. d.
per page 10 10 0
„ „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata.

£ s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns 14 O

Per inch, across 3 columns 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space.

[Fleadline counted as two lines.]
For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

The United Kingdom 15/- pert

ABROAD 17/6 ,,

Chequet and P.O.t to he nuuU payahlt to " Oakdekeri'

Chkomiole," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2

Telegrams: I64S "Gardchron, RAifD, Lundoh."
Telephone : 1643 Oerrard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

fJuNB 30, 1917.

SELECT LIST OF

BOOKS ON GARDENING

To be obtained at the *' GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICE from the Librarian.

Prices Quoted are in alli Cases Post Free to any part of the United Kingdom.

Forestry, Tlie Practice of. By Percival T. Maw.
A voluminous and practical manual. It
deals also with the financial aspect of
Forestry. 17s. 6d.

Frencli Marliet Gardening. By John Weathers.
With practical details of " Intensive Culti-
vation " for English Growers. Preface by
W. Robinson. 3s. lid.

Fruit Farming, Practical, for Commercial Fruit-
growers and others. Bv Cecil H. Hooper.
39. lOd.

Fruit Farming for Profit. By George Bunyard.
A practical treatise on all the more profitable
Fruits. Si.xth Edition. 2s. 9d.

Fruit Garden, Tlie. By George Bunyard and
Owen Thomas. 13s.

Fruit Growing, Profitable : for Cottagers and
Small Holders of Land. Bv John Wright,
V.M.H. A Gold Medal Essay, written for
the Worshipful Companv of Fruiterers.
Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Fruit, Hardy, Culture for Amateurs. By S. T.
Wright, with notes by W. D. Drury on
Fungi affecting Fruit Trees. Illustrated.
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December 29. 1917.]

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

^ tDecklj) Ollustratcb Journal

HORTICULTURE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS.

(ESTABLISHED IN 1841.)

VOL. LXII.— THIRD SERIES.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1917.

LONDON:
41. WELLINGTON SXREEX. COVENT GARDEN. W.C

1917.

The Gardeners' Chronicle.]

[December 29. 1917.

INDEX OF CONTENTS

JULY TO DECEMBER, 1917.

(For Specul He.\dings see under Books; Certificates; Law Notes; Nursery Notes; Obituary; Plant Portraits;
Plants, New; Scientific Committee; Societies; and Illustrations.)

Acetic acid as an insecticide, 142
Actinidia arguta, fruiting of, 182
Adansonia digitata in India, 22
Agricultural machinery in Pales-
tine, 161
Agricultural Wages Board, 234
Agricultural workers, wages of,

143, 234
Agriculture in Jamaica, 80
Alcohol from Potatos, 210
Aldenham House, Elstree, food
production at, 12 ; Potatos on
grass land at. 191 ; variation in
tree species at. 171
Aldershot (amp, vegetable grow-
ing at, 97
Alpine garden, the, 105, 177
Allotment holders, seeds for, 131 ;
Southern Federation of. 168,
242; Scottish Union of, 230
Allotments, 168, 221, 238; at Bel-
fast, 178 ; at Bermondsey. 231 ;
at Birmingham, 208 ; at Chester,
233; in Ix.ndon, 60; in 1793
and 1917. 256; versus garden.^.
228; nnniher of, in 1917. 158;
policing of, 56; town-planning
and, 142
Alpines in a cool glass-house, 224
America, embargo on Dutch bulbs
in, 140 ; Potato crop in, 231 ;
shortage of seeds in. 171
American blight, method of exter

minating, 162
American Gooseberrv mildew. 92
Apiary, the 5, 99, 144
Apple sucker and fruit setting. 86
Auple, the heaviest, 182, 187
Apples : Grenadier. 107 ; Norfolk
Beautv. 107; l?ev. W. Wilks.
172; William Peters, 227
Apples, auction sales of. in Kent.
70; eaten V.v slugs. 186; in East
Lothian. 111. 142; misshapen.
225; Paradise stocks of. 160:
rotting of. 226 ; sold for Red
Cross Fund. 211. 230: sooty
blotch of. 212 ; spot disea.se of,
121 ; spotting in. 157
Apples and Pears in 1779, varieties

of, 182
Aquilegia Stuartii, 137
Arisaemas, hardy, 127
Arnott, Mr. S., nresentation to. 6
Asplenium Filix-foemina var. Cla-

rissimum. 81
Auckland Trstitnte. first fifty years

of the, 251
Austin and McAslan. hicentenarv

of. 100. 141. 147
Australasia, notes from, 116; weeds
in. 137; Phoenix canariensis in.
138

B

Bacteria, .soil. 141
Bagatelle, new Roses at. 2
Balkans, familiar flowers in the.
188

Ballantine, Air. H.. 141

Barham Court Estate Ciardens.

damage by hailstorm at, 61
Barley, winter, and Rj'e, 93
Barrow, trial of Potatos at, 248
Basic slag, as a manure for down-

land, 193 ; on grass land, 74, 203 ;

supplies of, 140
Baston, S. Leonard (How to Know

the Ferm), 17
Beans, Broad, 138 ; a trial of, 43 ;

to obtain early pods of, 197
Boans, Dutch Brown, 260
Beans, Haricot, as food for winter.

216
Boans, Runner, 42, 197 ; seeds of as

ftxxi, 24; for soups, 14; to pre

serve, 128
Bedding, spring, 2
Tecs, the management of. 5. 99.

144
Beet, a good crop of. 158: lifting.

207
Beet fly, the. 4
Beet, Sugar, 17, 29. 83. 104
Belfast, allotments in. 178
Helgian horticulture. 181
Benevolent Institution. Gardeners'

Royal, gift to. 90
Berberis, some choice garden

species of, 218
Berberis virescens, 252
Bermondsey, allotments at. 231
Bhendi and Brinjals. 162
Bienni.al8 for spring bedding. 2
Birds and insects. 19
Birds and w.isps, scarcity of. 143
Birds, estimated damage 1)V. 7
Birmingham, allotments at. 208
Black-leg of Potjito, 182
Blaise Ca.stle. Ginkgo biloba at.

166
Blenheim. W'oodstwk, Orchids at,

136. 247
Blinded .soldiers' children and the

seed trade, 250
Bonin Island. .Tapart. .Tuniperus

taxifolia on, 137

Book*, Nonce* of. -Agricnl
ture and the Land {(!. F. /?o.«
nwTlh). 211 ; .Ground the Year in
the Garden (Fredtrich Friic B'lrk
well). 252; Blossom Wilt and
Cinker of Apple Trees, a (77.
Wnrmnlrl). 17; Botanic.ll Maga-
zine. 257; Commercial Straw-
berry Culture {W. F. Empfaar).
26 ; " Critical Review nf the Genus
Eucalyptus (/. 77. Maiden), 190;
Cultivation of .Allotments, the
(Percy Elfnrd). 17; Effect of one
Plant on Another, the (Spencer
Pickering), 121 ; Fossil Plants
(A. 0. 'Seumrd). 17; Frnit and
Vegetable Bottling and Storing.
156; Good Living from Poultry
for Disabled Soldiers and others.
a (F. n. Pminter), 17; Hnw to
Know the Fems (S. Leovnrd BfiK
/i'n).17:Life of theRt. Hon. Sir
Charles W. Dilke, Bart., the
(Stephen Owi/nn and Oertrude M.
Tuckwell). 211; Morphology of
Gymnosperms (J, M, Cnulter and
t~''. J. ChnmhrTlain). 80; Name
This Flower (Oaston Bonnier),
Z'^ ; Perpetnnl-flowerinr; Cnrr.n-

tion, the (Montague ('. Alhvood),
90 ; Pig Keeping in War Time
(C. J. Davies). 121: Potatos
Order, 1917, the (/. /.. Anderson).
191; Practical Bee Guide, the
(J. G. Digger). 80; Small Gar
den, the (Mary Hampden), 191 ;
Soil Conditions and Plant
Growth (E. J. BusstU). 26; Some
Wild Flowers and How to Name
Them (E. A. Later, nee), 40;
Vegetable Bottling and Fruit Pre-
serving Without Sugar {V. and
G. Banls). 17; Weiister's Practi
cal Forestry (A. D. Wehsler). 90

Bouquet, a vegetable, 150

Bordeaux mixture versus lime-sul-
phur as a spray for Potatos, 121

Bosworth, G. F." (Agriculture and
the Land), 211

Botanical names, tlie comma in, 241

Bottled fruits. 42

Bottles for fruit and vegetable pre-
serving, 50

Boy Scouts as food producers, 24

Bracken Fern, jjotash from. 128

Brassia brachiata. 206

Brassicas maturing where sown.
168

Brasso Cattleva Catherine. 115 ;
B.C. Marioniris. 247 ; B.-C. \ir
ginia, 126

Brasso Laelio-Cattleva Nesta, 23;
B. L. C. Windsor! 76

Brinjals and Bhendi, 162

I'ritish AiTUy. the, and French
agriculture. 23

British Gardeners' Association regi-
stered under the Trade Union
Acts, 60

British Honduras, new plants from.
250

Broad Beans, 43, 138, 197

Brown rot disease of fruit, 76

Bryndir, Roehampton, Orchids at.
i68

Budde, Mr. J. K.. 132

Bulb garden, the. 108. 167. 228
Bulb rearing in Lincolnshire. 38

Bulb show. R.H.S.. 54
Bulbs ; American embargo on
Dutch. 140: homegrown. 122

Bullace The Langley. 167

Burnham Beeches, the holanv of.
200

Cabbage crop, the 143

Cabbage, disease resistant varieties

of 87; spring, 24. 88
r'ftbl:>age Excelsior. 146
Cabbage maggot, the. 80
Cabbage moth. the. scared by

champagne bottles, 42
Cabbages, recuperative powers of.

118
Cairo, public gardens at, 207
Callitr\^ r-l.'^.i-a. 3

Calories, food, 193

Camellia Sasanqua at Abbot's
Wood, Godalming. 167; C. Thei-
fera, 67, 82, 92

Canada, export of nurserv stock to,
121

Canker of Sweet Chestnut. 50

Canner. the home. 56

Cantua buxifolia. 18

( arbon bisulphide as an insecti-
cide, 62

Carludovica palmata (Panama h;it
plant), 100

Carnations, acid jihosphiite as a
manure for, 60

Carnations, Pei-petual - flowering.
R.H.S. trial of. 100

Carrot Champion Scarlet Horn, 146

Carrots, a good crop of, 51, 56;
lifting, 207; thinning, 201. 216;
on the farm, 243

Caselton, Mr. George. 233

Catiilogues. eighteenth century nur-
sery, 152, 162. 201, 226

Catalogues, Paper Commission's
regulations concerning seeds-
men's, 142

Cattle and horse fodder, 253

Cattle in the yards. 194

Cattleya Applctonii. 206; V.
ChaVm, 22 ; C. Damara, 105 ; C.
Egcrides. 46; C. Lady Carlisle,
66: C. Mendelii, abnormal flowers
of. 13; C. Phaedra, 76; C. Tren-
tino alba, 195; C. Venus. 148;
C. Zonnebeke, 156

Cauliflowers, autumn sown. 87
Celeriac, 83. 146, 158
Celery leaf-miner, 14
^Centenarian market gardener, 70
(Jeratnstigma Willniuttianum, 137
Certificated Fruits ani> Vege-
tables ; Apple Ellison's Orange,
173 ; Beans : Broad Windsor, 43 ;
Exhibition Longpod, 43 ; Green
Giant, 43; Beets: Brydon's Ex-
hibition. 243; Cheltenham Green
Top, 243 ; Covent Garden Compact
Top. 243; Dewar's Northumber-
land Red, 243; Dewing's Turnip-
shaped Globe, 103; Green Top,
243; Nutting's Selected Red,
243: Sutton's Perfection, 243;
Onions : Autumn Triumph, 103 ;
Froxfield, 103; Mammoth Red
Tripoli, 103; White Leviathan.
103 ; Yellow Rocca, 103 ; Peas ;
Clipper, 43; Latest of All, 143;
Longstander, 143; Rearguard,
143; Plums: Utility, 93; Victor
Christian, 153; Potatos; Golden
Wonder. 243 ; Great Scot, 243 ;
King Albert. 243; King George,
243; Langworthy, 243
Certificated Plants : Anemone
vitifolia tonientosa, 53 ; Aster
.Tohn Vaughan, 132; Berberis
polyantha (awarded F.C.C.),
173; Brasso-C'attleya Cliftonii
var. Ashworthiae, ' 223; B.-C.
Dietrichiana, . 192 ; B.C. Ilene
The Bride, 133; B.C. Ilene The
Knowie var., 163; B.C. Ladv
Veitch , 93 ; B.-C. Lisotte. 183 ;
B.C. Oberon Sander's var., 223;
B.C. Soprano, 182; Brasso-Laelio-

IV The Gardeners' Chronicle.]

INDEX.

[December 29, 1917.

Cattleya Ashworthiae, 253; B.^
L.-C. Lady Manningham-BuUer,
213; Carnations: Marion Wilson,
233, 234; Mrs. Edward Doutv.
233; Winter Glow, 234; Cattleya
Albion, 73 ; C. armainvillierense
Ashworthiae, 253; C. ashland-
ense, 253 ; C. Astrom alportensis.
183; C. A. var. Madonna, 223:
C. A. The Dell variety, 192; C.
Bowringiana, magnifica, 183: t'.
Corona, 223; C. Dionysius var.
superba, 183 ; C. Doreen, 163 : C.
Fabia albo-Regina. 253; C. Fabia
alba var. Ashworthiae, 253; C.
labiata Briggs Burv, 253 ; C. Fabia
var. Prince of Wales, 183; C. F.
Imperator, 223 : C. Fabiata, 183 :
223; C. F. var Champion, 183;
C. fulva a.urea, 183 ; C. Hardy-
ana Houghton's var., 183; C. H.
Robiana, 183 ; C. Harold var.
Drapeau Blanc, 182 ; C. Iris
Orchidhurst variety, 133 ; C.
Ivernia, 193 ; (.'. labiata Pride of
Southgate, 223; C. Linda Ash-
•worth s var., 223; C. Marmion,
183 ; C. Mossiae var. Barlac
Snowdro'p, 9; C. M. Maxige, 9;
C. M. Kitchener, 9 : C. Mrs. Pitt
Charlesworth's var., 93; C.Mrs.
Pitt vaj. Leeana, 163; C. Naida
exquisitia, 93 ; C. N. var. superha,
183; C. Portia Heathfield var.,
223 ; C. Prince John var. Dorothy
Sharp. 123; G. Princess Royal,
53 ; C. Princess Roval var. Fire
King, 182 ; C. pumiLa alba, 183 ;
C. Reineckiana var. Ash
worthiae, 9; C. Rosita Orchid-
hurst var., 53; C. Sava Queen
var. E.xquisitum, 223; C. Syhil
aui'ea, 183 ; C. S. magnifica, 183 ;
C. S. var. R«ine de Sa.ba, 123:
C. Thebes var. Rev. J. Cromble-
holme, 123 ; C. Thora, 163 ; C. T.
var. Leeana, 1'83 ; C. Triclotho.
253; C. triumphans var. The
Baron, 73 ; C. Venus, var Colos-
sus, 182; C. V. var. Cyclops,
183; C. V. var. Princess
Mary, 123; C. V. The Knowle
var., 163; C. Yula (not
Zulu), 123; Ceratostigma Will-
mottia.nuni, 132; Chrysanthe-
imums : Akx. Hervey, 192, 193 :
Brilliant . 212; Crusader, 192;
Donald, 192; General Retain,
192; Lustre, 193; Mrs. George
Monro, 193; Princess Mary,
212; Crab Cheal's Crimson, 112;
Cypripediom Actaeus, 225 ; C
Atherton Walker, 182; C.
Charlesworthii var. Merle Dene,
163; C. Gen. AUenbv, 253; C.
Gen. Pershing, 253; C. Gol-
den Fleece West Point var..
255; C. Horrocksianum, 253; C.
insigne var. Louis Sander, 234 ;
C. John Hartley, 223; C. Muriel
amethystinum, 183 ; C. niveiim
var. Dorothy Clare. 9 ; Dahlias :
Alma, 112; Autocrat. 133, Bianca,
92; Bliush Star, 133; Cambria.
135; Dominion, 112; Eastern Star.
92; Fire King. 113; Golden Rain,
92; Guardia.n, 112; HaroB, 112;
Harry Crabtree, 92 : Herbert
BIackm.an, 92; Iw Belle, 112;
Mark, 133; Mauve Star, 112;
Medallion, 93; Miss Lewis, 112;
Mrs. Edward Moss, 133; Mrs.
J. A. Jarrett, 92, 133; Penelope,
112; Planet, 133; Primrose Star:
92; Rev. John Hamlet. 112, 121;
.St. Egwyn, 112; Sea Horse, 112;
Sincerity, 133: Snow Cloud, 133:
Transpo-rt, 133, Delphiniums :
BellaxJonna, 103; Capri, 103; Col.
Sir Wvnd'ham Murray. 103 ;
gi-andiflorum, .103; ' Harrv
.Smetham. 103; Kingston Queen,
103 ; Ladv Georgina Legge,
103; Lady Hammick, 103;
Lamartine. ia3 ; Moerheimi, 103;
Mrs. A. J. Watson, 103; Mrs.
Shirley, 103 ; Professor Coleman,

103 ; Roxenlust, 103 ; Dendrobium
Dearii var. superba, 103 ; D.
Sanderae McBean's var., 103;
Eschscholzias ; Crocea compacta
Mandarin, 103; Mikado, 103;
Eustoma. Russellianum var.
EUisii, 92: Gladioli: Lady Rose
mary Portal, 73; Sunspot, 53:
Gentiana Purdomii, 53. Iris
Dominion, 9; I. pallida Dal-
matica, 9; L p. Princess Beat
rice, 9: 1. p. Rev. W. Wilks, 9:
Laelio-Cattleya Adrienne, 183 :
L.-C. Alex \Vest Point var., 253;
L.-C. Aphrodite Lily Cowan, 9:
L.-C. Armada West Point var.,
223; L.-C. Britannia var. Her-
mione, 183; L.-C. Bronze King,
112; L.-C. Canhaminosa var.
Golden Fleece, 93; L.-C. Clive
var. Golden Beauty, 183; L.-C.
Com.mander-in-Chiof, 112; L.-C.
Domos superba, 9; L.-C. G. G.
Whitelegge magnifica, 163; L.-C.
Gothyus, 253; L.-C. Hadrian
Ashworthiae. 253; L.-C. lumi
nosa aurea Rossendale, 103 :
L.-C. luminosa The Knowle var.,
183; L.-C. Marina var. Dread-
nought (not Ma.ronii), 183, 223 ;
E.-G. Mita, 183; L.-C. Myreha
var. superba, 223; L.-C. Orion
Ashworthiae, 253; L.-C. Queen
Marie ashlandensis, 182; L.-C.
St. George, Bryndir variety, 173 :
L.-C. Serbia var. Princess Pa.t-
ricia. 223; L.-C. Zeno, 173;
Miltonia Charlesworthii var.
Conyngham, 9; M. Isobel
vSander, 9 ; M. Lyotli Conyng-
liam, 9 ; M. Venus var. Fasci-
nator, 192 ; Odontioda ama-
bile Ashworthiae, 223; 0.
■loan var. Cranmore, 183 ; 0.
memoria Lionel Crawshay, 9 :
U. punctatum var. Princess
Maud, 223 ; Odontoglossum ama-
bile var. Royal George, 163 ; 0.
crispum Siptah, 253; 0, c. The
Premier, 173 ; 0. Edna var.
Beautv. 253 : 0. c. xanthotes var.
The Gentlewoman, 223; 0. c.
xanthotes Nadine, 163; 0. exi-
mium Conoueror, 9 ; O. General
AUenby, 213; 0. Golden Oriel.
253 ; O. Henrv Thompson.
163; 0. Lilian, 28: O. Minos.
9 ; 0. Pescatorei gi'ande, 9 :
0. Phoebe splendens, 9 ; 0.
President Poincare, 163 ; 0.
Queen Alexandra memoria Lionel
Crawshay, 9; 0. Zulu. 103:
O. Queen Maatka, 183 : Pop-
pies : Dwarf .Scarlet Frineed.
43 : Scarlet King, 43 ; Primula
obconica Eureka (strain), 212:
Roses: Clarence Goodacre, 113;
Edel, 29; E. Godfrev Brown,
29; Emma Wrisrht, 29': Francis
Gaunt, 113 ; Irish Afterglow. 28 ;
J. de Escofet. 113 : John Davi-
.oon, 113: Mermaid. 8. 29; Miss
May Marriott, 8, 29; Mrs.
George Marriott, 29: Mrs. H. D.
Green, 29: Mrs. Redford. 113:
Mrs. Stewart Clarke, 29;Nancv,
29; Sunstar, 28, 29; T. F. Cr'o-
zier. 29: Qufen Alexandra.
29 ; Walter C. Clark. 8 ; Pax. 29 :
Saimbucus ra<:emosus plumosus,
28 ; .Sophro-Cattleva Dorca matr-
nifica, 253; S.-C. Faboris, 163,
233 ; S.-C. Thwqitesiae, 223;
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleva Anzac

var. Vesuvius, 213; S.-L.-C,
Bryndir. 192; S.-L.-C. Roehamp-
toii, 173; S.-L.-C. The Belle,
163. Stocks : Old Rose, 103 :
Queen Alexandra, 103: Thalic-
tnim dipterocarpum. 53; Viti«
betnl'folia, 173.

Preliminary Commendation :

Odontoglossum Adonis, 173; 0.
Aspasia. 173; 0. Nysa, 173

Champagne bottles as "scares to the
Cabbage moth, 42

Chase, Agnes and A. S. Hitchcock
[Grasses of tht West Indies), 196
Cherries, the pollination of, 23
Chester, garden allotments at, 233
Chestnut, Sweet, canker in, 50
(.'hina, new plants from, 240 ; plant
collecting in, 155; tea plant of,
67, 82, 92
Chinese species-making, 250
Chinese-Tibet borderland, flora of

the, 105
Chrvsanthemums, propagation of,

224
Cider, Apples for, 114
Claremont. food production at, 98
Climbing plants that turn from left

to right, 125
Clubbing, 87, lu Turnips. 118
Cobnuts and Filberts, 157
Colorado, food production in, 3
Colour of flowers, the, 130
Colville, F. V. (Directions for Blue-
berry Cvltvre), 17
Comma in botanical names, the, 241
Conference of lecturers and advisers

in vegetable growing, 145
Confessions of a novice, 77
Conifers, notes on, 3
Conserves, fruit, 87
Conserving, fruit and vegetable.

depot for Wales, 231
Cooks, gardeners as, 178
Corn crops, the, 50, 214
" Corv' " cup for Dahlias, 121
( 'ows, autumn grass for, 74 ;

rations for milch, 203
Crab, a hybrid, 221
Cranston, Mr. Charles, 222
Crisp, Sir Frank, golden wedding

of, 90; honour for, 140
(Jritical remarks, 201
Crocus iridiflorus, 167; (.'. speci-
osus, C. s. albus, and C. s. Aitch-
insonii, 167 ; C. zonatns, 167
Crocuses, autumn-flowering, 185,

212, 228
Cropping, continuous, on same site,

147, 216, 274
Crops and stock on the home farm,
16. 44, 54, 63, 74, 83, 93, 103, 110,
114, 124, 134, 143, 152, 163, 174,
183, 193, 203, 213, 223, 234, 243,
253. 261
Cross-breeding for increased pro-
duction, 257
Cucumber hybrids, superior produc-
tiveness in, 257
Cultivation, intensive, 82
Currants, Red, a revision of the,

205, 217, 232, 237
Curtis, Mr, C. H., appointed secre-
tary of the National Chrysanthe-
mum Society, 171
Cushion plants of New Zealand,

210
Cvpripedium Baron Schroder, a
'hvbrid form of, 247; C. Etna.
148; C. Frenchay, 247; C. ,Tohn
Hartlev, 218; C. Mauviridi, 247;
C. Miss Ruth Bonsall, 227; C.
Muriel var. Amethyst. 195 : C.
Pvramus var. Black Knight. 247:
C'. rayonatiim, 247
•^'vpripedium, malformed flower of.
'76

Dahlia, origin of the Pompon, 132
Pahlia Rev. John Hamlet, 121
Dahlias, " Cory " cup for, 121
Damsons, baked, 128
Day, Harry A. (Vegecultiire), 14
Degeneration in Potatos, 100
Dendrobium aurantiacum, 66
Dianthus Lindsayi, 177
Dianthuses, hybrid, 160
Digging and trenching, 200
Drying Plums and Damsons, 107
Dug-outs in the garden, 177. 222,
233

Dutch bulbs, American embargo on,

140
Dutch Brown Bean, the, 248
Dutch seed firm's jubilee, 17
Dutch seed prospects, 161
Dwarfed trees, the making of, 11

Earwig, the, 90, 132

East Lothian, Apples in, 143

Eden, gardening in, 127, 162

Edinburgh Botanic Garden, new
plants at, 240

Educational farming, 184

Eel-worm, a suggestion for com-
bating, 116

Egypt, a soldier-gardener in, 207 ;
gardening in northern, 127

Electrification of agricultural seed,
the, 223

Ellis. E. T. (Jottings of a Gentle-
man Gardener), 3

Emptage, W. F. (Commercial
Strawberry Culture), 26

Employers, Government regula-
tions concerning, 171

Elford, Percy (The Cultivation of
Allotments), 17

Endothia parasitica, a disease of
Sweet Chestnut, 50

Eucalyptus, the genus, 190

Eucalyptus vernicosa, 27

Eucryphia cordifolia, 126

Euonymus japonicus, sporting and
reversion in, 27

Eustoma Russellianum, 96, 111, 132

Evergreens damaged by frost, 8, 72

Farm, crops and stock on the home,
10, 19, 29, 44, 54, 63, 74, 83,
93, 103, 114, 124, 134, 143, 152,
163, 174,, 183. 193, 203, 213, 223,
234, 243, 261
Farm pets, estimated damage by,

7
Farm seeds, home-grown, 103
Farming, educational, 184
Farming outlook, 254
Farming scholarships for women,

124
Farmyard manure. 241
Feeding a nation, 51
Ferns, the protection of wild, 80
Fertilisers, scarcity of, 110 ; trans-
port of, 221
Ficus stipulata minima fruiting,

194
Finger-and-Toe disease. 87; in

Turnips, 118
Flies : and manure, 61 ; killed by

Rhododendrons, 185

Flora of Formosa, 150

Flower garden, operations in the,

5, 15, 25, 41, 49, 59, 69, 79, 89,

99, 109, 119, 129, 139, 149, 159,

■ 169, 179, 189, 199, 209, 219, 229,

239, 249, 259
Flower pots, the repair of, 8
Flowers, colours of, 130 ; in an
unheated greenhouse, 84 ; in sea-
son. 40, 160 ; raising new varie-
t'es of, from seed, 212, 222
Fodder, cattle and horse, 253
Food plants in the Philippines, 110
FcMx], the presei-vation of, 80
Food production, 55; at Aldenham
House, 12; at Claremont, 98; in
Colorado, 3 ; in France, 48 ; on
increased, 3, 14, 24, 42, 51, 55, 77,
87, 97, 107, 117, 128, 138, 145,
158, 168, 178, 197, 207, 215, 228,
238, 240, 247, 256; societies spe-
cially concerned in, 4
Food values, 198

December 29, 1917.]

INDEX.

[The Gardeners' Chronicle. V

Foreign correspondence, 3, 40, 58

Forestry, 22, 116

Forficula auricularia, the Eajwig,
90, 132

Formosa, the flora of, 150

Forrest, Mr. George, plant collect-
ing in China, 105, 165

Foul brood in bees, the cxire for,
99

France, a cure's garden in, 77 ;
food production Ln, 48 ; fruit im-
ports from, 90 ; garden notes
from, 96; gift of fruit trees to,
240 ; hundred-year-old Potatos
in, 210 ; notee from, 23, 77 ; re-
serves of Potatos in, 191 ; saving
the damaged trees in, 17; soldier-
gardener in, 177; trade with.
221

French agriculture and labour from
the British Army, 23

French nursery products, exports
of, 150

Friar Park, royal visitors at. 121

Frost : and evergreens, 72 ; the
effects of, on plants at Leonards-
lee, Sussex, 57

Fniit and vegetables bottles for
preserving, W; the drying of, 98;
the transit of. 19

Frait conser\ang, 87

Fruit crops : a/t Mount Felix, Wal
ton-on-Thames, 103 ; reports on
the condition of the, 32, 38, 45,
61. 68, 81. 91. 101, 106

Fruit farming for disabled officers,
221

Fruit growers and militan^ service.
128

Fruit growers, a federation of, 50

Fruitgrowing in war-time, 87

Fruit, imports of. from France.
90 ; the fitoring of late, 151 ; note
on, 128: register, 85. 107, 167.
236

Fruit trees, effect of grass on, 62.
88, 106, 170, 187; gift of, to
France, 240; insect pests of, 26;
scale insects and American blight
on, 162 ; summer pruning of, 85

Fruiting trees and shrubs, 226. 242,
255

Fruits: in bottles. 42; in season.
61. 80; new or noteworthy. 150;
prices for. 82; under glass, culti-
vation of. 5. 15, 25. 41, 49, 58.
69. 79, 88. 99. 109, 119 129, 139.
149, 159. 169. 179. 189. 199. 208.
218. 228. 239, 249. 259

Fuchsias, the raising of new, 212.
222

Fumigating a plant-stove, 184

Fungi and the fixation of nitrogen.
26

Gallow.w garden, notes from a, 21,
65, 95, 125, 155, 185. 255

Garden allotments at Chester. 233

Garden, an economic, 16

Gaivden notes from France, 96

Garden Sunday, 26

Gardeners : and the Restricted
Occupations Order. 40 ; as vege-
table cooks, 178 ; beque.^ to, 16,
150; some 17th and 18th centurv.
235

Gardeners' Chrnniclr. subscription
to the, 60, 82

Gardener's fifty years' eervioe, a,
222

Gardeners, four veteran. 141

Gardeners and the War : —
KTr.r,ED : Blot. Manricp. 251 :
Ch.apman, Lieut. M. H. 101 ;
Corbett, Gunner C. W.. 211;
Dftwar, Private William, 101:
Digoy. Capt. Charles, 121 ;
Diirand, Alexandre. 251 ; Ea.f
lea. Private W., 161; Hanlcy,

Lieut. B., 101. Wounded :
Broadley, Private John, 131 ;
Errey, Private Gilbert, 161 ;
Nomblot, Alfred. 121; Pinguet.
Louis, 121

Gardening : by soldiers, 210 ; fore-
thought in, 60 ; in Eden, 127 ; in
India, 200; in Northern Egypt,
127

Gardening lectures for teachers, 258

Gardens, home, 228

Gaut, Mr. Alfred, retirement of,
182

German prisoners on the land, 200

Germany, Potato crops in, 6

Germination, method of accelerat-
ing, 161

Gibson, Mr. James, 100

Ginkgo biloba at Blaise Castle, 166

Glasgow Botanic Gardens, Poso-
queria latifolia at, 226

Gooseberry mildew, American, 92

Gordonia and Shorea, 252

Grape industry in New Zealand,
121

Grapes ; cultivation of, without fire
heat, 103; dried, 197; from Tre-
varno, Cornwall, 80 ; Ln unheated
vineries, 72 ; supporting the
shoulders of, 27, 52; the shrivel-
ling of, 214

Grass, autumn, fm' cows, 74

Grassland, breaking up, 190, 208 :
fruit trees on, 88, 106, 170, 187 ;
garden cultivation of poor, 50 ;
ploughing, 10, 44. 93; renovating.
261

Grasses, the identification of, by
their vegetative characters, 16.

Greece, good garden plants in, 188

Greenhouse, unhealed, flowers for
an, 84

Ground operationa, 200, 228, 238;
in winter, 215

Gunfire and rainfall, 80

Gunneras in the North, 152, 162

Gwynn, Stephen, and Gertrude M.
Tuckwell (The Life of the lit.
Hon. Sir diaries IF. mil-e.
Bart.), 211

Gales, destructive. 92. 223

H

Hailstorm damage to Peach and

Nt>ctarine crops, 61
Hardy flower border, the, 2. 116
Hardv fruit garden, operations in
the. 4, 15. 24, 41, 48, 58, 69, 79,
89, 99. 109, 119, 129, 139, 148.
159, 169, 178, 189, 198, 209. 219.
229, 239, 248, 259
Hares, the sale of, 20
Haricot Beans, dri'Mi, 216
Harris, Mr. Frank, 181
Hay and Corn crops, the, 214
Hay, crop of, in mid -Atlantic, 251
Hedges around arable fields, 152,

253
Hibiscus s\Tiacus, 157, 185, 192
Highland forests, work in, 22
Hitchcock, A. S., and Agnes Chase
{Grns-tes of the West Indies), 196
Holdenby Gardens in the seven-
teenth century, 50
Holland, seed pro.'ipects in, 161
Holland House. Kensington, Petrea

volubilis at, 226
Holv Land, botany and geography

of the, 245, 260 '
Hops. acreaEe of, 100
Horticultural Club room commam-
decrad, 16: fresh arrangements.
221
Horticultural College. Swanley, 26
Horticulture: and the Bench. 200;
in Belgium. 181 : instruction in.
210
Hot-water, heating by. and econo-
mical stoking, 195

Hunter, Mr. A. N., 200

Hvbrid Liliums, 108

H'vbrid Orchids, 13, 22, 85, 148,

206, 227
Hybrids, superior productiveness

in, 257
Hybridisation, plant, 40

India, Adansonia digitata in, 22 ;
gardening in, 200

Insect pests of fruit trees, 26

Insecticide, carbon bisulphide as
an, 62 ; vinegar as an, 142

Insects and birds, 19

Intensive cultivation, 82; in Soot-
land, 62

Iris stylosa, early flowers of, 218

Iris, variation in form of, 1

.Iaborosa integrifolia, 227
.lamaica, agriculture in, 80
Ja.pan, letters from, 57, 137; plaaift

collecting in, 57
.Tapanese dwarf trees, the onaking

of, 11
.Temmclt, Mr. J., 141
.luan Fernandez, the Sandalwood

tree of, 48
.Tuniperus taxifolia on Bomin

I.sland, Japan, 137

Kale, Marrow, 171. 182

Keeble. Prof. F., honour for, 90

Kent, the Garden of England, in

war-time, 6
Kmv Gardens, increased wages a/t, 7
" Kew Bulletin " to be published, 7
Kinver Edge. Wordsley. presented

to the National Trust. 140
Kitchen garden, management of
the. 4. 14. 24. 41, 48, 58. 69, 79,
88. 98. 108, 118. 129, 138, 148,
158, 169. 178, 188, 198, 208, 218,
228. 238. 248, 259
Kohl T!.i.bi, to cook, 158
Koweit, the veget.ition of, 50

Laelio-Cattleya Armada Weaton-
b!rt var. , 105; L,-C. Azael,
22; L.-C. Berthe Foumier,
176: L.-C. Carmen, 3;

L.-C. Gatton Princess, 156;
L,-C. Glaucus, 66; L.-C.
Golden Wings, 218; L.-C.
Honoria. 195: L -C. .Jacinth, 85;
L.-C. Lvdaurca, 227; L.-C. Mrs.
R. P. Murray. 227: L.-C. Nydia,
3; L.-C. Opal. 126; L.-C." Sir
Henrv Wil.^ion, 206; L.-C. S. 0.
Stevenson, 22
Lafosse, Mons. , retirement of, 222
Lattice-leaf plant, the, 223
Lavender, appeal for, in aid of

y.M.C.A. fund, 46
L«wNriTFi Prosociitions under the

Sped Potatos Older, 1917. 93
Leaf miners affecting vegetaWe.?. 14
Lecturers, a conference of hortioul-

iura.l. 145
Leonard.slee. Sussex, effect of fwst
on plants at. 57

Letters from soldier-gardener*, 127,

188, 207
LUium, a hybrid, 86
Lilium Mai-tagon album at Man-

reith, 152, 172
Liliums, hybrid, 108
Lincolnshire, bulb-rearing in, 38
Linnean society for Sweden, a, 230
Linum perenne and rabbits, 192 ;

L. salsoloides vai-. nanum, 116
Lizard, the, on a morning in June,

31
Loganberry, pruning the, 52
London, allotments in, 60
Lonicera Maackii, 252 ; L. trago-

phylla, 40
Lucerne in orcJiards, 76. 126

M

Macedonia, seed-growing in, 40
Maiden, J. H. {Critical Review of

the Genus Eucalyptus), 190
Maize : as cattle food, 74, 143 ; as

human food, 14
Malformed Cypripedium, 76
Mangolds, cultivation of, 44, 243 ;

harvesting, 153
Manure : as a breeding ground for

flies, 51 ; at Army oiunps, 241 ;

effect of, on farm crops, 203 ;

farmyard. 241
Market fruit garden, notes from the.

1, 11. 67. 76. 86. 106, 121. 126,

156. 186. 225
Market gardener, a centenarian, 70
Market-g,a.rdening in the Paris

suburbs. 48
Marrow Kale, 30, 171, 182
Marsliall, the late Mr. William,

212, 222
Maxwell, Sir Hertert, " Notes

from a Galloway Garden," 21, 65,

95, 125, 155, 185. 255
May, Mr. Henry B., 40
Medjar seeds ns poultry food, 141
Merodon equestris. 30
Mesemhryanthemuni aequilater.iJe.

51
Milk depots, co-opevativo. 258
Millais. J. G. (Bhndnd cndron.% and

the Various Hybrids). 230
Montbretia rosea, 108
Morisia hypogaea, 105, 125 ; seed-
lings of." 142
Mount Felix. Wnlton-on-Thames,

fruit crops at, 103
Munition works, growing vege-

taibles for a, 78
Alushroom culture, 238 ; high prices

for. 241
Mustard as a green manure for

Wheat land', 30, 54

N

Narcissus fly, the, 30

National Diploma of Horticulture,
results of examination in, 16

National Fruit Growers' Federa-
tion, 60

National seed-testing station, 171

Nerine apnendiculata, 167

Nerines. 117

New Zealand. Cushion plants of,
210; Grape industry in, 121

New Zealander's reminiscences of
Messrs. Rnllinson's nursery. 116

Nicotine, need for cTieap, 1, 11, 42,
67

Notes : from a Gnllowav garden,
9:1. 65. 95. 125. 155. 185.'?.'^5: from
France. 23, 77; on Conifers. 3

Novelties in vegetables. 42. 108

Novice, confessions of a, 77

Nymiphaea stellata, hard.iness of,
142

Vl The Gardeners' Chrouicle.J

INDEX.

[December 29, 1917.

Oak, the Turkey, 218

Oats, the electrification o£ Beed, 54

OBITUARY: Abbey, George, 10; Ash-
worth, Elijah,' 174; Bargery,
G. T., 29; Bull, Mrs. W.,
261; Clucas, R. W., 213:
Druery, Charles T., 63, 73; Fax-
geton, Gustave, 29; Gait, A., 83;
Hariot, M. Paul, 83; Laing,
James, 114; MacV'inish, Alex-
ander, 83; Marshall, William,
202; Oney, Robert Thorburn,
114; Parton, W. H., 213; Pat-
tington, George, 63; Riseley,
E. E., Ill; Rozain-Boucharlat,
29; Russell, Hari7, 203; Scott,
Daniel, 203; Smale, Fred C, 253;
Smith, Worthington G., 180;
Thomson, W. A., 213; Vilmonn,
Philippe de, 19 ; Voss, Walter A . ,
29; Ware, Walter T.. 253;
Young, John, 44

Odontiodas, 115

Odontoglossum ardeu'tdora, 206 ; 0.
chiriquense, 67 ; 0. Corinna, 46 ;
0. Ethelreda, 218; 0. Nairsia^-,
23 ; 0. Hamipsonae, 22

Onion and Potato crops at rieston,
207

Onion crop, the, 128; at Angerton,
Morpeth, 168

Onions, autumn-sown, 77, bolting
in, 52, 78, 107 ; grown on the same
border for twenty-three years,
216 ; preparing land for, 214 ;
trial of spring-sown, 173

Orchard trees, the pruning of, 134

Orchards, grass, 187 ; Luoeirae in,
76, 126 ; poultry in, 134 ; renovat-
ing, 213

Orchid houses, the management of,
5 15, 25, 48, 59, 69, 79, 89, 98,
109. 119, 138, 149, 159, 179, 189,
198, 209, 219, 229, 248, 259

Orchid notes and gleanings, 3, 13.
22 46, 66, 76, 85. 105, 115, 126,
136, 148, 156, 168, 176, 195, 206,
218, 227, 247, 259

Orchids, hybrid, 13, 22, 46, 76, 85.
148. 206," 227; at Blenheim. 136.
247 ; at Messrs. J. Cypher and
Sons, 136 ; sales of, 115

Orchis foliosa at Formalcin, Ren
freiwshire, 58

Ormskirk Potato show, 202

Oshima, Japan, the flora of, 57

Ouvirandra fenestralis (Lattice-leaf
plant), 223

Oxalis corym'bosa, 103

Palestine, agricultural machinery
in, 161 ; botany and geography of,
245, 260 ; a soldier-gardener in, 68

Palm-court, a, presented: to Swan-
sea, 131

Panama hat, the, 100

Paper Commission and seedsmen's
catalogues, 142

Paradise Apple stocks, 160

Parsley for winter, 197

Parsnip leaf miner, 14

Pasture, old. the treatment of, 78,
261

Pastures, weeds in, 152

Pavnter, F. G. {A Good Living from ,
Poultry). 17

Pea and Bean weevils, method of
destroying, 60

Peas : Distinction, 88 ; Michaelmas,
168

Peach and Nectarine crops
damaged by hail, 61

Peaches J. H. Hale, 150; Lady
Palmerston. 157; Marquis of
Downshire, 235; Pearson, 150

Peach trees, suckers from, 63 ;
double-flow ejed, 181

Pear midge, the, 10

Peare and Apples in 1779, vaj-ieties
of, 182

Peas, drying, 10, 216 ; eai-ly pod.s
of, 197 ; trials of late varieties of,
143

Pergolas, a lecture on, 175, 187

Petrea volubilis at Holland House,
Kensuiigtoa, 226

Pettigrew, Mr, W. W., new ap-
poiiitmeht of, 90

Phaseolus, or Dutch Bean, 248

Phellodendron sachalinense, 186

Philippine Islands, food plants in
the, 110

PMox Iris versicolor, 116

Phoenix canariensLs in the Palace
Gardens, Sydney, 138

Phorbia brassicae (Cabbage mag-
got), 80

Phosphate, acid, as maniu* for
Roses and Carnations, 60

Picea pungens glauca at Chester
Horticultural College, 142

Pickering, Spencer (The Effect of
One Plant on Atwther), 121

Pigeons, wood, 241

Pigs, the management of, 83, 234

Pineapples, canned, from Queen.s-
land, 121

Pinguet, M. Louis, 121

Plant collecting in China by Mr.
George Forrest, 165

Plant, effect of one, on another, 170,
253, 242

Plant hybridising, 40

Plant notes, 108, 218

Planting, " Stringfellow '" method
of, 254

Plants for carpeting brick rubble,
182

Plants, New or Noteworthy :-
Noliiia Loderi, 66

Plants that bloom at night, 64

Plants under glass, the cultiv.-ition
of, 5, 15, 25, 49, 59, 69, 79, 89,
98, 109, 119. 129, 139, 149, 159,
169, 179, 189, 199, 209, 219, 229.
249. 259

Plant Portrait* :- Aster fusee
scens, 258; Berberis aggregata.
258; Bulbophyllum lilacinum,
258; Castilleja miniata, 258;
Cryptophoranthus Davanus, 258 ;
Daphne Giraldii. 258"; Grevillea
oleoides, 258; Megacai-paea poly-
a>idra, 258 ; Odontoijlossum chiri-
(|iiense, 258; Odontoglossimi
platycheihim, 257 ; Oreocharis
Fnrrestii, 257; Oresitrophe rupi-
f raga, 253 ; Orthrosanthus chim-
boracensis, 258 ; Pinus tubercu
lata, 257; Pleione Pricei, 258;
Polygonum GrifRthii, 258:
Primula nutans, 258 ; Prunus sub-
hirtella var. autumnalis, 258 ;
Rhododendron Cuffeanum, 258 ;
Rhododendron Fargesii, 258 :
Rhododendron neriinorum, 258;
Sarchochilus solomonensis, 258 :
Sechium edule, 258 ; Sinofran
chetia chinensis, 258 ; Syringa
Wilsonii, 258

Plums : Orpington Prolific, 191 ; Vic-
tor Christian, 157 ; and Damsons,
drying of, 107; preserved, 197

Pompon Dahlia, origin of the, 132

Ponds, weeds in, 30

Poplar, a new hybrid, 137

Poppies, annual, a trial of, 43

Populus X generosa, 137

Posoqueria latifolia, 226

Potash from Bracken Fern, 128

Potato blossom, effect oS. removing,
178

Potato competitions on allotmentis,
158

Potato crop of 1918, the, 214

Potato crop, the North American.
231

p '.«, rv-^ps, a succession of, 158:
of England and Germany. 6

Potato dealers, registration of, 140

Potato disease, 67, 87 ; prevented
by deep planting, 118 ; sipread of.

Potato, food value of the, 250;
prospects, 3, 56 ; show at Orms-
kirk, 202

Potato spraying, 42, 122, 138, 171,
191, 258; by moonlight, 24; cam
paign, 258 ; effect of, on other
crops, 3; in 1917, 150; results of,
222

Potato tuber weighing 4 lbs. 12 ozs.,
190

Potatos : Duke of York, 172, 182;
Great Scot, 208; May Queen,
208 ; Sir J. Llewelvn, 215 : Snow-
drop, 138 ; Star of' Reading, 182 ;
The Norseman, 216; Windsor
Cafitle, 198, 228

Potatos, alcohol from, 210 ; and
Onions at Heston, 207 ; and
Onions at Kilmarnock, 158 ; at
Newark, 168 ; black -leg disease
of, 182 ; Bordeaux mixture versus
lime-sulphur as a spray for, 121 ;
degeneration in, 100, 122, 128,
132, 138, 210; early, 172, 182;
early and second early, 198; fines
for illegal sale of, 95, "l41 ; French
reserves of, 191 ; good crops of,
87, 128, 168; hundred-year-old
varieties of, 210; immune varie-
ties of, 168 ; mulch method of
growing, 55; new, at Christmas,
55; on grass land at Aldenham,
191 ; order as to the sale of , 25 ;
prices for early, 6; sale of " im-
mune," for eating, 222; second
crop of, 178; storage of, 75:
trials of, 158, 238, 248; yields of,
117

Poultry : in orchards, 134 ; Medlar
seeds as food for, 141 ; on the
farm, 63

Primula, seed of hybrid, 52

Primula chionantha, 256: P. sino
purpurea, 241

Printars' wages, increases in, 231

Prisoners of war engaged in agri-
culture, 231

Pruning : Apples, 225 ; fruit trees
in summer, 52, 86 ; instructions
in, 225; orchard trees, 134

Prumis Pisisartii, fruiting of, 90:
P. Pseudo-Cerasus, 47

Pumpkins, to cook, 208

Pyrus arbutifolia var. erythrocarpa
and wasps, 7

Pyrus Aucuparia {Rowan tree), 155,
192

Pvrus Mains floribunda purpurea,
221

Queensland, canned Pineapples

from, 121
Quercus Cerris, 218

Rabbits : in the fruit garden, 124;
Linum perenne destroyed bv.
192

Raffia and camjouflage, 241

Railway gardens, 70

Railway rates for land produce, 221

Radnfall : and gunfire, 80; a record,
40

Rape and Turnips followed bv
Wheat. 54

Raspberries: Empire, 150; Novem-
ber Abundance, 107

Red Currants : as standard bushes,
42: a revision of the, 205, 217,
232, 237

Restricted Occupations Order, the,
and gardeners, 40

Rhododendrons: as fly-traps, 185;
nlantinir, 212, 233, 242; propaga-
tion of, 194

R,hubai^b, 24

Robins in Monmouthahire, 182

Robinson, Mr. T., 141

Rockwell, F. F. (Around the Win
in the Garden) ,252

Rock garden, the, 58

Rodents, estimated damage by, 7

RoUiiiiSon's Nursery, a New Zea-
lander's reminiscences of, 116

Root crop yields for 1917, 241

Rosa himalayica alba magna, 23 ;
R. Moyesii, 106, 122 ; R. setipod.i,
151

Rosarian's war shift*, a, 85

Rosary, the, 2, 23, 95, 129, 196

Roses : American PiUar, 182, 196 ;
Mermaid, 56 ; Queen Alexandra,
42 ; Roby, 40 ; acid phosphate as
a fertiliser for, 60 ; at Bagatelle,
2 ; climbing and piUar, novelties
in, 95 ; planting, 220 ; Ramblex,
failing to bloom, 62

Rowan tree, the, 155, 192

Royal Horticultural Society's vege-
table campaign, 145

Ruhleben Hortioultui-al Society, 7,
151

Runner Beans, dried, 24; for soups,
14 ; to presei-ve, 128

Rve and Winter Barlev, 93

S

Salvia splendens, a ruddy-purple
sport of, 218

Samoan and Tonga Islands, 100

Santalum fernandezianum (Sandal-
wood tree), 48

Sauerkraut, to maJse, 80

Scale insects and American blight
on fruit trees, 162

Scare for Cabbage moths, champagne
bottles as a, 42

School-gardening aT Sherborne, 171

Science and the nation, 7

ScirNTiFicCoMMiTTE«: Actinidia
chinensis, fruits of, 182 ; Akebia
lobata, fruit of, 182 ; ants attack-
ing LUiums, 43, 83; Arum
italicum, fruits of, 182; Aspa-
ragus, fasciation in, 42 ; Barlev
fifeld, infertility in a, 42; Bhack
Currant rust, 122; Black -leg of
Potato, 83 ; Blackthorn growing
on an Apple tree. 72 : Calceo-
larias, hybrid, 43: Calystegia
senium rosea, 243: Carnations,
Wheat-ear, 223 : Chimonanthus
fragrane grandiflora, 243: Coles-
bourne, interesting plants from,
8, 19, 43, 72, 83;" Coniothyrium
sp. attacking Rasplberries, 83 ;
Convolvulus arvensis hastatus,
243 ; Cronartinm ribicola, 8, 128 ;
Currant, White, change of colour
in, 43 ; Delphinium, peloric,
19; Delphinium. sTiorting in,
72; Diervilla. sporting in, 72;
Druery, the late Mr, C. T., 83;
Enations on foliage of Picrasmfl,
42 ; Fasciation and light, 243 ;
Fasciation in Asparagus, 42 ;
Festuca x loliacea, 19; Hail,
damage by, 72 ; hail, effect of, on
Onions, 8 ; house refuse as
manure, 243 ; Iris foetidiasima
attacked by a mining Dipteron,
223 ; Light, the supposed effect
of, on fasciation and flower pro-
duction, 243; Liliuima attacked
by ants, 43, 83 ; Loganberry,
galls on, 223: Lonirera Hilde-
Ibrandtii, fruit of, 182; Manure
from house refuse, 243 ; Mints,
hybrid, 8: Myddelton House,
plants from, 182 : Nnttallia cera-
.liformis, fruits of, 72; Onions,
the effect of hail on, 8;
Peloria in Delphinium, 19 ;
Picrasma ailanthoides, enations
on foliage of, 42: Pine, rust dis-
ease of, 8 ; plants from Coles-
bourne. 8, 19, 43, 72, 83; Populus

December 29, 1917.]

INDEX.

lasiocarna, 8; Potato Black-leg,
83; Potato spraying. 8; Pyrus
Niedzwetzkyana, a seedling" of,
343 ; Raspberry canker, 83 ;
Salt water, scorching of plants
by, 8; Stuartia Pseiiflocamellia.
fruits of, 243; Sweet Pea Cupid
with " Spencer " flowers, 43,
72; Sycamore attacked by Xyln-
borus dispar, 8 ; Trachycarpus
excelsus fruiting at DuiTrvn,
South Wales, 122; T. excebus
immature fruits of, 182; \Maite
Currant, change of colour in, 43 ;
Wistaria, the fruiting of, 223;
Xyloborus dispar in Sycamore, 8
Scotland, new Seed Trade Associa-
tion in, 190
Scottish National Union of Allot-
ment Holders, 230
Seed, electrified, 29, 223
Seed-growing, 19 ; in Macedonia,

40
Seed-testing station, a national,

171, 211
Seed Trade Association, a new, in

Scotland, 190
Seed Wheat, 10; Government sup-
plies of, 181
Seedlings, cure for dampijig in, 160
Seeds : for allotment holders, 131 ;
irregular germination of, 7, 35,
87 ; lost names of, in eighteenth-
century catalogues, 226; old and
new, 24, 42; new varieties of
flowers from, 212, 222; shortage
of, 14, 140, 171
Seventeenth-century garden, a, 50
Seward, A. C. {Fos$il Plant.-:), 17
Shallota, 29
Sheep for stock, 44
Sherborne, school-gardening at, 171
Shorea and Gordonia, 252
Shrubs and trees, winter fruits of,

226
Shrubs, flowering, in Wiltshire, 242
Sinclair, Mr. A., 141
Slugs, contnj! of, 122, 162; eat-
ing Apples, 186
Sluis and Groot, fiftieth anni-
versary of the firm of, 17
Small-holding colony, a Welsh, 231
Snow, simple method of removing,

60
SociKTic*:- Brentford Allot-
ment, 123 ; British Carnation,
234; British Whole.sale Florists',
114; Croydon Hort., 231;
Derbyshire Gardeners', 101 ;
Freshwater Hort., 60; Glasgow
and West of Scotland Hort., 122 ;
Haarlem Bulb Growers', 9; Har-
lech Agric. and Hort., 80; Hes-
ton Hort.. 207; Horticultural
Club, 221 ; Horticultural Trades',
114; Hull Garden Village Hort.,
101; Iri.sh Kose and Floral, 60;
Letchworth Garden City Hort.,
231; Linnean, 201; Liverpool
Hort., 103; Manchester and N.
of England Orchid, 9, 103,123,
163, 182, 223, 253; Midland Car-
nation and Picotee, 62 ; National
Carnation and Picotee, 43;

National ChiTsanthemum, 154.
193, 212: National Dahlia, 113:
National Rose, 29, 112; National
Sweet Pea, 154 ; National Viola
and Pansy, 29; Nutley Cottagers'
Hort., 70; Perpetual-flowering
Carnation (see British Carna-
tion); Roval Horticultural, 8, 19.
28, 42, 52," 72, 82. 92, 103, 111, 122,
132, 172, 182, 201, 212, 223, 233,
243; (Fruit Show) 153; Royal
Hort. of Aberdeen, 183 : Royal
Scottish Arboricultural, 43;
Ruhleben Hort., 131: Scottish
Hort, 43, 82, 122, 154; South-
ampton Royal Hort., 243; South-
end Food Production, 123 ; United
Horticultural Benefit and Provi-
dent, 9, 29, 93, 123, 154, 163, 222,
223, 253; Woodford Hort., 123:
Wood Gren Hort., 60
Soil -bacteria, 141
Soil, crops on virgin, 16; infected,

26
Soldier-gardeners, letters from, 58,

96, 127, 177, 188, 207
Soldiers, gardening by, 210; on

farms, 20
Sooty blotch of Apples, 212
Sophro - Laelio - Cattleva Marion.

176
South Africa, legislation regulating

imports in, 110
Southend Vegetable Exhibition, 90
Spain, agricultural machinerv for,

231
Sparrow, an albino, 182 ; the house,

27, 52, 78
Spinach, Japanese Prickley, 108 ;

winter, 87
Smith, Wortliington G., the late,

200
Species-making, Chinese, 250
Spraying Potatos, 138, 171 ; effect

of, on green crops, 3
Spring bedding, biennials suitable

for. 2
Spring Cabbage, 24, 88
Stable manure at Armv camps. 241
Standley, Paul. C. {The Mexican
and Central American Sncries of
Ficus), 31
Stevenson, Mr. Thomas, 90
Stocks, Paradise Apple, 150
Stoking, economical, 195
Strawberries, to sun drf, 80; Good

Luck, 150; Lord Suffield, 85
" Stringfellow " method of plant-
ing, 254
Sugar Beet, 29, 83, 104 ; cultivation

of, in England, 17, 238
.Sulphate of copper, i<ale of, 55
Summer pruning of fruit trees. 52.

86
Sunlight, effect of, on crops. 231
Superphosphate, the prices of, 151
Swansea, a Palm court presented

to. 131
Swedes. 253 ; mildew attacking, 44
Sweet Pea spike with seven blooms.

162
.Sweet Peaa, Sncncer Cupid, 140
Syringa japonica, 40

T.tMAR river, on the. 25
Tea plants, 67, 82, 92
Thalictrum dipterocai'pum. 70
Tillage programme for Engl:Liid and

Wales in 1918, 160
Timber, measuring of, 144
Tobacco, curing and preparation of.

94
Tomato Bide's Recruit, 56
Tomatos, canning of. 80 ; market

varieties of, 201 ; training, 42
Tomato hybrids, superior produc-
tiveness in, 257
Tonga Islands, 100
Tonk's manure, composition of, 20
Tortworth Court, trees at, 115
Town-planning and allotments, 142
Toxic influence of one plant on

another, 170, 187
Trade with France, 221
Transit of fruit and vegetables, 19
Tree varieties at Aldenham. 171
Trees and shrubs, 137, 157, 166,
218, 226, 242. 252; the fruiting of,
157, 242
Trees in the battle area, treatment

of injured, 17
Trials : Broad Beans, 43 ; Onions,
173 ; Peas, 143 ; Perpetual-flower-
ing Carnations, 100; Poppies, 43:
Potatos, 158. 248
Trifolium incarnatum, cultiva

tion of, 83
Truffaut, M. Cieorges. 26
Tuckwell. Gertrude M.. and Ste-
phen Gwvnn (The Life of the
Jit. Hon.' Sir Charhn IP. DUke.
Hart.). 211
Turkey Oak, 218
Turnips and Swedes, late, 103
Turnips. Finger-and-Toe disease in.

118
Tying materials, shortage of, 222
Tvlcnchus devastatrix. combatting,
116

u

T''t,Mrs pumila. 161

Vaccfnium Myi-tillus. the white-
fruited, 84
\'anda teres, 260
Varieties and food values, 70
Vegetable cooks, gardeners as, 178
Vegetable - growing at .Mdershot

camp, 97
Vegetables, novelties in. 108
Vegetable seeds, scarcity of, 140
Vegetables and fruit, the drying of,

98
Vegetables at Fyvie Castle, 4 ;
continuous cropping of 247 ;
critical remarks on. 201 ; for

[The Gardeners' Chronicle, vii

munition works, 78; for winter,
197; on bid pasture land, 55;
«arly, under glass, 63; prices for,
82 ; seasonable notes on, 146

Veitch, Sir Harry, gift to the Gar-
deners' Royal Benevolent Institu-
tion, 90 ; golden wedding of, 61

Veronica lobelioides, 92; 103

\'etches : for seed, 29, 83 ; winter
103

X'me border, method of renovatinc
a, 46, 82

Vinegar as an insecticide, 142

Vineries, unheated, 72, 103

Virgin soil, crops on, 16

Vitamines, 251

w

Wages of agricultural workers, 143

Wales, a fruit and vegetable con-
serving depot for, 231; a small-
holding colony in, 231

War and fruit gixjwing, 87

War Horticultural Belief Fund, 17

War items, 26. 40, 61, 101, 110
121, 150, 161, 171, 200, 211, 251

War shifts, a rosariau's, 85

Ward, Mr. A. J., 61

Wasp plant, a, 7

Wasps and birds, comparative
absence of, 143

Wasp's nest in a G(X)seberrv bush,
a, 172

Watercress, 204

Weeds in Australia, 137; in pas-
tures, 152 : in ponds, 30

Weevils, Pea and Bean, method of
destroying, 60

Welsh smallholding colony, a, 231

Westfield, Reading, economic plajits
at, 16

Wheat, Ciovernment supply of seed,
181 ; harvesting, 54 ; in 1918, 243 ;
Mustard as a green manure for,
54; preparing land for, 124 ; seed,
10 ; sowing, 174 ; varieties of, 19,
183

Whitton, Mr. James, 200

Whortleberry, the white-fruited,
84

Wilson, Mr. E. H., in Japan, 57

Winter Spinach, 87

Wittv, Mr. R. A., retirement of,
171

Women, farm scholarships for, 124

Women land workers, 163 : railway
fares of, 26

Women's Farm and Gardeai Union,
17

Women's Insititute, the, 171

Women's NkTtional Land Servace
Corps, 241

' )d and Sons, Meeers., fire at, 90
Woodilice, to comlbat, 84
Wood Pigeons, 241

Wormald, H. (.1 riloxRom Wilt anil

Canker of Apple Treef), 17
Wythop Woods to be felled, 191

viii The Gardeners' Chronicle.]

INDEX.

[December 29. 1917.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adansonia digitata on the banks
of the Ganges, 22

Aldenham House, Elstree : blanch-
ing Celery with paper at, 131 :
frame made with staJses and
boughs at, 13 ; frames on an en-
closed hot^bed at, 17 ; Pototos
planted in the park at, 12

Apple, fruit of, affected with
brown rot, 94 ; diseased shoot of,
76

Apples affected with sooty blotch,
212

Apples Ellison's Orange, 171 ; WU-
liam Peters, 227

Aquilegia Stuartoi, 137

Arisaema consanguineum, 127; A.
WaUichianUim, 127

Asplenimn Filix-fowmuia var.
Clarissimum, 81

Austin, Robert, portrait of, 147

Austin, William, portrait of, 147

Azalea indica in a Derbyshire gar-
den, 142

Currants, Red, winter shoots of,

205
Cvpripedium Sir Redvers BuUer,

'136

Druery, Charles T., portrait of

the late, 74
Dahlias Eastern Star and Primrose

Star, 91

Eur-RYPHIA cordifolia, flowering

shoot of, 126
Eustoma Rusjsellianum, 97: E. R.

var. Ellisii, 101

Laklio - Gattleva Commander-in-

Chief, HI
Liliiwn, a hybrid, 86
Linum salsoloides var. nanium, 116
Lonicera Maackil, 252
Lonicera tragophylla, 39

M

McAsLAN, .Jolin, portrait of, 147
Marshall, the late William, portrait

of, 202 ; in his ,garden at Auchin-

raith, Bexley, 196
Merodon equestris, the Narcissus

flv, 30

N

Nazareth, view of, 247
Nerine Bowdenii, 117
Nerine fle.xuosa alba, group of, 118
Nolina Loderi, 66; details of leaf
and flower^bud of, 67

Red Currants (se« " Curranits,

Red ")
Ribes petraeum, R. rubrum, and

R. vulgare, winter shoots of, 205
Robinson, Mr. T. portrait of, 141
Roisa Moyesii, flowei's of, 106;

fruits of, 107
Rosa setipoda, fruits of, 151
Roses Margaret Dickson Hamill,

2 : Mermaid, 56 ; Mrs. George

Marriott, 27; Sunstar, 28

S

Sinclair, Mr. A., portrait of, 141
Smith, the late Worthington G.,

portrait of, 180 ; sketching under

difficulties, 181
Sooty blotch on Apples, 212
Spiraea bracteata, flowering shoot

of, 21

OrEOCHARIS FORRESTII, 258

Ball.\ntine, Mr. H., portrait of,

141
Beiithamia fragifej'a, showing

effects of frost, 72
Berberis polyantha, sprav of, with

fruits, 183
Brasso - Laelio - Cattleya Lady

Manningham-Buller, 211
Brown-rot disease of Apple, 76, 94
Budde. Mr, J. K., portrait of . 132

Calhtris oblonga ; branch of, with
cones, 7

Cantua bu.xifolia, flowering sprav
of, 18

Carnations, Wheat-ear, 223

Carrot Champion Scarlet Horn, 145

Celery, paper method- of blanching.
131"

Chrysantheraujn Crusader, 201

Cra-lD. a hybrid, 221

Crocus zonatus, 167

Currants, Red : Fay's Prolific,
216; Fertility. 237"; Gondouin,
231; Houghton Castle, 207:
Scotch, 232; Versailles, 217; Vic-
toria, 236

Frcu.s stipulata, fruit and leaf of,
194

Galilee, shores of the sea of, 251
Gethsemane, the garden of, 246
Ginkgo biloba at Blaise Castle, 165

Hemerocallis aurantiaca, var.

Major, 156
Hunter, Alexander, portrait of, 147
Hunter, James, portrait of, 147

Jerusalem to Bethlehem, road

from, 246
Jemmett, Mr. J., portrait of, 141

Palestine, views of, 246, 247, 251
Pear affected with scab disease,

124
Pear midge, the, 10
Pereo'a, I'alian, 175; furnished

with cordon Pear trees, 187 ; of

stone columns and Oak beams,

177
Phellodendron sachalinense, fruit-
ing branch of, 186
Phillips, portrait of the late John,

123
Picea pungens glauca, 142
Plum Orpington Prolific, 191
Plum Victor Christian, 157
Polygoniun polystachum, 96
Posoqueria latifolia flowering in

Glasgow Botanic Ga.Tdens, 226
Potato, stem tuber of, 164
Potato Warwick Castle, 133 (see

also p. 144)
Primula chionantha, 256; P. sino-

pui-purea, 241
Prunus Pseudo-cerasus, flowering

.shoot of, 47 ; foliage of, 51 ; type

specimen of, 52
Prunus serrulata, tvpe specimen

of, 53
Pyrus Mains floribnnda : P. M.

variety purpurea, and P. Niedz-

wetzkvana, fruiting shoots of.

221

Thalictrum dipterocai-pum, 71
Tiberias, shores of the lake at, 251

Vegetables for munition worki;, 78

Veitch, Sir Harry and Lady, por-
traits, of, 61

Vilmorin, the late Philippe de, prr-
trait of, 19

Vine border, method of renovating
a, 46

Wasps' ne^t in a GoosebeiTy bush,
a, 172

Xanthoceras sorbifolia. fruits of.
161

No. 1593. Vol. LXII.

SATURDAY, JULY 7, 1917. |Regristeped as a Newspaper. | ^R'CE^ •

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Fop contents see page 1.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdvertiseTS will please note thai the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

TO replace Dutch Bulbs for next Spring
flowering sow now British flowers.
SUTTON'S WALLFLOWERS.
Sweet-scented flowers of brilliant colour.
Sutton's Fire King, vivid orange, per pacliet. Is. 6d.
Sutton's Giant Vuioan, brilliant crimson, per' pacliet.

Is. 6d.
Sutton's Orange Bedder, a rer.v striliing colour, per

packet, la.
Sutton's Cloth of Gold, bright .vellow, per packet, 6d. & 1b.
Sutton's Superb, mixed, per packet. Is. and Is 6d.
Post free.

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

s

rjREEXHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
^-^ " Vilrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
" l*la«tine " mipersedes putt.v. l^all particulars from
W. OAKSON & SONS. Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
(hroughout the country.

"WTATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-

' ' Ol'S PLAN1S and WATEB. LILIES. Large
Ftot'ks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue frce.-^OHN WATERER, SOSS & ORISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyford, Berks.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• GrcenihouseB, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Ohelaea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for

-*- inunwliate delivery. Sulphate of Copper 98 per
cent., pure Washing Soda 98 per cent. Write for prices
and quantity requirod per acre. — G. H. RICfH-ARDS,
234, Borough High Street, London, S.E. 1.

s

/"iUR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^^ .>nunmer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent poet
frM on application.— DOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

LAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.

■piNE EARLY POT PLANTS, for forcing

or outdoor planting, of King George V., Ro.vial
.Sovereign, &c., pots, 209. 100 ; open ground, 6s. 100.
lyaxtonian, the grand new Maincrop, pots, 30s. 100 ; open
ground, 20s. 100. Illustrated catalogue, with cultural
hints and description of all the new and older sorts
gratis.— L.VXTON BROS., Bedford.

QTSHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-^ anil Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. Soientiflcallv-controlled Trials at
Wisley, 1914-16. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S P.\TEN'T CANDLE CO. LTD.,
Iljitfrsea, I/ondon, S.W. 11,

SPRING CABBAGES. — The best varie-
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Order at onoe.

SUTTON'S HARBINGER CABBAGE.
The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce, Is. 6d.
'■Trial of Auttmm C.ablxiges.— A trial of no less than
114 stocks, representing 94 sorts, was ma<'e at Wisley last
year. ... It wiU be noticed that Sutton's Harbinger is
the onlv sort that did well in hu\h nulls ( AnuiiTin »own
and Spring-sown).'—" The Field," June 17, 1916.

■■ Cabbage Harbinger is a capital variet.v. 1 sowed
some seed in July, and now (January 10, 1917) I am
cutting some lovely heads."— Mr. A. F. Coles, The Gar-
dens, Wallaoefleld, Croydon.

SUTTON'S APRIL CABBAGE.

The most popular early Cabbage for garden use.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce, Is. 6d.
" The April Cabbage you supplied me with last year
have done wonderfully well, hardi.v a plant has been
destroyed by the severe winter, and they are now coming
in very useful."— The Rev. F. J. Bnggs, May 4, 1917.

" The April Cabbage, raised from seed supplied by you
last year, was wonderful. They were a lovely batdi of
plants, and not one bolted."— Mr. H. Bryant, Framfield.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING
CABBAGE.

The most suitable for the general Spring crop.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce. Is. 3d.

" My bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage was well worth
a pliotograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this
neighbourhood." — W. Webb, Esq., Dursley.

" I consider your .\pril and Flower of Spring the best
Cabbage in cultivation. La.st September I planted 2,000
of them, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The bulk of these are
being sent to the Fleet through the Veget-Thle Products
Committee."— Mr. T. R. Scholey, Rodbaston Gardens.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READINQ.

"VITM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' LTD., LawTence Road, South Tottemham. Con.
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"Tk I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

-"-^ lIANUliE and other hjgh-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn, Priced cireuJars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Cheater.

T?VERY GARDENER'S LIBRARY con-

■*^ tains a certain number of indispensable books.
Some gajxleners have a aniaU library ; others a prettj'
complete collection of modem books on cultivation ;
some few are the fortunate possessors of books on every
phase of gardening-, both old and new. from the e;irly
HerbalU to the kst new j^Vmerican Cyclopaedia. There
ia one little book which should be found on the shelves
of every gardener, young or old, literan', scientific, or
practical, and which is consulted a thousand times a
year by thos-e who possess it. That is Dhe " Horticnl-
tural Directory and Year-Book. " There is so much in
it. It is a veritable multuro in parvo. This year it is
smaller than iisual. because it has cast off a <ie^'«l
weight of out-of-date, obsolete names ; but it is steadily
growing again, and ia al ready tav ing fresh nam es
added, and old ones corrected, ini preparation for the
l3l8 edition. There are still eome copies left of the
present year's issue. The price is Is. 4d.. post free.
Do not let your library remain incomplete for lack of
this indispensable voliune. — Send for it to tibe
Librarian, " Gardenera' OhronicJe,*' 41, Wellin^n
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

For Advertisement Chapges see pagre i!i.

' rjRITAIN'S GREAT CABBAGE."

^-^ WEBBS' EMPEROR CABBAGE.

(For July -and August sowiagi.) '

Earliest, best, and most populur Cabbage in
eultivatiou. Remarkably free from any
tendency to "" bolt." 6d. and Is. per packet,
Is. 6d. per ounce, post free.

Mr. G. Ellwood, Head Gardener to W. H.
Jfyers, Esq.. Swaumore Park, writes : ** I
should like to testify to the excellence of
your Emperor Cabbage; it is really a gem.
fit for private gardeners or market growers
-alike, and of splendid qua.lity."

WEBBS' FAVOURITE CABBAGE.

Early medium-sized heads, of splendid quality.
6d. and Is. per packet, Is. 6d. per ounce, post
free.

WEBB & SOXS. LTD., The King's Seedsmen, Stoiirbmdge,

gARR'S VEGETABLE SEEDS for Jul.v

"^"^ to September Sowing. Special List post free.—
BARR & SONS. King Street. Covent Garden, London.

(^RCHTD PEAT. 6s. and 7s. 6d. per sack ;

^-^ Bi-own Peat, lOs. 6d. per yard in trucks; iiv bags
Zi. 6d. each, 30s. dozen ; Oak and Beech Leaf Mould,
Yellow Ijoam. Stacked and Fresh Out. Silver Sand ;
4-ton lots for 453.; ON, Fibre, 24s. doBcnp bags; list
free.— J. IIANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Fefltham, Middlewex.

D EDDY & SONS, Torleven Works,
* Portihleven, Oornwall.— Tlie largest manufacturers
of GARDEN' NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, half-
inch and one-inch mesh, at 4d. per square yand. LIGHT
NEW square mesli, suit^ible for Slr;i\vhpny Beds, at
5d. per square yard.

The«e Nets are bound all round with stout cord, and
cover their measured length and width. Any length or
width supplied.

Repaii-ed N-ettings in all sizes in stock. State your
requirementa, and we will quote lowest prices.

Also makers of TENNIS NEITINGS, RIOK CX)VERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PAOK
ING and TARRED TWINES of all kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENOEE Traim, CARRIAGE
I'AID, on receipt of order.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, ' Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leatiher; showerproof; 7 yards for ITs. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

THE reason why advertisers find the
■' Gardeners' Chronicle " so good a medium is that it
reaches the best class of people. It is read by people
wiho do not greatly mind how much they spend upon
a tJliing. provided it is the best that can be got. Our
advertisers supply the beat quality, and therefore they
appeal to those who know good quality when they see it.

600

GLASS CL OCHES, about 17in. dia-
meter ; 50 3-light frames, 12ft. by 4ft. 6in.,
1 ; 9f)St. hose.— WISTARIA, Liiigfleld, .Sunvy,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

SALES BY AUQTIOgt.

FRIDAY NEXT.

The small, but cboii-f.

COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS

forme»l by Alfred BousfieW, Esq., of Brnuueniouth, wlm
is rel'uctantlv compelled to ^ive up t.lieir cultivation.

The collection consists maiuly of ODONTOGLOSSUMS,
mkI includes, amongst others, the following well-known
varieties; —

Odon, crispum Pittianum

,, ,, Leonard Perfect

,, ,, Magaum Bonum

,, ,, Rossendale

,, ,, Imperator

F. K. Sander
Titus
,, ,, Princess May

,, ,, Luciani

,, ,, Cooksonianum

„ ,, Xanthotes

„ Ardentissimum Doris
,, armainvillierense alba
Also,
Cattleya Maggie Raphael alba
,, Trianae alba

,, Gaskelliana alba

,, Labiata Mrs. E. Ashwoith

Olioioe Miltonias, Brasso Cattleyas various. Lycaste Skin-
neri alba, and other choice plants.

Great care has been bestowed on, the cultivation, of the

Collection, and the whole aje in an exceedingly healthy

condition. Tlie sale thus affords an excelleiiit opportunity

of a/;quirin,g these rare and desirable varieties,

together with

an assortment of Orchids from various Oollections,

including many in flower and bud.

]yrESSRS. PROTHEROE &. MORRIS
■^'-'' will sell the above at the Central .^uotiom Rooms,
67 and 68, Clieapside, London, E.C.,

On Friday, July 13th, at 1 o'clock.

On view morning of sale. Cat^iloigues on application.

In Bankruptcy. By Order of the Trustee.
Re A. W. Ker (tr.ading: as R. P. Ker & Son).

AIGBURTH, LIVERPOOL.

Thiee ininiites from Cressington Station (Cheshire Lines),
Frequent trjmis from Liverpool pass t'he Nurserj-.

JLTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

have been favounxl with instructions from the
Trustee, to sell by auction, on the premises,

THE NURSERIES. AIGBURTH,
LIVERPOOL,

On Tuesday, July 17th, 1917. and following day
if necessary, at 11 o'clock precisely,

the well-known stock of R. P. Ker & Sons, consisting of
3,000 PALMS, including 200 fine specimens, 4 to 12ft.,
Japanese Maples, Specimen Bamboos, 10,000 CYCLAMEN.
Ker's celebrated strain,, 1,000 Ivies, and other stock. The
iiTiiversally known, and unique

OOLLECTIOX OF AMARYLLIS,
which has l>een so successfully e-xhibited at the
principal sliows ; also the whole of the General Nursery
Stock in the giHiund, including Hollies, Rhododendrons,
Ornamental Trees, Herbaceous Plants, &c. Contents of
Seed Shop and OIBoe, Iron Safe, Office Furniture, Weigh-
ing Machines, Tools, and Sundries. Thou9.Tnds of Flower
Pots, Three Oarts, Harness, Barrows, and numerous other
effects.

The whole of the stock and utensils as described (ex-
cepting the Amaryllis) -wiU be first offered in One Lot
includmg the Xame and CrtwdwUl of the Business, and
if not thus disposed of, then in detail as catalogued The
-\manllis will also be offered in One Lot, thus aflirding
llie opportunity of acquiring the whole collection in its
entirety. The Outside Stock will also be offered as a
whole, with arrangements for removal during the autumn

May be viewed one week prior to the sale. Catalogues
may be bad on the premises; of the Trustee, Harold
Sadler, Esq., Chartered Accountant (Messrs Finney Son
i- Sadler), 31, North John Street, Liverpool ; and of the
AuetioneeJS, 67 and 68, Cheapside London E 0 2

BUSINESS WANTED.

WANTED, tn RENT, small nur.sery

ftmlen, or 1-2 acres cultivated land suitable for

"anie ; part of private Gaixlen might suit,— N M Box 8

n. Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2. ' ' '

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSERIES, M.\RKET GUt-

DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let

or Sold, Published by

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE '& MORRIS

-^'-^ every month. Copies may be obtained post free
on ajpplication.— Estate Offices, 67 and (f "
London, E.O.

Tj^OR SALE, as a going concern, NURSERY

-^ BITSINESS ; 600ft. Glass, 2 acres la.nd ; Southend dis-
trict — B. F., Box 7, n, Wellington Street. Covent Gar-
.teii, W.C. 2,

NOTICE,

PUBLIC NOTICE.

'yHE Partnership of BARR & HUNTER

Seedsmen and Florists, having been dissolved by
mutual consent, t,he Subscriber now intimates to his
many friends and acquaintances tha,t he is starting busi-
ness" on his own behalf in that commodious shop and
warehouse at 68, Buccieudh Street. Dumfries, under the
trade niune of Barr & Son, where Vegetable and Flower
Seeds of only the racst superior quality will be stocked,
a? well as all kinds of Gaixien Sundries,

DAVID B-4.RJi.

PLANTS, Sto., WANTED.

WANTED, large, good Nest of Seed
Drawers ; sizes and cash price.—" SEEDSMEN,"
Box 16, 41, Wellington Street, Covent G.TJ<len, W.C. 2.

TITANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' ' old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loug-hborough Junction, J.rf)ndon,
S.W.

VIT-ANTED, Offers of CYPR. INSIGNE

' ' SANDER.AE, laa^e or small plants, to O.M., Box
15, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2,

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

■p^ERNS! FERNS! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
-*- ing Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greeenhouse
Fenis, Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues Iree. — J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

T>EG0NIAS and OLO.XINIAS.— MORLE

&, CO. can now supply their celebrated strain, in
large 60 pots, in flower and bud. Early inquiries, aa
stock is limited this season. — 150-166. FLnohley Road,
X.W. 3.

''pUBEROSES, double African Pearl, just
arrived, for winter flowering : extra large bulbs,
2s. doz., 13s. 100 ; sent free anv address, for cash. —
MOBLE & 00., 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

QENTIANA verna, 12 large clumps, 5s.,
^-^ free ; 3 Bee Orchis, 2s. ; 3 Gnat Orchis, 2s. ; 3
Orchis O'Kellvii, 3s.; 3 Butterfly Orchis, as.— CKELLY,
Botanist, Ballyvaughan, Ireland.

1 00 000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

X V/Vf »V\-f T. 20, jQQ. p.,|j„s^ Begonias, Crotons,
Dcocaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, H\drangeas,
&c. : catalogues, free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

PRIVATE.

T^HE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.

-■- DEPAKTMEXT OF AGRICliLTURE.'

Applications are invited for the ixtsition of additaonal
IiistruL'tor in Hortii'uhure ; conmienring salary £150 per
aminm ; a inaai or woman with sound horticnltural train-
in,? is reiinired. Applications will be recedved up to 25th
July, 1917, and should be addressed to The Secretary,
The I'niversity, Letxls, from whom further particulars may

be obtained.

WTANTED, UPPER GARDENER of

^ " Two for compact Garden ; Vegetables, Flowers,
Grapes and Peachce, under Glass ; must be over 45 or
ineligible.— .ipplv, stating qualifications. to MRS
IHUNTESEY, Portishead House, Portishead, Somerset,

W^ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

^' DENER (4 and boy). State full particulara, age,
number in family, wages I'equired ; good cottage. .\lso
wanted, a SECOND M.\N. — SIR JOHN BELL, Stoke
I'oges, near Slough.

TITANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

"' ING): mui^t be g'xwl all-round man; Inside and
Outside worlc— Apply, MORTON, Sanderstead Court,
Sanderstead, near Cioydon.

Y^ANTED. HEAD WORKING GAR-

DEN'ER ; male or female ; 3 employed ; understand
&-tock. Also one or two Under; cottage, unfum.ished.—
Send full particnlai-s, wa^s, &p., VIGERS, HollydiUe,
Keston, Kent.

Tl/'ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER ; thorougihly experienced in up-to-date
tJardening, Inside and Out; reference to last employer
indispensable ; state age, wages (live out), &c.—
OH.\RLES TH0M.4S, Esq., Plas-yn-llwyn, Wrexham.

UINGLE-HAXDED tiARDENER wanted

^-^ for London, N.W. ; rooms, light, and firing provided;
required to be generally useful. — Call or write, sending
lull particulars, to .VIRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Sti-eet,
Marylebone. No fee whatever to Gardener®.

TITANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed); capable and industrious; Flower and
small Ve-getable Garden ; good cottage and electric
light— MRS. PERCY, 13, Hanger Lane, Ealing, W. 5.

T^T'ANTED, SECOND GARDENER ;

" single ; inf^ligible ; good experience with Carna-
tions. Begomas, CTirysantheniiims, and House Decora-
tion ; good wages to suitable man. — Full particulars to
R. DAVLDSOX, Kingswood Manor Ix>dge, near Reigate.

W;ANTED, second man, chiefly inside;
Fruit and Plants; single prefejred ; wages 303.;
<iutv and orertime paid. — Full particulai^ to J. BLAOK-
VVOOD, Se.fton Park Gardens, Slough.

TV^NTED, UNDER-GARDENER having

" good experience and references ; single and in-
eligible ; liberal wages.— Apply, T. ELLIOTT, Norton
Manor, .Sutton Sootney, Hants.

TITANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; ineli-
gible ; single ; over military age ; Fruit, Flower,
and Decorating; Bothy, millc, and vegetables.— LEGGE,
Oa?tle Gaidens, Arundel.

"WANTED, GARDENER (Ineligible) ;

' • experienced Inside and Out ; Vineo-y, Ordhard
House, some Orchids; second man kept. — ^Applv, with full
particulars, to E. T. BOWLE, Hill House, Salisburj-.

"yyANTED, good all-round GARDENER

(single-handed) ; must have had first-class experi-
ence.-Write, K. A., Box 4. 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

TITANTED, good all-round GARDENER,

' ineligible, for HaaTow-on-the-Hill ; cottage pro.
vided ; good wages and help given. — MR. A. K.
CARLYON, Mount Park, Harrow-on-the-Hill.

AX/'ANTED, GARDENER (Inside and

' Out) ; ineUgible ; wages 25s. per week, with BotJiy :
<hity every third week. — R. E. STREET, The Lodge.,
Etfljigham, Sui-rey.

"VyANTED, GARDENER, at 10, Augustus

^ E-oad, Edgbaston, Birmingham ; lodge (1 bedroom),
gas and coal ; wages 32s. 6d.

WANTED, a Man as KITCHEN GAR-
DENEK ; must be either discharged from or in-
eligible for the Army ; fio Bothy ; wages 30s. per week.
—Apply, ALFRED WILLI.IMS. Willoughbys, Oxshott.

WANTED FOREMAN (married) ; ex-
IJerienced ; good wages offered ; must be ineligible
or over militar.v age— .ipply, J. ELDER, Hursley Park,
Winchester.

WANTED, FOREMAN or UNDER GAR-
DENER ; e-ttsy place ; 30 miles Smm London ; no
Bothv, but good s'alarv to the right man.— State age,
salary required, &c., to " Bailiff," Box 17. 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

W^ANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-
' ' NEYMAN (INSIDE) ; 30s. per week. Bothy, &c. ;
overtime paid. — E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gardens,
Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

Tl/'ANTED, FOREMAN, for Inside, well
' ^ up in Fruit, Oimations, and decorative plants; in-
eligible or discharged ; good wages suitable man. — -ipply,
J. BAKER, Goldings Gardens, Great Warley, Essex.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, ineligible,
for Inside and Out; also IMPROVER for Inside
and Out ; wages 2Ss. and 21s. per week and Bothy ; dnty
and overtime paid. — .\pply, with fuU particulars, to
H. A. PAGE, The Ganlens, Belsize Court, Hampstead,
N.W. 3.

Vl/'ANTED, .lOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;
' ' ineligible; 24s. per week; Bothy and vegetables;
dutv every third Sunday.— C. E.ARL, Somerhill Gardens,
Tonbridge, Kent.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN or YOUTH
for Inside work. State experience and wages, with
Bothy, milk, .and vegetables, J. FRENCJH. Lower Hare
P.ark, Newmarket.

T\rANTED, • ELECTRICIAN ; charge o*
' ' Tangye oil engine, dynamo, &c., rough carpen-
tering ; marrie^l : wife or man to milk 3 cows.— VIS-
COUNTESS K., Kneesworth Hall, Royston, Herts.

.TVLT

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LADY GARDENERS wanted ; all suited
entirely free of cliaige.—Head and Under for (1)
Hereford; go'od cottage in grounds; Garden, 2i acres;
2 small Glasshouses, 1 Hotliouse ; Iwy kept. (2) Perth,
X B ■ 25s. and 20s. ; good cottage, coal, vegetables, light,
iiid inilk; lady can be seen in to«Ti. (3) Worcester;
good salarv and aocommcdation, vegetables given ; must
have good training ; mostly Fruit and Vegetables ; no
Olass. Gardener Chaufleuse for (1) Bucks ; small Garden,
in which ladv helps; car not much used, (2) Hants; new
(!ai<len, no Glass; Vegetables and Borders; need not
<lrive if understand mechanism ; 2 men kept. (3) Sussei :
.^Os. week ; 1^ acres ; all outdoor work, only small part
riiltivated ; slight e.^cperience of car would do. Two
minted for Glos. ; do work of Garden between; furnished
'ttage; good salar.v, milk, and vegetables; take friends
I sisters. Single-handed for (1) Leeds; compact Gar-

■ ]-n, little poultry. (2) Tewkesbury; 25s. week; little
• i.i.^a, no Vin?s. (3) Taunton; small Garden, in good

■ fder ; all outside work; could live in house; only 2
..lies in family. (4) Uckfield ; 20s. and good lodgings;

work between farm and garden ; Head Man and another
lady worker kept.— JIES. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street,
Marylebone, W. 1. No engagement, no fee.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, for In-

' ' side ; live in Borthy.— Write full particulars, M.
XICHOLLS, The Gardens, St. Clere, Kemsing, near Seven-
n.ik.a, Kent.

T\7'ANTED, LADY GARDENER; must
' ' have had previous experience imder Glass ; good
wages and war bonus ; 12 o'clock Satuiidia\-s, — For further
|..iiticulars, apply J. MAXFIELD, Darley Abbey, Derby.

TYANTED, LADY GARDENER, for the

" Houses and Herbaceous Borders, under Fore-
woiimn ; Bothy ; Sunday duty and overtime paid.-J'AR-
WKLL. Gardeners' Lodge, Pains Hill, Oobham, Surrey.

TITANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS,

' ' for Inside and Out : some experience necessary ;
Bothv. &c. — Apph', stating age and full particulars, to
W. WI1.I>C0CKS,' Langley Park, Slough.

WTANTED, WOMAN GARDENER ov

' ^ DI.SCHAHGBD SOLDIER for the bouses, for dura
(ion of war; m\i6t be experienced; good wages. — A. R,
H...\ 12, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Gar^len. W.C. 2.

WT^AXTED, immediately, two WORKINtJ

''• WOMEX G-iRDEXERS; 'furnished cotUge pro-
\i<Iod. — Applv, stating expeiience and wages required, !0
MISS MACPHERSOS. Wyrley Grove, Pelsall, Staffs.

YYTANTED, an experienced FOREWOMAN
• ' for the Glass dej^artment of a large Garden ; good
Vlaiit Grower and Det-orator.— All particulars, with refer-
ences (copies only), to J. G. WESTON, Eastwell Park
hardens, .\sbford, Kent.

\YANTED, Strong LAD ov DIS-
' ' CHARGED SOLDIER ; some experience ; good
wa^os, lodgings, milk, vegetables, &c. — WILLI-\M J.
SHORT, Middleton Park Gardens, Bic-ester, Oxon.

w

ANTED, strong LAD, for Inside; take
turn dutv ; wages 18s, per week, Bolh.v, vegetablea,
.1. L. WATERMAX, S.Mnl.ilc Gardens, Faversham.

TRADE.

WANTED, a FOREMAN for Inside, well
up in Carnations and Feni», and ahle to make up
designs ; also 2 .MEN for Budding and Grafting outside.—
Applv. slating full particulars ajid wages expected, to
LEWIS ii SON, Nurserymen, Malvern.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN for
small Market Nursery in Oheshunt ; Ij acres
Cucumbers and Tomatos.— State age, experience, when
<liaengaged, and send copies to R. W., Box 10, 41, Wei.
lington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, FOREMAN GROWER; in-
eligible ; must be ahle to take charge in employer's
absence.- G. BESNETT k SOX, Hanwell. W.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN ; e.x-
pcricnccd with Fruit Trees, Tomatos. Cucumbers,
4c. Stale wages. — Z., Box 8, 41, Wellington Street,
Covcnt Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, for retail biisine.ss, EXPERT
SEEDS.M-VX, with good general knowledge of Seeds
and Horticultural Sundries; ineligible for service. Fu'.l
[xiniculars as to e.vperience and wages required.— KING'S
ACRE XfRSERlES, LTD.. Hereford.

WANTED, Nursery Order and Corre-
spmidence CLERK; within 20 miles of London.—
-ipply, stating full particulars. A. L., Box 24, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Gaixien, W.C. 2.

VXTANTED, FLORIST. Male or Female,

* ' to manage shop ; age about 40 ; must be a good
niaker-up ; good wages and place (Midlands). — Apply,
IXGAMELLS, Oovent Garden.

TXTAXTED, immediately, for Market
' * Garden, experienced, capable man ; plough work
and horticulture; good wages.— .^.pply, SANDERS, Lilacs,
Slade Gardens, West Cross, Glam.

WANTED, experienced WAREHOUSE-
MAN for wholesale London seed warehouse.—
.\pplj-, WATKINS & SIMPSON, LTD., 27, 28, 29. Drury
Lane, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

WANTED, a GROWER, for Caladiums,
Gloxinias, and other Greenhouse plants.— Please
apply, stating previous experience ajid wages reqmred, to
.lOHX VEED & SON, The Nurseries, West Norwood, 8.E.

'■pRAVELLER WANTED, for the North
-*■ of England and Scotland ; splendid opportunity
lor a representative with a connection amongst trade
and private establishments.- Full particulars of eipcri.
enoe, salary required, &c.. to JOIIX WJVTEllER, SONS &
CRISP, LTD., The Nureeries, Bagshot, Surrey.

\ [JUIT or CHECKINfi CI^ERK (experi-
■^*- enced) wanted; ineligible; quick .and accurate.—
TOOGOOD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Sonthampton.

WANTED, WAREHOUSEMAN, for
good nursery near London, with some knowledge
of the handling of Bulbs and of packing.— Apply, stating
full particulars, N. B., Box 23, 41, Wellington Street,
CVjvent Garden, W.C. 2.

SHOPMAN WANTED; General Se'd and
Xurserv Uade.— Applv, BRUCE A- ROBBIE, Seeds-
men. ForLlr,

SITUATIONS WANTED,

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
succeeding Eight words op les?.

PRIVATE.

FARM BAILIFF or BAILIFF and GAR-
l)h:Xi:Jl.— Advertiter, over military age, and having
had a life eiiH'rience in .Ul branches, would be pleased
to coinnuiniiatc with any h>dy or gentleman requiring a
thorough, reliable man ; good references.— K, FAWKES.
Barrow Xiirseries, near Cliester.

HEAD (JARDENER; expert in every
branch of Horticulture, and estate management if
necessary, at liberty-Appl}', A. H., Box 26, 41. Welling,
ton Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

H^

EAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical
■■*• experience in growing Vines, Peaches, Melons,
^acumbers, Tomatos, Flowers, large quantities of Vege-
tables; at liberty.— W. LAMBERT, Ravciiscraig Cottage,
0)nway, North Wales^

HEAD GARDENER; all round life ex-
perience, including Windsor, Guntoii, and Birr;
age 45; mairied, 4 chil<lren; nt litwrty after August.—
HOWES, The Carden.s, Woodbastwick Hall, Norwich.

G GARDENER (Hf.au Working) or (iAR-
* DKXER BAILIFF; well up in all re<iuirement» of
good estahUshnicnls; thorouglUy experience*!, both Out-
side and under Gliws ; also landscape work ; excellent re-
ferences; 14 years' Head; age 48; married (no family).
— RICH.UtD PRATT, The Nurseries, Barrow, near Ches

tcr. ^___

(""AKDENER (Head Working) where
^~^ others are kept; thoroughly practical. Inside and
Out- not afraid of work or hours; with fon, age 16,
strong and handy in Oaiden.— GARDENER, Whitehaes,
Chantry Avenue, Hatch End, Middlesex ^___

GARDENER (Head Working); life ex
ixjricnccd ; all-round man ; Vines, I'eaches, Fruits,
Flowers, Vegetable Grower; ago 45; married (2 children).
—WRIGHT. Warren Farm Nurseries. Findon Road,
Worthing, Sussex^ _^___

GARDENER (Head Woiikin«). practical
all-rouml experience ; stove aawl greenhouse plants ;
Gropes, Peaches, Melons, &c., vegetables, (lowers, hard.i
fruits -Roses, herbaceous, lawns; age 50; married ; higlilv
recommended.—" GARDENER," Box 11, 41, WeUingtoii
Street, Covent (tarden, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head Wouking). or tho-
rough Single-handed, with help; life exi>eriencc ;
-lis* fruit flower.s and vegetables; age 45; married; goo>l
leferenccs.— .1. BLOUNT, The Gardens, Lillingstone,
Dayrell, Buckingham.

GARDENER (Working) where lad kept;
good all round man ; 10 years' present place, 9
previous; married (one boy. 10); ineligible.— STONE
BRIDGE, The Mount, Westerham, Kent.

SITUATION required as .JOURNEYMAN
(Inside); ineligiWe"; also for LAD, 16 .years of age
(Inside); would prefer place together it iwssiblc- !■ or
(urther particulars, .lANCEY, The (!ard.-ns, Gamons,
Hereford.

D

ISCHARGED SOLDIER, partially dis-

able>i, requu-es woik lor about 6 hours daily ; mar-
ni-l- age 30; 15 vear.-' experience; good references;
Surrey preferred.— J. H-ALL, Hillside, Danbury, Essex.

\''OUNG MAN wants work in Gentleman's
GaMeii or Nurser\ ; good refs. ; disoharged ; mar-
rie<:l ; oge 26.— W. BAKER, Eastling, Dorset Road, Mol-
tingham, Kent.

PR. MURTON, Penrose Gardens,
' Helston, Oornwall, can highly recommend young
lady for Gardens (Inside and Out) ; some ex!>erien.-e ;
good worker ; age 22.

A LADY GARDENER, one year's College
training, requires post as UNDER-GARDENER
or in Nursery.— VERREN, Hazelmcre, Southside.
Weston-super-Mare^

TWO LADY GARDENERS wish Position
as HE.'V.D and UNDER ; well trained and Itoorough
experience. Inside and Out.— Please state full particulaj-s,
F. B.. Box 14, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gaixien,
W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENER .seeks re-engagement
-^^ ne;ir London ; 14 years' experienice ; Vegetables,
Fruit, Flowers, Glass; single-handed, or with others;
good references; cottage. — MISS FULLER, 71, Dorset
Road, Bex hill.

A LADY GARDENER, 2 years' training.

-^^- requires re-engagement as SECOND GARDENFJi
(in ler a good Head ; Hampshire or Sussex prefened ; good
references; cottage or comfortable rooms essen.tial. —
GREY, 35, Colville Square, Netting Hill, W.

T ADY requires Post as UNDER-GAR-

-*-^ DEXER ; .some experience. — MISS E. RICHARDS.
Keimarsh Hall, Northampton.

TRADE.

AS HORTICl'LTURAL AGENT, TRA-

-''*• VELLER, or M.^XAGER ; 30 yeaa-s' practical ex-
perience large places and Coven.t Garden Market; ex-
cellent references ; age 44 years. — E. GILMORE, High
Street. Eastry, Kent.

lyf ANAGER or FOREMAN ; as^e 35 ; 22
■^ -*- years' experienc-e. Budding, Grafting, Clematis,
Roses, Fruit Trees, .\nipclopsis, &c. ; dischanged Army ;
•slate wages; good references.— H. W.. Railwav Cottage,
Morris Street, Hook, WiiK-liBeld, Hants.

f-fcPEN

^^ MAN

foi

Eng

aoement as

HEAD

SHOP-

Ma

ager.

or Tra

veller ;

ife exper

ence, both

wbofesale

and

retail ;

over

military

age. — ^Wr

le, M. A.,

Box 6, 41,

Weill

ngton

Street

Covent

Gai>den, W.O. 2.

SEED TRADE. — SHOPMAN (HnAD) or
BRANCH MANAGER; over military age; experi-
pnce<I in all departments.— For references, &c., write
- SCOTCHMAN." Box 9, 41. Wellington. Street, Oovent
t;.iMen, W.O. 2.

SHORTLY Open for Engagement as TRA-
VELLER, M.\NAGER, or HEAD SHOPMAN; 32
vears' experience in all branches, w"holesaIe and retail;
ngri.-uUur:il seeds a spccialitv. Write. W, Box 13. 14,

W.I'i'ir...,! Str.'.-t, f'ovrnt Gir.icn, W.O, 2

The Gardeners' Chronicle

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

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July 7, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1

No. 1693 -f^ATURDAY, JULY : t^l?

Ahbey ..
Orchid uotes aud gle

CONTENTS.

Biennials for spring bed- Ohitaarj- —

ding 2

Books, uoticea of —
Jottinii^ iif a Gentle-
man Gardener .. 3

Conifers, notes on —
Callitris oblonga . . 3

Evergreena damaged by
froBt, treatment of . . b

Farm, crops and stock
on the home ., 10

Food production, on in-
creased . . 3, 4

Foreign correspondence-
Food production in
Colorado . . , . 3

Garden of England in
wartime, the .. .. S

Iris, variation of form in 1

"Kew Bulletin," the .. 7

Kew, improved wages at 7

Market fruit garden, the 1

ILLUSTKATIONt

Callitris oblonga : branch wit ■ cones

Fear Mi-Ige. the

Rose Margaret Dickson Hamill

PotatoB in Ayrshire

Rodents and birds,
damage by

Rosary, the —
New Hoses at Baga-
telle

Ruhleben Horticultaral
Society

Science and the nation..

Heeds, irregular germina-
tion of

Sdcieties—
Haarlem General Bulb
Manchester autt .Noith
of EngiandOichid ..
Royal Horticultural ..
United Hort. Benefit
and Provident

Week's work, the . . -1

VARIATION OF FORM IN IRIS.

IN an article on teraUilog}' in Iris flowers by
Miss Arraitage (Gard. c'hran., Oct. 28, 1916),
the conclusion is reached that abnormalities
are the outcome of a sporting tendency, finding
expression iu particular indWiduals. Among
crossbred seedlings abnormal flowers often ap-
pear, thos'; noted iu the article being the most
common, and my experience confirms this conclu-
sion. The tendency to sport indefinitely or to pro-
duce malformations is characteristic of certain
\arieties, such as Queen of May and Gracchus,
and is inherited to a greater or less extent in their
seedlings, but it is not invariable, some indi-
viduals or some crosses giving perfectly normal
flowers.

Of the abnormalities noted, the two most in-
teresting from the florist's point of view are the
tetramLroue flmverg and those with sii equal
and similar segments.

With regard to the former, nutrition eeems to
have some influence. In many vajieties and
fieedhngs, especially of the Pallida type, the first
floweie at the top of the .ipike on all tlie
stroiigest stems are letramerous, the succeeding
flower.'s and thoie on weaker stems being all
normal, with an occasional exception. In-
trineically, these tetramerous flowers, when per-
fectly reguLaj-, as they usually are, are often as
beautiful and graceful as the normal trimeroua
flowers. In the border they simply appear as
large and fine floweis, and few notice the de-
parture from the normal form until it is pointed
out, but it is, perhaps, psychologically interest-
ing that when it is realised disapproval is
m"Tierally expressed.

The " Clematis "-flowered Iris, with six seg-
ments alike, is more interesting, and, though
in appearance it departs even more from
the typical form, seems to me to be beautiful in
its own way if it is quite regular and uniform
both in form and colouring, and if all the flowers
of the variety are of this ty|)e. But oven when
this is j)r:ictically the case, flowers will always
be found in which the modification is incom-
plete, and occasionally even quite normal flowers
will occur, from which it appeiirs that it is not
a true varietal or Mendelian unit character, but
rather a phenomenon of the same nature as
peloria, as I have suggested in the case of the
florift'.s filadiolus. It is intertsting to com-
pare it with the florist's Gladiolus, and to ob-
serve in the Iris also how the changes in form,
Oflour and ma.rl<irigK ale linked t'.getlicr with
reiference to their function. .\a in the Gladiolus,
it is the inner segments or standards which are
modified, being transformed into falls,
assuming the same pa.i:.it,ion. either spreading or
hanging, and with the colour and markings

characteristio of the variety, and also developing
a beard. The change then may be considered,
apart from aasthetic considerations, as a pro-
gressive one, and even more so than in the
Gladiolus, since the falls are more highly
specialised than the standards, and whereas in
the Gladiolus there is a less of colour mai-kingt,
in the Iris there is, besides the production of a
beard, an assumption, or, at any rate, an in-
crease in intensity of colour and markings,
either absent or less developed in the 6t.andards.

It might ako be useful to compare closely
and critically the phenomena of doubling and
peloria. I venture to suggest only one broad
general contrast. The most common form of
doubling consist* in the conversion of the
stamens, and even sometimes of the pistils, into
petals, and may, therefore, be looked upon as a
centripetal tendency. On the other hand,
peloria very often consists either in a transfor-
mation of the inner whorls of segments to the
form and colour ol the outer segments, or to an
increase in number of these outer segments, and
so appears to consist of centrifugal tendency in
petal formation.

Besides the malformations noted in the article,
another may be mentioned of a somewhat dif-
ferent nature, but which appears to be more
definite, and to be inherited as a distinct unit
character. In Iris pliaita Mme. l^liercau, and
in several other Plicata varieties, the falls are
cockled at the tips, and the blade is lopsided or
bilaterally unequal. All the flowers are affected,
though in varying degree, and only very
occasionally can a flower be found with perfect
or nearly perfect falls. This malformation, or
one more or less similar, also occurs, but, in my
experience, more rarely, in varieties and seed-
lings of other sections of bearded Irises, and
seems to be especially associate w'th the
Plicata type. Among seedlings from Mme.
Chereau many will liave similar malformed falls,
in some cases ao ac<;entuat.ed that the whole
blade is contorted and crunipKd up and partly
aborted, but only in those which also display the
Plicata t.Vpe of form and colour. Non-plicata
seedlings from the same cross and the same pod
of seed have normal flowers, with no cockling of
the tips of the falls, though occasionally there is
some creasing or crumpling of the petals, and
llie blade is often still lopsided. Although this
malfoi-mation is exhibited in so slight a degree
in the best and newest J'licata varieties, that
from a garden point of view it is negligible, it
is always present when the form of the flowers
is of the Pallida type, and the only Plicata
(colour type) that I have seen entirely free from
it is one which has flowers of the Variegata or
Xeglecta type — that is, with oval instead of
cuncate falls.

The lopsidedness uf the blade of the falls may
be connected with this cockling of the tips, but
it is a much more general malformation ; few, if
any, bearded Irises of the Pallida type are free
from it. It is, in fact, so general that perhaps
it may be due to the development of the flower,
and the folding of the .segments in the bud, as
the deficient half of the blade is always to the
right. This imperfection in the individual
floiver is noticed by few, and, perhaps, does not
detract from the general effect in the border,
but it is an eyesore to the florist. The fact is
thiit the rate of bearded Irises is in the making,
and at present, for all their general beauty, there
are norfe among the standard varieties that does
not show some imperfection or other. Among the
newer varieties there are some now, such as
Xlonsignor and Ed. Michel, and some of Sir
M. l'"oster'.s later seedling.s, that are approaching
an idnal standard of form and colour. But what
is needed us the patient and -lingle-minded work
of men such as those who have given us the
.\uricula and Dahlia, Chrysanthemum and Rose,
to perfect the individual flower, and we may
hope that among those who come back from the
war there will be many to whom such work will
A. J. miss. '

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

Q01TE an old-fashioned June has been enjoyed
this sea49on, for the first time for some years.
The weather was mainly sunny, and either warm
or quite hot, while rain fell abundantly at
wide intervals, on two occasions accompanied by
thunder and lightning. The heaviest fall was
1.24 inch, on the 28th, mainly at night. Very
seldom is there so great a fall in twenty-four
hours at my station, and on looking at my rain-
fall record, I have to go back to May 13, 1915,
to find an equal or greater one, the measurement
on that date having been 1.70 inch. In the in-
terval the only records of an inch or more are
1.22 inch on July 16, 1915, and 1.08 inch on
November 12, 1915. Rainy though 1916 was, it
did not supply one day's rainfall quite up to one
inch. My total for last month was 3.5 inches,
contributed on only seven days. The month
ended with two days of overcast sky and a cold
north-east wind.

Apples Dented by H.ul.
Hail storms are uncommon in my district,
but there was one on June 22 sufiSciently heavy
to denit Apples to a considerable extent, although
it lasted only about ten minutes. This is the
first time that injury has been done to my fruit
by hail. Tlie dented spots are now red in
colour, and, no doubt, the spots will show up to
the time of marketing the fruit. Whether the
injury to the skin will affect the keeping quality
of the Apples or not remains to be seen.

A Defence of the Spabrow.
Mr. Stanbury's eulogy of the house-sparrow
on p. 364 is the first that I can remember to have
seen, while I have read many entire denuncia-
tions of this bird, some of them based on
systematic investigations as to the contenita of
birds' crops at different seasons of the year.
Even the writers of the two essays on " Farm,
Garden, and Birds: How to Protect Crops With.
out the Desitruction of Bird I^ife," who were
awarded the first and second prizes given by the
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in
1912, did not defend the house-S]ianow. Mr. E.
Pumell Jones, who was awarded the first prize,
admits that it is neceswiry to keep sparrows in
check by taking the eggs, as they multiply
rapidly, have a wonderful facility for adapting
themselves to circumstances, and drive away
very much more useiful bii-ds. such as swallows
and martins. Mr. E. J. Piatt, winner of the
second prize, admits that the sparrow, as well
as the bullfinch, eals the buds of Plums, Dam-
sons, Gooseberries, and Red and White Currants.
It is curious that neither writer distinguishes
between the omnivorous house-sparrow and the
valuable insectivorous hedgc-spaiTow. Is Mr.
Starvbury quite sure that it is not the latter, to-
gether with numerous other birds, to which he is
indebted for clearing his trees of insects? When
he says that " the house-sparrow destroys more
fruit-tree pests than all other birds combined,"
he makes a vs.tatement which seems to me en-
tirely unfounded and incredible. Certainly it is
very far from the fact so far as my orchards are
concerned, as there are very few common
sparrows on my farm, although enough to do
harm to germinating S"eds in the garden and to
fruit buds. Hardly any sparrows' eggs hav"
been brought to me since the offer to pay foi'
them, as well :is for the eggs of blackbirds and
missel thrushes, was made.

A.v .Vl'PF.AL TO THE Bo.\ED OF AGRICULTURE.

In connection with the suggestion as to the
best plan of guarding against a recurrence of this
.season's devastation by ca'erpillars, it is de-
sirable to call attention to the ]K>.ssibility of con.
trolling aphis and Apple-sucker attacks by the
same operation. Tlie suggestion was that of de-
ferring the so-called " winter " spraying of
Apple trees until the blos.som buds were showing
in clusters, but unopened, and adding arsenate

TUE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

of lead to the wash. My further suggestion is
that another addition should be made with the
object of killing mother-queen a.phides, and
possibly newly-hatched suckers. In experiments
carried out at the New York Experiment Station
in 1915 and 1916, it wa« found that aphides
could be effectually controlled by spraying at the
time indicated, before the peste had had time to
cause leaves to curl, after which spraying
against them had but little effect. Tlie most
successful addition to the winter wash of lime-

tlie leaves around the clusters of unopened
blofcsjm buds Avere showing ahout a quarter oi
an inch in length, it is imjxirtant to avoid any-
thing wliioh would scorch them. It seems to
me, then, that fruit-growers might well appeal
to the Board d Agriculture to obtain a good
supply of cheap nicotine from the United States,
free fi-om duty, if ther« be a duty on it. Lime
wash would not harm the young leaves, 'if not
applied when too hot, and lime-sulphur can be
u?ed at a safe strength. Sovt/iern Grower.

1. — ROSE MAKGARET DICKSON HAMILL, AWARDED A GOLD MEDAL AT THE BAGATELLE TELILS
COLOUR ORANGE-YELLOW FLUSHED WITH SALMON.

,~nlphur was a .small niiantity of nicotine,
which is compaa-atively cheap in the United
States, while ite price in tliis country is almost
prohibitive for the profuse spraying needed.
Herein lies the great difficulty of carrying out
the campaign against catei-pillars, aphides, and
possibly suckers also, in one operation, while
also effecting the objects aimed at by the ordi-
nary winter- spraying. For no wafli containing
soap can be added to lime-eulphur or lime alone,
because the lime coagulates the soap, rendering
it innocuous to insects. ik> far as I know, there
is no spraying stuff' other than nicotine at once
free from soap, fatal to aphides and suckers
which it wets, and harmless to vegetation. As
the best time for spraying was found in the
American experiments to be when the tij* of

THE HARDY FLOWER BORDER.

BIENNIALS FOR SPRING BEDDING.
Seeds of biennials for spring 'bedding should
now be sown ; a few of each kind should be
grown, if possible, in order to keep our good
varieties, although, in these times of warfare, it
is not advisable to grow as large a quantity as
before.

Wallflowers failed in many places last winter ;
in others they did well. The chief points in
their cultivation are to grow the plants hardily
and not to sow the seeds too early ; moving
them in the autumn aids tliem to withstand
severe weather, provided it is done early in
November. The most distinct kinds are Purple

Queen (syn. Ruby Gem), Eastern Queen (syii.
Salmon Queen), p'ire King, Veitch's Selected
Yellow, and Veitch's Dark Red; there aie
vai'ious intermediate colours, such as Fairy
Queen, Ivory White, and Ellen Willmott ; the
early varieties Phoenix and Yellow Phoenix are
very useful for planting near a south wall, as
they flower in December and January ; the
double varieties, when well giown, produce very
large spikes of flowers in spring, and are useful
for dotting iu among dwarfer-growing subjects,
such as Violas Countess of Ho'petoun or Belvoir
White.

A nearly allied plant, Cheiranthus Allionii,
is a great favourite of mine, and was admired
by everyone at Belvoir Castle for its tright
orange colour and neat habit. Erysimum com-
pactum is useful to give variety, and it gives an
abundance of its clear yellow flowers, and is of
neat habit of growth. Stocks cannot be relied
upon to stand the wlinter north of London ; if
required for flowering out-of-doors they may be
wintered in 4-inch pots, grown in a cool glass-
house or pit, and freely A-entilated, to be
planted out in Marcli. Stocks are appreciated
by everyone for their sweet perfume ; many
varieties will give about 90 per cent, of double
flowers. Empress Elizabeth is one of the best
rosy-pink varieties ; all of the Brompton
varieties can be grown in this way.
The new Myoeotis, Indigo Queen, should
be grown in every garden : its ha.bil
is similar to Royal Blue, which it greatly
excels in the intense blue of its flowers; M.
dissitiflora is valuable in warm districts, as it
flowers early, and M. Ruth Fischer is valuable
for its fine, large flowers ; both are more
tender than the taller vaiieties. The pink-
llowered sorts produce but little effect, owing
to their washed-out appearance. For dotting
in the centres of large beds the variegated
Honesty, Lunaria biejinis variegata, .is very
useful ; owing to the purple colour of it* flowers
it looks best above a white groundwork, such as
Double Arabis. The plant may also be associated
with a dark -coloured Wallflower, such as Purple
Queen or Dark Red ; the variegation of the leaves
does not appear until the plant is preparing to
flower.

All of the above should be sown in shallow
drills 1 foot apart, and be transplanted when
large enough ; if the ground is dry it is best
to water the drills half an hour before sowing
the seeds. W. H. Divers, " Westdean," Hook,
Surbiton.

THE ROSARY.

NEW ROSES AT BAGATELLE.

The report of the annual trial of new Roses at
Bagatelle, near Paris, has just come to hand. The
Gold Medals have been awarded to two yellow
Roses, one from Messrs. Pernet-Ducher, named
Mme. CarLstie Martel ; the other from Messrs.
Alexander Dickson, of Newtownar.ds, viz., Mar-
garet Uicksou HamiU (^^ee tig. 1). The judges
report that both these Roses have shown, during
the period of their cultivation at Bagatelle, ail
the points of good Roses, including continuous
flowering from spring to autumn. Certificates
were awarded to the follow'ng: Mrs. Mackellar
(canaj-y-yeUow), Red Star (brilliant red, from a
Dutch grower named Verschuren), Henriette
(hybrid Tea, oi-ange-coloured, from Me-sis. H.
Merryweather and Sons).

In spite of difficulties of transit, seventy-six
Roses have been received at Bagatelle this yeai'
to be judged in 1918. Two were from America,
one of which has not yet flowered. The othei',
Lus Angelos. was raised from Mine. Segond
Weber crossed with Lyon Rose. It appears to
be a valuable Rose, with the good points of both
parents combined. Imogen, sent by Messrs. W.
Paul and Sons, Waltham Cross, ha-s maintained
its pale yellow colour very well, even during thj
hot simehine of the past few weeks.

July 7, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

NOTES ON CONIFERS.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

FOOD PRODUCTION IX COLORADO.

When the United States declared war, it was
clearly recognised that success would depend very
largely on the fanner. One of the papers pub-
lished a cartoon, showing a rifle, a spade, and a
hoe, with the legend, " Take one." It is fortu-
nate for the nation that tliis condition exists, in
s<j far as it gives practically every able-bodied
person an opportunity to do something of value
in relation to the war. Although Culorado is so
remote from the scene of hLStilities, it is recog-
nised that whatever it can do comits for our-
tcl\*s and our Allies, and organisation for food-
production and conservation is rapidly going for-
ward. The Central Committee on Food Supply is
in Denver, and each county has its own commit-
tee, under which numerous special committees
are working. These are on Ways and Means,
Finance, Organisation, Co-ordination, Publicity,
Seed, Live Stock, Tractors, Fai-m Labour, iLir-
keting, and Home Economies. Already the
acreage under cultivation has been greatly in-
creased, and in the towns vacant plots are
being made into gardene. Lecturers from the
-Vgricultural CoUege are touring the State, teach-
ing people how to put up fruits and vegetables
for home use. It is well known that for yeare
[last large quantities of fruit« and other products
liave been wasted, either from lack of pickers or
inability to market them without loss. We ex-
pect now to see this material saved, and steps are
being taken to organise college girls and other
young people to pick and can fruit, and do other
useful things during their summer vacation.
Wherever possible, arrangements will be made
fur drying fruit. .Ml available labour is being
lugistered, and steps are being taken to place the
workers where they can do most good for them-
M'lves and othere. Business men and othei-s are
urged to work on the farms during their vaca-
tions, the Governor of the State setting the
example.

In Boulder the war activities of the town are
illustrated by a large map placed oi) exhibition.
.V red flag shows every home from which a man
lias enlisted, a blue flag indicates a purchaser of
.1 Liberty BtHid (the U.S. War Loan), and a gr>sn
flag a new garden plot. In portions of the town
it is hard to find room for the flags. I am in-
formed that in Denver many naturalised
( Jermans are subscribing freely to the War
Honds. There is great unanimity and single-
TK-ss of purpose throughout the State, although
'Mir people almost universally detest war as an
in.stitution, and are only willing to go into
it because they see no honourable or, indeed,
l>i>9SLble alternative. T. P. A. C'ockcrM,

Ildtilrhr. Cnlnrado.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

XKW HYBRIDS.

Labi.ioC.wtlkva Carmen. — An effective
hybrid raised between L.-C. Dominiana (('.
Dowiana x L. purpurata) and L.-C. Wellsiana
(C. Trianae X L. purpurata), named Laelio-
(.'•attleya Carmen, is sent by Messr.s. Mansell
and Hatcher, Raiwdon, Vorks. The sepals and
petals are silver-white, tinged with pale lilac,
and the broadly-expanded lip ruby red, shading
to light iiurple towards the margin, the base
tiling beautifully marked with branclie<l, gold-
njloured lines.

I,.VKLio-C.\TTLEYA Nydia. — This hybrid was
also raised by Messrs. Mansell and Hatcher be-
tween L.-C. Aniazone (C. maxima x L. pur-
purata) and L.-C. Lyridas (C. Schrfklerae X L.
tenebrosa). The large, rather narrow-petalled
flowers are of clear cow.slip-yelldw, the labellum,
which partakes much of L. tenebrosa, being
7)urple with a white base, on which are thin
pui-jjle lines. Tlie flower is in effect a large and
darker-coloured L. tenebrosa Walton Grange
variety.

X\1I.— C.4LLITRIS OBLONGA.*

Few, if any, of the Australian Cypresses are
suitable for open-air cultivation in these islands,
except under peculiarly favourable climatic con-
ditions such as prevail in the extreme south-
west of England and in Ireland. At Rostrevor,
where the climat^e is an ideaJ one for tender
Conifers, Sir John Ross has had this rare Tas-
manian species in cultivation out-of-doors for
more than twenty yeaj-s, and, so far as I know,
it is the only plant of its kind in Europe. Sir
John tells me he obtained the plant by chance
many years ago under the following circum-
staaces ; A nurseryman in the vicinity of
Rostrevor procured seed of Abies amabilis, he
believes from California, and among the seed-
lings which came up were four of an unknown
plant. The stock on the nursery was sold
shortly afterwards, and Sir John purchased one
of these seedlings, the other three being un-
luckily destroyed by a shai-p frost soon after the
sale. Tlie one plant was put out in a sheltered
spot at Rostrevor in 1893, where it grew fairly
well, and as soon as it coned a brandi was sent
to Kew and the tree identified as CaUitris
oblonga, which had not previously been known
in cultivation. How seeds of this out-of-the-way
Tasmanian Conifer cajne to be associated with
Californian seed of Abies amabilis is a mystery.

The plaat has been in the open air for about
twenty-five years, and is now (1917) a little over
8 feet high, with a stem about 3 inches in dia
meter. The tree passed unscathed through tlir
recent severe winter, and is in excellent health,
though its habit of coning profusely every year
probably checks its growth considerably. A seed-
ling has been raised whicJi is doing as well as,
if not better than, the parent tree, and is now
about 3 feet high. I have heard of no other
spocimens in England or Ireland, which is some-
what surprising, as the seed from the Rostrevor
tree germinates freely, and samples have been
sent to various nurserymen, as well ae to a num.
ber of private growers.

'ITie species is extremely rare in a wild state,
being only known to occur in Tasmania. It
WHS discovered by Robert Brown at Port
Dalrymple, aJid on the gravelly banks of the
.South Esk River, Launceston, in 1804. A speci-
men collected by Brown at Port Dalrymple is
in the British Museum herbarium. This Conifer
wa« subsequently seen tliere by other dis-
tinguished botanists, including Sir Joseph
Hooker, whose specimens from I.»aunreston, with
notee and sketches for the plate which appeared
in his Flora I'asmanica, are preserved at Kew.
It is also found by the St. Anne's River, near
Avoca, Tasmania, always growing close to the
bank. Known locally as "Native Cypress,"
Callitris oblonga is one of the smallest species
of the genus, and, according to Baker and
Smith (loc. cil.), rarely attains a height of
25 feet, being more often a mere shrub
5 or 6 feet high, with an erect habit and dense
foliage. The stem is rarely more than two or
three inches in diameter. When in fruit thi.'i
Callitris is easily distinguished from all the
other species by the very prominent dorsal
points of the cone valves.

Mr. Wallis's photograph (fig. 2) represents a
branch from the Rostrevor tree, which Sir John
Ross sent me two or three years ago. A. Bruce
Jackson. Kew.

• Callitril oblonfa, Rich., Coynf., 4(1. t. 18, f. 23 (1826) :
Baker and Smith, Phici or Auitralia, 271 (1910), with tigs. ;
C. Qunnii, Uook., f. in Uook. Lund. Journ. Bot.,l\'.,U7
(1845).

Frmela australii, R. Br. ex .Vlirli., in Mem. itiu. Par.,
XII., 74(1835); noil b'iMich., Hook., f. Fl. Tasm., 1., S52,
I. 97 (1857) ; Benth., Fl. Austi-a/., VI., 238 (1873) ; /•'. Gunnii,
Endl., Si/n. Conif., »8 (1847) ; Parlut in D.C. Prod., XVI., ii.,
450 (1868).

"Jottings of a Gentleman Gardener."'

The gentleman who is responsible for these
jottings anticipates criticism, and cares not how
sharp it may be. But as he was to a large
extent induced by the importunities of friends to
have them printed, and as the jottings are above
everything remarks of an amateur of gardening
written for the benefit of brother amateurs, the
would-be critic is disarmed before he is prepared
to trounce his victim. An old cottager to whom
I mentioned recently how professional gardeners
are engaged in teaching cottagers the way to crop
their plots, laughed heartily at the idea of a
u'entleman's gardener being capable of teaching
him anything. Similarly, one feels how inade-
quately a gardener is able to comprehend' the
revelations of an amateur. However, it may be
remarked that, apart from certain limitations,
there ds not a little in the book that will be use-
ful to the amateur cultivator of flowers. He will
find what the author claims to be a new style of
Hower gardening, superior to anything in vogue.
Tlie chapters on stones for rockwork, and the
not-es on soils and manure.*, are among the best in
the volume. Tlie food question is treated in a
chapter or two, in .which the comparative values
of vegetables as " bedding " plants are dis-
cussed, and methods of employing them in place
of flowering plants. Not that the author would
sacrifice Flora to Ceres ; he would let them have a
place together, with the latter predominating. 11.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

nph.\vi\<; potatojs and the effkct

ON ttREEN ORlOPiS.

.Many allotment-holders are in the habit of
|.lanttiig their maincrop I'otatos in rows 30
inches or more apart, and putting out between
the i-ows varioius kinds of green vegetables for
autumn-winter-spring use. In spraying their
IVtatos this year for the tiitst tjjme, some are
doubtful as to the effect which Burgundy mix-
ture (or BordeaiLX niixture) nuiy have upon their
Broccoli, Kale, Brussels Sprouts, and othei- inter-
crops. If the rules laid down by the Food Pro-
duction Department are followed (2 lb. of copper
sulphate and 2i lb. of washing ^oda, to make 20
gallons i»f Burgundy mixture — not 10 only, as is
often -stated), and the spray delivered in the
form of a fine m-ist, no injury should be done to
the greenstnfls growing between. Where C'ajh-
bages and I/ettuces are planted between the
Potatos, very gi-oat care must be taken to wash
tliem well befoi'e eating, especiiUly Ijettuces to
be eaten raw. The spray stuff should not be
allowed to fall on suoh crops at all if it can
be avoided. All greenstuff must be thoroughly
washed before eating, whether it is to be eaten
raw, or cooked, or fed to stock. Immature
plants of greens need cause no anxiety ; the
spraying should do them good .rathtr than
harm

POTATO PROSPECTS.

(juNKKALi.v speaking, the outlook for main-
croj) Potatos is excellent. A little disease has
been repoi-ted in Ireland, and Wales alto has
had its highly suspicious cases, but throughout
England as a whole the luuilm is looking ex-
tremely well. From the more importiint Potato-
gruwing area* reports are uniformly satisfactory.
Ill some quarters a dispposition has been shown
to undervalue the service.* rendered in supple-
menting the national food supply by the multi-
tude of small growers who this year are
cultivating allotments. An estimate, which errs
on the conservative side becau.se it calculates that
the seed planted will, on an average, produce
only eight times its own weight of crop, has just

• .JnUings of a Gentl man l.arde, c.r. By E T. Ellis,
F.K,H.S. (London: L. liceve & Co., Lttl.) Plice 3s. M.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jttly 7, 1917.

been completed with reference to the allotments
dn and around Glacgow. On this basis those
allotments will produce over 2,500* tons oi main-
crop Potatos, which is ten days' consumption of
the city at its highest recorded' figures, and
■would provide a moderate supply to the in-
habitants for a month. Glasgow ie less fortu-
nately situated in the matter of allotments than
the majority of towns in the United Kingdom,
and it is at" least possible that the average yield
will be twice that taken as a basis tor the Glas-
gow calculation. On some ground tlia.t was be-
fore the wai used for Association football in
Yorkshire, the crop this year is stated to be
likely to produce from 20 to 25 tons of Potatos
to the acre.

POOD PRODUCTION SOCIETIES.
Some of the Food Production Societies (of
which the Norwich Food Production League is
the be&t known) have organised practically all
the gaideners and allotment-holders in a town-
ship. In some places the old Flower Show Com-
mittee or the Hoi-ticultui'al Society is co-
operating in the work, owning a 'knapsack
sprayer, buying seeds, tools, and fertUisere col-
lectively, and setting up the beginnings of a
system "for disposing of surplus produce.
VEGETABLES AT FYVIE CASTLE.
The gardens at Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire,
the Scottish seat of Lord Leith of Fyvie, ai-e
now devoted whoUy to the cultivation of
vegetables, and the sm-plus produce is sent by
Lord Leith to the Fleet and military hospitals.
Mr. Simon Campbell, the gardener, is growing
several new Potatos raised by the late Mr. Wil-
liam Sim, Slack o' Causeway, the raiser of the
well-known early variety Dake of York. One
aamed the Hero King is at least a fortnight
earlier than Duke of York, and was ready for
lifting on June 28, having been planted on
April 14.

IHE BEET FLY.
JUDOINO by the fact that many insects are
more numerous in some years than others, we
must conclude that the weather during the pre-
vious or present year was favoui-able to the mul.
t'plication of the species that pi-oves particularly
troublesome. This year I have seen more
plants of Beet attacked by the Beet and Man-
gold Fly, Anthomyia betae (Curtis), and
had more specimens sent me, than I remem-
ber in any other season. The method of the
injury is very similar to that of the Celery and
Parsnip Fly, Zcphritis onopordinis (Curtis) (see
.June 30, 1917, p. 261), and similar remedies would
apply. 1 also suggest dusting the leaves of Beet
with soot, or sn^raying them with strong-smelling
Tobacco water, or X.L All liquid insecticide, to
prevent the Hies from laying more eggs, because
two or more broods are' produced during the
season. Ilie first brood has already passed into
the pupal .stage, or commenced to do so by the
third week of June. The pupa is .small and
reddish-brown, and may pass through its' resting
period in the leaves or in the ground, for the
thin and pale patches of the leaves readily
crumble in dry weather and set them free.
Curtis got his tii-st specimens of the inject from
Sui'rey, and though the maggots destroyed the
Mangold plant, he did not suggest any other
remedy except pinching. He found liis own
.Sugar Beet attacked, and employed boys
to pinch the leaves, thus stopping the attack.
The Beet Fly had not been much noticed in this
country till 1880, when there were severe attacks
over more than a thousand acrevs 'n various parts
of England from the Solway Firth to Cheshire ;
yet Miss Ormerod said that " remedies seem to
be little needed." In my opinion, the early
attack is the worst to be feared, and the one
that should be checked, because the loss of
foliage to small plants may seriously affect the
crop. The ground by autumn would get filled
with pupae, while late-developed flies also
hibernate. J. F.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Tom AT08.- Tomato seeds .sliould be sown now
to raise plants for fruiting iu late autumn and
winter. Sow the seeds thinly in pans contain-
ing fine soil, which may consist of a mixture of
two-thirds loam and one-third sifted leaf-mould.
Place the seedlings in a position near the roof
glass in order that they may grow sturdy, and
as soon as they are large enough for transference
pot them singly into small pots. Later, they
should be transferred to 6-inch pots, and grown
in a cold pit, where plenty of ventilation can
be given them. Remove all the side shoots and
stake the plants at an early stage. When they
are of a sufficient size, they may be potted care-
fully into large, well-di-ained pots. The soil for
the final potting may consist of three-parts turfy
loam, one part decayed horse-manure, and a
good sprinkling of bone meal. When the plants
aie thoroughly established in their fruiting pots,
thev should receive plenty of light and air; if
house room is limited, they will succeed in the
open, provided the weather is favourable. Plants
which are carrying a crop should be given a
liberal supply of liquid manure or a surface
dressing of guano previous to watering. Pinch
off the side shoots and remove useless leaves.
Ventilate the house freely on warm, sunny days.

Mushrooms.— To have Mushrooms in Sep-
tember and October, collect and prepare tlie
matei-ials for the first bed. Hoi-se-droppnigs
should be collected daily and placed in a dry,
open shed, where they can be turned every
other day, until a sufficient quantity has been
obtained. If the manui'e is allowed to become
sour thi-ough wajit of attention, the prospect of
a successfirl ci-op wiU be very slight. Mushroom
beds at this season should be in an open shed
facing north ; the sides may be protected from
winds by mats, if nece.csary. Tlie lied should
be at least 14 inches deep, and tix>dden or
rammed tightly. When the tempeiature of the
bed is 80°, and not likely to rise, tlie spawn
should be inserted two inches beneath the sur-
face, and the bed made firm by beating with a
.opade. After a few days, a covering of fresh
loa.m should be spread over the surface to the
depth of one inch. If the bed begins to cool, a
light covering of straw wiU help to retain the
heat, and prevent evaporation of moisture. In
order to maintain an unbroken supply, fresh
beds should be made at intervals of thi-ee or four
weeks.

LsiKS.- Leeks which were planted early in
May should be given liberal supplies of manure
water at the roots. Keep the soil stirred be-
tween the rows, and draw a little fine soil up
to the stems as it becomes necessary. Leeks
should be planted for spring use as ground be-
comes vacant until the full quantity has been
put out.

Shallots. -The cloves are ready for lifting.
Place them under cover until they are
thoroughly dry before removing' them to the
ftore-room.

Cele-ry.- Continue to plant Celery as the
It'ants become ready. Give liberal supplies of
clear water to plants growing in the trenches,
and dust them lightly on freciuent occasions with
.soot. Overhead sjTingings during dry evenings
will do much to pix>niote clean, healthy growth.

Vegetable Marrows.— Marrow plants need
plenty of water at the root.s during hot weather,
and weak liquid manui-e from the farmyard
may be given twice weekly. Keep the growth
mo"derately thin by removing all worthless shoots
and leave's. Cut "the fruits before they become
very large; if not required for immediate use,
store them in a cool cellar.

Chicory -Tlie latest batch of Chicory
should be ready for thinning, and this is best

done while the plante are very young. After--
wards hoe the ground between the rows lightly,
in order to doitroy weeds. Water the crop freely
in dry weather.

Onions.- Onions which were transplanted in
April with a view to producing large bidbs
should be freely supplied with a weak stiniulant.
Soot is an excellent fertiliser for this crep, and
should be dusted along the rows during showery
weather.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. .\. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, .\bbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Recently Grafted Trees.— Where the

grafts are growing freely, the ties may be
loosened to allow for the swelling of the wood.
Keep the shoots tied securely to the rods or
stakes. Remove all root suckers from the base,
and shoots that are growing below the point
where the scion has been inserted. If the roots
are drj', water them verj' thoroughly, and after-
wards spread a mulch of littery material ovei'
the soil. The watering of trees ought not to be
deferred until it is absolutely a necessity.

Summer Pruning.— This operation may now
be completed. The trees and fruit gain consider-
ably in a very short time by having superfluous
growths cut away. The shoots should be taken
off with a sharp knife about three to five eyes
from the base, taking care to make clean cuts.
Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries may be treated
similarly. There are a few varieties of Apples
and Pears which bear fruits on the end of the
fihoots, and these must be treated accordingly.
As soon as the work of pruning wall trees is
finished the shoots that are left should at once
be nailed in position, or they may get broken.
Give the roots a good watering when the opera-
tion is finished, and vigorously syringe the
foliage.

YouNQ Strawberries.— Strawberries layered
for potting will probably require water twice
daily during hot weather. As soon as the
runners are rooted they can be severed from the
parent plant, put in partial shade, and the pots
plunged in coal ashes or leaf soil to keep the
soil moist.

Figs.— Fig trees are making rapid gi-owth,
and should have their main branches secured to
the wall or fence. Wien the leading shoots
have made sufiicient growth, stop them, as this
will hasten the ripening of the fruits, and assist
the growths at the base of the tree to develop.
See that trees growing in dry situations are not
suffering from lack of moisture. Disbud the
trees again if they are malting too many gi-owths.
Pinch out the points of extra vigorous shoots to
throw more sap into the weaker ones. It is a
good plan to place the fruits in muslin bags when
they are ripening, and if the bags are tied fairly
lightly about the stalks, they will exclude in-
sects. Give the roots a soaking from the sewage
tank when the fruits are swelling, or, failing
this, a dressing of Clay's fertiliser.

Apricots.- The fruits on Apricot treee are
swelling raipidly. Shorten the laterals that are
growing outwards, and nail in the shoots needed
for extension, and also a few promising shoots
in the centa'e of the tree. Keep a shai-p watch
for such insects as earwigs and woodlice. See
tha.t the roots are well supplied with water, and
if necessary apply another mulching : this will
keep the ground from cra.cking. Continue to use
the syringe until the fruits begin to show colour.
The variety Frogmore Early will soon show
signs of ripening. These fruits are splendid for
bottling and preserving, and advan1a,ge should
be taken to use all surplus fruits in this way.
The fruits shoidd 'be gatliered as soon as ripe,
laid on tissue paper over wood wool, and placed
in a cool fruit-room.

Peaches and N^cTnRiNFS -Keep the roots
of Peaches and Nectarines well supplied with
water, and syringe the trees ireely. using water
in which a bag of soot has been immersed.

July 7, 1917.]

THE GARDEN I' RS' CHRONICLE.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Collier, Gardener to Sir Jereml^ Colman,
Bart., Gatton £ark, Reigate.

Van DA. — As plants of Vanda teres pass out
of flower they should receive attention at the
roots. Specimens that have lost a number of
their bottom leaves may be severed at a desired
length below some of the aerial roots, and the
upper portion potted singly, or three or more
stems may be placed together in pots of a suit-
able size or in narrow boxes or troughs. The
receptacle should be provided with ample clean
crocks for drainage. Use a compost consisting
of equal parts Osmvmda-fibre and Sphagnum-
moss with a sufficient quantity of crushed crocks
and smaU lumps of charcoal added to render
the mixture porous. Plants that do not require
this treatment should have all the old soil
washed from the roots and fresh compost substi-
tuted. Secure each plant firmly to a neat Teak-
wood stake. When the potting is finished, wa,ter the
roots copiously and place the plants in a house
with a southern aspect, keeping the atmosphere
humid and shading from bright sun for a few-
days. Later the plants may be exposed fully to
the sunlight and syringed overhead frequently.
This treatment should be continued throughout
the growing season, but when growth is com-
pleted, water should be withheld gradually from
the roots and the plants allowed a period of
rest for at least four months. No direct water-
ing of the roots should be done when the plants
.ire resting, but they should be syringed occa-
sionally to prevent the leaves and stems from
shrivelling. The lower parts of the stems from
which the tops have been removed may be left
in the receptacles, and, if grown in moist condi-
tions, will soon form new top growths and roots,
when they should be repotted. The stock may
be increased by placing portions of the stem in
Sphagnum-moss ; when they have formed new
growths and roots they may be potted and
grown in the usual way.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Melons in Framcs.— The weather during
most of June was favourable to Melons in
frames, and plants that have been well
looked after should now be showing signs of
fruit. See to it that two flowers at least are
fertilised at just about the same time, and, if
possible, on strong plantt, two additional ones.
The fruits may not grow to such abnormal size
as those in pits or housee, but the flavour should
be equal, if not better. Two medium-sized fruits
are more economical tban one large one. A piece
of a broken roofing tile is very suitable for plac-
ing under the fruits in frames. Do not use
Strawberry pans or saucers, as, beiing concave
in shape, they Jiold water. Keep the growths
frequently pinched as soon as the fruits are set,
but never remove a very large amount of foliage
at one time. Damp the foliage freely at the
time of closing the house in sunny weather.
See to it that sufficient tepid water is given at
the roots, early in the day, before the sun is hot.
Canteloupe Melons need not be grown in quite
so much warmth as ordinary Melons ; in fact, a
little air at night in hot weather will be bene-
ficial when the fruit is swelling.

MiLONt IN Pits and Hous»«.-A sligflt
.mount of warmth in the pipes will be advisable,
f'utting a notch in the growth is a very good way
to <h©ck splitting at the b.-i^e of the fiuit. From
the time of planting onwards take everv 0|)|>iir.
tunity, by closing the house early, to hasten
growth. Little warmth will be needed beyond
what is sufficient to keep down superfluous mois-
ture. See that the roots are never dry. If a
few plants are available, and pots of faiVly good
size or inverted Seakale pots are to hand, some
very good fruits can be secured in the autumn
hy .growing these late plants- in full sunlight
near the roof -glass.

Qatherino Pcaohcs and Nectarines.-
I'eachps and Nectarines to be packed for transit
should be gathered whikt the flesh is fairly lirm.

and this is tie more necessai-y in the case of
Peaches. Ripe Nectariuee, keep somewhat longer
than Peaches in the same condition. Again, the
Peach som-etimes has a tendency to become
woolly in the flesh if it remains on the tree for
too long, more especially in the case of late
varieties such as Sea Eagle. Peaches that

- have this tendency should be gathered early ;

■ it rarely, if ever, occurs with Nectarines.
In gathering these stone fruits, sufficient
care is not always taken to prevent bruis-
ing. The old-fas!iioned plan of gently twist-
ing the fruit in the palm of the handaneweiis
in some cases, but not in all. Take as an
example Early Eivers' Nectarine ; the fruits of
this variety swell up tight to the stem, and to
gather them requires more tlian ordinary cajre.
The best method is to use a stout pair of Grape
scistors to sever the stalks, and that without
any semblance of a twist. This method must
also be adopted with some varieties of Peaches,
the newer Peregrine for example. The early
Peaches, Duchess of Cornwall and Duke of York,
have, on the contrarj', a tendency to drop
readily when ripe. In their case the fniite
should be enclosed in small nete. Morning
gathering is preferable, as the fruits are then
firmest, and the packing should also be done in
the morning. For dessert, the fruits should be
gathered early in the day, when they are cool,
and kept in a cool place.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Flowerinq SHRUBS.-Directly flowering
shrubs pass out of bloom they should be
pruned. Hemove weak growths and cut back the
old flower branches to a strong shoot. The
young shoots must be fuUy exposed to sun and
adr, to ripen the new wood. Shrubs that re-
quire attention at the present time are Deutzia,
Weigela, Ribes, Philadelphus, Kerria, For-
sythia suspensa, and Chimonanthus fragrans.
The young growths of flowering shrubs on waUe
and pergolas should be tied after the weak
and exhausted wood has been removed. Copious
supipliee of clear water and Hquid manure and
mulchings of some moisture-retaining material
will assist the yoimg growths considerably.

AzALSAS.-The seed vessels should be picked
off as the plairts pass out , of flower, but care
must be taken not to destroy the embryo flower-
buds. It may be necessary to reduce or cut out
some of the most vigorous shoots if a syrametri-
tal shape is desired. To encourage the young
growths, fork the surface soil lightly, apply
liberal mulchings of decayed manure, and water
copiously to wash the manurial properties to the
roots. During a dry period Azaleas soon show
the beneficial effects of this treatment.

Reserve Borders. Any surplus bedding
plants may be utilised to fill s-pare beds in the
reserve quarter.s. These beds or borders may
be planted with suitable varieties to provide cut
flowers for decorative purposes. Scabious,
Aster, Larkspur, Zinnia, Verbena, and similar
plants may be used. The thinnings of annuals
are excellent for the same purpose, but they
should be set out during showery weather. The
plants that were used for spring be<lding
should be divided and replanted without delay.
Daisies, Polyanthus, Aubrietia and Arabis,
planted in rows 9 jnche.s apart, will make suit-
able plants for next spring's display. The flat
hoe must be used continually between all reserve
plants, and during dry weather they should be
watered.

Anchusa italica.— In staking the plants,
take care that the ties do not cut the branches.
The .shoots should be looped up with some soft
material to a strong central stake. Seed grown
now will provide good flowering plants next
year, or the stocit may be increased at a later
peiifxl by root propagation.

Wallflowers.— The flat hoe should be
often, used between the young plants of Wall-
flowers. There is still time to sow seed if not
previously done. Bulbs will be very scarce in
the coming autumn, therefore it is advis.able to
increase the stock of spring beddirig plants.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Winter - Flowering Begonias. — Begonias

are ahnost indispensable in any garden where
decorative schemes are can-ied out during the .
winter months. That most popular variety, B.
Gloire de Lorraine, can be kept in flower for
more than six months in the year if successive
batches of plant,s are gi-own. The earlier struck
cuttings should be potted into small pots, and
another good batch of cuttings inserted. After
this time of the year this section of Begonia
always appear to grow faster. The cuttings strike
readily in a light, sandy compost, which should
.ilso be used (bi,it with less sand) for re-potting.
Grow the plants in a light, warm house, and shade
them from bright sun, but do not use permanent
shading. Keep the house and plants syringed
regularly to ensure a damp atmosphere. Fumi-
gate at frequent intervals to keep down thripti.
There are several varieties of the Lon-aine type
of Begonia, the best being Glory of Cincinnati,
Mrs. Leopold Rothschild, and Mrs, Bedford.
The white variety, Turnford Hall, is a good com-
]iiinion to those named.

Alovbia citriodora.— The Lemon-scented
Verbena is a favourite in most gardens, and at
least a few plants should be grown in pots for
use in the conservatory or cool greenhouse.
Grown as a standard, it is useful for grouping
with other plants, and half-standards and
bvishesi are seldom out of place. Established
plants require plenty of water, and should never
be allowed to becolne dry at the roots, or the
foliage will quickly assume a yellow, starved ap-
pearance. To keep the plants in good condition,
the points of the shoots should be pinched regu-
larly. Syringe the . plants to keep down red
spider.

THE APIARY.

Sw»RM3 As bee-keeping is being taken up
liy many who have not previously kept bees,
it may not be out of place to describe how to
slart bee-keeping from the is^ue of the swann.
.'\fter the swami issues from the parent hive
the air is filled with apparently w-ild bees,
which soem to float about in c1ou<1b. Within a
few minutes they begin to settle in a bunch
on a bush or tree. Sometimes the whole
swarm decamps for no appai'ent reason.
To prevent this, take the garden syringe, and
after putting on the fine rose, spray the bees
in the air. Thinking it is a rtower of rain,
they will soon begin to settle. Do not interfere
with the cluster until quietness reigns. The
bees will cluster more tightly if they be
sprinkled with cold water. Under the swarm
put a sheet or sack with a large stone on it.
Take the skep and place it directly under the
swarm, mouth upward, as close as possible round
the great mass of bees. Hold the receptacle
tightly, and give the branch on which the bees
are clustered a few very sharp shakes to dis-
lodge the bunch. Overturn the skep carefully
on the sheet below, placing the stone under-
neath the edge to admit the bees freely, and
shade with leafy branches or an umbrella to
keep them cool, and so prevent desertion. After
6 p.m., remove the swarm to a previously pre-
pared position, having fitted up the frames with
starters about an inch and a half deep, and if
th3 season be good, put on sections or shallow
frames fitted with fall sheets of foundation in
which to .store surplus honey, always separating
the brood chamber from the supers by using
queen excluder zinc. Should the weather be un-
favourable, feed the bees on syrup, slowly —
giving sufficient for daily needs luitil better
weather prevails. . Use plenty of quilts in tlie
hive and leave the entrance widely open. Should
a swarm decamp, remember the bees are yours
Ko long as you feeep them in view, so that you
I'an follow them wherever they go. So'netinies
bees do not .settle in such convenient places a.s
one would like. Occasionally, they settle in a
thick .hedge, in which case it would be necessary
t'v place the hive above them, and induce them
to rise by gently using the smoker.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

eOlTORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should te sent to the
PXJBLiISHEE. 41, WellinBton Street,
Covent Garden, W-C , ,

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents

innilil oinititr driny in obtaining answers to
Iheii rommumciitinns and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly 'to the effect that all letters relating
lo financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that an com-
munications intended for publication or referring
lo the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departrnents. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
nlii'n letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— Tftc Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
hiilt'ins or illustrations, or to return unused com-
iininications or illustrations unless by special
nrranqemcnt. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
i-orrespondents.

Local Ne-ms. - Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
»nv matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well us speeimen^^ of
plants for riaminy. should he addressed to the
EDITOBS. 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER,, sent aS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
jrrinted, hut kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK-

W i;liNES|lAV. .lliLY 11 —

S„i,Mi;illip(ni, Kni.ll Hortl.

.\vi!U,«;e Mean Tejiperatlre fur tlie eii.Miirg week
rlfKjuced from oKseivatioiis [luring the last fifily
y<=ars at Greenwich, 62.6.
AiTUAL Temperature:—

aurdeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street,
(Vivent Garden London. Thursday, July 5,
10 a.m.; Bar. 30.2; temp. 58°. Weather— Dull.

SALES FOR THE KNBUINa WKIK.

|-U1I)AY—

Tlie coUeotion of Oreihids lomied by A. BousfieW,

fisq., by Prothei-oe & Morris, at 67 anid

London, E.C., at 1 o'clock.

In few places has tlie
The Garden of war wrought greater

in war^Time. changes iu agricultural

practice than in Kent,

and certainly no county has shown greater

resource in modifying its agricultural

methods.

Not long after the outbreak of war it
became evident that the Hop-growing in-
dustry must be curtailed. Even in peace
times that industry, though rich in prizes,
was also rich in surprises, and, with the
added uncertainty of war and the prospect
of less beer, to continue to devote the whole
acreage to the cultivation of this crop ap-
peared to Kent Hop-growers to be not
only unpatriotic but unbusinesslike. In
sjiite, therefore, of the fact that the estab-
lished Hop gardens, with tJieir attendant
oast houses, represent a large amount of
capital, many hundreds of acres of Hops
were grubbed" up and the oast houses
turned into Potato and other stoves, or
left to lie idle.

It is interesting to observe that the place
of Hops is being taken in large measure
by market garden crops ; among these the
Potato comes first, and in the excellent
soil of the Hop gardens, well cultivated and

manured and weedless, the crops are doing
extremely well. Potatos, Carrots, Par-
snips and Brassicas have l>een planted on
a large scale. The fields under these crops
are often of considerable extent, and one
may see seventeen acres of Carrots, and
even larger breadths of Parsnips, both of
which crops are, generally speaking,
remarkably promising.

Labour difficulties are responsible for
somewhat late planting of some of the
Potato crops, but .the weather this year
has been kindly, and lateness of planting
is not likely to turn out a disadvan-
tage. The only crop, indeed, which ap-
peared to be suffering from late planting
was the Onion. Judging from the admir-
able examples of crops growing on the
rich brick earth in the neighbourhood of
Faversham, it may be predicted that the
war will leave a permanent impress upon
the cultivation of Kent, and that market
garden crops have come to stay.

Nowhere is the response to the changed
conditions brought about by the war more
remarkable than in the gardens and on the
farms of Messrs. Mount and Sons, of Can-
terbury. The Koses tor which this firm is
famous have been in large measure replaced
by market garden crops, only enough Roses
liaving been kept to maintain the stock of
varieties. Both out-of-doors and in the
houses previously devoted to Roses market
garden crops have been planted, and the
Tomatos under glass would be a credit to
a grower who had specialised in that crop
and nothing else. Plants of Kondine Red
and Ailsa Craig varieties are bearing large
trusses almost to the ground level, whilst
in trial grounds Potatos and other crops
already mentioned demonstrates that men
who have learnt how to grow Roses and
Carnations to perfection can turn their
knowledge swiftJy to gvod account in the
cultivation of any other crop.

In one direction, at all events, fortune
appears to be favouring the Kent growers,
for Cherry and Apple crops, if we may
judge from those on Mr. W. W. Berry's
farms at Selling and on Messrs. Mount's
at Canterbury, are very heavy indeed.

The Cherry orchards at Selling, con-
sisting of large trees, are covered with
rapidly ripening fruit, and present a
wonderful siglit. The fruitfulness of
these trees may be judged from the fact
that certain of the largest are bearing,
according to expert estimate, not less than
12 cwt. of Cherries, whilst many of the
lesser trees have crops of between 4 and
5 cwt. Early Rivers, Black Circassian, and
Governor Wood, are among the numerous
varieties of Cherries which are jiroducing
tine crops. The Ciierry orchards are
under grass, but the grass is kept cro]>ped
close bv sheep, the ideal aimed at and
achieved being that the grass shall not wet
the visitors' boots. It is to this cropping
by slieep that Mr. Berry attributes the
;d)sence of damage to the Cherry ti'ees by
caterpillars, and for confirmation he
pointed to contiguous Cherry orchards,
in one of which the grass is close cropped
by sheep, and the trees undamaged and
fruitful ; in the other the grass is long,

and the trees showing in damaged leaf and
.shortness of crop the effects of the ravages
of the caterpillars.

In the Plum orchards of Messrs. Mount,
where also heavy crops are borne, pigs
are used with good efiect as ground culti-
vators. The pigs, kept on half-rations of
sharps and bran, have tlieir naturally
voracious appetites so whetted tliat no
weed except the dock is left after they
have hoed the ground with their snouts.

In spite of labour difficulties, the excel-
lent practices of normal times arc being
maintained ; the fruit trees are banded
with Tanglefoot and have been sprayed as
usual, and to these measures are to be
attributed the excellent Apple and Plum
crops which should in some measure com-
pensate for the sacrifice of the Hop-yards.

Anyone who doubts the value of banding
with Tanglefoot and spraying should pay
a visit to Messrs. Mount's Plum oi'dhards
and note tliat here and there among the
branches heavily laden are some wiiich
have been missed by the sprayer and are
barren of fruit. Indeed, those who find
a luxury in encouraging that self-depre-
ciation which has become a national habit
would do well to make a tour to the Garden
of England and learn of the resourceful-
ness with which the men of Kent are meet-
ing the changed and difficult circumstanc«s
of tiie present time. The liigh .standard
of cultivation is to be attributed no
doubt to the energy and capability of the
growers as well as to a naturally fertile
soil : but in part also to the admirable
work in education Which has been carried
on for many years by the South-Eastern
College at Wye. It is indeed a pleasure
to hear from some of the growers them-
selves the ready admission of the very
beneficent influence which the College has
exercised on cultivation in the county. It
encourages the hope that colleges of this
Ijattern may be established in othei- of the
fruit-growing districts of tlie country.

Presentation to Mr. 8. Arnott.- The

members of the JIa.xwelltowii Allotment HoJder.s'
Association, a.t the formal opening, on June 30,
of the five tielde of allotments in the burgh pro-
vided through the Town Council, presented
Provost S. Arnott with a silver key. The
presentation was made by Mr. R. Wightman,
the chairman of the association, who stated that
the local plot-holders were indebted to Provost
Aknott, not oiJy for starting the scheme, but
for much useful work in connection witli it.

The Potato Crops of Enolano and
Qermanv.— In an interesting article* contrast-
ing British and German agricultural methods,
Mr. A. E. V. Richardson draws attention to
the fact that, whereas between 1888 and 1913 the
Potato yield of Great Britain increasjd 20 per
cent., that of Grermany increased 109 per cent.

Prices for Early Potato* in Ayrshire. -
Very high prices were reali-ed at the tirst auc-
tion sales of growing crops of Early Potatus on
the CaiTick coast of Ayrshire on the 26th ult.
The highest price obtained was for 2 acres
3 roods at .Tamestown, which realised £165 pel'
acre. The highest price at Warren wa<? £127 per
acre for upwards of five acres, and at James-
town £125 per acre was paid for about six
acres. The average prices per acre were as

• The Jou n. of Agric, Victoria, Australia, April, lUlT
p. 98.

JcLv 7, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

follows : Jamestonu, £97 3s. ; Warren,
£117 Ms. 7d. ; Monistoii, £91 12s. 4cl. The
lowest price was £70 per acre, receised for three
lots at Mon-iston.

Estimate of Damage by Rodents and

BiBDS.- Various estimates have been made at
ditfereiit times as to the loss to the nation caused
by farm pest=. including the rat, the mouse, the
house-sparrow, and the wood-pigeon. One of the
latest estimate.; has placed the amount of damage
at £40,000,000 annually, or about £1 per he.id
of the ]>iipulat'on. This suni includes a loss of
£15,000,000 due to the brown rat, and
£8,000,000 to that of the house-sparrow. These
calculations, of course, may be on the extrava-
gant side, but that an enormous amount of food
value is lost to the country through these pests is
beyond dispute, and it is especially serious at
the present time.

RuHLEBEN Horticultural Society. -The

secretary of the Royal Horticultui'al Society ha^^
received the following interesting communication
from the secretary of the Ruhleben Horticultural
Society: — "You will be interested to know that
we had our first flower show last month, when
we staged some 200 pots of spring flowers, which
had been grown in frames in the nursery. The
e.xhibition was in every way successful, and was
much appreciated by our fellow-prisoners. We
had photograii7hs taken of the two tables, and
have ordered copies for you, which I hope to
send off very soon. We have also a book of
photographs of some of our barrack gardens
as they were during the summer of 1916, whicli
has been bound in leather by our own bookbind-
ing dejjartment, ready to send off, but we are at
the present unable to do so owing to new regu-
lations regarding mounted photographs issued
a short time ago by the military authorities.
We are sending a similar book to the Crown
Princess of Sweden, and we would suggest
that you communicate with her Royal Highness
at a later date. From thb book of photo-
graphs you will be able to form a very good
idea of the interest which has always been taken
in the camp in horticultural work. At a com-
mittee meeting held recently, it was resolved to
hold a competition for the best barrack garden
of plants raised from seed in the camp in con-
junction with a suimmer flower show and com-
]ictition of various classes, and also an exhibition
of vegetables grown in our vegetable garden.
We should like very much to award a certificate
for the various classes, and I have been 'n-
sti-ucted to inquire if you have any certificates
for affiliated societies, and if you could let us
have the required number. As soon a« the
schedule has been drawn out, I will communicate
further with you on this subject. (Signed) T.
HowAT, Hon. Sec, Ruhleben Horticultural
Society."

Improved Waqes at KEW.-.lournoymen and
women gardenere employed in the Royal
Gardens, Kew, are now paid Sis. and 32fi. per
week and 9d. per hour for all overtime and Sun-
day duty.

"Kew Bulletin. "-In reply to a question
by Sir WiLUAJi Bealb in the House of Com
mons, Mr. Stanley Baldwin stated that the
Select Committee on Publications and De.
liMtes' Reports recommend that the Kew Utilli-tin
.-lioulH be continued, but with due regard to
ecimomy. The Bullelin will probably be cur-
tailed by withholding certain classes of informa-
tion, the publication of which it is considered
can " be postponed without detriment to the
welfare of the State."

Publications Received. —/Report of the
Tulip Nomenclature Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society, V.lli-)5. (r^oiulon: Spot
tiswoode, Ballantync & Co , Ltd.) Price 2s. 6(1.
— Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. By
L. H. Bailey. \'ol. V. — S to Z and supplement.
Price 2Ss. (New York : The Macmillan Co.)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.il

(Tht EditoTM do not hold themselvti rttpoiuiblt far
the opinion* expressed hy corretpendenie.)

Irregular Germination or Seeds (see
p. 264l.— Ill 1914 only a single plant of
Pyrethrum aureum (Golden Feather) produced
seed here. The seed was sown under glass in
February, 1915, and the first seedlings that ap-
peared were lost ; but a second batch came up
afterwards, and a third later still. All the seed
was from the one plant. Many times have I said,
when seeing seeds that were purchased germinate

glistening berries are attractive in winter.
Pennict: Jonee, DeUiany. Co. Wirkloiv.

"Science and the Nation." -The article
uii p. 239, over the well-known initials J. B. F.,
reviewing the recent volume bearing this title,
was inspiring. Commercial as well as scien-
tific horticulturists must think sei'iously about
the future. J. B. /•'. says : " We are at
the parting of the ways. If we do not
now leam and profit by the lesson which
it has needed a great war to teach us, the
writing on the wall will be written for us, as it
has already been written tor manv another yreat

Fig. 2. — BRANCH Of CALLITR

(See p

one after another, that such seed was old and
new. I have thousands of self-sown plants of
Golden Feather here in the open, and they .came
up in two distinct batches. Do the outer florets
01 the head produce riper seed than the centre
flowers, oi- do the fii-st flowers ripen seed better
than the later ones? "Acorn," Ahdrlnrr.

A Wasp Plant.— I'yrus arbutifolia var. ery-
llirocKi'pa has a peculiar fascination for queen
wasps, and I have lately captured many scores
of the insect in a bed of these plants. The tree
is very^ attractive in its glossy foliage, which as-
sviiiies TiiiUiant autumnal tints, whilst the black.

{fhotogruph bu E. J. Wullie.
IS oblunga, with cones.

3.)

nation before us. . . . Pure science is the .stream

of knowledge which fertilises practice

Pure science cannot be expressed in terms of
pounds sterling, and the ordinary Englishman
likes to act on the principle of putting down six-
pence on Monday and picking up a shilling on
Tue-sday." Thanks, J. B. V. I thought it was
only Scotsmen who did this ! But 1 think we
are all now tiikiiig longer views. The question,
like most others, turns on £ s. d. Professor
Pope, writing on "The National- Importance
of CheinLstry," says: "In the future money
will have to be provided from public fund.s

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

for tHe stimulation and prosecution of chemical
research, whether of purely academic or practical
technological interest, and in amounts which bear
no comparison with the few thousands of pounds
)ier annum which have been available in the past.
... If recent events have not demonstrated that
the national well-being requires the devotion of
vast -sums to the prosecution of scientific research
no printed words will make the truth more evi-
dent.' 1 am glad the volume contains two
articles by writers well known in the horticul-
tural world. Dr. Keeble writes most lucidly on
" The Science of Botany and the Art of Intensive
Cultivation." Only two sentences I quote ;
" Cultivate the laboratory a little less and our
gardens rather more. Discourage the modern
sessile habit assumed by students, and see_ to it
that the men who are to replace us have wide as
well as dieep experience." The other writer well
known to horticulturists is Professor Biffen. His
subject is " Systematised Plant Breeding." and
one rises from a perusal of his article with the
feeling not of how much has been discovered,
but how much there is still to know — which is
the best plea of all for enlarged resources
being available for research work. The writer
o'l " Science in Forestry," Mr. W. Dawson, con-
cludes by saying: "Forestry is a composite sub-
ject applying the principles of many sciences, and
the only hope for its advancement lies in the close
partnership of the laboratory investigator and the
practical forester." Change " Forestry " to
" Horticulture," and the sentence accurately ex-
)ire.sses, I believe, the sentiments of all the best
minds in horticulture to-day. W. Outhbertaoji ,
Vvd3ingston, Edinburgh.

s o c I e: T ie: b .

Repair of Flowkr PoT8.-It may be ol

use to note that I e.xperimented on two seed
pans (one 12 inch) which were broken into three
pieces each, and which have stood" two seasons
since repair. They were well soaked in clean
water and a thick cream or thin putty of Port-
land cement spread on the cut surfaces ; after
tying with string to keep in place a fillet of
thicker cement was laid along the crack. The
pots were then slowlv dried under old sacking.
I).

Treatment of Evergreens D>maoed by
Frost.— It often happens that when half-hardy,
or even, hai-dy, evergreens have been badly
caught by frost, they can be saved by cutting
down the stems with the withered, fio&ted
leaves, since new shoots may then spring up
again from the stool. Possibly the principal
damage done, apparently by the frost, ie really
due to the unchecked depletion of the water re-
sei"V6> in the wood, consequent on the evapora-
tion from the withered leaves after the frost has
actually passed. There are, it is true, some ob-
jecticns ,to iliig hypothesis, and they are based
on newer observations tending to indiaxte that
the s.tomata are less efficient in regulating trans-
])iration than has been generally believed. But
however this ma-y be, I had, unfortunately,
.'everal opportunities of testing the effects of re-
moving the damaged leaves from shrubs
injured by the frost during the earlier part of
this year. Thus, Benthamia fragifera had every
leai killed, and I cleared them all off two main
branches springing from close to the ground
level, whil.sit leaving the rest of the specimen
(alb ut 12 feet high) untouched. For some time
the effects were not striking, but now, at the
end of June, the axillary shooti have pushed
vigorously on the two treated branches, whilst
the -whole of the rest of the plant teems/ in a
very parlous state. It appears, from this and
other observations, that it miglit be worth while
t> experiment further in the same direction.
I'sp .ciiilly in the laee of rare or valued shrub--.
The labour of stripping the leaves is very smaD.
but it muet be done immediately the frost-
d image — ^indicated by wilting of the leaves —
becomes apparent. Of course, too much niusit
not be expected, for if tlie soft tissues outside
ths wood are kUled, probably nothing could
.^iiive the plant. Nevertheless, it is not unlikely
that ■! good many trees which might have been
' ;av©d are reiUv 'killed by the after effects cf
.'5evere frost. Everyone knows how fatal a sunny
thaw following on hard frost is apt to be to ever-
green plantfi, whereas the deciduous trees a^d
shrubs oiTeii come through it untouched. J. B. F.

ROTAL HORTICDLTDRAL.

Scientifle Committee

June n.—Pir^ntit: Mr. E. A. Bowles, il.A.
(in the chair). Sir John Llewelyn, Col. H. E.
liawson, Messrs. J. Fraser, A. D. Cotton, \\ .
Hales, J. T. Bennett-Poe, W. J. Bean, F. J.
Chittenden (hon. secretary), and R. Farrer
(visitor).

I'lnt Bust. Mr. A. D. Cotton showed speci-
mens of Pine blister rust on Pinus Strobus from
Haslemere. . This disease is due to the fungus
La-onartium Ribicola, and has its alternate stage
on Black Currant or some other species of Ribes,
occurring at times on the Red Currant, and
rarely, in this country, on the Gooseberry. It
has occurred on the Gooseberry at Oxford.

Potato Spraying. Some discussion took place
with regard to the relative values of Bordeaux
and Burgundy Mixtures for spraying Potatos.
In the former quick-lime is required, in the
latter wa.shing-soda ; usually washing-soda is
of more constant composition than quicklime,
and the spray is therefore easier to make. In
both cases the more dilute the two materials to
be mixed before the mixture is made the better,
and in both cases also the mixture should be
done immediately before the spray is used. The
experimental spraying in Ireland during the
past few years, as well as other experiments,
shows that the 1 per cent. Burgundy Mixture
is an excellent and safe preventive of the dis-
ease caused by Phytopbthora infeslans. The
proportions of the materials used are 4 lb. copper
sulphate, 5 lb. washing-soda, and 40 gallons of
water. , j u

Various Plants. Mr. Bowles showed, on be-
half of Mr. Elwes, Orchis foliosa, a fine-flowered
form of 0. latifolia, 0. incarnata, Arisaema con-
sinna (from Himalaya and the Tibet border), a
smaller ¥ plant of a species of Arisaema, Poly-
gonatum with a foliaceous inflorescence which
is constantly produced, and Boscoea (Cautlea)
lutea, a hardy plant from the Himalaya belong-
ing to the Scitamineae. He also showed from
Miss Willmott's garden at Warley the uncommon
Iris Sintenisii from Asia Minor ; from his own at
Clolesborne Mecouopsis latifolia, the semi-double
form ; blue and white forms of Campanula patula
and a form with six petals ; a pale blue form of
Ranunculus, and the uncommon Centranthus an-
gustifolius, which he had collected at Lautaret.
Hybrid Mints. Mr. Fraser showed a hybrid of
Mentha rotundifolia x viridis which had been
collected near Swanage ; it was nearer to
rotundifolia than to its other parent.

Hail : Effect on Onions. Mr. Fraser also drew
attention to the effect of hail upon Onions, the
leaves of which show white bruises caused by
recent hailstorms. ' oi. i

Xyleborus dispar in Sycamore. Mr. Gheal
sent specimens of the common Sycamore, Acer
Pseiidoplanatus, from the Crawley district, bored
by the shot-hole borer, Xyleborus dispar, and
containing the larvae of the beetle in great num-
bers. This pest also attacks fruit trees, includ-
ing Plums, Pears, and Apples, and is a difficult
one to deal with, the complete destruction of in-
fested trees being probably the best course to
pursue.

Effect of Salt Water. Dr. Voelcker sent a note
upon a case of scorching of Peaches and vines
where, the supply from a well having given out,
water from a lake had been used ; the analysis
of the lake water showed no less than 162^ gi-ains
of salts to the gallon, magnesia being present
also, and suggested the infiltration of sea water.
The well water contained only 8 gi-ains of salts
to the gallon.

Popnlu.t Insiortirpa. Mr. J. C. Allgrove showed
a fruiting specimen of this fine tree from Lang-
lev.

,j„LY 3.— The usual fortnightly meeting (if
this Society was held at the London Scottish
Drill Hall, "Westminster, on Tuesday last.

The National Sweet Pea Society arranged, in
conjunction with the exhibition, a special show of
Sweet Peas grown by its members, but the re-
sponse was only moderate.

The Floral Committee inspected several novel-
ties, but the only awards were made to three new
Roses. Several excellent groups were staged.

Messrs. R. Wallace and Co., Colchester, ar-
ranged an imposing collection of many excellent
Eremuri, including several promising seedlings ;
Delphiniums, .lapanese Irises and Primula Lit-
toniana. A fine corner group of miscella-
neous border flowers was arranged by Messrs.
Baker, Ltd., Wolverhampton, in which mag-
nificent Delphiniums, Erigerons and Primulas
were conspicuous. Mr. J. C. Allgrove, Lang-
ley, showed the recently certificated Spiraea
Veitchii ; Eremuri, Delphiniums, and the dwarf
deep pink Acantholimon venustum. Such Del-
phiniums as Statuare Rude, The Alake, and
Rev. Lasoelles. were included in a fine group
of these flowers staged by Messrs. G. Bunyard
AND Co., Maidstone.

Several good collections of border flowers were
arranged on tables, the exhibits from Messrs. J.
Piper and Sons, Baj'swater, Mr. G. W.
Miller, Wisbech, and Mr. G. Reuihe, Kes-
ton, being meritorious. An interesting col-
lection of Liliums was arranged by the Alder
River Nursery Co., Ivor Heath, Buckingham-
shire. Special prominence was given to plants
of L. Willmottiae, which received a Card of
Cultural Commendation.

Roses again foi-nied a prominent feature of
the exhibition, from Messrs. B. R, Cant and
Sons, Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son, Messrs. F.
Cant and Co., and Mr. E. J. HiCks. Of the
numerous varieties Annie Penrice, a brilliant
pink garden Rose of good size, shown by Messrs.
F. C.\nt and Co.. and Prima Donna, a smaller
and more compact bloom, heavily flushed with
deep red, shown by Messrs. Wm. Pai'l and Son,
aiie deserving of mention. The variety H. V.
Machin was well shown by nearly all the ex-
hibitors.

Among other new Roses in Messrs. B. R, Cant
AND Son's group, was the variety Emily Gray,
which was awarded the Gold Medal of the
National Rose Society in 1916. It was a yellow
Wichuraiana hybrid, with glossy, mildew-proof
f ol iage.

Stove plants were shown by Mr. L. R.
Russell, Richmond. The group contained Oala-
diiuns, Marantas, foliage Begonias, and Medi-
nilla magnifica. An excellent strain of Gloxinia
was shown by Messrs. R. and G. Ctjthbert,
Soujthgate. Messrs. H. B. May and Sons, Ed-
monton, brought their customai"y collection of
Ferns, in which were arranged Lantanas, Ver-
benas, a.nd other flowering plants.

The Orchid Committee gave an Award of
Merit to a new Odontoglossum, and awarded two'
Medals to collections.

Floral Committee.

Present : Messrs. H. B. May (chairman), A.
Turner, John Heal, ('. Dixoii, J. Green, G.
Reuthe, G. Paul, W. J. Bean, Chas. E. Shea, P.
Page Roberts, W. P. Thomson, J. F. McLeod,
W. H. Page, J. W. Moorman, E. H. Jenkins,
.James Hudson, John Dickson, W. Howe, W.
BlaUey, C. R. Fielder, W. Cuthbertson, A. G.
Jackman, H. J. Jones, S. Morris, R. C. Notcutt,
E. A. Bowles, and Chas. E. Pearson.

A-wARDS OF Merit.

llosc Miss May Marriott. A delightful Rose
which originated as a sport from the popular
Madame Edouard Herriot. In shape, size, and
style of growth it is like its parent, but the
colour is rich, bright golden apricot, with a
little orange shading on the outsides of the
petals. Shown by Mr. Thos. Robinson, Not-
tingham.

Rose Mermaid. A large, single-flowered,
climbing Wichuraiana variety with ample, highly-
polished leaves. The blooms are light yellow,
shading to golden yellow at the, base of the
p.'tals ; the ring of stamens and anthers is also
golden yellow.

lio-ic Walter C. Clark. A beautiful new
Hybrid Tea Rose of mediimi size (as shown)
and exceptional fragrance. The colour is deep
velvety crimson, and in the bud stage and just
as the" blooms begin to expand the appearance is
very fine, but the fully opened flower often shows
the'centre. Both these varieties were shown by
Messrs. Wm. Paul and Sons, Waltham Cross.

JuiT 1, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Groups.

The fijUuwiiig Medals were awarded for col-
lections : —

Silvrr-gilt /ii'iil-iirm MrdnU to Messrs. R.
Wallace and Co., Messrs. J. Plpek and Son,
Messrs. Baker, Ltd., Messrs. Blackmore and
Langdon, and Mr. \V. H. Holloway.

Sih-er Flora Medals to Messrs. B. R. Cant
AND Sons, Messrs. R. and G. Cuthbert, Jlessrs.
H. B. Mat and Sons, and Mr. L. R. Russell.

Silver Banksian Medals to Messrs. F. Cant
and Co.. Mr. E. J. Hicks, Mr. G. W. Miller
and Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son.

Bronze Flora Medals to Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
Messrs. All wood Bros., Messrs. J. Cheal and
Sons, Messrs. G. Bunyard and Co., and Mr.
J. Stevenson.

Bronze Banksian Medals to the Alder River
Nursery Co., Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons,
Mr. J. Douglas, and the Rev. J. H. Pemberton.

Sweet Peas.

Mr. W. H. Holloway, Port Hill, Shrewsbury,
staged charming bunches of clear blooms, his
exhibit being the best in the Hall. The
principal varieties were Hope, a rich carmine-
rose-coloured flower ; Adelaide (syn. Anzac) ;
Warrior, which contrasted well with Felton's
Cream ; the soft pink Beryl ; Melba, Golden
Glory, Dobbie's Orange, President, and Mrs.
C. P. Tomlin. R.H.S. Silver-gilt Banksian
Medal and National Sweet Pea Society's Gold
Medal.

Mr. J. Stevenson, Wimborne, exhibited a
collection, but the many unopened flowers re-
duced the colour value of the large stands of
bloom. Royalty, a purple variety, was con-
spicuous, whilst others of merit were Kin<;
Mauve, Peace (pink), Faith (light lavender blue),
and Charity (deep red). R.H.S. Bronze Flora
Medal and National Sweet Pea Society's Silver
Medal.

Messrs. Pipers, Bayswater, had a good ex-
hibit of bright flowers set up in dainty and
artistic baskets and vases. Freda Piper (cream
pink), Mr. Gentle (deep apple-bloesom). May
Unwin (scarlet). Margaret Fife (blue). Sincerity
(cerise), and R. F. Felton were a few of the finer
varieties. Silver-gilt Medal of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

Small exhibits were shown by Mr. R. F.
Barker, Muswell Hill ; Mrs. Farntiam, The
Heights, Wisley ; Mr. C. Colvin, Ecclefechan :
Mr. Robt. Bolton, Birdbrook, Essex ; and
Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons, Belfast, who
showed a fine blush variety in Elegance.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir .lereini.-ih rulnuin, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry .1. Voitch, Me«srs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), J. Wilson Potter,
Stuart Low, Fre<lerick .T. Hanhury, Pantia
Ralli. T. Armstrong, A. McBean, Arthur Dve,
C. H. Curtis. Walter Cobb. W. H. White. Fred.
K. Sander, R. Brooman -White, J. Charlesworth,
R. A. Rolfc and C. .1. Lucas.

Award of Merit.

fhliintnglnssvm Queen .Alexandra " Memorin
Lionel Crawshay" (Barri/anum x triumphans
Lionel Crnw.ihmj). from De Barri Crawshay.
Esq., R(weficld. Sevennaks (gr. Mr. Stables). A
noble Odontoglossum and the b".?! of a fine .strain
for which Mr. Crawshay has already .lecured one
First-class Certificate and two Awards of Merit.
The new variety is the largest and best in every
reaper*. The broad sep.Tls and petals are
blotched and tinged with dark red-brown, the
yellow ground-colour .ohnwing through at the
margins. The almost circular lip is white in
front, the base light violet, and the crest yellow.

PRELrMTOART COMMEMDATTON.

Odontinda Memorin Lionel Crawslint/ iOdtn.
TIrnnia x Oda. Charlesworthii), from He Barri
Crawshay, Eeq. A distinct new hybrid, flower-
ing for the first time, the single large bloom
being of fine substance. The colour is light
brownish orange, changing to cr«>:'m colour to-
wards the margin of the Ip, which has a well
defined vellow crest.

Groups.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tuiibridg« Wells, were awarded a Silver-gilt Flora
Medal for a group rich in hybrid Miltonias,
Odontoglossumfi, and brilliantly-coloured Odonti-
odas. Among the JliUonias "the handsome JL
J. Gurnev Fowler, for which a First-class Cer-
tificate was given on May 19, 1914, showed pro-
minently, its large rose-pink flowers, with deep
maroon mask on the lip, being very effective.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Hay wards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
a group of excellent specimen Orchids, each
bearing many flowers. Cattleya Warscewiczii
Mrs. E. Ashworth had six large blush-wliit«
flowers; we also noticed a fine white-petalled,
and a very large dark form of, Cattleya Gaskel-
liana, each with nine flowers.

Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans, staged a small
group, which included the new Odontioda Aphro-
dite (Miltonia Warscewiczii x 0dm. Magali
Sander), with preMily-marked flowers of good
shape, and Miltonia Isabel Sander, white, with
dark maroon base to the lip.

De Barri Crawsh.^y. Esq., showed Odonto-
glossura Cleopatra Memoria Lionel Crawshay
(Carmania x Vuylstekei), a large, showj- flower
the character of" which is dominated by 0.
Harryanum. which was one of the parents of
0. Carmania. The sepals and petals are sepia
brown with lighter margins; the large lip is
purple at the b.ise and whit« in front.

n. T. Pitt. Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr.
Mr. Tliurgood!. showed a fine plant of the re-
markable Bulbophyllum Balfourianum, with
large, fleshy cream-white flowers, heavily
blotched with claret-red.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

/'resent: Messrs. .T. Cli.al (vice chairman).
G P. Berrv. K. Bunvard, W. H. Divers. Geo.
Keif. J. C Allgrove, K. Beckett, A. Bullock,
.Tohn Harrison. Owen Thomas. .T. W. Bat^s, Wm.
Poupart, F. .Tord.an. .md the Rev. W. W'ilks,

The only exhibit before the Committee was a
new Bed ' Currant named Tittlecroft Beauty,
shown by Mr. H. Close. Orpineton. Kent. The
branches were very fniitfnl. and the berries large
and brightly coloured.

TRIALS OF ORIENTAL POPPIES AND

TALL. BEARDED IRISES.
The following Awards have been made by the
Roval Horticultural Society to Oriental Poppies
and Tall Bearded Irises after trial at Wisley :—

Oriental Poppies.

Highly Commended. — Beauty of Livermere,
sent by Messrs. R. Wallace and Co. ; Bobs, sent
• and raised by Mr. Notcutt ; Boadic«a. sent and
raised by Messrs. Barr and Sons ; Cerise Beauty,
sent and raised by Messrs. Barr and Sons ; Elsie
O. Harkne.is. sent and raised by Messrs. R.
Harkness and Co. ; Felix, sent and raised by
Mr. R. C. Notcutt ; Hesperia, sent by Messrs. G.
Bunyard and Co. ; Mrs. J. Harkness, sent by
Messrs. R. Harkness and Co. : Mrs. Peny, sent
by Messrs. Barr and Sons, raised by Mr. Amos
Peri-y ; Orange Globe, sent and raised by Messrs.
R Veitch and Son ; Rose Queen, sent by Messrs.
R. Wallace and Co. ; Tioyal Scarlet, sent and
raised by Messrs. Barr ,and Sons ; Taplow Rear
let. sent and raised by Messrs. Barr and Sons :
V. L. Harkness. sent and raised by Messrs. R.
Harkness and Co.

ConrMENDED. — Silverblick, sent by Mr. R. C.
Notcutt.

Tall Bearded Irises.

Awards of Merit. — 7. Dominion, sent and
raised by Mr. A. J. Bliss, Tavistock ; /. pallida
Daliiinfirn. from Messrs. Forbes, Ltd., R. Veitch
and Sons, and Wisley Gardens ; /. pallida Prin-
cess Beatrice, from Messrs. Barr and Sons and
G. Bunyard a)id Co., Ltd. ; 7. pallida 7fei\ W.
Wills, sent bv Messrs. G. Bunyard and Co.,
Ltd.

Hiohlv Commended. — Le RSve, sent by Mr.
.\mos Perry : Mary, from Mr. G. Reuthe.

Commended. — Cah'pso, sent by Mes^s. Barr
and Sons and Mr. Amos Perrv ; Dawn, sent by
Messrs. R. Wallace and Co. ; Innocenza, sent by
Mv. A. Perry and Messrs. J. Forbes. Ltd. ; Rosa-
lind, sent bv Mr. A. J, Bliss.

MANCHESTER AND NOITH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

June 7. — Committee present: The Rev. J.
t'rombleholme (in the chair), Messrs. D. A.
('owan, .1. C. Cowan, Dr. Craven Moore, J.
Cypher, A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans, P. Foster,
A. R. Handley, A. Hanmer, A. Keeling, J.
Lupton, D. McLeod, J. McNab, W. Shackleton.
H. Thorp, and H. Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS. -
First-class Certificates.

Miltonia Charlesworthii var. Oonyngham,
with flowers 3^ inches across, and' M. Isabel
Sander, with petals flusIieS with heliotrope and a
mask of oriental purple, both from Dr. Craven
Moore.

Cattleya Beineckiana var. Ashworthiae, flower
white, with lip of brilliant colour, from R.
Ashworth, Esq.

Ct/pripedium niveum var. Dorothy Clare, from
the Rev. J. Crombleholme,

Cattleya Mossiae var. Barlae Snowdrop, a
large flower of good shape and' colour, from S.
Gr.\trix, Esq.

Laelio-Cattieya Domos Suptrha [C. Mossiae. x
L.--C. Dominiana), a fine flower with lip of bril-
liant colour and neajly 3 inches across, from P.
Smith, Esq.

Odontoglossum Phosbe splendens {cirrhosum x
eri.<piim), from Messrs. J. AND A. McBean.

Awards of Merit.

Cttttlcya Mossiae Madge and Odontoglossum.
Pcscatorei grande. both from P. Smith. Esq.

0. Minos (Hnrvingtense X LMmbcaniamim)
and Cattleya Mossiae Kitchener, both -from R.
.\shworth, Esq.

Odontoglossum eximinm Conqueror, from J. J.
Bolton, Esq.

Miltonia Lyoth Conyngham. from Dr. Craven
Moore.

Laelio-Cattleya Aphrodite Lily Cowan, from
S. Gratrix, Esq.

Cultural Certificate.

To Mr. S. Davenport, for a fine pl.aut of
Cattleya Mendelii.

Groups.

A Silver-gill Medal was awarded to R.
.'\shworth, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr. Daven-
port) : a Large Silver Medal to Messrs. Cypher
and Sons, Cheltenham; and Silver Medals to
the Rev. .1. Crombleholme, Clayton-le-Moors
(gr. Mr. E. Mar.shall) and Messrs. Sander and
Sons. St. Albans.

HAARLEM GENERAL BULB GROWERS'.

T'lPE following Awards have been made by the
various Committees of the General Bulb Growers'
Societv of Hiiarlom during February, April and
May, 1917.

First-class Certificate.

Tulip James Watt.

Awards of Merit.

Narcissus poetaz Orange Olnbe (creamy white,
with dark orange-coloured cup) ; A^. p. Helios
{Sini/h) (sulphur yellow, cup yellow) ; Tulip The-
mis' (Single) (white); Tulip Due maximvs
(Single.) (yellow and white form) ; Tulip albino
(Single) " (large, white flower) ; Tulip Orient
(Single) (copper-.salmon, striped carmine-rose
and white, the petals on the outside shaded
carmine-rose) ; '/'. .Alcmene (Single) (brilliant
cnrmine, shaded scarlet); T. Dulrinen
(Single.) (orange-red, base yellow) ; T. Sans
pnreille (Breeder) (dark violet) ; Iris pallida In-
.lulindr (standards clear violet, falls velvetv vio-
let) ; Ilyneinth Mr. J. H. Kersten (Single)
(oiange-red) ; Hyacinth Codro (Dovblr) (dark
blue, shaded purple) ; Nare.i.'!sus Debora (peri-
anth bro.ad and round, crown pure yellow).
Certificate op the Haarlem Trial Garden.

Single Hyacinth Pe.tronius (blue) ; Single
Earhi Tvlip Vlntfressante.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

June 11. — The monthly meeting of this society
was held in the R.H.S. Hal! on Monday, June
11, 1917. Mr. Chan. H. Curtis presiding. Two
new members were elected. Two members over

10

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 7, 1917.

the age of seventy years were allowed to ■with-
draw £45 from their deposit accounts, and two
members withdrew double amount of interest,
amounting to £3 19s. 6d. Notifications of death
were received of Privates G. E. Sanders and
W. F. Bull, and the sums standing to their
credit were passed for payment to their nominees.
The sick-pay for the month on the ordinary
side amounted to £50 18s., on the State
Section to £18 16s. 8d., and maternity benefits
to £9. Owing to the Registrar-General dis-
;ippi'oving of a separate rule-book for the ad-
niis-sion of juveniles, a special general meeting
will be held on July 9, 1917, at 3 p.m., at the
R.H.S. Hall, for the adoption of partial amend-
ment (if the existing rules.

©bttuar^.

George Abbey.— We regret to announce the
death, on the 1st inst., at St. Albans, of Mr.
George Abbey, one of the best known of the older
school of horticulturists. He was a keen
gardener from his earliest years, and while still
a young man attained considerable snocess
in his profession. In later life his work
was chiefly literally, and he contributed
freely to the horticultural Press, princi-
|ially rto the Jonnial of Horticultnre. He assisted
the late John Wright in his popular work T/ie
Fniit-grower's Guide. During recent years he
made a special study of garden pests and
diseases, and wrote freely on that phase of
gardening, illustrating his notes by simple dia-
grams. Mr, Abbey attained some time since to
the ripe age of eighty-one, and retained to the
last all his faculties. His illness was very short,
having become serious only a week before his
death. His wife died some seventeen years ago ;
lie leaves three sons and one daughter.

CROPS AND STOCKJN^THE HOME FARM

Thk Plottghing Up 6y Grass Land.

The appeal to farmers by the Government to
increase the amount of arable land in the country
by 3,000,000 acres for the season 1918 present's
difficulties to the farmer. Each county has been
,-isked to plough a certain acreage ; in
this county, Hampshire, the amount is
90,000 acres. Many persons set too much
store on grass land for hay, whereas in
many instances the land conld be made much
more 7>rofitaible under arable cultivation, A much
greater bulk of hay can be obtained by high
cultivation and the growing of rotation grasses
such as Clover and Italian Rye, than by ordinary
methods. INIany acres of permanent pa.?ture pro-
duce only one ton of hay per acre, or less,
whereas as much as three tons per acre can be
obtained from rotation crops. The hay from the
latter, too, is of much more value to the Army
than meadow grass. For milk cows grass must
be provided. In this county the allowance is
three acres per cow ; in some instances — for
cheese-making— -3i acres is the rule.

If the pastures are rich in herbage, and
other foods, such as Mangold and Ca.bbage,
can be ohtained from arable land, two
acres per cow are ample. On this principle
there need be no hesitation in plougliing
Tip certain grass fields, even where cows are
aui important item of the farm ; but the needs of
young stock must be consideired also. Many
perfons ('ling to their pastures on the score of
economy in cultivation, which was a matter foi-
consideration when cereals were a low price.
Land under arable cultivation is much more pro-
ductive when in corn and cattle food than iu
grass, and on that principle farmers should not
hfsitate to alter their methods. The Govern-
ment, do not wish that grass sliould be ploughed
lip indiscrimina-tely ; they know quite well that
g od |ia,stures cannot be made without expense,
,-\t one time it was thought the bulk of the
3.000,000 acres was required for Wheat alone for
1918. That 'jupression is not true, as any cere.il
crop may be grown. This option renders the
work of preparation easier.

Preparing for the 1918 Whe.^t Crop.

For Wheat to be grown during 1918, no time
should be lost in preparing the land. There are

two methods of preparation : (a) First plough the
sward 2 inches deep with a view to killing the
grass by exposm-e to the sim and wind; plougii
again, this time crosswise, at the same 'depth, t i
aid in the disintegration of the gi-ound. If thu
work is well done during the next three months,
there is a good prospect cf snccess, as much har-
bour for wirewoi-m will have been removed, A
dressing of farmyard mannre at the rate otf 15
to 20 tons per acre should be evenly spread and
ploughed in this time to a depth of 5 inches,
which will be sufficient to bury the loose turf.
Prers the land firm as the ploughing proceeds,
and sow the Wheat as soon in October as con
venient. The above method is a good way of deal-
ing with stiff land, (b) Soil of a light character
should be dealt with as follows : Skim the sur
face, plough and press the land at once 5 inches
deep, and sow with Mustard at the rate of 20 lb.
per acre. In ten weeks the Mustard should be
from 1 foot to 2 feet high ; it can then be fed off
to slieep or ploughed in, pressed, and sown
with WTieat at will, jNIu&tard, even without
manure, is a good preparation for Wheat.
iMustard. too. beyond its manurial properties,
counteracts the attacks of wireworm. Sulphate
of ammonia applied at the rate of 1 cwt, per
acire at sowing time would accelerate growth,
and thus mitigate wireworm attack. Where Oats
or Barley are to be sown, there "will be more time
for the neces?ary preparations, as the land need
not be ploughed until February, The grass in
tlie meantime can be fed to stock, E. Molyne}i.-c..

Shed Wheat of the 1917 Chop,

In view of the importance of provrding seed
Wheat for next year's harvest, the Governmen',
propose to acquire pure stocks of certain of the
less plentiful varieties of autumn Wheats, Crops
in adequate quantity found after inspection to
be suitable for seed will be purchased at a sub-
stantial premium above the milling price.
Farmers with pure crops of not less than
20 acres of the following varieties, viz,. Wil-
helm'nn. Victor. Little Joss, or Browick, are re-
quested to communicate at once with the
Director-General. Food Production Department.
72. Victoria Street, Ixmdon. S,W, 1,

In writing to the Department, the correspon-
dent ."shonld state his name and address, the
variety of Wheat, the area sown, iind the loca-
tion of the crop.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

.\aALiA SiEBOLDii : W. D. There is no fungus
disease present on the plant of Aralia Sieboldii,
The unsatisfactory condition of growth is due
to some wrong cultural treatment,

Chkrries Dkoppino : C. M. L. Cherries often
turn yellow and dixvp after they have grown
about the size of Peas, The trouble may be
due to one or more causes. If growth is en-
feebled, the fruits may fall at the stoning
period, whilst a lack of lime in the soil may
be re«)xinsible. Let the wood receive plenty
of sunshine to favour its ripening, ti-aining the
shoots well apart to allow the sunshine to enter
the tree. Fork old mortar rubble or other
material containing lime into the soil,

Dr.viNG Peas : A. W. Certain varieties of Peas
can be dried for winter use, including Little
Marvel, The Peas can be left, pods and all,
on the plants, and dried by the sun, or, if
the season is wet, either the whole plant
can be pulled up and dried hanging in an airy
shed, or the pods can be gathered and the Peas
dried in trays. The former method results in
most success, but in any case the dried Peas,
when cooked, will not have the colour or flavour
of fresh ones. They must be soaked in water
■n-ith a, little carbonate of soda for twenty-
four hours before cooking, and be boiled for
about an hour in water alone.

Insects on Box : A. H. S. The small greenish-
yellow fly present on your bushes is a common
pest of the Box, Spray the plants with a nico
tine compound.

Names of Plants : 11'. ./. //, Hyoscyanius
idger (Henbane), — 0. E. O. 1, Coioneasler
frigida ; 2, Pyrus rotundifolia, — C. Carlisle.

Aesculus flava var, sanguinea. — Cajitniit
.1, F. B. Prunus cerasifeia, the Cherry Plum,
—.1, L. 1, Rolnrii liis|nil:i ; 2, Deutzia creuata
flure plena; 3. I'l.nMiis sp ; 4. Clematis recta;
5, Cotoneaster Simoiisii ; h, Spiraea canescens.
— /. D. II. Polystichum venustum. — 0. B.,
Kent. 1, Amaryllis reticulata ; 2, Zephy-
ranthes carinata ; 3, Maranta regalis ; 4, Dieff-
enbachia species,— i^, F. U. 1, Jasminnm
iSambac flore pleno; 2, Peperomia arifoli.i ;
3, P. re;~edaefiora.
Pear MiBGE : /. P. The Pear tree is attacked
by the Pear Midge. You cannot usefully do
anj'thing this year, but next spring hand-pick
all abnoi-mally swollen fruits. If pos,sible, re.
move and sterilise the surface soil ; or, as an
alternative, apply a good dressing of Kainit
to the ground, or an application of ground in-
secticide immediately before the perfect
insects: emerge in the spring.

Fig. 3. — the pear midge.

(1) Youiig Pear cut open, show-ingr larvae inside ; (2)
Uuv.'i, nat, size; (3 and 4) larva mvignafied ; (5) male
inwige (small cross indicates nat. size) ; (6) tenninal joints
iif male antennae; (7) apex of the Aving ; (8) middle joints
ni female antennae; (9) female oviiwsitor.

Peas Failing : ^4. C. N. ' Eelworms were pre-
sent in some of the plants, and the mycelium
of a fungus was also present. Destroy all
badly affected plants by burning.

Potato Failing ; W. S. If. The Potato is not
affected by specific disease due to fungous or
insect pest. The failure of the foliage to de-
velop is probably due either to some error in
cultivation, or to inherent weakness in the
seed.

Potato Eaten by Moth : T. F. The Potatos are
attacked by the Rosy Rustic Moth {Hydraecia
n.icacea), which is now in the larval or grub
stage. It is not a very serious pest, but you
should pick off all the parts of the haulm which
are attacked and bum them.

Communications Received —W, S, R, [Thatvks for
2s, for R.G,0.F,!— D. N,— F, A. F,— M, N,— N. G,— G, A,
— W, E, B,— E, C— Sir M, R,— S, and G,— F. H.—
C. R D.-W,— J, F.-^H, E. D.-^T. «.— W. .T. G.—
B A. B,— T. O.— J. H— H. E.-A. W. W. ,I, II.--

■ V ■ L. C. S.— E, K.~H, M, P.— E. M.— W. P. R.— J. M.
-W. .T. W.— Dr. C— C. S. S.— W. T.— F. H. H.— J. L,~
II. T. S.— A, B,— G, W. B. 0.

.Itn.T 7, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

I^ A R K E T S.

ilKM (,',<«/Ji',\. Jul,,

10 0-

Flints In Pots, &c. :
s.d.!
Arali* Sieboldii.

dozen .. .. 6 0
Asparagus dIu-
mosus nanus
per doz.

— Sprengeri . .
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0
Cacti. various,
per tray of 15'8 4 0

— tray of 12's . . 5 0
CocoB Weddelli-

ana 48's. per

doz 18 0

60's per doz. S 0

Crassula 48's. per
doz 10 0

Ferns. in thumbs.
per 100.. .. 12 0

— per 100. In
small and
large OO'b .. 18 0

— In 48's. per doz. 7 0

— inJ2's.perdoz. 12 0
choicer sorts,
per doz. 48's.. 10 0

Fuchsia, various.

48'3. per doz. . 8 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60*8. per doz... 8 0

larger, each.. 2 8-
Heliotrope. 48'3.

per doz.

Average Wholesale Prices,
.d. s.d.s.d.

Hydrangea, blue

48's.52's per dz.l2 0-80 0

— pink. 48'3. per
doz 12 0-18 0

— white. 48's. per
doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana.
80's, per doz. 6 0-81

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz .. 12 0-30 0
L ilium lonei-

florum.perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lancif olium
rabrum ., 24 0-80 0

— — album .. 24 0-80 0
Marguerites in

48'B. per doz, 5 0-70
Pelargonium, 48'i
per doz,

— (Geranium),
zonal-leaved,
48'3, per doz, 5 0-60

— 60's. per doz. 2 0-26

— Ivy-le'vved.48's.
per doz. .. 8 0-10 0

Verbena, white,
blue or scar-
let, ptr doz... 8 0- S 0

86 0

12 0
15 0

30 0
8 0
18 0

12 0

-10 0

- I 0

- 7 6

- 8 0

10 0-12 0

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d.

Achillea, per doz.

bun

Alst "meria. per

doz. bun.
Canterbury Bells,

per doz. bun.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,

best American

varieties

— Carola (crim-
son), ex, large

Coreopsis. per
doz. bun. ..

Cornflowers, per
dnz, bun.

Delphinium,
doz. hun.

Oaillardia,
doz, bun.

Gladiolus. Blush-
ing Brid , per
doz 6 0-

— TheB ide,per
doz, bun. .. 10 0

— Peach Blos-
som, per doz.

1 0-

per

per

bun.

8 0

Oypsophila. white,
per doz. bun, 4 0-

Heather, white,
per doz. bun, 12 0

Iceland Poppies.

per doz. bun. 1 6-

L 1 1 i um longi-

florum, long 2 3-
- short .. 16-

— 1 a nclfoliam
album, long., 2 0-

— r u b r u m.

per doz,, long 2 6
-^^ short ,. 16

ilareuerites, yel-
low, per doz,
bun

Orchids, per doz,:

- Cattleya

- Odon togloB-
sum crispum

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let, pe' doz,
bun

2 6-

Roses—

— Frau Karl
nruschki. rer
doz. blooms..

— General Jac-
queminot, per
doz. blooms, . 0 6

— General Mc-
Arthur, per
doz. blooms .. 10

— Liberty, p r
doz. blooms. . 1 0

— Melody, per
doz. blooms,. 1 0

— Mme. A, Cha-
tenay,perdoz,
blooms ,. 10

— Mme Edouard
Herriot, per
doz blooms,, 1 0

— Mrs. John
Laing.perdoz.
blooms .. 10

— Ophelia, per
iloz. blooms,. 1 0

— Richmond,
perdoz. blmt. I 0
Sunburst, per
doz. blooms.. 1 6

•- White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
bl- oms .. 10

Scabicisi cauea-
sira .. .. .■! 0

Statice. white.

per doz. bun. G 0

— mauve, perdoz.
bun 6 0

— yellow. per
doz. bun. .. 6 0.

Stephanotis. p^r

72 pips . .. 16-

Slock, white, per

doz. bun, .. 6 0.
'et Peas-
white and
coloured, per

— mauve, per

doz. bun,

' Viola lornuta ,.

Cut Follagfe, &c,: Average Wholesale Prices,

Adiantum (Mai-
denhairFern)
best, per doz,
bunches ,. 4

Asparagus plu-
mosus, long
trails. per
half-dozen .. 2

— — medium,
doz, buncbei 12

— Sprengeri ,. 6
Carnation foliage,

doz, bunchei 4 0- ,^ 0

0-18 0
0-10 0

s.d, s,d.

3 0-00

Croton foliage,

doz, bunches
Cycas leaves, per

doz, .
Fern, French, per

doz, bunchet 0 6-08
Moss, groB 8

bunches ,, 4 6- .'i 0
Myrtle, doz, bun,

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz, bunches 10-13
Smilax, per bun,

of 6 trails ,, 13-20

Remarks.— White IMmks aie pi'a(.-tii:ally over, and the
only KhiU: flowers av.n.ilnble are Aohillea The Pearl, while
.Stoi-ks, and Pelargoniumf. The flr.<it arrivals of Asters are
expwied in a few .lays, llmdy floweiw are in demand,

and the stipply is only moderate. .Spanish Irises are over,
.and Gladioli are of very poor niiolity. 'HTiite and mauve
Sweet Sultans are arriving in excellent condition, and
find a ready sale. There is a limited supfply of Sweet
Peas, and prices are a trifle firmer. Lilium I'ongifloruni
and L. lancifolium rubrum are arriving in better con-
dition, hut prices remain firm.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. 3,d
Artichokes, Globe.

per doz. ., 4 0- .t 0
Asparagus—

Worcester. per

bun 2 6-40

Beans. Broad per

bus 5 0-60

- French, per

doz, lbs, ,, 9 0-12 0
Beetroot, perbus. 12 0
Cabbage, per tally 5 0 10 0
Carrots, new, per

doz. bun. .. 16-30
Cauliflowers, per

doz 2 6-40

Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 15 n 21 0
Garlic, per lb... 0 8-09
Greens, per bag.. 36 —
Herbs, per doz.

B.d. s.d.
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per

doz 0 6-10

Mushrooms.per lb. 1 0- 1 3
Mustard and

Cress, per doz,

punnets ,, 10 —
Onions, per cwt. IS 0 20 0
— spring, per

doz. bun, .. 6 O-in 0
Peas, per bus. ,. 5 0-70
Potatos. new. per

lb 0 2-

Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 10-20
Shallots, per doz.

lbs.

8 0-10 0

bnn.

4 0 8 0

Spinach, per bus, - -

Turnips, per cwt, 90 —
- new. per doz,

bun 16-20

Vegetable Mar-
rows perdoz, 2 0-30

Watercress, per

doz 0 6-08

Horseradish, per

doz, bun, .. 60 0 —
Leeks.perdoz.bun,3 0-5 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d, s.d.
Almonds, per cwt, 80 0 —
Apples, per case 25 0-33 0
.\uber*4ine.s. per

doz 6 0 —

Cherries. English,

per J bus. .. 6 0 12 0
Currants, black,

per ! sieve .. 10 0 12 0

red, per \

sieve,. 8 0 10 i

— white, per lb, 0 4-06
Dates, per box,

about 70 1b, .. 44 0 —
Fig- (Worthing),

per doz, .. 4 0 12 0
Go seberries.

green.peribus, 5 6-7 0
Grapes :

— Knglish (new
season) Black
Hamburgh,

per lb. ,,1 6- 3 0

— Muscats, per

lb 2 0 4 0

Lemons, per case 15 0 45 0

B.d,
Melons. Cante-

loupe. each ,. 10 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea, 4 0'

Nectarines, per
doz 4 0

Nuts, Brazils,
new. per cwt. 95 0

— Coconuts, per
100 .. ,, 30 0

Oranges, per case 30 0
Peaches, perdoz, 4 0
Raspberries, per
skip ,. .. 19

— per doz. pun-
nets .. ., 6 0

Strawberries :
Kent.

s.d
■20 0

skip

1 0-

per peck
Tomatos. Knglish,

per 12 lbs. or

peck .. ..7 6
Walnuts, dried,

per cwt, .. 65 0

80 0

Rkm.vkks.- A (i-w good varieties of Aii.-^tralian Apples
and Pears arc still on offer ; they have not Bold so
n-a<lily na anticipatcti, owing to the fact that many
other fruits are in season. Grapes. Peaches, Nectarines,
and Figs are all plentiful, but Melons are scarce and dear.
Supplier of Strawberries are well mainl.ained ; and R-asp-
herrics are commencing to arrive, BUw'k, red, and white
Currants apftear to have yie]<!e*i gwxl crops, and Goose,
berries are very plentiful. With regard to CHlerrics tbere
are some good samples of the following variotie.s :- -
Early Rivers', May Duke, and Elton Heart, Marrows
are arriving in larger quantities; but Tomatos and
rncumbers are more limited in supply. Early Potatos
are very plentiful. E. If. R., Covrni Garden llarlel.
■hily I,, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

r. J. Bowye-, late flanlener to r:rv CAr.TDIUiP,

Ks.| . (?riixlev House. Oroxlev Oreen, Hertfordshire.

as (;ar.li-ji.T t<. Mrs. Jkfpkkys. Shprwocls, Win<-li
ilel.l, Hampshire,

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

Vegetable Fruit, and Plower Show, to !»•

held at Iluntrovde, Biirnlev, on September 1, 1917, ui
aid of file funds of the Refl Cross .Societv.— Hon. Sec.,
K. C. ll..ws..n, HiintrovUe Estate Office. Padiham,

nil

ROSES

(Vol, 10 of Present Day Gar-
DENINQ), by H. R, DARLINGTON

Edited by R, HOOPIR PBARSON, Managing Editor of
"Gardeners' Chronicle,"

A u'ood practical book for all Rose lovers. Containi much
valuable information, 8 full-page coloured plates. A double
vnliime. Price 2/10, post free. Special presentation edition
with beautiful cover design, in cloth gilt, gilt top, price 3/10,
pi .St free.

THE PUBLI'<HER

"lianleiiers" 4'lironlcle" OIHres, 41, Welllnglun

tttreet, CuvenI Ciarileu, LodiIoii, \f.C 'i

AND FOR ALL

GLASS STRUCTURES

THAT REQUIRE

OUTSIDE SHADING.

The only Genuine, Original, and Improved Article.

It has been in general use for

OVER 36 YEARS.

BE SURE TO ASK FOR

SUMMER CLOUD

AND SEE THAT YOU GET IT I

ialers In Horticultural Sundries
ughout the Kingdom.

aiiiins 8 OZ3., for 100 feet of glass, la. ;
: and in bags of 7 Ihs., 10B. Bd. ;

Sold by al

In packets
24 OH., 2s.
14 lbs., 20s.

CORRY & CO, Ltd.,

Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden, LONDON, W.C-

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still bold ( ertain siimll stoeks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject
to being unsold,
Partu'uttjr.\ on *tpi>licatinn,
I OS
" MOHWICH.

Vegetable Garden.

Tins IS an English translation, made by

Mr. W, Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous growers,

MESSRS. VILNIORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Pans. There are no market growers to
equal the French, and in this work English
readers will find placed at their disposal, in
readable and interesting form, all the
experience and knowledge of centuries of
successful cultivation. All the prmcipal
vegetables, including many which are at
present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and
informative illustrations give point to the
instructions contained m the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal.

PRICE 15s. NET.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND, W.C. 3.

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [July 7, i9i7.

By Special Appointment to J^^||^ His iVIajesty The King.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, ete.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLRSGOW— 121, St. Vincent SI.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street. Morningside.

Telegram* : "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

AND YEAR BOOK.

INDISPENSABLE to EVERY GARDENER and NURSERYMAN.

In this, its Fifty-Eighth Year of PubHcation, this indispensable work has undergone a thorough
revision. Every page has been purged of out-of-date, obsolete names, fresh ones added, and the
whole work brought up to date. Numerous Fresh Features have been introduced, including a

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

AND A LIST OF

NEW PLANTS FOR THE YEAR.

Another interesting feature is a set of Short BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES of
PROMINENT HORTICULTURISTS and NURSERYMEN

who have passed away during the year. Thus, by obtaining this DIRECTORY at the
beginning of each season, one is enabled to keep pace with passing events in the
horticultural world. There are still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d. Post Free.

Printed fur the Coixieners' Ohronicle, Limited, by LnvE anu Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn, I^oiiduii, W.C, and Published weekly by (lie Ganlene
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Caiden, Oity of Westminster, Satuhdat, July 7, 1917. .^sent fm- Manchester, Joss He'ywood,

No. 1594. Vol LXII. {,

SATURDAY, JULY 14, 1917.

i Registered as a Newspaper.] "'^^ '

1 iPOST-PKEE, 3Jd.

^ ■ .Tc r->t>/, lOr 1 r«;4 26c 1 ver annum, entered at yeiv York Ptat Office at seeond-class matter.

Fop contents lee page 11.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdvertUers will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MOST reach this office not later t/uin 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

TO replace Dutch Bulbs for next Spring
flowering sow now British flowers.
SUTTON'S WALLFLOWERS.
Sweet-scented flowers ot brilliant colour.
Sutton's Fire King, vi^id orange, per packet, Is. 5d.
Sutton's Giant Vulcan, brilliant crimson, per packet.

Is. 5d.
Sutton's Orange Bedder, a very striking colour, I>cr

packet, la.
Sutton's Oloth of Gold, bright yellow, per packet, 5d. k Is.
Sutton's Superb, mixed, per packet. Is. and la. 6d.
Post Jree.

SUTTON & SONS. The King's' Seedsmen,
READING!.

^ IiAXTON'S STRAWBERRIES.
■p'INE EARLY POT PL.VNTS, for forcing
-■- or outdoor planting, of Kin« George V.. RoyaJ
.Sovereign, liC, pot«, 203. 100; open ground, 6s. 100.
I,.i.xlonian. the grand new MaiD.Top, pots, 30s. 100; open
ground, 20is. 100. Illustrated .--atalogue, with cultural
hint* and de.*-ription of all the new and older sorts
gratis —LAXTOX BROS., Bedford. ^_^

TJ.VRR'S VEGETABLE SEEDS for July

•*-* to September Sowing. Special List post free.—
BARR & SONS. King Street. Covent Garden, London.

rk I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

'-^ MAJJUHE and other liagb-class Fertilisers ; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
hnu.se and Nurseries, Chester.

VVTM- DUNCAN TUCKER & .SON'S.

' LTD.. Lawrence Road. South Tottenham. Con.
- rvatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

/^UR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^-^ .oiunmer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
frre on application.— DOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

WATERER'S ALPINES. HERBACE-

' ' OUS PLANTS and WATER LILIES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue free.-^OUN WATERER, SONS & ORISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twytord, Berks.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for'
■^ immediate delivery. Sulphate of Copper 98 per
cent., pure Waging Soda 98 per cent. Write for prices
and quantity required per acre. — G. H. RICHARDS,
234, Borough High Street, London, S.E. 1.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Con.servatories,
^ • Greenthouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea. London. 8.W. 3. Wire, 201,
WcsU-ni, I/ondon. Telephone ; 201, Western.

s

PRING CABBAGES. — The best varie-
taea to sow during the early part of August.
Order at once.

SUTTONS HARBINGER CABBAGE.
The eaiUest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.
'■Trial ot Autumn Cabbages.— A trial of no less than
114 stocks, representing 94 sorts, was ma»lc at Wisley last
lear ... It will be noticed that Suiton'e Barbmger is
the onlv sort that di.l well in l>oth trials lAutumii-suwn
and Spring-sown)."—" The Field, " June 17, 1916.

"Cabbage Harbinger is a capital variety. I sowed
some seed in July, and now (January 10, 1917) I am
cutting some lovely heads. "—Mr. A. »'. Coles, The Gar-
dens, Wallscefleld, Otojrdon.

SUTTON'S APRIL CABBAGE.

The most popular early Cabbage for garden use.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.
"The April Cabbage you supplied me with last year
have done wonderfully well, hardly a plant bas been
destroyed by the severe winter, and they are now coming
in very useful."- The Rev. P. J. Brigga, Jlay 4, 1917.

" The April Oabbege, raised from seed supplied by you
last year, was wonderful. They were a lovely batch of
plants, and not one bolted."— Mr. H. Bryant, Framfleld.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING
CABBAGE.
The most auitable for the general Spring crop.
Per packet. Is. ; per oimoe. Is. 3d.
• >Iy bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage was well worth
a photograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this
neighbourhood."— W. Webb, Esq.. Dursley.

"I. consider your -\pril and Flower of -Spring the best
Cabbage in cultivation. Last September I planted 2,000
of them, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The bulk of these are
being sent to the Fleet through the Vogetiiblc Products
Committee."— Mr. T. R. Seholey, Rodbaston Gardens.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
century's reputation for eflectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Thrip. American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, 4o.
Sold in boxes about lib., 31b., and 121b.. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London, S.W. 11.

EVERY GARDENER'S LIBRARY con-
tains a certain number of indispensable books.
Some gardeners have a small library ; others a pretty
complete collection of modem books on cultivation ;
some few are the fortunate possessors of books on every
phase of gapdcndng, both old and new. from the early
Hcrballs to the last now American Cyclopedia. There
la one little book which should be found on the shelves
of every gardener, young or old, liteo-ary, scientific, or
practical, and w'hich is consulted a thousand times a
year by those who possess it. That is the " Horticul-
tural Directory and Year-Book." There ia so much dn
it. It is a veritable multum in parvo. This year it is
smaller than usual, becaua© it has cast off a do;id
weight of out-of-date, obsolete names ; but it ia steadily
growing again, and is already having fre«h names
added, and old ones corrected, in preparation for the
1918 edition. There are still some copies left of the
present year's issue. The price is 1«. 4d., post tree.
Do not let your library remain incomplete for lack of
this indispensable volume. — Send for it to the
Librarian, " Gardeners' Chronicle," 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Oai-den. W.O. 2.

BRITAIN'S GREAT CABBAGE."
WEBBS' EMPEROR CABBAGE.

(For Julv and -August sowing.)
Earliest, best, and most popular Cabbage in
cultivation. - Remarkiibly free from any
temdenoy to ' bolt." 6d. and Is. per packet.
Is. 6d. per ounce. jKist free.

Mr. O. EUwood, Head Gardener to W. H.
Myers, Esq., Swanmore Park, writes : '' I
should like to testify to the excellence ot
your Emperor Cabbage; it is really a gem.
fit for private gardeners or market growers
eUke, and of splendid quality."

WEBBS' FAVOURITE CABB.^GE.

Early medium-sized heads, ot splendid quality.
5d. and Is. per packet, Is. 6d. per ounce, post
tree.

WF.BB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge.

BUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.
Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
lie sent on receipt of card.

.\LPINK STRAWBERRIES a speoialit.\-.
GEO. BUNYARD & CO., Ltd., Ro.val Nurseries, Maidstone.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. .\lbans.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
■■ Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
■■ PLvstina " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Batterwa. Agents
throughout the country.

jy EDDY c<t SONS, Torleven Works,
* I'ortJilevcn, Coriiwnll.— The largest manufacturers
of GVRDEN NETTING in the KINGDOM. NEW STOUT
and specially strong SQUARE MESH NETTING, halt-
inch and onc-lnoh mesh, at 4d. per square yard. LKiHT
NEW square niesli, suitable fur Strawberry Beds, at
3d. per square yard.

These Nets axe bound all round with stout cord, and
cover tlieir measured length and width. Any length or
width supplied.

Repaired Nettings in all sizes in stock. State your
requirements, and we will quote lowest prices.

\lso makers of TENNIS NE'mNGS. RICK COVERS,
GREENHOUSE SHADINGS, WASP NETTINGS, PAC5K-
ING and TARRED TWINES ot aU kinds.

All Goods sent by PASSENGER Trai]
P.VID, on receipt of order.

CARRIAGE

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather; showerproof; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free -BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

FOR SALE, 300/400 strong Wooden Boxes,
2 iron hinges, hajsp, and fastener; assoi-ted sizes,
22 by 14 by 5, 22 by 14 by 2i, 18 by 13 by 7, 18 by
13 by 34, 12 by 8i by 4i. 21 by .15„ .by„ S-. Best oJlera.
Will' send sample
Somerset.

-HUN'l'ER'S DAIRIES. LTD., Ohard.

1 nn nnn large garden ferns,

J-V/" iW^. 20a. 100; Pahns, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas Roses, Fj-icais,' Gloxinias, Lilies, H.vdrangoae,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, Iiondon Fera Nur-
series Loughborough Junction. London, S-W,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

In Bankruptcy. By Order of the Trustee
Re A. W. Ker (trading: as R. P. Ker & Son).

AIGBURTH, LIVERPOOL.

rhree minutes from Cressin«ton Station (Ohe^e Lines),
Fr«iuent trams from Liverpool p..ss the ^u;^"r^

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
have been favoured with instructions from tihe
Trustee, to sell by auction, on the premises.

THE NURSERIES, AIGBURTH,

LIVERPOOL.

On Tuesday, July 17th, 1917. and following day

if necessary, at 11 o'clock precisely,

the well-known stock of R. P. Ker & Sons, oMisisting of

3 000 PALMS, including 20O fine ''P'^''™™*' ^'^ *" ^1"-'

Japanese Maples, Speeimen Bamboos, 10,000 CYCLAMm

Ker'a Mlebrated strain, 1,000 Ivies, and other stock. Tlhe

univei-sally knowui and unique

OOLLECTION OF AM-\RYLLIS,
which has been so successfully exhibited *t the
principal ^ows; also the whole of the General Nursery
Stock in the ground, including Hollies, Rhododendrons
Ornamental Trees, Herbaceous Plants, &c.Oont<™ts of
Seed Shop and Office, Iron Safe, Office Furniture Weigh-
ing Machines, Tools, and Sundries. Thousands of Flower
Pots, Three Oart«, Harness, Barrows, and numerous other

The whole of the stock and utensils as described (ex-
cepting the Amaryllis) will be first offered in One Lot
including the Name and Goodwill of the Business, and
if not thus disposed of, then, in detail as oatalogued. The
.Amarylilis will also be offered in One Lot, thus affording
the opportunitv of aoquiring the whole collection in its
entirety. Tlic Outside Stock will also be offered as a
whole, with arrangements tor removal durinig the autumn.

May be viewed one week prior to the salei. Catalogues
may be had on the premises; of the Trustee, Harold
Sadler, Esq., Chartered Accountant (Messrs. Finney, Son
& Sadler), 31, North John Street, Liverpool ; and of the
.■Vuetioneers, 57 and 68, Clieapside. London. E.O. 2.

DRTlER of ALFRED XEILL, E.SQ., TRUSTEE for MR.
and MRS. GAR.FORD.

Station Approach Floral Nursery, at rear of
Stoke Newington Station (G.E.Ry.), N. 16.

FISHER. STANHOPE ct CO. are iii-
striu-te.1 by the Tru.etee to Sell by Auction on the
premises as above,

On Thurslay July 19th. 1917. a' t o'eloek,
Five large Greenhouses, with IJ and 4in. hot-watPr pipes
nnd fittings, a 5tt. Roi-lrford Tubular Boiler, by Kinneai
and Co., 34 6ft. x 4ft LIGHTS and ^ FR.\MES. 6
Shi'd-i 9 Lnw u Mouei^^ li\- Rjiismie^^ and Green, 4 Iron
R.iller? Water Tanks, tools, Bjirrows, Gaixlen Tiles,
.|iuiiitit'\- of Flower Pots, &o., 20 Standard Bay Trees, 20
Palms, 50 Hydrangeas, Geraniums. Arabis, Ferns, &c.,
&c., 8 reams White Ti--ii.' r,i<-,, 12 packe<,s Brown
Paper Bags, 12 dozen F-' ii'- Wi. iih Boxes, &c.. Deal
top Counters, Mirror,s, S. i' n I » Jits, Typewriter, a
'5ft. 6in. hinged and ghiz.-l
Register, large quantitv "f
Fern Pots.

On view day prior, 10 to 4. Catalogues of the Trustee,
Alfred Neill, Esq., 76, Kingsland High Street, E 8, -.iiid
of the Auctioneers, Fislher, Stanhope & Co., next .Sitoke
Newington Station (G.E. Ry.), and Camomile Slieet
Ohalnhers, E.C. Tel., Dalston 1873.

BUSIMESSES FOR SALE.

FOR SALE, as a going concern, NURSERY
Bl'SINESS ; 600ft. Glass, 2 acres land ; Southend dis-
trict —R. F., Box 7. 41, Welliiigton Street. Covent Gar-
<len, W.C. 2.

LET or SOLD, low rental, stocked Nur-
ser\' Tomatos, Src, Orcbaivl, 6 acres land in profit ;
dP.at.1, or' 'owner: Fulbourn. Oambs. - MK. SHRUBB,S,

NOTICES. ^__

FAMOUS GARDENS IN
WAR TIME

How they are being maintained with reduced staffs.

An exceedingly iiiterestinig series of interviews now

appearing in the popular gardening weekly,

'■ GARDEN LIFE."

This week's interview is with Mr. Bastin, of Buscot

P.aa-k, Faringdon. Get a copy to-day ; dt will interest

and help you. Price ad., of all news,igents, or poet free,

2id., of The Publisher, Hatton House, Great Queen. Street,

London, W.C. 2.

PUBLIC NOTICE.

'pHE Partnership of BARR & HUNTER

Seeilsmen and Florists, having been dissolved by
mutual consent, the Subscriber now intimates to his
many friends and acquaintances that he is starting busi-
ness oa his own behalf in that commodious shop tm<d
warehouse at 68, Buccleudh Street, Dumfries, under the
trade name of Barr & Son, where Vegetable and Flower
Seeds of only the most superior quality will be stocked,
as well as all kinds of Garden Sundries.

DAVID BABR.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
nld pl.ints suitable for stock ; ■ cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
l.i.iidoii FiM-n Nursery, Loughborough Junction, Loudom,

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE.

I^ERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
-■- ing Ferns, Basket Feme, Stove and Greeenhouse
Ferns, Hardy G.arden Ferns; catalogues free. — J. E.
SMITH London Fern Nursery, Loughboroug-h Junction,
Londom, S.W.

pALM (Chamaerops Fortunei), height 9
-^ feet ; perfectly hardy ; outgrowing Greenliouse
reason for selling.— FREWIN, Gardener, StoweH Park,
Pe«3ey, Wilts.

'yUBEROSES, double African Pearl, just

arrived, ior winter floweruig ; extra large bulbs,
2s. doz., 13s. 100 ; sent free anv 'address, for cash. —
MORLE & 00.. 150-156, Finchley Road. N.W. 3.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two).
6d. for eaeh sueeeedlng line-

PRIVATE,

'^PHE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.

^ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ai>i>rications are invited for the position of additional
Instructor in Horticulture ; commencing salary £150 per
annum ; a man or woman with sound horticultural ta^ain-
iii-g is required. Applications will be received up to 26th
July, 1917, and should be addressed to The Secretary,
Tlie University, Leeds, from whom further particulars may
be obtained.

T^TANTED, HEAD (iARDENER; must

' ' lie nrarried (without family) and thoroughly ex-
perience^l ; good cottage provided, — .\ddress, with fu-il
particulars to S., Buckhurst Pork, Asoot.

W^ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
• ' DENEE ; good all-round man ; able to maintain
.supply of Vegetables for large establishment ; under Glass
Melons. Peaches, Grapes, Tomatos, Oucumbers, Plants
(including Orchids), for House and Bedding; good w.iges,
cxDttage, coal, and veget.ables provided (not milk or light).
— .\ppLications, with testimonials (copies), in first in-
stance, to H. & W. EV.\NS, Nurseries, Llandshen, Cardiff.

WANTED, WORKIXt; HEAD as GAR-
DEN'KR B-ULIFF, for private estate of 60 acres,
in- Kent ; must have Icnowledge of stock, able to milk,
IJouttry, cottage, ooals, vegetables, and milk supplied.
State wages, personiil reference essential. — ^M. T., Box 21,
41. Wellington Street, Oovent Gaiden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-
DENER: thoroughly experienced in aU branches
and ineligible for military service ; wages 30s. per week,
with cottage and coal. — Apply, giving references and
copies of testimonials, to MESSRS. THOS, FAIR & SON,
Estate Offices, Lylh.am.

WT'ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

• • DENER ; thoroughly experienced at Inside and
Outside work ; pei-sonol reference from last employea-
required ; good wages and cottage. State full particu-
lars, age, &c.— MRS. LUCAS, Bramblehurst, East Grin-
ste:id, Sussex.

T\7'-'^NTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER ; man and bov kept ; cottage provided ;
must li IV,. e-«ellent references.— Apply, C. L. G. MOORE,
Apiileli.i Hall, Atherstone.

VyANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
' ' INR) ; ineligible; good knowledge Vegetables, Fruit,
Vines ; country, half hour's rail Londooi. — Address, stat-
ing age, single or married, family, experience, lengtlh,
locality, wages Te<iuired, inclusive cottage, ADVERTISER,
Ridgeluirst, .Shenley, Herbs.

QARDENER; ineligible; good Head Wnrk-
^-^ ing; Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable Gardens, Green,
house ; cottage provided ; preference given to m.an under-
standing electric light plant. — Write, F. BURNESS,
Halings House, Denham, Bucks.

TY'ANTED, GARDENER, Cheshire, to

■ ■ take charge, with 2 assisUints ; must be thoroughly
qualified ; Vines, &c. ; motor mower ; cottage. — State par-
ticulars, experience, references, &c., and wages expecte<l,
to Box E. 222, Lee & Nightingale, Liverpool.

WANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) ;
experienced Inside and Out ; Vinery, Orohard
House, some Orchids ; second mam kept. — ^Apply, with full
partioulars, to E. T. BOWLE, Mill House, Salisbury.

WANTED, good GARDENER; help
given ; ineligible ; must be expei-ienced Inside and
Out ; good cottage. State wages and all particulars.—
H. A. MATTHEWS. Tormead, Nortliwood, Middlesex.

WANTED, good WORKING GAR-
DENER for near Swansea; one other man kept;
no family; small cottage.— Write, stating full particular
of age wages required, to MRS. HE.NEAGE, 14, Wilton
Crescent, S.W. 1.

WANTED, GARDENER (Inside and
Out) ; ineligible ; w ages 25s. per week, with Bothy
duty every third week. — R E. STREET, The Lodge
Effingham, Surrey.

WANTED, good all-round GARDENER ;
over militarv age ; Fruit, Vegetables, Flowers,
small Greenhouse ; help given ; good wages.— Apply, with
particulars, SIR MARSHALL REID, Woodcote Lo<lge,
Epsom, Surrey.

w

l.Klg

ANTED, GARDENER, at once ; single-

h.anded ; handy man; experienced; 25s. aawl a
-VICAR, Gerrards Cross, Bucks.

WANTED, GARDENER, an e.xperienced
man, for about 1 acre under cultivation; no Glass;
lleibaceous Borders, Lawns, Vegetables, and Fruit.—
Apply, Woodlands, Sanderstead Ro.ad, Croydon.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER; Kitchen and Flower Gardem ; small
Greenhouse; wages 30s.— Apply, MISS WIGRAM, ChesniM.
Lodge, Oobham, Surrey.

w

ANTED, .SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER; wages 32s. 6d.— BIRKENSHAW, Rose-
walk, Purley, Surrey.

"Y^ANTED, an experienced married man
^ ^ to take charge of Pleasure Grounds ; ineligible or
over 46 ; permanency to good man ; a modem cottage
provided ; also Man to assist in Houses. — Please state full
particulai-s and wages requii-ed to J. L. MARWOOD, The
Gardens, Busbridge Hall, Godalming.

T^ANTED, a MAN, to work chiefly undei; •

^ ' Glass ; dischiijrge<l soldier or ineligible.— .\pply,
witih full particulars and wages required, with Bothy,
milk, and vegetables.— F. 0. PUDDLE, Scampston Hall
Gardens, Rillington, York.

WANTED, a good MAN, to take charge,
of Glass, Fruit, and Plants ; state past experience ;
30s. and furnished room. — W. SMITH, Bookham Grove,
Bookham, Surrey.

TyANTED, SECOND GARDENER; over

" " militaTy age ; must be experien<ied Inside and
Out ; 27s. and Bothy. — ApptT, giving fuHi particulars, t-o
HON. MRS. F. OOLBORNE, Nonsuch Park, aieani,
Surrey.

TITANTED, SECOND GARDENER for

^ ' Pleasure Grounds and Kitchen Garden ; marrierl ;
ineligible.— Full particulars to E. DURHAM, Holne Park,
A^libu'i-tori, SouUi Devon.

TITANTED. UNDER-GARDENER having

" ' gfood experience and referenoea ; single and in-
elignbJe ; liberal wagea.— Apply, T. ELLIOTT, Norton
Manor, -Sutton Sootney, Hante.

Tl^'ANTED, UNDER GARDENER for

' ' Outside ; duty alternate Sundays ; pmnping rn
House; wages 25s. per week, good cottage and garden,
2uiLk. — Apply, stating age, particulars, to ALFRED
CHILD, Catesby House Gardens, Davejitry, Xorthanis,

Ty ANTED, UNDER GARDENER, to

run paraffin engine^ electric liglit, and generajl
utility; live out; wages 30s., 35s.— OWXER, Bakeliiun
House, Einglefield Green.

■WANTED, UNDER GARDENER ;

^ Flowers, Fruit, and Vegetables. — Full particulars
to PlIKNELL, Netherfleld House. Weybridge, Surrej'.

"WANTED, UNDER GARDENER (ineli-
gible), w ith good general knowledge ; married or
single ; house or lodgings found ; wages 26s. per week,
overtime and Sunday duty paid. — Fuji pai-tioulars, with
copies of references, to G. HATOH, Caneuham Park
Gardens, MiJdenhall, Suffolk.

"WANTED, UNDER GARDENER;

"' single; good wr.iges. — Applv, with aJl particuUirs
to A. GROSS, The Firs, Olaygate.

July 14,' 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

INSIDE FOREMAX wanted for one of the
leading and best-known Gardens in England; Fore--
man for general Inside work ; a good superrisor of men
IS most essential; mnst be ineligible or over military
age ; good wages will be given, with Bothy, to a suitable
man'.— Applv. in Hi-st instance, to W. H, C, c/o Messrs.
Wni. Ciitbush & Son, The Xurseries, Barnet. Herts.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for the Houses;
ex-Servive man or ineligible; one witih experience
of growing good Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables under
(ilaCi- a good <lecorator; wages according to experience
and abilin-; Bolhy. ic.— .\pply, givmg full partii-ulai-s,
to (;.\RDEXER, Park Place. Henley-on-Thames.

ANTED, FOREMAN ; Fruit and
Plants under Glass; good wages. — REES, The
lens, lilanover. Abergavenny.

w

WANTED, FOREMAN, good JOUR-
N"EVM.\.N' ilneligible). or experienced LADY GAK-
DEXER, for Inside. State particulai-s, wage required.
Enclose refs.— .\pply, W. C. DAVIS. Prescot, House Gar-
<lens, Stourbridge, Worcs.

WANTED, INSIDE FOREMAN or good
JOURNEYMAN (ineligible); good wages. Bothy.
&e., to reliable man.— A. J. EAST, The Gardens. STiipley
Hail. Derby.

WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN, for
Glasshouses: must be experienced in Fruit and
Plants; discharged soldier or ineligible; good wages g yen
with Bothy, or house if married. — --^pply. H. KEMP,
I'rinry Gardens, Reigate.

WANTED at once, JOURNEYMAN
(Fuft), Inside; ex-Service man or ineligible; good
■ :(fjes to suitable man, with Bothy, &c.— -\pply. giving
(nil iiartii-iilars, to G.^RDEXER, Park Place, Henley.on-
Ttiames.

WTANTED, JOURNEYMAN ; e.xperi-

'' enecd; Inside and Out: wages 25s., Bothy, vege-

lies: dutv and overtime paid.— Write full particulars

H. S\V.US, The Gardens. Wilton Park. BcacoiisBeld,

hiR-ks.

YITANTED, IMPROVER, for the Hmis s ;

wages 24s.. with good Bothv and attendance. —

SAMt'EL POPE. Holmewood Gardens, Tuabridge Welle.

"WANTED, JOURNEYMAN or YOUTH

' * for Inside work. State experience and wages, witl»
Hothy, milk, and vegelables. J. FREXOH. Lower Hare
P.irk. Newmarket.

WTANTED, for Woking district. I,ADY

'' (lAHDF.SER, single h.andcl : Flower and Vege-
l.ible Cawlen ; wages £26-28.— B. R., Box 18, 41, Welling.
1 ill SIrei't, Coveiit Garden, W.C.

"WANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS;
' * friends prelerre<l ; one senior, with experience aa
Head : fully matured Gaixlen (Vegetables entirely sepa.
rate nwnagemeiit); comfortable quarters. — SPRING-
I'lBLD, SoiKh (kxlstone, Surrc.i.

WT'ANTED, immediately, two WORKIN*!
"'•WOMEN GARDENERS; 'furnished cotUge pro-
vi<ied. — .\pplv. stating exiielieni-e and wages rc'juired, to
MISS MACPHERSO.V, Wyrley Grove, Pelsall, Staffs.

T ADY GARDENERS wanted; all suite.l
-'-^ entirely free of charge.— Head and Under for (t)
Herts; 36s.. '40s., and 25.ii., cottage; help given; oM-
(.ishiuned Garden, 2 gmall Glasahouses. (2) Hawick, N.B :
very little Glass; 5 in Gnixhn. (J) Perth; 25s. and 20s..
mill, vegetables, light, anA aiilk; good cottage; Kitclicn
Garden, few Flowcis Cla.-s; old man helps; lady can b'>
seen in London or Surrey. Single-handed for (1) GIos.
25s. week; lady or of doauestio class; latter coii'd take
meabi and live in house ; no Vines, little Gkies. (2)
Bucks, as Oardencr-ObanfTeuse ; little experience with
I'ar; 1 acre 'Garden, inohiding Lawn; help given. (3)
Somerset, as Oompaiiion-Gardener ; man kept for heavy
work, an<l boy ; no Sunday duty ; mo..tly Fruit and Vege-
tables; G-arflcn offers great scope to anyone wishing to
improve. And other good posts.— JfRS. HUNT. LTD.. 86.
Ilisrli Street, Marylebone. W. 1.

"WANTED, sfrong YOUTH, under Head

' ' G.irilenej-, for Inside and Out, where several
kept ; some experience : good wage-s. and room provided.

-Apply, giving full particulars, to HON. MRS. F. OOL-
BoKNE. Nonsuch Park. Oheam, Surre.v.

"YVANTED, two strong, active YOUTHS,
'^ T 16 or 17 ; also one used to horses ; good wage*,
Bothv, and vegetables ; extra pay for Sunday duty, — J.
VKRT. Castle Gardens. Whitehurst, Ruabon.

"WANTED, strong YOUTH for the
' ' Houses : wages 18s, per week. Bothy and vege-
tables ; duty and overtime paid,— Particulars to W, PIL-
GRIM, Bedagan Gardens, Anglesey,

ANTED, strong LAD for Inside; take
■n. 4lnlv; wages 20s, per week, Botliy and vege-
1. -J, L, " WATKRMAN, The Ganlcns', Syndale,
sham.

w

TRADE,

"DALM t;RO\A"ER, thoroughly experienced,

-'- wanted for London; ineligible; good w,iges.— Wiite,
G. P., c/o Goulds. 54, New Oxford Street. W.C.

"W'ANTED, a GROWER, for Caladimiis.

' ' Gloxinias, and other Greenhouse plants. — Please

apply, stating previous experience and wages required, to

JOHN PEED & SON. The Nurseries. West Norwood, S.E.

"WANTED, FOREMAN (Working): ex-
' ' perienced in Chrysanthemums, Ferns, Pot Plants.
Bulb Forcing. — Applv, with references and particulars of
experience, with wages required, to .\LE.\. DICKSON ,V
SONS, LTD.. Hawhnark, Newtowniards, Ireland.

']V'E-\R Manchester. — Wanted, active, ex-
^^ perienced WORKING FOREMAN, to take charge
of a small Nursery ; 25 per cent, of profits in addition
to wages. — Address, stating age, experience, references,
and wages required, N, T., Box 24. 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Gaixlen. W.C. 2.

"YY'jVNTED, M-\N. for Indoor General Nur-

' ' serv work ; ineligible. — References and wages re.

quired to W. SHAND & SONS, Nurseroiieii, Lamcastei-.

SEED TRADE.— Wholesale house has
vacancy for HEAD WAREHOUSEMAN for Clover
and Grass Seed Department ; preference given to man
with good knowledge of machinery and capable of txin.
trolling staff ; must be over military age or otherwise
ineligible ; pemianency.— Applv to CH.iRLES .SHARPE
\- CO., LTD., Sleaford.

CEED TRADE.— Wanted, active ASSIST-
^ ANT for Vegetable and Flower Seed Department ;
also WAREHOUSEMAN for Agricultural Seed Deparl-
ineiit ; ineligible for the .\rmy, — .\ppl.v, stating particulars
as to experience, wages required, to LITTLE & BALL.\N-
TYNE, Kings Seedsmen. Carhsle,

"W'ANTED, immediately, for Market
" " Garden, experienced, capable man ; plough work
and horticulture ; good wages. — Apply, S.\NDER^. Uleics.
Slade Gardens. West Cross. Glam.

"WANTED, SHOP HAND ; good, reliable

* " packer ; wages 55s, per week ; war bonus IDs, aiul
overtime,-^!, L, OLUCAS. Seedsman. Ormskirk.

OEED TRADE,— Wholesale liouse has

'^ vacMicy tor experienced SHOPMAN for Garden Seed
Department ; must be over military age or otherwise in-
eUgible,— Apply to CHARLES SH,A,HBK & CO,, LTD..
Sleaford,

"WANTED, a good B(X)K- KEEPER, to
take charge of general Nursery ofBce ; libei-al
wages to a competent and reliable mam— WM, PAUL &
SON. WALTHAM CROSS, LTD.. Walthajn Cross. Herts.

A UDIT or CHECKING CLERK (experi-
■'^*- enc-ed) wanted; ineligible; quick and accurate —
TOOtJOOD & SONS. The King's Seedsmen, Southampton.

"WANTED, for Nursery, in Hainp.shiie ;
go<Kj workiiflf girl or woman ; experienced in
Cucimiljcr work ; must wear dress suitable for work in
Oiicimiber Houses ; able take charge of Houses in absence
of principal.— Stale age, experience, and wag«-» requireil,
to M A., Box 25. 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Oar<len,

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for each
sueeeedlngr Eight words or less.

PRIVATE.

TTEAD GARDENER and B.\]|.IKK; age

-■--■■ 46. .\<lvertiser seeks an appuintiiieiil where a
thorough competent and trustworthy man is rei|uire<l ;
30 years' experience; 14 years present situation; liighesl
re^ommeiMlation as to nharai^er and ability, .1, H,. Box
20, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gaivlen", W,C. 2.

JJEAD GARDENER and BAIfJFF. with

a thorough practical experience in all branches
and estate majiagement ; excellent references.- W.
HOLDER, Hertford Villa, Limes Road. Eghani.

JJEAD GARDENER (dischaiged soldier)
would be plea.'^d to communicate with any l-Kly or
gentleman requiring a thorougllly reliable. iip.tri,<late
man ; age 31 ; married (2 children) : expert in all branches
of Horticulture.— A. BROWN, The Ixidge, Penally, Pem.

JJEAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical
experiem-e in growing Vines, Peac^ies, Melons.
Cucunihers. Tomatos, Flowers, large quantities of Vege-
tables, at lihertw— W. LAMBERT, Brvn Hen<lre. Coiiwav.
North Wales.

r^ARDENER (Head); practical experi-

^-^ ence, Inside and Out; over military jige : excellent
lecommendations,— For particulars, H. HORTON, Head
Cardener. Eoclesbill, Havs Lane. Biomle.v, Kent. No
cuciUars.

XJEAD GARDENER; expert in every
-*- branch of Horticulture and estate management if
necessary, at libertv.— .A.ppl.v, A. H., Box 26, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent GaMen, W.C, 2.

(GARDENER (Head); all-round life ex-
^--^ perience ; estate. ponUiy if necessary ; 8 years
Head ; married ; age 36 ; free ; excellent references.-
C.VMP. Broome Park. Betohworth, Surre\-.

GARDENER (Head of 3 or 4) seeks situa-
tion ; 12 vears' all-round experience ; Inside and
Out ; maiTied. — T, E,, Box 23, 41. WeUington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2,

(GARDENER (Head Working), where

^-^ several are kept iii normal times ; age 46 ; married ;
life experience in all branches; would undert-ake man-
agement of small stock and land if required ; highl.v
recommeudeil.- K., 3, Heathfield Road, Croydon, Surrey,

(GARDENER (Head Working); age 50 ,

^-" thorougih aM-iound cxperieaice ; Plants, Grapes.
Peaches, Melons, &c,. Hardy Fruits, Flowers. Veget-ibles.
Roses. Lawns; excellent reference, — ^G-VRDENER,
Halings House, Denham, Bucks.

QARDENER (Head Working), single, re-
^-^ quires permanent situation, wihere several are kept ;
life experience ; 8 years last place as Head ; 'finally dis-
i-liai ged ; age 32,— F, DENY'ER, The Vicarage, Onblmm .
Surrey,

ARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or
more men are kept ; life experience in all branches ;
age 45; married (1 child); good references; diseiigage<l
July 26,— W, T, WORSFOLD, The Hammonds Gaixieiw,
I dimore, Rye, Sussex.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; practical
^-^ in all branches. Inside and Out; also management
of small estate; 8 years in present place; age 46.— W, H..
B.ix 19, 41, Wellin'gtoa Street, Covenl Garden, W.C. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working), where 4
^^ or more are kept ; thoroughly experienced, esi)eci-
allv in Hardy Fruit; Kent preferred; highly i-eooan-
mendcd.— W. LEWIS, The Gardens, Hall Placed Bexle\',
Ken^t.

(^OOD all-round GARDENER ; 28 years ;

^-^ good experience ; willing to help Head Ckuxiener ;
single; ineligible; good references: Bothy preferre<l. — ^H.
GRIFFIN, 32, Station Road, Taunton.

QENTLEMAN (50), single. active,

^-^ healthy, with experience, and strongly interested
in G;>irdeuing, &c., widies for employment where tlio.
roughness wmild be appre<'iated ; highest i-.haracter, luul
willing to assist in anv war possible at. this time. -G. V,.
CLAPHAM, 28, Wigfuil Roiid, Sheffield.

G

T

WO LADY UNDER GARDENERS

require post under good Head Gardener ; good re-
ferences ; would help farming ; good Bot.hy ; salar.\-
required; would go NorUi,— MISS X., 41, Queen's Gate
Gardens, London, S.W,

J ADY GARDENERS,— Two sisters retiuire
-'-^ post; willing to work under a mare; experienced
ill all hranohes. except Vines,— H, N,. Box 26, 41, Wel-
lingloii Stre<-t. Oovent Gai'dcn, W,0. 2.

"V/TjUTH seeks situation in Gardens ; one
^ \iMi V ,\|„Mrii>r iri-Mic and Out; ago 16i years;
I, ill iin.l II. .ti- \|'|iK, lili.NNETT, The Stables, K.vre

IAD seeks situation ; Inside or Inside and
-^ Out ; age 15 ; no experience ; Bothy preferred,— P.
t'HHASEV, 1, Brighton Cottages, Bdetlbridge. Kent.

AD'VERTISER wishes to place strong.

-'*- health\- boy. age<l 15. in a large Garden where a
Gar.len staff 'is kept, with a view to thoroughly learning
the i»r(>fefsion ; the situation sliould not be far distimt
from London, — .\pply. giving partioulaps as to terms, to
SI TKRIXTENDKNT, Elder Road, West Norwood, S.E. 27.

TRADE.

MANAGER or INSIDE FOREMAN in
up-to<late establishment : used to oontralling
labour and to producing everything required for market
or shop sale.— LAWRENCE, 83, Warwick Avenue, Pad.
dington.

/GROWER, well up in till departments, In-
^^ side and On! ; keen and successful; ineligible; goo<i
n-fcieiii-es ; 43; single, --H. GRIFFIN, 32, Station Itoad.
Tall II ton.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[July 14, 1917.

COAL

WARNING!

THE
GOVERNMENT

PROPOSES TO

X RATION Y
COAL A

LATER ON.

Get YOUR Winter
Stock in NOW!!!

Now is the time to place your
order - PRICES are LOVVEST'and
DELIVERIES are PROMPT. Y. u
can easily secure a full supply NOW,
but later on supplies will be uncer-
tnin. deliveries will be uncertain,
while prices will go up — in fact, you
m ly not be able to get coal at all.
Be on the safe side and get YOUR
supplies in NOW. OUR coals do
NO r deteriorate by being stored.

NOW — while you read this adver-
tisement-is the lime to takr- the
matter in hand and send in YOUR
enquiry for PRICES.

T. T. PASCOE,

York Chambers,
SWANSEA.

Sole Agent for the
AMMANFORD and POXTYBEREM COLT.IKRIES.

Large Horticultural Anthracite and Cobbles.

For Greenhouses and House Furnaces.

SANKEYS*^^>POTS

mis^sfmm

ff /CHARD SAMKEy^ StW.LTP

ti.'Jmtltt'T''-r-t

PRIMULA.

Extra Strong FloweriiiK Plants of Primula Carpata 4/- doz.

K E Y W O O D , «"cT/ro' ^n.'^ '

BAMBOO BLINDS for GREENHOUSES.

SIZES

IN STOCK

FROM

lOf t . X 8ft.

TO

15ft. X 15ft.

PRICE LIST

SENT
POST FREE

ON
APPLICATION

J. AVERY «& CO , Horticultural Blind Makers-

si, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON, W. 1.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

gay all the year round ..»"^'.=r

Sold tverywbfie.nTlNSaieil. 41s. . and in BRANDED* SEALED

BAGS: ribs. 2s. Sd. >4lbs., 4s, e^t, . 28 lbs .73. e<f. . 66 lbs.. 12s. 8<l. 112 lbs. 20s, Or

direcl f(om ifae Works. Carrlafe paid in (be United Kingdom for Casb wilb Ordfi lewept e«i. TlNSl

■pLAY & SON. Manure M f^v* Bone Crushers; STRATFORD, LONDON e

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

JuiY 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

il

Xo. 1594 —SATURDAY. JULY 24. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Aldenfaam, food produc-
tion at 12

Bciiuests to gardeners .. 10

Blueberry culture ^.. 17

books, uotices vt —
Vegecullure .. 14

Vegetable Cultui *

All

14

Cantua buxifolia.. .. IH
Economic garden, an . . 16
Farm, cropa and stock

on the home .. ..lit
Food production, on in-
creased—
Leaf miners ..14

Runner heana forsoups 14
Seeds, shortage of .. 14
Fruit and vegetables,

tiansit of .. ..19

Fruit trees in the hattit

17

Cfrasses, identiflcation of

Horticultural Club

Insects and birds

.1 apanese dwarf trees,

tne making of ..
J ubilee uf a sct-d Hrm . .

ILLUSTRATION*.

Cantua buxifolia

de Vilmorin, Philippe, portrait of the Iat«..
Forcing bed at Aldenlcun Il'mse gardens . .
Frame fur forcing vegetables, n simple
Potatos in the park at Aldoanam House, Elstree

Market fruit garden, the

National diploma in
horticulture

Obituary
de Vilmorin, Philippe

Orchid notes and gleun-
ings—
Cattleya Mendelil, ab-
normal flowers of ..
Hybrid Orchids

Seed-growing

Societies-
Royal Horticultural . .

South Africa -
Maize meat

Sugar beet, the cultiva-
tion of

Virgin *oil, crops on

War Horticultural
Relief Fund

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Orchid liouses, the ..
Plants under glass

Women's Farm and Gar-
den Inlon, the

THE MAKING OF JAPANESE
DWARF TREES,

TilK little potgrown dwarf trees whith during
re< eivt years have been imported from
Japan in euih large numbei's never seem to
tail to call forth exclamations of admiring
astonishment.

Yes, quaint they certainly are, and some of the
better examples are very attractive. But to me
the mystery is not so much how they are kept
«> small as how they are made to look so extra-
ordinarily old.

I have a dwarf Maple which my father brought
from Ja.pan twenty-one years ago. It was then
rejmted to be twelve yeans old. I have had no
dilliculty in keeping it dwarf, and it has lived in
the game put all the time. I prune the tree
every s()ring, shaping and ti-aining it as br&t I
rail to retain its original lines and character.
About every second year I take it from its pot,
rimove some of the old soil, and replace it with
flesh. A]id I water it when I happen to think
of it. After twenty-one years of this treatment,
it i» a slmde smaller than when I first had it,
and I do not think it loolcs a day older.

The dwarfing of the trees is no great nSystery.
It is simply a matter of keeping them pot-bound,
with just enough soil and water to support an
annual crop of leaves, and a minimum of stem
i;n)Wth. and no more ; that, and careful pruning
and training. The same trees planted out in
<>|)en ground would .soon run away into large,
normal, vigorous specimens. I have seen this
hai)pc'ii. Only a few of the kinds grown as
dwarfs are naturally small-growing. I have my-
self produced a little tree of the winter-flowering
Jasmine (Ja&minum nudiflorum), by growing it in
a small porcelain ix>t for five or six years. It
has .six or seven twisted roots, which cling round
a piece of rock before entering the soil, and a
little bent trunk the thickness of one's thumb.
In winter it« tiny branches are Men with yellow
blossom, when it makes a charming ornament in

the house. Although five or six years old, it is
only eighteen iachee high, and it is mistaken by
niot-t people for an impoi-ted Japanese specimen.

But some of the dwarf Japanese trees, in-
cluding OaJis, Pines, and Retinosporas, altliough
i.nly a foot or two high, have gnarled trunks as
thick as one's arm, and an appearance of very
great age.

Are these trees as old as they appear, and as
they are reputed and labelled to be? Fifty, a
hundred, two hundred and fifty years I There
are folk whose aim and object it is to look
young, who grow younger and younger, until at
about fifty they settle down to a permanent
youth. But there is generally something which
gives these people away, some feature from
which age peeps out.

The object of Japanese dwarf trees is, on the
contraxy, to look as old as possible, but to me
they always suggest the appearance of prema-
ture old age.

I have always, been a little suspicious of them,
and have often wondered how it was done.
Then one day I wa^ examining a dwarfed
Retinospora, reputed to be several hundred year.*
old, and offered for sale at a price which had
apparently been assessed at the rate of a guinea
for every year of its reputed age.

Tliis tree was some four feet high. It« gnarled
and venerable trunk, whose girth at the base
must have been twelve or fifteen inches, rose
from a carpet of velvet moas, and was soon lost
amid the sombre green of flattened branches
which lay, shelf above shelf, in perfect outline.
The illusion of a perfect ancient tree in
miniature was so complete that one could
easily follo^v, in imagination, the gradual
tapering away of the trunk as il neared
the eummit. A closer examination showed that
nothing of the sort happened. A few inches be-
neath the topmost greenery the trunk was little
thinner than it was at the base, and ended
abruptly by having been sawn off. Obviously
that trunk had at some time run on to a much
greater height, possibly eight or ten feet. That
tree had not always been a dwarf. How, then,
had it been produced? Possibly it had originally
been grown in open ground and induced to form
a thick trunk |>roportionate to its height of eiglit
or ten feet, afteiwards to be sawn off at three
or four feet from the ground. Then probably its
roots wore pruned to make it amenable to pot-
ting, and its branches were trained up to hide the
abrupt untapered ending of the trunk. Normal
rapid growth in open ground would obviously
give the thickened trunk, which was the tre<''s
chief asset tcrwards an appearance of great age,
and give il quicker than by growing the tree
in a pot from the l)cginning. To produce
the girth that this specimen had attained by
restricted pot culture alone might take the
several hundred years which was the tree's re-
puted age ; indeed, to produce the growth which
the sawn-off tiinik ])roved would prolxibly, in a
pot, have taken two or three times that number of
years. But I think these old-looking dwarfs may
possibly be produced by quite another method.
Perhaps they are not complete trees at all, but
merely branches of aged forest trees artificially
rooted and detached, potted up, pruned, trained,
and then labelled as so many hundred years old.
The proct'SB would not be difficult. A gnarled
and stunted branch of some forest tree might be
selected, and ring-barked at a convenient spot.
By bandaging with wet moss and soil at the ring-
barked spot, adventitiouK roots could be induced,
after which the rooted branch could be detached
from the main tree and potted and trained. By
this method both girth and rugged bark would
be obtained ready-made, and would at once
give the " dwarf tree " a venerable and aged
appearan<:e. The subsequent pi'ocees of adding
the age of the parent tree to that of the de-
tached branch and fixing tlie price accordingly
would be a no less simple matter.

I may be wrong in my theory of how these
trees are produced, but I think it is very doubt-

ful whether some of them have been in their
pots as long as they are supposed to have been.
But, however thie may be, I think it only fair
to add that they come to this country with ages
already attributed. Clarence Eiliutl, i^livrnaijr.

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

Home-made Nicotine Wash.
As an alternative to the importation of cheap
nicotine, the gi-owing of a small patch of Tobacco
plants might be allowed to every fruit-grower,
without the extremely vexatious and almost pro-
hibitory restrictions now imposed. It would be
a simple matter to guard against the sale of
Tobacco thus grown. The grower might be re-
quired to spray his Tobacco cixjp in the presence
of a police-officer, shortly before cutting it, with
lime-sulphur or some other stuff of such strong
and offensive scent that the Tobacco leaf would
be quite useless for smoking. A heavy penalty
could be imposed upon the evasion of this
requisition, or the sale of any Tobacco leaf, or
its removal from the farm on which it was
grown. Growers could make their own nicotine
wash by cutting up the Tobacco plants, stalk*
included, and boiling them. A few trials would
show the proportions of Tobacco and water
necessary to produce a wash fatal to aphides
and suckers. It would be much simpler, how-
ever, to obtain nicotine made in a country where
there is no duty on Tobacco, and to sell it to
fruit-growers at the co.st of purchase, ocean
freight, and delivery. The great important of
a full supply of cheap nicotine for spraying pur-
poses wouild fully justify the arrangements
suggested.

Atte.\tion to Top-oraftei) Trees.

Top-grafted Apple trees have to be gone over
several times in June and July to rub off the
shoots that develop from the stocks below the
grafts, which are astonishingly numerous, par-
ticularly where the stock trees were ciinipara-
tively young when they were topped. By the
way, this growth of shoots from branches whioli
fix»m cursory notice might have been supposed to
be bare of even dormant buds, shows how little
need there is to fear lack of fresh growths when
trees for any reason are cut back severely. When
rubbing off the slioots below grafts, the grafts
themselves should be examined, in order to de-
tect any beginning of aphis attack upon them..
If such an attack is only slight and partial, it
may be stopped by crushing the insects by
hand ; but if extensive, spraying at once is de-
siraible. Some trees top-grafted here in the
spring of 1916, and some done in 1915, have had
to be .sprayed for aphis. As the leaves had; not
curled, the operation was entirely successful.
Tliis season's top-grafting has been very success-
ful—much more so than that of last year. The
sjnaE prai»rtion of failures is now seen to have
been due mainly to the covering of wax having
been too thin in places, so that it opened, letting
draught in to the junctions of scions with
stocJks, or to insufficient care in tlie selection of
scions. As we were out of wax for a day or
two, an experiment on six trees was made by
covering the graft junctions with Stockholm tar.
This proved successful where the raffi.'i filire waii
bound so closely around the junrtions that the
tar could not penetrate it, but failed badly where
the binding was no more compa<:t than it needs
t^) be when wax is used. Another .«imall experi-
ment which failed to a considerable extent was
that of covering with clay. Tliis succeeded only
where the clay was bound round with raffia fibre.
Where this binding was not done, the clay was
fir.st cracked by drought, and afterwart's lieavy
rain caused it to drop off. A,s soon as this was
noticed, the application of clay -wag renewed,
but results show that the i)atching-np was tuo
late to save the graft*. Southern Grower.

12

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917.

FOOD PRODUCTION^ AT ALDENHAM.

The gardens iii Aldenham Huu.^e, Eistree,
Jiave long bfoii fmnsd for the high quality
of the vegetables grown there, and in these
times of shortage it is not surprising that the

r"

Vegetable Marrows were sown early in
February and grown in 10-inch pote in a roomy
house. Bushels of fruit have been gathered
from the plants during May and June, and they
promise to continue ci'opping for some time to
come. The plants are trained under the roof

Fig. 4. ploughing v.\rk land

Hon. Vicary Gibbs and his skilful gardener,
Mr. Edwin Beckett, have made the question of
food production a matter of chief concern on
the estate. Every effort has been made to pro-
duce foo-d crops on the largest scale possible,
and vegetables have been planted wherever they
were likely to succeed. Some 30 acres of the
park have been ploughed up and planted with
Potatosi (see figs. 4 and 5). The management of
the 50 acres was divided between the staff of the
fann and the garden, and. as I saw the plot
early in June, the. pi-ospect was most en-
touraging, the piepai'ation of the soil and plant-
ing of the tubei-s ha\'ing been done in ,a most
thorougli manner.

Jluch use has also been made of improvised
cold frames, the lights be'ng of a standard size
.of 7 feet. These temporary frames are sufficient
to cover an area of 300 yards run. Consider-
able ingenuity has been displayed in the choice
of material for the bases of the lights. In some
cases shi-ub and tree pruniugs liave been
used by building them into walls 2 feet
to 3 feet high, on which to rest the lights (see
fit: 6). The frames are of i^i-eat value in
hastening the development of such crops as
Potatos, Turnips, Spinach, French Beans, Beet,
Carrots, Cauliflowers, and Vegetable Marrows.

Onions have been planted extensively. The
seed of the main batch was sown early in
February in boxes in a cold frame, and directly
the seedlings were large enough to handle they
were transplanted direct from the boxes into
Toavs 100 yards long and 13 inches wide, the
plants feeing 4 -nches apart in the rows. The
varieties Maincrop, James's Long Keeping.
Bi-own Globe, and Bedfordshire Champion ari
those most favoured. The present appearance
of the plants on a quarter-acre plot promises
well for a good crop of bulbs. Alongside is a
corresponding plot planted with seedlings raised
in the open from a. INIarch sowing. Large
breadths of Tripoli Onions are also grown. For
early .spring use the Queen variety sown in July
is found superior to any other, inasmuch as even
when sown so early few of the plants '■' bolt,"
and they are ready for use early. There is also
a siplendid be<l of yh. Beckett's new late-
keeping variety, Autumn Triiunph.

[Photograph bi/ R. A Mnlbii.
AT ALDENHAM FOR POTATO PLANTING. ^

and down the back wall of the house. A suc-
cession is provided by plants in frames started
over a mild hotbed, from wlmch the lights are
lemoved later for other crops. Marrows are also
grown on ridges of soil in the open among
forest trees to continue a succession, the
slight shade afforded by the trees reducing the
need for watering so frequently as in the open.
Th> best varieties are Table Dainty, Pen-y-Byd,

Content. The seed was sown in December in
boxes 3 feet long, 9 inches deep, and of the same
width. The plants were grown in cool houses
until they were 4 feet. high. Later in the season
the boxes were plunged in the open on a warm
border, and the roots grew through the bottom
of the boxes into the soil of the border. iSome
of the plants are 6 feet to 7 feet high, and bear
large pods, well filled with fine Peas. Peas are
also grown in 10-inch pots, but thefe were not
giving the same residts as those in boxes, owing
possibly to the greater bullc of soil in the latter.
The suocessional rows of Peas in the open are
mainly from box-sown plants, except the latest
sowings. It is found that more uniform rows
are obtained by this method, and the seed ger-
minates quicker, especially when the weather of
April is wet and cold. The plants are put out
4 iniches apart in double rows, 10 inches wide
and 100 yards long.

Half an acie of gi-ound is devoted to Parsnips.
The varieties principally grown are .Student,
and Tender and True, and they are growing
luxuriantly in deeply-trenched soil.

Much frame space is occupied by Cauliflowers.
For the early batch in April and May, seeds of
Early Forcing and JIagnuin Bonum were sown
in Seiptemlber, and the plants put out in
Feibruary on a gentle hotbed of leaves. These
varieties are followed by others grown in cold
frames, which are afterwards us^ for- growing
Short Horn CaiTots, Turnips, Beet, and later
with Endive and Lettuce. Cauliflowere are ex-
tensively grown in the open, including Mr.
Beckett's new variety, Devoncourt, which is
close-headed and pure wh'te. It fills in a gap
between Walcheren and Early Giant. The
variety Autumn Giant is extensively planted.
^ The Carrot is another important crop. ' The
' ariety Champion Horn was i nady fo ■ if' fr^-i
frames in April, followed by larger varieties in
pits. In the open there ar-e rows 100 yards long
of New Red Intermediate, Favourite, New-
Model, and Scarlet Model.

Potatos are grown on a large scale in frames,
principally Mdlothian Early and May Queen ;
the former has given tubers of especially good
quality this season. A white kidney variety.

IPhotograph by R. A. Malbu.
Fig. 5. — the potato croi' in aldenham park in june.

The Sutton, Moore's Cream, Long White, and
Long Green,

Peas are regarded as an important crop in
these gardens. Even for early supplies small-
podded varieties are not favoured, hut such sorts
as Edwin Beckett, Duke of Albany, and Quite

named Wycombe Star, is of great promise as
an early forcing sort.

Horseradish is planted in a different manner
to that usually practised. The roots are placed
horizontally on raised beds 1 foot high and a
vard wide, and covered with soil.

July 14, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

13

Celery for the earliest supplies is grown in
frames,, and successional batches are planted on
the flat, thus saving the lajbour of preparing
trenches. Blanching is done by banding the
stems with brown paper, which allows of the
i-oots Vicing fed easily with liquid manure. For

greater advant.ages in production than in Run-
ner Beans. The double rows at Aldenham arc
10 inches apart, and the plants the same dis-
tance asunder. The plants produce large quanti-
ties of pods, and grow to a height of 14 feet.
I noticed the following novelties in

the latest supplies the ordinary trench system is
adopted. The alleys in the Ajsparagus beds are
filled with Celery this season in place of Lettuce
and Cauliflowers, which are usually grown.
-Vldenhani I'ink and Aldenham White are the
varieties mainly grown. A supply of Turnips
is provided for nine months in the year. The
earliest roots of the red and white Milan type
are grown in frames on a mild hotbed, and later
liatches in cold frames. Ruch sorts as tinowball
and Orange Jelly are sown at short intervale in
the open.

Spinach for winter is sown thinly in frames
in September. The crop is rea<ly for use
luiiikly, and a supply of leaves is available for
a long time, but the plants are given extra pro-
tection during very adver.ie weather.

Rhubarb is regarded as a valuable crop. The
Sutton is the main variety grown, and a row
of this sort 200 yards long has been plantid
from last season's forced roots at the foot i f a
wooden fence with a southern aspect. The
slight shade afforded by forest trees growing
near has aided growth considerably, and with a
slight <-overing of .'traw, early Rluibarb will be
obtained from the plants next year.

.Many thousands of Brassicas. including
nriicooli, Cauliflowers, Sa\oys, Labrador Kale,
iliciusandheaded Kale, Green Curled Kale,
I!!u,'sel8 Sprouts, Coleworts, and Cabbage in
\:u'iety, are set amongst young plantations of
forest trees.

Chilian and Seakale Beet find a place in these
extensive culinary crops.

Of the ordinary Beet, Sutton's Black and
Globe are favoured ; the early supplies of Beet
are from frames.

Large quantities of Tomatoe are produced all
the year round. Golden Perfection is the best
ijf the golden-coloured .sort^-i, and is becoming
\ery popular with other grow ers. Sunrise is the
bi-st of the red-skinned sort.s, but the most finely
tlu'.onred of all is I'eachblow.

Leeks are grown extensively, Prizetaker and
Lyon being the chief varieties.

In no vegetable crop does thin planting give

vegetables : French Sugar Pea, the pods of
which are edible when young, and are produced
in quantity on plants 5 feet high. Mercury —
Ctienopodiuni BJonus Henricus — the leaves of
this plant being used as Spinach ; the Asparagus
Pea — Lotus Totragonolobus— which 'much re-
f«mble« a Vetch in growth; and the Brown
Dutch Bean — Phascolus vulgaris. E. Molyneux.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

.i.BNURMAL FLOWKRS UK CATTLEYA
MEISTDELII.

ilil. ICiiNLH, The Gardens, Broomhill, Sprat-
tuu, Northants, sends thi-ee abnormal flowers
of Cattleya iMendelii with the following re-
marks ; "I have seven plants out of an im-
portation all of which, each time they have
flowered, show the same peculiarity. If there
are two petals then there is no lip, and when
there is a lip it comes as in the flowers sent. 1
have flowered the plants three years, and the
result is always the same."

Tlie fact of the abnormal characteis being
constitutiional and not altered by high culti-
vation is worthy of refcording, for doubts have
been i-aised on this point.

One flower sent has the sepals and petals
nearly normal, but there is no trace of a
labellura. The other two flowers have one of
the petals placed in the position usually occu-
pied by the upper sepal. The other petal is
merged in the lip, one side of which is petaloid
and blush-white, the other half having the red-
purple colouring of the normal labellum. The
lateral sepals, which also show traces of the
second petal, are placed where the petals
usually appear, and the columns of all three
are thiimer than in the normal flower, much
less curved, and with the anthers more or less
teiminal. In 1895 an import.a(tioii of Cattleya
Mendelii flowering in the collection of the late
Joseph Broome at Llandudno all showed the
same abnormal characters, and the abnormality
\va>; tolerably common in other gardens. The
pniductioii of occasional abnormal flowers is
not rare in most Orchids, but in the case of
this Cattleya there is distinct evidence that it
is a fixed character in the plants in some
locality. With regard to the earliest importa-
tion of th's unwonted type it was stated that
Hie plants were collected growing on cultivated
Orange trees, but that could liave no bearing
on the case.

HYBRID ORCHIDS.
(Continued from April 21, p. ]fi'2.J

Hybrid.

Ki-B880-Cattleya Cynthia
(Irasso.tjielia Jessica . .
liraaso-Laelio-Cattleya Ailintral Sime
BrasHO-[>aotio Cattleya Nesta

Cattleya Charm

Cattleya Eileen

Cattleya Montreal

Cypripedium Col. Carey Batten ..
Cypripedlmn Eva Carey Batten
Cypripedium General P^taln

Cypripedium Heliie

Cypripedium QuarryicDso ..

Cypripedium K;uiji

Laelio-Cattleya ArraK

Laello-Cattleya Azael

Laello-Cattleya Cadorna
•Laelio-Cattleya Carmen
l-aelio-Cattleya General Perohilig . .
Laclio-Cattleya Monte Rosa
lAelio-Cattleya Nydia
Laello-Cattleya Psycho
Ijiclio Cattleya Rheims
Laelio-Cattleya S. (). Stevenson ..
Laelio.Cattk-ya Watsonii ,,
Miltonia Fairy Queen
Miltonia Princess Mary
Odontioda aurea var. Beauty

Odontioda Elaine

Odontioda General Haig

Oflontioda Hiawatha

Odontioda Memoria Lionel Crawshay
Odontioda The Prince

Odontio<la Tigris

Odontoglossum A^lalanum ..
OdontogloBsum Bandelero ..
Odontoglossum liullecourt ..
Odontoglossum Felicity
Odontoglossum Oorizia
Odontoglossum Hampsonae
Odontoglossum Modus
Odontoglossum Nalrslae

Odontoglossum Rex

Odontoglossum Trentino

Odontoglossum ZoB 1

Odontonia Aphrodite

Sophro-Laelia Stella

• L..C. Sir David

B. DIghyana x C. Walkeriana

B.-L. .lessopli X B. i;l»"ca •■

li.-C. DIghynnoMossiae x L.-C. .St. Oothard ..
B -C. Dighyano-Mossiac x I-.C. Ingcamli
Kiisseldorfel Imlinc x Percivallana alha

Dowiana X Carmen

Schrederae x Wm. Murray var. Oatton Queen
Lathanilanum X Mrs. Carey Batten ..
vlllosum Prince Noir x Col. Carey Batten

Hera Euryadis X Psyche

hcllatnluni x Psyclie

gigas X Gaston Bultel

Ilappartianum x trinmphans

L..C. Aphrodite X C. Mossiae

C. Minucia x 1.. pumila praestans

L C. Ceres X C. Mendelii

Dominlana x Wcllsiana

Parentage unrecorded • ■■

I,, purpurata Schriidorac x C. Suzanne Uye de Cro

Lycldas x Amazone

elegans x Nysa superbu

Aphrodite X Canhamiana

I., purpurata x C. Empress Frederick . . ..
L..C. Canhamiana alba x C. Schrodcrae alba
Princess Mary x vciillaria mem. (i. V. Owen
Hycana x Uleuana

Oda. Oharlcsworthli x Odm. lutco-purpureum Vuyl-

Oda. Cliarlcsworthii x Odm. Laml)eauianura..

Odm. Aglaon X Odn. Vuylstekcae

CharleBworthii x Curonation

Odin. Irania X Oda. Cliarlcsworthii

Oda. Charlesworthii x Odm. Adriano-triumphans . .
Oda. Charlesworthii X Odm. harvengtcnse ..

Aglaon X Lambcaulanum

Wilckeanum X Hallli

VS^ilckeanum x Mars

Olynipia x ardentissimum

.rasper x President PoincanS

ardentissimum x splendcns

iJora X Rolfeac

Lambeauianum x 'I'hompsoniannm

crispum x hybrid

Harryano-crlspum x Alexanderi

Vuylstekei x Crawshayanum ..

M. Warscewiczii X Odm. Magali Sander

L. superbiene X S. grandiflora

W. H. St. Quintin, Esq.

Pantia Ralli, Esq,

Sanders.

Mrs. BiscliolTsheini.

Sanders.

Stuart Low and Co.

Sir Jerendah Colman.

Col. Carey Batten

Col Carey Batten

W. H.St. (Juintin, Es(|.

W. II. St. QuIntIn, Esq.

Armstrcuig and Brown.

P. Smith, Esc|.

Sanders.

E. T. Nicholson, Esq.

Flory and Black.

^fan8ell and Hatcher.

Sanders.

Baron Schrfider.

Mansell and Hatcher.

Rothschild.

Sanders.

Flory and Black.

Sanders.

Armstrong and Brown.

Armstrong and Brown.

P. Smith, Esq.
Dr. Craven Moore.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
De B. Crawshay, E8(i.
G. W. Bird, Esq.
P. Smith, Esq.
Armstrong and Brown.
H. T. Pitt, Esii.
Annstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
Charlesworth and Co.
Pantia Ralli, Esq.
Dr. Craven Moore.
Mrs. Bischoffsheim.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
P. Smith, Esq.
Sanders.
Rothschild.

Beatty, H. Worsley, Escj., Qard. Chron., March 3, p.

14

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LJuLY 14, 1917.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Two New Books on Vegetables. *

Vegetable Cvlture for All, by "Eva," is
writ.ten in plain, everyday English. As a rule,
the authoress knows what she is talking about,
and, though one could scarcely recommend the
volume to those experienced in kitchen garden-
ing, nor even as an infallible guide to the inex-
perienced, still its teaching cannot but be of
value to amateurs and allotment-holders gener-
ally. Like all good teachers, the authoress en-
gages the sympathy of her readers from the
outset, and, will you, nill you, it is cai'ried
irresistibly onwards from chapter to chapter.
Her quaint comicalities and illustrations do not
fail to point the moral they are intended to
enforce ; and, like all books that count, this
one draws its reader to a second perusal.
The authoress does not attempt to do more
than just notice the very commonest kinds
of vegetables, though one chapter is de-
voted to " rai'e " vegeUibles, which are not at
all rare in weU-ai>poiiited gardens. She is fre-
quently irrelevant, too, brealcing off the thread
of her instruction to in'tix>duce something quite
apart from the subject of her chapter. Some-
times we are given a page of diigi'eseion, as in
Cliapter XV., where a novel method of destroy-
ing weeds is described. To each chapter a
vegeta.bl6 recipe is appended, and the last
chapter relates to " cooking vegetables," said to
b« even more difficult to master than producing
them. She concludes with this exordium : " Yes,
be proud ! There are some legitimate prides
that never fall — ^tho&e sanctified by honest toil,
and blest by its reward. You wull have to record
some failures, but turn minor disappointments
into the bnave hopefulness that begins again."

In Vcijei-iiltiiie we pass " from lively to
severe," from vivid to rather dull and long-drawn
senitences. On the whole, the matter is good,
but the author is mistaken in his endeavour- to
popularise dozen* of edible vegetables of the
nature of which few people know anything, ex-
cept, perhaips, the names. For at no time has
it been more important than at prejent that
culltiYators of all classes should limit the kinds
of vegetables to the valuable few — useful for
food, and not difficult to produce in quantity.
Many of the details regarding the production of
seedlings and transplanting — speaking from the
same point of view — are superiiuous, but much
thought has been devoted to the production of
the volume, the introductory chapters' being use-
ful r6.=;iimee of the A-arious e.^sentials to all good
gardening.

SOUTH AFRICA.

THE CONSUMPTION OD' MAIZE MKAL.

Owing to the growing scarcity of wheaten
flour, I should like' to call the attention of your
readers to the value of Maize meal as an article
of human food. It forms an item in the daily
dietary of nearly every wtiite family in the
Transvaal, and is wholesome, nutritious, and
tasty.

Maize meal (or mielie-meal, as it is called by
SoutK Africans) is used in place of Oat meal on
the breakfast table. Johannesburg bakers add
finely ground Maize meal to Wheaten meal in
the preparation of baker's bread. In my own
home our bread is made with fifty per cent.
Maize meal and fifty per cent. Wheaten flour.

A pamphlet published by the Transvaal Ue
partment of AgrfCulture in 1909 gave 134 selected
recipes in which Maize in some form is the main
ingredient. /. Burtt-Davy.

* Vegetable Ciil'ure fm- All. By" Eva." (London : Herbert
Jenkins, Ltd ) Price 2a. (ict.

VenecuUure. By Harry A. Day. (London : Mtthuen &
Co., Ltd.) Price Is. 6(5. net.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

LEAF MINERS.

An easy and safe remedy to prevent fl'es from
depositing their eggs on the foliage of C'elery
and Parsnips is to dust the plants occasionally,
and always after rain, with spent carbide.

We obtain the spent carbide in small bags
from the garage, and after being kept in a dry
shed for a short time a bag is tied on the end
of a st'ck, and dusting proceeds as fast as the
operator can walk. The material may also be
used to ward off the Carrot and Onion flies, but
it will not kill the maggots of these pests, which
must be either crushed between the thumb and
finger or the infested parts removed and burned.

Many weeds harbour leaf miners, and this fact
is an additional reason why all weeds should be
promptly removed and burned. G. H. H. W .

SIHiOiRTAGE OF SEEDS.

StTPPLlKS of many kinds of vegetable seeds are
likely to be short next season, and it is im-
portant that all growers should take great care
to put the seed which they piu'chase to the best
use.

The saving of seeds as generally left wisely to
the seed grower, but as a war-time measure
growers of vegetables may add to the available
supplies by saving some of their seed. In the
case of vegetables of the Cabbage tribe and of
Beets, the saving of seed is not to be recom-
mended, owing to the fact that different kinds
of these plants cross so i-eadily with one another
that it is not possible to obtain seed " true "
unless careful and somewhat elaborate pre-
cautions are taken.

Peas and Beans are rarely cross-fertilised, and
it is, therefore, desirable in all the drier parts
of 1he country that growers should leave all
the pods on a few plants for purposes of seed-
saving. In the case of Peas, when the seed-bear-
ing plants are beginning to dry off, the whole
plant should be pulled up and hung in a dry, airy
place in order that the seed may ripen. Ripening
seeds must be protected from birds, for otherwise
much of the seed may be taken by them,
eepeciaUy by jays and hawfinches. Broad Beans
may be picked when almost ripe and laid out
thinly to dry. Dwarf and Runner Beans to
be used for seed-saving purposes should be
pulled by about the second or third week in»
.September and hung in a dry, airy shed. When
the pods are dry, the seeds should be removed,
spread out until they are thoroughly dry, and
then stored in a cool dry place away from mice.

Seed shoidd not be saved from bienmal
plants (such as Carrot, Beet, Parsnip, and
Onion) that have " bolted." In ordeir to save
seed fi-om such biennials, good roots should br
chosen and gi'own on to seed in their second
year.

RC'NNER BEANS FOR SOUPS.

Seeds of Runner Beans have been used in my
house for years for soups and for " Beans and
bacon." Lately, also, they have been very suc-
cessfully substituted for Lentils in that excellent
disli, Lenfl cutlets. In my opinion, there is
nothing in which they are not quite &&, useful as
Lentils. Like Lentils, they have* to be soaked a
long time previous to use. After soaking, they
must be skinned, which is an easy matter
then, but not after cooking. This is an im-
pcntant point. When skinned, they have the
pleasant white ajDpearance of Lentils or Butter
Beans. The Runner Beans, being larger, are
better fitted for these pm-poses than the dwarf
kinds. If any of your correspondents should
wish for the recipe for Runner Bean cutlets, I
shall be pleased to give it. S. Jaclcson, Arlcy,
Port Hill, Shrewsbury.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Turnip J. -A large sowing of Turnips should
be made about the middle of the present month
to obtain roots for use during autumn and early
winter. Ground which has been occupied by
Early Peas or Potatos is suitable,, and will only
require to be lightly pricked up and levelled.
When the sui'face soil has been made fine draw
the drills 16 inches apart and sow ,the seeds
thinly. As soon as the plants are large enough
they should be thinned to 9 inches apart and the
ground lightly hoed to destroy small weeds.
Turnips are benefited by frequent dustings of
sifted wood ashes. Another sowing should be
made 10 days later, and the plants of this batch
may be allowed to stand in the ground through-
out the winter. Protection from frost may be
necessary, but this is easily applied. Green Top
Stone and Orange Jelly are reliable varieties for
pulling in winter.

Winter Greens.— The planting of all winter
greens should be accomplished as quickly as pos-
sible. Savoys, Hardy Cabbage, Scotch Kale and
Sprouting Broccoli should be planted freely.
There is still time to transplant autumn Self-Pi-o-
tecting Broccoli and Halloween Giant Cauliflower
in rich soil ; the heads should be ready for use in
October and November. The varieties Early
Market Broccoli, Snowdrop, and Early Feltham
will, if planted now, and the weather is favour-
able, furnish a succession of heads through Janu-
ai-y. Other varieties for late supplies should be
planted as soon as possible.

Endive.— A sowing of Batavian Endive should
be made at once for early winter supplies ; trans-
plant the seedlings in a sheltered position as
soon as they are large enough for transference,
allowing a space of at least 15 inches between
the plants each way. Another sowing should be
made ten days later and the seedlings trans- •
planted into cold pits for use during winter and
spring. It is much better pi-actice to transplant
these seedlings into pits while young than to
grow them on an open border for lifting and
placing them in pits in the late autumn. Early
Endive may be tied up for blanching as soon
as of sufficient size.

Spinach.- This crop will require much care
and attention during the next few weeks to ob-
tain a fuU and continuous supply of leaves.
Make weekly sowings in a cool situation and give
the plants a plentiful supply of water. At Frog-
more we sow broadcast, so that the plants cover
the surface very quickly, and they are watered
freely, the ground never becoming dry.

Lettuce.— Make sowings of Lettuce weekly
on a north border or other position pix>tected
from hot sunshine. Sow thinly and regulate the
plants as soon as they are sufficiently advanced
for thinning. If weekly sowings are made trans-
planting will not be necessary during the next
few weeks ; in dry weather the plants will srac-
ceed better in" the seed rows than if they are
transplanted.

French Beans.— A sowing of French Beans
should be made in rich soil with a view to pro-
ducing pods about the end of August. Allow
plenty of space between the rows ; plants 8 inches
apart in the row will give good results. Plants
in bearing should be given a good watering at
the roots, for if growth is stmited through
drought the crop will be unsatisfactory.

Cabbage.— In late districts sow Cabbage seed
fur early spring supplies thinly in shallow drills
made 15 inches apart. Keep the ground free
from weeds. Another sowing should be made
ten days later. Protect the plants from birds by
netting and dust the seedlings freely with soot
or lime as soon as they appear through the sur-
face.

.n-Lv 14. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CnUONICLE.

15

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Early Peach and Nectarine House.—

.As soon as the house is cleared of the crop, let
the roots be given a thorout;h soaking of clear
water. Then apply a light dressing of artificial
manure, not to the extent of exciting growth,
but rather to build up and solidify the wood.
Use a fertiliser containing phosphates and pot-
ash. Keep the trees well syringed, to prevent
attacks of red spider, and if this be done only
once a day, select the evening. The houses should
be thrown open completely, removing the top
lights entirely if they can be taken off. When the
lights are removed, the trees can be well
syringed from the upper side.

Late Peaches and Nectarines,— If the
trees in coW-housee are bearing heavy crope, the
fruits ehouJd be thinned fijially, leaving a little
margin for eventualities. See tliat the trees are
not dry at the root.s, and apply a manurial
stimulant if it is considered necessar}-. Attend to
the regulation of the growths, and stop all very
luxuriant shoots at an early stage of their de-
velopment. Syringe the trees twice daily in
sunny weather, and do not hasten growth unduly
by closing the houses early in the afternoons.

Strawberries for Fobcin«.— Runners of
the latest varieties of Strawberries intended for
forcing should now be layered. FiUbasket, which
makes its runners later than many others with
us, is one of the very best late sorts, being a
reliable and good cropper. Runners of earlier
varieties should be shifted into 6-inch pots as
soon as they are fairly well rooted ; do not, on
any account, allow them to become pot-bound.
If "the plants are stood pot to pot for the time
being it will be an easy nuitter to keep them
lightly damped overhead. Meanwhile, when
opportunity offers, prepare a site for standing
the entire stock of plants. Choose a situation
exposed to full sunshme. The ground should be
well surfaced with ashes and sprinkled with lime
to keep worms in check.

Automn-froitino Strawberries in Pots
— Autumn fruiting Strawberries give good resulu
in pots, and form a good succession to the out-
side plants and the early forced plants that are
held over for a second crop. My plan is to obtain
the runners as early as possible and to pot them
direct into 4i-inch pots, which are sufficiently
large for the purpose. The runners will quickly
become estabUshed. In some instances I have
noted that the first flower-spike develops even
before the runner is severed from the parent
plant, and it is hardly advisable to retain these
precocious plants unless for very early fruiting
in the autumn. A croji may be had from these
young plants in from ten to twelve weeks from
the layering. The best varieties for forcing are
Merveille de France and St. Antoine de Padoue.
St. Fiacre is also highly spoken of.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

GnAPHALIUM LEONTOPOOIUM.-lt may clot
be generally known that the " Edelweiss " is
easily raised from seed. S<^w in pans iti a mix-
ture of loam, mortar nibble, and sand. A clorio
shaded frame is the mo.st suitable place until
the seed has germinated. The young plants
should have the sunn'est position in the rock
garden, using a similar compost as advited for
use in the seed-pan.

Violets.- Cut off all runners from Violets
within two eyes of the base ; on no account
should they be pulled off. Give the plants
a light dusting of soot occasionally to keep red
spider in check. Keep the soil always loose on
the surface by the use of the flat hoe, and syringe
the iilants overhead in the evening during dry
w'eatlier.

Flower BtDS.-'l'lie suninier bedding plants
are well established. The soil in the beds snould
be stirred on freipient occasions, and espe-
cially after rain, when it is liable to be-
come caked on the surface. Edging plants re-
quire attention at least once a week, pinching
them into 8ha[)e as they require it. Ivy-leaved
Pelarconiums, Verbena^', Petunias, Iresines, and

other plants that are used as a groundwork
should be pegged to the soil and the shoots
pinched to cause side growths to develop and fill
the space.

East Lothian and Brompton Stocks.—
Sow seeds of Ea.'st Lothian and Brompton Stocks
to obtain sturdy plants for flowering next spring
and early summer. Raise the plants in cold
frames, but do not coddle them ; for the present
the lights may be removed entirely. Old potting
soil of a rich nature mixed with a little fine
mortar rubble or lime will forai a suitable com-
post. Make the soil firm. Spray the seed-bed
daily and provide light shadings during sunny
weather until the seed has germinated. Plants
in bloom should be given stimulants to prolong
the flowering season.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

BcaoNiA Qloire DC Sckaux.— This variety

is one of the best Begonias for flowering in winter
and early spring, the bronzy metallic lustre of the
foliage (which is quite ornamental in itself) con-
trasting woU with the panicles of bright rosy-
pink flowers. If grown in ordinary conditions,
the variety is at its best in the spring ; but if it
is gr<.)wn on early in the summer, and placed in
a brisk heat in the late autumn, it will bloom at
Christmas and the New Year. The plants are
suitable for the decoration of rooms, the moder-
ately warm and dry conditions exactly suiting the
flowers, which last well. The variety may be
propagated and grown under similar treatment
to that recommended for the Lorraine type,
('uttings strike freely, and the plant pre.sents no
great difficulties in its after cultivation. It
should not be allowed to become pot-bound till it
has been placed in its flowering pots. Specimens
of all sizes flower satisfactorily ; 4i-incli and 6-
inch are useful sizes for general purposes, but if
targe specimens are wanted, 7^ to 8-inch pots will
not be too large. Whatever the size, when the
pots are filled with roots, feed the latter regu
larly with stimulants. Stand the plants well
apart in a light house to ensure specimens of good
shape and undamaged foliage.

Bruqmansia (Datura).- This somewhat old-
fa.sbioned plant is worthy of a plarce in a general
collection of cool-house plants. It can be planted
out in the conservatory bed, or small l>order, or
grown in large pots or tubs. In the spring it
should be pruned hardback within a bud or two
of the old wood. Orowth starts freely as the
Weather gets wanner, and the plant will com-
mence to flower in ,June, and continue to do so
till late autumn. The habit of growth of this
plant makes it very suitable for training as a
standard. The plant should be kept to a single
stem till the desired height is attained, pruning
back the heiid each spring as for a standard Rose.
B. Knightii, B. aborea, and B. sanguinea lutea
are the principal species, and all are well worth
growiag.

Hardwooded Greenhouse Plants.— Many
rilher hard-wooded indoor plants will also succeed
better if placed in the open during the next three
months. The foliage will be more healthy and
vigorous, and standing the plants outside pre-
sents a good opportunity to thoroughly cleanse
them. .\11 the members of the Heath family :
Coronilla glauca, Coprosma Baueri, Diosma
ericoides. Acacias growing in pots or tubs, Eupa-
torium, greenhouse Rhododendrons, Chorizema,
Cytisus, Myrtles, Oranges and Lemons, may
be treated in this way. Plunge the pots in a bed
of ashes, to keep the roots in a fairly uniform
condition of moisture and syringe the top-growth
daily in bright weather. Use clear, well-diluted
soot water once a week for syringing, and water
the plants with liquid manure about twice weekly.

Peach, and they are usually ready for gather-
ing in July. Irish Peach is of excellent quality
when well grown, and to secure the fruit at its
best it should be gathered just before it is eaten.
This variety can be grown either as a bush,
cordon, pyramid, or horizontally-trained tree.
Look over the trees and remo\e by hand-picking
dead and decaying leaves, or give the trees a
vigorous syringing to dislodge them; thoix>ugh
syringing will also cleanse the trees of insect
pests.

Peaches and Nectarines.— Treee of early
Peaches and Nectarines with ripening fruits
should be given a good dr-essing of concentrated
fertiliser. If the roots liave been watered with
liquid manure from the faa-myard the fruits will
be swelling rapidly. During the present mouth
fruits of Amsden June, Waterloo, and Early
Ale.xander will ripen. All early Peaches sliould
be tliinned evenly. The fruits should be
gathered with care and placed in a box
or basket containing fine, soft wood-w-ool, wliich
is the best material on which to convey them to
the fruit-room. The slielves in the fruit-room
.should also be covered with this material. Nee
tarines do not ripen quite so early as Peaches.
Early Rivers and Cardinal are amongst the
earliest varieties, and these are closely followed
by Lord Napier. Early Peaches are best used
cpiickly, as the flavour deteriorates when tbey
,ire kept.

SrRAWBERRiES. — The earliest layers are ready
to be severed from the parent plants, and when
this is dt>ue tlie\- should be kept partially shaded
for a brief iieriod. When they have recovered from
the check caused by their removal they may
either be potted or planted out. If the" latter
method is adopted choose ground thai has been
heavily manured, or they" may be planted on
ground that has been croppe;! with early Peas,
nld Strawberry' plants that have finished cropping
shuuld be pulled up and the ground cleared and
made ready for other crojjs. The beds wliich are
tn remain should be cleared of rubbish and the
plants watered.

Fruit Room.— Keep the fruit-room well
ventilated and as cool as possible. If it does
not contain much fniit take the opportunity to
cleanse it thoroughly. Scrub the wooden up-
rights, shelves and trays with soap and hot
water. The fruit-room should be kepit spotle.ssly
(■lean and free from all trace of mustiness.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. S. f'ooK, Uiir.lener Ui tin; lion. ARTHUR J.
DwEV, Abbott.s Wood, Godalining, Surrey.

Early Apples.- The recent rains have bene-
fited the trees of^ early Apples, which do not
mature their fruits satisfactorily when the soil
is very dry. The fir.<<t to ripen are Mr. Glad-
stone, Early Margaret, Ea4-ly Harvest and Irish

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Coi.l.lKTl, Gardener to Sir Jeremuh Colman,
Hart., Gatton Park, Koigatc.

Management of the Houses.— Most of the

potting having 'been done, the principal work in
the Orchid houses at this season should be
directed to keeping the plants in an active con.
dition of growth and free from insect peets. It
is important that the plants wccive suffioieitit
water ;it the i-ootB, and that the atmospheric
conditions be regulated in accordance with tlie
weather. It will now be possible to trea.t the
plants in the wanner divisions more liberally,
and, with the increased amount of sunlight and
wannth, more ventilation and more moisture
may be given in all departments. In the East
India Houee, fire-heat should not lir ilis|HMi.iierl
with altiigother. The w;iter-pipeK .■.lioiiM he k .pi
sufficiently warm to maintain a tciii|H i.il lur of
75° up to midnight, regulating the liri:.s so that
the thermometer records 70° in the early morn-
ing. The ventilators should be closed early in'
the afternoon, and the blinds drawn up directly
it in safe to do so without exjio.sing the jilants
to injury from scorching. The teinperature of
the house may be allowed to rise to 85° or 90°
with Run-heat. Damp the floors, sta-ges, and
other bare s^i.-ices fre<:|uently, and especially the
ground beneath the hot-water pipes. Spray the
plants lightly overhead and oir the undersides of
the leaves in order to kee^J down attiieks of red
s|)ider and other insect ))ests,_ As a stag-
nant atinoaphere iis harmful, causing the tender
foliage of many plants to become spotted, on
wai-m, dii,rn)) nights open the to)) ventillatorslate
in the evening ; this will cause the air to circu-
late and dry up any excessive moisture that may
have accumulated after sunset.

16

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917.

eOlTORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTTBIilSHEB, 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W-C-

Editors and Publisher. — Our corresvondents
irniihi obiiutc delay in oblaining answers to
their rommiinicntions and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher: and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
m)d much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— Tfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, smtable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but Ihey cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
Jnitions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

iVPPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

ITKSDAV, JULY 17-

Rnv Hort. Soo.'s Coins, meet, and National tarna-
tion and Picotee Society's meeting at Drill HalJ.

Vvkum;b Mean Temperature tor the ensuing week
(l<"du<-«l from observations during the last fifty
\ e;irs nt Greenwioh, 63.3.
.\CTiiAL Temperature:—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 11. Wellington Street.
Oo'vent Garden, Ldndon, Thursday, July U,
10 a.m. : Bar. 30.1 : temp. 68°. Weatiher— Sun-

TUESDAY— , . , . r ,1

Outdoor and indoor stock and amplemcnts, of tin-

Aighurtli Nurseries, Liverpool, by Protheroe and
MoiTis, at 11 p.m.

THIIDSDAY-

Greenhouses, frames, an<l general stocli (rf tilie Stil on
Approach Floral Nursery, at rear of Sitoke Newington
Station (G.E. By.), by Fisher, Stanliope and Co., at 1
o'clock.

Among the less experi-

Crops on enced cultivators of the

virgin Boll. many thousands of acres

of waste land which are
iHjw being brought into use for the pro-
duction of food, the idea is prevalent that
virgin soil — i.e., soil which has hitherto
lain more or less waste— is particularly
fertile, and needs only to be lightly dug in
order to produce heavy crops.

The belief is in the nature of a faith, in
that it rests on no basis of fact or esperi-
eiicc. It is true that in special circum-
stances a few plots of this nature may yiehl
cooil results without much trouble, but
unless they are properly cultivated and
manured the far greater number yield
very meagre crops. Indeed, it may even
happen that the more labour expended the
less satisfactory the yield, since it has been
observed that in a number of cases the
more deeply the soil has been dug, the
more thoroughly has the sub-soil been ex-
jiosed, and the worse has been the resultant
growth of the plants.

Such failures have been attributed to
many causes. The seedsman has in many
cases been unjustly blamed ; or, with more
justification, the exceptional season, con-
sisting of an almost unprecedentedly cold,
late spring, followed by an early summer
drought accompanied by lilazing sunsliine.
It is liardly necessary to point out that
the fact of the sterility of virgin soil
is well known to experienced cultivators,
farmers and horticulturists alike. The
farmer may induce fertility by the simple

method of spreading over his freshly
ploughed land a layer of earth from one of
1 1 is older fields. The gardener, working in
a more intensive area, corrects the weak,
!i]iindly growth which is the result of grow-
ing plants in new soil, by the judicious
application of manures and fertilisers rich
in nitrogen. For it is nitrogen-starva-
tion which gives to plants growing in
virgin soil the stunted appearance which
characterises them. The soil may be rich
in nitrogen ; but not in a form by which it
can be assimilated by the plants, because —
and here we come to the crux of the whole
matter — the micro-organisms (bacteria)
by wliose agency the nitrogenous com-
pounds in the soil are converted into
nitrates, are absent or deficient in
numbers.

Even in normal conditions, on culti-
vated soil, there is always a shortage of
available nitrogen in the spring. During
the winter, the rain washes away a large
amount of the soluble nitrogenous com-
pounds from the soil; and the temperature
of the ground is too low to encourage the
nitrate-forming bacteria either to multiply
or to perform their work of nitrification.'
As the weather becomes warmer, and con-
ditions more genial, the bacteria become
active, and the soil becomes more and more
rich in nitrifying bacteria, and in the
nitrates which they form. Many gardeners,
though unaware of the action of the bac-
teria, are yet familiar with the ill-effects
of this early spring shortage of nitrates,
and apply nitrate of soda by way of a
" whip " to their growing crops

As we have already observed, in many
instances which have come under our
notice, where the ground has been dug
most deeply the results have been the
worst. In one set of plots under observa-
tion, a wise old cultivator warned his
younger and more enthusiastic neighbours
tliat they were doing very foolishly in
" burying all the good soil at the bottom of
tlie trench." Certainly, up to the present,
his contention has been justified ; for his
own Potatos are the best of any, notwith-
standing the fact that the plot is full of
sprouting grass. Those who brought up
tlie subsoil to the top had probably buried
the few nitrifying bacteria which may have
li-en present in the upper layer. There is
no 'cioubt, however, that equally good re-
sults could be obtained by burying the top-
soil, if generous applications were made
of such material as well-rotted manure,
which would encourage the rapid spread
of the beneficial micro-organisms. That
till.' failure of crops on virgin soil is due
to nitrogen-starvation can be demonstrated
bv applying a little nitrate, when it will
be seen that the plants recover in a re-
imrkable degree. In one case under
oh ervation a patch of very weak, spindly
Potatos was watered with a nitrogenous
manure. The response was almost imme-
diate, the plants assuming a deep green
colour, and the stems thickening in a sur-
prisingly short time.

Our observations have been chiefly
directed to plots on heavy soil over a tliick
chav sub-soil, through which percolation
and aeration were undoubtedly deficient.
In an adjacent district, where the subsoil

was gravelly, the crops were noticeably
less unsatisfactory, probably because the
better aeration and percolation favoured
til',' spread and activity of what few nitri-
fying bacteria were pre.sent in the ground.
The conclusion would thus .seem to be
that during the first year of tlie cultiva-
tion of virgin soil, better results can be
obtained by shallow cultivation than by
deep digging, unless the cultivator is pre- ■
pared to expend a considerable sum on
manures which will supply all the nitrates
his plants require; but that in the second
year, when the surface turf has rotted, the
raised subsoil been exposed to all the bene-
ficial influences of a season's rain, sun-
shine and air, and the nitrifying bacteria
have increased to the requisite number,
the deeply dug ground will yield in every
respect the more satisfactory results.

Horticultural Club Room Comman-

DEERKD BY THE GOVERNMENT.— Members of

tlie Horticultural Club are asked to note that
the Hotel Windsor, Westminster (including the
room occupied by the Horticultural Club), has
been commandeered for Government purposes
from Monday, the 16tb inst. E. Hooper Pear-
son, hon. sec.

National Diploma in Horticulture.— The

1917 Exa.minations for the National Diploma in
Horticulture were held at Wisley in June, with
the following results :— Section II.— General
Horticidbure : Thbotp, Hilda Maroaket
Berth.\, The Nurseries, West Clandon, .Surrey ;
Heron, AUy, 5, Wellington Road, Handsworth
Wood, Birmingham. Section V. — Landscape
tlardening : Woollet, Robert Vernon
GiFPARD, Far Croft, LailJworth, Warwick-
shire. Section VII. — Horticultural Inspection :
MoIvER, David George, 8, Silver Street, En-
field. The following candidates eatiefied the
Examinera' requirements in the PreHiiiiuary
Examination : -Oldham, Charles Henry, 23,
Jlill Street, Stafford ; Joshua, Lucy Henriktta,
58, Forest Road^Kew ; Herring, Lottie Kate,
Horticultural College, Swanley; Thornton,
Eleanor Robb, Botanic Gardens, Cambridge.

Bequests to GAROENKRS.-Among the

bequests made by the late i\Ir. Leopold de
Rothschild are three to his head-gardeners.
Mr. John Jennings receives £500, and Messrs..
Hudson and Reynolds £300 each. The ad-
mirable gardening work done by Messrs.
,Jenninos, Hudson, and Reynolds has recently
been described in these i>ageis, and this mark of
recognition of their services will be appreciated,
not only by the recipients themselves, but also
by their wdde circle of friend.";.

An Economic Qahiien.- The gardens of
Dr. J. B. Hurry, Westfield, Reading, have
been adapted to the cultivation of plants of
economic use, and the scheme, whiich has been
pursued for several years pa»t, has much to
recommend it. The main object is that of edu-
cation, and for this purpose the gi"ounds are
thrown open frequently to the public and to
school-children, who are pi-ivileged to see. not
only the gi-owing plants', but also the results
when the plants are gathered and prepared.
A printed catalogue of the plants grown is sup-
plied to each visitor, and demonstrations of the
more interesting exhibits are given by Dr. Hurry
and his assistants.

Identification of Grasses by their
Vegetative OHARAcreR.- When the present
ptres.? of war is remove<l. we hope th;it a counter-
part of this very iieeful bulletin* will be issued
in this country. It is hard work for a beginner
to get to know his grasses by means of the
ordinary keys, which depend largely for

• Bull. 461, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. By L. Carrier.

July 14, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

17

diagnostic directioas on floral characters. In
the bulletin each of 48 Hi'asses is figured, and
briefly described, and an analytical key to grass
seedlings help sthe student to " run down " the
specimens.

The Cultivation of Suoar Beit.-TIk
statement hy the Parli.Tinentary Secretary to
the Board of Agriculture that a loan of £125,000
hae been made from the Development Fund for
the pui-pose of the purchase of an estate near
Newark on which to establish the Sugar Beet
industry, " when circumstances pennit," has
revived the discussion in the Press of the
general question as to the possibility of growing
Sugar Beet profitably in England. The associa-
tions Avhicli ha\e devoted themselves to the pro-
motion of English Sugar Beet growing have done
most useful ser\nce. It has been proved that
there ie a great deal of land in this country on
which Sugar Beet can be grown as successfully
as in moet parts of the Continent, both as to the
yield per acre and the sugar content. In
due course, no doubt. Sugar Beet will l>e largely
3,nd successfully cultivated in England, but the
matter is not one to be treated hurriedly as a
war emergency question. It ii not such a
simple matter as some people suppose to pei-
6uade fanners to grow the large quantities of
Beet required. The chief difficulty of the Cant-
ley factory, which lias been often refened to
in these debates, lay in securing a regular supply
of Beet sufficient to keep the machinery run-
ning economically within about 2s. per ton rail-
way or water distance of the factory.
The most economical unit seems to be a
factory of 80,000 to 100,000 ton« annual
capacity. This means an area under Beet of
8,000 to 10,000 acres per annum. On a four-
course rotation 32,000 to 40,000 acres of arable
land worked in tuni would, therefore, be re-
quired to maintain a regular sui>ply to a single
factory, and these figures assume that the whole
root oroi) of the farm consists of Beet, which in
practice would not be the case.

Women's Farm and Garden Union.—

During the past year 106 new members have
joined the Women's Farm and Garden Union. The
Union was reconstructed in the spring of 1915,
and this led to recognition and financial help by
the Government. To meet- the great demand for
women gardeners and bailiffs, short courses of
training have been instituted. This no doubt is
one of the necessities of the times, but if women
exjjeet to be successful either as gardeners or
bailiffs after the war, when competition will be
keener, they must be prepared to undergo fuller
preliminary training.

Blucberrv Culture.'- BluebeiTy culture i.s
developing into an industry of some imiKulanc,:
in the United St. iteis, and Mr. Corii-LK, (jiivcr:--
ment Botanist, lias published several papers on
the subject. Tlie present one is an illustrated
epitome of wh.u ha^ been ax:oompLi.shcd so far.
'rhe name Blufl>erry is applied in the L'nite<l
Sitatcs to more than one species of Vaccinium,
though more espeoially to V. corymboaum, which
is nearly allied to our native V. Myrtillus, the
Bilberry or Wliortloberry. Success in Blueberry
culture, CoviLLE maintains, rests largely upon
the recognition that an acid .noil is essential and
the presence of a root-fungus, which appears to
have the beneficial function of supplying nitro-
gent to the ]ilant. Full details of cultivation
are given ; also of propagation and treatment.
Am example i.s given of the yield and profits of
a plantation 2i acres in extent. This plantation
wa? started in 1889, but exact records of yield
and receipt* are only available for the yean
1910 to 1915. The average yearly yield In
quarts for the six year.s was 1,741 per acre, the
lowest being 419 q"uarts ,-.nd the highe^^t 2,S79.
The average price obtained was 14.5 cents, and

■ hlr,"lir,n> fur niuihrrn/ f'Hflurr. With s»v«ntBcn lilnUii
By V. V. Invlll... UnUnist. r S. I) .()artm»nt "f Agrlpilltiliv
Bullclln No, 3:i4. ('ontrllmtlnnii frnm tlie Bureau of Plant
industry, lull). Waihliigton, DC, I'.S..4.

average profits $116 (about £23) per acre, after
making all necessary deductions. But the
author explains that the plantation was com-
P'sed of wild bushes taken indiscriminately, and
he fairly contends t.hat selection would give
better results, and muoh might be expected from
new varieties artificially raised. In support of
this he gives illustrations of cross-bred new
varieties which fully bear out his predictions,
though they have not been tried on a STifficiently
large scale to give convincing results. Promising
results have been obtained by crossing Low
Bush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) with
H gh Bush Blueberry {V. corymbosum). The
Blueberry will flouri.^h in a soil in which few
either plants will grow.

Savinq Trees in the Battle Area.— The
destruction of French fruit trees by the re-
treating Germans, who cut down thousands
of valuable trees before " falling back ac-
cording to plan," will probably not be quite
so serious as at fii-st expected. Mr. Heney
Wood, the Special Correspondent of the United
Pre.'js of America with the French Armies, gives
an exceedingly interesting account of how the
French set to work to rescue as many as pos-
sible of these maimed trees. As soon as the

sides. This last operation, performed with the
painstaking care whidi characterises French
gardening, is much more cei-tain of success than
the treatment of the " rung trees," and several
years, at least, have been saved in restoring a
portion of the mutilated orcliards of France, for
at present the labour needed for replanting such
extensive areas would be prohibitive. But
a. few orchards have been planted, and Mr. Wool)
describes " the carefully cultivated and planted
fields, each bearing its little painted sign, 'Ter-
rain cultive par I'Armee.' " Army wagim and
ammunition cart-horses, not otherwise wanted
for the moment, are pressed into the service of
ploughing, cultivating, and harrowing alongside
the camps, and as one body of troops proceeds
to the front, the work is continued by the cus-
cessors.

War Horticultural Relief Fund. —

Lady Stbathcon'.v has given £100 to the Royal
Hinticultural Society's Allies' War Relief Fund,
which has been started for restoring the ruined
gardens and gardening industries of our Allies.

Dutch Seed Firm'e Jubilee.— The fiftieth

anniversary of the foundation of the firm St.uis
.\ND Groot, seed merchants, Enkhuizen. Hoi

IPhotai/rnpli hij It. A Malliu.
-FORCING VEGETABLES IN FRAMES ON AN ENCLOSED HOTBED AT ALDENHAM HOUSE GAUDENS.
(Sec p. 12.)

recaptured areas were consolidated, the orchard*
were inspected by experts, and it was found
that more recently time did not apparently per-
mit the Germans to follow tlieir earlier practice
of felling the trees, and that they had contented
themselves with removing rings of bark, expect-
ing that this would be sufficiemt to destroy the
trees. Assisted by many Army surgeons and
other Red Cross workers, the tree experts hiid
" the circle where the bark had been cut away
firsit covered with a special grafting cement, and
the entire wound then carefuUy bandaged up —
often with bandages that had been prepared for
human limbs. So great was the nujnber of
trees that had to be dressed in this way that
the entire available supply of grafting preipara-
tion was quickly exhausted. Tar was then used
as a substitute, and finally even a loamy clay.
Substitutes for surgical bandages al-so had to
be found, and in the eiwi it was discovered that
moss twisted and tied about the dressed wound
was as effective as anything else." Tlie treea
thuo treated were chietiy half-a-century-old
Peaches, Plums, Apricots, Apples, and Cherrits.
Even the trees which had been felled have also
received attention. The jagged stumps, usually
two to four feet long, have been cut cleafily and
then gr.-bfted, in many cases with their own
shoots taken from the branches lying by their

land, was celebrated on the 3ri.l inst. The
founders of the business, Mr. N. Si.uis and Mr.
N. Groot, who arc respectively 83 and 73 years
of age, were piesented with their portraits in oil
ciilouis Ic. mink tlie nciiision.

Publications Received. — Hoard of Agri-
culture Icaficls : No. 7.S, The Manufacture of
Cheese in Co-operative Dairies ; No. 77, Hay-
making Machinery. (Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries, Publications Branch.)— /"ossi/ Plants.
(Cambridge Biological Series.) By A. C. Seward.
Vol. III. (Cambridge : At the University Press.)
Price 18s. net. — Vegetable Bottling and Fruit
Preserving without Sugar. Hy Vincent and
Cieorgiana Banks. (London : W. Wesley &
Son.) Price Is. — The Cultivation of Allot-
ments. By Percy lilford, NLA., anil Samuel
Heaton. (Oxford : At the Clarendon Press.)
Price fid. net. — How to Know the Ferns. Hy
S. Leonard Hastin. (London: Metluien & Co.)
Price Is. (id. net. — A Blossom Wilt and Canker
of Apple Trees. By H. Woruiald, M.Sc,
(Cambridge: At the University Press.) (Reprint
from ,lii/ia/s of Ai'jilicd Biology, April, 1917.)
— A Good Living from Poultry for Disabled
Soldiers and Others. By K. G. Paynter.
(London : George Ncwnes, Ltd.) Price Is. net.
— Plants and Seeds List, Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Peradeniya. Hy T. H. Parsons. (Ceylon
Dept. of Agriculture.)

18

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917.

Q^^yy^ BUXIFOLlAi never become common. It is extremely suitable it is difficult to know where some of the choicest

lor furnishing a greenhouse pillar or coi-ridor can be obtained. Cantua buxifolia was intro-

Cantua buxifolia is one of the most beautiful wall. Especial attention may be called to it, now duced by Messrs. R. Veitch and Son, Exeter,

of greenhouse climbers, and has been cultivated in that indifference to indoor plants is certainly in- u'any years ago, and was said there to have with-

this country for many yeans, although it ha* cieasin^ So much aie the\ now neglected that stood two winteis in the open The plant is not

Fig. 8 — canil \ LLvituLii (dlilndens) fluweks bright rose-pink.

JciY 14, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

id

difficult of cultivation, but it should be grown
in peaty soil, and needs a fairly cool, nioisl
atmosphere. Red spider is its greatest enemy,
but, with ordinary care, this pest can be
overcome by any of the usual remedies.
OuttingB i-oot without difficulty. The plant is a
native of Peru, and the Peruvian Indians are
saiid to adorn their chambei-s on feast-days with
the gay blossoms. The species is figured in the
Bofaniral Magazine, tab. 4,582, and is there
described as a very ornamental flowering shrub.
It belongs to the" natural order Polemoniaceae.
and has dependent, tubular flowers (see fig. 8).
The limb of the corolla is deep pink, and the tube
tjale Dink or nearly white. R. Irwin Lynch.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(Thf Editors do not hold themselves rcspowible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
Transit of Froit and Vegetables.— The
attention of the President and Council of the
Royal Horticultural .Society having been called to
the" difficulty fruit growers and market gardeners
were e.\periencing in the matter of railway trans-
port, and the prospect of that difficulty increas
ing through varying causes, including the shortage
of baskets, a letter on this subject was recently
sent T>y the Society to the Railway Executive
Committee, to which the following favourable
reply has been received : — "In reply to your
letter of the 16th inst. calling attention to the
shortage of receptacles, in which fruit and .vege
tables are sent, which must occur unless priority
treatment is given to the return of such empties,
this subject is one to which the railway companies
have given careful consideration, and iiistructinns
have been given to their staffs concerned with a
view to ensuring the prompt return of fruit and
vegetable packages." 11'. ll"i7/>\, Strrilanj.
Poyal Hrrrlirullvral SorAety.

Sesd-orowinq. Should not other foods than
Corn be produced, both for man and beast? And
if 80, ia the production of selected seeds from
which foods are to be grown, as important as, or
even more important than, the production of
thejo foods for immediate ooasurapt'on ? The
sowing of vegetable and root seeds this spring
will have taken nearly all the seeds in the hands
of seed-smen, both retail and wholesale. We,
in this country, do not, even in normal times,
produce as many seeds as are required, but
growers abroad can now only in rare instances
arrange for any seed crops, owing to mobilisa-
tion, and aUo because tha=e Seeds which they
are able to grow will be required largely for
home sowing. In England it is almost as
bad. My firm has heard almost daily this spring
from sied growers that they cannot possibly
undertake contracts as usual, owing to their men
having been all, or nearly all, taken. And now.
ii' the nation's slow, blind groping, before the
rtal truth has been found, new and unforeseen
ilfficultiis arise. For example, .since the people
in authority have not answered the quc-^tion-s
which I venture to put in my first paragraph in
the only way in which they ought to be
answered. War Agricultural Committees have
been employing theni,=elves, in .^ome seed-grow-
ing areae. in re>(tr!cting the growing of seeds
other than Corn. It is not germane to the sub-
ject-matter of my letter, but may I say that
equally with the "authorities" the lay public
requires expert advice? For in.stance, no one
should imapne that such sifegestions a* " Grow
Haricot Beans" and "Cultivate Sugar Beet to
sweeten jam " point to the sumwiim hriniim of
national effort in the garden or on the farm in
wnr-t^me. when land and labour are valuable.
Haricots in this country may be made to give a
'^ound crop of seed in southern counties one year
in five : but Sugar Beet, whatever its other
qual'ties, will not cryetallise out as preserving
nigar in the twinkling of a iam s'poon,
Jamet Kelway.

Insects and Biros (see pp. 255, 264).—
Birds are a t^eat limiting -factor as regards in-
-ect pe-its, but I do not think that the anti-
sp-)rr. <\v campaign can be held resiporsible. to any
marked degree, for the plagues o>f caterpillars
that have appeared in various dis^tricts this year.

G. X.'s theoi-y, showing how a severe winter !■
favour.ible to insect life, seems to me an excel-
lent one ; but another reason why insect pests are
more numerous this year is that the lack of
labour- owing to the war has prevented orchards
from receiving the careful attention that they
would have had in normal times. In my
opinion, tt-o much attention cannot be paid to
the ground beneath the trees, 1 have found it
extremely beneficial to fork the soil frequently
to a depth of four or five inches. In this way the
pupae of numerous haJ-mful insects are laid bare
to the attacks of birds, particulai'ly robins.
Much good ie also derived from encouraging tits
to breed in orchards by providing suitable nest-
ing-boxes. I may add" ttiat my treeti are much
cleaner than tliey were last year, though
sparrows are far less abundant here than they
are in most localities. With regard to the old
belief that severe winters kill off injurious in-
sects, the explanation may lie in the fact that
usually plants grow much better aft«r a severe
winter, because during such a season the plant
{oads, chiefly nitrates, formed by the action of
soil bacteria during the spring, summer, and
autumn are not washed out oi the soil. In
addition, hard and continuous frost destroys
manv organi.sm^ which are enemies of the useful

IKE LATE MONSIEUR PHILIPPE DE VILMOnrN.

bacteria. The resulting increased amount of
fiHxl present in the soil in early spring givis
plaint« that necessary start which enables them
to get the l)etter of their insect foes. Ttiis state
is artificially yiroduced where application.s of
.=oot, nitr.ate" of .soda, etc., are used as deterrents
to fiich pests as the Onion flv and Tnniip fly.
W. Uaeh. Farnhur.m.jh.

SOCIETIEIS.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientiflc Committee.

.July 3.— /Vc-^uiU.- Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.
(in the chair), .Messrs. W. J. Bean, J. Fraser,
W. C. Woradell, W. Hales, and F. J. Chitten-
den (hon. sec).

I'doric Delphinium. Mr. W. C. Wors<l«ll
showed spikes of Delphinium var. from Dr.
Chapman, of Reigate, of which the terminal
flower was regularly peloric and spurred, and
the peduncle fasciated,

Fe.ituca X luVuirea. Mr. Fraser showed speci-
mens of the hybrid grass Festuca x loliacea.
derived from " Festuca elatior and Lolium
perenne. It is a somewhat variable plant, ap-
proaching at times the one, at others the other
parent, and is not at all infrequent, apparently
especially in water-meadows.

Various plnnfs. Mr. Bowles showed, on behalf
of Mr. Klwes, the late-flowering Xiphium Iris,
I. Taitii, at its best after all others of this
group arc past ; the Asiatic Streptopus

am))lexicaiilis. Delphinium Brunonianum, the
dwarf form of Poterium obtusum called hakusaii-
eiise, a very dark form of Campanula amabilis.
and a well-fruited shoot of the so-far unnamed
Lonieera F. 269. rollecttd by Mr. Farrer in
Kansu.

©bttuar)^.

Philippe de Vilmorin.— It ie with the

deepest regret that we aniiounue the death,
on the 3dth ult., after a short illness, of
Monsieur Philippe de Vilmorin, head of the
French nursery firm, Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie.
Monsieur Vilmorin was only forty-five ware of
age, but had already attracted to himself a wide
circl'^ of friends and admirers. His funeral,
which took place at Verrieres-le-Buisson, the
home of the Vilmorin family, on the 3rd inst.,
w'as attended by representatives of the Presi-
dent of the French Republic, of the Ministries
of .Marine and Agriculture, of the Treasury, and
of the many scientific societies of which Monsieur
de Vilmorin was an honoured and valued
member. His early death removes one of the
most promising and distinguished figures from
the ranks of horticulturists. His keen intelli-
gence, love of horticulture, and energetic enter-
prise in applying science to that art, had already
aaiped for him a leading position among the
horticulturists of the world. To tew men is it
given to evoke in equal degree both admiraticm
and affection — sentiments which were univerailly
felt for Monsieur de Vilmorin. not only in his
own country, but in this. Although he retained
the mnrEed" and admirable qualified of his race,
ho had the gift of making everyone feel at home
uitli him. Tall and hand.some. speaking Eimlish
with remarkable facility, he will be deeply
mourned by his English colleagues, who recognise
that his (Teath is a loss not only to his relatives
and friends, but also to the two allied nations —
France and England. He leaves a widow and
six ihildren, to whom we tender our deepest
synqiathies.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

New Wheat.

There is room for improved varieties of
Wheat that will produce heavier yields of corn,
and require less seed for sowing. Canadian
and French sorts have been tried, but these, in
many cases, have been found wanting in their
adaptability to English soil and requirements.
( anadian Wheat produces exceptionally
".strong" corn, but is lacking in quantity
owing to the smallness of the grain, and the
average English standard of production— 40
bushels per acre — is not attained. Varieties
that lack "strength" are not favoured by the
miller ; the large size of the " berries " adds to the
measure, but their weakness reduces the quality
of the flour, which has thus less market value.
Strength in the berries is much influenced by
the nature of the soil. No matter how good
the cultivation on chalk, peat or sandy soils,
the strength is distinctly below_ what it is even
with ordinarv cultivation in stiff soils.

I am testing a new variety from Messrs.
Webb & Sons this season, which has a dis-
tinrtly promising appearance. It is vigorous in
growth, and does not require much seed per
acre to produce a " plant," which is one of the
most important qualities to aim for,

A friend in Essex has obtained, by care
ful hybridisation, a promising new variety.
Cart<>r's White Standup is one of the parents.
When T inspected this variety on a five-acre plot
early in ,Tune, the tillering properties of the
variety were very pronounced. One i>lant taken
at random contained no fewer than twenty-three
leads, which is a strong point in its favour. One
and a half bushel of seed was used per acre,
which is a great saving, as the ordinary
varieties require 2{ bushels per acre, and, later
in the season, 3 to 4 bushels. This plot was
not sown until March 3, and a late sowing in
an unfavourable seeding time on stiff land is a
disadvantage, and the good prospect of this
improved variety is all the more remarkable.

20

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917

The size of the ears and how they will fill and
ripen are points to be settled later; if they
justify expectations, the name of the new variety
-England's Safeguard — is very appropriate.

The late hot, dry weather has altered the
appearance of the Wheat -crop generally.
Where the plant was pale in colour owing
to excess of cold and continued rain, it
has assumed the dense green colour which
l)etokens success. In some cases the plant
is thin owing to adverse wintry weather, and the
depredation of rooks. In early sown plots the
ear;- are stout, of good length, and have bloomed
freely. With a resumption of hot weather the
Corn should develop fully, and there is an entire
absence of rust on the flag. E. Molynevx, Swan-
piorf Farm, Bi!>hop's Walthain.

Sale of Hares.

Many owners and occupiers are taking steps
to reduce the numiber of hares on their lands
in order to protect crops and pasturages. Under
the existing law (the Hares' Preservation Act,
1892), no hares or leverets may be sold or ex-
posed for sale until August 1. In order to pre-
vent the hares now tieing killed from being
•wasted, and to secure their use a& food, the
Board of Agriculture has made an Order under
the Defence of the Realm Regulations allowdng
hares or leverets to be sold or exposed for sale
by any person entitled' by law to do so, not-
withstanding the statutory prohibition as to
sale in the months of June and July.

Soldiers on AoRicuLTtrEAL Work.

The military authorities have issued instruc-
tions that no soldiers wlio are now engaged on
anricultural work are to be withdrawn from the
laiid until further notice. This instruction ap-
plies to all the classes of soldiers who have been
made available for agricultural work.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPBNDENTS.

Amount of Hay in a Stack : E. C. Your parti-
culars of the stack are not sufficient for us
to estimate the amount of hay it contains.
You say nothing of its density, the kind of
grass, or whether it is the crop of 1916 or
1917. Whether the sides of the hay are tucked
or not would make some difference in deter-
mining the weight. From your data we would
give 15 tons as the approximate weight of hay.
Sometimes hay shrinks from the sides of the
stack considerably, and this, of course, would
make a large difference in the weight of the
stack. If it is a ouestion of sale, why not sell
by the ton when the stack is cut ?

Beetlk on k L.MiuRNtrM : 0. A. P. O. The beetle
sent is the cockchafer, or Mav-bue, Melolontha
vulgaris. (See fig. 51, April" 7, 1917.) In the
early spring, the soil should be turned up. and
the grubs exposed and destroyed.

Cherry Tretjs Gumming : W. T- Ji- S. There
is an abundant growth of the spawn of a fungus
in the cortex of the branch "sent, but it is not
possible to identify the fungus at this stage.
It is probably a species of Cytospora. Cut
out and burn all dead wood.

Dry Burgundy Mixture : G. H. H. W. Having
ha.d satisfactory experience of the effect of dry
copper-sulphate mixture for Potatos, you are
quite right in continuing its use, but at the
same time we think that the Board of Agricul-
ture took the only course open to it in re-
commending a wet spray, for experience in
the use of dry Bordeaux fungicides for
Potatos is not yet sufficient to justify the
Board in recommending their general employ-
ment.

Engagino Gardeners : ^f. S. Write to the
Director of National Service, St. Ermin's
Hotel, Westminster, S.W. 1.

Fruit Trees : Novice. You should cut away
the old. bari'en shoots from your Currants,
and train in a sufficient number of young
shoots to take their place. If the trees are
Black Currants, cut awav most of the old wood,
as the Black Currant fruits on yovmg wood,
but in the case of Red and White Currants
only cut away those old shooits which have
ceased to bear. It is quite true that bird.s

eat the frait-buds, and thus render banen
trees which would otherwise fruit; you can
prevent this by painting the buds with bitter
aloes, or netting the bushes. To get rid of
the catei^pillars, syringe the trees, when all
tile fruit has been gathered, with an insecti-
cide— not before, as it would render the fruit
poisonous, especially if you used arsenate of
lead, which is the best specific. You can use
it again in the spring, before the fruit-buds ex-
pand.

(!as Lime: E. C. One ton of gas lime per acre
should be applied in the autumn. The lime
should be allowed to lie on the surface for not
less than a month before it is ploughed in.
Half the quantity named would suffice if it is
dug or ploughed in at the time of application.

Graves Spotted : C. H. The berries are af-
fected by Grape rot (Gloeosporium ampe-
lophagum). Gather and burn any fruits,
shoots, or leaves showing symptoms of
disease, and dust flowers of sulphur on to
the i-emaining foliage at intervals of ten days.
Mix a small quantity of lime with the sulpliur
(m the second application, increasing the quan-
tity on every successive occasion, but not allow-
ing the quantity of lime to exceed that of sul-
phur. In the winter thoroughly wash the
branches with a solution of sulphate of iron.
Do not employ rich stable manure in any quan-
tity in the border.

Hot-Water Pipes : F. A. F. Take a caulking
iron, or a sharp-pointed chisel, and carefully
knock away as much as you can of the caulk-
ing between the two pipes. Be careful to avoid
breaking either of the pipes, which are very
brittle. Then warm the pipes at the junc-
tion, and work them about a little, when it
should be possible to pull them apart.

HuLEH Lily : 11'. N . Lilium Martagon is tlie
Huleh Lily, which is said to abound in
Palestine in woods north of Tabor.

Liquid Manure : C. H., Linwoml. Liquid
manure may be made by tying horse drop-
pings and soot in a piece of sacking, and
dropping it into a barrel of water, using the
water from the barrel as required, and leaving
the bag of droppings in the barrel until the
water is exhausted. With regard to compound
manures, although the ingredients of some of
these are secret, others can be made at home.
For instance, Tonk's Manure, used for all soi'ts
01 garden plants, but chiefly for Roses, is made
as follows : —

Su)jerphosphate 12 parts.

Nitrate of Potash 10 parts.

Sulphate of Magnesia 2 parts.

Sulphate cf Iron 1 part.

Sulphate of Lime (Gypsum) ... 8 parts.

It is used in the spring at the rate of -^ lb. to
the square yard.

Moraca (Iris) Pavonia : F. A. O. You should
grow your plants of Moraea Pavonia (known
in gardens, but erroneously, as "Iris"
Pavonia) in the border in a cool greenhouse.
Leave them there without any disturbance,
and when they become thoroughly estahlished
they .should flower. Keep them rather dry in
the winter, 'and -do not make the soil too rich.

Name of Fruit : A. S. Apple Winter Green-
ing (syn. French Crab).

Name of Plant : W. J. Qarwood. Amelanchier
canadensis (Juneberry). The fruits are largely
used in North America in pies and puddings,
and for preserving. Though perfectly edible,
they possess no economic value in this country,
being practically tasteless, cooked or raw.

Peach and Nectarine Lewes Unhealthy :
L. Cf. The trees are attacked by the shot-hole
fungus (Cercospora circumscissa). Pick off and
burn all the affected leaves, and next year,
when the leaves are just expanding, spray the
trees with ammoniacal solution of copper car-
bonate, repeating afterwai'ds at intervals of a
week or a fortnight. Do not use Bordeaux
mixture for snraying Peaches, as the leaves are
too delicate for this fungicide.

Pear Leaves Attacked ; H. M. The leaves
have been attacked by (1) the vaporer moth,
(2) the Pear slua-worm. Both the vaporer
caterpillars and the larvae of the saw fly can

be killed by spraying with arsenate of lead.
Do not spray the fruit, as the arsenate of lead
is very poisonous.

Plum Tree Affbctbd : H. H. The tree is affected
with silver leaf disease. There is no remedy but
cutting back every affected branch behind the
discoloured portion, taking care to burn the
cuttings, as the disease is very contagious. If
the whole tree is affected, it will eventually
have to be destroyed. The variety "Victoria is
very susceptible to the complaint. Be careful
to watch for signs of the disease on any other
trees of Plum or Apple, and cut back at once
beyond the discoloration. The disease can, to
a certain extent, be prevented by good cultiva-
tion ; if the soil is cold and stiff, it should be
well dug, and enriched with leaf-mould or well-
rotted manure.

Potatos : /. F. F. As your experience will
■ have shown you, 2 feet 6 inches is not enough
space to leave between strongly-growing
Potato plants if you want to intercrop. How-
ever, do not cut the leaves of the plants ;
your best plan will be to drive a stake into the
ground by each plant which is overshadowing
the greens, and lightly tie the Potato haulm to
the stake. — H. W. The stems of the Potatos
have been injured, and the injury is now
covered with a species of Fusarium. There is
also present on the leaves late blight (Phytoph-
thora infestans). Spray the plants at once with
Bordeaux mixture or Burgundy mixture. —
F. Ct'. S. There is no fungus on the Potato,
but the haulm is affected with "leaf curl."
Spraying will not cure this, but the plants
should be sprayed to prevent attacks of Phy-
tophthora infestans.

Rose Ee.aves Curled: B. H. and A. B. The
shoots have been attacked by the Bose saw-
fly (Blennocampa pusilla). Next spring watch
carefully for the first symptoms of the
pest, and pull off and burn all affected leaves.
Remove the surface soil during the winter to
a depth of 2 inches and either sterilise it or
replace it with fre.sh soil in which Roses have
not been grown.

Strawberry Leaves Attacked : /. G., Monag-
han. The leaves are attacked by the leaf
beetle (Galerucella tenella). The best remedy
is to spray the plants with arsenate of lead,
but not when they are in frait, as it is very
poisonous. We shall be glad if you will kindly
send your full name and address, and further
specimens of the affected leaves.

Strawuerry Infested with Insects : M. P. The
insects are snake millepedes (Blanjulus pul-
chellus). You should trap them by laying
round the Strawberry beds pieces of Mangold
or Turnip, prefei-ably in a state of decay. Col-
lect the pieces every morning, and if they are,
as they probably will be, covered with insects,
drop them into a basin of strong insecticide
or carbolic acid solution. .Soot spread over the
ground acts as a deterrent.

ToMATOS : F. W. J. If you wish to keep Toma-
tos for some time, they should be gathered
when almost green. Spread them out on a
board or a piece of soft paper, and keep them
in a dark, cool place ; they will keep for a week
or a fortnight, according to the weather.

ToMATOS Under a Wall : M. L. You can grow
Tomatos with every prospect of success in the
situation you mention, and plant Cauliflowers
and Cos Lettuces in the border. It is too late
in the season for Potatos or Peas. Next spring
you can obtain early crops of Potatos, French
Beans, and Carrots in the warm border. If the
soil is deficient in lime, apply old mortar
rubble or slaked lime.

Winter Spraying : S. Spray the trees in winter
with a caustic alk&li wash, and again in the
-spring, when the buds are just breaking, with
arsenate of lead. Grease-banding is still prac-
tised in well-tended orchards, and is very suc-
cessful.

Cominunications Beceived.— W. .T. W.— M H.—
-B W. -W. H. C— A. G. M.— O. R. D-W.— W. L.—
.1 K — .1 F — W. H. D.— E. A. B.— O. E.-B.^T. A. P.—
E. G. L.— T. C— A. W.— F. V. T.— R. H. P.

.TrxY 14. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

MiL mi: E T s.

COVENT GARDEN, July 11.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

B.d. s.d.
Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. ..6060
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
- Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 C-M 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15'b 4 0-
- tray of 12'3 .. 5 0
Cocos Weddelli-

aoa 48'a. per

doz 18 0-30 0

— OO's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0

— per 100. in
small and

large «0'8 .. 18 0-30 0

— in 48'8.per doz. 7 0-80

— in82'8.Berdoz. 12 0-18 0

— choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0
Fuchsia, varioui.

48's. per doz. . 8 0-10 0
Geonoma gracilis.

fiO's.perdoz... (10-8 0

— larger, each.. 2 B- 7 8
Heliotrope 4S's.

per doz.

7 0-80

s.d.B.d.
Hydrangea, blue

48's.32's oerdz.l2 0-80 0

— pink. 48's. per

doz 12 0 18 0

— white, 48's. per

doz 12 0-18 0

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0-36 0

— Forsteriana.

60's. per doz. 5 0-81
Latania borbon-

ica, per doz.. 12 0-30 0
L i 11 um longi-

florum.perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lanclf olium
rnbrum .. 24 0-!0 0

— - album .. 24 0-10 0
Marguerites in

48'B. per doz. 5 0-70
Pelargoniums—

— (Geranium),
zonal-leaved.

48's. per doz. 5 0-60

— «0's. per doz. 2 0-26

— lTy-leived.48's.
rerdoz. .. 8 0-10 0

Verbena, white,
blue or scar-
let, per doz... 8 0-90

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

s.d.B.d.

5 0-60

6 0-80

Achillea, perd

bun

Alst-'^meria. per

doz. bun.
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

— Carola (crim-
son), ei. large

Coreopsis. per
doz. bun. ..

Cornflowers, per
doz. bun.

Daisies. large
per doz. bun.

Delphinium, per
doz- '^ur

Oaillaniia. per

doz. bun. .. 2 n- 3 0

Gladiolus. Blush-
ins Brid . per
doz 6 0-80

— TheB ide.per

doz bun. .. 10 0 12 0

— Peach Blos-
som, per doz.

bnn 8 0 10 0

Gypsophila.pani-
culata.perdoz
bu" .. .. 8 0 10 0

4 0- 6 I

10 0

— white. perdoz.
bun

Heather, white,

per doz. bun. 12 0 —
L Ilium longi-

floruTB. long 2 3-26
short .. 16-20

— Ian clfoliam
album, long.. 2 0-26

rubrum.

per doz.. long 2 6 —

short .. 16—

Mlv-of-the Val-

li'y. perdoz. bun. 10 0-12 1
Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz

3 6-40

Orchids, per doz,:

— Oattleya

— 0 d 0 n togloa-
sum crispum

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let, pe- doz,
bun

B.d. B.d-
Rosea—

Frau Karl
Druschki. per
doz. blooms.. 10-16

— General Jac-
Queminot. per

doz. blooms.. 0 6-09

— General Mc-
Arthur, per

doz. blooms .. 10-16

— Liberty, pr

doz. blooms.. 1 0 I fi

— Melody, per

doz. blooms.. 10-16
- Mme. A. Cha
tenay. perdoz.
blooma .. 1016

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per

doz blooms.. 10-16

— Mrs John
Laing.perdoz.
blooms .. 10-20

— Ophelia, per

doz, blooms.. 10-20

— Richmond

perdoz. blma. 10-16

Sunburst, per

dnz, blooms.. 16-20

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz.

10-16
3 0-40

bl-
Scabios i cauca-

sl.a ..
Statije. white.

per doz. bun. 6 0-80

— mauve, perdoz.

bun 6 0-80

— yellow. per

do?, bun. .. 6 0-80
Stephanotis. p°r

72 pips . ..1620
Stock, mauvn.per

doz. bun. .. 10 "-12 0

— white iier
doz. bun.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, perdoz
bun

— mauve, per
doz, bun,

Viola ''ornuta ..

8 0-10 0

4 0-60

5 0-70

6 0-70
10- 1 J

Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.B.d.

3 0-60

Adiantum (Mai

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 4 0- .'i 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunchei 4 0-50
Kkm.^kks. - All white flowers remain flnii in j)rice ;
Achillea and white and mauvft St<x:k find a ready sale.
OairnatirtMS Jirn Bufflfrient for the rlemnnd. The b<:st sorts
are Rrmbaiitrefls Supreme, TH**-^ I'ink Enohantrf->9,
Delight, Ma\day, Mrs. Wnrfl. Wiiisv.r, Onroki, Empire
Day, White WoiKler. and Wliite Pcif^-liMi. Roses Mme.
Abel Ch.'itfnay, Dphi-lia, Suii.bin.<l, .and Melody are
comin« to band in better condition. (^"i«I red H<isrs are

s.d. B.d.
Croton foliage.

doz. bunches — —
Cycas leaves, per

doz. ..
Fern. French, per

doz. buncheB 0 6-08
Moss. gros B

bunches .. 4 6- .'i 0
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz. buncheB 1 0- 1 "3
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails

13-20

in demand : There are a few blooms of Libert.v, but only
■ if medium ciualit..\-. Alstromeria, Oreopsis,' OaillaiVlia,
dJodetia, and Giant Daisies .ire selling free'l.A-. .Staitit-ei
sinuata has been checked by the recent rains, and frhere
is only a limited suppl.:-. White and ni.nnve Sweet Snltaii
are selling freely, k few hlooms ■>f wliite L'a.pagerias and
Liliimi l.mcifnlimn album are on oflfer.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe,

per doz.
Beans, Broad per

bus. .

— French, per

doz. lbs. ..

— Runner (Scar-

s.d. s.d

B.d, s.d.

Lettuce, Cabbage
4 0-50 and Cos. per

doz 10-20

3 0-50' Mushrooms.per Ib.O 9- 1 3

Mustard and

4 0-50! Cress, per doz,

punnets .. 10 —
Onions, per cwt.20 0

let) pe- bus. 20 0
Beetroot, perbus. 14 0 - : ~ f^''"'?' ""
Cabbage, per tally 4 0- 8 0 i peas, per b*us', '.'.
Carrots, new. per I Potatos, new, per

doz. bun. .. 2 0- 2 6 j lb

Cauliflowers, per JRadishes, per

doz 2 6-40' doz, bun. ..

Cucumbers, per Shallots, per doz.

Sat

15 0 IS 0

lbs.

8 0-10 0

Garlic, per lb.., 0 8-09 Spinach, perbus, 40

Greens, per bag.. 2 6-36 Turnips, per cwt. 90 -

Herbs, per doz, " l^' ""

Bn™Ji',i-;i, •• * "- S " Vegetable" Marl

Horseradish, per ^ows. per doz.

doz. l-un. .. 60 0 - Watercress, per

Leeks.perdoz.bun.S 0- 5 0 doz

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices,
s.d.B.d.

10-26
2 0-30
0 6-08

Almonds. per cwt. 80 0
Apples, per case 25 0-35 0
Aubergines, per

„, doz 4 06 4 6

Cherries.English.

per J bus. ., 7 0-15 0
Currants, black,

per * sieve .. 13 0-14 0 I
- red, per »

6 0

Melons. Cante-

loupe. each .. 10 0-20 0

— English and
Guernsey. e». 5 0-10 0

Nectarines, per

doz 4 0-15 0

Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0

- Coconuts, per
30 0 -

white, per lb. 0 4-0 61 Oranges, per case 80 0 70 0

Dates, per box

about 70 lb. .. 44 0 —
FigMWorthing),

perdoz. .. 4 0-12 0
Go seberriea,

green,peribuB, 6 0-6 6

— rice. 1 e j bus, 7 0-9 0
Grapes :

— Knglish (new
seasonlRlack
Ham b urgh,

per lb, .. 19-20

— Muscats, per

Peaches, perdoz. 4 0-18 0
Raspberries, per
skip .. ..

— per doz. pun-
nets ..

Strawberries :

— Kent, per
skip .,

— per doz. pun-

19-20
6 0-90

ets

2 0-26
12 0-15 0

Tomatos.F.nglish.
per 12 lbs
peck ,. .. 7 6-10 0

2 0 4 0 Walnuts, dried.
Lemons, per case 15 0 45 0 npr cwt. .. 65 n 80 0

Rkmauks. — Th'-re art- ^tiU a few .\u.siraJian .\pples
available, an<l Peaches, Neotarinee, and Gi-ape« are all
plentiful. Supplies f*l Strawberries ore shortening, and
Melons are limitied in quantity. C]!herpies arc fcijrly
plentiful, ami the market is we'll supplied with Black,
White, and Red Currants and Raspl>erries, (i<X)Scberries
(green and ripe). 0ueun)l)er8"and Tomatos are fairly plen-
tiful, and Marrows and Karlv Potatos aj-e equal to all
den\.ind.«.— B. //. /;.. r.,r,-„tf;,iril^n M.nlft. July II.

ma.

THE WEATHER.

THE WflATIIKR I\ .SCOTr,ASD.
The weather during Juno was mild, briglit and dry,
varied by a severe thunderstorm on the 13th, and a
heavy fall of hail on the 24th. The sun nuade its ap-
pearajice on every <lay but two, and gave a grand tfltnl
of 216.7 boura of sunshine, being an avera^re of 7.9. hours
per day, and a percentage of 41 ; the brighte«t day «aa
the 9tli with 14 hours. Rain fell on 12 days, of w-hioh
only 9 were ' rain days," the total vield being 1.67 inch.
Of this. 0.43 incli fell within two hours on the after-
noon of tJie 13th, and was the heaviest days fall for the
month. The barometer, with a mean of' 29.997 inches,
varied from 30.431 inohes on the 30th to 29.430 inobe-s on
the 21st. On the 15th the highest temperature of 71"
was recorded, wliilc the lowest of 35° wetirred on the
30lb. The lowest maximum was 52° on tlic 6tih, and the
highest minimum 55° on the 16lh, while the mean maxi-
mum and minimum were fi3° and 45° respectively. Tims
we ha<l a meiin temperature of 54°, a mean range of 18°,
aiul an absolute range of 36°. With a mean of 41° the
minimnm on the grass (ell to 30° on the 30th. this being
the only night of ground frost during the month. Ai
1 foot deep the soil tem,peraturo rose from 53° U> 58°,
tlien fell to 55°, rising again to 56°, from the 27tli to the
30th. The prevailing win<ls were from the south-east and
the ».)iilhweBt. James Malloch, St. Andrew's Provincial
niltpf at the Training College OardenK. Kirktnn of

Mains

tlundee.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS

Mr. F. J. Hyland, as Gardener to Sij John
HrMTMiiiY. Walt..in Leigh, Addlestonc, Surrey.

Mr. George W. Orass, as Gardener to .S. P. Apstin,
E*l., Il..llin Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire.

Mr. C. E. Bridgett, for the past, eight yt-ara Garrlener
to H. PtTLLMAjf, Esq., J P., St. Helens, Hampton
Wick, as Gardener to H. AnON, Esq., Red Hoofs, Ted-
dinglon. IThanks for donation for R.G.O.F. box.—
Eds.]

Mr Geo. W. King, as Gardener to Mr. OH.is.
Phipps, Oliak-ot House. Westbury, Wiltshii-e.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Kara and Choice Varietiei.

STOYE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS,

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
■^ Eo scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
•i\i in. (or equal to stoat 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in (juantities. We also otfer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet ClasSf under the same
conditions.

Manufaoturors of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

UNSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST 8MITHFIELD, LONDON, E.0-
And aiaokfrlftra Wharf, Upper Qround «tr«st, S,E,

Quot* OAKCENERS' CHRONICLE.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porosify, Healthful-
ness of CUETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.

2 Healon Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

MANY TEARS REPUTATION.

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS -NO NEW EXPERIMENT.,

LABOUR SAVERS.-EuRKKA- uwn sand.

30ILFUME. Nicotine insecticides Fumers.

SPBAvr AND OTHER CHEMICALS & SUNDR

3EE List Pllase ask your agemt for the Eub
ARTICLES - They are always satisfactory If a

DIFFICULTY Ifi OBTAINING WE SEND PIPLCT CARRIAGE RfllO

liMi|ii»ni.!Ui.n.i.'yi.ru.'M:i,miii.'u,n.»

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

\\> «till liol.l certain (niull stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

anil Hand Lights,

whirh we shall lie jileased to clear at aptoial prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particular.'^ on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSSw'cT"''

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibroua Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARKATION.S,
R0.SE8, MELONS, CHRVSANTHEMUM.S,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quttatitni Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 14, 1917.

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

AND YEAR BOOK.

INDISPENSABLE to EVERY GARDENER and NURSERYMAN.

In this, its Fifty-Eighth Year of Publication, this indispensable work has undergone a thorough
revision. Every page has been purged of out-of-date, obsolete names, fresh ones added, and the
whole work brought up to date. Numerous Fresh Features have been introduced, including a

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

AND A LIST OF

NEW PLANTS FOR THE YEAR.

Another interesting feature is a set of Short BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES of

PROMINENT HORTICULTURISTS and NURSERYMI N

who have passed away during the year. Thus, by obtaining this DIRECTORY at the
beginning of each season, one is enabled to keep pace with passing events in the
horticultural world. There are still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d. Post Free.

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardenert' Chronicle."

116 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^ols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CH RLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS.

V.M.H.

By GEORGE GORDON.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES. VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE. M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES fdouble volum- 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Gardes."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Piiate<l for the Gardeners' Ohrcmiiole, Limited, by Lotb and M.lLCOMSON, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn, Ixjiidon. W.C, and Published weekly by Hie Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellingtoa Street, Covent Giuden, Oity of Westminster, Satubday, July 14, 1917. .igeiit for Mant'hester, .ToHK Heywood.

M o u i i,i j ;J i
A.ErriouiT.. ir

CX/IL

Established 1841.

No. 3995

egrd

No. 1595. Vol LXII. {^^i}

SATURDAY, JULY 21, 19]/.

' "■ ^FREK, 3jd.
SVBSCRl FTIOS—Inlatid, 1SI- ! Foreigti. /7/6 [22 r. 10c.\ [$4 26c.\ per annum. Entered at »te> York Post Office n» seeona-class matter.

< Registered as a Newspaper. J ^^R'CE 3Ci .

I I Post-free, 3Jd.

Postal Address 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden W.C.

Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London.'

Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 21

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

Advertisers will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

''PO replace Dutch Bulbs for next Spring

flowering sow now British flowera.

SUTTON'S WALLFLOWmS.

Sweet-scented flowers of brilliant colour.

Sutton's Fire King, vivid orange, per packet, Is. 5d.

Sutton's Giant Vulcan, brilliant criinson. per packet.

Is. 6d.
Sutton's Orange Bedder, a very striking colour, per

pocket. Is.
Sutton's Cloth of Gold, bright yellow, per packet, 5d. & Is.
Sutton's Superb, mixed, per packet, la. And 1b. 6d.
Post free.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

HEADING.

lifACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited.

•*■'-■■ Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London. Edinburgh and Gla.sgow. By special Appoint
ment to H.M. the King. LoLion "Offlco, 8, Camden
Road. N.W.

|Ji;XY.\RD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
Iw sent on receipt of c^rd.

ALPINK STRAWBERRIES a specialitv.
GEO BUNYARD & CO,. Ltd., Ro.ral Nurseries, Maidstone.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-^ " Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.

■ PlMtino " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — In^cticide
^-'' .nnd Fungioide.— Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. ScJentiflcally-oontrolled Trials at
Wisley, 191416. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesnie : PRICE'S P.\TENT CANDLE CO. LTD.,
nattorso.i, London, S.W. 11.

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

s

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for

-■- immediate delivery. Sulphate ot Copper 98 per
cent., pure WaehLng Soda 98 per ocnt. Writo for prices
and quantity required per acre. — G. H. RICHARDS
2M, Borough High Street, London, S.E. 1.

SPEAY YOtm P0TAT09.

TNCREASK your crops and protect them
-■ from blight and disease by using KHBLING'S
SCRAVINO MIXTURE ("Kiln" nraiid). Ouarantwd free
from acid and keeps indoflnllel.'-. A 4 lb. bag. with 25
galls, of water, is enough to aprav twenty rods twice,
and costs only 48. M. ; 8 lbs., Ss. ; 16 lbs., 13s. 5d. ■
i2 lbs., 24a.: carriage free in the U.K. Sample 1 lb
Is. 5d., post free. Send P.O., with order, dire<rt to the
nianufa,:turera, KEELING & WALKER, LTI>, 20. Milton
lloiis,.. siirrc.v Stnx-t, lA>ndoii. W.C, 2.

OPRING CABBAGES. — The best varie-
^^ ties to sow dtiring the early part of August.
Order at onoe.

BUTTON'S HARBINGER CABBAGE.
^^ The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.

'■ Trial of .\utumn Cabbages.— A trial ot no less than
114 stocks, representing 94 sorts, was ma<!e at Wisley last
vear. ... It win be noticed that Sutton's Harbinger is
the only sort that <ii<i well in both trial? (Aiitumn-«)wn
and Spring-sown).' —■■ The Field," June 17, 1916.

" Cabbage Harbinger is a capital vanet.v. I sowed
some seed in July, and now (January 10, 1917) 1 am
cutting some lovely heads."— Mr. A. 1'. Coles, The Oar-
dens, Wallacefleld, Croydon.

C UTTON S APRIL CABBAGE.

^^The most popular early Oabhage for garden use.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounoe, la 6d.

"The April Cabbage you supplied me with last year
have done wonderftilly well, hardly a plant has been
destro.ved by the severe winter, and they are now coming
in very useful."— The Rev. F. J. Briggs, May 4, 1917.

" The .April Oabbege, raised from seed supplied by you
last year, was wonderful. They were a lovely batch of
plants, and not one bolted."— iir. H. Bryant, Framfleld.

CUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING

*^ CABBAGE.

The most suibable for the general Spring crop.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounoe, Is. 3d.

' My bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage was well worth
a photograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this
neighlMurhood."— W. Webb, Esq., Dursley.

" 1 consider your April and Flower of Spring the best
Cabbage in cultivation. Last September I planted 2,000
of them, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The bulk of these are
being sent to the Flcf^t through the Vegetable Product*
Committee."- Mr. T. R. Scholey, Rodbaston Gaidene.

OUTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,

^-^ READING.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
" • Greenhouses, tc, and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

TJARR'S VEGETABLE SEEDS for July
'-' to September Sowing. Special List poet free.—
BARR & SONS. King Street, Covent Garden, London.

P'OR SALE, 300 400 strong Wooden Boxes,
■*• 2 iron binges, hasp, and fastener; assorted sizes
22 by 14 by 6, 22 by 14 by 2i, 18 by 13 by 7, 18 by
13 by 31, 12 by 8i by 4i. 21 by 15 bv 5. Best offers.
Will send samples.— HUNTER'S DAIRIES. LTD., Ohard.
Somerset.

TT IS OF NO USE waiting until the war
■^ is over to ad;vortlse .vour ware*. Even if you find it
difficult to supply 30up customers, on account of short-
age of staff aiwl difBculties of transit, you should not
ce.a.se t-o advertise. When peace is declared, there will
be, at any rate for a time, increased activity in every
branoh of industry. When that tiine conies, witlh whom
u-ill your cuatomeirs deail — with the man who has not
a<lveTtiHcd for three years, and wliose very name they
have forgotteit, or with the man w^o, by persistent and
porsovoring advertising, his kept his n.ame before the
public? Memories are tihort, and people whose names
are out of sight are also out of mind. .After the war
all your competitors will be struggling to obtain the
busiiiess with which everyone will then be in a better
|»>yitioiij lo cope. Are you going to miss your chance?

■' TJRITAIN'S GREAT CABBAGE."

*-' WEBBS' EMPEROR CABBAGE.

(For July and August sowing.)
Earliest, best, and most popular Cabbage in
cultivation. Remarkabl.v free from any
tendency to " bolt." 6d. and Is. per packet,
Is. 6d. per ounce, post free.

Mr. G. Ellwood, Head Gardener to W. H.
Myers, Esq., Swanmore Park, writes : " I
should Uke to testify to the excellence of
your Emperor Cabbage: it is really a gem.
fit for private gardeners or market growers
alike, and of splendid quaJitv."

WICIiBS' FAVOURITE CABBAGE.

Early medium-sized heads, of splendid quality.
6d. and Is. per packet. Is. 6d. per ounce, post
free.

WEBB & SONS, LTD., The King's Seedsmen, Stourbiidge.

"WATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-

' ' OUS PLANTS and W.VTER LILIES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular vtu-ieties. Descrip-
tive Catalogue Jreo.-JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP,
LTD., The Nurseries, Twyforxi, Berks.

1") I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

-"-^ .M.ANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced drcuilars
tree on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

^^UR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^^ summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
free on application,— DOBBIE & CO.. Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

WTM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

^ LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. Con-
servatories. Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

lyARCISSUS. — Grand Prinio. 150.000

■'■ ' large sclectwl Bulbs for forcing, 30s. i>ei- 1,000 :
Flowering Bulbs, 18s. per 1,000.— VAN DBR SLUVS, La
Rauioe, Guernsey., .

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed), cost
(lovcrninont 228. 5d. Selling now at a bargain
price. Specially selected, without a bloiniBh, as i^^ooil as
new : unsiirpa»-e*l for gardening, farming, munition, and
oilier work: siiiflc pairs cost free 10s. 6d. One quaht,.\-

only- lb- ' ^1 II" size. Monev returnrd it disnp-

provi^l -i" -I ' inion for quantilies.- -THE T1IAME,S

TKADIM. I iiMI'VNV, LTD (Annv Boots Dept.), 6, Eklon
Street, London, K.C.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed).— A word
iif .i.hliT. Till- |i]ircs .if 1 Is and leather have

gone ii| I) i.l.ijlih jii.i '.vitl 111, M ,i,.,f greatly by tho

comitii: '.Mil!. I . 11 I- .1 -III"! iNvr-Miiirit, to buy our booLs

now, \\.- .Ir-iir I,, nn.. .,111 riKiomfrs the benefll.

I Price and i-o.i<liti..iLs as above.— TlUi THAMES TRADINti

' COMPANY, LTD. (Army Boots Dept.), 6, Eldon Street,

I T«n<ion, E.O,

I UPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leatiher ; showerproof: 7 yards for 173. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

^EVERAL hundred boxes, various sizi-.s,
^^ hard and soft wood, suitiable for Nurseries, OrcHilds,
&c. What otfecs?— STORE, 19. Woddon Mar* Lnne.
f'ro\'^lon.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[J0LY 21, 1917.

SALE BY AUCTION.

WALTHAMSTOW.

EXPIRATION OF I,EASE.
Six Span-roof Greejihouses, 2,000Jt. of 4-iiuli Taping, five
Boilers, several Frames and Lights; also the stooli
Pot-grown Tomatos, Asparagus Ferns, Geraniums,
few specimen Palms, Flower Pots, and Sundries.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will eell the aibove by auction on the premises.
Tlie Nursery, Summit Road, Walthamstow, near Hoe
Street Station, G. E. Railway.

On Tuesday, July 31st, at 1 o'clock,
bv order of Mr. J. .Spink. May be viewenL

'Catalogues on the premises, and of the .Auctioneers,
67, Ohpapside, London, E.G. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

PROTHEROE & MORRIS. Horticul-
tural, Market Garden, asd Estate .Auctioneers
AND Valuers, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.O., and
at Leytonstone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had
on appUoation.

NORTH-WEST COAST.— Important and
lH>pular seaside town. For immediate sale. Owner
called up. For sale, Florist's, Seed, and Fruiterer's Busi.
ness.— Full particulars of PBOTHEROE & MORRIS, 67
and 68, Olieapside, E.O. 2.

AUBREY & CO., Nurserymen's Agents,
10, Duke Street, Adelphi, London., offer old-estab-
lisbed Nursery and Jobbing Gardening Business near
Liverpool ; doing over £1,000 yearly, cOTnprising 1,360
square yaixls land, seiieral Glass-houses, cold frames, &e.
Price £200 for goodwill, and stock at valuation.

"POrTsALE, as a going concern, NURSERY

-*■ BUSINESS ; 600ft. Glass, 2 acres land ; Southend dis-
trict — R F., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street. Oovcnt Gar-
den, W.O. 2.

NOTICE.

FAMOUS GARDENS IN
WAR TIME.
How tbey are being maintained with reduced staffs.
.\n exceedingly interesting series of interviews now
appearing in the popular gardening weekly,
"GARDEN LIFE."

This week's interview is mt-h Mr. Thonins Sanith, of
CX)OMBE COURT, KINGSTON HILL.

Get- ■a copy fto-d>ay, it will interest and help you. Price
2d., of all nie\\^ageTit5, or post free, 2id., of The Pub-
lisher, Hatton House, Great Queen Street, London, W.O. 2.

TENDER,

TRADING WITH THE ENEMY AMENDMEOT' AOT, 1916.
By oivler of tlie Public Trustee as Custodian and

Jajnes H. Stephens, Esq.. as Controller.
rpOR SALE bv TENDER, in one or more
-*- lots, the valuable Portjnan Lease of No. 47. Baker
Street, W. 20i years unexpired. Ground rent £100.
Also the business of the Floral Depot. Ltd.. High-clajss
Florists, established thereat for over 60 years.

Particulars ot sale a,nd forms of lendei- may be ob-
tained of tlio Public Trustee, Kingswav, W.O. ; "ot James
H. Stephens, Esq.. F.UA. (Messrs. Lesclier. Stephens
& Co.). 6. Clements Lane. B.C. ; and of the selling
■igents, H. E. Foster & Oianfleld. 6, Poultiy, E.O. 2.

PLANTS, Sto.. WANTED.

"YYANTED. 1.000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nuraerv, Loughborough Junction^, London,
S.W.

\\rANTED, offers of weH-root«l layer.-i of
' ' Sovereign and Givon's Late Strawterries tti E G.
GERRI.SH. Pendle.\- G.ardens, Tring.

'■y\7'ANTED, choice Fruit. El.jwers. and
" ' Vegetables ; best niai-ket prices leturned ; boxes,
t&c, sent. Surplus slock from Gaivleiis accepted. —
MORLE & CO.. 150-166. Finchle.i- Road. N.W. 3.

TJEQUIRED. a number of second-hand
G.nivlen Stoats. — Full particulars, with flo\vest
prices, to G. A. HARVEY & 00. (London), LTD., Wool-
wich Road, S.E.

f»LANTfS, Ao., FOn SALeT

1 no 000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS.

J-V/V j\^\/\. 20s. 100; Pahns, Begonias. Crotons.
Dj-acaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, H.vdrangeas.
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S,W.

q^UBEROSES, double African Pearl, juS
-*- arrived, for winter flowering ; extra large bulbs,
2s. doz.. 13s. 100 ; sent free any address, far cash. —
MORLE k (X)., 1150-156, Finchlev Rnad. K.W. 3,

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climb-
ing Ferns. Basket Ferns, Stove end Grceenliouse
Ferns, Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E.
SMITH, London Fern Nursery, Loughboroueh Junction,
London, S.W.

FOR SALE, a beautiful Iv^ntia Foster-
iana Palm, 24ft. high, in s\)lendid condition, in
tub ; can be seen at Oamberwell, London. No reason-
able offer refused. — Letters, 0. C. 22, Bournemouth
Road, Peckham, S.E. 15.

|:;^()R SALE, Atropa Belladonna Seed-

■^ lings; delivery end of July and^ ooiwards ; lis.
per 100, carriage paid, cash with order.— .Apply, HUM
BLAND, Blandsfort, Abbey Leix.

XPOR SALE, fiVe large tubs of AGAPA-N-

-*- THUS ; nominal price or exchange. — Long Lodge,
Oluirch End, Finchlev.

MISCELLANEOUS.

OR SALE, excellent Turf Loam for Gar-

dening purposes; f.o.r. Glendon ami Ru^fon
Station, M.R.— For further particulars, apply O. R.
KNOLLYS. restate Office, Boughton House. Kettering.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for eaeli sueeeodinK line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full jxirtirulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
A'amt anil ndihess alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are Tecommended to send them
copies of fi'sfimon-iah only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unhnown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post offices, as all
Letters .s-o addrc.i.'ied arc opened hy the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

" PRIVATE,

T"llE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
.\pplications are invited for the position of additional
Instructor in Horticulture ; commencing salary £160 per
a.nnum ; a man or woman with sound hoiticultural train-
ing 's re^^uired. .Applications will be received up to 25th
July, 1917, and should be addressed to The Secretary,
The University, Leeds, from whom further particulars may
be obtained. ^

H~ EAD GARDENER AVANTED (edu
cated man or woman or married couple, without
children) to superintend lady workers and .assist in new
scheme for Vegetable and Fruit production in Oxford-
shire on about 30 acres land and orchards; must have
had some years' practical experience and responsibility
with good knowiledge of soils, packing and marketing
produce. — -\pp'y, giving references, experience, age. and
w^ages required, if board and lodging provided by em-
plover, to P. A. T., c/o Deacons, 150. Leadenihall Street.
London, B.C. 3.

ANTED, HEAD GARDENER; 10
miles from London ; must have good knowledge
of Flowers, Vegetables, Fruit ; must also be able to do
Conservatory work, glazing, painting, &c., and to milk
cow ; cottage and milk free ; either married or single,
but no children. Abo an UNDER GARDENER wanted.
— .A-pply by letter, stating age, full details of previous
experience, and wages required, also references, to
" HAMPSTEAD," at Homcastlc's, 60, CJheapside, London,
E.C. 2.

ANTED, a HEAD GARDENER; tho-

rou,gh experience and general knowledge ; Garden
(3 acres) ; 2 Glass-hou.ses for Fruit Tree* only ; perma-
nent situation ; cottage offered ; w-ages to be arranged ;
must be over age or unfit for military service. — Apply,
COMMANDANT, Abbots Ripton Hospital, Huntingdon.

W" ANTED, HEAD~W7)RKING GAR-
DENER, where 7 or 8 are usually kept; must be
good all-round man ; able to supply Vegetables for lairge
estabUshment, Melons, Peaches. Nectarines, Grapes, &c.
— .\ppl.v, stating wages required, with cottage and
g.^rden for owti vegetables, age, wlhether single or
married, and if the latter w1iat family (if any), to R. J.,
Box 27, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

ANTED. HEAD WORKING GAlT-

DENER ; thoroughly experienced at Inside and
Outside work ; pei^sonal reference from last employer
required ; good wages and cottage. State full particu-
lars, age. &c.— jraS. LUCAS, Bramblehurst. Bast Grin-
stead, Sussex.

\\/'ANTED, HEAD WORKING ^AR-

DENER ; ineligible ; thoroughly experienced Inside
and Out; Vinery and Greenhouses; several kept. — Write,
HILL. Holfield, Ooggeshnll, Essex.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER.— Send fuU particulars, age, experience,
wages, ages of dliildi-en, &c., "Lower Woodside," Hat-'
field, Herts.

ANTED, immediately. HEAD WORK-
ING G.4.RDENEU (Famham) ; good wages to tho-
roughly capable man ; furnished rooms.— PuU particulars
to HON. GER.^LD MONl'AGU, 27, Kensington Court,
W. 8.

GARDENER Wanted; good Head Work-
ing, assistance given; Fi-uit, Flower, Vegetable, and
Greenhouse ; good cottage.— Write, F. BURNESS, Halings
House, Deniliam, Bucks^

CAN lady or gentleman recommend eHi-
cient SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER for Herts?
good cottage. — H. G.. 7, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, an experienced GARDENER.
to take charge, under the Head GaKlener. tempo-
rary. Grapes, Peaches. Vegetables, Orchids, &c. ; wages £2
per week. — Other particulars on application to E.
ROGERS, The Gardens, Bridge Hall, Bury. Lancashire.

W^ANTED, good all-round GARDENER,

^ * over military age ; Vegetables, Flowers, and PVuit ;
2 small Greenhouses ; wife willing to help in !i.ouse ; good
cottago and gaixlen found —Write, stating full particu-
lars, wages required, &c., to E. BARTRUM. Estate Office,
Stockton, Wiltehire.

W/'ANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) for

' ' Vegetable Gaixien and small Vinery ; Bingle-hande<i
during the w^ar ; Flower Garden and Greenhooise after
the war ; must be experienced in botlh ; good wages and
cottage- -Apply, HON. MISS LISTER. Ham Manor, Hun.
gerfortl, Berks.

AN^TED, good GARDENER; Curna-

tions. Vines, &c. ; 2 men and boy kept. State age

iiiul full pa\tieulars.--MRS. CAPEL CURE, Sliakenliursl

IliUl, Cleobiiry Mortijner.

WANTED, ^\ GARDENER; heTp
given ; Fruit, Veg-etables, Flowers, small Greeni-
house ; wages 30s. ; gaud cottage— B, SPRING RICE,
Sprivers, Horsmonden, Kent.

T^/'ANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) ;

• ' experienced Inside and Out ; Vin€(ry, Orchard
House, some Orchids; second man kept. — Apply, with full
particulars, to E. T. BOWLE, Mill House, Salisbury.

WTANTED, good KITCHEN GAR-

^* DENER; also MAN for Inside and Out; wages 25s.,
house, coal, and vegetables ; ineligible or discharged. —
For particiUars, apply A. O. LEHANE, Park Hnll Gar-
<lenis, Mansfield, Notts.

Tl/'ANTED, GARDENER (ineligible for
^ * Army) ; well up in Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables ;
a little Glass ; ffood wages, with free gate lodge.— Apply
to A. 'E. SPENCE, The Park, Sutton Bridge, Lines.

TITANTED, comp0tent MAN. to take

* * charge of Glassy liberid wages to experienced man.
—For particulars, apply HEAD GARDENER, Childwick-
b ui-y GardeJis, St. Albans.

TITANTED, SECOND GARDENER; cap-

' * able of taking charge of staff (3 men and a boy)
if and when Head Gardener ds absent; ordinary table
Vegetables ; food gi-owing a speci-ality ; no fancy
Flowers, Grapes, or Melons, but little Gkiss ; isolated
country place; 5 miles from Dorking; wages 32s. 6d. a
week commencing; modern •ibuilt b-room ci:A,tnge, garden,
ground, pigsb.v, no extras ; if married preferred, bu t
single would be considered ; ineligihle for service ; re-
turned wounded soldier would be eligible if able to fulfil
the duties as stated above.— Address replies to MR. H.,
(rordeners' Cottiige, Leylands, Wotton, Dorking.

WANTED, a SECOND MAN, diiefiy In-^
side ; well up in Fruit and Plants ; single preferred ;
wages 50s., dutv and overtime paid. — Full particulars and
copies of references to J. BLACKWOOD, Seiton Park,
Slough.

A\r ANTED, UNDER GARDENER having

' ' good experience and references ; eing'le and in^
eligible; liberal wages.— Apply, T. F.TJiIOTT, Norton
Manor, Sutt-on Sootney, Hante.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; cot-
tage given ; must have good reference. — Write,
stating wages and particulars, LADY MoMAHON, South-
bi-ooni House, Devizes.

ANTED, UNDER GARDENER at

; unmarried; aneligible.-i-U)Y B. PAGET,
Longdon Hall, Rugeiley, Stags.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER fur
Outside; duty alternate Sundays; pumping in
House; wages 25s. per week, good cottage and garden,
milk. — -Apply, stating age, particulars, to .ALFRET>
CHILD, Catesby House Gaixlens, Daventry, Northants.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for the Hou.ses ;
ex-Service man or ineligible ; one with experience
of growing good Fruit. Flowers, and Vegetables under
Glass ; a good decorator ; wages according to eiperience
and abilitv; Bothv, &c.— Apply, giving full particulars,
to RARDENER, Park Place, Henley-on-Thames.

w

Jui.T 21, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for Houses; ex-
Service man or ineligible ; one with experience in
Fruit an<i Flower Culture ; g:ood Decoi'ator ; wages ac-
i-ordin^ to experience aiwl ability ; Bothy, milk^ an<l
vegetables. — Apply, giving full particulars, to F. C.
LEGOE, CaiitJe Gardens, Arundel.

ANTED, FOREMAN (Inside^ ; well

up in Fruit, Carnations, Decorative Plants; in-
eligible or discharged. — Write particulars, wa^efi, &c.,
.T. BAKER, Golding's Gardens, Great Warlej-, Essex.

WANTED. FOREMAN, married or
single, for Inside ; good wages, house, coal, &c., for
inarrie<l man.— Apply, J. ELDER, Hursley Park, Winches-
ter.

VYANTED at once, JOURNEYMAN

' ' ■ (First), Inside ; ex-Service man or ineligible ; good
wages to suitable man. with Bothv, &c.— Apply, giving
full particulars, to GARDENER, Park Place. Hcnley-on.
Thames.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (ineligible),
for Inside and Out ; also IMPROVER, for Inside
and Out : wuges 25s. and 21s. per week and Bothy ; duty
and overtime paid. — Apply, with full particulars, to
H. A. PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize Court. Hampstead,
S W. 3.

ANTED, a MAN for Glass-houses;

must be experienced in Fruit and Plants ; dis-
charged soldier or ineligible. — Apply, with full particu-
lars and wages required, with Bothy or cottage, H,
REMP, Priory Gardens, Reigate

TIT'AN'TED; man a^^ WIFE ; cook-
' * general, plain Gardener ; comfortable home ; good
wages; all found; London suburb.— Write. GARDEXEH,
c/o Messrs. Charles Barker & Sons, Ltd., WTiite Lion
Oourt, ComhiU, E.O. 3.

TVANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS ;

* " frien<ls preferred ; one senior, with experience as
Head ; fully matured Garden (Vegetables entirely sepa-
rate management): comfortable quorters. — SPRING-
FIELD. South Godstone, Surreys

^W/'ANTED. Two LADY GARDENERS, to

' ' work tc^ether under Head Gardener in Green-
liouses and Rofk Garden; comfortable rooms, with
T)oaTd if desired ; 5 ot.hers kept for the rough work. —
Please state salary to MR5. CLt'TTERBUOK, Putter-
idgo Bury, Luton.

VVANTED. Two WOMEN GARDEXEIiS

' * (sisters or friends preferre<:l), for laside and Out ;
some experience necessarv ; Bothy, &<•.— Apply, stating
full partirularg and wages required, to W. WILLCOCKS.
Tiangley Park, Slough.

W/'ANTED, immediately, two WORKING

*'■ WOMEN GARDENERS; 'furnished cottage pro-
\ided.— Applv, stjting experience and wages required, to
MISS MACPHERSON, Wyrley Grove, Pelsall, Staffs.

LADY GARDENERS"wanfcMl ; all suite.l
entirely free of churge.— Heads for (1) Bromley ;
good salary and cottage; mostly Kitcht^n Garden, some
Glass ; great advantage if able to nilk 2 oows. UndtT
wanted also. (2) Essex : 508. and house ; mostly Gln^.
(3) Perth, N.B. : also Under; 25s. and 2(Js., coal, light,
milk, and vegetable* ; good cottage ; man kept. Undent :
fl) Berks: large est-ate; several ladies kept, 4 nren,2bovs;
Head Lady Gardener; must understtind Vine*!, Peaches,
Carnations. Leicesfers (2 wanted), under Hend Man ;
cottage provided ; Outside and Inside work. (3) Sussex ;
20». week ; go'^d Ifxlgings ; another kept ; under He^id
Man; work bet.wc*'ni Farm and Garden; learn Glass on
weit day.s. Single-lumded : (1) Surrey (((uite near lyon-
duii) ; 15a. and live with family, kidy assists, also
man 3 times a week ; simple work. (2) Soinorpet ; £60
per annum : livo in house as companion to lady ; man
and boy for digging, &c. ; mostly Outride work ; little
Glass. Also CJhaufTwise-Oardoner for Oaterham ; anobher
lady kept ; not much driving at pre«^nt.— SfRS. HUNT,
LTD., 86. High Street, Marylebone, W. 1.

Tl^ANTED. at once. FEMALE UNDER
'" GARDENP^R: take turn with another, in charge.
of VLneries and work in Kitohen Gardens; wngefl 20s.,
Hothv (7 in Bothv), vegetables, light, &c. ; Sundav diitv
38.~Pull particulars to H. R. WHITET^AW. Hever 'Oastle
Gardens, Ilcver, Kent.

Y\r^^"rEI^' strong YOUTH f^- th^
Houses ; wages ISe. per week. Bothy and vege-
tables; duty and overtinie paid.— Particulars to W, V\L
GRIM, Bedagan Gardens, Anglesey.

"W;^ANTED. at once. GIRL, to look aft*^r
" * poultry, wlio has been on poultry farm, and to
work in Garden. — LADY B. PAGET. Longdon. Hall,
Kugeley, Staffs.

V\;'ANTED, COWMAN, for 3 Jersey cows.
• * poultry, and help in Garden ; must have good
references.— A. GROSSMAN, Hill House. Harrow Weald,
Middlesex.

T^TANTED, Haifhvooded PROPAGATOR

' ' FOREMAN, to t-ate chiirge ; must be a grood worker
and understand Roses, Inside and Out, Hardy 01imt)ers.
and choice Shrubs, i:c. ; good wages to the right man.
— ■• HOSES," Box 3, 41, Welhngton Street, Oovent Garden,
W.C. 2.

■l^ANTED, Alpine and Herbaceous Plant
' ' PROPAGATOR, in good Nursery.— Apply, with full
particulars, S. B., Box 1, 41, WelMngtoin Street, Oovent
Garden. W.O. 2.

tjALM GROWER, thoroughly experienced.
-*- w.inte<l for London ; ineligible ; good wages. — Write
G. P., c,o GouWs, 54, Xew Oxford Street, W.C.

w

ANTED, FOREMAN GROWER:

eligible : must he able to t,ake ohaige in emplo
i-.—a. BEXNErr & SOX, Hanwell, W.

"YyANTED, FOREMAN ; experienced in
' ' Cucumbers and Tomato growing ; cottage free ;
total abstainer.— Apply, J. LYONS, liaindon, Essex.

WT'ANTED. WORKING FOREMAN

^ ' (C>utside). with a good knowledge of Ornamental
Slirubs, Trees, Climbers, &c. Good wages to competent
man.— V. N. GAUXTLETT & 00.. LTD., Ohiddingfold,
Godalming, Surrey.

NEAR Manchester. — Wanted, active, ex-
perienced WORKING FOREMAN, to take charge
of a small Nursery ; 25 per cent, of profits in addition
to wages. — Address, stating age, experience, references,
and wages required, N. T., Box 24, 41, WeUin^rton Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, capable hard-working man as
GENERAL FOREilAX GROWER. Inside and Out;
goo«l projxig-.itor, manager, and salesman ; retail.—
.\pph', stating age, wage, and all particulars, to
■■ SOUTH E.VST," Box 2, 41, WeUington Street. Corent
Garden, W.C. 2.

TTNDER NURSERY FOREMAN. —

*-^ Wanted, a reliable man, with knowledge of Fruit
and Forest Tree raising : able to control a staff ; per-
manence.—Applv, with hill particulars. LITTI.E i BAL.
LAXTVXE, The Nurseries. Carlisle.

""wanted, for the Nortli
and Scotland ; splendid opportunity
representative with a connection amongst trade
and private establishments. — Full particulars of experi.
pnce, salary required. &c.. to JOHN W.\TERER, SONS 4
CRISP, LTD., The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

JTUDIT^o? CHECKING" CLERK (experi-

•^^ ence<l) wanted ; ineligible : quick and accurate. —
TOOGOOD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Southaniplon.

''rRAVErXER

-■■ of England an<

"VITANTED, an energetic. nractir-at
' ' man, pnst miUtRry cad, to net as SALESMAN at
.Seed and Florist's stand' in orcade ; must be a thoroughly
reliable man, with good references. — Apply, with copies
of same (an abstainer preferred), to JAS. HOLDEN 4
SON, Crown Nurseries, Reading.

TITANTED, n.alified SEED ASSIST-

'* -VXTS ; ineligible. -St«te a^e, experience,
cn.e.s, and «-ageB required to DICKSON & ROBINSON
Cathedral Street, Manchester.

fer-

VyANTED, GROWER (Head) ; Nursery,
' ' 3 acres ; 7 Qlass-liouses ; Cucumbers, Tomatos,

ir.iicr.il pot stuff, Veget/n.Mes. and cut Flowers.— E. E.
IUVWAKD, Spa Hrmd, Wevmoulh.

T^TANTED, SHOP HAND ; good, reliable

' ^ packer ; wa^es 359. per week ; war bonus lOs. and
overtime.— J. L. CLUCAS, Seedsman, Ormekirk.

UEED TRADE.— Wholesale house has
^^ vacancy for experienced SHOPMAN for Oaixlen Seed
T^partment ; must be over militan* age or otherwise in-
(.igihle.- Appiv to CHARLES SHARPE i CO., LTD.,
Sleaford.

OEED TRADE.— Wholesale house iias
^^ vacancy for WAREHOUSEMAN for Clover and

Gra.-** Seed Dcpai-tment ; preference given to man
with good know-ledge of machinery an<l <'.apable of con-
trolling Btaff : must be over military age or othcrwii^e
ineligible; pcrnianencv.— .\pplv to CHARLES SHARPE
i- CO., LTD., Sleaford.

TyANTED. FLORIST. Male or Female.

to niannge nhop : age oboufc 40 : must be a good
maker-up ; g<MwI wages and place (Midlands).— Applv.
\V. & J. BROWN. Peterborough.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eafb
succeeding Eight words or less.

PRIVATE.

TJEAD GARDENER and BAILIFF; age

46. Advertiser seeks an nppointmeiit where a
IhopfHigh competent and trustworthy ntnn is reMuired ;
30 vcnrs" expcrifnce ; 14 years present situation; higliest
veeouunendation as ^to c^haracter and ability. —J. H.. Box
20, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Oarden.* W.O. 2.

fj E A iT r; A RDE i\ E R aii"<l B A I F J F F ."^t h

■^■^ a thorough practical cxperien-ce with all branches
of Garxiening. Farming, and Estate Management, accounts,
goofi man-agpr of men ; iinexee.ptiona.bIe references. J.
TUKATKH. 101. Heading Hoad. iloiiloy-oii.Thamey.

XTEAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical
experience in gi'owing Vines, Peaches, Melons,
Cucumbers, Tomatos, Flowers, large quantities of Vege-
tables; at, liberty.— W. LAMBERT, Raveiisc.i\iig Gott-age,
Conway, North Wales.

QARDENER (Head); all-round life ex-
^^ perience ; estate, poultxy if necessary; 8 years
Head ; married ; age 36 ; free ; excellent references. —
CAMP. Broome Park, Betehworth, Surrey.

XTEAD GARDENER, with a thoruu-h

•^•*- practical experience in all brandies stO'.-li and estate
nuiuagement ; excellent reference's.— W. HOLDKR. Hert-
foid Villa, Limies Road, Egbam.

TJEAD GARDENER: practical experi,
-*--*• knowledge in all branches of Horticulture, at
liberty.— G. ABBEY, High Street, Wallingford, Oxon^

SITUATION required as HEAD GAR-
*^ DENER ; thoroughly experienced in all brandies;
20 years present situation, leaving through deatli of em-
ployer (Mr.^. E. H. Denison).— A. G. GENTLE, Little Gad-
desdeJi, Berkhainsteil . Herts.

r^ARDENER (Head Working), where

^-^ more are kept ; life experience in all branches ;
a.s;e 55 ; m;iaried (1 child, age 6) ; ineligible for Army.
State wage*.— HOOK, 3. Burleigh Cottages. Sutton Com-
mon Uoiid. Sutton, Surrey.

QARDENER (Head Working), seeks re-

^-^ engagement ; married : life e.\perience. Inside and
Out; under.stiiiKk kind and stock: excellent testimonials.
— GARDEN'ER, T'lie L«lg«. ' Daleside." Harrogute.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
, several are kept; Jifetinie experience, bubh Inside

ami Out : excellent refs. ; ineligible ; age 35 ; disengragreU.
—Applv, stating wages, with cott-ige, &c., to P. O. DARK,
Pox Cottage. Wivelsfleld, Sussex.

r^ARDENER (Hkad Working), where 4 or

^-^ more are kept ; thoroughly exi)erienced, especially
n> Hatxlv Fruit ; Kent preferred ; highly recommended. —
W.' LEWIS, The Gaixiens. Hall Phu-e. Bexley, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or
more are kept : mnrrietl, 12, 4 children ; counttj-
picterrwl ; free August 18.— J. BRIOOS, The Gardenis,
I.e;vhoe, Hertford.

rjARDENERTHARD Working); 50; mar-

^-^ rio<l (no familyl ; life experience in all branches,
Inside aiul Out; excellent references; disengaged. — (JAK-
DENER, Octavin, Pegwell Bay, Rainsgrate.

GARDENER, good single-handed, or with
help ; life experience ; age 38 ; single ; good refei--
ences ; disengaged JiUy 21 ; exempt.— GREEN, 27, Antro-
bus Road, .\cton Green, Ohiswick, W. 4.

GARDENER seeks situation ; siiigle-
iKi.nded or otlierwise ; life experience ; married ; age
47; g.xxl rets.— P., Dougln.s Villa, Ornhnrd Grove, Chaltonl.
.St. Peter, Bucks.

'yo HEAD GARDENERS. — A practical

-*■ and experienced man, Insido ajid Out, requires a
post of trust with Head.— W., e/o Mr. Parsons, Egham,
•Surre.v.

TWO LADY GARDENERS, exnerience.l,
reipiire work together in Fruit and Vegetable
Cirden, imder Head ; would go South. Kindly state par-
tieulars.— B,, Warter Priory Gardens, York.

LADY GARDENER seeks resident posl.,
within 25 miles London ; late August or Septem-
ber; assistant or sinKle-lionde<l ; strong, energetic; eome
♦-mining and experience.— ALLEN, Avenue House, Tad-
worth, Surrey.

LADY GARDENER, with some exDe.vience.
reipiires [xist under good Head ; Oheehire, Lanca-
shire, or North Walfcs district preferred.— F. PARKES, 22,
Prescot-drive, Fairfield, Liverpool.

LADY GARDENER, 1 year's expeii, ii.c.
<iesire3 reenfiufjenient. August 15, iitnder g(H)d llea«I ;
Fruit ; Inside and Out; some Vegetables.- MISS ASH-
W'ORl'H, at Hewoll Gronge. Redditch, Woreesti-rshire.

OFFK.'ER'S clauKlitci' requires post as
I'NIIBB G.AUDENEU with others; 1 year college
liain«l and also taken poultry, bee-keeping, and dairy
i nurse ; 24a. weekly, Uothy and vegetables, &c.— For fur-
ther particulars, apply MRS. MAIDMENT, 133. West.
Ijourae Grove, Loridon, W.

'■pEMPORARY APPOINTMENT .lesiml

-*- by 3 females and Ixiy (15) for 4 or 5 weeks, from
Augu.=t 1; Gamlcning, Fruit Gathering; understand
Tomatn, Oueumber culture, jam, fruit bntlling.-QAll-
DEXFJt, e,/o 11, Church Lajie, Lincoln.

TRADE.

SITUATION required as HEAD SHOP
MAN or TRAVELLER ; experienced all branches ;
just discharged from Armv.— SEEDSMAN, 47, Hxbridite
U(.ad, Shephertl'a Bush, W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917.

throu h tfa*
I ravages of Bats and Mice Id oar Farms, Store & Home*.

^ H^^ 8xtsrriiilhati3S|
llMTS & Mick

with LiverpoolVinn.
In tin^ ready prepar-
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Of all Cheml'.ts.

EVANS SONS

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Ltd., Liverpool.

V

Slugs
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ORCHIDS,

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Many Kara and Choice Varieties.

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ElDdly sen.1 for Catalague.

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Established 1860.

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Warehouses : 7, Garrick Street, W.C.

Consignments of Choice Hot House
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SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

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ROSES

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TILE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Xo. 1595.— SATURDAY, JULY SU 1917.

CONTENTS.

Adamsonia digitata in
ladia

Cherries, the pollination
of

Eucalyptus veriiicosa ..

Eiionymus japonicus,
sp'irting in

Farm, crops and stock
on the home

Food production, on in-
creased

Forestry—
Work in Highland
forests

French nurserymen in
America

Fruit prospects

Fungi and fixation of
nitrogen

Galloway garden, notes
from a ..

Oarden Sunday ..

Grapes with large shoul-
ders

House sparrow, the

Insect pests of fruit trees

Notes from a Galloway
garden

I Obituary —

' Bargery, G T

Fargeton, Gustave . .
Kozain-Boucharlat ..
Voss, Walter A. . .

Orchid notes and glean-
ings—
New hybrids . .
Potatos, sale of ..
Raspberries, Scottish ..
Rosary, the —
Rosa himalayica alba
magna..
Seed trade, an appeal to

the

Societies —
National Viola and

Pansy .
Royal dorti cultural
United Hort. Benefit
and Provident
Soil infection
Tamar river, on the

War item

Week's work, the.. 24,
Women land workers'
fares

ILLU8TRATIOM*.

trunk and rrKjts of

Adamsonia digitata,

Merodon equestris

Roses Mrs. George Marriott, 17 ; Sunstar

Spiraea bracteata ' ..

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-VIII.

Carnations and streaked gilliflowers.
Which some call Nature's bastards : of that kind
Our rustic garden's barren ; and I care not
I'o get slips of them, for I have heard it said
There is an art which in their piedness shares
With great creating Nature. . . I'll not put
The dibble in earth to set one slip of them.
— Winlcr'f Tale, iv. 3.

THE indifference which I cannot help
feeling towards florists' (lowers, and
garden hybrids in general, apprciches
very near to the prejudice so frankly
expressed above by Perdita. It is, therefore,
with sca.nt consistency that I venture to suggest
what a brilliant race might be evolved by cross-
ing the Mexican Oenothera rosea with some of
the golden-flowered spt>ciee. The only defect in
the carmine blossoms of the Mexican plant is
their small si/ye, which seems out of proportion
to the abundant foliage.

Some hybrldn, especially natural ones, arc
irresistible. Primula Bulleyana has turned out
•ail incorrigible flirt; moist parts of the borders
are peopled with his illegitimate, but charming,
offspring. The other parent is not always to he
identified. The stature of some of the brood in-
dicates pulverulenta blood, the soft rose tints in
others point to japonica or Beesiana, while the
fiery liue in others suggests Cockbumiana. Now
that P. helodoxa has joined the glad throng,
further developments may be expected. The
seed of these hybrids is fertile. I shall be happy
to forward some to anyone who cares to send a
stamped, directed envelope.

We spent an afternoon on a moorland meadow
lately, selecting the best forms among myriad
Onhis maculata for transplanting to the garden.
It i.s strange that British terrestrial Orchids arc
not more commonly grown in borders, where
some of them develop dimensions far beyond
tliofe they attain when competing with grass
and other growths. Unlike most plants, our
wild Orchids are most easily moved when in full
flower, for the flowering stem proceeds from a
tuber which is destined to disappear after tin;
plant has seeded, a new tnber forming along-
side of the old one. If care be taken not to
break the fleshy roots of the new tuber, the
plant sustains no check in removal. The colour
of Orchis maculata ranges from crimson to pure
white, .«ome of the intermediate forms being

beautifully pencilled and marbled with darker
tints, the leaves of some being richly spotted,
others plain green. In the marsh Orchis (0.
latifolia) I have only found one variation from
the full red-purple (dangerously near magenta).
The flowers of this variety are what millinere
call " vieux rose.' Among the crowds of 0.
maculata wliich enrich our moorlands iu June,
one comes from time to time upon specimens of
commanding stature and large flower-spikes,
These are natural hybrids between the spotted
and the marsh Orchis, and make splendid
garden plants, increasing into large clumps. One
of these hj^brids has long been supplied by
nurserymen under the name of the Kilmarnock
Orchis.

Habenaria conopsea and the so-called Butter-
fly Orchis, H. bifolia, both deliciously scented,
are worth cultivating, and so is the bright
Orchis pyramidalis, for the welfare of which
Ume or chalk is essential.

In these days, when the influx of new plants
from China and elsewhere far outstrips the
capacity of anything less than a botanic
garden and its staff, it becomes more necessary
than ever to exercise discretion in excluding all
except the most desirable species. In no genus is
this more needful than in the shrubby Spiraeas,
most of which require ample room to develop
their fuU beauty. Among the June-flowering

its impaitience of summer drought. The difii-
culty of waterside planting for things of lowly
growth is enhanced in this garden by the un-
happy circumstance that there is no water
therein, standing or running. There is, indeed,
a long border irrigated by subterranean pipes
for the benefit of Lilies, but P. rosea does not
send its roots deep enough to pi-ofit by this pro-
vision. It cannot put up with dry surface soil
But to be without its gladsome hue in JIarch
would be to miss one of the chief delights of
early spiing, so w-e set what wits we had at
command to devise a satisfactory scheme, and
hit upon one. A breadth of border facing north
was made up with strong loam, peat, and sand,
and planted with P. rosea from seed of the fine
strain in Sir Frank Crisp's wonderful " para-
diso." In the middle was set a root of
Rodgersia tabularis, which remains asleep until
the Primula has set its seed, then rises and
spreads its huge green umbrellas, each two feet
across, over the bed. Throughout this blazing
month of June the soil has remained cool and
moist, not a leaf of the Primula has flagged,
and the seeding stems are a foot high. In
autumn a dressing of peat and sand will be laid
over the plants.

Tills has proved an "annus mia'abilis " for
LiUes, just as 1916 was an "' annus
damnahilis." The prolonged cold of last spring

VlU. 9.— Sl'IKAEA BnACTEATA : FLOWEU.s

species, Mr. Bean gives the palm to the hybrid
S. van Houttei. which he pronounces to be
" probably the finest of all the white-Moweriiig
Spiraeas, except, perhaps, S. arguta," which is
another hybrid. It is with diflideiiee that I
venture to differ from so high an authority ; but
certainly here S. van Houttei is eclipsed by the
Japanese S. bracteata. (see fig. 9). We
have a specimen of each, well isolated,
but growing within sight of each other,
and we cannot dispense with either, for
iS. van Houttei precedes its rival by a fort-
night. Both are profuse in bloom, but the
sprays of the Japanese species are more richly
clad with snowy clusters than the otlier, and
la.st longer in bloom. In July the display is
taken up by the loftier S. canescens, whereof the
flowers are in rounded clusters, like those of the
species afore-iiamed, and set along whip-like
branchlets with . charming effect. Following
these in August are two splendid species, intro-
duced from Cliina by Mr. Wilson— S. Henryi,
with its flowers in crowded rosettes, like those
already referred to ; and another, whereof I
know not the specific name, in the way of S.
sorbifolia, with huge terminal panicles of white
blossom produc6<l in Buccession well into Sep-
tember.

Many persons have found it hard to keep
Primula rosea in satisfactory vigour, owing to

discouraged early growth ; after the plants did
make a start, all the conditions continued
favourable, and there has been no check of
vitality to let the dread Botrytis start an inn-
ings. One sometimes speculates what the choice
should be if one were restricted to growing six
Epecies of Lily- It would be wise to keep to
the easy sorts, leaving to experts such coy or
fickle beauties as L. rubelltim, japonicum,
Leichtlini, and others. Even from a list so cur-
tailed it would be hard to fix on the half-dozen.
The happy amateur for whom the peerless
Madonna Lily unveils her charms will hardly re-
main happy without her Nankin half-sister, L.
testaceum, and the presence of the white Mar-
tagoii positively postulates the swarthy Dal-
matian as a foil to its purity. Only under
duress could we be induced to exclude T,.
Szovitzianum ; and as for L. regale, with the
constitution of a dray-horse and the gra<?e of a
thoroughhred, if Madonna be the queen, this is,
without dispute the I*rincess Royal of the race.
It has been hitherto beyond the reach of slender
pui-ses in war-time, but it is destined to become
one of tlfiB commonest Lilies, being very easily
raised from seed, which it produces
generously. Among a batch of two-year-old
.seedlings here, some are actually flowering this
.summer; but they require four or five years to
attain their full stature. One i f the older bulbs

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JXTLY 21, 1917.

here has a stem over five feet high, bearing a
toronal of eleven great blooms.

And here we have come to the limit of half
a dozen, without making provision for a single
scarlet Liily, such ae L. pomponium and L. chalce-
(lonirum, or for any of the flaming Panthers, and
leaving tht late summer and early autumn cheer-

ADAMSONIA DIGITATA IN INDIA.

At Allaliabad, near the point where the rivers
Ganges, and Jnmna meet, are to be found two
very fine specimens of the above tree, and recently
Mr. Head, Superintendent, Government Parks

we measured the trunk three feet or so from the
ground level, also one of the roots. The cir-
cumference of the trunk was 56 feet 8 inches,
aJid the root selected 91 feet in length. The
other tree referred to is 42 feet 4 inches
laround the trunk just above the ground
line. Both trees are situated almost opposite the
lort of Allahabad, which was built by the Mogul
Emperor Akbar some 300 yeare a.go. T. W.
Bi'ijfoe, Fori, Allahabad.

Ice without the splendour of L. aui'atum and
the glowing clusters of the Tiger Lily.

Among all the Alpine species of Dianthus,
there is none, methinks, to equal D. callizonus
in beauty. This opinion may be held without
doing any dishonour to the gaiety of the
better forms of D. neglectus or the profusion of
1). alpinus. Tlie blossoms of D. callizonus are
larger than either of these, and the delicately
dotted circlet round the centre of the flower
gives it ths- distinction which has justly earned
its specific name. This Pink is reputed less
easy to cultivate than the other species, but
once it gets ite roots well ' down among the
utones and receives an occasional top-dressing of
loam and sand, no lime, it ie not likely to
fiiil, and is not fastidious about aspect. One
plant here has occupied a dry ledge in a retain-
ing wall for ten years; but its tenure is
threatened by the invasive runners of Spiraea
decunibens, which has spread outrageously over
a space of mqre than six feet, swallowing up a
line clump of Campanula G. F. Wilson on its
other flank. The worst of a wall-garden is that
one cannot move precious things out of the way
uf aggressive neighbours. Herbert Maxxcrll.

F THE KIVER CSANGES.

and Gardens, Allahabad, succeeded in taking
excellent photugraplis of the larger of the Iwn.
It is known locally as the Akela Per, or
the solitary or lonely tree, and, being a native
of Africa, it would be interesting to know how
these two examples became established on the
banks of the sacred Ganges. Trees of this age
and size are rare in India, but a few others are

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

LAELio-C.vrrLEYA Az.iEL. — We have received
a. flower of a very brightly-coloured hybrid "f
medium eize, taken fi'om a plant bloomcng for
the first time in the Orchid house of Elliot T.
Nicholson, Esq., Stoneleigh, Sefwn Park, Liver-
pool. It was obtained by croesing Ckttleya
Minucia (Loddigesii X Warscewiczii) and Laelia
pumila praestans, the latter showing very
clearly in the tubular, close-fitting base of the
labellum. The sepals and petals are deep rosy-
mauve, the base oi the lip slightly darker, and
the front ruby-crimson, with a band of primrose-
yellow in the middle area. The column is pure
white.

Odontogixjssum H.\mpson.\k. — A very hand-
some flower raised between 0. ardenti^simum and
0. splendens. 0. crispum has been used through-
out in its ancestry, O. Pescatorei comes in twice,
and 0. VVilckeanum, one of the parents of 0.
splendens, sustains its reputation for imparling
good qualities. The flower is of model form,
white, with two-thirds of the inner parts of the
segments light chestnut-refl, wltli tine darker
veining. The reverse side is tinged with light
purple. It is sent by Pantia Ralli, Esq,, Ashtead
Park (gr , Mr. W. H. White).

Laelio-Cattleya S. 0. Stkven.son. — This
plant is the result of crossing Laelia purpurata
and Cattleya Empress Frederick (Mossiae X
Dowiana aurea), and it is an acceptable addi-

FORESTRY.

WORK IN HIGHLAND FORKiSTS.
The Board of Trade Foresitry Commission,
through the medium of the leading officials of
the Aberdeen and North of Scotland College of
Agriculture, hae organised large parties of lads
from the leading secondary and higher-grade
colleges and sohools for forestry work in the
Highland districts during the vacation. The
work consists of snedding and peeling treesfor
pit-props. The lads are under military
discipline, and- in some forests there are as many
as 200 cadets in one encampment, their ages
ranging from fourteen to eighteen years. Many
will in all probability pass through the Univer-
sities, and the experiences they are gaining
should inculcate in them an interest in the siteps
which are now being t-aken for the establishment
of a forestry centre in the North of Scotland.

found in the Bombay and Madras Presidencies,
so it i£ possible seeds may have been brought
by traders from Africa.

In fig. 10 is presented a general view with
the River Ganges on the right ; and fig. 11 gives
an idea of the size of the trunk. In copipany
with Mr. Head, I paid a visit to these trees, and

tion to the L.-C. Canhamiana class. The broad
sepals and petals are blush white, the lip light
violet with yellow lines from the base ; the centre
is tinged with orange. The flower was raised
and sent by Messrs, Flory and Black, Slough,

Cattleta CH.4IUH, — ^Raised by Messrs, Sander
and Sons between C, Percivaliana alba and C,

JlTLY 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Piisseldorfei Undine (intermedia alba X Mossiae
Wageneri). It is but a slight variation from C.
Percivaliana alba, but it will probably prove a
freer grower. The chief departure is in the
construction of tie middle of the lip, the front
lobe of which is more elongated than that of C.
Percivaliana. Tlie flower is pure white with
chrome-yellow disc to the lip.

BR.iSSO IiAELio-CATTLEr-i Nest.\. — A flower of
a cross between Brasso-Cattleya Digbyano-
-Mossiae and Laelio-Cattlcya Ingramii (L.
Dayana x C. Dowiana aurea) is sent by Mr. H.
Haddon, Orchid grower to Mrs. Bischoffsheini,
The WaiTen House, Stanmore, where it is
fliAvering for the first time. It is of medium
size, the L. Dayana in its composition having
tended to restrict the expansion of the lip. The
whole flower is tinged with lOac on a white
ground, the petals and lip being veined with
dark rose. The lip. which is folded over on the
side lobes, ie very much undulated and fringed
at the margin.

Odon'toglcssum Xairshk (0. THOMPso.^■IA^■^7iI
X O. PEBCULTUji). — Mr. H. Haddon alfo sends
a flower of this attractive Odontoglossum.
Although the 0. Edwardii in 0. Thompsonianum
is not very evident, the record appears to be

iirect. Tile flower is like an ordinary 0.
1 ispiim in foi-m, the greater part of the surface
•t the sepals and petals being tinged and
Ijlotched with light violet, which shows equally
on the b.aclis and the front® of thg segment*.
The lip, which is rather narrow, is white, with
brownieh-red base and yellow crest, with
radiating red lines at the sides.

ON THE TAMAR RIVER.

On a bend of the Tamar ftiver, in the beautiful
\ alley through which it runs, stands the ancient
iSliip Inn, surroundiHl by the few houses that
comprise the hamlet of .Slorwellham. It was to
reach this beautiful spot and make the acquaint-
ance of Mr. A. J. Bliss and his seedling Irises
that I left Tavistock one morning in early June
and drove through that delightful part of Devon.

We had first to pass through the valley of the
Tavy, and as wc slmvly climbed to the ri<lge
beyond, behind us, and above the picturesque-
liK)king town we had just left, high oil the sky
line iu dim and misty rolling masses stood Dart-
moor, the most cherished and picturesipie )>arl of
Devon, and, as it jilways seems to me, a district
complete in itself and ajiart. Away to the left
in the far distance was the range of hills above
I^aunceston. Pausing for a moment before
descending Ui the next valley, the mind was
lost in the wide sweep of country unfolded to the
eye. Here waa no evidence or sound of war, and
the spirit of man was caught up in the
beautiful panorama now spread out. A great
film from nature that no cinema could ever repro-
duce.

Once again we began to dip between low

O'jded hills, the vegetation in many cases now
Kivering up the disfiguring signs of the ancient
copper and other mines of which the whole
countryside is full. In clearings on the hills, at
a sharf) angle, warm slo[«"& are utilised for large
plantings of early Potatoe and Strawberries, for
which the district is famous.

The road .still descended, until very abruptly
'■(■ seemed to be shot out on to the old
i|uay of 'Morwellham and before the ancient
Ship Inn. Here now all is still, and it seems
as if a deep sleep had fallen on the place that
some fifty years ago teemed with life and ship-
ping. Then the copper mines were in full swing,
making this ancient h.amlet famous with its
activities of life connected and bound up with the
deep exploration of the soil. Thrsc have all
pa.s«ed away, but I seem to think that the activi-
ties of Mr, A. J. Bliss, which are mental more

than physical, and which are expressed through
the medium of the soil, will once again make thi.^
little corner of gluriuus Devuii famous, at least
among garden-lovers.

Mr. Bliss's interest in tlie Daffodil is well
known, especially among the Kentish raiiera.
Just before my visit he had been very active m
catching the Daffodil Fly, having netted it in
goodly numbers, much to his surprise, believing
he had previously extemiinated it. Fortunately
for him, all his best seedlings were reposing in
a gigantic apfxiratus, reminding one of a very
large meat safe. Many hundreds of seedlings in
beds testified to his devotion to the Daffodil.
Mr. Bliss, it may be remembered, was one of the
fi>unders of the Kentish Daffodil Society, and
it was encouraging to learn that he is of opinion
that the " eelworm " trouble may be dealt with
successfully.

But the Irises were my chief concern. In a
large enclosure several hundred clum()6 of seed-
lings were in fuU flower, the result and selection
of many years of patient and careful work. To
the owner they were as children ; he knew each
by name or number, its parents, and many other
points of particular and individual interest. The
quiet enthusiasm and knowledge the raiser
showed for his children reminded me in many
ways of the late Sir Michael Foster. It is not
often you meet with such intimate knowledge and
individual liking.

In this quiet spot in Devon for the Ia«t five
years Mr. Bliss has raised a collection of Bearded
Irises of great beauty and exceptional variety. It
is imposible as yet to name or describe many
of them. One of his aims is to raise a really red
Pallida. He is well on the way, but still has a
long road to travel before he reaches his goal.
His " Dominion " is a wonderful plant of enor
mous size and colour — a magnificent and glorified
"Black Prince" is the best description I can
give in a few words. Many new pink shades
were to be seen, whilst his rosy-pink squalens
forms were equally lovely. Tlie improvement in
the forms of variegata was evidenced by greater
height, with brighter and deeper coloimng. A
much finer plant than Caterina was also noted.

The use of Trojana as a parent (Cypriana, I Ix'-
lieve, of Foster) was clearly seen, and the old
line* of grouping seemed to be more and more
broken down. Well-formed flowens of clear
colouring on tall stems, more branching than for
merly, arc the common cha;racteristics of these
seedlings.

Mr. A. J. Bliss is now in such a remote iiart
of the world that I thought his many hoiticul.
tural friends would be please<l once more to hear
of him and his work, which is now confined en-
tirely to Daffodils, Irises, and Gladioli. He
grows nothing else, but devotes his whole time
and energy to the improvement of these three
families. Ifohert 11'. Wallace.

THE POLLINATION OF CHERRIES.

FRENCH NOTE.

THK P.H1TI,SH AK..MY AND FltKNCH
AGRIOUI/IURK.

The genius for organisiition in the British
Army ie nowhere better illustrale<l than in the
reconquered fields of France. Each British
Army has an agricultural oflicer whoso business
it is to devote himself to the agricultural or-
ganisation of the land in the occupation of that
army. Associated with him is a French agri-
culturist, who also acts as an interpreter. To-
gether they visit the mayora and the farmers,
receive their requests for, and supply, labour.
In illustration of the results that have been
achieved, M. Thomassin, at a recent meeting of
the Academy of Agriculture (.Tune 13, 1917),
mentioned that from March 10 to May 5 one
army alone had .supplied 41,000 days' manual
labour and 2.0OO davs' horse labour.

The -iiifertility of Cherries has been much
discussed during recent years, and the opinion
is now very generally held that it must be
attributed to the sterility, partial or complete,
of certain varieties, and the need for cross
IxiUination. The problem is being attacked by
experiments under glass, laboratory experiments
as they may be termed, and field observation.
A good example of the latter method is seen
in Mr. O. P.. Berry's paper in the June number
of the Journal of the Board of Agriculture.
Taking five commercial varieties, he has studded
their behaviour in many parts of Kent, and
collected some information of great interest.

While such work requires to be confirmed by
repeated and independent observation, there is
no douibt that some of the evidence points very
strongly to the fact that in certain cases cross
pollination is very necesssiry. But as in all
horticultural experiments, it is extremely diffi-
cult to isolate conditions in siuch a manner as to
ensure that the results observed ai* due to one
cause alone. There' is an old saying in Kent
that Cherries are "stuck on with nianui'e," and
it is certain that the older generation had a
strong belief in the need for heavy manuring for
Cherries in established orchards.

Until stiine manuriol experiments have been
tried, I should be reluctant to attribute all
cases of infertility to lack of pollination. It
seems to be rather too readily assumed that a
" self -sterile " Cherry is so under all con-
ditions, whereas the influence of phosphatic
manures on this factor sliould give pause to
those who hold such opinions.

■Mr. Berry's paper brings out very clearly
the necessity of preliminary work on the nomen-
clature of Clierries ; it is useless to recommend
certiiin varieties until some agreement has been
reached as to tlieir identity. For instance, the
Turk or Turkey Heart is given as a synonym
of Black Tartarian, and the growth described a.s
upright and the leaves very large. The Turkey
He.irt of Ii;ist Kent, whatever its right name
may be, is quite distinct from Black Tartarian ;
it is a small-leaved, late variety of upright
gi-owth, whilst the true Black Tartarian is a
straggliiiig grower, with a much larger atid
better fruit. To add to the confusion. Dr.
Hogg describes the Turkey Heart as a
Bigarreau! We trust that it will be possible
after the war to estjiblish an experimental
station where such problems can be solved as a
stable nomenclature is a first condition uf any
progress in science. K. A. Jliiiiyard.

THE ROSARY.

HO«iA HIMALAYICA AJ^BA MAGNA.
TuK above is the name given to a new hybrid
pillar Rose, raised iby Messrs. Paul and Son,
Cheshunt. The parentage was R. himalayica x
multiflora. The seed parent is the Himalayan
form of R. moschala. The reverse cross had
previou.sly been effected, and this Ls kixtwn in
gardens as R. polyantha grandiflora. The new
variety has semi-double, blush flowers, soon
fading to pure white, and freely produced in
bunches. "Tlie stems from the base of the plant
grow 20 feet long in one year, and ultimately
lengthen to 30 feet. The plant may be grown
as a pillar Rose, and is well adapted for train-
ing on tree trunl^e in the wild garden. As a
pillar Rose the supports should be at least
10 feet high, but the finest effects would be ob-
tained by allowing it to grow to its full length,
even if the stems were to sprawl over some ob-
ject of moderate height, and give the profusion
of flowers of which they are capable. /. F.

24

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

RUNNER BEiAN SEEDS AS FOOD.
CjuiTK recently our attention wae drawn to an
artide in a. gai'dening paper waa-ning the public
against eating cooked ripe seeds of the -white-
seeded or other Runner Beans, as they might
ixjseihly be poisonous. In view of the national
importa.nce of our making use of any noiu-iehing
food of this kind that may be available, we
forwarded the article, with sajiiples of two
varieties of Runner Beans and two varieties of
Dwarf Beans, to the Food Production Depart-
ment for analysis. The following is the report
of the analyst : —

" On the 5th inst. I received from you four
samples of Beans, marked respectively ' Dutch
Case Knife Runner Bean,' ' Dutch Case Knife
Dwarf Bean,' ' Ordinai-y White Haricot sold by
Grocers,' and ' Scaj-let Runner Ne Flue Ultra.'
I have very carefully tested these foiir samples
for the presence of a cyano-genetic glucoside,
but in all casein with negative results. I have
not, of course, examined the samples for other
poisons, but I have fed the two uncooked
' Dutch Case Knife ' samples to white mice
without any ill-residt.

" (Signed)
"A. Chaston Ch.a.pman_, F.I.C."
BOY SCOUTS AS POOD PRODUCERS.
At Birkenhead, under the supervision of Mr.
Frank W. Preston, the Scoutmasi'eT, the Boy
Sfouts have prepared a demonstration plot of
a.bont 2,000 square yards which is worked en-
tirely by the members of the troop. The same
Scoutmaster has organised a body of lads to
spray Potato plots at an incluidve charge for
the use of knapsack sprayer, for material ind
labour.

OLD SEED AND NKW.
The irregular germination of many kinds
uf vegetable seeds is reliable evidence of the
nn.ting together of old and new seed which
took place before leaving the hands of seeds-
men last spring ; such action was probably
necesisary to eke out the supply, but tho.^e who
]]nicha.sed them should have been notified to that
clfeot, and advised to exercise ^patience. With
me, Beet and Turnip seeds were very much
mixed, the old seed only germinating just when
hope of a good crojj was being abandoned. Leek
ieed has played me more false than any other
klind. New Leek seed came up' very badly at
both sowings, under glass and in the open — &o
much so that additional plants have had to be
piiicured from elsewhere ; whilst old seed grown
both under glass and in the open failed en-
tirely. 0. Turner.

SPRJNG CABBAGE.
Thkre is divided opinion amongst growers a»
to the beet date on which to sow Cabbage fur
use in spring. No hard-and-fast rule can be
laid down. For the home and southern counties
I strongly advise two sowings, the first
from the middle to the end of July, and the
second about August 9. The seed should be
sown thinly in drills, and if the 6oU is dry, the
drills should be watered before sowing.
Transplant the seedlings as soon as they
are large enough for transference, and each
plant when pricked out should have ample
space to develop an upright, sturdy growth
which will be well able to withstand the winter.
In colder parts of the country 'OaJbbage requires
to be sown earlier and planted in Septem-
ber in order that the plants may be well
esitablished before growth ceases in autumn.
Small, sturdy plants are far superior to larger
plants with tender growth, and may usually be
I'elied upon to pass through ordinarily severe
weather without serious injury. In selecting
plants, therefore, it is best to place the most
advanced in rows together. If vei-y eai'ly
C'ablbages are requu'ed, these plants may be ex-
pected to furnish them if grown in moderately

rich soil and ailorded a somewhat sheltered
position.

The plants for the mam crop should un-
doubtedly be put out fully in the open in firm,
fertile, but not over-enriched, soil. In such
conditions they wUl grow slowly, but hardily.
Oabibages never grow well on poor land, but the
plants placed out now will succeed admirably
on ground that has been liberally manured for
a previous crop. Having prepared the ground
well, either by forking or digging, very light
land should be made firm by treading in dry
weather. Treading will not only consolidate
the particles of soil and reduce rapid evapora-
tion of moisture, but it will assist the free forma-
tion of fibi-ous roots.

The rows should be made 2 feet apart, and
the plants put 18 inches apart in the rows.
Some growers, desirous of securing an early
oiitting of small-hearted Cabbages, place the
plants 1 foot apart in the rows, with a view to
cutting out every alternate plant before they
become so large as to spoil one another.

The seedlings should be watered the day pre-
vious to plamting them, and each plant should
be carefully lifted with a good ball of soil. The
email plants may be left in the beds or dibbled
in 4 inches apax-t, to remain for the winter, and
be planted out in spring. " After a severe winter
there are often many blanks in the rows, and
the smijlus plants are useful to make good the
losses. As a deterrent to slugs, scatter newly-
slaked lime or soot about the plants soon after
they are planted. Small plants soon suffer
seriously from these pests, which attack the soft
stems and riddle the leaves.

When the young plants have become estab-
lished, hoe the soil frequently in dry weather.
Hoeing has great value ; it is an aid to growth.
a disturber of slugs, which hide in the soil
under the lower leaves, it warms the ground by
admitting air, and keeps down weeds. Rich,
stimulating food applied to Oa.bbages during
winter may prove harmful, but after severe
frosts are over the crop cannot be too much en-
couraged by feeding. Dressings of soot, nitrate
of soda, and applications' of liquid manure,
guano, and other stimulants, are all excellent,
whilst frequent hoeings to render the surface
soil loose will (favour rapid growth. Should wet
weather prevail, and hoeing not be feasible, the
soil can be pulled over with a revereed fork or
scn-atcher, and this, though it may not be of
much use for the elimination of weeds, will stir
the manure into the soil. The applications of
manure may have to be repeated if growth is
slow. The following varieties are to be strongly
recommended : Harbinger, Aijiril, Flower ^ of
Spring, and WeW/s Emper ir. Jarne^ A. Pake.
POTATO SPRAYING BY MOONDIGHT.
It is reported from various districts that
gardeners and holders of allotments are taking
advantage of moonlit nights to spray their
Potatos. In some places there appears to be a
scarcity of wooden receptacles in which to mix
the copper sulphate ; but generally, it is sug-
gested, empty oil tubs or beer barrels, well
cleaned, or lard boxes from the local grocer can
be obtained, and will serve all practical pur-
poses. During the past week the Potato ci-op
growing in the Mall has been sprayed by repre-
sentatives of the Food Production Department.
RHUBARB.
This useful plant needs a little extra
attention at this time of the year. Tlie leaves
are so arranged that most of the rainfall is con-
ducted away from lai-ge specimens, and the
plants axe apt to get dry at the root before
other vegetables suffer from lack of moisture,
liquid manure should be given freely, or, in
wet weather, a concentrated fertiliser should be
applied and lightly forked in tlie soil just under-
neath the leaves. Whatever stimulant is
applied, it should be rich in nitrogen to favour
strong growth, which will ensure a better sup-
ply of leaves in the spring. I!'. H. Divers.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. ARTHUR J.
■ Davey, Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

STRAWBaRRiEB.-Strawberry plants can now
be freely layered for making new plantations, the
earliest runners having been already removed for
potting. The best layers are those obtained
from year-old plants, which have attained
their f uU vigour. In any case, no plants
should remain in the gromid more than three
years. A good plan is to make one new bed
and destroy the old-est each year. Plants of
Royal Sovereign which were used for forcing,
and have now been planted out, should produce
a few dishes of fruit in the autumn ; other varie-
ties will also vield an autumn crop if the plants
are clean and healthy. The ground to be used
feu- a new plot should be well _ dressed with
manure, the quantity vai7ing with the nature
of the soil. Ground formerly used for Onions,
and well enriched for that .purpose, makes
a good Strawberry bed, and so does a cleared
Pea plantation. The sooner the plants are put
out, when once they are rooted, the better, so
that it is a good thing to keep a little ground in
reserve for this purpose.

Loa«NB6»RH?8. -Loganberries and other
fruits of a similar nature should be pruned and
tied, and given a good soaking with manure
water. A mulch, after watering, will also be
beneficial.

Goose BEBRIP8.— The later varieties of Goose-
berries should be carefully netted with wasp-
proof material.

Pears.— The fruits of Pears should by this
time have received their final thinning, but in
isolated cases, especially where the fruits are
borne in clusters, some may yet be the better for
the removal of others which are crowding them.
The size of the fruits of the different varieties
should be borne in mind, and more room allowed
for the larger kinds than for the smaller. Cordon -
trained trees on Quince stock will require ample
moisture at the roots, especially those growing in
sliallow soils, and a good drenching from a sew-
a!>e tank will do much to improve the colour and
flavour.

General WoRK*-Fiiiit picking should now
be proceeding apace, and those fruits not required
for immediate consumption should be preserved.
Be careful that all ties are sufficiently loose
to prevent injury to the swelling wood. Keep
long shoots secured to the walls. If signs of
aphis are perceived, spray the young shoots at
once with an insecticide.

B.v J

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

Ddnn. Foreman. Royal Gardens, Winds.

CARROTS.-There is still time to sow stump-
rooted CaiTots to come into use during March
and April. They can be allowed to remain in
the ground throughout the winter. Model and
^Monument keep their colour well, and are re-
liable varieties. Young Carrots sown a month
ago are well through the surface, and must be
carefully thinned. Dust frequently with soot
during showery weather, and keep the ground
free from weeds by the frequent use of the Dutch
hoe between the rows.

Parsley.— A sowing of Parsley should be
made in a sheltered position for use during
winter and spring. As soon as the plants are a
few inches high they should be cut close to the
ground, so that fresh and stocky growth may be
produced. If a cold pit is available, a sowing
may be made now for use during rough weather
in winter. This may be cut over several times
during the autumn to induce new growth. The
lights should be left off until winter. Parsley
wUl benefit by light dustings of soot and a
plentiful supply of water.

Seak ale.— Plants intended for forcing in
winter should be encouraged to make quick,

July 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

25

clean growth. Apply a good dusting of soot
during showerj' weather, and a month later a
dressing of some approved artificial manure. If
dry weather sets in, a plentiful supply of water
should be given. Clumps of Seakale which are
intended for forcing in the open should also
receive attention. Remove all small growths, so
that nothing but strong crowns remain. Manure
water may be freely supplied during the autumn,
especially if dry weather prevails. Keep the
ground free from weeds.

TOMATOS. — If seeds were sown a month ago,
young Tomato plants should now be ready for
potting into 3-inch pots. A compost of two-
thirds loam and one-third sifted leaf soil, with
a .sprinkling of sifted lime rubble, will be suit-
able. Pot carefully, and place the plants in a
close, cool pit until fresh growth commences,
after which ventilation must be applied. Water
carefully until the roots are well round the pots,
and at this sitage shift the plants into 6-inch
pots and grow them quite close to the roof-glass
with plenty of ventilation. Plant* producing
ripe fruit must be given a good supply of liquid
manure. Do not allow the fruits to remain on
the plants after they are ready to gather, but
rather pick them before they are quite ripe.
Afost of the side-shoots should be removed as
they appear. *■

SUCCEtSIONAL TOM»TO« IN POTB.— As SOOn

as the pots become well filled with roots a top-
dressing of loam and artificial manure should
be applied and made firm on the surface of the
soil, after which water should be applied
through a rose, so that the surface dressing may
not be removed. Pinch all side-shools from these
plants and ventilate freely.

WiNTEH Qrekns. Continue to plant Late
iJroccoli and other hardy vegetables as the
ground becomes vacant. As time advances a
little less space will be necessary for such
plants as Christmas Cabbage, Coleworts, and
Savoys, as these can hardly be e.\pected to grow
U> their full size. Late plantations of Leeks and
Turnips may prove useful in spring. See that
all av.ailable space is cropped with some useful
vegetable before the season is too far advanced.

LeTTOCR.-Fortnightlj- sowings of Lettuce
must now be msde to secure a continual supply
Ihn.nghont the autumn. Sow thinly and keeji
the ground free from weeds.

FROITS UNDER GLASS.

By JAS. Hddsoh, Head Gardener at Gunnersbury Haus«,
.\cton. W.

Newly Planted Vine*.— Give every pos
sible atU-ntion to vines that have been planted
recently, and make the best u.sc of the sunshine
by closing the vinery early. Keep the atmosphere
humid. Slight warmth in the ])ipos is beneficial
towards the evening and through the night when
the we.ither is changeable. Encourage the
leaders to make good growth by pinching the
laterals for another six weeks to come, if the
canes are not too well advanced. tJive strict
attention in watering, for the roots must not
suffer from drought. For syringing, use water
containing soot, as already advised in a previous
calendar If the syringe is used freely insects
will not be troublesome.

Permanent Vine*.— If there are only a few
bunches remaining on the vines, the Grapes should
ho cut and placed in bottles in the fruit store.
This will Tiermit of a thorough syringing of the
house to cleimse the vines from insect pests, and
csfiecially red spider. For this pest, mix a little
Milphur in the water for syringing, which should
be done vigorously. Inside borders may nee<l
w.itenng. but if the border is outside m"oisturc
will scarcely be needed. Should there be anv
tendency to make fresh growths, it will be well
to allow them to develop to a moderate extent
Ventilate the vinery fullv boith by day and
night. Do not permit other plants to remain in
the house. Damp the flocn-s and the boi-der fre-
quently. An application of concentrated vine
fertilLser is advisable after a copious watering
witn clear water.

PiNgAPPLE*.-The Queen Pineapple should
now he at its best from the batch of plants
.starts! into fruit in the spring, and tliese should
supply fruits of good qualitv until early

October. From thence onwards more reliance
must be placed uixm the varieties Cayenne and
Charlotte de Rothschild, which, if induced to
show fruit during July, will develop good speci-
mens in the late autiimn. As the fruits of the
earliest Queens are cut, care must be taken to
secure a sufficient number of suckers, potting the
greater number towards the end of July. At the
same time, while the Pine pits are "being re-
arranged, it is a good plan to pot up all that are
required to fruit early next season into their
fruiting pots, which need not be of more than 12
inches diameter. Firm potting is essential. Use
the best turfy loam in a rough state. If the loam
is not quite first-rate, add about one-third
of rough fibrous peat. The only other ingredient
needed is finely -sifted mortar rubble. Thoroughly
cleanse the walls and woodwork, and examine,
and, if necessary, repair, tlie piping used for
bottom heat. For plunging, spent bark from tan-
yards is the best medium. After all the plants
are arranged, keep the house warm and close it
early. Do not shade the plants.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLUER, Gardiner to Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reigate.

Epidendrum vitellinum maju*.— The
winter-flowering variety of this cool house Orchid
should be re-potted or top-dressed when new
growth commences. Use shallow pans, provided
with ample drainage, and stand them on the
stage, or suspend them near the roof-glass in a
lisht. airy part of the Odontoglossum house.
Afford water sparingly during the early stages of
growth, but when root action is most vigoi-ous
give liberal supplies of moisture at the roots until
the new pseudo-bulbs are complfted. During the
resting season afford only sufficient water to keep
the pseudo bulbs firm.

Epioknorum pribmatocarpum.-As plants
of this species pass out of flower they should be
given attention at the roots. Specimens that have
become pot-bound, and have grown over the
sides of the pot, should be taken out. Cut away
the back pseudo-bulbs, leaving only two
or three behind each leading growth, and place
several together in moderate-sized pans. Make
the soil firm around the rhizomes, arranging them
so that two or three of tlie leading growths point
to the centre, to make a well-balanced specimen.
I'lants that do not require repotting will be
benefited by having some of the old materials
removed from the surface and being given a top-
dressing. For a few weeks after re-potting, keep
the soil rather dry, but whenever moisture is ap-
plied give a thorough soaking, taking care that
water does not lodge in the centre of the young
growth. The plants grow well in the coolest and
lightest part of the C^attleya house.

EPiOEND'^UM bioornutum (oiacrum bicor-
NUTUM). Plants of this species and its many
hybrids will .soon be making fresh growth, and .-is
soon as new roots develop from the base the
plants may be repotted or resurfaced. Ordinary
flower-pots are suitable, filled to half their depth
with drainage material, as during their growing
season liberal supplies of water at the roots will
be needed. At the same time it is necessary that
the soil is kept in a sweet, porous condition.
After removing ithe plants from their potta,
cut away any useless pseudo-bulbs, retaining
only two or three behind the lead. Those cut off
may be utilised for propagating purposes. E,
bicornutum grows best if placed near the roof-
glass in a high temperature and moist atmo-
sphere. A suitable compost for all the above-
mentioned plants consists of three pai-ts Osmunda
or Al Fibre and one part Sphagnum-moss,
with a moderate addition of crushed crocks to
ensure the free passage of water.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

H> ■!. C. Westo.v, Gardoner to Lady Nokthcotb,
Eastwell Park. Kent.

Rhododendron indicum (*yn. Azalea
INOIOA).- I'lants of the Indian Azalea have com
jjleted their growth, and shouhl be placed out-of
doors for the remainder of the summer. Plunge
the pots in a bed of ashes in order to keep the
roots moist. Cartful watering is necessary : the
soil should never be .allowed to become dust-dry,
whilst over-watering is equally harmful. Syringe

the foliage in the afternoons in bright weather,
occasionally using clear soot water for the pur-
pose, as this will sei-ve to keep down atAaoks of
thrips.and other insect pests..

Camellia.— Camellias growing in tubs or pots
that have been flowered in the greenhouse and
conservatory should be placed out-of-doors until
the end of September. Similar conditions to those
recommended for Azaleas will suit them, but if
the plants have been standing in a shady house
care must be taken not to expose them too sud-
denly to full siinshine and open air conditions,
or the foliage will be damaged. They should be
first place! under trees, and afterwards moved
to a partially shaded situation until the foliage
has hardened.

Ch ryeanth EM UM*.— Chrysanthemums will
require more water from this date, and should
receive strict attention in this respect. See
that the stages are secured firmly to a strained
wire, to prevent the plants being blown over
in stormy weather. Keep a sharp watch for
aphis, and if any of the insects are detected dust
the plants with tobacco powder or spray them
with an insecticide. Attend regularly to the dis-
budding and stopping of the shoots. When the
pots have become filled with roots, light top-
diessings should be given and a moderate amount
of stimulant to build up firm, healthy wood.

Abutilon Savitzii.- This Abutilon is a very
satisfactory greenhouse plant for the amateur or
small grower. The delicate green-and-white
foliage blends well with the colours of the flowers.
-Abutilons are very easy to grow, and the species
under notice gives good results in quite small pots,
and is thus of much value for decorations. Cut-
tings .strike readily in a warm propagating pit.
When rooted, they should be potted on as re-
quired, and grown in a light position near the
rnof-glass. Pinch out the points of some of the
.shoots to obtain bushy specimens. Old plants
that have become leggy or untidy should be cut
fairly hard hack and kept somewhat drier for a
few weeks. They will then break into growth
all un the stems, and if potted, will auickly form
useful specimens Do not use rich soil ; a mixture
of plain loam and leaf-mould with a little sand
is all thev need.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

I!y \V. J. Guise. Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall. .SUIIordshire.

Pan*ie* and ViOLAS.-Pansies and Violas
raised from seed sown now on a partially shaded
border will make sturdy plants by October, and
such plants usually withstand the" cold of winter
better than those rai.sed earlier. Use ricli. friable
soil, mixed with wood ash, or the ash may be
scattered in the drills. Sow the seed thinly in
rows made 12 inches apart and .spray the seed-
bed each evening with tepid water. When the
young plants are large enough to handle, trans
plant them in reserve beds at a distance of
6 inches apart in rows 12 inches asunder. Use
tepid water for watering.

Box Hedge*.— Provided the hedges are
trimmed now, they soon make new growth and
regain their fresh appearance. Very shari) shears
are necessary to trim hedges of IJox, Yew and
similar, close-growing plants. The work is best
done in showery or dull weather.

LiLiUM.-Liliums must be staked before they
are too far advanced. Insert the stakes a reason-
able distance from the stem, or the bulbs will bo
lienetrated. Keep the plants clean by occasional
syringings of Insecticide. Place top-'dressings of
some rich compost round the base of the plants
to encourage surface roots. Liberal sujiplies of
\yater are necessary during dry weather, and a
little fertiliser occasionally, manure, or soot
placed iu the water-can will be beneficial.

Darwin and May-Flowering Tulips.— The
bulbs placed in reserve beds to make room for the
summer bedding plants should be lifted without
delay. Bulbs of all. descriptions will be scarce
this coming season.. The majority of the largest
bulbs will flower next year, and may be used in
the spring bedding scheme, but the smaller ones
will be best planted in reserve quarters, and
given liberal treatment. Spreiid them thinly
in boxes after they have been dried and graded,
and place them in a cool, airy shed until re-
quired.

26

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTiCt.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEE, 41. WelUngton Street,
Covent Garden, W-C „w„„,.

Editors and Publisher. ~ Our corrcspondenU
would obviate delay in obtammg anmoers to
their communications and save us much time ana
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected. „„,.•„,

Illustrations.-rAe Editors will be glad to «««««
and to select photographs or dratrings, ««"""'«
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.
Special Kotice to Correspondents. -J^f
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustraliom. or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their

correspondents. .„ ,, ...

Local News- - Cormpondents will greatly oblige
hi, sending to the Editors early intelligence of loial
e'rents likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
anil mnltrrs which it is desirable to bring under
llic notice nf hnrticiilturists.
Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS. 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTBOT ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent ns

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lart fifty
years at Greenwich, 62.7.
.\tTUAL Temperature :—

Gardeners' Chronicle OfBoe, 11, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, July 19,
10 am.; Bar 29.7; temp. 67"'. Weather— DuM.

There are few gar-
deners who have not
Infected Soil. ^^^^^ experience of the
readiness, with which
the iigentw of certain plant diseases may
lie transferred from infected soil — trans-
planted, as it were — and continue in their
new site the ravages which they caused in
the plants growing in the old. A striking
example of the readiness with which this
infection of a fresh soil may occur was
provided recently by outbreaks of wart dis-
ease of Potatos in localities hitherto free
from this malady, which outbreaks were
traced to "seed" tubers grown in areas
infected with this disease.

If seed so planted was that of an im-
mune variety, the result would be that,
whereas the Potatos of that variety would
themselves remain immune, other non-
immune varieties planted subsequently
might contract the disease, owin^ to the
fact that the micro-organism which pro-
vokes the disease was transferred with
the soil attached to the tubers and sur-
vived in the .soil.

During the present .season similar cases
uf soil infection have oome to our notice,
but in these cases the disease is not wart
disease, but the only too familiar Finger
and Toe (Plasmodiophora Brassicae), which
causes such widespread damage to plants
uf the Cabbage tribe. In the case to which
we refer the disease broke out in Cabbage
plants planted in soil hitherto under
grass, and this fact, that the disease ap-
peared in plants grown in soil just
brought under cultivation, caused con-
siderable astonishment to the growers.
Yet a knowledge of the life-history of the

disease shows that there is no need for
astonishment. The micro-organism which
causes Finger and Toe (or Club Root) gains
access to the tissues of plants of the
Cabbage tribe through the root hairs cf
seedling plants. Inquiry proved tliat
the seedlings planted out on the fresh soil
had been raised on ground very badly in-
fected with the " Finger and Toe "
organism.

Needless to say, a careful gardener
aware of the nature of the disease wouM
avoid making so serious a mistake as to
plant Cabbage with other Brassicas grown
on soil suspected of harbouring the germs
of that disease; but in view of the facts
just narrated, it seems worth while to
issue a warning, and also to point the
moral, that a knowledge of the life-his-
tories of garden pests is essential to good
gardening.

To free soil from the micro-organism
which brings about Finger and Toe is a
difficult matter unless resort is had to the
drastic method of liming. Quicklime
applied in the autumn at the rate of 1 lb.
to the square yard, and dug in, is the best
means of ridding the soil of this pest ; and,
even when lime is used, it is necessary to
keep a sharp watch on Cabbage or other
plants of its tribe which are planted in
the patch, to pull up late young plants
which show signs of flagging, to examine
their roots, to burn all those which have
club-like excrescences oh their roots, and
to disinfect |he soil immediately by means
of quicklime.

HOUTICULTURAL CoLLEaE, SWANLBY.— Mr.

R. E. Prothkro. President of tlie lioiird of
^Vgriculture, will be present at the animal prize-
giving at the Horticultural College, Swaiiley,
which will take place on Friday, the 27th inst.
He will deliver an address to the students, and
the prizes will be presented by Sirs. PROTHKRn.

Sale of Potatos.- By an Order issued by
the Food Controller, entitled the 1917 Crop
(Restriction) Order, (1) no person shall, without
ii permit issued under the authority of the Food
t-ontroUer, either on his OTvn behalf or on
behalf of any other person, (a) buy, sell, or deal
in ; or (b) offer, or invite an offer, or propose to
buy or sell or deal in ; or (c) enter into negotia-
tions for the sale or purchase of or other deal-
ing in any Potatos* of the 1917 crop grown in
the United Kingdom other than first and second
earlies. (2) Except in such cases as the Food
Controller shall otherwise detei-mine, and except
also in the case of any contracts made by or
under the authority of any Government Depart-
ment, all contracts for the sale Oir disposition of
any part of the crops referred to in Clause 1
hereof are cancelled.

FUNQi AND THE FIXATION OF NiTROOEN —

The first of a series of contributions* to the
Physiology of the Fungi, publifilied by Messrs.
DcooER and Davis, shows that, whereas no
fixation of atmospheric nitrogen appears to be
effected by Aspergillus niger, Macrosporium com-
mune, Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum, or
Qlomerella Gossypii, distinct evidence of
fixation of nitrogen is provided by pure cultures
of Phoma Betae.

Qardsn Sunday.— In order to prpmote help-
ful association among the cultivators of gardens
and allotments in the London district, the
Vacant Land Cultivation Society and the Lon-

• '■ studies in the Physiology of the Vungi. I -Nitrogen
Fixation " liy li. M. Dugger and A. K. DetIs. Annals oj tht
Uistmri Botanical Garden, 4, III., Nov., 1«16.

dun Garden-; Guild will hold a meeting in the
Browning Hall, York .Street, Walworth Road,
Ix>ndon, on Sunday, the 29th inst., at 7 p.m.
Mr. William Waed (hon. sec.. National
Brotherhood Council) will deliver an address.
The Browning Hall Orchestra will render a
musical and vocal programme.

Insect Pests of Fruit Trees -The
Revtic HorticoU for July 16 contains an article
by PiERRB Ldesne on the chief insect pests of
fruit trees, with which is pubUshed an excellent
plate, m colours, of a number of the insects in
various stages. The information given is clear
and precise, and the plate wiU. enable growers
not familiar with the pests to identify them
readily.

French Nurserymen in America.- Among
the French nurserymen who have settled in
America, M. Louis Dupuy, of Whitestone, Long
Island, U.S.A., is not unknown in this country.
His son Edward has recently joined the Ameri-
can Am,bulance Corps as a motor-car driver, and
is now in France.

Food Control and Scottish Rasp-
berries.—The Food Controller has directed th;il
aU Easpberriee grown in Scotland should be de-
livered to him, for the manufacture of jam for
the Navy and Army. It is, however, anticipated
that there will be a surplus available for private
trade. It is proposed to arrange for the equit-
able distribution of this surplus to jam manu-
facturers, and a manufacturer who wishes to buy
should send immediately to the Ministry of Fo<jd
an application stating (a) the amount of Rasp-
berrdee that he requires, and (b) the amount of
riaepberries purchased by him in 1914 and 1915
from (i.) Scotland and (ii.) all other parts of the
United Kingdom. The price to be jiaid for these
Raspberries will be the maxinumi price per-
missible under the Raspberries (Manufacturers'
Prices) Order, subject to any revision of bliat
price wHch the Food Controller may hereafter
authorise.

Women Land Workers' Railway Fares.—
Women land workers are able to obtain reduced
f'ai-es by means of a railway warrant issued on
behalf of the Board of Agriculture or the Em-
ployment Department of the Ministry of
Labour. These warrants are not iseued direct
to the women by the Board of Agriculture, but
through some srociet^ recognised by the Board
for the purpose of placing women in agricul-
ture. Women not recruited by the Employ-
ment Excihanges or the National Service De-
partment must apply to the Women's National
Land Service Corps, 50, Upper Baker Street.
N.W. 1, or some other recognised society. The
society wUl obtain for them a warrant enabling
them to make a double journey at the rate of
a single fare and a quarter (or at half that rate
for a single journey) on receipt of cnsh lor
the same. The warrants will only be iutued to
women seasonal workers who have bona-fide en-
gagements with farmers or fruit-growers.

War Item. — M. Georges Teuef-VUT has re-
turned from the Automobile Section at the
Fix>nt to superintend " Les Pepiiiieree
Nsitionales," near Vei-sailles. This is a new
organisation for the purpose of supplying trees,
pknte. and seeds to cultivators in the invaded
districts of France which have been won back.
.M. OusT.AVE Clement will assist M. Truffaut
in this new undertaking, for which he is emi-
nently qualified hy his practical and scientific
training.

Publications Received. — Carnation Year
Book, 1917. (Burnley Hortus Printing Co..
I td )' Post free Is. 6d.— Soi7 Conditions and
Plant Growth. By Edward J. Russell. D.Sc.
(London: Longmans, Green .S: Co.) Price
6s. 6d. net.— Afame this Flower. By Gaston
Bonnier; trans, by G. S. Boulger. (London:
J. M. Dent &• Sons, Ltd.) Price 6s.
net. — Commercia/ Strawberry Culture. By
W. F. Emptage. (London : Benn Bros., Ltd.)
Price Is.

JmT 21, 1917.]

TUB GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

27

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(.The Editors dn nut hold themselves resjionsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Eucalyptus vcrnicosa.— I see in Garil.
I'/iroti. of April 7, 1917, jj. 145, a statement that
Eucalyptus vernicosa has apparently never been
iniioduced into this country. It has been grow-
ing here since 1909, and forms a shrub 8 feet to
10 feet high. It is one of the harchest of Eucalyp
tuses, so far as I can judge. E. G. Loder,
LcoiiardsJeCj Horsham.

The House Sparrow (see Vol. LXI., p.
264, an-d Vol. LXIL, p. 1). — I often condemned
this bird while living at Belvoir Castle. No
sooner were Peas above the ground than spar-
rows commenced eating them, and they did the
same with Sweet Peas. B>it here in .Surrey I
find the house sparrow is of much better be-
haviour. The bird clears Winter Moth cater-
Ijillars from Apple trees, and does not touch the
pods of Peas. There is no doubt about its
being the house sparrow in this case, and 1 am
pleased to be able to say a good word for him
in confirmation of Mr. Stanbury's note on p.
264. The most useful birds in the garden at
Be'.voir Castle were red linnets, thrushes (both
common and missel|, robins, martins, and swal-
lows, ir. U. Divers, Westdean, Hook, Surbiton.

I can assure Soul/ieni Grower 1 made no

mistake when I stated that the house sparrow
destroyed more fruit tree pests than all the other
birds combined. There are fruit trees in front
of the potting house office and cottage windows,
and I am up and down the walks from early
morning till late at night, so I have good oppor
tunities of seeing whait birds are in the trees and
what they are doing. I have seen as many as ten
or a dozen sparrows in a tree searching for
young caterpillars among the young fruit and
foliage. I have seen them opening curled leaves
and picking out the young caterpillars, and later
I have seen them hanging on to Plum branches,
picking aphides from the undersides of the leaves
as fast as they could. Sparrows are often blamed
for what they do not do. When they fly up from
the ground where they have been picking the
seeds from Chickweed, the first thing they do
is to wipe their bills on young shoots and twigs,
and at a little di.stance they appear to be pick-
ing buds. The sparrow feeds its young entirely
on insects and young caterpillar.'! from the time
they hatch nut till they leave the nest. Wrii.
Stonhtirji^ Mount Felix Giirdenit, Wallonon-

An Appeal to thf Sod Trade.- In replv

h< Secdsmnn (p. 256, Vol. LXT.). I ([uitc agree
it i.-i time we had someone to protect our interests.
Men manage to get into the trade who have no
cpialification whatever. This all tends to lower
the standard of wages of e.xperts. We could do
a great deal to help the boys to settle down when
they come home. Would those interested, in-
cluding See.dniiian. Glonce.^ler, like to exchange
views? L., ti!,, I'ortlimd Road, .Volting/iam.

Qrapcs with Large Shoulders.- I have
for many years eased the berries in the shoulders
cjf small bunches of Grapes, particularly of Black
Hamburgh and Muscat of Alexandria in the way
recommended by Mr. Hudson on p. 253,
Vol. LXI. But it cannot be done with
all varieties. Muscat Hamburgh, for instance,
must have the shoulders tied up. And
ill the case of the larger bunches of itho
iilliers named, it is important to tie them
.tIso, if for no other reason than that of easing
111" strain by taking part of the weight off
the stalk. Sometimes I introduce a string under
two of the shoulders to lessen the whole
weight. The effect is apparent in a slight increase
in the dimensions of the berries. In a little
namphlet written many years ago by the late
.\lr. Dobbie (originator of Dobbie and Co.), the
author remarked on the effect tying Pears in a
similar manner had in increasing the size of the
fruits. The [ji-actice is, of course, followed with
Melons, Apples, and other fruits. S.

Fruit Prospects.— Black Currants, which
were very backward before the last week of June,
co!iiiirp<l siuldeiily, .so that picking was begun on
July 2. 'l'h<- i-up. on the whole, is a fair one.

Early Rivers, Monarch, and President Plums
show fair to full crops, Victoria and Black Dia-
mond varieties light 'to full ones, and Czar and
Pond's Seedling very small crops on the whole.
Trees of Belle de Louvain, in their seventh sea-
son, have not blossomed yet. Apples show thinly
on many trees, the blossom of which at first seemed
to be entirely destroyed by caterpillars. On most
of my oldest trees there is a good crop, particu-
larly of Mr. Gladstone, Beauty of Bath. Duchess
of Oldenberg. Early Julyan, Queen, Bramley's
Seedling, Royal Jubilee, Charles Ross, and
Lane's Prince Albert. The last-named is fruiting
well oh most young, as well as on comparatively
old, trees, and is the best all-round cropper of
the season in my orchards. Cox's Orange
Pippin has a fair crop on comparatively
old trees, but only a sprinkling of fruit
on some planted twelve years ago, though
some younger ones are well loaded. Loi-d
Grosvenor is bearing well where there was not a

that normal green-leaved examples of Euonyniu.s
japonicus were throwing shoots with foliage of a
clear yellow of the Evening Primrose hue, giving
the bushes the appearance of bearing flowers.
The plantations on the Broadstairs " front" con-
sist very largely of the ordinary green E.
japonicus with an intermixture of several other
coloured shrubs. Many individuals of these
variegated varieties have produced shoots and
branches bearing leaves representing reversions
to the original green. But what is less common,
£0 far as my experience goes, the normal green
condition is prolific in colour sports in this year's
growth. I do not mean by this that there is not '
evidence of such sports of greater age, but
growths of this nature are conspicuous this sea-
son, and total yellow sports predominate. Others
there a"r4 with central yellow variegations ; some
with marginal yellow bands ; others again with
.similar wliite variations. Euonymus japonicus is
well known as one of the most plastic bud-sporters

M.MUtiorr : petals ciiK.\.M wnnr. km-
(See p. 29.)

HKIi UiTII I'INK.

large crop last season. Domino is good partially.
Worcester Pearmaiii is one of the worst
failures on young trees, and only a passable
success on mature ones. AUinglon Pippin, ex-
cept on a few old trees which did not fruit
last year has scarcely a sprinkling of fruits.
Norfolk Beauty is a failure, and a large expanse
of Heauty of Bath, not over twelve years from
the planting, will produce scarcely any fruit.
Warner's King is nearly a failure. More tlian
half the promised crop of Lord Derby has been
ruined by the brown rot fungus. James Grieve
is fruiting well in projiortion to ages of trees.
('obnut.s are thick on trees the folia.ge of which
has been riddled by cateqiillars Southern Grower.
Sporting and Reversion in Euonvmus
J xpoNicus. — In a communication on the effets of
I'nisl anil wind on vegetation at Brnadstaii's
ir.V/f,/. Chrnn.. May 5, 1917. ,.. 18b), I inrnti..iicd

among evergi'een northern shrubs, but it is not,
perhaps, so generally known that E. radicans is
what is termed a juvenile condition of the same
species. Ficus piinula (F. stipulata) is another
eastern Asiatic plant exhibiting the same bio-
logical phenomenon, which m also characteristic
of many elements in 'the vegetation of New
Zealand and other countries. I take this oppor-
tunity of correcting my report on the injuries
effected by the winter weather at Broadstairs to
the extent of recording the fact that very few
species of plants were a^otiially killed. The
South American -''crries that appeared to be
.ibsolutely dead at the beginning of May soon
pushed vigorously, and now show little traces of
injury, Chi-ysanlhemura (Pyrethrum) frutescens
is the only common plant utterly e.xterminated,
though Veronica Aiidersiinii nearly shared the
• fate. IF. rtotlhij ffemxhij.

28

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917.

SOCIESTIEIS.

ROYAL HOKTiCULTURAL

July 17.— The Drill Hall was well filled with
exliibits on Tuesday last on the occasion of the
fortnightly meeting, and many visitors were pre-
sent. Numerous seedling Roses were exhibited,
and several awards "were made to new varieties
by the Floral Committee and the National Eose
Society. The national Carnation and Picotee
Society's annual exhibition was held in conjunc-
tion with the R.H.S. meeting.

A moderate number of other novelties was sub-
mitted to the Floral Committee for award, and
three Awards of Merit were recommended.

bition blooms in boxes and American Pilhir in
tall stands.

The deep crimson, fragrant variety, H. E.
Richardson, Avas conspicuous in Messrs. Frank
Cant and Co.'s group, flanked by British Queen
and Mi-s. Amy Hammond. Messrs. W. and J.
Brown had a most effective display of Roses,
including tall bouqueits raised above the general
collection. Mr. E. J. Hicks had also a fine
exhibit of Roses, and made a special feature of
Princess Mary, Mme. E. Herriot, Queen of the
Belgians, and the new C. E. Shea.

In addition to Perijetual ( 'arnations, Messrs.
Allwood Brothers contributed varieties of the
hybrid Dianthus Allwoodii, their new race of
Perpetual-flowering Pinks. The Alder River
Nursery staged a beautiful group of Liliums.

Fig. 13. — rose sunstar : petals carmine-red shaded with gold colour at the base.

This Committee awarded seventeen medals to
groups, including a Gold Medal to Mr. W. N.
Holloway, for a fine group of Sweet Peas,
which contained grand bunches of Agricola,
(iolden Glory (of wonderful colour), Hope,
Audrey Crier, and Jean Ireland. Messrs. Pipers,
llayswater, also contributed a fine exhibit of
Sweet Peas, including the beautiful Lavender
George Herbert and the newer Sincerity and
Ivory King.

Roses were a great feature of the exhibition.
It cannot, however, be said that the Roses were,
as a whole, up to the usualexhibition sitandaivl,
and those from Irish growers showed evidiences
of long and delayed transit. Messrs. B. R. Cant
and Sons showed Mme. Edouaivl Herriot in good
colour-, and fine blooms of Golden Ophelia and
Sovereign. Messrs. Wm. Paul .and Son showed
j\Tvs. Littleton Dewhurst (the white Lady Gay).
Messrs. R. Harkness and Co. staged fine exhi-

In the centre was a spike of L. giganteum,
with sixteen flowers, and grouped about it were L.
Biownii, L. Humboldtii magnificum, L. dalmati-
cum, and L. regale.

Delphiniums were shown by Messrs. Black-
more .AND Langdon, Bath, and the flowers made
an imposing display, such varieties as Statuaire
Rude, Lavanda, and the massive blue, dark-eyed
Sergeant Beranger being especially good.
Tuberous-rooted Begonias were also shown by
this firm. Spikes of Notospartium Carmichaeliae
from Messrs. Robert Veitch and Son. Exeter,
were very attractive. The clusters of tiny, rosy-
lilac flowers are borne on slender, terete, leafless
stems. The same firm showed flowers of Plagi-
anthus Lyallii glabrata.

The Orchid Conmiittee made two medal
awards to groups, but only two novelties were
submitted' for award, one receiving a Prelimi-
nniv Commendation.

There were few exhibits before the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee, but one of these, from
Messrs. Barr and Sons, filled half the length of
Oiie table, and consisted of an attractive and
educational exhibit of sixty-two dishes of vege-
tables. Peas, Carrots, Potatos, Toinatos, Cauli-
flowers, French Beans, and Marrows were espe-
cially well shown. The New Zealand Commis-
sioners staged Jonathan and Stayman Winesap
Apples. Mrs. Banks again showed boltled fruits
and vegetables. Mr. H. Close staged a new
Red Currant, named Littlecroft Red. The
bunches and individual ben-ies were of large
size. I

At the 3 o'clock meeting of the Fellows, Mr.
Walter Easlea gave a lecture on "Mildew Re-
sistant Roses."

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. E. A. Bowles (in the chair),
John Green, W. J. Bean, Sydney Morris. K. C.
Notcutt, W. G. Baker, G. Reuthe, C. R. Fielder,
H. J. Jones, J. W. Moorman, John Dickson. John
Heal. Chas. E. Pearson, Wm. Howe, C. Dixon,
J. T. Bennett-Poe, A. G. Jackman, Clarence
Elliott, H. Cowley, Jas. Hudson, W. H. Page,
J. Jennings, E. H. Jenkins, J. F. McLeod,
Thomas Stevenson, George Paul, W. P. Thomson,
and E. F. Hazelton.

Awards of Merit.

Sombucus racem.osus -pluinosus. — An elegant
shrub or small tree with slender, graceful
branches furnished with an abundance of finely
divided leafage, the divisions or leaflets often
quite linear and with a few deep serrations. The
tiny, coral-red fruits are borne in clusters on
dark stems, forming a large, pendulous raceme.
Shown by Messrs. Paul and Son, Cheshunt.

Rose Sunstar (see fig. 13). — A Hybrid Tea
Rose of moderate size and good form. The
colouring is a beautiful combination of gold and
rich carmine-red, the latter colour being around
the edges of the petals and showing most in the
bud state. It is a distinct Rose, and may be
briefly described as an improved Queen Mary.
Shown by Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons,
Newtownards.

Rose Irish Afterglow — A vigorous, single-
flowered Hybrid Tea variety, with shining,
bronze-green foliage. The flowers are 3 to 4
inches across, golden-orange in colour on open-
ing, and fading to golden-fawn and pink with
age. The plant is very free flowering, but the
petals are not quite so broad or of such stout
texture as in some other singles. Shown by
Messrs. Alex. DiciiSON and Sons.
Groups.

The following medals were awarded to collec-
tions : Gold Medal toMr. W. H. Holloway, Port
Hill Gardens, Shrewsbury, for Sweet Peas.
Silver-gilt Bamlsiim Medal to Messrs. Pipers for
^^wpet Peas and border flowers. StliicT Flm
Medals to Mr. E. J. Hicks for Roses ; Messrs.
H. B. May and Sons, for Ferns ; Mr. L. R. Rus
sell, for Tree Ivies and shi-ubs ; Messrs. Black
MORE AND Langdon, for Delphiniums and Be-
gonias : Messrs. B. R. Cant .and Sons, for Roses;
and to Messrs. Frank Cant and Co., for Roses.
Silver Banksian Medals to the Alder River
.ViiRSERY, for Liliums; Messrs. Allwood Bros.,
for Perpetual Carnations and Pinks ; Messrs. W.
and J. Brown, for Roses ; Messrs. R,. Harkness
AND Co., for Roses; and Messrs. Wm. Paul
and Son, for Roses. Bronze Flora Medals to Mr.
G. Reuthe, for hardy plants ; and to Messrs.
Wm. Cutbush and Son, for Perpetual-flowering
Carnations. Bronze Banksian Medals to Messrs.
J. Cheal and Sons, 'for hardy flowers a.nd
Dahlias ; and the Rev. J. H. Pemberton, for
Roses.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in tlie
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), William Bolton, E. R.
Ashton, J. Wilson Potter, R. A. Rolfe. Frederick
J. Hanburv, Arthur Dye, Fred K. Sander,
Pantia Ralli, S. W. Flor'y. R. Brooman White,
Walter Cobb, T. Armstrong, J. Charlesworth,
■ind Chas. H. Curtis.

AWAROS.
Preliminary Commendation.

Odontoglossvm Lilian {Dora X Empress i.f
India), from Messrs. Charlesworth and Co.,

.IcLT 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

29

Hayward's Heath. A hybrid producing its first
flower, which is of fine shape and substance, clear
wliite, with light violet markings on the seg-
ments. 0. crispum predominates in the general
features, but its perfect form is derived from the
very broadly ornate labellum of 0. Pescatorei,
descended through 0. Dora (Lambeauianura X
Pescatorei) and 0. Rolfeae (Harryanum X
Ptscatorei) in 0. Lambeauianum (crispum X
Rolfeae).

Groups.

Messrs. Charles worth and Co., Hay wards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for an
interesting group, in which were good white
Cattleya Hesta, C. Warscewiczii Mrs. E. Ash-
worth, with si.x flowers, as shown at the previous
meeting ; good Odontoglossums, and Laelio-Cat-
tleyas, including a large and richly-coloured form
of L.-C. Momus (C. Octave Doin X L.-C. Rubens
Lambeauiae).

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
^ledal for a fine group of showy Odontoglossums.
Odontiodas and Miltonias, the last-named includ-
ing the handsome variety Frank Reader, and
unnamed hybrids. The best Odontoglossums
were 0. Armstrongiae, with white ground at-
tractively spotted with violet blue, and 0.
Amethyst Glebelands variety, which obtained the
R.H.S.' First-class Certificate on Feb. 18, 1913.
.\mong the seedling Odontiodas the mo.st remark-
able was Oda. Cercus var. Figaro (Oda. Charles-
worthii X Odm. excellens), a very extraordinary
variation from the original form, which was
wholly light scarlet. The variety Figaro has
the yellow ground colour of Odm. excellens
(Pescatorei X triumphans), the showy markings
of chestnut-red colour indicating 0. triumphans.
The lip has a large chestnut-red blotch, yellow
crest, and light margin.

Fruit and Vegretable Committee.

PrcarnI : Mr. A. H. Pearson (in the rhair).
Rev. W. Wilks. Messrs. F. Perkins, Edwin
Beckett, A. W. Metcalfe, George P. Berry, H.
Somers Rivers, E. A. Bunyard, J. C. AUgrove.
.\. Bullock, W. p. Divers, Owen Thomas. Wm,
Poupart, and A. R. Allan.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded to col
lections : —

Si/ver-i/!lf Knif/!ilia.n Medal to Messrs. Bahr
AND Sons, for vegetables. Silver lianlxian Mrdnl
to the High Commisstoner for Nf.w Zealand,
for Apples grown in the Duminion.

NATIONAL ROSE SOCIETY'S AWARDS.
Gold Medals.
Mermaid. — A delightful single variety, with
bhioni.s 5 inches across, of a>-light yellow shade,
deepening at the centre, where the golden stamens
add t(i the intensity of the colour. It is a hybrid
from Kosa bracteata and a Hy1)rid Tea variety,
(|uite hardy, of climbing habit, and has hand-
.lome, shining foliage. Shown and raised by
Messrs. Wm. Paul and Son, Waltham Cross.

Elizaheth. — A decorative and bedding variety,
with rather small and (as shown) somewhat thin
Mowers. The colour is bright crimiion, the outer
petals darker than the inner ones. The variety
ap[)earfl to be free in flowering, but the foliage
is not especially attractive; indeed, it was a
little difficult to understand the award of a Gold
Medal to this variety unless it has exceptional
merit as a bedder — a matter not possible to de-
termine from cut flowers. Shown and raised by
Me.ssrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons, Xewtownards.
'I'lir Queen .Alexandra. — An exhibition and
1 1 den Rose of the Hybrid Tea class. The
ilour is very distinct, and may be described as
bright cherry-red ; in some lights the shade as-
sumes a vermilion tint. The flowers are full, of
fair size, and slightly fragrant. The stems are
strong : the foliage handsome and ample. It
is the third Rose of the same name, which is con
fusing. Shown and raised by Messrs. Samuel
McOreijv and Son. Portadown.

.Mm. Geor(ie MarrinU (see fig. 12).— A large
full j)etalled variety of fine form and substance,
and a suitable exhibition variety. The petals
nrp cream-white, with a delicate fliish of pink

that is most evident in the centre and in the
younger blooms. It is one of the largest and
fullest of the newer Roses. Shown and raised
bv Messrs. Samuel MgGredy and Son, Porta-
down.

SiiH-'tnr (see awards by the Floral Committee).

Certificates of Herit.

Mrs. Stewart Clarice. — A vigorous Hybrid Tea
variety, and apparently with some influence of
the Pernetiana tj-pe. The stems are ver\' spiny,
and the foliage is shining, deep green, and hand-
some. The shapely flowers are rich, clear yellow,
very attractive, and less flaunting than Rayon
d'Or. Shown and raised by Messrs. Alex. Dick-
son AND Sons, Newtownards.

Pax. — A hybrid Musk Rose, slightly per-
fumed. The semi-double flowers, from 3 to 4
inches across, are cream-white, with a central
boss of golden stamens. It is a bedding per-
petual variety, 3 feet to 4 feet high, and has
dark stems and foliage. Shown by the Rev.
J. H. Pemberton.

E. Godfrey Brown. — This Hybrid Tea
variety is a rich, bright cherrj'-crimson colour,
large-petalled and of good form. The bloom is
sweetly fragrant, and the variety has gi'eat pro-
mise as an exhibition Rose. Shown and raised
by Messrs. HcGH Dickson, Ltd., Belfast.

A'ancy. — A handsome climbing Rose, of
vigorous growth and free blooming. The leaves
are deep green and shining. The shapely, single
(lowers are borne in erect clusters. The colour is
deep, reddish-rose. Shown by Dr. Williams.
Harrow.

.1/m. H. D. Green. — A charming garden Rose,
.-ind apparently a very free-flowering Hybrid Tea
variety. The colour is delicate pink, with a
light orange flush at the base of the petals, the
latter tint also showing on the outer petals of
unopened buds. Shown by Mr. Walter Easlea.

Miss May Marriott. — This beautiful golden-
apricot variety was fully described in Gard.
Chron., July 7, p. 8. It had a more decided
orange tint on this occasion. Shown by Mr. Tom
ISoBiNSON, Nottingham.

Edel. — A large, white Hybrid Tea variety,
with broad petals that make up a shapely bloom.
Shown and raised by Messrs. Samuel McGredy
AND Son.

Emma Wright. ■ — A somewhat thin but ex-
tremely gorgeous Rosa, that has orange-coloured
buds, while the expanded flowers are rich golden
apricot, a very glowing shade. The dark green.
.shining foliage forms a handsome complement to
the brilliant blooms. Shown ami raised by
Messrs. Samitel McGredy and Son.

T. F. Crazier. — A free-branching Hybrid Tea
variety, with shapely blooms carried on stout
stems. The broad-petalled flower.-i are of fair
size, and the colour is bright sulphur-yellow. The
variety promises to be a good garden Rose. Shown
bv Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd., Belfast.

NATIONAL VIOLA AND PANSY.

July 7. — The annual exhibition of this society
was held at the HoUanic Gardens, Edgbaston. Bir-
mingham, on the 7th inst. The entries were in
excess of those of the previous year, and the
general standard of quality was higher. There
were only two competitors for the Challenge Cup,
and the "exhibits were almost of ecpial merit, but
the first prize was awarded to Mr. J. Bastock.
Moseley, whose collection included five varieties
of his own raising. Mr. J. A. Pearsall, Spark
hill, was the other competitor. The most sue
cessful exhibitor in the amateurs' classes was
Mr. H. .1. Tanner, Sparkhill, who won several
1st prizes. There were a number of honorary
exhibits, and medals were awarded to several
lion competitive groups.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

July 9.— The monthly meeting of this Society
was held at the R.H.S. Hall on the 9th insl.,
Mr. C. H. Curtis in the chair. Two members
withdrew interest amounting to £6 12s,. and one
member was allowed to withflraw £3 from his

account. The sum of £10 19s. 8d. was
passed for payment to the nominee of a deceased
member who was killed in battle. The sick pay
for the month on the ordinary side amounted to
£65 5s. 7d. ; on the State section to £15 19s. 2d.

©bttuar^.

Walter A. Voss.— We learn with sincere
regret of the death of Mr. Walter A. Voss, the
founder of the firm of Walter Voss and Co..
Ltd. Mr. Voss, who had long suffered from
heart, trouble, died on Wednesday, the 11th inst.,
after an attack of influenza, followed by perito-
nitis. Mr. Voss built up his firm on the sound
foundations of scientific accuracy, and the cai-e-
ful methods which he introduced into his busi-
ness of agricultiu-al and horticultural chemist
have been followed by his successors. Mr. J. H.
May, P.C.S,, and Mr. Woodcock, with whom
foi some considerable time the direction of the
business has rested.

G. T. B»RQERY.— We regret to learn of the
death of Mr. G. T. Bargei-y, representative for
36 years in the West of England of Messrs.
Hurst and Sons, seedsmen, at his home, 17, Ver-
ney Place, Exeter, aged 78 years.

RozAiN-BoucHARLAT.- We regret to announce
the death, on June 12, of M. Rozain-Boucharlat,
of Lyons. A generation ago his was a familiar
name to Chrysanthemum growers. Etoile'de
Lyon was probably the largest Japanese Chr>-
santhenium ever raised up to the time of its in-
troduction in 1888. It was in the same nurseiy
that the famous Mme. Castex Desgranges was
laised. Deceased, who was a prominent man in
the Lj-ons world of horticulture, and a frequent
attendant at Continental shows, was 68 years old.
Chrysanthemums, Dalilias, and Pelargoniums
were his specialties.

QUSTAVK FARO«TON.-We regret to announce
the death, reported by the liwue Horlicuh, of
.Monsieur Gustavo Fargeton, nurseryman, of
.\ngers, France, a successful grower of Hydran-
geas and other plants. As an exhibitor he won
a number of prizes at French and foreign exhi-
bitions, including the " prix d'honneur " in
Paris, Orleans, and at other important centres.
Monsieur Fargeton was an officer of the Order
of Merit.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Vetches for Seed.

Winter Vetches sown as food for sheep and
cattle are none too satisfactory, which means
that seed will be scarce and dear next autumn.
APi who can .should save a plot for seed if but
a few acres. Seed may be worth £1 per bushel,
which means that a 20-acre plot would cost £40
to seei. Where the plant is thin it promises
well to carry a full crop of seed pods.
Electrified Sebd.

In the near future we may be materially
.issisted in the production of increased crops by
the aid of electricity, by a process of treating
cereals and seed grain before sowing in order
In render them more productive. I am testing
a variety of .Swede which has been treated by
this process, and certainly the seed has a
plump appearance, and is particularly brigbt in
colour. I hope to be in a position to report
favourably on the trial. In the case of cereals
so treated if an extra 20 per cent, beyond the
ordinary good crop of 48 bushels of Wheat per
acre or 80 bushels of Oats can be obtained, the
new method will be welcomed by farmers.
Sugar Beet.

Thdfi root crop is growing siplendidly where
the .soil is free from weeds. The plant« should
be allowed a distance of 2 feet, as they make much
leaf. There does not appear to be much oppor-
tunity to use the roots thie season for s'ugar
production, but thev are valuable for feeding
cattle.

Shallot.s.

Grown in bulk .as a farm c7-o;). Sh.illots in tlie
|);isl Ii.-ivc been tnnrb neglcH.Ml. 'I'lir rnllnr.' i.s

30

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917

eimple, and does not entail much labour. Choose
a friable, loamy soil, free from stones, and let
the ground be 'well ploughed, adding a fairly
ijood dressing of manure in the autumn. Now is
the time to lift th"s season's crop. Place the
cloves in a sunny position until they are tho-
roughly dry, and then store them in a cool, dry
room or shed. The land they occupied may be
cropped with Cabbage tor cows or be manured
and prepared for Spinach to be sown in August.

M.\RROW K.\LE.

This neiw French or Marrow stem Kale is a
cross between, Thousand-headed Kale and Kohl
Rabi. It 'produces thick edible stems of a
Marrow-like nature, growing 4 feet high, clothed
with an abundance of leaves, which in the
autumn provide much food for cows or .sheep.
The stems can be stored safe from frost for
food through the winter.

The culture required is similar to that for
ordinary Kale or Ba-pe. The seed should 'be
sown in drills, and the seedlings thinned freely
and kept free from weeds. Marrow Kale is a
valuable food for early lambs.

Mttstabd for Wheat.

Mustard is largely used as » preparation for
Wheat in the southern counties, especially where
sheep are not kept in large numbers, or where
it is not convenient to feed them on certam
fields. Muetard grows quickly, and is useful for
FUpplying a second green crop, which is an ex-
cellent method of gi-owing good Wheat. For in-
stance, a crop of Swedes, Rape, or Kale fed off
by fheep, ploughed, and sown with Mu=tard
about the middle of August, at the rate of 20 lb.
per acre, will be ready to plough in late in
September or early in October. E. Molynnix.

TRADE NOTE.

BARR AND HUNTER.
The firm of Barr and Hunter, carrying on
business as nurserymen, seedsmen, and florists at
40 and 41, Galloway Street, Maxwelltown, Dum-
fries, has been dissolved as on June 30, 1917, by
mutual consent, and the retiral therefrom of
David Barr, one of the partners. The business
will continue to be carried on by David Hall
Hunter, under the same name of Barr and
Hunter.

ENQUIRY.

Can any reader inform me of the origin of the
" Cropper " Broad Bean, and the name of ithe
r;iiser? J. IK. 1".

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Beet ; IT. E. !'■ The specimen resembles Su;j;ar
Beet; the di'ought which took place duriiij; the
spring is doubtless responsible for the plant
having bolted.

Daffodil Bulbs Diseased : M. H., Jersey. The
Daffodil bulbs are affected with both the large
Narcissus fly (Merodon ecjuestris) (see fig. 14)
and the small Narcissus fly (Eumerus stri-
gatUiS) in the larval stages. Bulbs affected with
the former pest are hollo-wed out, and infested
bulbs can be detected by pressing the nec-k with
the thumb and forefinger. If the neck is soft
and will not resist the pressure, the bulbs
slioidd be regarded as unsound, although when
the grubs are young it is difficult to be certain
of their presence. AH bulbs showing damaged
basal plates should be discarded and destroyed.
No complete remedy is known, but it is said
that by soaking the bulbs in lukewarm water
for 24 to 48 hours the grubs are forced out
of the bulbs and " drowned." The fly is two
winged and hairy, so that it can be readily
distinguished from honey and humble
bees and drone flies, although in general ap-
jiearance it resembles them. The Merodon flies
appear in spring and early summer, and should
be caught with a butterfly net. Bulbs infested
with the grubs of the small Narcissus fly are
rapidly reduced to a decaying mass, and
generally contain from twelve to twenty yel-
lowish-brown larvae, possessing a red coloured

horny tubercle at the tail end. All bulbs which
are rotten«or soft should be destroyed. We do
not think the moth to which you refer is the
cause of any damage to the bulbs.

Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate : K. J. JJ.
The Drill Hall of the London Scottish Regi-
ment, in which the R.jn.S. fortnightly meet-
ings are now being held, is situated in Buck-
ingham Gate, a road leading from Victoria
Street, Westminster, almost opposite the
Army and Navy Stores. The lecture on mil-
dewy Roses to which you refer may be the one
given by Mr. Easlea on Tnesday, the 17th
insit., entitled^ " Mildew-R,esistant Roses."

Fir;.? Diseased : H. T. S. The Fig is covered

FlO. 14. — THE NARCISSUS FLY (mERODON E0UES=
THIS VAR. NARCISSlK
(1) The peitei-t insect (niagn. PI); (2) larv.a (niagn. 2);
(3) pupa (iiKign. 2); (4) .affected bulb (nat. size).

with the fructification of the fungus Botrytis
cinerea. This pest lives on dying or decaying
vegetable matter, therefore do not allow any
decaying vegetation in the vicinity of the Figs,
and remove all affected Figs before the dis-
ease spreads. Keep the air of the house as
dry as possible.
Inse<:ts : Constant Ihader. The Red Cui'ramt
leaf has present on it cocoons of a moth, pro-
bably the Gooseberry moth. You should be
able to prevent attacks of red spider on your
Peach trees by syringing with clear water ;
this pest spreads rapidly when much fire-heat
i.s used, and the air is excessively dry. If the
present infestation is very severe, either place
fiome flowers of sulphur in the water used foi-
syringing, or dust a little of the powder on lo

the leaves. The large larva you send is that
of one of the Hawk moths.

Names of Plants : D. N. 1, Lycinni c.hinense
(Chinese Box Thorn) ; 2, Bromns mollis (Soft
Brome Grass) ; 3, Bromus sterilis ; 4, missing ;
5, Lolium multiflorura, sometimes named
Lolium perenne multiflorum (Italian Rye
grass) ; 4, Hordeum murinum (Wall Barley). —
C. H. Genista tinctoria (Dyer's Weed).
("Cutting down the tops of the plants before
they seed and dressing the turf with a nitro-
genous manure, such as sulphate of ammonia,
are the best methods of destroying the weed.
— B. \V . Rubus nobilis. — Dr. Rawson. A,
Veronica Traversii ; B, Deutzia crenata var.
flore pleno ; C, Linaria purpurea; D, Sid^ilcea
sijicata ; E, Erigeron speciosum ; F, Rose
"Rabin." — Florence Rice. Elaeagnus multi-
flora (syn. E. longipes). The fruits are edible
when made into a jelly, which is said to be
equal to Guava jelly.

Nitrogen in Rain-Water : C. L. C. The quan-
tity of nitrogenous matter present in rain-
water is very small ; it is derived from the
trace of ammonia present in the air, which is
dis.solved and carried down by the rain as it
falls. You ask whether you can " add nitro-
gen to the water used in watering plants."
Liquid manure made from animal dung is
itself highly nitrogeneous, and guano, which
is also rich in nitrogen, soot, nitrate of soda,
and nitrate of potash (saltpetre) can all be
dissolved in w.ater, and applied in this way
direct to the roots.

Onions : G. W. B. tJ. The plants are attacked
by Onion mildew (Peronosixtra Schleidenii).
Next season spray the seedlings with Bordeaux
mixture before the mildew has attacked the
leaves.

Paeonies Diseased : H. L. The fungus attiick-
ing the Paeonies is Botrytis Paeoniae, the
cause of the drooping disease of Paeonies. Dis-
continue mulching the plants with manure, as
damp conditions favour the spread of the
disease.

Pear Leaf Attacked : .7. G. The tree is in-
fested with the Pear Leaf Blister Mite (Phy-
toptus pyri). Gather and burn all the infested
leaves, and spray the trees at once with para-
ffin emulsion. In winter, spray the trees with
lime sulphur wash. The pieces of " scab "
are too fragmentary to identify ; next year, if
they appear again, «end some whole leaves.

Potatos Unhealthy : J . Lodye. The Potato
plant is attacked by Hypochnus Solani, the
" collar rot " fungus. It is not a serious dis-
ease as a rule, but withered plants should be
pulled up and destroyed in the garden fire.

PoT.ATO : TI^. T., Ltd. We do not recognise the
variety of Potato. ,

l^wiN Cucumber : G. SI. Double Cucumbers are
not uncommon, and specimens are sent from
time to time b^ correspondents. Yours is a
particularly fine example of the abnormality.

Vine Dying : F. H. H. We cannot state the
cause of the vine dying ; the portion of the
rod sent affoi'ds no clue.

Violets Failing : .7. Lodge. The Violet plants
are not attacked by any fungous or insect
pest. Their unsatisfactory condition is due to
unsuitable conditions.

Weeds in Ponds : H. C. Ascertain the amount
of water contained in the pond you desire to
clean, by multiplying together the average
length, breadth, and depth in feet, and multi-
plying the result by 5^, the approximate num-
ber of gallons in a cubic foot. One pound of
copper sulphate should be used to every
100,000 gallons of water. Break the material
small, and enclose it in a bag of loose texture.
Tie the bag behind a boat, and draw it along
in the water in parallel paths about 10 to 20
feet apart. The copper sulphate will not in-
jure either the fish or the Water-Lilies, if care
he taken not to let the bag remain stationary
in one part of the pond.

Couiuiunications Received. — R. S,— .1. a. p.—

.1. U.— C, T.— Hnrtus— W. B.— E. .f. T.l.— B N I.-T .S.
— T. H.

JuLT 21, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

NL IL Tt :R E T S.

COVEXT riARDEX. July IS.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports- They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the dale of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which thev are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
Ijut occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Arali* Sieboldii,

dozen .. .. B 0- 6 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz, ,. 10 0-12 0

— Surengeri
Asoidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 O-St 0
Cacti, various,

per tray of 15'b 4 0 —

— tray of 12'8 .. 5 0 —
Coeos Weddelli-

ana 48'a, par

doz 18 0-30 0

60's per doz, S 0-10 0
Ferns, in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-lS 0
per 100, in
small and
large SO's .. 18 t-3<t 0

— in 48'B,Ber doz, 7 0-80

— in!2'B,perdoz, 12 0-18 0
choicer sorts,
per doz, 48'b.. 10 0-12 0

s.d. s.d.

Fuchsia. variouB.

48's. per doz. . 8 0-10 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's. per doz... 0 0-80
- . .. . ' larger, each.. 2 6-78
fi n in n I Hydrangea, blue
' ""'" " 48's.32'8 per dz.l2 0-80 0

— pink, 48's, per
doz 12 0-18 0

— white, 48's, per
doz 12 0-18 0

Eentia Belmore-

ana, per doz, 4 0-80

larger per

doz 18 0 36 0

— Forsteriana,
60's. per doz, E 0- 8 I

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz ,, 12 0-30 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

Dorum,perdoz. 18 0-24 0

— lancifolium
rabrum .. 24 0-10 0

— — album .. 24 0-80 0
Margoeritea in

48'B, per doz, 6 0-80

Cut Flowers. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices

Achillea, perdoz,

bun

Alstomeria. per

doz, bun,
A.ste'-s. white, per

doz. bun.

CDlourrd. p r

doz. bun.
(Virnations. per

doz, blooms.

best American

varieties

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large

Ccreopsis. per

ioz. bun. .,

Cornflowers, per

rlr>7.. bun.
Daisies. large

per doz. bun.
Delphinium, per

doz. hun.
Gaillardia.

doz. bun
Gladiolu.s -

— .\mcrica

doz. Rpik's _ ,

— Pink Beauty,
per doz. spikes 0 9

Gyosophila.oani-
culata, perdoz.

s.d B.d.

6 0-80
9 0-10 0

per

per

bu
— white, perdoz.

bun

Heather, white.

per doz. bun.
La\cnder. perdoz.

b'n.

6 0

6 0 10 0

.16-4 0

L il i um longi-
flnrum, long

— 1 a nclfolinm
album, long,.

— r u b r u m,
per doz,. long 2 6 —

- nhort .. 16 —
Mlv-of-the-Val<-

ley. perdoz. •lun, 21 0 30 0
Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.

Roses -

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per
doz. blooms..

— General .lac-
oueminot.per
doz. blooms..

— General Mc-
Arthur. per
doz. blooms . .

— Liberty. PT
doz. blooms..

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha
tenay. perdoz,
blooms

— Mme. Edouard
Herriot, per
doz blooni.s..

— Mrs. John
Laing.perdoz.
blooms

— Ophelia, per
doz. blooms..

— Richmond,
perdoz. bims.

— Sunburst, per
doz. blooms. .

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
blooms

Scabiosi cauca-
sica .. .. '.

Statice, white,
per doz, bun, '

— mauve, perdoz.

B.d. B.d'

8 0-10 0

Orchids, per doz.
- Cattleya
Odontoglos-
sum crispum 2 0-26

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let. PC- doz.
bun

bun.

yellow. per
doz. bun.
2 0- 2 « iStephanotiB. p-r
72 pips .
.Stock, mauve. per
doz. bun.

— white. per
doz, bun.

Sweet PeaB-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, perdoz,
bun

— mauve. per
doz. bun.

4 0-60 Viola i-ornuta ..

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices

B.d. B.d.
Ailiantum (Mai-

tlenhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 4 0- S 0
Asparagus plu-

moaus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

- Sorengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunchei 4 0-60
REMiRKa —Asters are now nuking their nppearano
and white varieties are noon efild. White Stock

Croton foliage.

doz. bunches —
Cycas loavea. per

doz 3 0-

Fern. French, per

doz. bunchei 0 6-
M 05 a. gross

bunchea .. 4 6-
Myrtle. doz. bun.

amall - leaved 6 0
— French, per

doz. bunchea 1 0-
Smllax. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-

arriving in good condition, and is lower in price. A few
bunches of Lily-of-tiie-Valley are arriving daily. .\11
Liliums are scarce, and their prices are again higher.
\\'hite, ma«ve, and yellow Sweet Sultan and vhite,
mauve, and yellow Statice are arriving in excellent con-
dition. Yellow .Marguerites are also good, and are seliing
freely. A few spikes of Gladioli America. Halley. and
Pink Beauty are being oflfered this week. Carnations and
indoor Roses are more plentiful ; but the latter are only
of medium quality. The outdoor Eoses have been checked
by the recent rains. Foliage is now- more plentiful ; and
Smilax, which has been absent from the market, for a few
weeks, is arriving in good condition. Tliere is a plenti-
ful supply of .\sparagus plimiosus. A. Sprengeri, Fern
(Maidenhair), and other hardy foliage. The fii-st arrivals
of Lavender reached the market this week. The supply
IS increasing daily, and the quality is good.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

.\rtichokes.Globe. ' ' ' Leeks.per doz.bun.'3l)-'5'^(i
""doz. .. 4 0-60 Lettuce, Cabbage
and Cos, per

Beans, Broad. per

bus 3 6 —

- French, per

doz. lbs. .. 4 0-50

- Runner (Scar-
let) pe bm. 7 6-10 0

Beetroot, per bus. 16 0 -
Cabbage, per tally 4 0-80
Carrots, new. per

doz. bun. .. 1 t- 2 6 Radishes, per
CauliflowerB, per doz, bun. .. 0 916

„ doz 3 0-46 Shallots, per doz.

Cucumbers, per lbs g 0-10 0

Bat .. .. 14 0 16 0 I Spinach, per bus, 60 —
Garlic, per lb... 0 s- 0 9 Turnips, per cwt. 90 —
— new. per doi.

bun 2 0-30

Vegetable Mar-
rows, pertally

doz 10 2 0

Mushrooma.perlb. 1 0- 1 fi
Muatard and

Cress, per doz,

punnets 10 —

Onions, per cwt.20 0- 22 0
— spring. per

doz, bun, .. 6 0 10 0
Peas, per bus, .. 7 6 10 o

Greens, per bag
Herbs, per doz,

bnn

Horseradish, per

doz, bun. .. 60 0 —

2 0-30
4 0-80

8 0-10 0
0 6- 0 S

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d. s.d.

s.d. s.d. B d s d

AlmondB.percwt. 80 0 - Lemons, per case 15 0-4.5 o"
Apples, per case 20 0-30 0 Melons. Cantc

Aubergines, per

doz

Cherries.English,

per J bus.
Currants, black.

P^r \ sie\e ..

red. per *

4 0-46
7 0-15 0
9 0-11 0

5 0 6 0
0 4-06

- white, per lb,
Dates, per box

about 70 lb. .. 44 0 —
Fig- (Worthing),

per doz. .. 3 0-10 0
Go iseberriea.

green.perjbus, 6 6- 7 n

— ripe, I c J bus. 8 0-12 0
Grapes :

— English (new
seasonlBlack
Ham b urgh.

per lb. .. 16-30

— Muscats, per

lb. ,. ..1640

ItKMAnxs.— Tliere
ale. but home gr

loupe, each .. 10 0-20 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea. 5 0-80

Nectarines, per

doz 4 0-I!i 0

Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 05 0- 100 0

— Coconuts, per

100 .. .. 32 0-4.5 0
Oranges, per case SO 0 70 0
Peaches, perdoz. 4 0-18 0
Raspberries, per

skip ..

— per doz. pun-
nets ..

Strawberries :

— per doz. pun-
nets .. ..10 0-15 0

Tomatos. English.

per 12 lbs. or

peck .. .. J 0- 5 6
Walnuts, dried.

per cwt. .. 65 0-80 0

a few .\ustralian .\pples on
sending n few fruits, prin-

9- 2 0
6 0-90

cipally windfalls, of early varieties. The market \a well
supplied with Urajies, Peaches, and Nectarines, but
Melons and Figs arc not so plentiful a« usual ut this
season. Strawberries ore practically finished. Good
Cherries ore scarce, the fruits having been Bpaik?d by
the recent raine. Black, Re<l. and WTiite Ourmnts, Hasp-
l)erries and T/oganberries are all fairly immerous. and
there are ripe Goo.w-herriea of the varieties WHiite Lion
and Sulphur. Tlie market is well siippliea with Tomolcs
and Cucumbers. .\ (cw mil<Ioor Mushrooms are on offer.
and tftere is a fair supply of cultivated Miisihrwms. .VII
ordinary kinds of vegetables are plentiful. Coconuts are
very scarce.— f. //. «.. Cnreiil Clurilen Murlttt, July IS,
1917.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS GARDENERS'.-Thc fort-
nightly meetint' of thi.« soi-ictv was h.-ld at the Friendlv
Societies' Hall during t.liB first week in July, and the
e.vhibit8 were meritorious. The 1st prize-winners were as
foiUows:— Four vanes of Roses. N. Turner; four vases of
Sweet Peas, S. O. Ilawkes.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

10. Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

Important to Gardeners
and Fruit Growers

"NIQUAS

(IMPROVED)

(REGD.)

19

The Most Successful Non-Poisonous
Insecticide of the Day.

A Its Advantages are —
■ '^^i. Certain Death to all Insect Pests.
- ; No po8sit>le injury to the most
: delicate Plant, Flower or Foliage.
It is the Cheapest Insecticide known.
One pint makes 10 to 18 gallons for
Thrip, Black and Green Fly, etc.,
whilst RED SPIDER, Mealy Bug and
Scale can be thoroughly eradicated
by using "NIQUAS" about double
the strength required for Fly.

PRICES.

Half-pint, 1/- ; Pint, 1/6 ; Quart, 2/6 ;
Half-eral., 4 - ; Gallon, 7 6 ; Kegs,
each, Five Calls., 25/- ; Ten Galls.,

4 5/-.

THE "NIQUAS" SYRINGE

These .syriiices are especially adapted for the use
of '*Nlquas,"aiul as a general Vaporising Syringe
The " Niquus" Syringe changes auto-
matically from Direct to Underleaf
Spraying by simply turning the .Syringe.

To

bo had from the Trade generally.
M ann.factnrers : —
PADDV £r on I Tn BONDED TOBtCCO

UUnni tt UUi) LlUit stores & warehouse,
SHAD THAMES, LONDON, S.E.

Vegetable Garden.

This Is an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous growers,

MESSRS. VILMORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Pans. There are no market growers to
equal the French, and in this work English
readers will find placed at their disposal, in
readable and interesting form, all the
experience and knowledge of centuries of
successful cuhivation. All the principal
vegetables, including many which are at
present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and
informative illustrations give point to the
instructions contained in the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal.

FRIGE 15s. NET.

From THE LIBRARfAN,
41, WELLINGTON ST. STRAND, W.C. 7.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 21, 1917.

A TREASURY OF INFORMATION

is contained in the

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK.

Nowhere else can the gardener obtain, within the small compass of four hundred pages, so much information
on the subje:ts which interest him most. The knowledge which this little work contains is just what is
indispensable to the gardener in his daily life. The

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

takes him through the whole year, reminding him of the manifold small cares which make all the difference
between health and ill-health in his plants. It also reminds him of the exhibitions which are to be held and
of the most important annual meetings.

Another interesting section, which expands each year, is the list of

SCHOOLS OF HORTICULTURE,

with a brief description attached to the name of each such institution. Those concerned with the education
of young gardeners— both men and women — will turn to this section with especial interest, and those who are
seeking such education will find it of the greatest assistance in deciding wh ch school to sckct. There are
still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PKKK Is. 4<1., POST FREE.

Present'Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor. " Gardenen' Chronicle."

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 Vols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal hlorticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY A HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. See. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.R.S.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS, M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham :

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER, with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS.

V.M.H.

By GEORGE GORDON.

IRISES.

by Prof

SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES. VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H, and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by SirF.W.
MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published
on this subject).

ROSES fdouble volume 2/6). By H. R.
DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.
CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON
with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of " The English Flower Gardes."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS* CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Gardeners' Ohromcle, Limited, by Love and Maloomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn, London. W-C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Ohionicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gawien, Cily of Westminster, Satprpay, July 21, 1917. Agent fiir ManoUester, John Hivwood.

NJi

No. 1596. Vol. LXII. {l=^^^\ SATUKD'AY, JULY 28, 1917. ^ Registered as a Newspaper.! PR'CE 3d.

vstKiM) ^ I Post-free, sw.

SUBSCRIPTIOS—Intand, 151- f Foreign, 17;6 [22tr. lOc] [$4 26c,) per annum, entered at yetc York Past Offiet at seeond-clasa matter.
PosUI Adilress-41, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address—" aardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 31.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MOST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

CONTIXUOrS PHoOrCTIOX FROM
THE GARDES.
.Siitton'e Oataloifues of Speds and Garden
Requisites for present use.
Sutton'a List of Vegetable Seeds for
Summer and Autnmn Sowing
contains brief cultural note*.
Sutton's List o( Flower Seeds for present
ao^in^ and spring flowering.
Sutton's Catalogue of KngIish.grown Bulbs,
contaiining partioulara of the mo«t popular Daffodils,
Nareissi, May-flowering and Darwin Tulips, &c., &i-.
These Oatalogues will be sent post free on application.

s

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

TiARR'S VEGETABLE SEEDS for July

^-^ to September Sowing. Special List poet free.—
BARR & SONS. King Street, Covent Garden, London.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed), cost

•'• *- Government 22s, 6d. Selling now at a bargain
price. S]>eciall}' selecte^l, without a blemish, as good a«
new; unsurpassed for gardening, farming, munition,. and
other wMwk ; single i>airs post free 10s. 6d. One quality
only — the best. State size. Money returned if disap-
prored. Special quotation for quantities.— THE THAMES
TRADING COMPANY, LTD. (Armv Boots Dept.), 6, Eldon
Street, London, E.C 2.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed).— A word
■^^ of advice. The prices of boots and leather have
gone up considerably ajid will increase greatly by the
coming winter ; it i« a good investment to buy our boots
now. We desire to give our customers the benefit.
Price and conditions .is above.— THE THAMES TRADING
OOMPAXV, LTD (Armv Boots Dept), 6, Eldon Street.
London, E.O. 2. ,

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^^ '■ Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.

" Plastine ■■ supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Worte, Battersea. Agents
tliroughout the country.

^UR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
free on application.— DOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

T) IC K SON ' S HORTICULTURAL

'-' MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawji. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Roral Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

'WATERER'S ALPINES, HERBACE-

' '■ OUS PLANTS and WATER LILIES. Large
stocks of the best and most popular varieties, Descrip.
five Catalogue free.— .JOHN W.\TERER, SONS k CRISP,
LTD.. The Nurseries, Twyford. Berks

s

PRIXG CABBAGES. — The best varie-
ties to sow now.

SUTTON'S HARBINGER CABBAGE.
The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 5d.
" Trial of Autiunn Cabbages. — .\ trial of no less tlian
114 stocks, reijresentLUg 94 sorts, was made at Wisley Uwi
year. ... It w^U be noticed that Sutton's Harbinger is
the onlv sort that did well in both trials (.Vutumn.sowri-
and Spring-sown). "—■• The Field," June 17. 1916.

•' Cabbage Harbinger is a capital variety I sowc<l
some seed in Julv, and now (Jonuarv 10, 1917) I ajn
cutting some lovelj heads "—Mr. A. P. Coles, The Gar-
dens, Waltacefield, Cro.vdon.

CUTTON'S APRIL CABBAGE.

^^ The most popular early Oabboj^e for garden use.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce, Is. 6d.
"The April Onbbage you supplied lue w-ith last year
liave done wonderfully well, hardly a plant has been
destroved bv the severe wiiitor. and fliev are now cominK
in very useful."— The Rev. .F. J. Brijofs. May 4. 1917

■'TIk' April Cabbage, raised from seed supplied by you
last year, was wonderful. They were o lovely bat-cli of
planti', and not one bolted." — Mr. H. Bnant. Framfield.

UTTOX'8 FLOWEFt OF SPKIXC

CABBAGE.

The most suitable for the general Spring crop.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce, Is. 3d.

" My bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage waa woll worUi
a pliotograph, and weeks <*arlier t-luui any others in tins
neighbourhood."— \V. Webb. Esq., Dursley.

'I c*>nsider your April and Flower of Spring \\\v hert
Cabbage in cultivation. Last September I planUil 2.000
of t-beni, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The bulk of tbeso arc
being sent to the Fleet through th*- Vegetable Proiincts
Committee."— Mr. T. R. Soholey, Rodboston Gardens.

s

s

UTTON it SONS, The King's Seedsmen

READING.

■[W'ARCISSUS. — Grand Primo. 150.000

■^ " large selected Bulbs for forcing, 308. per 1,000 ;
Floweririjt Biilb.^, 18s. per 1,000.— VAX DBR SLl'YS. La
Ramee, Guernsey.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot leadv for
-*- iinmefliate delivery. Sulphate o( Onppor 98 per
i-ent.. pure Washing Soda 98 per cent. Write for prices
ami quantity required per acre. — G. H. RIOHARDS,
234, Borougli Hi^h Street. Lorndon. S.E. 1.

STRAWBERRIES and HOW TO (;ROW
TMBM. — Plant early for next season's fruiting.
Complete list, w ith cultural directions, post free. Also
iip.to-date alpluiibetieaily arranged Ro»e List, with special
value in enllectionjs.— KING'S ACRE NXTISTIRIES. LTD.,
Hereford.

TT IS OF NO USE waiting -until the war

■^ is over to advertise j-our wares. Even if you find it
difllcuH to supply your cuatomers, on aocount of short-
age of staff and difflcultieB of tpanait. you should not
cea-se to advertise. When peace is declared, there wUl
be, at any rate for a time, increaaed wictivity in every
branch of induiftrj-. When that time comes, with whom
will your customers deaJ — with the man who has not
advertised for three years, and w<hose very name they
have forgotteit, or with the man w^o. by persistent a,nd
persevering advertising, haa kept bis name before the
public? Memories are rfiort, and people whose names
are out of sight are also out of mind. After the war
all your competitors will be at.ruggling to obtain the
business with which e\er>'one will then be in a better
position to cope. Are you going to miss your chance?

Fop Advertisement Charges see page v
" r>RITAIN'S GREAT CABBAGE."

■■-' WEBBS' EMPEROR CABBAGE.

(For July and August eovpingj.)
Earliest, best, and most popular Cabbage iQ
cultivation. Remarkably free from any
tendency to "bolt." 6d. and Is. per packet,
Is. 6d. per ounce, post free.

Mr. G. ElUvood, Head Gardener to W. H.
Myers, Esq., Swanmore Park, writes: ** I
should like to testify to the eicellence of
your Emperor Cabbage ; it is really a gem.
fit for private gardeners or market growerra
alike, and of splendid quaJitv."

WEBBS' FAVOURITE CABBAGE.

Early medium-sized heads, of splendid quality.
6d. and Is. per packet, Is. 6d. per ounce, poet
tree.

WEBB & SONS. LTD.. The King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroving Red Spider. Scale, Mealy Bug,
Tlirip, American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, &c.
Sold in boxes about lib., 31b., and 12lb.. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale ; PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London, S.W. 11.

"DUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

■^■^ Our new descriptive list is now ready, and wili
be sent on receipt of card.

.\LPINK STR.iWBERRlES a speci.aUtv,
GEO BUm'AKD & 00., Ltd., Koyal Nurseries, Maidstone.

SPRAY YOUE POTATOS.

INC'RE.'VSE your crops and protect them
fnoDi bli(fht and disease by using HEELING'S
SPRAYING MI.XTURE (" Kiln " Brand). Guarainteed free
from acid ajid Iteeps indefinitely. .K 4 lb. bag, with 25
galls, of water, is enough to spray twenty rods twice,
and costs only 4s. 6d. ; 8 lbs,, 8s.: 16 lbs., 13s. 6d. ;
32 lbs., 24s. ; carriage free in the U.K. Sfunple 1 lb.
Is. 6d., post free. Send P.O., with order, direct to the
manufacturers, KFJH.ING & WALKfiR. LTD., 20, Milton
House, Surrey Street, London, W.C. 2.

SANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., La«Tenre Road, Sou4h Tottenham, ■ N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh.'housea,
Portable Buildings, itc. Catalogues gratis.

J GRAY, LTD.. Builder of Conservatories,
• Greenihouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDER.

KELWAY & SON, the Royal Horticul-
turists, Langport, Somerset, are now booking
onlers tor their Ohoico Hardy Perennial Plants to be
<lcUverefl in the -lutumn. Plant a Colour BoixieT this
Aumniii, and you will be .able to enjoy its beauty for
inanv yeaiis without aay additional expense or trouble.

Send'the measurements of your borders, and tliej- wnU
recommend a selection of flowers suitable for your dis-
trict, and quot<- their Tcdufed pi'ic-es.

Paeonies, Dolphiniums, Plilnxes. Gaillardias, and other
l;e:iutiful n'owers inrtudcd in their colour schemes, whiiili
provide blooms from early spring to late auUunn,.

Write now to the Retail Plant Department for Reduced
Price Lists.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28, 1917.

BUSIMESS FOR SALE.

FOR SALE, an old-establislied FLORIST
and Jobbing Business; S.W. dista-iot.— K. F., Box 15,
41. Welling-ton Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

BUSINESS TO LET.

To LET at Michaelmas, Nursery and
Market G.ardens, situate in flourieliing town in
LeicesteT*ii-e ; splendid position ; 7 greenliouses, liot-
watCT boilers, necessarjr sheds, excellent water suppl.v.
well drained ; area OTer 4,200 square yar<ls. Also
House and Shop in centre of tov\-n : rent £75.— Appl.v,
J. \V. & A. XEWOO.VIBE. House Agents, .Market Har-
horougli.

PLANTS, &o„ WANTED

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS.
old plant.- suil.itile for st.ock ; oasb or excbjange.
See otiher .advert iseuioail s ; Catalogues free. — .SMITH,
London Fern Xurservi Loughborough Junction, London,

S.W.

TIT' ANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and

Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
&c., sent. Surplus stock from GaixJens accepted.—
MORLE & CO., 150-166. Finchley Eoad. N.W. 3.

WANTED, j-ooted cuttings of winter-
flowering Begonias, cash oa- exchange, to W-\L-
SHAW & SON, Nurseries, Scarborougrh.

w

ANTED, GERANIUMS.— Cuttings of

Paul Cranii>el and Jaooby, Calceolarias (yellow and
■). Offers invited.— MICHIE & CO., Nur,series, Aln-

PALMS. — Wanted, one or two Kentias. 8
lo lOft. ; good coudition.— Price, CAPERS, Great Mar-
ton Nurser>-, Wiaterloo Road, Blaolcpool.

WANTED, six Wooden Garden Arches, "i
good condition, cheap.— .^pply by letter, MBS.
RO.SE, 320, Green Lan,i.-s, Finsbury Park, N. 4.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE,

COLLECTION of choice ORCHIDS.—
Small collection, comprising Dendroibium, Oattleya
Bowringiana, Oattleya Trianae, Oattleya Mossiae, C^Tnbi-
ddums, CVpfipediimis, &c., fine varieties of Anthuiuums ;
in all 250 to he sold ; great sacriflc* ; in good condition.
Accept £10.— ROBERT GREEN aSH). LTD., 28 and 29,
Q-awford Street, W. •

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS '.

-■- 44tih Year of Distributdon.

Our weal - known Magniiiicent Strain Cinerarias,
Obconicas, OalceolarLas, &c. ; 2s. per doz. ; 12s. 6d.
per 100; oajTiage paid.-^IOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nur.
series, Ooventry.

"PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns. Climbino
-*- Ferns. Basket Ferns, Stove a.nd' Greenilouse Ferns,
Hardy Garden Fea-ns ; catalogues free.^. E. .SMITH,
London Fern Xurserr, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

"p'OR SALE, Atropa Belladonna Seed-
-*" lings ; delivery end of July and oaiiwards ; lis.
per 100, carriage paid, cash with order. — -^pplv, HI)M
BLAND, Blandsfort, Abbey Leix.

1 on OOn LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

J-\jyJ f\J\J\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydratigeas,
&c. : catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
•se-nies, Loug^hhorotigh Junction, London, S.W.

MISCELLANEOUS.

OPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
^"-^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipoor<l Tweed ; wears
Irk© leather ; showerproof ; 7 vflpds for 17s. 6d. Pattenis
free.— BR-iXiFORD WOOLLEn' CO.. 71, Bradford.

"POR SALE, excellent Turf Loam fo'- Gar-

-*7 <leniiT? purposes ; f.o.r. Glendon and Rusftiton.
Station. M.R. — For further particulars, applv C. R.
KXOLLYS. Estate Office, Boughton House, Kettering.

DEATH.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two)i
6a. for eaeh succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring tbeir Advertisements repeated

must give full pcrticiilars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
?Ja?n-e and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recomrrj/ended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into cmnmunication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to' the
Sender. '

PRIVATE.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER— H. .*.
W. EVANS beg to thank the applicants lor ttie
post adxertised; they are now suited.

WANTED, good all-round HEAD GAR-
DENER, ineligible, umderstHindling Glai=shouse«,
Peaches, Melons, Vines, &c., wath knowledge of outdoor
work ; ix>tfoge ; state wages. -\lso wanted, a SECOND
GARDENER, to a.ssist He;id in Glasshouses .and out-of-
doors: ineligible. Oatden cottage provided. State wages.
—.A. -\LID, lEsq., Dulford House. OuUompton, Deron.

WANTED, HEAD and SECOND GAR-
DENERS, mule or female ; understand stock pre-
ferable: oottage— Send full particulars. VIGERS, Holly-
dole, Keston, Kent.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEXER and BAILIFF for small home farm ; must
have know^ledgp of stflck and be thorougbly competent
and trustworthv.— Write. S H., Box 5, 41. Wellington
Street, Covent Garden., W.C. 2.

T^ANTED, HEAD WORKING G^P-

' ' DENER ■ man and bov kept ; cottage provided ;
must have excellent references".— Apply, C. L. G. MOORE,
.\ppleby Hall, Atherstone.

WANTED, good HEAD WORKIX(;
GARDENER: ineligible; Grapes. Stove House.—
Apply, .MISS BUOTHBV HEATHCOTE. devehurst. Stoke
Poges, Slough.

f^OLONEL VAUGHAN. of Courtfield
^^ Ross-on-Wye, requires a WORKING HEjVD GAR-
DENER for the above address.

^W/" ANTED, a good hard workini,' SIXGT i^.
~ ^ HANDED GARDENER (hejp given occasionally)
for good Gai-den in East Oornwalli; single or married,
with small family ; good refea-ences required. — .^ppl.i .
stating wrages, an<i giving references, X. Y. Z., o/o Hen-
iiingham & HoMis, 4, Mount Street, London, W. 1.

VITANTED, SINGLE - HANDED G.-VR-

• ' DENER. with general experience; w^ages 35s. —
App'v, .MISS HORNBY', Edendale, Creswick Eoad, Acton,
W. 3.

WANTED, at once, capable SINGLE-
HANDBD GARDENER (bov kept).— Applv by letter
to C. H. CAVE, E-sci., Rodw.av Hill House, Mangotsfield,
near Bristol.

W^ANTED, GARDENER; good outsid-

' ' work iind handy man; over miHtary age; good
wages, cottage, vegetables.— Apply, LINDSAY JONES,
The Spennells. near Kidderminster.

"yi/'ANTED. Good WORKING GAR-

' ' DEXER. where help is given,; to live in cottage
on the place ; no children.— STEVENS, Add]e.stone Lodge.
Surrey.

Tl/'ANTED, GARDENER, with help : must

' ' be thoroughly experienced in Fruit and Plant
gi-owing, also Kitcfhen Garden and Pleasure Grounds;
wages 30?. per week, house. &-c. — For particulars, appl.v
A. C. LEHANE, Park Halil Gardens, MansfieM, Notts.

GARDENER wanted : steady, reliah'- ma" •
nieligible ; one uswl to small electric lighting plant
lireferred ; single-handed; permanency. — Broadw.irt*, r
House, near Stevenage, Herts.

\^ANTED, SECOND GARDENER, In-

' ' side and Out ; male or female ; well up in Fruit
.iiid Plants; good wages; dutv and overtime paid. — Apply,
with full paatiotilars and references, to J. BLACKWOOD,
Sefton Park Gardens, Slough.

TITANTED, SECOND GARDENER ; niar-

^" ried or s-iugle ; cottage foun-rl : state wiiges, &c. ;
discharged soldier would suit. — H. MORRISON, Wil-
loiigliby House Gaixlens^, Rugby.

"WANTED, SECOND MAN; ineligible;

" • chiefly Inside ; able to tiike charge ; or t*\vo LADY
GARDEXERS, oae senior with experieii^ce ; good wtiges
;um1 comfortable cottage or Botln".— Parrticulars to H. E.
TVNDALL, Taudridge Oourfc Gaj'dens, Oxted, Surrey.

Ty ANTED, GARDEN ER, under Head
" * Gairleiier, where others kept : must be experienced.
Inside and Out ; ineligible ; 27s. and room. Also strong
YOUTH of 16 ; wages lacooi-ding to experience- — Apply,
giving full partjoulars, to the HEAD GARDENER, Non-
such Park, Clieam, Surrey.

T^T'ANTED, competent MAN to take charge
' " of Glaiss departm-ent, under Head Gardeiner; good
cott.ige.— Portdculars, wnges, &c., S. J., Bos 14, 41, Wet;
Ungtou Street, OOTcnt G;iivJen, W.C. 2.

T\rANTED, UNDER GARDENER for

"' Outside; duty alternate Sundays; pumping in
House ; wages 25s. per week, good oottage and gaiden,
millv. — Applj-, stating age, pai-ticulars. ito. ALFRED
CHILD, C-a.tesby House Gardens, Daventry, Northants.

TVTANTED, UNDER GARDENER; cot-

* ^ tage given.— Write, stating wages and full par.
ticulars, LADY MoMAHON, Southbroora House, Devizes.

"DEV. W. D. BUSHILL requires an
-■-■^ UNDKR GAR DEXER.— Address, The Hermitage.
Harrow-on-the-Hill.

T\;^ANTED. GENERAL FOREMAN, ex-

" * service man or ineligible ; experienced ia Fruit
v^nd Flower Culture, also Decorating ; good utiges. Bothy,
milk, and vegetables. — Apply, with full partioiilars, to
HEAD GARDENER, Castle Gaj-dens, Arundel.

W^ANTED, FOREMAN (Inside) ; in-

' • eligibb 1 '! . h II -1 'I : well up in Fniit, Cai-na-

tions, and !*■ i I' u-^ ; good wages for suitable

mmi.— Appl.N , I- . ' I. B.\KER. Tlie Gardens, Goid-

ings, Great W < i ■ , I - \

D

lED.— In the Cobham Cottase Hdsuital.

Mrs. Bailey, wife of Mr. W. H. Baifer. of Burnood
■e Gardens, Cobham, Surrey.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER, wi^'-
good exp?riencc and reierences ; eotftage or Botihy
l»rovided. — Full particular^: to A. BRADBURY, Bryn
Lupus, Llandudno.

WANTED, FOREMAN, with good experi-
ence ; wages 303. per week, with Bothy (or cot-
tage if married), millr, vegetables, &c. — Apply, with
full particulars, to T. DENT, Bl-jTlkinialt GardeoiSj ChirK,
Denbighshire.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for the Houses ;
ex-.Service mian <fl.* ineligible ; one with experience
of growing good Fruit, Flowers, and A'egetables under
G'la*-s; a good decorator; wages according to experience
ami iibilitv ; Bothy, &c.— Apply, gifieg full particulars,
to GARDENER, Park Place, Hcdiley-on-Thames,

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Fruit
Houses prin<-ip.dly ; wages 25s., duty 3s.; insur-
ance paid; perraainencv if suitable; good Bothy, &c. —
W. HEDLBY W-\RREX, .\ston ainton Gardens, Trin^.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Houses ;
ineligible ; wages 24s. per week ; Bothy and
vegetables ; duty evei-y third Sunday. — C. E-VRL, Somer-
hill Gardens, Tonbridge, Kent.

WANTED, a MAN for Glasshouses ; must
be experienced in Fruit and Plants; discharged
soldier or ineligible.— -4pply, with full particulars and
wages required, with Bothy or cottage. — H. KEMP,
Priory Gardens, Reigate.

WANTED, a good MAN; Kitchen Gar-
den, aind Grounds ; ineligible ; good wages ; cottage
and garden to suitable man.— .\pply, J. R. BOOTH, The
Gardenis, Wadhoirst Hall, Sussex.

WANTED, strong MAN, to work under
Head Gai-dener ; ineligible ; cottage or Bothy ;
married preferred.- -\pply, GUBBINS, Swalclifle Park,
B«nbui7.

WANTED, a LADY GARDENER, with
.some experience, to work with another lady. —
.\pply, MISS R.iTLIFF, The Oottage, Coundon, ' near
Ooventiy.

G-A.RDENER (lady) required ; 2 acres
Kitilipn and Flowers; strong lad to assist; unfur-
m.=\v^\ cottage and 30s. week.— .\pply, MRS. GIBSOX,
Stansread, Stitton, Surrey.

LADY GARDENERS.— Good, experienced
Head .a.nd Under Gaixleners wanted ; ,*aTe cottage ;
good all-round experience. — -4pply to MR. ROBrSSON,
Ecdlyneh House, near Salisbury.

JiTLT 28, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

"WAXTED, Two LADY GARDENERS

" ' for Leicestershire, umler go<xl Ga-rdener ; Outside
and Inside work ; wages 18s. each ; good fumishe^i oot-
tage provided.— C. J. THILLIPS, 1, Eaton Square, Lon-
don, S.W. 1.

TITANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS for

' ' Inside ; must bo exi>erienced ; 24s. per week,
Bothy^ i-c. ; duty and overtioie paid ; 12 o'clock Saturdsfy.
— Paitioulars to H, CHANDLER, Ooombe Abbey Gardems,
Gov en try.

"WANTED, Two WOMEX GARDENERS.

* * for Inside and Out (sisters or friends preferred) ;
some experience nieoessary ; Botby, &c. — Apply, st-ating
wages required and full particulars, W. WILLCOCKS,
Langley Park, Slough.

T ADY GARDENERS wanted ; all suited

-*-^ free. — Heads : Alresford, Hants ; "hk acres ; fair
amount of Glass; man and boy kept. Ooggeshall. E^es ;
303. and Chouse ; Vines, Peaches ; man and boy kept ; 5
Glass-houses. Bromley, Kent ; cottage or house ; 2 acres
of Kitchen Garden, Orchard, some Glaas. Hiiwiliead (2
wanted) ; good all-round Gardening experience. Stone-
bouse (Glos.) ; 20s. and furnished cottage ; 2 wanted.
Single-handed : Dun^fold, Surrey ; some knowledge of
Gajdening. Gerrards Cross, Bucks ; small Greenhouse,
Kitohen Garden. Tewkesbury, Gloe. ; 25s. ; no* mnch
Glass.— MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86. High Street, Marrlebone,
W. 1.

W/'ANTED. at once, 3 Female GAH-
'^ DEXERS for Fruit and Plant Houses; wages 20s.
per week ; Bothy and vegetables ; Sunday duty, Se. ; over-
time paid.— Full particulars to J. PITTS, Grittleton. OMp-
penliam, Wilts.

WANTED. Three WOMEN GAR-
DENERS (practical working), chiefly for Plant
Houses; one to take lead; comfortable Bothy, with atten^l-
iince. — Staite wages expected, and send full particulars of
experience, wiit-h copies of test-imonials, to A. JOHN-
STONE JOYCE, Grove Gaidene, Nettlebed, Oxon.

Tl/^ANTED, IMPROVER ; Inside and 0„t :
' ' wages 19s., Bothv, &c.4 overtime paid; 1 o'clock
Saturdav.— .ipplv, F. XOIiWOOD, Wiitlers Wood Gardens.
Woldinghani. Surrey.

•WANTED, a Youth as IMPROVER (In-
» • -ide) ; wages I83., with Bothy, &c. ; duty aiwJ over-
time paid extra.— E. BRTSTOW, Lej-Bwood Qatdens,
Grooni bridge, Tunbridge Wells.

WANTED, at once, stronj; YOUTH, fo-
OutAi^Ie ; must be expeTtence<l ; wages 21s., wit4i
Bofhv.— W. WARD, Ken Wood Oardeiw, Hampstead, Lon-
dim, K.W. 3,

TRADE.

WANTED, thoiim^hlv experienced

GROWKR, for Cuctimbers. Tomatos. &c.. general
and Xiirseri' work ; connected with the retail tra<le ; com-
fortable position for a good man.— Write, with all particu-
lars ami wages re*iirirod, to \. B., Box 10, 41, Wellington
Sti«ot, Oovcnt Oardnn, W.O. 2.

WANTED, for South of Scotland.
OROWBR (itldoorsl, with knowledge of solt-
woiKlod plante : also Herbaceous and Alpine plants. —
.StiUte age and w*age« expectc<l, with references, to H. B.,
B<ix 6, 41, Wellington Street, Cment Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, ROSE GROWER, good bud-
<lcr; permanent sitiuation. — Apply, ALFRED A.
WAIjTERS & SON, Nu-rseryraen and Fruit Tree Grower,
BaEh.

T>Ar;M GROWER; thorouudll.v experi-
-*- enced, wanted for London; ineligible; good wages.
—Write G. P., c/o Goulds. 54, New O.xford Street, W.O.

WANTED, .Mpine and Herbaceous Plant
PROPAGATOR, in good Kurscry.— Apply, with full
particulars, S. B., Box 1, 41, WeHingtatt Street, Oovent
Garden. W.O. 2.

WANTED, a CUCUMBER and TOMATO
GROWEE.— state wages required to J. M.
LEATHER, EantfieldB, Mitcham.

WANTED, a MAN, u.sed to growing
Ouoiimhers, Tomatos, and Pot Planrte. — Please etat«
wages required to M. J., Box 15, 41. Wellington Strc-ct,
Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

"Vl/'ANTED, FOREMAN ; experienced in
' ' Oucumbers and Tomato growing ; cottage free ;
t/ital abstainer.— Apply, J. LYONS, Laindon, Essex.

"f\7'ANTED, FOREMAN, to manage Nur-
" ' sery, Tomuatos and General Market G^irden. —
ALDRINGTOV NUBSERIES, Rutland Gaidone, Hove.

T\rANTED, WORKING FOREMAN

" ' (Outside), with a good knowledge of Ornamental

Shrubs, Trees, Climbers, &o. Good wages to competent

man.— V. N. GAUNTLETT & 00.. LTD., Ohdddingfold,
God.Tlming, Surrey.

YITANTED, immediately, active SHOP-
' * .MAX (ineligible), to take charge of Seed Business.
— Reply, stating wages required and references, to H.
CORDER, High Street, Bridgwater.

UEED TRADE.— SAMUEL FINNEY &

"^ 00., LTD., Newcastle-on-Tyne, have vacancy for ex-
perienced A.SSISTANT in their Garden Seed De]xi.rtment ;
permanent situation and good w^ages to reliable man. —
Write, stating .age, experience, and wages expected, to
above.

QEED ASSISTANTS wanted; ineli-

^--^ gible. — State age, experience, references, and wages
required, to DICKSO.V & ROBINSON. The King's Seeds-
men, Manchester.

T ADY Reguired on compact, established
Sursci-y : London district ; must be prepajod to
invest .about £200; good prospect.-^.— Write, H. S., Box 7,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Ganlen, W.C. 2.

Tir ANTED, for the Head Offices at King's

Acre, an experienced LADY TYPIST, with swne
knowledge of the Nursery Business.— Particulars as to
experience and wages required to KING'S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, LTD., Hereford.

TyANTED, SHORTHAND TYPIST;

ter-lmic-jilly experienced in the various branches of
the Hoptieultural trade.— Full particulars t« P. C. Box
18, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden W C 2

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 8d. for eaeh

succeeding Eight words or loss.

Gardeners desirinji their Advertisements repeated

must yive full j^rlirulars, nfheririsr no
notice will be. taktn of their communicatioiu .
XriniL and adilnss (ilnne an: insufjieient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters .10 addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE,

XTEAD GARDENER and BAILIFF (age

-'■■'■ 41, ineligible) seeks appointment where a thorough
competent and trustworthy man is required ; 30 years'
expericnoe ; 6 years present ; hlgliewt recommendation as
to cljaracter and ability. — J. 3., Box 11, 41, Wellington
Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

TXEAD GARDENER and BAILIFF; age

■'-■^ 46. -X.dverti.'^r seekn an appointment irtiere a
thorough competent and trustworthy man is required;
30 yoars' experience; 14 years prosont situation; highest
rpcommendAtion ns to character and nbilitr.— ^T, H., Box
20, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Gardem, W.O. 2.

PARM BAILIFF or BAILIFF and GAR-

•*- DENKR.— AdvertifM?T, over mi!itar>' age, and harlng
hfi^l a life experience in all branohes. would he ple-isoirl
to communicate with any lady or gentleman ro«iuirin|jr a
thorough, reliable man ; good referenoee.— R. F.WVKKS,
Beatrice Villa, Rowton, Chester.

TTEAD GARDENER or GARDENER-

-'--'• BAILIFF; life expericnoe in all hran^^en ; married
(ono d^.iug-hter) ; hijrhly recommon^U'd ; age 45.— OVVLES,
Paddock Cottage, Wiln'iington, Dartford, Kent.

XTEAD GARDENER; all-round, life ex-
-'-^ periem^. incliKling Windsor, Gunt-nn, and Birr;
ago 45 ; maTrled (4 ohiildren) ; at liberrty alter August.—
HOWES. The Gardene, Woodbastwick H^all, Norwicih.

r;jARDENER (Head).— A practical know-

^^ ledge of all branches ; the management and upkeep
of ft first-trlaes establishment; the production of Vege-
tables, Fruits, and Flowers in any quantity ; Inside and
Out; highlv recommended; marrio^l (no clilld ren) ; age>
51.— Write. *" HORTUS." Box 17, 41, W«UinffU>n Street,
Co>'ent Garden, WO. 2.

(^ARDENER (Head). — Advertiser seeks
^^ post where 6 or more are kept in normal times;
Life experience in lar?re estiibli^menta ; 11 yeaa^ present
place; personal reference obtainable; pennanent diaoharge
firm^ Army.— CLEMENT, Sonierhill Ga.rdens, Tonbridge.

r^ARDENER seeks situation as Head ; 12
^-^ yeons' experience ; married (no chiddTen).— XOVE-
DAY, 59, Kimpton Avenue, Brentwood, Essex.

SITUATION required as HEAD GAR-
^^ DENER ; thoroughly experienced in all branches;
20 years present situation, leaving through death of em-
ployer (Mrs. E. H. Denison).— A. G. GENTILE. Little Gad-
desden, Berkhamsted, Herts.

T^T" ARKWRIGHT, Esq., Sutton Hall,

' ' 'stronsrly recommends J. STEPHENSON to anyone
i-equdring a thoroughly experienced HEAD G.^RDENER ;
12 years present place : at liberty when suited ; ineligible
for military service. — STEPHENSON, Sutton SoairsdaJe
Chesterfield.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^-^ several are kept. — An expeiienced man requires a
situation as above ; good Fruit and Vegetable grower ;
understands grass land a.nd daiiry stock ; marrie<l ; well
above militaj-y ag«. Please state wages.— -A. PARRY,
Fordfleld Cottage, Brooklands Avenue, Oambridge.

(?JARDENER (Head Working or good
^^ Single-handed) ; married (no family) ; age 60': life
experience all branohes, Inside and Out; e-xoellent refer-
ence ; diseng'.ige<i.— (GARDENER, Octavin, Pegwell Bay.
Ramsgate.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; age 51 ;

^-^ 20 years Head Norbur\- Park, Dorking ; seeks re-
engagement, through death of employer; thoroughly
experienced all branches; used to growing large quan-
tities Fruit and Vegetables; awarded medals, &c., at
R.H.S. meetings; highest references.— Apply, GBOROE
KENT, Pixiijwn Lane, Dorlting.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; good prac-

^-^ iioal knowledge and grower; life^ exi>ei'ience ; ngro
39 ; diecliArged Army ; mnrried ; one bov (age 15 yeaiis) ;
go««i <-h.nractei-s.— Apply to HE-VD GARDENER, The
(Junlens. Bentley Priory, Stanmore, Middlesex,

QARDENER (Head Working) ; age 43 ;
^-^ in fi:ood establislmient ; thoroug^hly experienced in
all branches ; acti\'e ; excellent reference ; tised to produf.
ing Vegetables and Fruit dn large quaivtities. — H. F.
WAR REN, Sandhurst Lodge Gardens, Wellington College,
Berks.

QARDENER (Head Working), where
^-^ more are kept; life expej^enoe in lall branohes; ago
35; married (one child, age 6); ineligible; exoellent testi-
moni.ilB. State wages.— HOOK, 3, Burledgh.cottagea, Siil.
Road, Sutton. Surrey.

QARDENER (Head Working), where 2 ..i-

^-^ 3 are kept ; 8 ajid 9 years' TOferences as Head ; goo<l
all-roun<l cxporienco ; disengaged August 4 ; marnie<l ;
age 46. State wages.— W. SEARLES, Station Road, Pot-
ter's Bar, Middlesex.

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^-^ others arc kept ; oomjwtent and reliable ; gHKwi
grower Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetahles ; lite experience ;
ago 49 ; married.— F. SPILLARD, Wlaslhington. Pul-
borough.

rjARDENERS (Head Wopking) : tlio-
^^ roughly experienoed at Inside and Oui»ide work ;
excellent references; over milifcarv ago. — For particular«,
II. HORTON, "Head OaTdeners."" Ecclesliill. Hay'a lm\e,
Bromley, Kent.

QARDENER (Head Wopking) ; tho-
^-^ roTi^ily experienced in all branches; age 16; mar-
rie«t (3 children, youngest 10 years): 8 years in preseiiil.
place.- .T. PEPLOW, Brooklands HaJl Gardene, WelfJlipnoI,

C;jARDENER (Head, or Single-handed) ;
^ 28 .years' cxperionce Flowers, Fruits, and Vege-
tables ; good r^feienoes ; age 47 ; inar.rie<l. — AYItBS, Rec-
tory Lodge, Hedgerle?-, Famham Ro>'al, Bucks.

SITUATION required as GARDENER;
understands electric light plant; Isle of Wight pre-
Jerrcd.— NEWTOWN, Sunnyside, Steyno Rood, Bembridge,
Isle of Wight.

FOREMAN (ineligible), age 28, requires
situation. Inside or Out ; good experience dm Fruit,
Plants, House and Table Decoration ; not afraid of work :
distance no object. State wo^s and full particulars;
well recommended.— P. A., Box 20, 41, Wellington Streeit,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

JOURNEYMAN seeks situation ; Inside
and Out or Inside ; age 22 ; 6 years' experience ; mar-
rie<l ; good references.— MARTIN, c/n Mr. Walton, .\coaka
Green, Warwick Road, Birmingham.

ISITUATIONS WANTED continued on page v.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jttly 28, 1917.

LASTING RESULTS - NO NEW EXPERIMENT.

LABOUR SAVERS.-EuREKA" uwN SANo.

SoiLFuME Nicotine insecticides Fumers,
sprays. and other chemicals & sundries.
See List Please asis your agent for the Eureka

ARTICLES- They ARE ALWAYS SATISFACTORY IF ANY
DIFFICULTY IM OBTAINING WE SEMD DIRECT CARRIAGE PftlO

JrlyAJiti-.sTOMllNSOH & HAYWARD L'.' LINCOLN.

IMPORTANT :
LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

write for i
the Paper Com
pply—

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibpoua Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARNATION.S,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS,

etc.

A SUBSTITUTE lor ordinary 21 oz. glass," which is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is aliout
A in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free anil sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions.

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Quntatiiins Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, w«ll-gTown and cheap ; also
Many Rara and Choice Varieties.

TOTE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS

Kindly send (or Catalague,

AMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

anci Hand Lights,

which we shall lie pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particvlar>i on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^NSSw^^f,"""'

Vegetable Garden.

This is an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous growers,

MESSRS. VILMORIN, ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Paris. There are no market growers to
equal the French, and in this work English
readers will find placed at their disposal, in
readable and interesting form, all the
experience and knowledge of centuries of
successful cultivation. All the principal
vegetables, including many which are at
present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and
informative illustrations eive po.nt to the
instructions contained in the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal.

PRICE 15s. 7d. POST FREE.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINGTON 8T. STRAND, W.C. 7.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Blackfriars Wharf, Upper Oround Street, S.r.

Quota OAEbENERS' Chroniole;

^^Zhe, BEST and ChcopcsK

^t»U quantity of cjich aire rcqu.rrd «fid hav^ 'rt'timt* p«i<l "

mCMARD SANKETA SON, LTf>.

Balwell Po^^cr;es. NOTTIHOMAM.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

convince you that the
Drainafje. Porosity. Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS. Ltd.

2 Healon Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

BAMBOO BLINDS for GREENHOUSES.

SIZES

IN STOCK

FROM

lOft.xBft.

TO

15ft. X 15ft.

J AVERY & CO., Horticultural Blind Makers

PRICE LIST

SENT
POST FREE

ON
APPLICATION

81, GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON. W. 1

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

ets there pi

and makes the Garden ^J^^^^
gay all the year round - vH,*3"

CLAY & SON . Manure Mf^s & Bone Crushers, STRATFORD, LONDON. e.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Jtji-t 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

31

Xo. 1$9G— SATURDAY, JULY SS. 1917

CONTENTS.

Books, notices of —
The Mexican and Cen-
tra! American Species
of Ficiis . . . . :

Bulb rearing iu Lincoln-
shire . . .. . . ;

Chanipa;^ne bottles and
Cabb.ge fly ,. .. <

Currants, standard Red

Farm, crops and stuck
on the bumc

Food production, on in-
creased .. .. ..

Foreign correspondence —
Setd-srowing in Mace-
donia

Fruit crops, reports on

Xthe S-2-:

i>ardeners and the Re-
stricted Occupatiuud
Order ■

Lizard, soma interesting
wild plants at the ." ;

Lonicera tragophylla . . 40
Nicotine wash, hume-

luade 42

Oliituaiy

Young, John .. ,. 44

Plant hybridising 4u

Potato spraying .. .. 4'^
Rainfall, record .. ..40

Rv,se, Queen Alexandra rJ.
Societies-
National Carnation

and Picotee . . . . 43

Ruyai liurticuliural 42
Roval Scottish Arbori-

cultural .. ..43

Scotti&b Horticultural -i'-i
Trials of Bruad Beans

and annual Poppies .. 43

Wai Item .. 40
Week's work, the—

KJower garden, the 41

Fruits under glass 41

Hardy fruit garden, the 41

Kitchen gaiden, the . . 41

Plants under glaos 41

ILLU8TRATIOM.

Lonicera tragophylla

THE LIZARD ON A . MORNING IN
JUNE.

1\ an interesting and useful little book, en-
titled A Week at l/ie Lizard, the Rev. (', A.
Johns, author of that weD-kuown and popular
volume, Fluwevf of the Field, lias given us a fine
picture of the Lizard district as he found it in
1848. Some ohaiigee have naturally taken place
since Johjis rambled along its rocky coves and
precipitous shores. The advent of the motor-car
and omnibus rendered the district more easy
f>f access to visitors, and brought about a con-
siderable change in the habits and fortunes of
the inhabitants. Now, however, on account of
Government restrictions in the consumption of
petrol, in place of the buzzing engine, tooting
horn, and dusty roads, coni[>arative peace
reigns. But a <lefinite object has attracted us
on this bright .Tune morning — the collection of
two rare and interesting Trefoils which hide their
tiny heads in a small area near, and the beautiful
Mesembryauthenuini, known locally as " Sally-
my-handsome " (the natives' nearest effort to
pronounce the l^itin name), which has succeeded
in establi.-hing itself in considerable profusion on
the Corniish coasts. For this dual purpose it
will ,be sufficient to examine and describe (alas !
the camera is verholeti) a most beautiful valley a
little to the west of the actual Lizard point,
known aa the Caerthillian Valley. This is a
natural rocky rill, deserving the careful atten-
tion of the land-cape ganlener, for it contains
examples of maritime rock-plant associations of
remarkable beauty and charm. Johns says of
this spot t " A sloping bank on the right-hand
side of the Caerthillian Valley, about a hundred
yards from the een, produces, I should think,
more botanical raritie.f than any other spot of
efjual diimensions in Great Britain. Here are
crowded together, in so small a space that I
actually covered with my hat growing specimens
of, all together, Tjotus hispidu.?, Trifolium Boc-
coni, T. Molineri, and T. strictum." This little
device of covering a floral area with the brim
of his hat and investigating the contents thereof
seems to have been a characteri.'^tic of the worthy
and reverend gentleman ; and it was, indeed,
rather a, noteworthy feat, for the hat, as we see
from the picture of him climbing a precipitous
cliff, w.os a f<ill one.

The chinks of the walls by the side of the
road leading down from the Lizard village teem
with multitudes of Cotyledon Umbilicus and neat
vertical carpets of the beautiful pink-flowere*l

Sedimi anglicmn, an agreeable colour change
from the common yellow species of the North
Downs. Here and there are dotted small
examples of Asplenium Adiajitum-nigruni.
Towards the riU of water one meets charming
associations of the scarlet Pimpernel, Bird's-
foot-Trefoil, with yellow and bronze flowers
on the same stalks, and evei-j-where there
is a meadow carpet of pink-flowered Thrift. A
little further up the valley there are occasional
tufts of this plant with flowers of a much deeper
colour. By the water-side revel cool green tufts
of the Sea-Beet (Beta maritima) and dwarf forms
of Silene inflaita. On the rocks bordering the
little rill of water, that charming little plant,
Glaux maritima, with its pink petaloid calyx
exactly simulating a corolla, forms a dense mass
amongst the stones. On the lower slopes near
by one finds the two TrefoUs, Trifolium Bocconi
and T. Molineri, and curiously-dwarfed Jasione
montana only a couple of inches high, whilst
here and there occur simple examples of the
Ox-eye Daisy in miniature, exactly as figured by
Johns t:eventy years ago. Flesh-coloured forms
of the Pimpernel and almost pink Polygala
vulgaris are charaoteriitic of the valley
By the sides of the stream .Sedum anglicum
is always much paler than on the walls higher
up. Spiraea filipendula, perhaps most beautiful
when the flowers are just opening, grows in some
fjuantity amongst the Gorse towards the top of
the valley, where Arenaria verna, var. Gerrardii.
finds its home on the more barren spots of the
heath. From the htad of the valley may be
seen the "old windmill," a conspicuous and
well-known landmark in the neighbourhood,
which was described by a eerfciin writer in A
Drive lo the Land's End as " the tower of a
ruined church, venerable with age," an error
rather caustically commented on by Johns.

The Mesembryanthemum, now so thoroughly
naturalised and so characteristic a fc>ature of the
sea-slopes of Cornwall, occurs on an old quarry
face at the right-hand side of the entrance to the
Caerthillian Valley. This ixirticular patch con-
sisted of M. aequiilaterale, a native of .\ustralia.
Cliile, and California, with magenta flowers, and
another species, M. edule, from South Africa,
with the young flowers either pale primrose-
yellow, or pink, the yellow ones soon changing to
liink. The change of colour from yellow to pink
is interesting ; young flowers, quite yellow when
packed and de.'ii>atcli6d by post, were pink on
arrival at Kew. I collected material from a
single plant of a third species, with deep
magenta flowera and rather different leaves, be-
tween Portlevon an<l Looe Pool, about half-way
up the slopes near the boundary of Captain
Rogers' estate. Mr. Rolfe has determined this
to be jr. acinaciformc, and it is apparently the
first recf)rd for this species.

Tlie two Trefoils which grow in the Oaer-
thilli,an Valley and at Cadgwith, a little further
east, are very interesting from a phyto-
geographical standpoint. Together with a few
other species of plants, they constitute the Lusi-
tanean and Mediterranean elements which are so
remarkable a feature of the Cornish flora. These
two Trefoils oix-ur nowhere else in Britain,
and they Ixitli have a fairly wide dis-
tiiibution in France and the Mediterranean
littoral. It is not my role to discuss the ques-
tion as to whether their occurrence in Cornwall
is evidence of a former land coimection with the
Continent, or whether they were introduced
since the glaoial period, when the temperate
flora of these islands is supposed to have been
entttely destroyed. In his book on thu origin of
the British flora, the late Clement Rcid strongly
supported the latter theory. The species under
consideration certainly grow naturally enough, as
if they had been there as long as any other
portion of the flora of this interesting district.
In reference to this subject, we cannot conclude
without quoting the very wise remarks of the
Rev. C. A. Johns nearly seventy years ago :
"The fact that the Trefoils peculiar to

the district should have been discovered
growing together has been thought so
singular that some botanists have enter-
tained doubts whether they are really in-
digenous. I myself see no reaison to doubt
that their first introduction was coeval with that
of the rest of the vegetation on the cliffs. It
should be remembered that, as the Lizard is the
most southerly point in England, and its climate
uniformly mild, we hare good grounds for ex-
pecting to find plants properly belonging to the
warmer sea-coasts of Europe, and such is the
case of these three Trefoils. . . . The cliffs
in the vicinity of the Lizard are precipitous, and
no ballast thrown overboard or washed from a
wreck could be carried thither. The serpentine
formation is a very uncommon one in England,
and may be faN-ourable to the growth of the
plants in question ; if this were not the case, we
should, perhaps, find them in other situations.
But, after all, the simplest solution of the ques-
tion is to assume at once that there wa« a tin)e
when Great Britain was a portion of the Euro-
pean Continent. The whole was then clothed
by continuous zones of vegetation, W'hich the
subsequent formation of the Channel inter-
rupted, indeed, but did not destroy. "
J. Ilulrhirii^on.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Fios of Mexico and Central
America.'

Vv'hen, in 1885, I compiled tlie enumeration
of the Figs for the Botany of the Biologia
Ccntrali-Amcricana, between forty and fifty re-
puted species were on record for tliat region ; but
as the Kew Herbarium contained authenticated
.specimens of fewer than half of these reputed
species, no attempt at a critical revi.sion was
undertaken. Since tliat date many districts of
the countries in question have been much more
thoroughly explored botanic^illy, and a relatively
large number of additional species discovered.
Mr. Standley defines forty-one species of Ficus,
more than half of which ai* new to vscience ; so
that more than half of the names in the Jiiologia
are reduced to synonyms of others. From the
numerous discoveries of the last half-century,
especially in Asia and Africa, it may be esti-
mated that Fious numbers at leant 800 species,
generally dispersed in tropical countries, but
most numerous in Asia and Africa. A. Carica
is at home in the Mediterranean r(>gion ; a few
speoifs extend beyond the tropics in Eastern
.\sia and Eastern Australia. None is recorded
north of Mexico, or far outside of the southern
tropics of America. Figs are common in
Western Polynesia, and characteristic in some
islands, and ITicus columnaris is one of the most
remarkable and conspicuous trees in Lord Howe
Islands, a speck in the ocean 300 miles east of
Australia. It is simil.ar in habit and dimensions
to the Banyan, F. indica. Noteworthy among
the Mexican and Central AmericJin species are
F. intr.imarginalis, F. cotinifolia, F. p.adifolia,
and F. gUbrata. The first has broad leaves 10
to 15 inches long. F. cotinifolia is vpry com-
mon, and ranges from the Northern St,ates of
Mexico to Costa Rica, F. padifolia is equally
common, from North Mexico to Panama, and is
credited with twenty-one .synonyms. F. glabrata
is a tree often 80 to 120 feet high, common in
Guatemala, and extending to Oolombia. Mr.
Standley employs the characters affonled by the
inflorescence and flowers as primaries in his
classificiition and definitions of the Sfyeciea and
those of the leaves as secondaries. He makes no
reference to the phenomena of fertilisation, and,
what is more to be regretted, he gives no dif-
ferential description of the genus Ficus. W.
Hotting Hemsley.

• "The Mexican «nd Centr»l American Species of Ficus,"
h» Paul C. Standley, nnntrihutions from the -Umfrd fHalct
National Herbarium, XX., Part I., pp. l-:!'., with an index.
1917,

S2

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Jtjly 28, 1917.

REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF THE OUT-DOOR FRUIT CROPS.

[FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS.]

The words "Avbraoe," "Over," or "Under," as the case may be, indicate the amount of the crop;
AND " Good," " Very Good," or " Bad," denote the quality.

Fuller comments will be given in the pollowino ndmbeks. See also Leading Article on page 38.

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

1
PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW- „,.„„
BERRIES. JNUlb.

1

NAME AND ADDRESS.

SCOTLAND

0, Scotland, N.

CAITHNESS

Over :
very good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over;
very good

Over ; good

Gardens, Thurso.

ELGIN

Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average

Average

Under ; good
Under ; bad

Under

Under

Under ; bad
Under ; bad

Under

good

Average ;

good

Under ; bad

i

Under ; bad

Average ;
good
Over;

very good
Average

Average

Average ;
good
Over ;

very good
Under

Average

Average

Tohn Macpherson, Mayne Gar-
dens, Elgin.

George Edwards, Ballindalloch
CastlflGardens, Ballindallocli.

Tames Jamieson, Easter Elchies
Gardens, Craigellachie

W. Macdonald, Ben Damph
Gardens, Torridon.

ROSS-SHIRE

Under

Under

Under

Under

Under

Average

1, Scotland, E.

Gardens, Golspie.

ABERDEENSHIRE

Under ; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under ; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average
Under ; good

Average ;

good
Average

Under ; good

Over ; good

Under ; bad
Over ; good

Average ;

good;

Over ;
very good
Over : good

Average ;

good
Over ; good

Over ; good

Tames Grant, Rothienorman

Gardens,
^imon Campbell, Fyvie Castle

Gardens.
Tohn McKinnon, Haddo House

Gardens.

BERWICKSHIRE

Average ;
very good
Over; good

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Average
Under ; good

Over;

very good

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Average ;
very good
Under ; bad

Under ; good

Average ;

very good

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
very good
Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Over ;
very good
Over ; good

Average ;
very good

Over ;
very good
Average ;
very good
Average';
good

Peter Smith, Duns Castle Gar-
dens, Duns.

W. A. Baldwin, Jlellerstain Gar-
dens, Gordon, Berwiek.

ITiomas Nelson, Milne Graden
Gardens, Coldstream.

CLACKMANNAN-
SHIRE

Over;
vei-y good

Average

Under

Average

Average

Under

Over;
very good

Average ;
good

Under

Alexander Kirk, Alloa.

EAST LOTHIAN

Under ; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under; good

Average ;

good

Average ;
bad

R. P. Brotherston, Tyninghame
Gardens, Prestonkirk.

Average
Under

Average

Under
Average
Under

Under
Under
Under

Under
Under
Undsr

Average

Average ;
good

Average
Under
Under

Over ; good

Average ;

good

Over ;

very good

Average

Average';
good
Over

Chas. Simpson, Wemyss Castle
Gardens, East Wemyss.

D. McLean, Raith Gardens,
Kirkcaldy.

William Henderson, Balbirnie
Gardens, Markinch.

FORFARSHIRE

Over ; good
Over ; good

Under

Average ;
good

Under

Average ;
gf)od

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Over ; good
Over ; good

Average

Gardens, Brechin.
Andrew McAudie, Ruthven
House Gardens, Meigle.

KINCARDIN&SHIRE

Under
Average

Under
ITnder

Under
Under

Average

Average ;
good

Over ;
very good

Over
Average

Over

Average ;
good

William Knight, Fasque Gar-
dens, Laurencekirk.

William Thomson, Urie House
Gardens, Stonehaven.

LINLITHGOW-
SHIRE

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under; bad

Over ;
very good

Under ; good

John Highgate, Hopetoun Oat-
deus. South Queensferry.

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;
very good

Under

Under
Under ; good
Under ; bad

Under

Under

Under

Average ;
good
Under

Under

Aver.age

Average ;
good
Under

Average
Under

Under

Under

I'nder ; good

Over J
very good
Average ;

good
Over; very

good

Over

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good .
Average

Under

Castle Gardens, Bonnyrigg.

James Whytock, Dalkeith Gar-
dens, Dalkeith.

A. C. Scott, Oxentoord Castle
Gardens, Ford.

Wm. McDonald, Cardrona,

Innerleithen.

perth,shire

Average

Under

Under

Under

Average

Average

John Robb, Miluab Terrace,

Crieff.
Thomas Lunt, Keir Gardens,

Dunblane.

G, Scotland, W.

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under

Average ;
very good

Average ;
good

ARGYLLSHIRE

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under

Average ;
good

Over;

very good

Under

Average ;
good

Over ;

very good

Under

Over; very
good

Average ;
very good

Over;

very good

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;

very good

Under

Average ;
very good

Average
Under ; good

D. .S. Melville, Poltallock

Gardens. Kilmartin.

Henry Scott, Torloisk Gardens,
Aros, Isle of Mull.

George Haig, Barcaldine Gar-
dens, Ledaig.

AYRSHIRE

Under; bad

Average

good

Average

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good
Under

Under ; bad

Under ; good
Under ; good

Under
Under; bad

Under
Under ; good

Under
Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Over

Over ;

very good

Average
Under ; good

Over
Under ; bad

Average

BUTESHIRE

dens, Kilwinning.
D. Buchanan, Bargany Gardens,

Dailly.
John Mclnnes, Kirkmichael

House Gardens, by Maybole.

Gardens, Bute..

DUMBARTONSHIRE.

Over

Average

Average

Under

Over

Under

Donald Stewart, Knockderry
Castle Gardens, Cove.

DUMFRIESSHIRE ....

KIRKCUDBRIGHT-
SHIRE

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; bad
Average

Average ;

good

Under ; good

Under

Under ;
very good'
Average ;

good
Average ;

good

Under ; good

Over; very

good
Average ;

good
Over ; good

Average ;

good

- Average ;

good

Under

Under

James McDonald, Dryfeholm

Gardens, Lockerbie.
John Urquhart, Hoddom Castle

Gardens, Ecclefechan.
F. Loughton, Cairnsmore House

Gardens, Palnure.

Jui-Y 28, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

33

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CROPS— (con«"W(i).

NAME AND ADDRESS.

John Sfiddleton, Callendar

House Gardens, Falkirk,
r. \V. Cuniiiiifiham Duntreath

Castle Gardens, Blanefleld.
■John Bryden, Dunragit Gar-

dena, Dunragit.
Samuel Gordon, ^lonreith House

Gardens, Whauphill.

W. Smith, Lambton Castle
Gardens, Fence Houses.

.rohn .Smith, Hyltou House
Gardens, North Road.

B. Tindale, Kavensworth Gar-
dens, Gateshead.

Jas. E. Hathaway, Baldersby

Park Gardens, Tliirsk.

. E. Sutton, Castle Howard

Gardens, Welburn.
Alfred Gaut, 61, Belle Vue Road,

F. C- Puddle, Scampston Hall
Gardens, RiUington.

C. Fulford, North Riding Asy-
lum, York.

Sidney Legs, Dalton Holme
Gardens, Beverley.

T. Spooner, Meldreth, Royston.

Arthur Sewell, The Palace Gar-
dens, Ely.

. Alderman, Babraham Gar-
dens.

W. Woods, Chippenham Park
Gardens, Ely.

B. Goodacre, Moulton Paddocks,
Newmarket.

Edwin Guile, Shortgrove Gar-
is, Newport.
Arthur Bullock, Copped Hall

Gardens, Bpping.
William .Johnson, Stanstead Hall

Gardens, Stanstead.
H. Lister, Easton Lodge Gardens,

Dunmow.
Charles A. Heath, Great

Hallingbury Place Gardens,

liishops Stortford.
C. Wakely, County Gardens,

Chelmsford.

A. V. Coombe, Ramsey Abbey

Gardens, Ramsey,
.lames Hewitt, Kimbolton Castle

Gardens, Kimbolton.

J. Foster, Grimsthorpe Castle
Gardens, Bourne.

Vinden, Harlaxton Jfanor
Gardens, Grantham.

Thomas Cox, Hainton Hall Gar-
dens, Lincoln

E. 0. Norrls, Elsham Hall Gar-
dens Elsham.

, Wynn, Sedgeford Hall Gar-
dens, Kings Lynn.
Isaiah .Johnson, Catton House
Gardens, Norwich.

jseph Robinson, Somerby Hall
Gardens, Oakham.
W. Doidge, Barley Thorp
Gardens, Oakham.

, O. Creek, Shire Hall, Bury
St. Edmunds.

VV. Messenger, Woolverstone
Park Gardens, Ipswich.

\. K. Turner, Orwell Park Gar-
dens, Ipswich.

imes Hilson, Flixton Hall
Gardens, Binigay.

William Low, Euston (ianlens.
Thetfor.l

H. Coster, Ickworth Gardens,
ButJ St. Edmimds.

Alfred Andrews, High House
Gardens, Campsea Ashe, Wick-
ham Market.

W. H. Ncild, Woburn Experi-
mental Fruit Fann, Ridg-
mont, Aspley Guise.

T W. Stanton, Hinwlck Hall
Gardens, Wellingborough

C. J. Bllttt, Chicksands Priory
Gardens, Shetford.

34

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[JtTLY 28, 1917.

CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CROPS-ico,itmne

</).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TAR INES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

4. Mi land Counties.

i;ki)Fordshire

Average

Under

Under

Over ; good

Under

Under; bad

Average ;

Average

. Average

Wm. F. Palmer, Frosfleld Gar-

(continued)

good

dens, Woburn.

Average ;
good

good

Under

Average ;
good .

Over ; good

Under ; good

Over ; good

good

Thomas Pep()ei-, Oakley Gandens,
Oalcley.

Under '

over

Under

Average

Over ;
good

Over;
good

Over

Under

Laston Bros., Bedford.

FU'CKINOHAitSHIRE

Average :

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Over : ve ry

Average ;

0. F. .Tohnson, Waddesdon Gar-

very good

gool

good

good

good

very good

dens, Aylesbury.

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average

Averaije ;

Average ;

Average

Average ;

Average

Average

William Turnliam, Greenlands

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Henley-on-Thames.

Over :

Average ;

Over

Average

Average

Average

Over ;

Under

Average ;

James MacGregor, Mentmore

very good

good

very good

very good

good

Gardens, Leighton Buzzard.

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over;

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;
good

James Wood, Hedsor Park

good

good

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Bourne End.

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under ; bad

Average :
good

W. Hedley Warren, Aston

Clinton Gardens, Tring.
Philif) Mann, Education Sub-

Average ;

Under

Under

Average ;

Average

Average

Average

Under

Average

good

good

Offlee, Ayl«burv.

Over : good

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Under

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

William Brook8,MissendenHouse

Average ;

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Amersham.

good

Average

Average ;

Over; very

Over ; very

Average

Over;

W. Waters, Bulstrode Gardens,

Average ;

Over :

good

good

good

good

very good

Gerrards Cross.

good

very good

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under

Average

Under

Under

Chas. Page, Dropraore Gardens,
Maidenhead.

CHESHIRE

Average :

Average ;

Average

Average ;

Average ;

Under; good

Average ;

Under

Average

Charles W. Flack, Cholmondeley

under

good

good

good

good

good

Castle Gardens, Malpas.

Average

Over; very

Ovei ; very

Average ;

Average ;

Under

Average ;

Average ;

Under; bad

James Atkinson, Torkington

good

good

good

good .

good

good

Lodge Gardens, Hazel Grove,
near Stockport.
Philip Bolt, Manor House

Over : very

Over ;

Over ; very

Over;

Average :

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

good

very good

good

very good

good

good

good

, good

good

Gardens, ^liddlewich.

Average

Over good

Over good

Average ;
good

Over

Under

Over ; very
good

Under ;
good

Under

N. F. Barnes, Eaton Gardens,
Chester.

Average ;

Over;

Average ;

Under ;

Over very

Average ;

Average ;

Alfred N. Jones, Marbury

very good

very good

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Northwich.

DERBYSHIRE

Average ;

Over ;

Average ;

Over;

Average ;
good

Over;

Over;

Average

.T. Max Held, Darley Abbey Oar

good

good

good

very good

verv good

very good

dens, Derby.

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Ovei ;

Average ;

Over ;

F. 0. Mills, Laneside Rouse

good

good

very good

good

very good

Farm, Glosaop.

Average ;

Under

Under

Average

Under

Average ;

Average

.1. Tully, Osmaston Manor Gar-

good

good

dens, Derby.

Under

Under

Under

Average ;
good

Average

Under

E. Wilson, Hardwick Hall Oar-
dens, Chesterfield.

Average ;

Under

Average ;

Average ;

Average

Under ; bad

F. Jennings, Chatsworth Gar-

pond

good

good

dens, Chesterfield.

HERTFORDSmRE

Average ;
good

Average;
irood

Average ;

Under

Average ;
good

Average

Under

Under ; bad

Average

Thomas Nutting, Childwick-
bury Gardens, St. Albans.

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ;

Over ; good

Edwin Beckett, Aldenham House

good

good

very good

Gardens, Elstree.

Average ;

A verage ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

E. V. Hazcltun, North Mymms

good

very good

,r F"""^, ,

good

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, llatllrl.l.

Average ;

Avera -e ;

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Over ; very

Under ; liad

William Kiillnnl, Delrow House

very good

good

good

good

good

good

(iar.lens, Aldenham

Average;

Over good

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; bad

Over ; govd

Thos. Rivers & Son, Sawbridge-

good

good

good

worth.

LEICESTERSHIRE

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under; good

Under ; good

Over ; good

Over;
very good

Average ;
good

D. Roberts, Prestwold Gardens,
Loughborough.

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; good

good

Under ; very

Under; good

Average ;

Under ; bad

W- Paterson, Swithland Hall
Gardens, Loughborough.

good

very good

good

good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under; good

Average

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

F. Ibbotson, Rolleston Hall
Gardens.

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average :

Average •

A. Shakelton, Burrough Hill

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Melton Mowbray. "

NORTHAMPTON-

Under; bad

Under ; bad

Under ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

C. F. Crump, Althorp Park Gar-

SHIRE

good

good

good

good

good

dens.

Average ;

Average :

Under ; very

Average ;

Over ; very

Under ;.good

Average ;

Average ;

Average

J. Meager, Harrowden Hall Gar-

very good

very good

good

good

good

very good

good

very good ,

dens, Wellingborough.

Average ;

Average ;

Under; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;

Average

Robt. Johnston, Wakefield Lodge

good

good

go d

good

Gardens, Stony Stratford.

Under ; good

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over; very
good

Average ;
good

Under

Alfred Child, Catesby House
Gardens, Daventry.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under

Average

James Gibson, Welbeck Abbey
Gardens, Worksop.

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under

Average

Average

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Average

Average

S. Barker, Clumber Park Gar-
dens, Worksop.

Average ;

Average ;

Under

....;.

Average ;

Average ;

Thomas Simpson, Newstead

good

good

good

good

Abbey Gardens, Newstead.

Average

Under

Under

Over

Over

Under

Average

Over

Average

Arthur C. Lehane, Park Hall
Gardens, Mansfield.

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

I. R. Pearson and Sons,
Lowdham.

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Under; good

F. W. Parkes, Wollaton Hall

good

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Nottingham.

OXFORDSHIRE

Over ;

Over ; very
good

Average ;
good

Over-

Over ; very
good

Over;
very good

Over ; very
good

Tohn A. Hall, Shiplake Court
Gardens, Henley-on-Thaihes.

very good

very good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over

Average

Over ; ^ood

Over ; good

Average

Arthur J. Long. Wyfold Court
Gardens, nr Reading.

Average ;

Average ;

Under

Over; good

Average

Average ;

Over ;

William J. Short, Middleton

good

good

very good

very good

Park Gardens, Bicester.

Average ;

Average ;

Under; very

Over ; good

Under ; very

Over ; good

Average ;

T. W. Whiting, Shotover Park

very good

very good

good

good

very good

Gardens, Wheatley.

Over; good

Over ; good

Over

Over

Over

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average

W. Miles, Caversham Park Gar-
dens, Reading.
Ben. tampbell, Cornbiiry Park

Average

Average

Average ;

Under

Over; good

Under

Over ; very

Under

Average :

good

good

good

Gardens, Charlbnry.

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; good

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

C. E. Mmiday, Nuneham Park

very good

very good.

good

very good.

good

good

good

good

Gardens, nr. O.vford.

SHROPSHIRE

Average

Average

Average

Average

Over ; good

Under

Over; good

Average ;

Qeorge Adams, Lillesball Gar-

sood

dens, Newport.

Over ; good

Over ; good

, Average

Average

Over; good

Average

Over

Under

Average

Alex. Haggart, Moor Park
Gardens, Ludlow,

JiTLT 28, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

35

CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CROPS

—{^continued

.

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMAXL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

4, Hiilland Counties.

-

STAFFORDSHIRE

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Over;

Average ;

Under

H. Collier, RoUeston Hall Gar-

good

good

good

good.

very good

good

dens, Burton-on-Trent.

Average ;

Average ;

Over

Average

Average ;

Under

Average ;

Under

Averaae ;

VV. Halliday, Patshull Gardens,

good

good

good.

good

good

Wolverhampton.

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; good

Average

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average

A. Cheney, Shenstone Court

good

good

Gardens, Lichfield.

Average ;

Average ;

Over; good

Over ; good

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Under ; good

r. Bannerman, Blithfleld Gar-

good

good

good

dens, Rugeley.

\yARWICKSHIKE

Average

Average

Under

Average

Over

Under

Average

Over

Jno. Masterson, Weston House
Garden?, Shipston-on-Stour

Average ;

Over

Average ;

Under ; bad

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; good

Over ; good

Chas. Harding, Ragley Hall

good

good

good

good

very good

Gardens, Alcester.

Over ;

Over;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Average ;

J. Smith, Wellesbourne House

very good

very- good

good

very good

very good

good

good

Gardens, Wellesbourne.

Average ;

Under : very

Under ; very

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Under ; good

H. Dunkin, Jlouiit Pleasant

good

good

good

go d

good

Gardens, Emsoote.

Over ; good

Under ; good

Under; good

Average :
very good

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Over ; very
good

Average ;
bad

W. Harman, Newnham Paddox
Gardens, Lutterworth.

5. England ?.

BERKSHIRE

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Avorage ;

Under

Over ; very

Under ; good

Under

Edw. Harriss, Lockinge Gardens,

very good.

good

good

good

good

Wantage.

Over ; very

Over

Average

Under

Average ;

Average

Average ;

Over ; very-

Average

J. .Minty, Oakley Court Gardens,

good

very good

good

good

Windsor.

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Under; bad

Over ; very

Average ;

Average

A. W. Blake, The Castle

good

very good

very good

goo<i

good

good

good

Gardens, Highclere.

Aver.ige ;

Average ;

Avera e ;

Average :

Average

Under

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Under

Thomas Wilson, Castle Gardens,

very good

good

very good

very good

good

Wallingford.

Average ;

Average ;

Average :

Average ;

Average ;

Under

Average ;

Average

Average ;

A. B. Wadds, Englefleld Gar-

very good

good

very good

good

very good

very good

good

dens, Reading.

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over; good

Average ;
good

Over : very
good

Average

Over ; very
good

Average

Average

A. MacKellar, Royal Gardens,
Windsor.

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Geoffrey Cooper, Ranworth,

good

good

good

good

good

good

Malvern Road, Maidenhead.

Average :

Average :

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Under; good

Over; good

Under ; very

Average

William Tapping, ShinBeld

good

very good.

good

good

good

good

Manor Gardens, Reading.

Over ; goo<i

Average

Over

-Average ;

Over ; gooJ

Average ;
gojd

Over

Average

Over

.1. Howard, Benham Valenc*
Gardens, Newbury.

DORSET.SHIRE

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; very
good

jVveragc ;
very good

Over ; good

Average ;
very good

Under

Over ; good

T. Turton, Castle Gardens,

Sherborne.

Over ; very

Over: very

Over; very

Over ; very ■

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Under ; bad

Over; good

Thos. Denny, Down House

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Blandford.

Average :

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Over: very

Average ;

,1. .Taquos, Bryanston Gardens,

good

good

good

good

bad

Blandford.

Over ; very

Under; bad

Over ; very

Under; bad

Average ;

Average ;

H. Kenipsliall, Abbot-ibury Castle

good

good

very good

very good

Gardens, Dorchester.

HAMP.SHIRE

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
good

Avel'age ;
good

Over;
very good

Average :
very good

Over ; very
good

Under; good

Over ; good

Lewis Smith, Cadland Park Oar-

dens, Fawley, Southampton.

Average ;

Over ; goo<l

Average

Average

Over ; very

Average ;

L. Carsley, Stratton Gardens,

good

good

good

Jlicheldever.

Over ; very

Over; very

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; very

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Henry Martin, Bartley Lodge

good

g od

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Cadnani, South-

ampton.

Over ; good

Over ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over; very

Average ;

Over ;

Average ;

Over ; good

Henry TulUtt. Ashe Park Oar-

very good

good

good

good

good

very good

good

dens, OvtTtDii, iir. Basingstoke

Average ;

Over;

Ovi r ; very

Average ;

Over; very

Over ; vei-y

Average ;

Under ; good

Average ;

v.. Ken. lull, hognii^mneld Park

very good

very good

good

good

good

good

very good

very good

Gnrili'Ms. Winc^hHcM.

Over;

Aveiage;

Over ;

Over; very

Over ; good

Over ; gooil

Average ;

Average

E. Molyneux, Swaimiore Park,

very good

good

very good

good

under

Bishop's Waltham.

KENT

Under

Under

Average

Average

Over

Average

Average

Under

George Woodward, Barham

Court Gardens, Maidstone.

Average

Over

Over

Over

Over

Average

Average

Over

E. A. Bunyard, Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone.

Under

Under

Average

Over

lender

Over

Average

William Lewis. I'he Oa.ldcns,
Hall Place, Bexley.

Average

Over; good

Over ; good

Over; good

Average ;
good

Under ; l)ad

Average ;

Geo. F'ennell, Bowdon, Ton-

good

bridge.

Under

Average

Average ;
good

Average ;
gooil

Average

Average ;
good

Average

Geo. Lockyer, Meroworth Gar,
dens, Maidstone.

Average ;
gooil

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Over

Average

.1. T. Shanri, Betteshanger Park

good

good

good

Oariiens, Eastry.

Over ; goo<i

Average ;
good

Over; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;
very good

Under; very
good

Average

.1. 0. Weston, Eastwell Park
Gardens, Ashtord.

Average

Over

Average

Over

Average

Charles E. Shea, The Elms,
Foots Cray.

MII)DLE.SEX

Average

Average

Under

Average

Over ; good

Under

Over ; go(Kl

Average

Average

II. Markam, Wrotham Park,

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Over ; good

Average

Over

Average ;

Average

Gardens, Barnet.
VVnl. I'oupurt, Marsh Farm,

good

good

Twickenham.

Average ;
good

Average ;
g<K>d

Average

Average

Average

Average

Under ; bad

Average

W. Bates, Cross Deep Gardens,
Twickeidiam.

Average ;

Over; very

Under ; good

Under ; good

Over ; gool

Under ; bad

Over; very

Average ;

.lames Hudson, Gunnersbury

very good

good

good

very good

House Gardens, Auton.

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

•lohu Weathers, Park View,
Isleworth.

SURREY

Under

Under

Under

Under

Over

Average

Under

Over

.S. T. Wright, R.H.S. Gardens,

Wisley, Ripley.

Average ;
good

Average

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Under; bad

Over ; very

Under

Average ;

W. Payne, Norbury Park Gar-

good

good

good

good

dons, Dorking.

Over

Over

Over

Average

Over

Average

Average

James Watt, Mynthurst Gar-

<lens, Ileigate.
James Lock, Oatlands Lodge

Gardens, Weybridge.

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Under ; good

Average

Average ;

Under; very

Under

Average ;

Average ;

Average;

Under ; good

Thos. Smith, Coombe Court

very good

good

very good

good

good

Gardens, Kingston Hill.

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

Over; good

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

F, Jordan, lord Manor Gardens,
Linglleld

SUSSEX

Under

Average ;
good

Average

Average

Over

Average

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Under

Arthur Wilson, Bridge Castle

Gardens, Tunbridge Wells

Under

Average

Average

Average

Over

William E. Bear, Magham
Down, Hailsham.

Over ;
very good

Over; good

Over; very
good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Average

W. H. Smith, West Dean Park
Gardens, Chichester.

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Over ; good

_....

Average ;
good

Under; good

W. Goaring, Agricultural De-
partment, County Hall, Lewes.

36

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28, 1917.

CONDITION OF

THE FRUIT CROPS—icontinued).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEAR.S.

I PLUMS.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

NUTS.

NAME AND ADDRESS.

S. England, S.

SUSSEX

Average ;

Over : Vei-y

1 Over ; very

Over;

Average ;

Over ; very

Under ; liad

1

Leon Siinibbs, Stonehurst Gar-

(contiimad)

good

good

1 good

very good

good

good

dens, Ardingley.

Average ;

Average ;

Under ; good

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; very

Under ;

Average ;

Wm J. Langridge, Ote Hall

j very good

good

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Burgess Hill.

Averace ;
(tood

Average ;

Under ; good

Over ; good

Over; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Under ;

Under ; bad

J. W. Buckingliam, Midland

good

good

Place Gardens, Liphook.

WILTSHIRE

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Under

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under ; good

.1. Knight. Bowood Gardens,

Calne.

Ovtr ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Under ; good

Over ; very

Average ;

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;
good

T. Challis, Herbert Cottage,

good

good

good

good

good

Wilton, near Salisbury.

Over 1 good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Over ; good

Average

Average ;

j

Thomas .Sharp, Westbury.

7. Eogland, N.W.

good

CUMBERLAND

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
very good

Under

Average ;
good

Under

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
gooil

Over

Andrew Watt, Naworth Castle

Gardens, Brampton.

LANCA.SHIRE

Average ;
good

Average ;

good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;
very good

Average ;
good

Joseph Han'is, Gawthorpe Hall

Gardens, Burnley.

Averaje ;

Over ; good

Under; good

Over ; very

Over ; very

Under

C. H. Cook, Knowsley Hall Oar-

good

good

good

dens, Prescot.

WESTMORELAND

Under ; good

Under ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ;

W. A. Miller, Underley Hall

good

good

Gardens, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Average ;
j^ood

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average

W. Caton, Helme Lodge Gardens,

very good

good

KendaL

8. Eneland, S.W.

CORNWALL

Average ;
very good

Over ;
very good

Over ; good

Average

Ajjjrage ;
good

Over ; very
good

Average

W. Andrews, Tregothnan Gar

dens, Truro.

Averaue :
good

Over; very

Average

Over ; good

Over; good

Over ; very

Average ;

Frank .1. Clark, Tehidy Park

good

good

very good

Gardens, Camborne.

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under

Under

Over ; very
good

Over ; very
good

Over ; good

•I. Spilsbnry, Ciowance Gardens,
Praze.

DEVON.SHIRE

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Over; good

Average ;

Over; good

E. E. Bristow. Castle Hill Gar-

good

good

good

good

dens, Filleigh, South Molton.

Average ;

Over ; good

Over ; good

Over;

Average ;

Over :

Under ; bad

T. H. Bolton, Powderham

good

very good

good

very good

Castle Gardens, near Rxeter.

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over ;

Under ;

W. Lock, Eastcli£fe Gardens,

very good

very good

good

very good

good

very good

very good

. Teignmouth.

P. C. M. Veitch, Royal

Average ;
good

Over ; very

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over;

KooS
Under

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average

good

very good

good

Nurseries, Eseter.

GLOUCE.STERSHIRE .

Over ; good

Over : good

Over; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ;

Average

Arthur Chapman, Westonbirt

very good

very good

Gardens, Tetbury.

Over ; good

Over ; good

Under ; good

Average ;
good
Over;

Over ; good

Under

Over;

Average ;

Average ;

John Banting, Tortworth Gar-

good

good

good

dens, Falfleid.

Over; very

Average ;

Over;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

F. C. Walton, Stanley Park

good

very j;ood

very good

very good

very good

very good

very good

very good

good

Gardens, Stroud.

Over

Average

Average

Average

Average

Over

Average

Wm. J. Jefferies, Nurseries,

Average

Average

Average

Under

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Under

Under

William Keen, Bowden Hall

Gardens, near Gloucester.

Average ;
good

Average

Average

Average

Average

Average ;

Under

Over

W. H. Berry, Highnam Court

good

Gardens.

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average ;

Average ; '
good

Ai(erage ;
good

Over ; good

Under ; good

G. H. HoUingworth, Shire Hall.

good

SEREF0RD.SH1RE

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Under ; good

Under; bad

Under

_ Under

Over ; good

Average ;

Over

Thos. Spencer, Goodrich Court
Gardens, Ross.

Average ;
good

Average ;
Under

Average ;

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;
good

Average ;

0. Mullins, Bastnor Castle

good

good

good

good

Gardens, Ledbury.

Average

Average

Average ;
good

Over

Under ; good

Under ; good

H. E. Durham, Dunehn, Eign
• Hill.

MONMOUTHSHIRE ...

Under

Average

Average

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

Over

Thos. Coomber, The Hendre
Gardens, Monmoutli.

Over ; good

Over ; very

Average ;
good

Over ;

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Over ; good

Average ;

Over;

W. H. Beale, Llanwern Park

good

very good

very good

very good

Gardens, Newport.

SOMERSETSHIRE

Average

Average

Average

Average

Over

Under

1. T. Rushton, Barons Down

Gardens, Dulverton.
Geoige Shawley, Halswell Park

Average ;
good

Average :
very good

Average ;

Average ;
gooa

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; go jd

very good

good

very good

good

good

Gardens, Bridgwater.

WORCESTERSHIRE ...

Average

Average

Over

Average

Average ;
very good

Average

Ernest Avery, Finstall Park
Gardens, Bromsgrove.

Average ;
good

Over;

Over;

Over; good

Average ;

Average ;

Over ; good

Under ; bad

Over; good

W. Crump, Madresfleld Court

very good

very good

good

good

Gardens, Malvern.

Average

Under

Over

Average

Average

Under

Over

Under

Under

Tames Udale, Ombersley Road,
Droitwioh.

Under ; good

Average ;
good

Average

Average

Average

Average ;
ver^ good

Under ; bad

Average ;
good

C. A. Bayford, Davenhani
Gardens, Malvern.

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over;

Under

Average ;

Under ; bad

Thos. Watkins, Tlie Grange

WALES :

good

good

good

very good

very good

very good

Gardens, Claines.

CARDIGANSHIRE

Over ; very

Average ;

Average ;

Average ;

Over;

Average ;

Thomas Haieldine, Crosswood

good

good

good

very good

very good

very good

Park Gardens, Aberystwyth.

CARNARVONSHIRE ...

Average ;

Average ;

Under

Over;

Average ;

Over ;

Average ;

J. S. Higgins, Glynllivon Park

good

good

very good

good

very good

good

Gardens, Llanwnda.

DENBIGHSHIRE

Over

Over

Average

Under

Over

Average

Over

Under ; bad

Over

r. Martin, Bryn Estyn Gardens,

Wrexham.
T. A. Jones, Chirk Castle Gardens,

Average ;

Average

Over

Average

Average

Average

Average

Under ; good

good

(

near Ruabon.

FLINTSHIRE

Over

Average

Average ;
good

Average

Under

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

John Forsyth, Hawarden Castle
Gardens.

Over ; good

Average

Average

Average

Over

Over

Average ;
good
Over ;

Average

James Barnard, ISIostyn Hall

Gartens, Mostyn.
C. T. Warmington, Ponllergaer

GLAMORGANSHIRE...

Over ;

Over ; very

Average

Over ;

Over ;

Average

Under

very good

good

very good

very good

very good

Gardens, Swansea.

PEMBROKESHIRE

Averace ;
good

Over; very

Average ;

Under ; bad

Over ;

Average ;

Thomas H. Roberts, Slebech Park

good

good

very good

good

Gardens, Haverfordwest.

RADNORSHIRE

Average

Over

Average

Average

Average

Vender

Over

Average

Average

J. MacCorniack, Maesllwch Oar-

dens, Glasbury.

IRELAND :

9. Ireland, N.

CAVAN

Over; very
good

Average

Average ;
good

Average

Under ; bad

Under ; bad

Over;
very good

Average

Under ; bad

J. McOann, Arley, Mount

Nugent Gardens.

DOWN

Average :
good

Average ;
very good

Average ;
very good

Average ;
good

Over ;
very good

Over; good

Average

T. W. Bolas, Mount Stewart

Gardens, Newtownards.

FERMANAGH

Average

Average

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Over ; good

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Average

J. Moncriefl, Florence Court

Gardens, Enniskillen.

LBXTRIM

Average ;
good

Average ;
good

Over;
very good

Average ;
very good

Over;
very good

Average ;
very good

-

Duncan McGregor, Derrycarne

House Gardens, Dromod.

July 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

37

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CJ^OPS-(c»ntinued).

6. Iri'lan.l, N.
.MAYO

.MOXAGHAN ...

TYKONE

WESTMEATH

10. Ireland, S.
CARLOW

Over ; very

good

Over:

very good

Under

Over : good

Average ;

good

Over ; very

good

Average

Average

Average ;

good
Average

Average ;
good
Over;

very good
Over

Average ;

good

Average ;

eood

Uuder ; gtKKl

LONGFORD I Average;

I good

QUBEN.S COUNTY ! Average;

I good

ROSCOiLMON 1 Average;

I goorl

WATERFORD j Over ; good

KERRY ...
KILDAKE

KILKENNY
KING'.S CO.
LIMERICK...

\VICKLOW .

Under ; bad

CHANNEL
ISLANDS :,

.lErWEY I Avei-age;

good

ISLE OF I

MAN:'

DOUGLAS Ovur; yuud

Over; very

good

Average ;

good

Under

Over; good

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good

Over; very
good
Over

Over ;
very good

Averi^e ;
good
Under

Average ;
good

Over ; very

good

Average

Over ; good

Over

Over ; good ' Average ;

good

Average ; Average ;

good good

Over Over

Over ;
very good
Average ;

good

Average ;

good

Under; bad

Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Under ; good

Average ;
¥617 good

Over;
very good
Avei^age

good
Average

good
Average

goo<i
Under ; good

Average ;

very good

Average ;

good

Under: bad

Average ;
gooif

PEACHES

CHERRIES. AND NEC- APRICOTS.

TARINES. 1

good

Average ;

good

Average ;

good
Average

Over ; very

good

Average

Average ;
good
Over ;

very good
Over

Average ;

good

Over ; good

Average

good
Aveiuffu

cood
Avei*age

Over ; vei^

good
AveiTige

Over;
very good

Average ;

good

Over; good

Over ;
vt-ry good
Average ;

good

Under
Average

Over;

Average ;
good

Under ; bad

Under

Over ;
very good
r nder ; good

Over ; good

Average ;
good i g.x.d
Over : good Under ; bad

Over ;

very good

Over ; very

good

Average

Average ;

good
Average ;
very good
Average;

good

Over

Over ; good

Over;
very good

Over;
very good

Over;
very good
^ver ; good

Over ;

very good

Average ;

good

Ovtr; good

Average ;

good

Over ;
very good
Average ;

good

Average :

good

Under ; good

Average ;

Ove

very

good
Average ;

good
Average ;

good
Average

Average ;

good

Over ; very

good

Over

Over;
very good
Under j very

good
Under ; bad

Under; bad

Over;
very good
lender; good

Over ; good

Average ;
very good

Average
good
Uuder

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Kk'hard Joyce, Demesne
Ciirdens, Wespoit.

J. B. Pow, Dunsany Castle
Gardens.

ilichael McKeowii, Julians-
town, Drogheda.

James Hepburn, Dartrey Castle
(Jatdens.

Fred. W. Walker, Sion House
Gardens, Sion Mills.

Wm. Allen, Pakenham Uall
Gardens, CastlepoUard.

William M. Foulds, Lisnavagh

Gardens, Rathvilly.
Pat Sheehan, Glenville Manor

Gardens, Fermoy.
I. Dearnaby, 17, St. Patrick's

Terrace, Magazine Road, Cork.
IM. Colbert, Aghern Gardens,

Conna.
Charles W. Bennett, JIuckruss

Abbey Gardens, Killarney.
William Ogilvie, Straffan House

Gardens. Stratt'an.
Alexr. Black, Carton, Maynooth.

T. E. Totualin, Bes8l)orough Park
Gardens, Piltown.

E. Clarke, Clareniount, Garry
Castle, Banaglier.

Harry Nixon, Rockbarton Gar-
dens, Kilmallock.

J. A. Boyle, Castle Forbes Gar-
dens, Newtown Forbes.

G. McGlaahan, Abbey Leix Gar-
dens, Abbey Loix.

Rogers, Frenchpark House
Gardens.

ID. Crombie, Curraghmore Gar-
dens, Purtlaw

Walter Bailey, Gienart Castle
Gardens, Arkluw.

» Inglis, Peol Road Nur.seiy.

SUMMARIES OF THE HARDY FRUIT CROPS,

Records

<

2

i

a

s

1:

|8s!

S

8
1

ll

ii
II

2

a

Number of Records ...

(44)

(43)

(42)

(42)

(17)

(20)

(44)

(V4>|,

(9)

Average

2i

13

.10

19

8

4

17

\

Over

9

1

S

S

3

1

25

11

Under

12

88

'^9

20

0

15

.2

^A

■'

Number of Records ...

(l-»)

(179)

(179)

(171)

(140

(123)

(178)

(176)

(11.5)

Average

lOS

93

73

103

511

49

70

m

flS

Over

4.')

56

40

42

73

10

104

23

27

I' nder

2S

30

60

28

S

64

4

68

20

Number of Records

Average

Over

Under

Records

s

1

<

i

5

III

8

•E

a|

is

fi

1

SB

Number fjf Records ...

(26)

(26)

(26)

(23)

(17)

(9)

(2'.)

(25)

(S)

Average

14

18

13

16

7

1

1)

11

3

Over

8

9

8

«

7

1

18

Under

3

8

4

1

3

7

6

5

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

Number of Records ...
Average

(1)

1

(1)

1

(1)

1

(1)
1

(1)
1

(1)

(1)

1

(1)

-

Under

=

-

-

=^

-

1

-

1

=

LSLE OF .MAN.

Number of Recoitis

Average

Over

Under

GRAND SUMMARY, 1917.

SUMMARY OF 1916 FOR COMPARISON.

Number of Records ...

(259)

(2.'i8)

(257)

(24B)

(181)

(158)

(20»)

(265)

(13.5)

Number of Records ...

(304)

(301)

(300)

(280)

(209)

(179)

(304)

(302)

(145)

loo

133

76

Average

85

65

111

168

87

le

1?,7

171

OS

70

86

13

i.';2

42

28

Over

10

1

47

21

14

1

172

97

I rider

44

62

91

49

17

80

6

80

81

Under

209

245

142

107

128

162

5

34

102

38

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB. 41, ■Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, WC.

Editors and Publisher. -— Our correspondenti
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The tiro
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations —r'le Editors will be glad to receive

itable

respon-

nnd to select photographs or drawings,
for reproduction, of gardens, or of n
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot bi
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local Ne-ws. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

.\VERAGB Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lavt fifty

veari .it Greenwich, 62.2.

Actual Temperature ;—

GiPrdeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London, Thur^duy, July 26,
10 .i.m, ; Bar. 29.9 ; temp. 62.2°. We.ither— Dull.

Once again we publish
^^ ^ ^ ^ the reports on the con-

Tho Fruit Crops. ,..'■,.

liition or tlie hardy
fruit crop.s. The pre-
sent occasion is not an ordinary one; on
the contrary, it occurs during a periotl
when the mind of the country is in large
measure focussed on tlie task of main-
taining the food supply in the face of
diminished imports, and this is only pos-
sible by increasing tlie yields from our own
lands and our own labour. It such circum-
stances the value of the fruit crops, taken
collectively, must not be underestimated
on the ground that their food contents do
not compare favourably with certain vege-
tables, cereals, and meats. Whilst .we have
very wisely got into the habit recently of
considering more carefully the caloric
contents of foods, we know, at the same
time, that there are qualities that make
fruits almost as necessary for man as tho.se
foods generally regarded as indispensable
fur their protein, fats, or carbo-hydrates.
The figures before us are certainly most
encouraging, for they promise above aver-
age crops for most kinds of fruit still un-
gathered, and we hope tliey may be taken
as an earnest or token that later on there
will be heavy Potato yields and a bountiful
cereal harvest. In England, out of 170
reports upon the Apple crop, there are 150
equal to or above the average, whilst only
29 returns record yields under average. lii
Scotland there are only 12 deficient crops
out of 44 reported upon : in Wales the nine
returns are all average or over the average ;
and in Ireland there are 22 crops that are
satisfactory out of the 25 returns. In the
Htilit of these figures we may conclude that
the Apple crop will be liberal and good,
and, following, as it does, the unusually
scanty yield of last season, it will be
doubly welcome. Apples can be kept good
longer than most fruits, and this fact
greatly increases their value.

Pears, though not of equal economic
value with Apples, are nevertheless more
jialatable to many, and the abundant crops
of this fruit will be a joy to the fruit
grower and consumer alike. The returns
are almost as favourable as those already
cited for Apples. The English returns
record only 30 under crops out of a total
of 170; Scotland has not so good a pro-
mise, there being 29 deficient crops in the
total of 4.3 returns. Wales furnishes nine
reports, but no under-average crop, whilst
Ireland has three such crops included in
its 25 returns. Plums appear to be not
more than an average crop. In England
the 179 returns include 73 average, 46
over average, and 60 under average. In
Scotland the prospects are less propitious,
there being 29 under-average crops in-
cluded in the 42 returns. In Wales and
Ireland Plums are more plentiful than
usual.

Cherries are a very plentiful crop,
especially in the districts where they are
grown for the supply of the markets, but
as these are now being gathered we need
not go into details. For the same reason
it will be sufficient to state that the Straw-
berry crop was not quite equal to the
average, whilst "' small fruits," including
Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, and
other berries, appear to be giving wonder-
ful yields everywhere. The best return of
all is concerned with Peaches and Nec-
tarines. We scarcely remember such
favourable reports upon these choice and,
from the point of view of outdoor culti-
vation, somewhat delicate fruits. The 140
returns from England include 59 average,
73 "over," and only eight "under"
average reports. In Scotland, Wales, and
Ireland the crops are not less satisfactory.
Apricots are not so plentiful as Peaches,
and these richly flavoured fruits, all too
scarce in the best of seasons, will be rather
less plentiful than usual. With regard to
Nuts, our tables do not specify the different
sorts separately, Imt collectively the report
sliows them to bemuch above the average.
In the summaries on page 37 are set out
the figures for last year as well as this,
and readers will thus be able easily to com-
pare them.

There can be little doubt but that the
liberal fruit promise is largely the result
of the unusually late spring and the con-
sequent lateness of the flowering period.
In most cases it was at least a month later
than usual (see Gard Chron., Vol. LXI.,
p. 140), and by that time most of the
danger from late frosts was past. In
regard to Apples, however, the compara-
tive failure last season may have pre-
disposed the trees to fruitfulness this year.
There have been many complaints of
caterpillars this season, including those of
the codlin moth, winter moth, lackey
moth, and others — which, like the poor,
are always with us — but these are epidemic
in different localities every year. We re-
member seeing such devastation in Hamp-
shire two years ago that cannot possibly
be exceeded this season in Kent or any-
where else.

In looking over the summaries of the
report it becomes clear that there have been
or will be good crops of such soft fruits as

Plums, Strawberries, Cherries, Currants,
Gooseberries and Raspberries, fruits that
are used in great quantities for the making
of tarts and jams. How far the deficient
supply of sugar will affect the value 'of
such fruits it is not possible to say, but
it will affect it considerably. Waste is to be
feared in country districts where there are
good Plum crops, but no preserving sugar.
Cottagers, and even many farmers, have
not the habit of bottling without sugar,
and much of the fruit is likely to be left on
the trees. It is a great pity that steps were
not taken to ensure a better distribution
of such sugar as is available. Fruit culti-
vators were asked to apply for sugar for
use with their own fruits, and in numerous
instances the applications were not even
acknowledged. However, we would urge
on our readers the great importance of
using all their influence to encourage those
who have fruits to preserve them in the
largest possible quantities.

From annojincements in
Bulb Rearing in the local Press it would
Lincolnshire. appear that the bulb-
growing industry in the
Holland division of Lincolnshire is
threatened with a serious menace. The
announcements made by the Agricultural
Committee require a large restriction of
the area under bulbs, and prohibit the
planting of new bulbs on fresh ground.
From inquiries which we have made, we
understand that bulb-growers in this dis-
trict have already, and of their own
initiative, made considerable contributions
to food production. A large proportion of
the ground which they cultivate is already
being devoted to the growth of food, and
there is also "over-planting" — that is,
sowing suitable food crops in the ground
occupied by certain of their bulbs.

The fact that they have done this, and
arc, as we understand, prepared to go
further in these directions, absolves the
bulb-growers of the Holland division from
any charge of failing in their duty of food
production. But to order them to refrain
from planting bulbs in new ground is, we
fear, to damage very seriously their in-
dustry. To require that luxury branches
of horticulture should be reduced to the
smallest limits is in present circumstances
legitimate, and, indeed, necessary; but to
destroy one of a number of industries con-
cerned with unessential crops requires far
greater justification than the present
circumstances — serious though they be —
offer. That that part of the order issued
by X\\% local authority prohibiting planting
in new ground will have serious effects on
the industry is, we fear, not to be disputed.
Ground under bulbs is very generally in-
fected with eelworm, which pest is respon-
sible for widespread destruction. To insist
on infected ground being used for plaiitiiiL;
is to encourage the diseaise and to prejudice
the crop.

We feel sure that those responsible for
issuing this order will recognise that the
injustice which it does cannot be balanced
liy tlie small increased acreage brought
under the cultivation of food-crops, for it is

July 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

39

FiU. 15. — LONICERA TRAGOPHTLLA : FLOWERS XELLOW.
(See p. 10.)

40

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28, 1917.

to be observed that the order is only of
local application, and it makes it an
olloncc to do in Spalding what anyone at
Wisbech or other bulb-growing centres may
ilo with perfect legal propriety.

Measures to increase food production
have had, and will continue to have, our
active support, but such a prohibition as
that relating to the planting of bulbs on
new ground cannot liave the support of
anyone with knowledge of the horticultural
industry. It creates a grievance, imperils
an industry, and ignores the fact that the
liulb-growers have shown, and are showing,
themselves to be patriotic in devoting a
large part of the acres which they hold to
the production of food-crops.

Flowers in Season.— Early in the present
lUDiith Mr. Reginald Cory, of Duffi^-n, Cardiff.
sent us specimens of several interesting plants
that have done remarkably well at Dnffryn
'luring the present season. Amongst them is
l.onicera tragophylla, which is illustrated in fig.
15. Mr. Cory says that lie has grown this plant
for some four or five years, but never was the
bloom so fine as this season. The specimens
wci-e cut from a plant growing in the nursei-j',
where it has been since its introduction to the
gardens. Another plant is growing on an east
wall, and it was a mass of bloom at the time of
writing, but the panicles were not nearly so
large as those produced in the more open situa-
tion. The yellow flowere of this species of
Honeysuckle, 2i or more inches long, are e.\-
ceedingly attractive. Another pleAsant feature
of tlie plant is the beautiful bronze shade of the
young foliage. Lonicera ti'agophylla obtained an
.\ward of Merit from the Royal Horticultural
Society on the occasion of the Chelsea E.xhibi-
tion in 1915. Regarding Syringa japonica, Mr.
C^ORY states that he has grown the species for
20 years, and it has hitherto proved a poor doer,
but tliis year it was one of the most ornamental
and strong-growing shrubs in the garden, the
panicles of white flowers being all that could be
wished. Another plant that Mr. _CoiiY draws
our attention to is Rose Hoby, which he thinks
is one of the less-known ramblers. At Dnffryn,
where Roses do remarkably well, and there is a
very fine collection of ramblers, the variety Roby
is considered one of the most ornamental, the
rich colouring marking it out strongly amongst
scores of other Roses with which it is growing.

Mr. Henry B. May, member of the Coun-
cil ui' the Royal Horticultural Society, and chair-
man of the Floral Committee, who recently
underwent an operation for aai affection of the
throat, lias so far recovered tJiat he was able to
return home on Thursday last. His many
friends will be delighted to hear that the opera-
tion is believed to have been eut-ireJy successful,
and the recovery from its imniediat-e effects un-
usually satisfactory.

Record RAiNFALL.-^'yHit/;is's Altteorological
Magazine &iat-es that 9.84 inches of rain wore
registered at Sexey's Scliwl, Rruton, Somer.^et-
Bhire, on June 28 last, the amoiuu constituting a
rix-ord for the British Isles. The greatest fall on
a rainfall day previously known was 8.20 inches,
at Kinlocliquoich, Invernese-sliire, on October 11,
1916. Ml-. W. A. Knight, the headmaster of
Sexey's School, stated that the rain-gauge
moasurod 9.84 inches between 10 a.m., June 28,
and 10 a.m., June 29 (summer time). Other loc;il
reconls are:— i., 4 mile S.W. (9 a.m. to 9 a.m.),
7.90 inches; ii., i mile.N.E. (9 a.m. to 9 a.m.),
8.49 inches; iii., 8 niilee N. (9 a.m. to 9 a.m.),
5.5 inches. The damage done in the parieh to
ro;icls, walk, hedgeibjuiks, house-property, fiirni-
tui-e, and gardens is estimated ,at from £1.000 to
£2.000. In some places 2 feet of debris was

deposited, and in others excavations of 2 feet
to 3 feet deep were washed out down to the rock.
The playgroimd of the elementary school adjoin-
ing the River Briie and surrounded cm three sides
by masonry, although 10 feet above tlie normal
river-level, was scooped out to a deptli of 2 or
3 feet. iStome cottages were flooded to a depth
of more tlian 6 feet.

Gardeners and the Restricted Occupa-
tions Order. — It has been decided that the
privvisdons of the Rcsti'icted Occupations Order
sliall not apply to the engagement of gardeners,
provided that their principal a.nd usual occupa-
tion is the growing of foodstuffs or instruction in
the growing of foodstuffs. The provisions of the
Order, however, contdnue to apply to the engage-
ment of gardeners for work wliich does not fulfil
this condition. It has also been decided that the
provisions of the Order shall not apply to the
engagement of any sailoi- or soldier who has been
discharged from the Naval or iNIilitary Services
of the Crown in consequence of disablement or
ill-health. The provisions of the Order apply to
the engagement of rejected men between the
ages of 18 and 61 for work in any of the trades
or occupations mentioned in the Schedule to the
Order. A man who has enrolled as a National
Ser\'ice Volunteer may be engaged to work in
any of the trades or occupations mentioned in the
Schedule to the Restricted Occupations Order
imtal sudi time ae he may be called upon to
undei-take work ae a National Service Vohmteer,
or if he or his employer appeals, until such time
as the .appeal has been considered and refused.
Notice of the proposal to transfer a National
Service Volunteer to other work will be sent to
the volunteer and to his employer, and it will
then be open to either or both to appeal against
the proposed transfer.

War ITEM.-The Right Hon. Lord Aktki'r
Hill, 101, New Bond Street, London, appeals for
Lavender to be sold in aid of the Auxiliary Main-
tenance Fund for the Y.M.C.A. Huts and Miss
Lena Ashwell's Concerts at the Front.

Publications Received, — Some Wild
Flowers and How to Name Them. (Books for
the Bairns — 253.) By E. A. Lawrence. (London:
Stead's Publishing House.) Price 2d. net.

PLANT HYBRIDISING.

Anyone who studies a modem catalogue of
hardy plants, or who walks through a good gar-
den, must be struck with two facts, th ; vast
quantity of first-class material apparently wait-
ing for hybridisation, and the small number of
existing hybrids. It is very puzzling. We have
been a race of gardeners for hundreds of years.
An endless succession of leisured garden lovers
has stared at the same two facts,, and yet they
remain in seeming contradiction. Important
genera — the Salvias will do for an illustration—
sliow no hybrid. Others show one or two crosses
out of a very large number of potentials. What
is the explanation ? Why cannot we get the
dark Gentian type of Salvia patens on to a hardy
species, or the equally fine light blue of S.
Pitcheri on to something which blooms before
tTctober? Is it tliat tlie crosses have never been
tried, or is it that they cannot be done?

.\bout twelve months ago I decided to attempt
this problem, and crossed a number of plants
which were then available. This spring the ex-
periments have been continued on a- larger scale,
and with tlie utmost care. The results have been
very interesting. Three facts stand out promi-
nently. The first is variability of the seed
l).irent. Some plants, so far as the production of
plump seeds is a test, cross easily. Some refuse
to cross, no matter how often they are wooed,
and some will only cross as a rare grace. We
tried one cross 32 times, and of these 31 were
failures. But the 32nd was a gratifying suc-
cess. The second fact is that apparently good

seed has been got from some highly interesting
crosses in which both the parents have been first
class plants. And the third fact is that the afore-
s;iid seed declines to germinate.

It is this fact which has set me writing, in
the liope that readers may be able to give me
some help. Have we here the solution of tlie
mystery ? Is the scarcity of hybrids in hardy
plants due, not to the inability of the plants to
produce seeds, but to the fact that the seeds lack
viability ?

There is another chance. The seeds may be
viable, but they may require something different
from ordinajy treatment to bring out their life.
I have been accustomed to deal with the difficul-
ties of seeds sent from China, which have to
stand the sweating of the Red Sea. Thorough
drying beforehand is their prime need, and in
the case of seeds sent from the Himalayas I have
latterly tried, with good results, the plan of
packing particularly good seeds in bottles fiEed
with COj. and hermetically sealed. Mr. Cooper has
been vei-y successful at this operation, and seeds
so packed have germinated which have failed
under ordinary packing. I have also tried tlie
plan of putting the seeds in cold store for three
months, without much success. But at Edin-
burgh, where Dr. Balfour, with his accustomed
enterprise, has built a special seed refrigerating
house, I know that good results have been
secured, especially with Meconopsis. This, too,
is the plan on which M. Correvon relies for the
germination of his Alpine seeds. But he has the
natural covering of the snow, and that may be
to seeds much more desirable than the artificial
condition of a cold store.

So the upshot of it is that I write to ask
readers of tlie Gardeners' Chronicle if they have
had any experience in the germination of crossed
seeds, and, if so, whether their experience has
been the same as mine ; and further, on the
general question of seed raising, whether you
or they can give me the names of any books,
British or foreign, dealing with the subject, and
the experiments which have been made ? A. K.
Bulley.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

SEED-GROWING ^N MACEDONIA.

Noticing in the Chronicle of a few weeks ago
that there is a probability of a great seed
scarcity next season, it has struck me as very
singular that not one of our seed firms has taken
advantage of the glorious climate of Macedonia.
The summer, starting in February and continu-
ing well into November, certainly offers every
facility for the thorough ripening of seed. In a
French hospital garden near this place I have
to-day (May 20) seen Stocks, Petunias, Mari-
golds, Pansies, Mignonette, Antirrhinums, Di-
aiithus, Nasturtiums, and other flowers, with
seed almost ripe ; also Spinach, Radishes, Let-
tuces and Beet.

I am stationed at the 41st General Hospital,
Salonica Forces, and have a fair-sized garden to
keep me in training for the much looked-for
return home.

I have finished the Peas sown on January 13.
Have dug Potatos planted on December 31, and
am now cropping Cabbage and Turnips sown
respectively on Januaiy 13 and March 22. Beet
and Carrots grow witli amazing speed, as do
Lettuces, Radishes, and Endives. I have to
thank Messrs. Clibrans for a nice assortment of
seeds, and it is pleasing to note the contrast be-
tween the strains from home and the e.xception-
:illy coarse Greek varieties.

Tomatos planted in the open on April 10 are
now in bloom, whilst Marrows and Melons sown
out-of-doors on the same date are making head-
way. Pricate K- G. Armstrong, formerly with
S. 'Gratrix, Esq., Whalle,/ 1,'an,,, . .Vnnr/irslrr.
May 20, 1917.

JUIT

1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

41

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dbnn. Foreman, Koyal Gardens, Windsor.

Spring CABB»GE.-Make preparations for

next season's supply of Early Cabbages, beleot

an open position where the ground is not too

rich and sow in shallow drills drawn at 1

foot apart, so that the hoe may be freely used

between them. As soon as the young plants are

• sufficiently advanced transplant them to a plot of

rich soil, where they may be left to mature.

'Harbinger and Early Offenbam are good vane-

ties for sowing now, and they seldom run to

seed.

A8P»RAGUB Beds should be kept free from
weeds and a dressing of artificial manure ap-
plied during showery weather. Pea sticks which
have been used for the early crops, and are now
available, can be placed in position to support,
the plants and prevent them being injured by
the wind during the autumn. Young beds of
snedling Asparau'us should not be allowed to be-
I lime overcrowded.

Winter Onionb.-Sow seeds of Onions to
produce bulbs in spring and early summer in
shallow drills 16 in.^hes apart, and keep them
free from weeds throughout the autumn. White
Lisbon may be sown for early use, but the variety
is not good for any other purpose. AUsa Craig,
The Lord Keeper, and Lemon Kocca are good
varieties.

Early Potato*.- Lift the first plantations
,,f Potatos as soon as they are ready, in order to
use the ground for a winter crop such as
Spinach, Turnips, or salad. The tubers should
be allowed to remain on the soil for a short
time before they are plac<Kl in the store-room,
fio that the skins may become hardened. Do
not place a large quantity of tubers together,
or they may become heated.

Late Peab.— As soon as the latest-sown Pe.-is
are sufficientlv advanced strong sticks for their
supr)ort should be placed in position and made
secure. The weather is favour.ible at present,
but if a drv period sets in give frequent applica-
tions of soft water, and mulch the ground with
farmyard manure.

Tomato Plants in the open should be kept
free from side-growths and rough. decayi>i«
foliage. Keep the plants in an upright position
cither bv tying or nailing, as it becomes ncces-
s.iry. and give the roots a top dressing of arti
ficial manure.

Veoetable MARROWB.-Keep these plants
from becoming overcrowded by the removal of
sni.-ill, worthless growths. Tliis should be
done gradually, so that it may not become neces-
sary to remove large quantities of growth at
one" time. Give a liberal supply of manure-
wat<!r at the roots, and cut the Marrows as soon
as they are of sufficient si7;e to use.

Turnips.— A sowing of Turnip seed should
be made at onre to produce roots for use during
the winter, and another sowing a week Later.
to remain in the ground during the cold weather.
From this sowing useful heads may be avail-
.-ibli. thron>;hout the spring. Thin out young
plants as soon as they are of .sufficient size, and
allow plenty of sp.aco between them. Dust them
freely with sifted wood ashes, and hoe the sur-
face frequently to promote healthy growth.

FRDITS UNDER GLASS.

Bv JAS HDDSON. Hea<l nnrdeniT nt nnnner^burr House,
.\rton. W.

Late Plums in PoTS.-Plums of good quality
that will ripen in cold houses during September
.and early October are exceedingly useful ; it is
only in favoured and protected localities that
1'lums attain to their best quality out-of-<Joore.
Kirke's, one of the best of Plums, will often
crack after a day or two of showery weather
just as it is ripening. Transparent, Early,
Golden Transparent and Late Transparent
r.ages are all at their best, when grown

in pots. Our late Plums are now somewhat
crowded, as we have not yet picked all the
fi-nits fniin trees that were slightly forced.
Bv the , end of the month these early
trees will be shifted outside, and the late
ones taken indoors. After that, the trees
tliat have fruited will be plunged ^ in ashes
over the rims of the pots, the earliest being
so treated in a cold house, where the late Plums
are now standing. The .remainder will be left
outside until October. Our crops of late Plums
are excellent.

Apples and Pearb tn Pots.— In the early
spring T a<lvised growers not to keep
Apple and Pear trees in pots under glass any
longer. If, however, any growers have their
stock still under glass, the treee should nowbe
placed outside in order to finish the fruits.
Care .should be taken to safeguard the trees
from birds, either by netting or by a wire erec-
tion placed over them. Plunging should also
be resorted to so as to secure the trees from
winds and to consen-e moisture at the roots. A
few doses of artificial manure containing a high
percentage of phosphates and potash will assist
lives with heavy crops, and soot sprinkled over
the ground will aid in imparting colour to the
foliage.

Melons in Pits and Frames.- Oive every
possible encouragement to ]\Ielons, which are
now swelling their fruits. Do not allow the
plants to suffer from drought at the roots, but
do not make too free a use of liquid manure
from the farmvard. Keen ^fnlop" in frames, on
which the fruits are ripen'ng. somewhat drier,
but still m.-iintain a fairly high temperature.
Keep all super-.abundant growth well in check
by pinching with the finger and thumb rather
than by means of the knife. Canteloupe Melons
especially are gross growers, so a few more
fruits can be left on the plants than on those
of other varieties.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Hv W. A. Cook, Cnrdener tn tiie Hon. ARTHUR J.

Davbv, Alihntl* Wood, Godalminf. Surrey.
Hardv Vines.— Train in sufficient of the long
shoots of hardy Vines to preserve an even balance
of growth, also any others that are nece9sar\' to
furnish bare spaces. Pinch the later.ils to allow
the air and sunshine to reach the bunches, onlv
one of which should be permitted on a sinclc
shonl. Tn verv drv situations the root* may
need moisture even after rains, and when water
is applied it should be given copiously. Watch
carefully for signs of mildew, and directlv anv
is detected dust the foliage with flowers of sul-
phur.

- F'no. Remove the ends of the stronger .shoots
on Fig trees and take away all useless growth,
to expose the fruits as much as possible to the
sun.ohine. If the young shoots are thinned suf
ficientlv now very little further pruning will
be needed this season. Old, worn-out shoots
bare of leaves at the base may be removed op
tirelv. Afterwards secure the shoots to the wall
bv nailing or tving. Fig trees .ire usually
planted in verv limited borders, and the roots
quicklv exhaust the small amount of soil-mois
fure: for this reason it may be necessary to give
the roots a thorough soaking when the fruits are
.swelling. If a little concentrated fertiliser is
first applied to the border the. water will wash
the manure down to the roots, or. if preferred,
liouid manure from the farmyard may be used
instead.

Raspberrib«.-As soon as the crop is
sathered remove the nets that have been used
to protect the fruit from birds, and cut out
the old cnnes. Afterwards clear the ground of
weeds and secure by tics anv of the suckers that
neeil support. Let the plants have liberal treat
ment to make strong growth before the winter.

Autumn - fpuitino Paspbfrrifs.— One of
the most popular varieties of autumn-fruiting
liaspberries is Relle de Fontenav. a variety that
will furnish a good crop of fruits at the end of
September and in Oct/iber. Reduce the number
of canes, leaving only the best and strongest.
The plants will need watering in dry weather,
and the ground should be mulched.

By ,7. C. Wbston. Clarrtener to r.rfidy NORTIICOTB.
Eastwell Parlt, Ivent.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations.—

Preparations for layering Souvenir de la Mal-
maison Carnations should bo pushed forward
without delay, as the latest varieties are now
passing out of flower. The earlier the layers
are rooted the better chance have the young
plants to become -well established in fche pote be-
fore winter. Strong, healthy plants should
be chosen for layering. Tliey should be layered
in a frame, po that they can bo protected from
heavy rains, but a close atmosphere must be
avoided. The best plan is to layer in shallow
frames, keeping the lights on, and shading
lightly during the hottest part of the day.
oTve sufficient air to ensure a perfect circula-
tion, and extra air should be admitted in the
evenings. A compost consisting of two-parts
chopped turfy loam, one of leaf soil, and one of
burnt earth, and a fair quantity of sand will be
suitable. See tJiat the plants have been
thoroughly watered before being layered. After
completing the L-iyeaiing, water lightly in, and
continue to damp the plants each evening. They
will root quickly under this treatment. Wlien
the young lavers begin to grow, the lights should
be entirelv "removed. When well rooted, sever
the layers 'from the parent plant, and leave them
for a" few davs, first giving a good watering.
They will then be ready to lift at any time.
This treatment will build up strong, healthy
plants, which should pass through the winter
without cxintracting disease.

Gconp"*.- Whfii required for autumrt and
winter flowering, some of the corms of
Oesnera are usually kept dormant in a
cooler house. These mu.st now be shaken
out and potted. Pot them in light, porous
soil, and jilace the pots in a warm house
or stove to start: 4 or 5 inch pots are
large enough for ordinary purposes, but if large
fipeoimens are required, these can bp_ made up
later by placing several plants of umiform she
into a large pot, when they have started into
growth. A very moderate amount of water will
suffice for some time. The dampness broiigM.
albout bv a light eiiraying round them will
usually be enough to induce growth.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Ilv VV J fiuisE. nar(l<-nor t<i Mrs. Dempstkr, Keelo
Ilall. Slaflordsliire

The Po«» fi«PD0N.- In the Rose garden the
«vringe should be in constant use, but care must
be taken to avoid wetting with the insecticide the
Roses that are just opening, or the flowers will be
marked. Examine the trees very carefully
for caterpillars and mildew. Aphis and
most other insects can be kept in _ check
if the trees are svringed with Quassia Ex-
tract at intervals 'of a week or ten days.
Continue to feed the plants with diluted
liquid manure, and occasional doses of soot-
water. Should an artificial manure be used.
place about two teaspoon fuls in a gallon of
water; " a little and often " is the best method.
Tie in the strongest shoots at the base of
climbers before thev become twisted or broken
bv wind. All dead flowers and suckers should be
lemovcd and the beds made neat and clean.

Dahliab.— During dry weather Dahlias require
copious supplies of water, and a liberal mulch
placed round the base of the plants, directly
after a thorough soaking of clear water. Rtroni'
stakes should be placed in position at once, and
all weak growths cut out, the young shoots being
tieil in with strong, soft material. Keep the
surface soil stirred ^vith the flat hoe.

Sweet Peas.— Give Sweet Peas liberal sup-
olies of water during di-y weather, and apply
light dustings of concentrated fertiliser at inter-
vals previous to watering.

DAFFODiLS.-If the bulbs have not been lifted
already, they should be taken out of the ground
at the earliest o|i])ortunity. The largest bulbs
inav be reserved for forcing. Let them be care-
fully dried, spreading them thinly in boxes, and
placing the boxes in a cool shed. The small
bulbs may be replanted in ground that has been
well cuKivated, or they may be utilised for
naturalising in grasa.

42

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28. 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

OLD SiEiED AND NEW.
Me. Turner (p. 24) complains of the growth
of garden seeds this spring, and laj's the bad re-
sult to old seed being mixed with new. This
complaint lis often made, but from my experience
unsatisfactory results are seldom due to this
oause, but to others, as it is to the seedsman's
interest to supply good seed. It is unreasonable
tu suppose that all seed left over from a
previous year is thrown away ; after a bad
seed harvest, and when certain seeds are
scarce, the yearling seed stocks are abso-
lutely necessary to meet the demand. I
am of opinion that faulty growth this spring
is owing to the period of dry, cold weather after
eeed-isowing time. My Oos Leittuce failed in the
first sowing, and after I had, like others, con-
demned the seed, upon sawing a second time
from the same packet the result was entirely
satisfactory. One end of a row of Kale I sowed
came up, and the other failed, whilst I had a
simdlar result with Cabbage. With these three
exceptions, the whole of my garden seeds germi-
nated at the firsit sowing. Given the necessary
conditions of temperature, moisture, and freedom
from slugs and other pests, seeds very rarely fail
to germinate .satisfactorily. McC, Worthing.

BEANS.

If the Runner Beans are intended for use in
soups it is much better to grow white varie-
ties— there is then no need to add the labour
of skinning them. lit must be ten years now
since I allowed a Scarlet Runner Bean in my
garden. Treated as flageolets, very fine creamy
Beans appear from several of the sorts. Broad
Beans form a useful addition to the herbaceous
border, where their glaucous foliage, and espe-
cially the black of the blossoms, is an unusual
colour. I am trying drying some at a very
young stage to add to the variety of winter
pulses ; it is said that they are quite good thus
treated for storage.

BOTTLED FRUITS.

Small fruits bottled in water only axe apt ito
be rather poor unless they are mashed into a
puree. The reason is that various constituents
diffuse or osmose out from the interior of the
fruit. To avoid this I am having the bottles filled
off with the juice of the fruit. Raspberries
or Currants may be treated with each other'si
juice. The readiest way of extracting the juice
is with a press like the American " Eniterprise "
press, which has a continuous action, and which
we have used for over ten years for mnking all
jams with seedy fruit, such as Blackberries and
Currants.
' ' SOME " NOVELTIES."

Mr, Molyneux (p. 13) applies the word
" novelty " to the Mangetout Pea and to Good
King Henry. Thompson, in 1859, mentioned
three varieties of " Sugar " Peas ; if the variety
"French Sugar Pea" is the same as that I
have bought under the name it is a pity to have
selected it for a start, as in delicacy it is by no
meanis as good asi, ifor instance, Vilmorin's
Grande Cosse, or even the little Breton. These
Peas make excellent Green Pea soup. With
regard to King Henry or Mercury, the leaves
should mot be picked and cooked "a I'instar
des epinards" to have it at its best. In the
spring, when little else green is to be had, the
young flowering shoots still fm bud are cut off
close to the stool. After washing and tying in
bundles with leaves and stalks, they are cast
into a large quantity of boiling salted water
and cooked till tender (about half an hour,
or more as the season progresses). Very
thorough draining and pressing are neces-
sary, care being taken to keep the stalks
straight. . Serve with run butter. (Recipe
from Lincolnshire.) Eaten alone there is a

distinct Asparagus-like taste about it, but, of
coarse, most English people will miss this by
eatiiig it together with meat, and not as a sepa-
rate course. With regard to cultivation, be-
yond hoeing for weeds my patch has had no
attention or manure (except a little artificial)
in the past six years, and it is still a success.
The main points are to keep cutting the flower-
shoots whilst young, and cut them low, or small
secondaries sprout, and in July, when seeding
may cause trouble. Clean up the plants by re-
moving all blossom ; the cuttings must be bunit
soon, for, like Spinach Beet, the seeds will
ripen off though buried in e-arth. Even with
some care in this, self-sown seedlings are apt
to appear ; they have been useful this year';
as people are beginning to attend to useful vege-
tables, and wanted seedlings. Half-a-dozen
plants should be in every small garden — any
out-of-the-way, shaded corner will do; twelve
plants are quite enough for a small household,
at any rate when they are three or four years
old. As one of our few indigenous vegetables,
which indeed may have been used as an entre-
met when a costume of woad was "de rigueur,"
it hardly merits the term "novelty." H. E.
Dnrham.

TRAINING THE TOJIATO.
I c.\N endorse the remarks of Dr. H. E.
Durham (see p. 250) on the advantage of train-
ing the Tomato on the double-stem system. It
is twenty years ago since, as a journeyman, I
was first taught the method your correspondent
described in a Herefordshire garden. Tlie
plants were grown in a long, span-roofed house,
the long lights of which permitted good lengths
of gron-t-h to be accommodated. The plants
were pinched as described, and produced shoots
more or less uniformly like a Chrysanthemum.
We never found pegging necessary to equalise
growth. Obviously a fewer number of plants
is required — ^in iaci, just half when grown on
the two-stem method — ^while the work of pinch-
ing out side shoots is reduced to a minimum
through the vigour of the plant being diverted
to the supiport of the extra stem. C. T..
AmpthUI Park Garden/!.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not huld themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
Rosp QuFEN Alfxanora. The fact of a
Gold Medal being awarded to a Rose bearing
the above name at the meeting of the National
Rose Society on July 17 is likely to cause
confusion. As matters stand now, Queen Alex-
andra No. 1 was given a Gold Medal in 1901.
Queen Alexandra No. 2 received a Certificate
of Merit last year, and now comes No. 3,
another Gold Medal winner. Surely the judges
responsible for this blunder were not. so
ignorant of the nomenclature of Roses as to be
unaware that the name had been used before? It
would be a good idea if at the next meeting of
the National Rose Society a resolution was
brought forward refusing to recognise any variety
bearing a name that had been previously adopted.

ir. T. -J.'!

Champaqni Bottles and Cabbage Fly.—

On some allotments which I have seen the
monotony of the Cabbage plots was broken by a
number of champagne bottles stuck up on long
sticks. On inquiry, I learned that the bottles
are regarded as a means of scaring away the
Cabbage moth, and that the allotment-holders
learned the trick from Italian gardeners. Can
any of your readers tell me whetiher the practice
secures the desired result? At first sight it
looks an unlikely sort of butterfly scarecrow, but
I am assured by those who have tried it that it
is effective. A^.

Potato Spraying.— Mr. Pickering asks for
the authority to use the phrase " Burgundy
mixture." If I may judge from my small library
of recent French works, in all of which, where
mentioned, the lime-copper washes are called
" Bouillies Bordelaises," andi the soda-copper ones
" Bouillies Bourguignonnes," I imagine that in

using the phrase " Burgundy mixture " we are
simply following ordinary French practice. See
for example, Vercier, Arboriculture fruitiire, 1912
(where reference is given to Chancrin, Viticulture,
Encycl. des Gonnaissances agricoles), and Dubor,
Viticulture mndcrne. It may be worth noting
that Abegg's Handbuch gives the end-product
of equivalent amounts of soda carbonate and
copper sulphate as SCuCOj. 3Cu(OH)2- H,0,
while in the gel state the ratio C'uO to COj is also
2:1; some form of hydrated product or pro-
ducts is perhaps more likely than the anhydrous
one that he gives. The last time I had much
disease, a wet year, I was impressed by the enor
mous number of earwigs that sheltered amongst
the diseased leaves, and could not help thinking
that they must have helped to spread the spores.
As a possible deterrent and antiseptic in later
years I used lysol, and another cresol prepara-
tion ; also acetate of copper in ^ per cent, with
pyridin. An equal volume of 2 per cent, lysol
poured into 1 per cent, copper acetate makes an
opalescent fluid which does not settle out for a
day or so ; it is, perhaps, somewhat on the lines
of Truffaut's " Lessive Alcalino-Cuprique
Cresylee " which is for winter use. I have not
seen it scorch Potatos. Surely ther-e must be
possibilities beyond the eternal Burgundy and
Bordeau.x washes? Calcium polysulphide ("lime-
sulphur ") does not seem to be well reported upon
.so far as I gather. H. E. Durham.

Standard Red Currants.— I have a row
of fan-trained Red Currants grafted as standards
— presumably on Ribes aurea. They flower and
set wonderfully well, but drop many of the fruits
of each branch, so that only a few berries come
to maturity. I suspect that deficient water
supply is the cause of the trouble. Can any
of your readers inform me whether it is cus-
tomary to slit the bark of the stock in order
to enable it to make more wood, and hence to
conduct water better from the root to the scion?
Aitiateur.

Home-Madk Nicotine Wash (see p. 11). —
The remarks of Southern Grower will, I trust,
revive the agitation in favour of home-grown
Tobacco for nicotine wash. Cannot the Food
Production Department help in this matter?
The experiments at W^ye and elsewhere have
shown that Kentish-grown Tobacco is extremely
rich in nicotine, and if this were used there would
be no need of any denaturing process. Those
who, like Qie writer, have smoked a pipe of the
home-grown product woul^ not repeat the experi-
ment. B. A. Bunvard.

socie:tie:b.

ROTAL HORTICDLTDRAL.

Scientific Committee.

July ll.^l'ns.nt : Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.
(in tlie chair), Drs. Bateson and Voelcker, Sir
Everard im Thurn, Messrs. W. C. Worsdell,
W. G. Baker, E. J. Allard, J. W. Odell, H. J.
Elwes, and F. J. Chittenden (hon. secretary).

Fasciated Asparagus. Col. Sandeman, of
Hayling Island, sent a very large specimen of the
common Asparagus showing fasciation, having a
stem over 2 inches in breadth.

Infertility in Barley Field. Dr. Voelcker
showed specimens of Barley from fields on Salis-
bury Plain very stunted and poor, and another of
;ibout normal growth from places in the fields
where stooks had stood last season for a month.
Doubtless the greater fertility of the place where
the stooks had stood was due to the washing out
nf salts, etc., from the old Barley, and possibly
also to the protecting from washing of the soil
beneath them, but the infertility of the remainder
of the field, conside'ring the nature of the manurial
treatment, must necessarily have been due to
some other- cause contributory, and possibly to
the gout fly, the clirysalids of which were present
in some of the specimens.

Enntions of Foliage of Picrasma ailanthoides.
Mr. 'U'orsdell showed foliage of this interesting
Himalayan tree belonging to the Simarubaceae,
and hardy at Kew, whence the specimens came,
having on the upper side of the rachis both at
the nodes and along the internodes numerous
enations of various forms, som§ being shaped
like a cup or goblet.

July 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

43

Hybrid Calceolarias. Mr. Allard showed
hybrids between Calceolaria alba and other forms,
including cana, mtegrifolia, and a garden hybrid
of cana, alba being the pollen parent. In every
case, foliage, habit and flower colour were of the
pollen-parent type, and in every case they were
sterile. This is a remarkable case of almost com-
plete paternal inheritance, e.g., comparable with
the known cases of maternal inheritance, e.g., in
Primulas. C. alba itself is sterile so far as the
ovules go

Various Plants. Mr. Elwes showed a number
of plants from his garden, including Astrantia
helleborifolia ; a very fioriferous Lonicera o*
bushy, late-flowering habit, perhaps L, grata ;
Pelargonium Endlicherianum, and others ; Thero-
pogon pallidas, somewhat resembling a large-
flowered pink Li]y-of-the- Valley, but lacking
scent, native of the Himalaya ; Hymenocallis.
Aristolochia arnithocephala, strongly scented in
the daytime, but scentless at night.

Ants and Lilium regale. Mr. Bowles showed
a bud of Lilium regale and read the following
note : — " A group of this growing in a garden
at Norwich has been attacked by ants. The
owner of the garden has watched the ants at work
on the unopened buds, and has seen them carry
away particles of green matter that they have
apparently extracted from the flower. They con-
fine their attention in the first place to those
portion.? of the flower that are coloured with the
chocolate-brown that comes on regale in its early
stages. The first effect that is apparent is that
the chocolate disappears in patches. As the
flowers develop the portions attacked begin to
decay, and, naturally, spoil the flower. So far
as can be ascertained, no other variety of Lily
growing in the neighbourhood has been touched,
which would make it appear as though L. regale
possesses some particular attraction for the
pests. It is necessary to find some remedy, as
the attacks of the ants are so persistent that a
fine group of this teautiful Lily has been ruined
within the course of a fortnight." It is probable
that a disc of cardboard covered with Tanglefoot
fixed round the stem some little distance from
th^ ground would prevent the ants from reaching
the flowers.

Change of Colour in a While Currant. Dr.
Walter Dick sent a note calling attention to the
complete reversion of a White Currant planted
against a wall at Great Massingham. King's
Lynn, to a red form. For two years prior to
the preeent the plant bore white Currants, but
this season all on the bush are red, and ripe
ten days earlier than those on other bushes in
the garden.

Spencer-flowered Ciipid Swri-f Pea. Mr. G. T.
Dickson, Newtownards, sent a Cupid Sweet Pea
with waved flowers of the Spencer type, which
hs had raised alnni; Mendelian lines by crossing
fin 1913) a tall Spencer with the ordinary grandi-
flora type of Cupid Sweet Pea. The liew form
.ippeare/I in the second generation, and has bred
true since.

TKTALR OF BRO.AD RK.ANR AND ANNTTAL
POPPIES.

The following awards have been made to Broad
Beans and .Annual Poppies by the Council of the
Royal Horticultural Society aftdr trial at Wisley.
Clipper variety of Mid-season Pea, which re-
ceived an Award of Merit last year, has been
awarded a First-class Certificate after further
trial.

Bboad Beans.

Awards of Merit. — Broad Wind.'ior, from
Messrs. Dobbie and Co. : Exhibition Longpod,
from Messrs. Dobbie and Co. ; Green Giant, sent
by Messrs. Sutton and Sons.

Highly Commended. — Erdington Gem, sent by
Messrs. Holder and Tilt ; Giant Windsor, sent by
Messrs. Sutton and Sons ; Green Leviathan, sent
by Messrs. J. Carter and Co. ; Green Windsor, sent
by Messrs. Sutton and Sons ; Mammoth Windsor,
sent by Messrs. J. Carter and Co. ; Prizetaker
E.xhibition Longpod, sent by Messrs. Bunyard,
Ltd. : Prolific Longpod, sent by Messrs. Sutton
and Sons.

rjoMMBNDED. — luvicta. Sent by Messrs. Nut-
ting ; Market Garden Windsor, sent by Messrs.
.1. Carter and Co.

Pea.

First-class Certificate. — Clipper, sent by
Messrs. Sydenham, Ltd.

Annual Poppies.

Awards of JIerit. — Dwarf Scarlrt. /''ringed,
sent by Messrs. R. Veitch and Son ; Scarlet King,
sent by Messrs. Barr and Sons.

Highly Commended. — Cardnial Blush, sent by
Messrs. Dobbie and Co. ; Cardinal Scarlet, sent
by Messrs. Dobbie and Co. ; Dainty Lady, sent
by Messrs. Barr and Sons ; Danebrog, sent by-
Messrs. Barr and Sons; Peacock Poppy (P.
pavoninum), sent byilessrs. Barr and Sons ; strain
of Dwarf Double Peony-floAvered mi.xed, sent by
Messrs. Barr and Sons ; strain of New Double
Queen, sent by Messrs. Barr and Sons and Messrs.
i?. Yeitch and Son ; umbrosum,. sent by Messi-s.
Dobbie and Co. and Messrs Barr and Sons ; The
.\dmiral, sent by Messrs. Barr and Sons ; White
C'olossal, sent by Messrs. Barr and Sons; White
Swan (syn. Snowdrift), sent by Messrs. Barr and
Sons.

Commended. — Picotee, sent by Messrs. Barr
and Sons.

ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL.

July 11. — The sunmier general meeting of mem-
bers of this society was held at Glasgow on the
11th inst. The summer meetings of the R.S.A.
Society have hitherto been held in the showyard
of the Highland and Agricultural Society wher-
ever the show might be, but as these shows are
in abeyance in the meantime, it was decided, in
response to an invitation from the West to hold
certain of the Arboricultural Society's meetings
in Glasgow, to take advantage of the opportunity
to hold the summer meeting in Glasgow on this
occasion. Sir Andrew Agnew, Bart., the presi-
dent, presided, and there was a general discus-
sion on forestry matters. The discussion was
opened by Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., with
a paper on " National Forestry," and this was
followed by communications on " Railway and
.Mine Requirements," by Sir Charles Bine Reu-
ehaw, Bart., and Mr. Charles Carlovv on " Deer
Forests and Sheep Farms." bv Colonel Archibald
Stirling, M.P., and Mr. D. 'K. .McBeath, Ben-
more, the two last-mentioned papers being read
by the seeretarv". Professor Wm. Somei-ville,
Oxford, who was unable to be present, sent a
short note on "Forestry liducation." which was
also read by the secretary. A discussion fol-
lowed, and on the motion of Mr. George Fraser,
seconded by Sir .lohn Stirling-Maxwell, it was
agreed that a deputation be sent to the Secretary
for Soothind on the general question of the posi-
tion of forestry. The attendance at the meeting
was about 50.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

July 18. — The monthly meeting of members
wiis held in the Goold Hall, 5, St. .Vndrew
Square, Edinburgh, on this date, Mr. Phillips,
the president, in the chair. There was an attend
ance of 55 members.

It was intended to hold a competitive show of
Hoses and Sweet Peas on this occasion, but
owing to lack of entries this had to be abandoned,
and in place of it the Council decided
to have a special exhibition of Roses (in connec-
tion with the paper to be read at the meeting),
and vegetables of interest to allotment holders.
Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh, staged a
fine collection of Roses, and an e^xcellent exhibit
of vegetables, and Mr. M'Hattie set up a par-
ticularly interesting collection of 18 different
vai'ieties of vegetables grown in the city, to illus-
trate what could be done by allotment holders
and others on small areas. "The dates of sowing
and planting were given, so that visitors could
see for themselves what could be produced in a
given time. There was also staged from the
Public Parks Department a fine collection of
Roses. Miss Burton, New Saughton Hall
Gardens, P<ilton, showed good tubers of
Epicure and Midlothian Early Pntatos from sets
planted on .Vpril 23. and of Magnum Bonum
Cauliflower. Mr. Crichton, Dalhousie Castle
Gardens, showed Sweet Peas and Roses, and Mr.
.7. W. Scarlett, Sweethope, Inveresk, exhibited
culinary Pea British Lion. Messrs. Dobbie and
Co.. and Mr. M'Hattie were each awarded a
Gold Medal, and Miss Burton and Mr. Crichton
received Cultural CeHificates. The exhibits were
handed over to the Red Cross Fund.

The paper read at the meeting was by Mr.
George Taylor, of Messrs. Dobbie ,and Co., Edin-
burgh, and was entitled " The Romance of the
Rose." Mr. Taylor traced the development of
the Rose, and showed how Rose'-growing was en-
couraged by the Romans, by whom it was intro-
duced into Gaul. France, he said, was the birth-
place of modern Roses, which were the result of
the laboui-s of the old French growers. Ulti-
mately Rose-growing shitted to England, and
later to Ireland, which now took the lead so far
as new Roses were concerned. In the long his-
tory of the Rose, dating back some 2.000 years,
the old Cabbage Rose was shown to be the
variety which linked those of foi-mer times with
those of the present day.

NATIONAL CARNATION ANU PICOTEE.

July 17. — This society held its annual exhibi-
tion on the above date in conjiuiction with the
R.H.S. fortnightly meeting at the London Scot-
tish Drill Hall, Westminster, and although the
display was not a great one either in extent ,
or quality, it was a wonderful demonstration
of the patience and perseverance of florists and
fanciers during war-time. It is of interest to
record that on this occasion all the flowers were
shown in vases. Mr. Jas. Douglas won the
Cartwright Challenge Cup offered for the win-
ner of the highest number of points in the open
classes, whilst the Morton Smith Cup was won
by Mr. R. Pinnock as the most successful win-
ner in the third division (amateui's).

In tlie principal division Messre. Arthur A.
Brown, Ltd., King's Norton, led for six
bizarres and flakes and also for six white-ground
Picotees ; the flowers were rather small. Mr.
H. Lakeman, Thornton Heath, won the 1st
prize in the class for six selfs with Elizabeth
Shiffner, Genera.l French, Daffodil, Mrs. G. Mar-
shall, Bookham WTiite, and Hilda Black, and
succeeded in beating Mr. James Douglas. The
latter led, however, in the class for six fancies,
other than white grounds, with glorious blooms
of Lieiitenant Shackleton, Lord Steyne, Pas-
quin, Cyclops, Edenside and Mrs. Penton ; 2nd,
Mr. Lakeman; 3rd, Messrs. A. R. Brown.
Mr. H. Lakeman excelled in the class for six
white-ground fancies, George Robey and Daisy
Walker being very attractive; 2nd, Me.ssrs.
A. R. Brown. Mr. Jas. Douglas was successful
in the class for six yellow-ground Picotees with
Mrs. Keen, Eclipse, Santa Claus, Exquisite, J.
Ha.slain and Togo ; 2nd, Mr. Lakeman.

In the second division of the schedule three
varieties only were required in each class and
three blooms of each. Mr. J. J. Keen, South-
ampton, led in this class for bizarrcs and flakes,
followed by Mr. Fairlie, Acton. For white-
ground Picotees Mr. J. J. Keen, Mr. W.
Frostick, Norbury, and Mr. Jas. Fairlie were
placed in the order named. Selfs were a good
class. Mr. H. W. Frostick won the 1st prize
witn Mrs. G. Marshall, General French and
Daffodil; 2nd, Mr. Fairlie; 3rd, Mr. J. J.
Keen. For three fancies, other than white
grounds, Mr. Frostick beat Miss Shiffner,
Lewes, and Mr. Fairlie ; all showed well. Mr.
FrostiCk was also placed 1st for three white--
ground fancies with Montrose, George Robey
and Daisy Walker; 2nd, Mr. R. Morton, Wood-
side Park. Mr. J. J. Keen had the best yellow-
ground Picotees in a class for these varieties,
followed closely by Mr. Frostick and Miss
Shiffner.

In the amateur's division the principal prize-
winners were Mr. R. Pinnock, Tlford, and Mr.
S. C Webb. Thornton Heath.

In the open classes Mr. Jas. Douglas led for
six new white selfs, with Albion (granted a
F.C.C. by the N. C. and P. S.). Mr. Frostick
was placed 1st for six blooms of a dark red
or maroon self with Mrs. G. Marshall. Mr.
Jas. Douglas led in the class for yellow selfs
with Sulphur, a beautiful flower; and he was
placed 1st for (a) .scarlet selfs with the glowing
Fuji,vama; (b) for buff or terra-cotta selfs with
Elizabeth Shiffner ; and (c) for selfs of any other
colour, with The Grey Douglas (deep heliotrope),
Mr. Fro.stick led JFor yf llow-ground Picote^'s
with Eclipse ; Mr. R. Morton for yellow-ground
fancies, with Skirmisher; and Messrs. A. R.

44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 38, 1917.

IJnowN, Ltd., for fancies of any other ground
than yellow or buff, with Betty.

Pkemier Blooms.
- Self^Mrs. Percy Smith, shown by .Mr. Jas.
DooGLAS. Fiincy — Lord Steyne, shown by Mr.
H. Lakeman. Yellow-ground Picotee— Togo,
shown by Mr. James Douglas. Bizarre — Master
Fred, shown by Mr. J. J. Keen. White-ground
Pn-otee — John Smith, shown by Mr. J. J.
Keen. Yellow-ground Pie.atee (light edge) —
Eclipse, shown by Mr. J. J. Keen. White-
i/ii>ini,l Pane;/ — Daisy Walker, .shown by Mr.
Jas. Douglas.

©bituar^.

John youna.— Horticulture, U.S.A., records
the death of Mr. John Young, a native of Scot-
land, gardener to Co!. Samuel P. Colt, at Bristol,
Rhode Island.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Swedes and Mildew.

On the whole, the seed of Swede Turnips has
germinated well and the plants are healthy. No
time should be lost in thinning them to the
proper distance apart, as overcrowding by
either too many plants in the rows or by
weeds would cause a serious check to growth
that would favour the development of mildew
later. This malady is one of the worst pestfi
of Swedes. Not only does mildew injure
the leaves, checking the growth, but it impairs
the keeping properties of the roots during the
winter, for even if frost does them no harm, the
flesh becomes tough and hard. Directly the
plants can be seen in the drills, the horse-hoe
should be freely used to stir the soil about them.
Should the seedlings make quicker progress than
the labour can cope with in setting them out,
or even horse-hoeing them, harrows should be
drawn across the drills. This will move the soil
HTid pull out a few plants, which will serve until
they can be set out to a proper distance of
18 inches.

Owing to peculiarities of soil in various parts
of even one field, the plants do not always pro-
gress evenly, whilst wireworms and other insect
pests may be troublesome. Over such faulty
pl.Tces sprinkle sulphate of ammonia at the rate
of ^ cwt. per acre, or a good quantity of soot.

Mangolds.

Mangolds never looked more promising than
they do at present. The plants are growing
apace, and although they may he several inches
in diameter, the stirring of the soil between the
rows will further accelerate growth. In late-
sown plots, or where the plants are baclrward in
growth owing to various causes — shoi'tage of
m.Tnure in the soil, weeds in the early stages
of growth, or late sowing — a dressing of sul-
phate of ammonia at the rate of 1 cwt. per
acre, or half that quantity of nitrate of soda
sown when the leaves are dry, will give a fillip
to grovpth.

Sheep for Stock.

Never lias the beneficial result of keeping a
flock of sheeo been more apparent in the corn
crops than this season. Oats especially displayed
signs of weakness owing to late sowing, and a
snell of dry weather during April and May, that
the .straw did not promise more than 1 foot of
growth. Where the previous crop was late
— Turnips, for example — and sheep fed on the
ground. Oats, since the rain in .Tune, have made
remarkable progress. The present dense green
of the flaa, with the lengthening ears, all displav
ihi^ benefit of the manure from the sheep. I
notice that where there were no .sheep the Oat
growth is puny, promising but few stacks of corn
per acre.

As the mating season for lambs born early in
J:inna.ry commences early in August, no time
should be lost in selecting the rams — one to fifty
ewes is sufficient. The best kind of sheep to
keep is purely a matter of circumstance. No
breed can equal Hampshire Downs where close
folding for cereal crops to follow is the main

aim in keeping sheep. No other breed produces
lambs of the size and quality in so short a time.
For example, lambs born in January this year
were sold in May for 5 guineas each. The South
down breed no doubt gives higher quality flesh,
but the animals are not so suitable for close
folding, especially on wet land. Where grass
land only is available Scotch sheep are to be
preferred.

The Ploughing Up of Grass Land for Cereal
Crops.

To obtain the 3,000,000 additional acres of
land for the 1918 cereal crop which the Govern-
ment is asking farmers to crop is agitating the
farming commuiiity. As chairman of an advisory
committee, to which is delegated the function of
obtaining the necessary acreage in each county,
I know much of the difficulties that arise in ob-
taining this large increase in one season. Land-
owners and farmers are willingly helping in the
scheme, although such a change in method means
personal inconvenience and outlay.

I constantly see successful results from the
ploughing up of grass land last autumn and spring
that I do not hesitate to say there need be no
need to question the success of the scheme. For
instance, a grass field that never grew sufficient
grass for a hay cr p and not much for stock is
now promising 60 bushels of Oats per acre.
Naturally, I am not in favour of ploughing up
good grass land to the detriment of the milk
supply or the rearing of young stock, but grass
that never gives more than one ton of hay )5er
acre and subsequent feed for the cattle would
he more profitable under the plough. E.
Moli/ueux.

REPLY.

CROPPER BROAD BEAN.

In reply to /. IF. /. (see p. 40), the Cropper
Broad Bean was raised bv Messrs. Bell and
Bieber-stedt (now David Bell), Leith, some years
ago. It is a cross between Aquadnlce and Bun-
yard's E.xhibition. I saw a large break of this
particular Bean at Mr. Bell's trial grounds a week
or so ago. and it is full of prom is". /. A. .*>'.

ANSWERS TO CIRRESPSNDENTS.

Caterpillars : R X. !. No. 1 is the Cabbage
moth (Mamestra brassicae). You should pick
the caterpillars by hand, and also gather and
destroy any curled or injured leaves. As a
preventive of funther attacks dust the ground
with soot and lime. The chrysalids remain in
the ground all the winter, and may be seen
and destroyed when digging the soil prepara-
tory for the seedlings. No. 2 is the Pear Leaf
Tent Sawfly (Pamphilus flaviventris). Hand-
pick the trees, and spray with Bordeaux mix-
ture in the spring, just when the fruit-buds
are opening. No. 3 is the larva of another
sawfly, probably a species of Emphytus. for
which the treatment will be the same as for
the Pamphilus. The Peas havp been attacked
bv thrips (Katothrips robusta). Spray the
plants with a mixture of nicotine and soft
soap, in the proportion of 2/3rds of an ounce
of nicotine and 6 oz. of soap to 10 gallons
of water

Gooseberry Bushes Dying : K. Y. The Goose-
berry bush is affected by " Die-back " dis-
ease, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia. Cut
out and burn all the dead shoots. If the
plant is badly affected it .should be grubbed
up and burned. The disease is not a difficult
one to keep in check if these measures are
adopted.

Larkspurs : X. Y. Z. The trouble is not
caused by organic disease. The unsatisfactory
state of the plants is due to unsuitable con-
ditions.

Monarch Plums Not Fruiting Well : T. H.
Monarch is usually a shy fruiter, mainly be-
cause birds are particularly fond of the buds
of this variety. This season, however, very
little bud-eating took place, probably because
Bullfinches and sparrows were killed to a
great extent by the prolonged severity of last
winter, and in some districts, at any rate,

the crop is the best for many years. After
every New Y'ear's Day the trees should be in-
■spected twice in every week, in order to
detect the beginning of an attack of^bud
eating, so that spraying profusely with lime-
iulphur may be promptly done. Where there
are long lengths of branches made permanently
bald by bud-eating, benefit might result from
cutting them back to live buds, but this would
not be of any avail without protecting the new
growths by spraying when needed. Lime-
sulphur sticks on the trees well, but if washe<l ■
off by heavy rains a second spraying may be
necessary.

Name of Fruit : H. W. Apple Mr. Gladstone.

Names of Plants : Horstead. 1, Lythrum
salicaria (Pui-ple Loosestrife) ; 2, Asclepias
curassavica. — J. U. Sempervivura tortuosum
variegatum. The species is a native of the
Canary Islands, and not quite hardy in this
country.— if. C. Calycanthus floridus (Caro-
lina Allspice).— J/. D. G. Coronilla Scor-
pioides, of Koch. It is the Ornithopus Scor-
pioides of Linnaeus, and has various other
names. The species is a native of France and
the Mediten-anean rfrgion, not of Britain,
where it occasionally appears as a casual. The
seed had been brought to your garden, most
likely, in the soil on the roots of the Roses.

Opium Poppy : Anxious. Opium is obtained
from the seed capsules of Papaver somniferum.
The seed heads are scarified when fully grown
but still in a green state, and the juice, which
soon hardens, is scraped off and formed into
balls. This is the crude opium, the active
property of which is morphia. The , Poppy-
heads are also dried and employed in fomenta-
tions.

POTATOS : Rev. B. W. The trouble is not due
to organic disease ; there is certainly no trace
of late blight, Phytophthora infestans. We
have seen similar cases of failure with Potatos
this season, which may be attributed either
to an unsuitable condition of the seed tubers
at the time of planting or to unsatisfactory
weather.

Roses at Bagatelle : C. W. Varieties of Roses
grown under trial at Bagatelle, near Paris, are
sent by raisers, not only in France but in other
countries, and therefore they would probably
include some that had already been sent into
commerce. You ask whether they are any im-
provement on the large number of varieties
sent But during the past four or five years ; it
is obvious that those 'sent to Bagatelle include
many of the finest new sorts. Gold medals
were awarded to Constance, Mrs. Wemyss
Quin, Admiral Ward, and Gloire des Beiges in
1916. You would probably be able to obtain a
list of the awards made during the years you
mention, on application to The Curator,
Roseraie de Bagatelle au Bois de Boulogne,
en gare de Neuilly-Porte-Maillot-Paris.

Roses Unhealthy : W. J. W. No fungus or
insect pest was present on the shoots. The
appearance of the plants points to trouble
at the roots. Try watering with some liquid
fertiliser rich in nitrogen, such as that ob-
tained from the farmyard. This treatment
will probably restore the green colour to the
foliage.

Vines v^ith Yellow Foluge : E. J. C, Cork.
Tour vine leaves, which you say are from the
centre of the house, appear to be suffering from
an insufficiency of light, and if you find th.at
any exposed shoots on the same vine are not
(suffering so much, it will confirm our suspicion.
If this is so you should very gradually remove
some of the ends of the shoots to admit light
to_ the primary leaves. Vines in this condition
will not need so much water as those which are
healthy. Try the effect of a little sulphate of*
iron dissolved in water, at the rate of a quarter
of an ounce to the gallon, and the same quantity
of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, or
nitrate of potash (saltpetre). One gallon of
this will be sufficient for a square yard of
border, and if the roots are healUiy will jiro-
bably improve the colour of the leaves.

Communications Keceived. — Ignorance— E. B.—
A. .T. G.— J. M. F.— E. R. O.-J. C. B.— Sir F. C—
H B. M.— J. F. McL.— A. B. W.— R. Kidd— M. D. C.

—a. B.

JcLT 28, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

IVI A fiL K E T S.

COVENT GAEDEX, Jiihj 13.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to" us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
qualify of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and thev mav fluctuate not only from day to day,
Eut occasionally several times in one day,— Eds,
Plants in Pots. &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d.s,d, .Ferns, con,— B,d. 8.d,

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. .. 6 0-60
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
- Sprengeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0-85 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15'b 4 0 —

tray of 12'9 ..5 0 —
CocoB Weddelli-

ana 48'a. p<r

doz 18 0-30 0

60's per doz. 8 0-10 0
Ferns. in thumbs,

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0

per 100. in

small and

lari-eOO'B .. 18 O-JO 0

— in 48's.per doz. 7 0-80

— in82'8.perdoz. 12 0-18 0

choicer sorts.

per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0
Fuchsia, varioua.

48's, per doz. . .) 0-6 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... 8 0-80

larger, each.. 2 6 7 6
Hydrangea, pink.

48's. per doz. 8 0 12 0
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 6 0- <! 0

— - larger per
doz.

— Forsteriana.
60's. per doz. 6 0- fl t

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz .. 12 0-30 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

florum.perdoz. 24 O-.W 0

— lancif olium
rnbrum .. 24 O-IO 0

album .. 24 0-10 0
Marguerites in

48'b. per doz. n 0- 8 0

18 0-S6 0

Cut Flowers, &c : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.B.d.
Asters. white, per

doz. bun. .. 6 0-80

— coloured, p'^r

doz. bun. .. 7 0-90
Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
best American
varieties .. 10-16

— Carola (crim-
son), ei. large 2 0-28

Coreopsis. per
'i'>z. bun. . .
Cornflowers, per
doz. bun.

B.d. B.d.

2 0-26

16-20

3 0- 3 6

4 0-60

per

2 0-26

■ Daisies. large

per doz. bun.
Delphinium, per

doz- bun.
(^aillardia.

doz. bun.
Gladiolus

- .\'n erica, per

•loz. Bpik»s 2 0-26

- Pink Beauty.

per doz. spikes 0 9-10
Gypsnphila pani-
. culata,perdoz.
bun .. ..40-60

- dou'ile white.

per doz.bun . 8 0-10 0
Heather, white.

per doz, bun, 6 0-00
LaM'nder,perdoz,

b'ln.

4 0-80

L ilium lonei-

flnrum. long 3 6-40

— Ian cifolinm
album, long.. 2 0-26

— r u b r u m.

per doz.. long 2 6 —

— - - short .. 16—
Lilv-of-the-Val-

ley,perdoz.bun. 24 0-30 0
Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.
b.in 3 6-40

Orchids, per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 8 0-10 0

— 0 d 0 n toglos-

sura crispum 2 0-26

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let pel- doz.

1 6

1 6

1 6

Roses -

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per
dnz. blooms..

— General .J»c-
Queniinot. per

doz. blooms.. 0 6-09

— General Mc-
Arthur. per

doz. blooms .. 10-16

— Liberty. p=r

doz. blooniB.. 1016

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha
tenay.perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per

doz blooms.. 10-16

— Mrs John
Laing.perdoz.
blooms .. 10-20

— Ophelia, per

doz, blooms.. 10-20

— Richmond

per doz. blms. 10-16

— Sunburst, per

doz. blonmii.. 16-20

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz

bl oms .. 10-16
Scabios^ cauca-

slca ..
Statice. white.

per doz. bun. 6 0-80

— mauve, per doz.
6 0-80

3 0-40

bun.

— yellow. per
doz. bun.

Stephanotis. per

72 pips .
.Stock, mauve. per

doz. bun.

— white. per
doz. bnn.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, per doz.
bun 4 0-60

— mauve. per

doz. bun. .. 4 0-60
Viola cornuta .. 10-16

6 0-80
16 2 0

6 0-80
6 0 8 0

2 0-40

4 0-60
Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices

B.d.g.d.

4 0-50

2 6-30

Adlantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen ..

— — medium,
doz. bunchei 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0- s 0

Remark.-*. .\.vters are increasing

is a. (roo<l supply of double white .St

ing in eaceUeut condition. Camatic

s.d. g.d

Croton foliage,

doz, bunches
Cycas leaves, per

doz. .
Fern. French, per

doz. bunchei 0 6-08
Moss. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small- leaved
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
SmiKr. per bun.

nf 6 trails . 1 3- 2 n
easing iTi numljers. There

3 0-60

4 6-50
6 0 —

plentiful, and blooms of second quality are difficult to
dear. Liliiuu longiflorujn is realising unusually hi^h
prices for tbe time ol ,v©ar. Lavender is arriving in
large quanrtities, .ilisio GypsophiJa paniculata and the
double white variet.v. whicii is preferred to the common
sort,. Statice, including S. sinuata and S. latifolia, is now
at its t>est. Orchids are scarcer, the supply being very
irregular. There is no new subject to record this week,
:uid very little alteration in prices genera-lly. With the
exception of Lilimiis, other flowers .ire likely to be
che,ai>er during the next few days.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

per

s.d. ■
Artichokes. Globe,

per doz, .. 4 0-
Beans. Broad, per

bus 3 0

— French,
J bus.

— Runner (Scar-
let) per bu?. 6 0-

Beetroot. perbus. 14 0
Cabbage, per tally 5 0-
Carrots. new. per

doz. bun .. 1 6-
Cauliflowers, per

doz 3 6-

Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 14 0 1
Garlic, per lb... 0 8-
Greens. per bag.. 3 6-
Herbs. per doz.

bun 4 0-

Horseradish. per

doz. uun. .. 60 0

s.d. s.d.
Lepks.per doz.bun.3 0
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos. per

doz 0 4- 1 fi

Mushrooms.per lb, 1 0-16
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnetB .. 10 —
Onions, per cwt.20 0- 22 0

— spring. per

, doz. bun. .. 4 0-10 0
Peas, per bus. .. 6 9- !) q
Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. n 0. 1 n
Shallots, per doz.

lbs

Spinach, perbus.
Turnips, per cwt.

— new. per doz.
bun

Vegetable Mar-
rows penally 8 0-10 0

Watercress, per
doz.

8 0-10 0

9 0 -
3 6-40

0 6-08

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.B.d.
Almnnds.percwt. 80 0 —
Apples, per case 20 0-30 0

— cooking, per
i bus

— dessert (Erg-
lish). per }

2 0-5

bus.

per

8 0-

4 0-46

9 0-18 0

5 0-70

11 on 0

7 0-86
6 0-80

Aubergines.

doz.
Cherries, English

per J bus.

— Morel'a. per
doz. lbs.

Currants, black,
per } sieve . .

— red. per }
sieve..

— white per J
sieve .

Dates, per box.

about 70 lb. .. 44 0 —
Fig- (Worthing).

per doz. .. 3 0-10 0
(Jaees (French).

per i ous. .. 16 0-20 0
Go ^seberries.

green.perjbus. 6 6-7 0

— ripe, rio j bus 10 0-12 0
Grapes :

— English (new
season )Bl.ick
Hamburgh,
per lb. ..16-30

Grapes con.- s.d. s.d.

— Muscats, per

lb 16-40

Lemons, per case 15 0-24 0
Melons. Canta-
loupe, each ..

— English and
Guernsey, ea.

Mu.-ihrooms (out-

d(.or,perit)us.
Nectarines, per

doz

Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0-100 0

Coconuts, per

8 6-14 0
5 0-80
5 0-60
4 0-15 0

100

32 0 4.T 0

Oranges, per case 50 0 70 0
Peaches, perdoz. 4 0-18 0
Pe.'irs. Lammas
and t'halk.O'T

» bus .1 0 —

.- Williani(Fr,).

per box of 48 , 14 0 —
Plums, Rivers'
early, per i
bus, .. 7 0 —

Raspberries, per

skip .. ..19-20
— per doz. pun-
nets .. .. 6 0-90
Tomatos. English,
per 12 lbs. or
peck .. .. J 0- 5 0
Walnuts, drietl,

per cwt. .. 65 0-80 0
Kkmarrs.— .\ few early Apples, both dessert ajid cook-
ing varieties, are sent by home growers, and theire fljre a
few CTItalk aiwl Uommas Peare. The first consignmont of
French Williani'n Bon CJhretien Pears luie arrived. The
market is <'le.ired of .\iistralintv and Tiismani.in Apples.
Selc<-'l*sl samples <tf (^lierries are in demariui. Strawborriee
aro rtnishe<l for the season. Melons continue to be
scan-e. but f;ra|ics arc plentiful. The market ie alao
fairly well si]pplie<l with Peaclies .iind Nectarines. Rasp-
lierries and Loganbernes, Blaok, Witle, and Rc<I Cur-
rants are all plentiful. Plimis (Rivers' Eorly) are avail-
able, and tiiere are also a few French Pltims on sale.
Toinnt*! li.ave been a henvv supply. Outdoor vegetablee
ching the market in incrense«l quiintities.
nt niirdeii iliirkft, July 15.

E. H. R..

:, which is arriv-
are exceedij]gly

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr Daniel Fragnell, for the past 13 veurs at Cleve-
burst. .Str.kc PoKPs as Gimlener to the Hon. Mrs.
f,,i.„..rivK. N..„.,i.h Pnrk, fihc.im, Surrey.

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Preient-Day Gardening Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction br William Robinson.)
O Practical Handbook on tlie Treatment of Olimb-
„ ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with '24 full page plates, 8 of which
are reproduced in colour.

Price 2/10 poit fret from:

nh» PUBLISHING DEPT.,
" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES,
41, Wellington Straat, Covent Garden, W.C. 2

(Continued from page ill.)

LADY GARDENER, fully trained, seeks
re-engagement as SECOXD, or with others; Inside
and Out; would take temixn-ary work if near London;
comfortable aeconunodation essential, — ^Write, C. G., Box
12, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

EXPERIENCED LADY GARDENER.S
re-juirc work by the *\ay or hour ; iirst-claea work ;
London ; excellent references.— G. P., Box 16, 41, Welling-
ton Staeet, Ck>vent Garden, W.C. 2.

TWO LADY GARDENERS, with experi-
ence, litside and Out, require iX)St as Joinit Working
Head or Head' and Forewonvan, end of Seipteniber ; good
cottage and Tionie counties essential. — F, E,, Box 9, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W,0. 2,

TWO LADY GARDENERS, with practi-
cal exi>erience nnd good references, require i>ost to-
gether under He.ad ; Estate Gaidens in South of England
preferred. — K, M,, Cromwell Cottage, Ciiiok, Rugby,

LADY GARDENER, free early September,
wants post near Bristol ; 1 year's training ; R.H.S.
Certificate; Under, or small Garden; live in preferred. —
H.\>JXON, 17, West Pajrk, Clifton.

T ADY GARDENERS (4 or 5) ; 2 years'

-'-^ practiicoJ and soientitic training, with diploma ;
seek post in September, pt-eferably together, in private
or Market Garden.— MISS MIOHOK, University (College,
Reading.

T AD .seeks situation ; Inside or Inside and
-'-^ Out ; age 15 ; no experience ; Both}- preferred ;

strong and willing to learn.— P. CREASEY," 1. Brigliton

Cottages, Edenbridge; Kent.

■ji/fR. F. NORWOOD can with confidence re-
■^ -*- commend W. .\l.'TOX, his Luprover (Inside), for h

sijnihu- situation ia a large establisSiment ; 3 years' ei-
pcnnnce : age 17.— W. AUTON, Wistlers Wood (Jajjdems,
Woldingham, Surrey.

REENHOUSE PAINTING. — Capable
.iiKl reliable m;in is open to engagement ; contact
or otherwise.— Full particulars to GRANT. 197. Drum-
niond Street. Hampstead Road, London, N.W.

TRADE,

jVURSERY FOREMAN or MANAGER;

^ " 50 years' all-roiinri experience Krowiiig for Laa-.
don niul prnvincial ni>arkets ; over military age I mnrried ;
.ii^'ng;i;.'«Hl. State terms.— P. WILSON," Gran^viMe Nur-
seiy, Ilailey Lane, Hertts.

"RETIRED MANAGER FORKAf VN

-*-*' (Working) ; fivo sonsi joined up; seeks re-engag<e-
ment ; permanenit- or "temporary ; a^ 51 ; married : life's
practicjxl experience, extmyive scale; special, Grapes,
Oii'nmibers, Tomntos; excellent cre<ientials.—S., Box 8. 41,
\V*-llinfft^.n Street, Oovent Ga.ivJen, W.O. 2.

G

/"JWING to the residents leavin- tb. Ji;-
^-^ trict on account of air raid, i \i KMiniMN,
agcxl 50, seeks situation; well up in all i.i n Ik in

prepare or work from plojis : capable "l : il'ih^ .hIht

a bu.^iness or an estate.— Write. X. V.. }U<\ 4 41 W'l-
Ungtou Street, L'ovciU Gurden. W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronica

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

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issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHtR not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

per page 10 10 0

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These Advtrtisrmeats mast be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

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Cheques and P.0.8 to t^e ma4e payable to "QARDBNBRi'
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41. WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON , W. C. 2

Telegrams: 1543 "Gardohron, P,.and, ICMfigN. '
Telephone : 1643 Gerrarr.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[July 28. 1917.

A TREASURY OF INFORMATION

is contained in the

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK.

Nowhere else can the gardener obtain, within the small compass of four hundred pages, so much information
on the subjects which interest him most. The knowledge which this little work contains is just what is
indispensable to the gardener in his daily life. The

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

takes him through the whole year, reminding him of the manifold small cares which make all the difference
between health and ill-health in his plants. It also reminds him of the exhibitions which are to be held and
of the most important annual meetings.

Another interesting section, which expands each year, is the list of

SCHOOLS OF HORTICULTURE,

with a brief description attached to the name of each such institution. Those concerned with the education
of young gardeners — both men and women — will turn to this section with especial interest, and those who are
seeking such education will find it of the gieatest assistance in deciding which school to select. There are
still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN* 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d.. POST FREE.

Present'Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor. ' Gardeners' Chrouicle.'

1/6 net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 Vols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- IVow

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN, V.M.H..
Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruit Committee.
ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS, MA.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandrineham :

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STRVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES

SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. 8y A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON.
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.R.S

SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by SirF.W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

I'linted for the Gardeners' Ohromcle, Limited, by Love and Maloomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holbom, Ijondon. W.C.. and Published weekly bv Hie Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, CoTeirt G.ni-den. City of Westminster, Satced.it, July 28, 1917. Agent for Manchester, JoHif HbVwood.

LIBRARYof L

AUG 29 1917

Established 1841

No. 3997

No. 1597. Vol. LXII.

SATUKDAY, AUGUST 4. 1917. /Registered as a Newspapep.|PR"CE 3d.

I I Post-free, 3Jd.

aVBSCRIPTIOX— Inland, 151-1 Fortign, 17:6 [22/r. lOc] [$4 26c.] per »tinum. Entered at y»ic York Ptat Offie* at aeeoni-claaa matter.
Postal Address— 4 1 , Wellington Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1643.

Fop contents see page 45.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

Advertisers will please note that the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. Alt advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

r^ONTINUOU.S PRODUCTIOX FROM

^-^ THE GARDEN.

Sutton's Catalogues of Sf€<i3 and Garden

Requisites for present use.

Sutton's List of Vegetable Seeds for

Summer and Autumn Sowing

contains brief cultural notes,

Sutton's List of Flower Seeds for present

flOM-in^ and spring flowering.

Sutton's Catalogue of English-grown Bulbs,

containing particulars of the most popular DaiTodils,

Xardssi, May-flowering and Darwin Tulips, &c., &c.

These Oatiilogues will be sent post free on application.

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

s

QTSHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 yeajs' reputation ; highly
Commended R.II.S. Sdentiflcally-controlled Trials at
Wisley, 191415. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT OAMDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W. 11.

CTRAWBERRIES and HOW TO GROW

^^ THB.M. — Plant early for neit season's fruiting.
Ci>inplet« Wsi, with cultural directions, post free. Also
up-t« date alphabetically arranged Rose List, with special
value in eiillectiona.— KING'S ACRE NUR.SEEIES, LTD.,
Hereford.

"DUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

■^"^ Our new descriptive list is now ready, and wiLl
be sent on receipt of card

ALPINE. STRAWBERRIES a specialitr.
GEO BUNYARD & CO., Ltd., Royal Nurseries.Maidstone.

pOTATO SPRAYING. On spot ready for

•*- imme*liajte delivery. Sulphate of Copper 98 per
cent., pure Washing Soda 98 per cent. Write for prices
and quantity required per acre. — G, H. RIOH.VRD.S
234, Borough High Street. London, S.E. 1.

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albana.

s

TV'ARCISSUS. — Grand Prime. 150.000
■*■ ' large selected Bulbs tor forcing, 30b. per 1,000 ;
Flowering Bulbs, ISs. per 1,000.— VAN DEK SLUYS. La
itamee, Gueraaey,

JJ^M. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

LTD., Lawrence Roa<l, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

" • Greenlhousen, &c., and Heating Engineers
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 20l'
Western, l^ondun. Telephone: 201, Western.

s

PRING CABBAGES. — The best varie-
ties to sow now.

SUTTON'S HARBINGER CABBAGE.
The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.
" Trial of .\utumn Cabbages. — A trial of no less than
114 stocks, rcpre«nting 94 sorts, was made at Wisley last
.rear. , , , It will be noticed that Sutton's Harbinger is
the only sort that did well in both trials (.\utximn.sowTi
and Spring-sown),"- ■■ The Field," June 17. 1915.

•■ Cabbage Harbinger is a capital variety. I 8owe<l
some seed in July, and now (January 10, 1917) I am
cutting -some lovely heads."— Mr. A. F. Coles, The Gar-
dens, Wallacefleld, Cro.vdon.

CUTTON'S APRIL CABBAGE.

^^ Tlie most popular early Cabbage (or garden use.

Per packet. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.

" Tlie April Cabbage ,vou supplied m© with last yeor
have done wonderfully well, hardly a plant Sias been
destroyed by the severe winter, and ,Jhey are now coming
in very useful,"- The Rev, F. J, Briggs, May 4, 1917

" 'llie .\pril Cabbage, raised from seed supplic<l by you
last year, was wonderful. They were a lovely baldli of
plant.s, and not one bolted."— Mr. H. Brj'ant. Framlleld.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING
CABBAGE.
The most suitable for the general Spring crop.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce. Is. 3d.
" My bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage was wnll worth
a photograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this
neighbourhood."— W. Webb, Esq., Duraley.

■■ I consider your .\pril and Flower of Spring the bci«t
C-abbago in cultivation. Last September I plan4e<l 2.000
of them, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The bulk of these are
being sent to the Fleet through the Vegekible l»ro<luc;ta
Committee."- Mr. T. R. Soholey. Rodbaston Gardcno,

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen.
READING.

s

I T IS OF NO USE waiting until the war
•*■ is over to advertise your wares. Even it you find it
difficult to supply your customers, on account of short-
ago of staff and difficulties of tranait, you should not
cease to advertise. When peace is declared, there will
be, at any rate for a time, increased activity in every
branch of Industry. When that time comes, with whom
will jxiur ouBtoniers deal— with the man who has not
advertised for three years, and whose very name they
have forgotten, or ffith the man who. by persistent and
persevering advertising, has kept his liame before the
public? Memories are rtiort. and people whose nomes
are out of sight are also out of mind. After the -war
all your competitors will be struggling to obtain the
business with which everyone will then be in a better
position to cope: Are you going to miss your chance?

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

" Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
■■ 1'l.astino " super.sedes putty. Pull particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

pERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing
-■- Ferns, B.-iskct Ferns, Stove aTid Greenhouse Ferns,
Hardy Garden Ferns; oatiilogues tree,— J. E. .SMITH,
London. Fern Nursery, Ijoughboroujrh Junction!
London, S.W.

"pOR SAIiE, Atropa Belladonna Seed-
-^ lings; delivery end of July and onwards; lis.
per 100. carriage paid, cash with order.—Applv, HUM
BLAND, 'Blandsfort, Abbey Leii.

For Advertisement Charges see page ill.
NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDEK.

ITELWAY & SON, the Royal Horticul-

■*-*- turists, Langport, Somerset, are now booking
ordei-s for their Olioioe Hardy Perennial Plants to be
delivered in the Autiinm. Plant a Oolour Bordeir thie
Autumn, and you will be able to enjoy its beuaity for
many yeai-9 without any additional expense or trouble.

Sond the nieaeurement« of yowv borders, a.nd t.h.ey will
reconunend a selection of flowers suitable for your dis-
triot, and quote their reduced prices.

Paeonies, Belphiniums, Phloxes, O-aillapdiias, and other
beautiful flowers included in their colour schemes, whicili
provide blooma from early spring to late autunm.

Write now to the Retail Plant Department ior Reduced
Price List*.

w
w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

UACEOUS PLANTS.-Jfew Catalogue now ready.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

UI'LBS.-New Caitailog-ue now ready.

w

ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

Oatalogue and Suppleinentary Li^t of nn-w an<l
varieties now re^dy.

w

ATERER'S RHODODENDRON^ AND

CHOICE SHRUBa.—OataJoguo free.

W ATERER'S VEtiETABLE SEEDS
fur PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
.\n or any of the above Catalogues forwai^ded poet free
oib rei-eipt. of name and address.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED,
The Nurseries, Bagsliot, Surrey, a^id Twyford, Berks.

/^"iUR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^-^ summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
free on application.- BOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

f) I C K S O N • S HORTICULTURAL

-*-^ MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
bouse and Nurseries, Cheater.

liARR'S Autumn and Winter-flowering
-* ' Bulbs, including Crocus speaies, Colcfhicums,
Nerines. Hardy Cyclamen, Freesdas, Lachenalias, Iriwes,
&c., for early planting. List on application,
BARR & SONS, Kins St., OJvent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !

-*- 44tih Year of Distribution.

Our well - known MagTuiflcent Strain Cinerariaa,
Obcomcaa, Oaloeoiarias, &c. ; 28, per doz. ; 13s, bdi,
per 100: oarrioge paid.^JOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nur-
series, Coventry.

1 no Onn large garden ferns,

M.\J\J t\J\J\J 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; cabiilogues tree.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Louglxlxirough Junction, London, S.W,

YVTALLFLOWERS,— Strong, transplante.l,

' ~ Vulcan, Kuby King, Covemt Garden, Golden. King,
Omilfoivl Bnttuty, &c., 2s. 6d. 100, free, any address.—
MOKLK & CO., 150156, Pinchley Road, N.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE..

[ATXOtrsT 4, 1917.

BUSINESSES FOR SAL£.

STECIM, yjEOISTRR OF NURSEEIES, MARKET GAR

DENS FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let

or SoW, I'liblished hy

MESSRS. PROTHEROE &
every month. Copies may be obiai
on application.— Estate Offices, 67 and 6
London. E.O.

MIDDLESEX.— Within easy reach of
niarkeU 1,390 feet of Glass, Frames, and Lights.
Tu lie Let or Sold, with or without stock. Ill-healtli cause
„f .lisposal.— Particulars of PEOTHEROE & MORRIS,
67 and 68, Che.;ipside, London.

BUCKS.— MODERN NURSERY, 4 acres,
nvi'M-\y 1 acre Glass, for Sale ; inunediate possession ;
splendid opening ; suit amateur.— Particulars of
PROTHEROE & MORRIS, 67 imd 68, Oheapside, London,
E.O. 2. ''

W' ELL-KNOWN firm Carnation Growers
desire to dispose of Freeliold Nursery (about t
acres), imder 25 miles London, as going concern ; fully
e.|iijpped ; 10 Glais^oitses (1,200ft. aim, average width
25ft-); 2 good cottages, large stock plants; owners on
military service : bargain for practical man ; large market
an;l private connection. Inclusive price £3,500. Particu-
lars, genuine inquirers onlv.— CHURCH & CO., 169, Vic-
toria S.t.reet, S.W. 1.

FOR SALE, FREEHOLD MARKET
XURSERY, Essex.— li acre land, 5-roomed bunga-
low, 2 houses (140 x 18), 2 ihouses (50 -x 12), all heated,
packing shed, &<-. ; all in good comdition. Pri^e £725,
bargain : ill-li,.,,ll,li ,.Ms-nri f..,- selling.— S. J., Box 21, 4l.
Wellington Siir.i, l ■.1,111 i;,.r.leii, W.C. 2.

BUSINESS TO LET.

'T'O LET at Michaelmas, Nursery and
•^ Market Gardens, situate in flourishing town in
Leicesterslhire ; splendid position ; 7 greenhouses, Jiot-
watcr boilers, necessary sheds, excellent water supply,
well drained ; area over 4,200 square yards. Also
House and Shop in centre of town ; rent £76.— -A.pplv,
J. W. & A. NEWOOMBE, House .Agents. Market Hai'-
horough,

EXHIBITION,
COX <iREEN SHOW.

THE LEADING SHOW OF THE DISTRICT.

(One Milo fr..iii Maidciiliiail .station.)

THURSDAY, AUGUST 16.

SPECIAL VEGETABLE CLASS,

PRIZES: £4, £2 10s., £1 10s.

Otlier classes for Cut Flowers, Fruit ami Vegetables, in
chiding .MiTTON's Special. Entriei until Tuesday, Aug. 14

(tlret I ost). Schednles of the Hon. Sec,
T. BEDFORD COX GRtLN, MAIDENHEAD.

PLANTS, 4ko,, WANTEoT^

T^TANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS.

' " old pUuitiS suital)le for etock ; cash or exchange.
See other ifidvertitieiiienls ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nur&erv, Loiighboroug-h Junction, London
S.W.

ANTED, GERANIUMS.— Cuttinss^of

Paul Crainpel and Jacoby, Calceolarias (yellow and
). Offers invited.— MICHIE & 00., Nurseries, Aln-

w

nek.

"Y^ANTED, choice Fruit. Flowers, and
Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
&c., sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted. —
MORLE & CO., 150-156, FincUey Road, N.W. 3.

"WANTED, APPLES ^^^d PEARS.—

* * rleasi? mention varieties and price on rail. —
C. W. n. H.\RRIS, Rhiibina Nurseries, Whiteburch, CVir-

MISGELLA NEOUS.

UPORTSMEN, Farmers. Horsemen, try

^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather ; showerproof : 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.~BR.A.DF(3IiD WOOLLEx' CO.. 71, Bradford.

WASP NETTING.

Porthleven. Cornwall.

Special No. 4 WA.SP NET'l'INli. Extra strong and durable.

.^4 inclies wide 1/6 per vard run.

V-2 , • 1'9

100 ,, , 2/3

In 30-yard lengths. Any length snpplie 1. Also,

HEXAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide 8d. per yard run.

3C , 1/.

'i'^ 2/- „

Supplied bii return, by pout m- panaeivjer train, earriage paid.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line eounted as Two),
6d. for eaeb sueeeedlng line.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, good all-round HEAD GAR-
DENER, ineligible, uimdeistandiing GlalssJiouses,
Peaches, Melons, Vines, &c., with knowledge of outdoor
work ; cottage ; state wages. Also Wi.mted, a SECOND
GARDENER, to assist He-ld in Glasshouses and out-of-
doors; ineligible. Oaaden cottage provided. Stat© wages.
—A. .\LID, Esq., Dulford House, Oullompton, Devon.

HEAD GARDENER wanted for Ascot;
wages 40s. weeldy, with liotise and milk. State
age, famih-, capabilities, and if any knowledge of stock.
— vVrite, i'. E. E., c/o S:tTeets, 30, Cornhill, E.O. 3.

WANTED, married WORKING HEAD
GARDENER for Susse-i;, with experience of elec-
tric plant; wife to oai-etake in winter; cottage, coal,
good wages ; must have long references.— MYERS, M,
Kensington Square.

REQUIRED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ing) ; one w4io takes a keen interest, is competent
in all branches, and reliable; ineligible; others kept;
good cottage. — -Wdress, HON. MRS. F. OOLBORNE,
.Vonsuch Park, C!heami, Surrey.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER ; thorouglily experienced at Inside and
Outside work ; good wages .and cottage. State full par-
ticulars, age, &c.— H. S., Box 26, 11, Wellinigt.on Street,
Coveiit Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DBXER; 3 men kept; must liave good knowledge,
Inside and Out, Vines, &c. ; single preferred. — MRS.
TYNDALE, Meadowcj'oft, Ohislehurst.

WANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER, with help (man kept); thoroughly
experien.ced and good references ; cottage provided. —
Write full particulai-s, WH-\RTON, Tlie Grange, Pinner,
Mi<ldlesex.

WANTED, at once, capable SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENER (hoy kept).— Apply by letter
to C. H. CAVE, Esq., Kodway Hill House, Mangotsfield,
near Bristol.

WANTED, GARDENER (SingijE-

IHNUED); same Glass; wages 30s.; anaJl cottage
and gaixlen fi-ee.— Apply, P. BURGESS, Willenihall, near

W/^ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

• ' HANDED) ; Vegetables, Herk-teeous Borders, Lawm* ,
no GI.iss.— '■ Woodlands," Sanderstead Eo,id, Sanderstead.

w

ANTED, GARDENER (good Sincle-

FANDED); good rooms on premises for maji and
wife witbout familv, or single man.— Write age, wages,
&c., C. GASELEE, Worcester Park, Surrey.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER and H.\ND\' M-\N ; no cottage; wages
32s. 6d. weeklv.— Apph-, stating age, e.xpei'ience, with
lerent test.iinonials, BIRKENSHAW, Rosewalk, Purk}-.

WANTED, WORKING GARDENER;
Greenhouse and small Kitchen Gaixlen ; good cot.
tage, coals, and gas ; wages 24s. ; must have good per-
Boiwl references.— Apply by letter, A. WORDSWORTH,
48, -Aldington Eo.ad, Streatham Park.

GARDENERS wanted for the country ; all
suited free.— Hants (Titcbfleld) ;• JOs., good cot-
tage; 2 and Under kept; uiiidepstand electric
plant. Hcits (Bo.vmoor) ; 27s. week and cottage ;
lielp given ; (King's Langley) good cottage ; (Roy-
stoii) 35s. week and unfurnished cottage. Kent (Becken.
bam), 25s. and cottage and vegetables ; (Riversfham) 27s.
week and excellent cottage ; present one 3^ years (from
us) : boy kept ; atiout 4 acres. Middlesex (Pinner), 30s.
and cottage ; understand poultry-. Surrey (Weybridge),
30s., cottage and light; 2 men under. Wilts. (Salisbury),
cottage, coal, and vegetables provided. — ^MRS. HUNT,
I,TD., 86, High Street, Mairylebone, W. 1.

QARDENER (Working) wanted, Man
^-^ (ineligible) or Woman, at Maidentiead ; wages 25s,
and lodging, coals and light ; some knowle<lge of Hot-
house work and general routine essential. — Applv bv
letter, GARDENER, 31, M-anseU Street, London, E.'l.

ARDENER required to take charge of
Ii'Misc and Gajxlen at Basti Sheen; comfortable ac-

nodation for married man. — Applv, stating experi-
aiid wages requii-ed, to OSBORn' & MERCER, 28b,

marlo .Street, Piccadilly, London, W

G

^\

Ui

r.WTEl). ail rx|HMi.'iir.-,l (GARDENER.

.. ;,,l,. iliic-'- iMi-lii Ihi' ]!■ I.I Cn. Idler (teuipo-

. I..H--. r. .1. hi-, \.-, i,,l.;. -, oi, 1,1.1-, ,ifc. ; wages

I , ,,,1,, iMllir Jl,Mt II lll;^^ - nil ,l ] ,] > I HM t foU tO E.

i;!;,-^, Tlie Gardens, Bridge H.iU, Bury. Lancasliire.

WANTED, GARDENER (ineligible), to
work under Head Ganyiener, wliere others kept ;
goCMl wages and cottage; permaneiit place if satisfactory.
— Write, stating wages, with full particulars and refer-
ences, to HEAD GARDBNEE, Bunce Court, Faverfham,

WANTED, a thorough good MAN for
Kitc^ieru Garden, wifh some lonowledige of genej-al
Plants ; over militatry age ; good wages paid to a suit-
able num.— Wiite, F. W. T., .Sta,iiley's Library. 56, Stam-
ford Hill, London, N. 16.

WANTED, experienced MAN for Plea-
Rue Grounds: willing to help in Kitchen Gartlen, :
wages 30s, per week and cottage.— Apply, with full par-
ticulars, to W. GROOM, The Gardens, Upper Gatton
Park, Mensthiam, Surrey.

WANTED, MAN for Inside work. State
how long in previous places and wages required.
— T. P. C.4RR, Eidgemead Gardens, Englefleld Green,
Surrey.

Tl/^ANTED, SECOND GARDENER; cap-

' * aible of taking charge of staff (3 men and a 'boy)
if and when Head Gardiner is absent ; ordiniaiy table
Vegetables; food growin-g a speeialit'v; no fam.-y
Flowers, Grapes^ or Melons, but little Glass; iaolated
country place; 5 mi-les from Dorkdiiig ; wages 32*. 6d. a
week commencing; modern built 6-room cottagei-'giaixlem,
ground, pigsty, no extrais ; if married prefexred, but
single would be considered; ineligible for service; re-
turned woundexi soldier woiUd be eligible dif a.ble to fulfil
the duties as st^ated above. — Address replies to MB. H.,
Gardenere' Cottage, Leylands, WoRon, Dorking.

W^^NTED, on or after August 10, an ex-

" ' perienced SECOND GARDENER .for Gloisa, &c. ;
rejef ted or over military age ; wages 30s. a week and
comfortable Bothv. — Applv, stating age amd all pairticu-
Inrs, to MR. BUEBIDGE. c/o Hon.. Mrs. R. A. Smir-h,
Goldiugs, Hertford, Herts.

\i;rANTED, SECOND GARDENER; mar-

*' ried ; dis^'hiirged soldier or ineligible; must he
experienced ; 30s. and cottage.— Write to M. A., Box 24,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

TITANTED. UNDER GARDENER; oot-
' ^ tage given. — Write, stating wages and full par-
ticulars, LADY McMAHON, Southbroom House, Devizes.

TITANTED, UNDER-GARDENER, used

^^ to Greenliooise and Stove Plants; single and in-
eligible.—Apply, MR5. WAKEMAN NEWPORT. Sniid.
bourne, Bewdley,

Tl/'ANTED. UNDER GARDENER for

' " Outiside ; duty alternate Sundays ; piunping in
House; w.;iges 25s. per wflfek, good cottage and gja-den,
milk. — Applv, stating age, particulars, to ALFRED
CHILD. On+eshy House Gaixlen«, D:iventry, Nortbnnts.

WANTED, FOREMAN, for tbe Houses:.
ex-.Service mian or ineligible ; one with experience
of growTing good Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables under
Glass : a good decorator ; wages accoiding to experience
and ability ; Bothy, &c. — Apply, giving full particulars,
to GARDENER, Park Place, H'e(nley.on-Thomes.

W/'ANTED, INSIDE FOREMAN ; ineli-

' ' gible ; 303. per week. Bothy, vegetaiWes, attend-
ance, &c. — State experience, full partieula.rs, to T. B.
Bl'RBlDGE, Goldiings, Hertford, Herts.

WANTED, two FEMALE GARDENERS
for Gla.ss, Rock Gardens, and Borders ; good rooms,
with .attendance, ' millc, and vegetables. — Wages and ex-
perience to W. J. POWELL, Tire Gardens, Putteridge
Park, Luton.

WANTED, Two YOUNG WOMEN fov
the Pleasure Grounds and Garden; 7 kept; sis-
ters or friends preferred ; furnighed house, coal, milk,
■Mid vegetables. — Write, stating wages required, to H.
GRANTHAM, The Gardens, Harwood Hall, Upminster,
Essex.

(CAPABLE LADY GARDENER required;

^^ Oaixlen of .about 2 ara-es ; little assistance given. —
MRS KIXG, Park View, Sundridge Avenue, Bromley,
Kent.

TITANTED, smart YOUNG LADY for

" Hou^ae Decoration and Coniservatory work ; experi-
ence necessary.- Apply, GARDENER., Kidbrooke Park.
Forest Eow, Sussex.

WANTED, strong YOUTH for tlie
Houses; wages to c^^nmienoe 17s., Bothy, &'C. ;
&imdi;iy duty paid; 1 o'clock .Saturdays.— J. HOWARD,
Benh;iim Valence Gardens, Newbury, Berks.

W^ANTED, strong YOUTH i^r tiil

*' Houises; wages 18s. per week, Botliy and vege-
tahles; duty and overtime paid.— Particulars to W. PIL-
GIUM, Bodorgani Gardens, Anglesey.

Afgust 4. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, at (nice, strong YOUTH, for

llutiUle ; must be experienced ; wages 21s., with

B<,iln.— W. WARD, Ken Wood Gardens, Hampstead, Lon-
don,' S.W. 3.

WANTED, active Lad as IMPROVER ;
eM'ellMit openine for good lad.— State wages re-
quiired, with Bothy, &c.. E. BRISTOW, Leyswood GiW-
<lens, liroombridge, Timbridge Wells.

TRADE.

ANTED (immediatelv), PROPA-

0.4.TOR, GROWER, Soft-wooded Canes, Tomatos,
good at wTeaths. State wages, references.— R.iTTHAY,
.\sh Vale Nurseries, .lldershot.

WANTED, -\lpine and Herbaceous Plant
PROP.\G.\TOR, in good Nursery.- Apply, with full
particulars, S. B., Boi 1, 41, Wellingtom Street, Oovent
Garden. W.O. 2.

PALM GROWER, thoroughly experienced,
wantoJ for London; ineligible; good wages.— Write,
O. P., c/o Goulds, 54, New Oxford Street, W.O. 1.

WANTED, for our Trial Grounds, a
capable and experienced GROWER; ineligible.-
State a^, wa^:es, and full particulars of previous duties
to DICKSON & ROBINSON, The Kind's Seedsmen, Man-
chester.

ANTED, GARDENER; used to Green-

house and Outdoor work.— Apply, TAYLOR, 85.
Hook Roiid, Epsom.

ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN for

Branch Nursery, Fnidt and Forest Trees ; house
ari<l garden provided — .\pplicant8 must state wages re-
■luire*!, with testimonials, to JOHN PERKINS & SON,
52, Market Square, Northampton.

WANTED, FOREMAN ; experienced in
Cucumbers and Tomato growing ; cottage free ;
total abstainer— Apply, J. LYONS, Laindon, Essex.

WANTED, at once, an ineligible practical
MAN ; quick at potting, tying, -wutering, &c. ; good
knowleilge of aM Budding Plants, also of Hardy Rockery
.and Pereiiiiial Plants.— -^pply, with copies of references,
slating age, wages requiired, ic, to J.\S. HOLDER &
SON, CrowTi Nurseries, Reading.

ANTED, capable MAX for NURSERY

luider ForeiiiAi'i ; used to Greenhouses and Herba-
fpous; permanent place.— Apply, gtating a«e oiut wages
expected, to OONWAYS. LTD., Xursenmen ana'Se<?<l8

men, Halifax,

EQUIRED, an Experienced SHOPMAN
with good general knowledge of Garden Seed Trade
(retail) ; must bo a good salesman ; position permanent
and progressive. Full particulars as to experience an<l
wages required —WM. POWER & CO., Seed Merchants
and Nurserymen, Waterford.

W anted" SHOPMAN (ineliRible).—
Apply, witih particulars, to J. C. WHEEXEB 4:
SON, LTD., Seed Merchants, Gliuoestcr.

S^^D trade!— SAMUEL FINNEY &
CX)., LTD., Newcnstle-on-Tjne, have vacancy for ei-
perienee<l ASSISTANT in their Garden Seed Dep.artment ;
permanent BitiKition an<l good wages to reliable man. —
Write, stating age, experience, and wages expected, to
above.

EED ASSISTANTS WANTED ; ineli-
gihle. — State age, experience, references, and wages
r»|uiae<l to DICKSON & ROBINSON. The King's Seeds-
men, Manchester.

"W/" ANTED, for the Head Offices at King's

^ ~ Acre, an experienced LADY TYPIST, with some
knowledge of the Nursery Business. — P<t.rt.icular3 as to
experience and wages required to KING'S ACRE NUH-
SEIUKaS. LTD., Hereford.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1,6, and 6d for eaeh
succeeding Eight words or less.

^RIVATE^

WARKWRIGHT, Esq., Sutton Hall,
• strongly reeommendH J. STEPHENSON to any.
one rciiiiring a thoroughly experienced HEAD GAR.
ItKNER ; 12 years present place ; at liberty w^ien suited ;
iii»ligible for military service.— STEPHENSON, Sutton
Scarsdale, Ohestcrfleld".

rjARDENER (Head), with a thorough

^-^ I)ra(Cticial e.^perien<iiG 3)ii all brancliea land und
st.ock and estate mn.migonient.— W. HOLDER. Hertford
Vilila, Tjimee Road, E^ham.

QAR^DENER (Head) ; highly qualified ;

^^ expert in every bratich off Horticulture ; open to en-
g.agpment.— O. A., Box 1, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Ganlen. W.C. 2.

rjARDENER (Head or Single-handed) ;

^-^ life exi>erience Inside and Out; ineligible; maa-ried
(2 cluldreu) ; good references; age 37; iii or near Lon-
don.—.V,. May Cottage, Cedar Lodge, Ryde, Isle of Wight.

rjARDENER (Head Working) or GAR-

^^ DENER-BAILIFF; wcJl up in all re<|uiremen.ts of
goo<:l establi.s;hnien.t ; thoiv>ughly experienced, both Out-
side and under Gloss; aged 49; excellent testimonials. — ■
Applv, W. R. G.. Box 4, 41. Wellington St.reet. Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

rjJARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ more are kept ; life experience in all branches ; age
35 ; married (one child, age 6) ; ineligible ; excellent testi-
monials. State wages.— HOOK, 3, BuTleigh-cottagcs, Sut-
ton Common Rood, Sutton, Surrey.

(^ARDENER (Head Working) ; age 43; in
^^ good establishment ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches ; active ; excellent references ; used to produc-
ing Vegetables and Fruit in laTge quan/tities. — H. F.
WARREN, Sandhurst Lodge Gandens, Wellington College,
Berks,

TTEAD WORKING GARDENER offers

-^ his services to lady or gentleman requiriiiig a
thoroughly practical man ; Life experience in the man-
agement and requirements of a large establislunent ;
discharge certificate ; personal reference. — CLEMENT.
SomerhiH Gardens, Tonbridge.

rjARDENER (Head Working), where 2

^^ or more are kept ; married ; 47 ; 2 girls (9 and 5
years); good references, — ^HADL.\ND, Oemeterj- Lodge.
Stoke, Guildford.

APPOINTMENT required ; HEAD
WORKING GARDENER ; over 30 years' experience
in large establishments, trade and private; age 47; nuir-
ri.^1 (no faniilv).— DIBBEN. Clydesdale, Belle Hill. Bex-
hill, Sussex.

rj.\RDENER (Head Working or good
^^ StN'cLE-HANDED); m-aTried (no family); «ge 50; life

experience in all branches. Inside and Out ; disengaged.

—GARDENER, " Oc.tavitt," Pegwell Ba^v. Ramsgate.

GARDENER (Head Working) br
GENERAL FOREMAN; 15 years' pr,iotacal experi-
ence. Inside and Out; excellent references. — State wages,
«ith particulars, FOREMAN, 30, St. I^awrence's Road,
Clontart, Dublin.

rjARDENER (Head Working) ; life ex-
^^ perience in all branches ; highly recommended ;
R.H.S. examination certiBoatc.- W. T.," Box 2. 41, Wel-
lington Street. Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Single-handed) ; life ex-
^-^ perience ; age 47 ; married (mnall family) ; disen-

gngo<l ; good rcfs. — P., Douglas Villa. Orchard Grove,

ChaUont .St. Peter, Bucks,

rjJARDENER, good. Single-handed or

^-^ otherwise; life experience Inside and Out; age 38;
single; good reierenc«is ; exempt. — GREEN. 27, .\mrolnis
Road, Acton Green, Clliswick, W. 4.

GARDENER seeks situation, SECOND or
SINGLE-HANDED ; experienced ; good references ;
ineligible; ."ige 33; m.arTle<l (no faniilv). Please fixate
wages.— KILLiCK. 47, Kaniljala Rotid, Biitlcrsea. S.W. 11.

JOURNEYMAN seeks Situation, or would
^ go Single-handed where help is given ; 9 years'
experience : can milk ; permanently rejected ; married
(one child). Please state wages, &c. — M. W., Box 22,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

QENTLEMAN (38); ineligible; fairly

^-^ strong:, would be u-irliUng" t-n undertoiko work in Uwi
open air, eucrh as Gardening:; slig-ht km>wle<I|re 'of poul-
try.— R. B., 39, Warrington Cpersoemt, Maida Vale.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Re-engagement

-'-^ in Sept<>mher ; oharjrc of small Garden, with boy ;
within easy reach of London, preferred ; cottag;© eason-
tinl ; would take post under Head Gardener or in school.
— 0. E., Box 5, 41, Welltnigrton Street, Ooveait Garden,
W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENER, experien(^e<l. requires
•*-^ post, for Glass work chiefly; to share cott.agc with
njiother preferred ; good references. — M., The Lo<Ige,
Forest Park, Wimlsor.

T ADY GARDENERS (4 or 5) ; 2 years'

-'-^ practical and scientific training, witih diploma, seek
posts in September, preferablv together, in private or
market g.arden. — MISS MICHOD, University College,
neiMling.

fyWO LADY GARDENERS, trained in

-*- nill branches, desire post togetllier luider gor^l
Tle-i'l Man ; near Reading preferred or South. — MISS
SINDALL, West Woodhay Lodge, Newbury, Berks.

PDUCATED WOMAN desires Post,

■*^ UNDER GARDENEE, where competent Head kept;
anxious lecrni, especially Fruit Culture ; some experience,
not trained; live out. —MISS FILMER, Oatley's Hall,
BraolcJe}', NorMiants.

'pWO young WOMEN require situations

in G.ardens or i>oultry f.xi'm ; not exiJcrienced, but
capable of oarr\-ing out instructions.— Address, E. B.,
Box 27, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

r AD seeks situation ; Inside or Inside and
*-^ Out ; age 16 ; no experience ; Bothy preferre^l ;
strong and willing to learn.— P. OREASEY,' 1. Brightmi
Oott.iges, Edenbridge, Kent.

r^PENING required for a Young Girl,
^^ chiefly in the Houses: 1 year's experience, Inisi<lo
and Out ; age 18.— Apply. A. J. HILL, Ramscote Oaidem*
Petejsfleld, Hants.

TRADE.

"POREMAN, Tomato and Cucumber

■^ Grower, desires re-engagement ; 16 years* experi-
ence with leading growers in Lea Valley district ; cap-
able of t.aking sole charge ; age 38 ; Scandinjaviian. — C.
ANDERSON, Kingsfleld Nursery, Sewardatone Road,
Chingford.

lyURSERY FOREMAN or MANAGER,

-^ * experienced. aJl-round nrfln. for w"holesale or retail
trade ; over milit,ajy age ; married ; disengaged. Please
state tei-nis.- WILSOK, Granville NurBerv, Hoiley I.ime,
Hertford.

pOREMAN (Inside); 43; single; ab-

■*- stainer ; .\rniy disdiarge ; active, able-bodied ; life
experience ; discngiiged ; good propagator. State wages.
— •' Horticultural," Box 23, 41, Wellington Sta-eet, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

OITUATION required as GROWER or
*^ UNDER FOREJI.\N; Ferns, Palms, Tomatos, Ouoimi
hers, general pot stuff; age 49.— Apply to G. SMITH, 5,
Llojxls Street,. Sittingbijui-ne, Kent.

lyTAIL ORDER.— Youni,' Man, fully ex-

■^'-■- perieni'ed in the Nursery Mail Order trade, wants
I>osition. ; good salesman and orK-'niscr; useil to raising
stock ; tliorouglily experienced in buying Bulbs, Seeds,
Roses, &c., on the Oontinenit ; book-keei)er, foreign corre-
spomlent, and advertiser; able to manage part, of or
whole business.— Offers to H. A., Box 3, 41, Wellington
.Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

'T'O SEED MERCHANTS.— Agency re-
-"- quired, or part time travelling ; W. R., York«.—
Parbicailars to " Huddersfldd," Box 25, 41, Wellingtjon
Street, Oovent Gnrden, W.C. 2 .

JOBBING LADY GARDENER, y.mng,

^^ with two years' experience, is now free to'talce up
nar<lening, by the day or week.— Apph-, 30, Brook Green
W. 6. .1 . .

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advartisaments intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 O

Facing matter and Back Page 12 12 0

Half and <)uartcr pages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per Incli, single column

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For discounts apply to address below.

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26 words Is. ed., ami 8d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These Adverlliementi moit be precsld, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, «cc.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The United KiNODOH IS/- per annum.

Abroad 17/6 „ „

Chiquet and P.O.t to be mad* payablt to " OARDKNRRa'
Chrohiolie," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: 1643 "Oardomron, Kasd, LtusaN."
Telephone : 1643 ecRRARD.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuotrsT 4, 1917.

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d. & l/-Tinsc& 15/- per Cwt.((.or, London)
of all Chemists. Storts and Nurserymen.

THE "SAN[TAS" CO., Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. iQii.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, \veIl-j,'rowii an I cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send fur Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

SANKEYS^^^^^POTS

■■".Ml p,fr°''''' "'"""'"' P"" LI". '"•

mCHA/tp SANXEy^'* SON, L^o

JOSEPH BECKETT, Ltd.,

Fruit Brokers and
Commission Agents,

CENTRAL AVENUE. COYENT GARDEN.

Warehouses : 7, Garrick Street, W.C

GLASS STRUCTURES

THAT REQUIRE

OUTSIDE SHADING.

The only Genuine, Original, and Improved Article.

It has beeu in general use for

OVER 35 YEARS.

BE SURE TO ASK FOR

SUMMER CLOUD

AND SEE THAT YOU GET IT I

Consignments of Choice Hot House
and Orchard Fruits Solicited.

Tomatoes and Cucumbers a Speciality.

Best Prices and Quick
Returns Guaranteed.

[References Supplied on Application.
EMPTIES AND LABELS SUPPLIED.

Sold by all Dealers in Horticultural Sundries
througrhout the Kingdom.

In p&ckets containing 8 ozs., for 100 feet of glass, Is. ;
24 on., 2e. 6d. ; and in bagi of 7 lbs., 10a. 6d. ;
14 lb«., 20s.

CORRY & C0.7 Ltd.,

Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden, LONDON, W.C.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porosity, Healtbful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd,
2 Healon Mer8ey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

S^ SOLE AGENT: C/^y

^
V

f T. T. PASCOE,

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Quality.

Lowest Prices.

August 4, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

45

(BaviHtmxs Cljrnnidt

Xo. 1S97.— SATURDAY, AUaLST 4 1917.

CONTENTS.

Bottles (or preserving Orchid notes and glean-

fruit and vegetables . . 50 ' ings

Bulb sh )W. the dry .. 5i Potato disease out-
Carnation disease .. 54 I V"'«^'<«-»';8e'it "dlvice
Carrot ye^ir, a good .. 31 P"""'* seed, hybrid ..
Chestnut canker, sweet 50 Prunus Pseudo-'erasus . .
Crops in 1917 .. .. 50 i S ndaUvoo i in Juan Fe:-
Food productioji in i nandcz

France 4S Scale iniects and Anieri-

Food production, on in- can blight on fruit

creased 51 trees

Fruit crops remarks on societies-

the condition of ilie . . 4o jj^y^l Horticultural . .
Garden cultivation of Sparrow, the house ..

poor grass land 60 summer pruning

Grapes, supporting tie ^, / i, ^

shoulders of .. ..52 Xrees and shnibs
Holdenby Gardens in the Vine border, method of

seventeenth century. . 50 renovating a ..
Home farm, crops and Week's work, the—

stock on the .. ..54 Flower garden, the ..
Koweit, vegetation of .. 50 Fruits under glass
Loganberries, pruning of 52 Hardy fruit garden, the
Obituary — Kitchen garden, the . .

McAinsh, D 54 Orchid houses, the ..

Onions, bottling of .. Plants under glass ..

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Grapes, a simple prop fur

Prunus Pseudo.cerasus, H owering shoot of, 47 ; leaf

shoot of, 51 ; type spetimen I f

Fiunus s«rrulata, type speiimen of *.

V.ne border, a renovated

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(.See ilso Tables in Gardeners' C/irunicU for
July 28.)

0.— SCOTLAND, N.

ROSS SHIRE.— Owing to the cold, wet .sprini;.
Pears and Plums have failed with us this
year. Small fruits are fairly good. The
soil here is cold and damp. M'm. .Macdonald,
Ben Damph Lodge Garden-i, Torridon.

SuTHEKLANDSHiBE.— Apples, Pears, Plums and
Cherries are almost total failures. Raspberries,
Black Currants, and Gooseberries are very much
below average. There was a blizzard here which
lasted from March 4 to 9, with a, frost of 13°.
v. MclvUle, Dunrobin Gardens, Sutherland.

1.— SCOTLAND, E.

Aberdeenshire. — Strawberries and small
fruits have been satisfactory, but later than
usual. Fruit trees in general are poor, last
autumn being so wet the fruit-buds failed to
mature properly. James Grant, Rothienorman
Gardens.

Berwickshire. — Tlie fruit in this district is
very good on the whole, although Plums are
ecarce in some places. Peter Smith, Duns Castle
Gardens, Duns.

Apples in this district are good. Pears

and Plums average. Cherries, Peaches, and
Apricots are bad. Strawberries, Red and Black
Currants were plentiful and of good quality.
Raspberries were rather under the average. The
gardens here slope slightly to the south ; the
soil is a deep, light loam. Wm. A. Baldwin,
Mellerttain Gardens, Gordon.

East Lothian. — Fruit crops, with the e.xcep-
tion of Currants, Oooseberries, Raspberries and
Peaches, are very disappointing. Strawberries
lof.ked well, but the long drought rendered them
almo.st worthless on light soil. Fruit treee gene-
rally produced very little blossom, no doubt the
result of the unfavourable weather of the pre-
vious autumn. The ravages of insects have been
below the average, and so far the appearance
of the trees is everything that could be desired.
Ji. P. Brotherston, Tyninqhame, Prestonl-irk.

Fife. — Pears. Plums, and Cherries never looked
better when in bloom, but were destroyed by
cold, frosty nights. Apples on some trees are in
abundance ; on others there is none. William
Henderson, Balbirnie Gardens, Markinch.

KiNCAKDiNESHiRE. — The fruit crops, except
Plums, are looking very promising. The soil
here retains moisture for a long period, being
rather firm, but does not crack. William Thom-
son, Vrie House Gardens, Stonehaven.

LrNLiTHGOWSHiRE. — The fruit crop in this
district is fairly good. Trees and bushes are
in a healthy condition. John Hiijhgate, Hope-
toun Gardens, South Queensferry.

Midlothian. — The wet and sunless autumn
and cold winter continued into April, when the
most severe frost was experienced, causing fruit
blossom to be unusually late in opening Con-
sidering the abundance of blossom shown, the
fruit crop on the whole is disappointing. The
soil is light and the subsoil gravel. James
Whytock, Dalkeith Gardens, Dalkeith.

^ 6.— SCOTLAND, W.

Aeuyllshire. — Apples and Pears bore a pro-
fusion of blossom, but inclement weather pre-
vented good sets. Black Currant Boskoop Giant
had a splendid show of blossom, but nearly all
the fruit dropped when the size of small pepper-
corns. I cannot account for this. There are ex-
ceptionally heavy crops of Red and White Cur-
rants, i). Melville, Poltalloch Gardens, Kil-
martin.

The fruit crops in this district are less

than usual this season, but of good quality. When
the Apples were in full bloom we experienced a
spell of cold, frosty nights; this occurrence
greatly depleted the blossom, causing the crop to
he comparatively small. Pears have been verv'
erratic ir their petting. Trees of Dr. Jules
Guyot, Marguerite Marrillat, Conference, Duron-
dean, Souvenir du Congres, and Williams' Bon
Chretien set very good crops, while Pitmaston
Duchess, Doyenne du Cornice, Louise Bonne of,
Jersey, and Marie Louise have not set a fruit
thini,;h hand-pollinated. Cherries are carrying
a heavy crop. Strawberries, Gooseberries, Rasp-
berries, and Black Currants have been fine, while
Red Currants yielded a very me<»gre crop. Owing
to the late warm weaAher, insect pests have been
most prevalent. George Hnig, Barcaldine Gar-
dens, Ledaig.

AvRSHiRE. — The fruit crops, with the excep-
tion of Raspberries and Strawberries, are very
satisfactorj', but two-thirds of the Raspberry
ca.nes were killed by severe frosts in Januarv-
and February. Strawberries, though a light
crop, were of fine quality. D. Buchanan, Bar-
gany Gardens, Dailly.

Apples and Pears blossomed well, but

caterpillars destroyed most of the bloom. Small
fruits were late. W. Priest, Eglinton Gardens,
Kilwinning.

STrRLiNGSHiKE. — Owing to the lateness of the
.spring, fruit trees did not come into bloom quite
so early as usual, and thus they escaped injury
from frost. There is every prospect of record
crops of all kinds. /. Middleton, Callendar
House Gardens, Falkirk.

Wigtownshire. — Strawberries promised well
early in the vear. but drought checked the swell-
ing of the fruit, which was small. All bush
fruits were very heavily cropped, and promise
good quality. Damsons seldom succeed here on
account of late frosts, but this year there is
nuite a heavy crop. S. Gordon, Monreith,
Whauphill.

2.^ENCLAND. N.E.

Durham. — All fruits are under the average ex-
cepting some of the later varieties of Apples,
namely. King of the Pippins, Alfriston, Cellini,
and Bismarck ; these are bearing heavy crops.
They were late in flowering, and the weather
was good, but dry. Earlier varieties of Apples
are carrying only light crops, which is not usual
here. W. Smith, Lambton Castle Gardens, Fence
Houses .

Northitmberland. — The fruit crops this year
are fairly satisfactory. Some varieties of Apples
are laden with fruit, while others have none.

Pears and Plums are yielding light crops. Cher-
ries and Peaches are plentiful. Gooseberries,
Black Currants, Red Currants, and Raspberries
are very good. Strawberries were plentiful and
of splendid flavour. /. Thomas, Bywell House
Gardens, Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

YoEKSHiHE. — The fruit crops, especially
Strawberries, suffered from drought on this light
soil. Trees and bushes show remarkably clean
growth. In some parts of the North Riding
young fruits of Peais are dropping in quantities
owing to attacks of the larvae of the Pear midge.
-ilfred Gaut, The University, Leeds.

— — Small fruits are remarkably good in thi.s
district, and the fruit trees are clean and healthy,
which is chiefly due to the quantity of small
birds in the vicinity. The failure of Straw-
berries is attributed to prolonged drought fol-
lowing a very severe winter. Sidney Legg,
DaUon House Gardens, Beverley.

All bush fruits are good, especially Goose-
berries, Red Currants, and Raspberries. Straw-
berries yielded light crops owing to the excep-
tionally dry weather. Plums are yielding a heavy
crop, especially Victoria, although in the next
district they are almost a failure. Apples are
very thin. Bramley's Seedling, Lane's Prince
Albert, James Grieve, Keswick Codling and
Domino are amongst the best. Pears are very
good. A. E. Sutton, Castle Howard Gardens,
Welburn.

Owing to the cold spring fruit trees

flowered much later than usual, but a severe frost
on April 2 damaged many of the unopened flower-
buds of Pears, Apricots, Plums, and Peaches.
On the walls Pears have fairly good crops, but
in the open there are but few fruits. Cater-
pillars and red spider have been our worst pests.
Aphis has not been so troublesome as usual.
F. C. Puddle, Scampston Hall Gardens,
Billington.

With the exception of Raspberries, Black

Currants, and Gooseberries, the fruit crops are
very light. There was an abundance of Apple
blossom, but the very hot, dry weather at the
time of setting caused it to fall. Strawberries
have suffered owing to the same cause. Goose-
berries are yielding a good crop. The soil is
heavy loam on a shallow surface of clay over red
sandstone. /. Fj. Hathaway. Baldersly Park
Gardens, Thirsk.

3.— ENGLAND, E.

Cambridge. -Fruit crops are good, with the
exception of Strawberries. These suffered from
the dry weather which set in just as the fruits
began to swell. .Arthur Sewell, The Palace Gar-
dens, Ely.

The fruit prospects were excellent

until the long spell of hot, dry weather
caused many Apples, Pears, and Plums to drop.
Since the rains the remainder have swelled
rapidly, and now all crops are clean and promise
to be well up to the average. Outside Peaches
and Nectarines set very thickly, and stoned per-
fectly. The soil is chiefly a light sandy loam,
with chalk subsoil, and an occasional vein of
heavy clay. B. Goodacre, Moulton Paddocks,
A'-'wmarket.

Essex. — Apples in this district are a surprise.
There was every prospect of a very heavy crop,
but owing to the hot, drj' weather, in some places
they have not come up to expectations, while in
others there are splendid crops. Pears are aver-
ace. Cherries are very good. Plums seem to bo
under the average, except Victorias, which are
abundant in places. Strawberries were good, but
the season was short, owing, no doubt, to the
drought. W. Johnson, Stansted Hall Gardena,
Stansted.

Our Apple crop is quite a failure : with the

exception of two or three trees carrying very
moderate crops, not an Apple can be seen. I am
at a loss to account for this. The trees blossomed
profusely, and the weather was very fine. We
have had no late frosts. Last season the crop

46

TUB GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 4, 1917.

was very much under average, and there was
every reason to anticipate a record crop this
year. Caterpillars have been a plague, and may
have had something to do with the failure.
Plums, Peaches, and Nectarines are also very
scarce. Strawberries of the later varieties have
done much better than at one time I thought
they would, but Royal Sovereign ripened before
the fruits were properly developed, and lacked
flavour. Currants of all kinds, and GoosebeiTies,
have yielded heavy crops. The soil is a stiff,
yellow clay. Arthur Bullock, Copped Hall Gar-
ilcnx, Epping.

The fruit blossom here was abundant, but

much fruit has dropped. The trees have been
remarkably free from aphis, but caterpillars have

but did noit set, the damage to the essential parts
of the flowers being very apparent. E. C.
Norris, Elsham Hall Gardens, Elshain.

The fruit is not equal to the average. The

dry weather of May and June caused the Apples
to drop, and orchard trees are carrying very little
frutt. Peaches and Nectarines set well, and are
carrying full crops. The same is true of bush
fruits, but Plums are scarce ; while one tree may
be loaded the next dozen bear hardly any fruits.
F. J. Foster, Grimnthorpc Castle Gardens,
Bourne.

We have very light crops of Apples,

Pears, and Plums. Some varieties have not a
single fruit. Dessert Cherries are good. Apricots
are bearing a good crop. We have a quantity of

KENOVATED VINE BOEDEK.

been rather abundant. The soil generally -S
heavy. C. Wakely, County Gardens, Chelmsford.

HoNiiNGDONSHiRE. — Apples and Pears are
carrying heavy crops of clean, even fruits. Plums
and Cherries are a fair average, and the trees
are free from aphis. Raspberries and Currants
are heavily cropped, but Strawberries have been
a comparative failure owing to the hot, dry spell
in April and May, which also caused a bad at-
tack of red spider on Gooseberries. The Fen
soil is peaty, over clay, the high land a stiff
luam generally, with a clay subsoil. A. V.
Conmbe, Ifamsey Abbey Gardens, llamsey.

Lincolnshire. — The fruit crops generally are ;i
good average. The show of fruit blossom was
the best for some years, but the 23° of frost
registered on April 15 damaged a portion of the
blossom prior to opening. The flowers opened.

Gooseberries and Curi'ants; there are some Red
Currant trees here over 50 years old looking the
picture of health, and carrying a heavy crop of
fruit. Tlionms Co.x. Hainton Hall Gardens, Lin-
coln.

Norfolk. — Plums and Apricots flowered well
but set very few fruits. Black Currants, Rasp-
berries, and Gooseberries are all carrying excel-
lent crops. Insects have not been so trouble-
some as in past years. Ours is a light, sandy
6;)il, with a gravelly subsoil. Isaiah Johnson,
Co/ton j^ouse Gardens, Norwich.

Suffolk. — The present is a good fruit year
all round. No crop is a complete failure. E. G.
Creel:. Hort. Inst., West Stiff oik C.C, Shire
Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

{To be continued.)

ORCHID NOTES AND CLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

Odontoglossum Coeixn.a.— A tine inflorescence
of a etately hybrid raised between 0dm. Holfeae
(fiaiTyanum X . Pescatorei) and 0dm, tigrinum
(Marryanum X Fascinator) is sent by ilr. F. C.
Puddle, gardener to W. H. St. Quiaitan, Esq.,
Scampston Hall, Rillington, York. The tlowers,
which naturally have 0dm. Harryanum as the
chief feature, are three inches across, all the seg-
ments being broad and of fine substance. The
sepals and petals 'are pale yellow, the inner three-
fourths having broad, irregular bands of chetst-
nut-red, with a violet sliade at Uie bases of the
petals. The lip, which is one jnch bi-oad, has a
very complicated yellow and pui'ple crest. The
basal half is rose-purple, the front yellowish-
cream colour.

Cattleya Egeeides. — This is an attractive
flowei- of medium size in its class. It is from a
cross betwesn Cattleya Walkeriana and C. Dowi-
ana aurea, and is senit by Mr. Puddle. In colour
it is nearest to C. Walkeriana, showing little in-
fluence of the other parent except in the form
•and undulation of the petals and lip. The sepals
and petals are of a light rosy-lilac colour, the
front of ithe lip being rose-purple, witli thin,
white veining at the base.

METHOD OF RENOVATING A
VINE BORDER.

The illustration in fig. 16 shows the method
of Jenovating a vine border adopted in the
gardens at Heaton Grove, Bury, Lancashii'e, the
wsidence of James Byrom, Esq. Previous to
ithe alteration, the roots of the vmes are .said
to have been in a very unsatisfactory con-
dition, with the result that majiy of the
bunches were affected with shanking in the
beiTies. The vines are twenty years old,
and were originally planted in a border
3 feet 6 inches deep and 8 feet wide. In
order to restore them to a satisfactory condition
of health, the old soil was removed in a doping
direction — as shown in the illustration — the roots
lifted, lajid on the slope of the border with old
toil beneath them, and covered with a layer
one and a-half inch dfep of fresh loam mixed
with bone meal. The fresh soil was finally
covered with stones. The stones, obtained from
a gravel pit, were rather larger in size than
cricket bills, and they serve to keep the roots
moist without resorting to frequent waterings.

When the fruits were set this season, the vines
were fed with liquid manure fi'om the farmyard
and a small amount of artificial manure, which
was scattered on the stones once a week. It is
claimed that the advantages derived by this novel
method of renovating the border are : (1) Saving
of labour in watering, (2) the small quantity of
fresh soil needed to cover the roots until the vines
have made a,noither year's growth (3) the en-
couragement of surface rooting, (4) the use of
only a small amount of stimulant which is
directly absorbed by the new roots. Each season
an addition of one-and'-a-half inch of fresh soil
will be added, and the stones replaced in posi-
tion. It is calculated that it will, with this small
addition of soil annually, take at least sixteen
years before the border is restored to its forrrier
level. Mr. Richard Kidd, the gardener at
Heaton Grove, sifcates that the strength of the new
growth ie double that of last year, whilst the
leaves and fruit are as satisfactory as could be
desired, there being not one shanked beri-y.

Swept LiVENOBB.— Lord Arthur Hill is col-
lecting Lavender from country gardens to be sold
in various towns in aid of the Y.M.C.A.
Auxiliary Maintenance Fund for Huts and Miss
Lena Ashwell's " Concerts at the Front." Tlie
J'eceiving office is at 101, New Bond Street, Lon-
don, W.. and any quantity is most gratefully
received and acknowledged.

Ai-OTsr 4, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

47

PRUNUS PSEUDO-CERASUS, LINDL.

In his valuable book. The Trees and Shruhs
Hardy in the British Isles, Mi. Bean remarks,
referring to Prunue Pseudo-cerasus, that "The
typical form of this Chen-;^', first described in
1826 by Lindley, in Vol. Vl. of the Transac-
tiorte of the Horticultural Society, is probably
not now in cultivation." It may, therefore, bo
of interest to point out that there is a fine
tree in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, first
confirmed as correct by the late Mr. G. Nichol-
son, Curator at Kew, some years ago. It
measures 14ift. high and 14ift. through. In a
manner not easily undf.'rstocd by the vetry
slight degi-ee of similarity between them,
various double forms of P. serrulata. have been
referred to this very distinct P. Pseudo-cerasus,
and as the error is not infrequent I think it
important to point out some special charactery
istics of the latter. Lindley's original specimen,
which I have carefully observed, is in the Cajn-
bridge Herbarium. The accompanying illus-
tration of living flowers (p. 17) is frcmi
a photograph taken on February 15, 1916.
and the tree had already been in flower
at least a week, while P. serrulata,
in its vajious forms, floivers in April
and May. Under this last-mentioned species
Mr. Bean remarks that P. Pseudo-cerasus is
always to be recognised in any of its forfhs by
the hairy leaves and flower stalks. Such, in-
deed, is the case, and I have picked up dead
leaves of both species from beneath the trees
which, until dry. could easily be distinguished
by touch in the dark, and I think also it might
be added by noting the different outline, P. scr-
rulata being the narrower of the two and having
a long acumen. Flowering, as it often does,
early in February, P. Pseudo-cerasus \a unfor-
tunate, as the flowers here are more often than
not disfigured by frost. This year, tempern-
ture.s down to 10.5° Fahr. in February kille<l
practically all the flower-buds, no that there
were only a few not quite normal flower.^, but
the shoot-buds were quite uninjured, and indeed
temperatures down to zero in years past cannot
have done much harm to tTie tree. It may he re-
garded as perfectly hardy, and the young leave!
which come out later than the flowers have never
shown evidence of injury. The tree is sometimes
beautiful for a time when the weather is mild.
It has the peculiarity of being in green leaf much
later in the year than P. serrulata. so that the
itrees are very conspicuously different in autumn.
On N'ovcmbT 8 the leave.s were green, with no
sien of turning yellow, while tho.ie of P. per-
rulata were vellnw and falling. At this date
they were glabrous belmv except for the mid-
rib and veins, liut with a distiinctly velvetv
upper surface, due to very short hairs, not easily
seen without a glass, but easily felt. In outline
the leaf-blade.s are broadly ovate or obovate,
ralther ahrriDtly acuminate, anddoivbly andrather
irreeularlv serrate (see fit'. 18). The leaf-stalk
is distinctly hairy and about half an inch in
length. In contrast with th's the leafstalk of
P. serrulata, as I have found it in several of the
doubles, is an inch or even 1^ inch long. The
leaf-blades of P. serrulata on the date ahove-
mentioned were perfectly glabrous on both sur-
face*. In outline they are ovate, with a long
graduated point regularly and not doubly
serrate, the serrations fine pointed.

The inflorescences, which usually occur in
clusters of eight to twelve, as shown by the
iihistration (fig. 17), consist of a short raceme
or corymb of from five to eight flowers. The
bracts are small and jagged, those of the upper
flowers minute and .'till jaarged, in neither case
.■le:irly ehndnlar. The stalks and calyces are
dark ruddy red, the stalks are hairy, and
the caly.\ tube appears to be glandular.
The corolla is finch across, the petals are
|-inch or a little le.ES in length, and a i-inch

or a little more in breadth, notched in
a way that suggests a W at the top, or it may
be said that it is notched with a tooth in the
middle. There may be more than one tooth,
but there is always at least one. The stigma
for want of a better word, may perhaps be
termed calyciform ; it is not solid and capitate,
but forms a little irregular cup, with thin,
spreading sides.

Lindley's type specimens of both P. Pseudo-
cerasus (fig. 19) and P. serrulata (fig. 21)
are in the Cambridge Herbarium ; but, un-
fortunately, that of the latter is without
flowers. The photographs from which these

are glandular, while in the former it ia hardly
certain that any case of a gland can be found ;
in Pseudo-cerasus the feather veina are §-inch
apart, while in P. serrulat.a they are not more
than 3-16-inch apart; in Pseudo-cerasus the
leaves are not glaucous below, while in P. ser-
rulata. they may be £0 described ; in Pseudo-
cerr.sus the serration is clearly double and slightly
coarse, while in P. serrulata the serration is
much finer and not double. Less conspicuously,
but quite clearly, it is evident that the petioles
of P. Pseudo-cerasus are finely hairy, while
those of P. serrulata are glabrous. The hairi-
ness of the leaf of P. Pseudo-cerasus is net so

illustrations have been prepared I have been
kindly allowed to take for the Gardenrrs'
Chronicle by Professor A. C. Seward.
Master of Downing College. These sptcimens
are on separate sheets, and Lindley, no doubt,
regarded them as quite distinct. According to
Nicholson, it is Professor Maximowicz who
must have the credit of uniting them ;
but. as Nicholson remarks. Maximowicz
had not seen the spe<'imens. These ty))e
specimens differ conspicuously in the following
particulars : — In P. Pseudo-cerasus the petioles
are about i-inch long (a sixteenth le.ss or a six-
teenth more), while in P. serrulata they are
from j-inch to an inch long, and in this they

clear ; evidently, I think, because the hairs
collapse when dry. In the fresh leaf the degree
of hairiness appears to vary.

In the autumn I picked up leaves from the
ground very evidently hairy, both to sight and
touch, which, on becoming dry indoors, seemed
to lose almost all evidence of heing hairy. Re-
ferring again to the type .ipecimen®, it niiay bo
of interest to remark that whiJe the leaves of
P. Pseudo-cerasus tend to breadth above the
middle, the specimen of this species alone could
show an ovate leaf, i.e., with greatest breadth
below the middle. Variation of outline may, of
course, be expected in both .ipecies. li. Irwin
Lynch, Botanic Gardens, Cambridt/e.

48

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 4, 1917.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

THE SAiNDALWOOD TREE OE Jl'AN

FEKNANDEZ.
In his interesting sketch in the Oardcticn'
Chionich (Vol. LXI., pp. 199, 209, 220, 230,
240) of the history of this ren]ark;ibl« i.sland,
or, rather, group of islands, Mr. Hutchin-
son refers to the approaching total ex-
tinction of the endemic Sandalwood tree. When
preparing the Flora of Juan Fernandez for the
Botany of the Challenijcr Expedition in 1885, I
had to deal with the obscure Sandalwood, of
which there are many records by mariner.^ from
early in the seventeenth century onwards, and by
boUnist« from Molina (1782) and (!ay (1830). No
botanical collector had seen a living example of
the Sandalwood, though half -petrified trunks of
what was held to be Sandalwood existed in abun-
dance in certain localities. But absolute cer-
tainty that these remains were those of a genuine
.Santalum was not attained before 1888, when F.
Philippi received a bunch of twigs bearing leaves
and very young flower-buds from a correspondent
in .Tunn Fernandez. The material was sufficient
to determine the genus, and Philippi described
and figured the plant as Santalum Fernandezia-
num. Gay had referred it to the East Indian
S. album, a very different species. Philippi
generously sent some of his fragments to Kew,
eo th.-it I was able to make comparisons with
other Pacific Islands species, and it is nearly re-
lated to S. Freycinetiannm, which inhabiits"the
Society, Marquesas, and Hawaian Islands. Mr.
F. Johow, author of the excellent Estudios .wbre
la Flora de hs /s/a.« de Jvan Fernandez (1896).
spent much time in the islands, and specially
searched for living evidence of the Sandalwood,
and eventually saw one living tree, discovered by
a resident. This tree was in a decaying condition
then, and Skottsberg found only one little bunch
of green on it in 1908. The existence of a genuine
Santalum in Juan Fernandez is a highly in-
teresting fact in plant geography, because no
epecies is known t.:> inhabit the American conti-
nent, and the nearest Pacific Island sta'ion for
the genus is the Marquesas group, about 3,5C0
miles distant. Santalum range-s from Australia
through Malaya to India, and the allied Fusanus
i« apparently restricted to Australasia.
IT. Bolting Hemsley.

FOOD PRODUCTION IN FRANCE.

MAiRKET-GARDE'NING IN IHE P4R,1S
SlTBimBS.

An interesting account of the intensive culti-
vation carr-ed on by market-gardeners in the
neighbourhood of Paris has recently been given
by M. Paul Vincey, Professor of" Agriculture
for the Department of the .Seine. How in-
tensive is the cultivation may be judged from
the fact that so many as five — or even seven —
crops, succefsional and inter-crops, are taken
from the same ground in a year. The total
annual crop amounts to 20 tons, of a value of
£1,000, per 2i acres. Hence the 2,000 acres
under intensive cultivation in the Department
of the Seine produce annually 160,000 tons of
vegetaibles, of the value of 20 million francs
(£800,000).

Eiach of these highly productive market,
gardens consists of an enclosed garden of about
30 rods, well provided with water laid on in
pipes and delivered under pressure from a
raised reservoir. The rental value is from £ffO
to £80 a year. The work is done by five or
six persons working from twelve to fifteen hours
a day, according to the season. The establish-
ment is generally provided with a horse for the
transpoi-t of vegetables to Paris and to work
the water-pumping machinery ; but motors are
being installed generally for this latter work.

Large quantities of horse-manure are used
both for fertilising purposes and also for hot-
beds. Cloches are employed on a vast scale.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Celbry.— The latest batch of Celery should be
planted by now, and that for the autumn supply
ready for earthing-up. The season has been
favourable, and very little watering has been
necessary. But before earthing the plants
carefully examine the soil, and if it is at all dry
apply a good soaking of clear, soft water, and
leave the bed for at least twenty-four hours before
the work of applying the soil to the stems is
commenced. Trim and tie the plants carefully,
removing all side growths and small, deformed
leaves. When the soil has been thoroughly
broken it should be carefully placed round the
plants with the hand, but never in sufficient
quantities to choke the centre growth.

Cucumbers - Plants from which supplies arc
being cut should be frequently top-dressed with
small quantities of light, rich soil, in order to
promote healthy root action, failing which the
plants would soon become infested with red spider
and other pests. Keep the growths thinned and
tied regularly. Stop young shoots at the first
or second joint beyond the fruit, according to
the space available, and only allow sufficient fire
heat to promote a buoyant atmosphere during
the night. Springe the foliage twice daily when
the weather is favourable, and close the structure
before the day is too far advanced.

To MATOS. — Plants which are producing ripe
fruits must be given a top-dressing of rich loam
and bone dust, and when necessary to give water,
let this be afforded in sufficient quantity to reach
the extremities of the roots, but the soil must
never be allowed to (become sour and stagnant
through applying water when it is not necessary. \
Keep the plants moderately free from side shoots,
but at this stage some growth should be allowed
to remain, in order to promote root action and as
a means of keeping the fruits from splitting.
Ventilate the house freely during favourable
weather, and gather the fruits before they are
over-ripe. Successional plants should be "given
plenty of air to keep them stocky. Any struc-
ture without fire-heat will answer this purpose
well. At this stage these plants should be con-
fined to single stems and fully exposed to the
light. A sowing should be made at once for
raising plants to fruit in winter. Earlier-raised
seedlings should be potted into small pots .as soon
as they are large enough and kept quite close to
the roof-glass in a cool pit or house.

French Beans.- A sowing of French Beans
shr)uld be made at once on a warm south border
where protection from early frosts can be easily
afforded. If cold pits are available, a sowing
should take place every ten days until the end
of August. After that'date pits with some fire-
heat should be used for the purpose. When the
plants are well through the surface they must be
given plenty of moisture at the roots, and the
lights may be allowed to remain off the pit until
the nights become cold.

Carrots.— Give special attention to the thin-
ning of late-sown Carrots, and dust them fre
quently with soot. This crop will benefit by the
free use of the Dutch hoe between the rows aft^r
the plants have been thinned. All Carrots which
are not sufficiently advanced for thinning must bo
encouraged to make quick growth during the
autumn.

Chicory. -The latest batch of Chicorv plants
should now be ready for thinning, and this work
should be accomplished before the seedlings be-
come drawn. Allow 8 inches between the plants
in the row and hoe the surface soil frequently
during the autumn.

Turnips.— Another sowing of some hardy
Turnip should be made at once to stand through
the winter in the open ground. Thin them as
soon as the .seedlings are large enough, or these
late plants will soon " draw, "and dust them with
wood ashes in damp weather.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN,

By VV. A. Cook, Garden«?r to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davev, Atibolts Wood, Godalming, Surrey,

Strawberry Beds.- Plants that are already
tliree years old may now be uprooted and de-
stroyed, though we are still gathering a few fruits
of " Givon's Late," a variety which seems to en-
joy this light soil. It is well to have a special
plot for late fruiting varieties on one side or
the other, so that these will not be in the way
when the others are ready to be destroyed.
I find the best method in, dealing with old
Strawberry ground is to cut the plants off a
few inches under the ground with a sharp spade
or mattock. It is certainly expeditious, and all
the ground needs then is to have the weeds
cleared away; and the Brassica section will
be found to do we'll in such a quarter,
as these like firm ground. In some heavy soils
one cannot quickly prepare a plot like this". The
plants have to be dug up with a fork. Clean
other Strawberry beds, cut away all runnere not
required, and apply water when necessarv. Per-
petual fruiting varieties of the St. Joseph and
Alpine cUisses should be freely supplied with
liquid manure. The fruit will prove an agree-
able addition to the dessent.

Espalier Trained Apple Trees.- These
should now be finally summer-pruned if it is not
already done. Tie in the leading supports to the
wire, and if the tree^ are growing on the edge
of vegetable quarters they may need extra
nouiTsJiraent. The fruits on these tree& on the
upper side of the branches usually develop very
high colour, heing more exposed, but are easily
protected from the 'birds ia dry weather. Ea.nly
varieties do well in this particular style, as does
Cbx's Orange Pippin. Early varieties will re-
quire netting almost at once.

Black Currants.— When the fruit has been
all gathered, any thinning of shoot* that is neces-
sary can be carried out, and any branches that
have become damaged. The shoots may be
thinned severely in order to keep the bushes in a
good cropping condition. Young growths from
the base produce the best fruits. Boskoop Giant
is a rare grower, and produces fruit of the
highest excellence. Lee's Prolific should be
made a note of, as this is one of the best-
flavoured varietiesi.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLUSR, Gardener to Sir Jerb&iub Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate-

CioiDiUM.— Onoidium crispum, 0. Forbesii,
1 ). Gardneri, and 0. Marshallianum should be
repotted when the young growths are from 2 to
3 inches long, and are just developing new
roots. The flowers of these species are pro-
duced on pendulous racemes, and for that rea-
son it is preferable to grow the plants in shal-
low Orchid pans without side-holes. The com-
post should consist of equal parts of Osmunda
or A 1 Fibre (cut into rather short portions),
half-decayed Oak-leaves, and chopped Sphagnum-
moss, with a suitable quantity of crushed crocks,
the whole well mixed together. Place a few
crocks in the bottom of the pan for drainage
purposes, pot rather firmly, and leave space
for a surface of Sphagnum-moss. Suspend the
plants from the roof rafters of the intennediate
house, or in the warmest position in the Odonto-
glossum house. Water should be applied
sparingly until the roots have grown freely in
the compost, when the amount may be slightly
increased, but the soil should at no time become
saturated with moisture. The warmer
Oncidiums, such as 0. Lanceanuni, 0. luridura,
0. Carthaginense, may also be given fresh root-
ing material as they reach the proper condi-
tion Use a compost of Osmunda-fibre and
Sphagnum-moss cut into short portions, with
a liberal addition of crushed crocks. Ordi-
nary, well-drained flower-pots are the most suit-
able receptacles. In repotting, arrange the
compost in conical shape, well above the rim
of the pot. Stand the plants near the roof-
glass in the warmest house. When the roots are
growing actively they should be supplied with
plenty of water, and the plants sprayed' fre-
quently during bright days. During the resting

AuQcsT 4, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

49

season water should be applied sparingly, but
at no time should the compost be allowed to
become quite drj', as the plants do not possess
pseudo-bulbs. Oncidium ampliatum may be
given fresh rooting material whenever new roots
appear at the base of the young growth. This
plant grows best in shallow teakwood baskets
provided with plenty of drainage materials but
only a thin layer of compost. The plants should
be suspended' from the roof-rafters in a light
position in the warmest house. Oncidium
macranthum is developing its flower-spikes, and
should be supplied liberally with water at the
roots until the flowers are expanded. The in-
florescences should be removed soon after the
flowers are fully developed, as they e.xhaust the
energies of the plant. After Oncidium leuco-
I'hiliim has pa.ssed its flowering stage it should
be placed in the coolest part of the intermediate
house, and be allowed very little water at the
roots. Frequent overhead sprayings, however,
are beneficial, as they cause the pseudo-bulbs to
become plump again after the plant has blos-
somed. Repotting should be done soon after
the new growths have started. Use a compost
similar to that recommended for the other
species. Place a few crocks in the bottom of
the receptacle, and pot the plants in a similar
manner to ordinary greenhouse plants.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Ja8. Hcdson, Head Gardener at Gunncrsburr House,
Acton. W.

PERMANrNT TREES IM UnHEATED ORCHARD

Houses.— Tile season, thus far, has suited tlie
trees in this .structure perfectly. In all proba-
bility, some trees will still ne*d to be thinned
<»f some fruits in order to geit proper size. T^ate
Plums shouJd be thinned without delay, using a
l>air of viiie scissors to remove the smaller fruits
and any that are deformed, and leaving the crop
as evenly distributed over the tree as possible.
Some of these thinned Plums, if already fleshy,
mav be usetl for tarts or for stewing. Apricots
will now be ripening, and where the fruit« have
a tendency to split .see that no excess of water
is allowed at the roots. Keep any growing ten-
dency in young w<X)d in check by pinching out
the tips of the shoots. Peaehes and Nectarines
in the unheated orchard -house often give the best
.and finest fruits, if not overcropped. Ijook to
these also, and remove anv misplaced or mal-
formed fruit*. Water liberally all Plums.
Peaches, and Nectarines, .ind use weak liquid
manure with discretion in cases where the crop
is heavy. If the wood gro\vth be at .ill
vigorous, it should be checked by pinching the
points out of the shoot*, unless such be required
for extension. Do not let Figs in these houses
make-ioo mifoh leaf growth, but keep the shoots
pinched .so that late fruits now showing mav I)«
able to develop. Keep the house well ventilated
at all times, more particularly so in bright,
,s>inny weather. Keep a constant eye on insect
pests, of which red .spider is generally the
most troublesome. As a remedy nothdnf is
better than the bag of soot placed in the water
l.nnk, a« previously advised ; it (should never be
di^tllI■be<^ when once immersed.

Vines i" Pots for Next Beason's
Fruiting -During August .'ind September these
trees .should be ri])ening their growths. It is a
slow process, .and it is desirable to prevent the
formation of sappy growth. P.ither inure the
rods to more air and a gradual la'seninc of
water at the roots. If this cjirmot be done where
tliey now are. remove them to ,a light airy hou.se.
and later on j)lace them outside in full
r'xposure. Do not be misled into thinkimj th.it
the biggest and the brownest-looking rods are
silways the b&«t. The buds .should I>e plump .and
the wood short-jointed. Any lateral growths
Ihit mav .'till be soft and sappv should He
shortened gradually. Young .stock struck this
year may be grown on still for a, few weeks to
come if the growth is not all that one would
desire.

YouNo PiQS IN ooTS.— Growers who have
recently taken up the cultivation of the Fig in
pots, and who have struck a fresh stock this
pa*(t spring, have had a good season for securing

a satisfactory growth. The plants will, in many
instances, be showing a few fruite that will pi-ove
useful during the autumn. Where such is the
case, keep the tips pinched so as to assist the
fi-uits. Also pinch once more others that are
not fruiting so as to regulate the growth. Young
trees, such as these, may be kept growing
through August so as to obtain as good a plant
a<s possible for next season. The system of
strikdng a few plants every spring is to be com-
mended in 'many ways; it gives one the oppor-
tunity of casiting asdde an unhealthy plant if
needs be. and it is a means of gradually in-
creasing the stock of a most excellent fruit, and
of affording an addition to the \arieties grown
in pots.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv W J Gdisb, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Slaffordstiire.

Carnations.— t'arn;ttions should be layered
during the next few weeks; in the meantime,
prepare a light, sandy compost, or pass leaf-
mould and sand in equal proportions through a
fine sieve to form a rooting medium. Fork the
soil lightly between the rows and place a liber.il
quantity of the compost around the base of each
plant. " Select the strongest growths for layer-
ing, and prepare them by cutting off a few of
the lower leaves, and cutting through the stem
in an upward direction between the third and
fourth joint from the top of the layer. Pre.ss
the layer into the compost with the " tongue "
well open. Secure the layers in the soil with
pegs made from Bracken Fern, cut a few hours
before required and placed in water to prevent
them shrivelling. In dry weather water the
layers through a fine rose and keep the compost
moi^. The stems should root in six weeks from
layering.

Pinks,— Young shoots of Pinks detached from
the old plants will root readily in shallow frames
or under bell glasses. The pipings may have the
lower leaves removed, and the stem cut throug'i
below a joint, or they can be inserted with a
heel. Dibble the pipings firmly in a sandy
compost, 2 inches apart. Spray the cuttings
through a fine rose to settle the soil, and allow
the foliage to dry before closing the frame.
Shade the frame during bright sunshine and
give air gradually directly the plants aye rooted.
Propagation may" also be done l>y division of the
old chimps, retaining a few roots to each portion.

Transplanting Wallflowers, — Seedling
Wallflowere and other spring flowering plants
sixm become drawn and weakly if allowed to re-
main too long in the seed beds. Plant them in
an open situation, and make the soil firm. Allow
a space of 9 inches between the plants and 12
inches between the rows. Pansics, Violas, and
Polyanthuses need a partially shaded position.
Spray the ))lants every evening for the first week
or ten days after planting.

Antirrhinum.— Seeds may be sown now to
provide a few j>lante for early flowering next
year. .Sow thinly in drills 12 inches apart,
and tr.insphint the seedlings into an open border
directly tney are fit to handle. Plants from this
sowing will not give the lengthened- display of
fli/wers as those i-own early in the New Year.

Herbaceous Phlox. — <Jivo the plants
sufficient clear water to wet the roots thoroughly,
and apply a mulching of decayed manure.
Stimulants should be given in some form with
occasional doses of .soot water. Place a strong,
neat stake to each plant, and tie in the growths
with some soft material.

Autumn -flowering Gladioli. — Man u re
water, soot-water, or an approved fertiliser,
are all excellent stimulants for Gladioli,
if not used in excess. Light top-dressings of
some rich material a.pplied at the present time
wiU be beneificial. During dry weather clear
water sihould be given frequently. Stir the sur-
face soil occasionally with a small hoe or hand-
fork.

Budding RosES.-For the budding of Roses,
.select i-ilump buds from shoots that have
flowered. Out them out cleanly with about half
on inch of wood to form the shield. The wood

from the back of the bud must be very carefully
removed with a sharp loiife. Where standards
are to be dealt with, insert the bud within one
or two inches of the main stock, and foi' dwarfs
as near to the roots as possible. ^lake the in-
cision in tihe bark 2 inches in length, insert the
bud, and bind it firmly with raffia. Several buds
may be inserted on one stock, but the weaker
ones should be removed at a later period. It
may be necessary to slacken the raffia a little
after about six weeks.

Pruning Hedges.— Hedges of Holly, Yew,
Privet. Thorn, Hornbeam, Laurel, and Beech
may receive ^he final trinmiing for the season.
If the work is done at once they ■will make just
sufficient growth to obliterate the stiff appear-
ance of the trimmiiig. Sheafs should be em-
ployed on Thorn, Hornbeam, Beech, and Privet
hedges, but for Laurel, Rhododendron, and
('onifers the knife or standard tree pruncr is
the best tool to use.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Achimenes.- These will now be coming into
tlower. Feed the plants regularly with a good
plant food. Use a few small twigs or Bamboo
tips to keep the plants from straggling. When
in bloom, Achimenes should be removed to a
cooler and drier atmosphere, and when inured
to the new conditions, additional ventilation
should be given. When fully grown, they must
not be allowed to become dry, or the blooms
will fall off. Achimenes are excellent basket
plants for the conservatory. When potting them
in the spring the conns are put in at regular dis-
tances through the mossed surface of the basket.

CoLEUs thyrsoideuk —Young' plants of
Coleus thyrsnideus in 3 inch and 5-inch pots
should be transferrefl to their flowering pots with-
out delay. The soil should consist of three parts
turfy loam to one of leaf-soil and sand. If a
number of plants is grown in various-sized pots,
it must be remembered that those in small pots
will require more w.ater .and earlier stimulants
than those in large pots. When the plants are
fully re-est,iblished, increase the amount of air
and allow plenty of space between the plants.

Acalypha hispida (Sanderiana).— If youn^
plants of Acalypha hispida were propagated in
the spring, they will now be growing rnpidlv.
They do well in 5 or 6-incli jiots, but good speci-
mens grown on into 7 or 8-incli pots are effec-
tive. When large plants are required, the
blooms .should be pinched off as .soon as seen,
and the plants stopped when about 3 feet high.
They will then break into several growths, and
the blooms depend from the head of the phant.
If grown on without a check, the plants will soon
reach a height of 4 or 5 feet. They should
occupy a liglit position in the stove, and not be
shaded too much. When established in their
flowering pota, careful feeding must be the rule,
.and they must never be allowed to suffer from
drought. When the blooms have developed, the
plants should be kept in a somewhat drier atmo-
sphere. Keep a sharp look-out for red spider and
thrip.t. Other Acalyphas which are well worth
growing are A. musaica, A. macrophylla, and A.
tlodseffiana.

LiLiUM. — As the plants c/une into bloom
tlu-v slunild be placed in a cool, well-ventilated
and shaded greenhouse or conservatory, in which
the bloom will last a good time. Sttikc all late
batches of plants, and give a final top dressing.
A number plunged in ashes under a norlh wall
will prolong the season, and be useful in tlie
autumn.

Zonal Pelargoniums.— Where these are
required for liloiwning in autumn and winter,
they sliould now be stood outeide in a sunny
jiosition. Where they will build up film and short-
jointed growth. Kee]) the points pinched out
of the strongest plants to ensure a bushy habit.
Pinch out all flower-sipiikes as soon as seen. Turn
the plants occasionally, so that they do not get
rooted through the bottom. l'>ed very mode-
rately us soon as the pots are w<'ll filled with
roots.

50

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 4, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PXJBLISHEB. 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, V/.C-

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondent
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
•printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pubushbr ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should he directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rAe Editors will be glad to rteeive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local Nevrs —Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

.\VERAGB Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lait fifty
.ve.ws at Greenwich, 62.0,
Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, HI. Wellington Street,
Coveiit Garden, London^ Thursday, August 2,
10 a.m. ; Bar. 29.1 ; -teanp. 62.2°. Weather— DuJl,
\vdtJh rain.

The following observa-

The Garden tions bearing on the

Cultivation of" Poor j, .-■i-, r r -i

Grass Land. lertility ot surtace soil

may be of interest to
those who ai'e engaged in bringing poor
grass land and uncultivated land gene-
rally under garden cultivation. A field
consisting mostly of Couch grass (Triticum
repens) was plouglied just before the great
frost of last year. The turned-up sods
froze into solid lump&, but when the thaw
camel the Couch grass was found to be
undamaged. An acre strip of the field
was marked out for sundry crops, includ-
ing Parsnip, Beet, and Haricot Beans,
and in order to prepare the land for these
crops it was bastard trenched. THiis work
was done by a group of gardeners, whose
opinion differed as to the best method of
procedure. Some members of the group
insisted that it would be best to turn in
tlie sods grass-side downwards; others
thought that, altliough the labour would
be greater, it would pay to first shake
out the sods, and only turn in ilie grass
after the soil about its roots had been
shaken out. Accordingly, the strip, about
an acre in extent, was treated, one half by
the former method, tlie other by the
latter method. The essential difference in
these methods lay in this, that whereas,
by shaking out, the surface soil was kept
on the top, by turning in the sod it was
buried.

The difference in growth of the crops
on tlie two halves is now manifest, and
very instructive. Tlie better growth of all
the crops on the shaken out half is so
striking as to divide tlie plot into two
evident halves. Tlie superiority of tln'
shaken out half is to he attributed to
two causes. In the first place, the Couch
lias grown more and has given more
trouble where it was simply turned in.
That was to be expected ; but it by no

means wholly accounts for the better
growth of the shaken-out strip.

That this is so is evident from the fact
that tlie difference was apparent from the
moment that the vegetable seeds ger-
minated and before the Couch had made
any growth worth speaking of. It is appa-
rently to be attributed to the fact that
such fertility as the soil possessed was
confined to the thin upper layer, and that
this soil, left on the top, made a good
seed-bed, whereas the soil from a few
inches deeper, brought up by inverting
the turves, was deficient in fertility. If
this be so, it would seem that when poor
grass land is to be brought under garden
cultivation it is worth while first to
plough (and plough early), and then to
shake out the sods, _ to leave the grass in
position, and to bastard-trench lightly
and as late as possible, taking care to leave
the surface soil on the top. It should be
added that the crops on the shaken-out
half of the strip promise to be quite good,
and those on the turned-in side fairly
good. Incidentally, it may be remarked
that the promise of the Dutch Haricots
does not appear to justify the assertion
made by a correspondent in our pagas
that this crop only succeeds once in five
years. We know that this crop was very
successful last year at Wisley, and it
promises distinct success this year. Why,
if dwarf French Beans can be grown here
the dwarf brown Haricot cannot, is by
no means clear, and experience, so far as
it goes, indicates that it can.

Thb "Qardenfrs' Chronicle": Altera-
tion IN Price.- Owinij to the inci-eiised cipst cif
paper ;iiirl pniitiiig, the subscription t(] the
Gardeners' Chronicle, after the present issue,
will be increased by one penny.

Bottles for Preserving Fruit and
VeoaTABLFs.— Tlie orders for glass jars for pre-
serving fruit and vegetables already receiv&d by
the Fo<^id Production Department are so
numerous, and the output — in the present diffi-
cult war conditions — is eo much below the manu-
facturers' estimate*, that the Food Production
Department has announced that it is un-
able to accept further orders. Those who
wish to obtain bottles should place their
orders immediately with their local trades-
men, and the Department will do all in its
power to obitain the necessary facdhties for the
manuiacture of supplies to meet these orders.
In accordance with an aiTangement arrived at
between tlie Food Production Department and
representatives of the reta.il trade, the price to
pm-cha,sers of 2 lb. jars obtained through oi-di-
nary trade channels should not exceed 5s. 6d. per
dozen^

Crops in 1917.— A note sent out by the
Internatiunal Institute of Agriculture (June,
1917) records that the crop prospects in France,
Great Britain and Italy show marked 'improve-
ment upon their condition in the earlier part
of the year ; but that in Northern and Central
Europe the drawbacks resulting from the severe
winter are still seriously felt.

Sweet Chestnut Canker. — A valuable
paper* on the fuiii;ous parasite which causes
canker in the ( 'hestnut diagnoses it as En-
doth ia ))ai-asitica. The discovery of this
funsius in Japan and China affords evidence
tli.it the disease which it induces had its
original home in those countries. The fungus is
now widely dietributed in the Eastern United

States from Maine to North Ciarolina, and is
spreading rapidly south and west. This para-
site has already destroyed most of the Chestnut
trees within a radius of 100 miles of New York
City. Endothia parasitica attacks not only
species of Ca&tanea, but also species of Acer,
Quercus and Rhus, but so far any serious damage
done by it has been confined to the Chestnut.

HoLOENBY Gardens in the Seventeenth
Century.— In a recent number of A'of.es and
Queries an intereeting account is given, of a
journey taken througih some of the Northern and
Midland Ooamties by Charles I. shortly before
his death. The following description of the
gardens of Holdenby (Holmby) Houje, Noi-thamp-
tonshire, is quoted in the article, but is, in fact,
taken from a Parliamentary survey made three
years after the Royal visit : —

'■ On the south syde ot the saide Mansion
House ds a pleasant, spacious, and ffaire Garden,
adorned with eeverall long Walkts, Mounts,
Anbors, and seats, with curious deliglityfull
Knotts, and in which Garden are many ffruite
trees of divers kinds ; on the south of the said
Garden ie a large Orchard, well planted, com-
monly called the Lower Orchard, sett artificially
in Walkes with several Ascents, and in the sa,id
Orchard are Six iiish-ponds, well stored ; on the
west of the aforesaid Garden, lyeth anothei'
Orchard, comnionly called the Upper Orchard,
planted with several tfrute trees, and in it a
long sha-dy Waike ; on the north syde of the said
Orchard is a large Bowling Alley, and on. the
north and west of the said Bowling Alley are
two Walkee artificially set with well grown trees,
and in the north west corner of the said Walks
there is a pleasant Mountt ; on the west syde
of the afore-Eaid Garden and Upper Orchard, are
two Spinneys, well set and grown with Ashes,
and in them a variety of delightful Walkes ; and
on the east side of the .said Spynneys, is a ffaire
Water House, with a very large Cisterne, into
which water is conveied by several leaden Pipis,
from .Sundry Heades, whdch serves the whole
House and all the Offices thereunto belonging."

Veqetation of Koweit.-No. 6 of the sixih

volume of the liecords of tlie Botanical Survey
of India is devoted to an account of Sojnc
Plants of tlic Zor Hills, Koweil, by Humphbky
G. C. C.\KTER, economic botanist. The plante
were collected some ten yeare ago by Sir Percy
Cox, and identified later by Major A. T. Gage.
An annotated enumeration is now published.
Koweit, or Kuweit, is situated at the top of the
north-west coast of the Persian Gulf. We have
lu-ard something lately of the climate of Meso-
potamia, where the shade temperature some-
times rises above 120° Fahr. and falls as
low as 14° Fahr. in winter. It is not
claimed that Sir Percy's collection is fully
representative of this hot region, but it is
sufficient to show that the vegetation is
xerophilou.5 and scanty in character. Just 101
species of flowering plants are enumerate<l, and
these include a Poplar, a Willow, five species of
.\cacia, and three of Tamarind, which, with n
few low bushes, constitute the woody element of
tlie vegetation, so far as it is illustrated by the
collection. Most of the herbaceous and half-
woody plants are gi'azed, and of HeUanthemum
Lippii it is stated that all kinds of auimale feed
on it. An undetermined grass, probably a
species of Avistida, is collected in large quanti-
ties and sold a& hay. A species of Matricaria is
common everywhere, growing no more than six
inches high. It is used for seasoning and eaten
alone. Its principal use, however, is in the
manufacture of the curious' brick cheese of the
Bedouins. Tliis pixiduct is a provision for the
hot weather, and is used both dry and moistened
with water and [xiunded with dates. Several
kinds of fungus are sold in the bazaars, but
specimens of these were not foi-thcoming for
.identification. Sir Percy Cox, it may be added,
is highly eulogised for his services by Sir
St.\nlet iSlATTDE in his recently published report
on the campaign in Mesopotamia.

Algust 4, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

51

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

FEEDING A NATION.

I'kofessok D. JCoel Patox. Professor of
I'liysiologj', University of Glasgow, in a recenit
address on " Public Health Problems Under
War and After-war Conditions," stated that the
feeding of a nation should depend upon a
knowledge of the' dietary requirements of the
population as determined by scientific observa-
tion and experiment, and that any attempt to
regulate the food supply \vhicli is not directly
baeed upon such knowledge ie more likely to do
harm than good. The fundamental fact is that
food is the sole source of energy — of the power
of doing work. The food requirements of the
nation is the sum of the food requirements of
the constituent individuak, which varies with
their agee, sex, and occupation. The energy
expended by a man while at rest and while
doing different amounts of work has been accu-
rately measured, and these measurements have
been checked by the exajnination of the diets of
men under different conditions. The general re-
sult arrived at is that a man doing moderate
work should take food vnelding at least 3,400
energj' units (calories) per day. The require-
ments of women and of children of different
ages are estimated as definite fractions of those
of a man doing moderate work. By applying
the above data to the census returns for 1911,
it is found that the whole population was
equivalent to nearly 55 million " men," and it
is thus evident that the nation required a mini-
mum supply of 45i million million calories of
energy in the food consumed in the year. This
energy is yielded by the three great con-
stituents of the food, the proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates, and e.\perience has shown that
in European countries these are taken in some-
thing like the proportions : Proteins, 100
grammes ; fats, 100 grammes ; and carbo-
hydrate.s, 500 grammes per man per day. A
study of the food supply of the nation shows
that in pre-war time a considerable excess was
consumed. The figures are : Protfrins. 113
grammes; fatf, 130 grammes; carbohydrates,
571 grammes ; calories, 4,009. An investigation
of the diets of the labouring classes shows that
the food supply was unequally distributed, and
that these classee were getting on an average
a little over 3,000 calories per "man" per
day, indicating that waste among the more
well-to-do classes must have been excessive.
The foodstuffs from which these energy-yield-
ing constituents were derived are cereals, which
yielded nearly 35 per cent, of the energy ; meat,
about 17 per cent. ; dairy produce. The prime
importance of cereals, whether oaten directly by
human beings as breadstuffs, or indirectly after
being converted by live-stock into meat and
milk, is thus demon.=itrated. The unfortunate
fact th.at 80 per cent, of Wheat, far and
away the most important of these cereals, is
imported has to be recognised. The require-
ments of the nation have been modified by the
increase in the military and naval establish-
ments, and by the increased call for work from
the Icivil population. Evidence has been
adduced that up to the end of 1916 the food
supT)ly remained not less than in pre-war time,
and this being the case, it is found that, after
making the necessary deductions for the fight-
ing forces, an adequate allowance was still
available for the civil pojiiilation as a. whole.
But the increase in prices has somewhat accen-
tuated the inequality of distribution. Dietary
studies of the labouring classes show that,
while generally the increase of income has kept
pace with the increased cost of living, those
whose incomes have not increased have suffered
hardship. The part which the State .should
play in feeding a nation in war-time is — first, to
secure an adequate supply of food ; second, to
secure an equitable distribution of the supply.
The prime importance of the supply of bread-

stuffs as human food dominates the situation.
This supply may be maintained or increased

(1) by increased importation, (2) by better mill-
ing, (3) iby limiting their use as cattle food,
(4) by limiting their use in brewing and dis-
tilling. Increased production at home is a
policy of the future. To secure equitable distri-
bution, various courses, separately or combined,
are possible : (1) To raise wages pro-
portionately to the rise in the price of food ;

(2) while doing this, in the case of the or-
ganised trades, at the same time to make pro-
vision for those whose wages are not increased
by supplying bread to them at a lower price ;

(3) to limit the rise of prices by fixing maximum
prices; (4) to limit price by decreasing con-

leaf, and by the poorness of its root fibre, I should
think that the Carrot required plenty of water,
and that peiliaps I have failed in the past by
neglecting to satisfy its requirements in this
respect. Perhaps, however, it is flourishing be-
cause the fly has for once left it alone. .4. A'.

POTATO -DISEASE OUTBREAKS : URGENT
ADVICE..
The wtatiher generally has been favourable to
the Potato ci-ops in most parts of England, but
serious outbreaks of disease are reported from
15arnsta.ple, in Devon, and Devizes, in Wilts.
Lsolated cases ai'e also reported from Somerset,
Dorset, and Cornwall. It is important that
measures should be taken at once to ring-fence

Fig. 18. — pkunus pseudo-cerasus, lindl.

(Twiff from uili<nie true in Cambridge Botanic Ga«len, to tJiow tile venation and outline aaid serratic

(See p. 47.)

sumption. A con.'^ideration of these seems to
point to the conclusion that the best cour.-e is
to allow the natural rise of prices by which
supply is fitinuilated and waste checked, but to
make provi.«.ion for the sujjply of breadstuffs,
and possibly of other foods, at a price pro-
portionate to their income to those whose wages
have not risen proportionately to the rise in
price.*.

A GOOD CARRO'J' YEAR,
ll.wi.so hitlierto consistently and conspicuously
fiiiled to gr(jw t'arrots in the light soil of my
garden, and having this year met with remark-
able success, I write to inquire whether this is
a general experience, and if so, to what condi-
tions it may be attributed. By the look of it.s

such outbrealts by piomplly spraying iroi>s in
the surrounding dietrictc. All crops that liavi,'
aiot yet been sprayed should be sprayed ; all
crops that have been sprayed once should be
sipraytnl again within about three weeks of the
first spraying. This courae is dictated alike by
enlightened self-interest and by patriotic feeling.
The first outbreak reported this year in Pem-
brokeshire was cheelve<l by instant attention to
the crops in adjoining districts!. C<iBes in Somor-
.set and Dorset <ire being de.alt with on the same
lines. Shoidd a period of d:unp, warm weather
set in, no doubt outbi^a-ks will oc<'nr in otlier
counties. Tliere is a fairly liberal supply of
horse-drawn, knapsack, or hand-sjirayers of one
kind or another in most districte, and there is
no shortage in the supply oi chemicals.

52

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AUQ0ST 4, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(r/ie Editors do not hold themselves responsible far
the opinions exjtressed by correspondents.)

Hybrid Primula Seed.- In rejily to numer-
OILS inquiries, I beg to say that the Primula seed
will not be ripe for another monUi or so, but will
be sent as soon as ready. Herbert Maxwell, Mon-
Tcith.

Thi House Sparrow.— As the house
sparrow is becoming so useful in certain districts,
would it be possible to send a few of the
marauders to be educated ? I am sure there are
many farmers and gardeners that would rather
see the sparrows educated in usefulness than
allowed to go their way of destructiveness. Per-
haps Mr. Divers and others would kindly take

injseots. This season a bed of Onions wa« badly
affected with fly. After taking out all infested
plants, as I thought, something knew better, and
pulled up others, even digging small holes in the
soil. Every Onion pulled in this way was in-
fested, but not a maggot could be found. I am
giving the credit to the sparrows, though I did
not actually see them at work. But the house-
eparrow does ea/t the bude of Gooseberries and
Currants, the growths of young Lettuces, Peas,
and later he takes the Peas from the pods, all of
which can be prevented with black cotton net- "
ting. Sovthern Grower complains of devastation
by oaterpdlla.rs, also that no spaiTow eggs have
been bix)ught to him, although he offered to pay
for them. If he thinks those two things out, he
wiU probably grow a few more sparrows on his

-PRUNUS PSEUDO-CEKASDS, LINDL. TYPE SPECIMEN IN THE CAMBRIDGE HERBARIUM.

(Leaf specimen, 11^ inoties long.)
(See p. 47.)

the matter in hand and form a sparrow aviary
for education. G. II. H. W.

■ As everyone seems to think Mr. Stan-
bury is confusing the two sparrows, let me
■say that in speaking of the sparrow I mean
the common house-sjjarrow, with its insolence,
and not the hedge-sparrow with its pretty
Mid shy movements. From personal observa-
tion, I know that the sparrow will clear
Roses of green fly, and I have seen them eating
Plum aphis, hanging upside down like a tit.
This past week, on a new plot of Potatos, the
tops could be seen moving, with an occasional
glini[jse of a si>aii'row. Clap youx hands, and a
dozen or more would fly out to the nearest fence,
and some of them had beakfuls of the Potato
Fly. I have seen them digging out the Rose
maggot, also leaf-rolling caterpillars on fruit
trees, and peering into trusses of bloom for other

catei'pillars, and if the sparrows become too
numerous, a charge of fine shot will provide him
with a delicious pie, thus making " all ends
meat." 0. E. Bridgett, 02, Munsler Uoad, Ted-
dington.

BoTTLiNQ Onions.- In connection with the
trial of Onions at Wisley, I understand that the
plants sowni in autAimn showed early in the
year a remarkable tendency to break into flower,
but that thds tendency was checked by the re-
moval (jf the flower-heads as soon as they wea-e
visible. This simple method as new to me, and
I refer to it because it may not be Icnown so
widely as it should be. F.Tt.H.S.

Pruning Loqanberrieb.— In the Gardeners'
C/uiiiiirh for .July 21. under the heading " Tha
Hardy Fruit Garden," yunr contributor. Mr.
Cook, raiers to the present lime as suitable fot

ui'uning Loganberries and other fruits of a similar
nature. I cannot understand why these plants
.should be pruned just as their fruits are develop-
ing, and should think there must be some mis-
take in the matter. What is the object of prun-
nig at the end of July? Enquirer.

It is usual to prune all side growths and

badly placed shoots and all unnecessary wood
when tieing in at this season, which has the effect
of exposing the fruits. There was no slip of the
))en. Autumn pruning is of' quite a different
character. If the plants are well cared for now,
it will be much easier to gather the fruits, and
less pruning will be needed in winter. Moreover,
more vigorous growth will be made by those
shoots which are retained for fruiting next sea-
son. W. A. Cook.

Summer Pruning.— I should like to acknow-
ledge the assistance which I, an amateur,
derive from the advice given by your ex-
perts in the "Week's Work" column, and
1 venture at the same time to ask for a
little more. When I am directed to pinch or
prune spur shoots to four or five leaves, should
I count the two or three leaves wliich often
arise very close together at the base of the
current year's growth? I believe that the advice
to prune to four or five leaves in July is based
on the fact that if this is done only one or two
axillary buds — and those towards the ends of
the pruned shoots — are likely to break, and that
in winter pruning these sub-laterals may be
removed. If I count the two or three basal leaves
the spur which is left will be so short as to make
subsequent winter pruning difficult. Enquirer.

Supporting the Shoulders of Grapes
— Whilst paying all due reverence to Mr. Hud-
son (see p. 253, Vol. LXL), I may say I have
used Grape props similar to that illustrated in
fig. 20 for 55 years, and the improvement they
encourage in bunch and berry is beyond dis-

>

<

Fig. 20. — simple prop for grapes.

liute. If anyone could make these props of
various sizes, and sell them cheaply, it would
be a great boon to many gardeners. I use Ash
wood, but red deal sometimes will do. North
Devon.

SOCIE2TISS.

ROTAL HORTICULTURAL.

July 31. — Owing, no doubt, to the near ap-
pi'oach of the holiday season, and also as a con-
sequence of the sudden change from tropical con-
ditions to wet and cool weather, there was not a
great display at the Drill Hall, Westminster, on
the above date, nor was the attendance large on
this occasion, although the Diy-bulb Show
brought many traders to town.

The Floral Committee recommended one First-
class Certificate, three Awards of Merit, and
awarded ten Medals.

GHadSoli from Messrs. Kelway and Son
nearly filled one length of tabling; there
were about a hundred vases, and each vase
contained three flower-spikes. At one end
was grouped the G. primulinus hybrids, in
various shades of yellow, fawn, and apri-
cot ; Wraith, Friendship, Ella Kelway, Mrs.
Swainson, Golden Girl, and Mrs. Cran (tinged
with pink), were a few of these charming
Lang-prim varieties. Among larger-flowered
sorts, Painted Lady, Rose of July (very rich rose
and scarlet), Ormonde, and Kelway's Superb, at-
tracted special attention. Messrs. H. J. Jones
were represented by Phloxes set up in fourteen
very large and bold stands, each containing one
variety ; Mrs. Alder, delicate pink, with a mauve-
purple eye, was a new variety of outstanding
merit and distinction ; Widar, purplish-blue
with white eye : Mrs. H. J. Jones, rose-pink, and
Elizabeth Campbell, were all finely shown.

The elegant Thalictrum dipterocarpum was
gi'ouped very pleasingly with Astilbes and double
Gypsophila by Mr. J. C. Allorove, who also
staged tlie exquisite little Astilbe simplicifolia,
with its bronze-tinted leaves and plumes of white

August 4, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

53

flowers ; and Anemonopsis macrophylla. Messrs.
JAS Vert and Sons' exhibit of stately double
Hollyhocks proved very interesting ; the spikes
were finely developed, and the blooms large and
round enough to please the most exacting of old
florists. Britannia, crimson-scarlet ; Walden
Yellow : Lady Bailey, pink ; Exultum, dark
crimson ; and White Queen, a new pure white,
were commendable varieties. Mary Allwood was
the most striking Carnation in a goodly group
from Messrs. Allwood Bros. Azalea arborea,
shown by Messrs. J. Cheal and Sons, is a good
late sort, with white, very fragrant, flowers;
and Robinia Kelseyi bearing its pretty crimson-
haired pods, were noted in this firm's display.
( ampanula Mariesii was well shown by Messrs.
J. Piper and Sons, and Mr. L. R. Russell
showed sprays of the finer Oaks and some golden
Conifers.

Mr. H. J. Elwes, Colesboume Park, brought up
a number of interesting flowers, including Cam-
panula Vidali, Hedychium coccineum, a fine
white Crinum, Disa Luna (grown out-of-doors
since May), and species of Bomarea, Stapelia,
Poterium and Cypripedium. A brilliant Antir-
rhinum named Fusilier, gorgeous in scarlet and
gold, came from Messrs. Dobbie and Co. ; it is of
intermediate habit.

The Orchid Committee was not overburdened
with work. It granted two Awards of Merit and
two Medals.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee had little
to do beyond granting one Medal and a Cultural
Commendation.

Messrs. uSpooner and Sons' ten dishes of
Apples included good samples of Beauty of
Bath and Mr. Gladstone, both early dessert varie-
ties. Mr. Anderson, Wellington, New Zealand,
received a Cultural Commendation for fine
oxamplee of Sturmer Pippin Apple.

Floral Committee.

Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles (in the chair), and
Messrs. W. J. Bean, S. Morris, .John Green,
R. C. Notcutt, J. W. Barr, G. Keuthe, John
Heal, W. P. Thomson, J. W. Moorman, C.
TJixon, Jas. Hudson, Thomas Stevenson, H. .1.
.lones, J. W. Blakey, Arthur Turner, George
Paul, Herbert Cowley, Chas. E. Pearson, C. H,
.finkins, J. F. McLeod, and C. R. Fielder.

First-class Certificate.
Thalir.trum dipteTocarpum. — Although by nn
means a new plant, this Thalictrum is not a very
old inhabitant of our gardens, but it has become
familiar to all who have taken an interest in
hardy plants during recent years. Its elegant
leafage and tall, graceful, branching spikes of
blue flowers are exceedingly attractive. The
species was introduced to cultivation by Messrs.
Jas. Veitch and Sons, through Mr. E. H. Wilson,
who collected it in (^hina ; an Award of Merit
was granted it in 1908. Shown by Mr. J. ('.
A LLC. rove.

Awards of Merit.

Oladiolus Sunspot. — A charming yailety, with
large, slightly hooded flowers of a delicate pink
shade overlying cream, the latter colour show-
ing as an irregular margin round the large blotch
of rich chestnut-scarlet which occupies the
greater part of each of the three lower segments.
There were five or six expanded blooms on each
spike, and a dozen or so of unopened buds; the
strongest spikee had basal branches. Shown by
Messrs. J. Kelway and Son, Langport.

Anemone vitifolia tomentosa. — A fine species
from China, sent home in 1909 by Mr. Purdom.
It grows from 3 feet to 4 feet high, and its
basal leaves are large and liandsome Half
way up the stout stems there are usually three
large trifoliate leaves, each lobed and ser-
rated like a vine leaf. From this point the stem
branches, and carries its flowers in large ter-
minal clusters. The latter are very like those
of Anemone japonica, pink, rose-coloured out-
side, and with a central cluster of yellow sta-
mens. The leaves are dark green, tomentose on
(he under side. Shown by Mr. .1. C. Allorove.

.Oentiana PiiTdomii. — 'This is a sliowy species,
somewhat akin to G. Przewalskyi. The
principal leaves are broadly linear, and from 4
to 5 inches lung, and from just below the
tufts of these spring the foot-long spikes.
These are evidently intended to depend or lie

along the ground, where their bright blue, white-
tubed flowers turn upwards. We counted
fourteen flowers on one branching spike. The
individual blooms are about an inch aci'oss the
mouth and 2!^ inches long. The mouth has five
large lobes, with five alternating small lobes.
Shown by Mr. J. C. Allgrove.

Awards for Groups.

Silver-gilt Banhsian Medal. — To Messrs. Jas.
Kelway and Son, for Gladioli.

Silver Flora Medal. — To Messrs. J. Cheal and
Sons, for hardy shrubs and Dahlias; and to
Messrs. H. J. Jones, for Phloxes.

Silver Baiiksian Medal. — To Messrs. Allwood
Brothers, for Carnations ; to Messrs. H. B.
May and Sons, for Ferns; to Mr. G. Reuthe,
for hardy flowers ; to Mr. L. R. Russell, for
ornamental shrubs ; and to Messrs. J. Vert and
Sons, for Hollyhocks.

some, large-flowered Cattleya of fine shape and
colour. Sepals and petals salmon-pink tinged
with yellow, the midribs being of a pale gold
.shade; lip broad, clear chrome yellow in the
centre, the well-rounded front being deep
magenta-crimson. The C. Dowiaiia Rosita with
which, crossed with C. Hardyana, Messrs. Arm-
strong and Brown pi-oduced C. Prince John, is
a fine character-giving feature in the new hybrid.
The C. Eldorado in C. iridescens impart* deli
cate fragrance.

Cnftleya Princess Royal [Fabia x Hardyana).
from Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Ilay-
waixls Heath. A richly-coloui'ed flower equal
in size to C. Hardyana. Sepals and petals deep
rose-purple with the white ground-colour show-
ing through on the petals between the veining.
The lip is ruby-red with gold lines from the
base to the centre and with a thin lilac margin.

Fig. 21. — prunus serrulata, lindl. type specimen in thk OAMBnrnGE iiEFiiiAnntM.

(Orijfina.1 npccimeJi 10 iriulies liifi-h.)
(See p. 47.)

Bronze Flora .Medal. — To Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
for hardy plants.

Bronze Banksian Medal. — To Meesi-s. J. Piper
and Sons, for hardy flowers.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair), and Sir Harry J. Veitch, Jas. O'Brien
(hon. secretary), W. Bolton, S. W. Flory, Fred
K. Sander, Pantia Ralli, Thomas Armstrong,
Gurney Wilswin, J. Wilson Potter, and C. .1.
Lucas.

AWARDS.
Award of Merit.

Cattleya Posita Ornhidfiurst iiariefi/ (Prince
John X iridescens), from Messrs. Armstrong
AND Brown, Tunbridge Wells. A very hand-

General Exhibits.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchid-
Inir.st, Tunbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver
Flora Medal for a group, in which the best
novelties were Cattleya illustris Orchidhurst
variety (iridescens X Acis), a clear yellow flower
with dark rose veining on the front of the lip;
and Odontioda Una (Odm. llallii x Oda.
Charlesworthii), with cream-white flowers
prettily barrexl and blotched with plum colour.
The crest is strongly indicative of Odm. Hallii,
to which the whole flower inclines, to the ex-
clusion of the dark red in Oda. ChnTleswortliii.
Miltonia The Rev. W. Wilke, with enormous
Peach-blossom-coloured flower, and a very dark
form of I.<ielio-Oattleya Pronax (clegaiifi x Geo.
Woodhams), were also shown.

54

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 4, 1917.

-Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Ha.y wards
Heath, ware awarded a Silver I'lora Medal for
a group in which the xanthotes forms of 0.
crispum, (J. eximium and 0. ardentissimum were
effective, and the lat.e-flowerLng iNIiltonia vexil-
laria rubella, with many spikes, well shown. A
fine novelty was Laelio-Cattleya jMarina (L.-C.
St. Gatliasrdi x C. Hardyama), with deep rose-
coloured flowers having a broad ruby-purple lip
with gold lines from the base. A good yellow
form of L.-C. Appam, with rufcy-crimson front
to the lip, and L.-C. Agnee (C. SohiUeriana x
L.jG. calliBtoglossa.) , which in form and colour
adiheres closely to 0. Schilleriana, were also
noted.

J. Ansaldo, Esq., Rosebank, Mumbles, sent
Siopliro-Laelio-Oattleya Corona Ansaldo's variety
(L.-C. Rubens x S.-L.-C. Dorila). With Laelia
pumila in both the parents its influence has been
very strong in this neat hybrid, which in form
and colour approaches that species closely, al-
though a shade of orange underlying the surface
colour in places shows traces of Sophronitis.
The sepals and broadly ovate petals are deep.
rosy-mauve, the lip having a ruby-purple front
and vellow disc.

Mr. J. E. Shill, The Dell Gardens, Engle-
field Green, showed a flower of Cattleya illustris
var. Savoyard (iridescens X Acis), pale canar\'
yellow with light purple front to the lip.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Prcsevt : Mr. Owen Thomas (in the chair),
Rev. W. Wilks, and Messrs. W. J. Jefferies,
.Tohn Harrison, E. A. Bunyard, John Basham,
H. Markham, E. Harriss, Jas. Gibson, J. C
Allgrove, Edwin Beckett, Jas. Vert. W. H..
Divers, W. Bates, H. Somers Rivers, and A. W.
Metcalfe.

Groups.

Silver Bankaian Medal. — To Messrs. Spooner
AND Sons, for Apples.

Cultural Commendation. — To Mr. Anderson,
Wellington, New Zealand, for Sturmer Pippin
Apples.

DRY BULB SHOW.

There was a good exhibition of dry, home-
grown, hardy flower bulbs.

Two sets were staged in the amateurs' class
for a ooUeotion of not fewer than ten varieties,
five to be Daffodils. Here Mr. G. Stocks,
Bentley Road, Doncaster, gained 1st prize for
a capital collection which included bulbs of
Lilium candidum and Madame de Graaff Daffo-
dils; Miss V. Warren, The Oaks, Westbere,
Cianteitairy, was awarded 2ndi place.

In the class for twenty varieties of Daffodils,
twenty bulbs of each, Messrs. J. R. Pearson
AND iStoNS. Lowd'ham, won the 1st prize with
specimens of large size and weight. thotiC of Eni-
|)]'eiSs, Emperor, Vega, Weardale Perfection, and
Florence Pearson being especially fine. There
were four entrants, and second place fell to
Messrs. R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, for a capi-
tal lot ; Messrs. Hogg and Robertson, Dublin,
were 3rd, audi Mr. J. M.allender, Scrooby,
Bawtry, 4th.

Tlie premier award for ten market varieties of
Daffodils, twenty "single" bulbs of each, was
won by Messrs. R. H. B.iTH, Ltd., with clean
examples of King Alfred, Sir Watkin, Victoria,
Madiame de Graaff, Emperor, Empress, Bright-
ness, Ornatus, Weardale Perfection, and Barrii
conspicuus; Mr. .J. Mallender was 2nd.

Competition was especially keen in the class
for a collection of home-grown Tulip bulbs, in
not more than twenty varieties, nor wiore than
twenty bulbs of any one variety. There were
five competitors, and the 1st prize was awarded
to Messrs. J. R. Pearson and Sons for a set
of very large and heavy bulbs which consisted
of nineteen Darwins and one bedding variety.
Some of the bulbs were of immense breeder
.«ize, notably those of Marconi, Feu Brilliant,
Henner, and Moralis. Some discussion took
place among the traders present as to the defini-
tion of the word " collection," and there seemed
to be a pretty general opinion that both early
and late varieties should be well represented in
such a class, or that in future there should
be one class for bulbs of early varieties and
one for Darwins. Tlie 2nd prize went to Messrs.
George Monro. .Tunr., The Maltings, Spald-

ing, for a collection which attracted attention
by reason of the good size, cleanness, and general
smartness of the set; early single, early double,
May-flowering and Darwin varieties were all
represented, and notable bulbs were those of
La Reine, Baxtigon, V'uurbaak, Washington,
Professor Rauwenhoff, and Murillo. Messrs.
Hogg and Eobektson were 3rd, and Messrs.
R. H. Bath, Ltd., 4th.

For a collection of any dry, home-grown hardy
bulbs (other than Daffodils and Tulips), and
not more than thirty varieties, Messrs. Barr
and Sons were 1st prizewinners. In this class
diversity of genera and species received) favour-
able consideration from the judges. Messrs.
Barr and Sons set up Eremuri, Fritillarias,
Winter Aconites, Hyacintlis, Ohionodoxas,
Anemones, Oxalis, Sparaxis, Oumass'as,
Colchicums, AUi-mns, Irises of sorts, Acillas,
Leucojums, Polygonatum, Ornithogalum. Cycla-
men and Crocuses. Messrs. Hogg and Robertson
gained the 2nd award.

tRvV "^S.*"*'"-"^® regret to record the death
ot Mr. D. Mc.^nsh, for many years gardejier at
Leeds Castle, near Maidstone." Mr. McAinsh
was a Scotchman, and, though long reeident in
the Siouth, he retained to the last his na.tive
accent, which, coupled with a sense of humour,
gvave him a distinct personality. The gardens at
Leeds Oastle were a tribute to his skill, and the
fruit especiaEy was always worth a visit to in-
spect. Among his many friends he will l>e
gx-eatly missed.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Mustard for Wheat.
No time should be lost in finally ploughing
fallow ground intended for W.heat, "from whicli!
perhaps, a crop of Swedes was taken, an oppor-
tunity having been given since of cleaning the
land from Couich grass. After ploughing, harrow
o^er the surface, draw the ixjller over it to facili-
tate the sowing of 20 lbs. of ^lustard seed per
acre with the hand seed harrow. Harrow the
ground once afterwards. In six weeks' time the
Mustard should be 2 feet high, and ready for
ploughing in at the end of September or early in
October, sowing the Wheat directly afterwards.
Especially is the early sowing of Wheat to be
recommended on stiff land, as the plant obtains a
firm root-hold before wintry weather affects the
trowth.

Rape and Turnips for Wheat.
The rex?enjt showery weather has brought on
these crops amazingly, so that the roots will
shortly be in a satisfactory condition to be eaten
off by sheep, to be followed by a Wheat crop.
Thi-s is quite one of the best of preparations for
Wheat. In stiff soil the Wheat from such a pre-
ceding crop grows with much "strength," a
quality appreciated by the miller.

The Harvesting of Wheat.

It is to be regretted that recent rains have
beaten down the grain crops over large areas in
many counties, just when they were ripe for cut-
ting. To obtain Wheat of ex'tra " strength."
bright red in colour, and full of glutin, the cut-
ting should not be delayed until the Corn is quite
ripe. It should be cut when it is, say, three-
quarters ripe : indeed, the straw may still have
a green hue about it.

\^lieat cut at thi.!! stage is not so liable to
" brit " — shake out by hauKEing — as when
allowed to become thoroughly ripe before
cutit'ng.

Electrified Seed Oats.

I have recently inspected twx) samples of Oats
cut from plants ra,ised from electrified seed ajid
from untreated feed of the same ^■ariety growing
171 tihe same field under the same oonditions.
Cei'tainly there is a huge difference in the size of
the ears, but time alone can prove the value of
such treatment. E. Mohjneiix.

C.ARNAnoN Disease : F. P. Assuming that the
dieea.se you mention is the leaf-spot of Carna-
tions oaused by the fungus Uredo dianthi. a
good preventive measure is to spray the plants
with potassium sulphide ; hut whilst this is
useful, the best growers prefer to sjtamp out
disease altogether by pinching off every leaf
that sJiows evidence of attack, and as soon as
it can be detected. At first the result is to
appear to make the plant appeal- disfigured by
the loss of so many leaves, but if the remedy
is jH'oceeded in, and the leaves thus removed
destroyed by (burning, as well as all those
plants which are so debilitated by the process
as to be incapable of making good specimens,
the cultiTnajtor will eventually have the
mastery, and the disease cease to trouble his
planlt.

Hedge as Screen : V. You cannot do better
than plant Oupressus macrocarpa, C. Law-
soniana, Thuya plicata, or Libocedrus decur-
rens to form the sci'^en you desire. All of
these plants are rapiid growers when once estab-
lished, of strictly columnar habit. They
should be planted about 6 feet apaJit to fonn
a dense sicreen. We advise you to first see
each kind of plant and choose which you like
be.'t ; the rate of growth, habit, and price are
practically the same in each case.

Names of Plants : J. C. B. The larger Honey-
suckle is Lonicera periclymenum Dutch Red :
the small-leaved one is Lonicera syringantha,
from China ; the Lily is Lilium regale (Wilson's
Lily), — Ernest S. Colhron. 1, Sidalcea malvae-
flora, or S. spicata ; most likely the former, but
you should have sent a leaf from the base of
the plant, and a deeply divided one from near
the top ; 2, Chrysanthemum coccineum, a pale
garden varietv, generally known as Pvrethrum.
— n'. H. E.' 1, Sediim hybriduni ; 2. S.
spurium var. album ; 3, S. spurium ; 4, S.
nlbum var brevifoKum ; 5, S. reflexum ; 6, S.
lineare var. variegatum ; 7, S'. rape&tre. —
H. G., Herts. Bignonia radicang (Peas next
week).

Nursery Engagement : F. J. W. You do not
say that your employer sent you away without
notice, but merely that he told you to look out
for a fresh place, git'ing certain reasons which,
you believe, are incorrect, but the validity
of the reasons does not matter in this
case, as the employer is under no obliga-
tion to give a reason at all, provided there
was proper notice to terminate the agreement
between you. There are other circumstances
which will have to be taken into considera-
tion, and, assuming that you wish to know
definitely whether there is a good case against
the employer, your best plan would be to con-
sult a local solicitor on the matter.

Peaches : Enquirer. There is nothing in the
Peach leaves themselves to help us to deter-
mine the oautse of the troulble of which you
complain. It is most likely that the failure
of the learves is due to un.suitable conditions at
the root ; and whether such conditions have
been brought about by the iLse of the miscel-
laneous manure you obtained from a distance
or to insufficient drainage of the border, it is
not. possible to .say without means of
examining the border. There is a further
possibility that the insecticide you used may
have been too strong for the tender foliage of
the Peach. If a dheok was caused to the roots
every time you applied a fresh watering, you
will have to try and determine whether this
was oaused by injurious substances from t.he
man^ire, or to waterlogging of the roots
through ineffective drainage.

Communications Beceived. — Novice^lTelnwl—
E 0 B.— C. H— H. J. D.— P. B.-^. B., I/W.—
.1 \ S — R. W., Watlands— F. O. L.-J. McF.— A. J. G.
—Mrs. F. R. G. C— A. H.— Miss B., Forth— J. B.—
G. Hv. S.— W. L.— .T. G. W.— B. H.— W. W.— H. G.—
W. H.— Sir A. B.-H. [Thamlis for S.'. fnr 0,inien<?rs'
Or|>h;m Fund. Names of plants next week.]— E. M —
R. Cnry— Sir E. P.— T. E. W.

AtrersT 4, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

IVI A R K E T S.

CilVEST (V.IKDK.V. Aii'iiist 1.
Plants In Pots. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d
Ferns, uon.—

choicer sorts.

per lioz. 4S'8.. 10 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... 8 0-10

larger, each.. 2 8-76
Hydrangea, pink.

4S's. per doz. S 0 12 0
Kentia Belmore-

anA, per doz. GO HO
larger per

doz IH 0 36 0

- Fcrsteriana.
80'B. per doz. 6 0- » •

Latania borbon-

perdoz.. 12 0 30 0
L i 1 1 u m longi-

florum.oerdoz. 24 0 .'iO 0
lancifoliuiu
rubrum .. 24 0-80 0

- - album .. 24 0-10 0
Marguerites in

48'b. per doz. 6 0- R 8
- empty in this
apply of foliage
.ind flowering plants. Ferns appear to be getting dearer.
The chief flowering plunfcs oongists of bine and white
Campanulas, Hydrangea panicnlata. pink Verbenas, Mar-
guerites, aiKl a few scarlet Pelargooiiums Raspail, Paul
dampel, and Denmark, also Ivy-leaved varieties, :we
still offered for sale. -Vsters in pot.s are beerinning to
arrive.

a.d.s.d.
Aralia Sieboldii.

dozen .. ..6060
Asparagus plu-

njosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri .. 8 0 10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0 S8 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of Ib's 4 0

tray of 12'3 .. 5 0
Cocos Weddelli-

ana 4!('s. per

doz 18 0-30 0

60'8 per doz. ! 0-10 0
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0

— per 100. In
small and
large 60'a .. 18 0-31 o

— in 48's.perdoz. 7 0-81

— in82'8.perdoz. 12 0-18 0
Remarks. — Many of the stands are no

department, and there is only a limited

- 2«

Cut Flowers, &c. :

s.d.
Aste'-s. white, per
doz. bun. ..6 0

— coloured, pr
doz. bun. .. 7 0-

Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
best American
varieties .. 10

— Carola (crim-
son), ex. large

Coreopsis. per

doz. bun. .,

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun.
naisies. large

per doz. bun.
GaiUardia.
doz. bun
Oladiola Brench-
cyecsii, per
doz 2 6- 3 0

— America, per

doz, spikes 2 0-26

— Pink Beauty,
perdoz.spikes 0 9-10

Gypsnphila pani-
cnlata.perdoz-
bun .. ..40-60

— double white.

per doz. bun., n 0- -S 0
Heather, white.

per doz. bun. 6 0- (I q
Oder, per doz.

per

Average WhoIe>ale Prices.

Roses -

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per
doz. blooms..

— General .lac-
Queminot. per
doz. blooms..

— General Mc-
Arthur. per
doz. blooms ..

— Liberty, p-r
doz. blooms..

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha
tenay.perdoz.
blooms

— Mme Edouard
Herriot. per
doz blooms..

— Mrs John
Laing.per doz.
blooms

— Ophelia, per
doz. blooms. .

— Richmond
per doz. blma.

— Sunburst, per
doz. blonmn..

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz
blroms

.Scabios V cauca-

bin.

4 0-80

L 1 1 i u m longi-

florum. long 3 0-

— 1 a n clfolinm
album, long.. 2 0-

— rubrum.

per doz.. long t 6-

short .. 16

Lilv-of-the. Val-
ley.perdoz. bun. 24 0-
Marguerites. yel-
low, per doz.

bun 3 6-

Orchida. per doz.:

— Cattleya .. 12 0-

— Odon toglos-
sum crigpum 2 0-

Pelargoniuma.
double scar-
let, per doz.
bun 4 0-

per

sua .. ..
Statice. white,
per doz. bun. i

— mauve, perdcz.
bun (

— yellow,
doz. bun.

Stephanotis. P'r

72 pips..
Stock, mauve. per

doz. bun.

— white. per
doz. ban.

Sweet Peaa-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
bite, per doz.

bun

per

— mauve.

doz. bun
Viola '■ornula .

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices,
a.d.s.d.

4 0-50

2 6-30

Adiantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen ..

— - medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches 4 0-50 of 6 trails .. 13-20

REifARKS— The price-s .ind the .supplies generally are
siniikir to those given in l.ist, w'-ek's i«9ue. LUium longi-
flomm i.s inelined t.o he on the dawn grade. The heavy
»-ain« may shorten the supply of outdoor flowers during
tlie next two or three days. White and coloured ' Astert

Croton foliage,

doz. bunches
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Kern. French, per

doz. bunchea 0 6-08
Moss. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun,

small - leaved
- French, per

doz. bunches
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails ..

3 0-60

4 6- .5 0
6 0 —
10-13

are inoreosing in numbers, and up to tliis morning there
has been abundant saipplies of Gypsoi^hila. panicnlata and
the double-flowered variety. Statice sinuata, S. latifolia,
and S incana. which are now arriving: in good condition,
are going out freel\- ; but, like other flowers grown in
the open, they may suffer fi-om the present heavy rains
for a few da>-i?. A box of hunch white Chr>'6ant.hemum
Rio de Blanc readied the market ooie day this week,
.and quickly foimd a buyer. Some fine spikes of Gladiolus
Brenchleyensis and G. Hallii are now on saile.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes. Globe.

per doz. .. 4 0
Beans. Broad, per

bus 5 6

— French, per

i bus. .. 6 0

- Runner(Scar-
let) per bus. 6 0-

Beetroot, psrbus. 12 0
Cabbage, per tally 3 6
Carrots, new. per

doz. bun .. 1 6-
Cauliflowera. per

tally .. .. 10 0-
Cucumbers. per

flat .. .. 10 0
Garlic, per lb... 1 3
Greens, per bag.. 2 0-
Herbs, per doz,

bnn 4 0-

Horseradish. per

doz. bun. .. 60 0

s.d. s.d.
Leeks. per doz. bun. 2 6-4 0
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos. per

doz 0 4 10

Mushrooma.per lb. 0 10-1 3
Mustard and

Creaa.perdoz.

puBnetB .. 10 —
Onions, per cwt- 20 0-22 0

— spring. per

doz. bun, .. 4 0-80
Peas, per bus. .. 6 0-12 o
Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 10-16
Shallots, per doz.

Iba 8 0-10 0

Spinach, per bus. 50 —
Turnips, per cwt. 9 0 —

— new, per doi.

bun 2 6-40

Vegetable Mar-
rows,penally 4 0-60

Watercress, per

doz 0 6-08

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. B.d.
Almonds. percwt. 80 0 —
.\pples. per case 28 0-34 0

— cooking, per
bus

— dessert {Erg-
lish). per J

6 0 10 0

bus.

6 0-12 0

per

4 0-46

Aubergines

doz

Cherries. English

per 4 bus. ..15 0-25 0

— Morella. per
doz. lbs. .. 6 0 —

Currants, black,

D'T i sieve . . 16 0 18 0

red. per J

sieve.. .. 10 6 14 0
Dates, per box.

about 70 1b... 44 0 —
FigMWorthing)

per doz.
Gages (French),

per i bu.s. ..
Go laeberries.

green, peri bus. 7 6-10 0

— ripe, peri bus 10 0-12 0
Grapes :

Alicante,
black, per lb.

— English (new
seasoniBlack
Ham b urgh,
per lb.

'Graoescon.— s.d.

— Gros Colnian
1 per. lb. .. I 9-

— Muscats, per
I lb 16

Lemons, per case 15 0
Melons. Cante-
loupe. each .. 12 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea. 5 0

Mushrooms (out-
do r. per ibus

Nectarines, per
doz 3 0

Nuts. Brazils,
new. per cwt. 95 0

— Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 32 0

Oranges, per case .SO 0
Peaches, perdoz. 5 0
Pears. Lammas
and Chalk P' r
* bus 6 0-

— William(Fr.).
per box of 48 . 11 0-

Pluma, Rivers'
early per }

bus 8 0

I Raspberries, per

doz. punnets 10 0-1
13-201 Tomatos. English,
per 12 lbs. or
peck .. .. 5 6-
Walnuts. dried.
1 B 2 6 I percwt. .. 65 0

24 0
15 0

- 9 0

- 6 0

-12 0

100 0

4.i 0
70 n
12 0

3 0-10 0
10 0-13 0

-80 0

Hkuarks.— Knglish supplies of bofcli <le»sert and co<>k.
ing Api)les are increasing <laily. Pears consist, of (.^.ilks,
T>ainnias, and a lew boxes of French fruits of William's
Bon Chretien. Raspberries and Currant-s are nearly over
for (l»e seaiioit. Gooseberrie*, reda and yellows, are fairly
plentiful. Plums, Rivers' Early amd Frenoh Royals, are
now on offer. Tin? .supply of Peiu-hefl and Ne<;t^urine« is
• well maintained. Melons are a limited supply. All varie-
ties of Grajjes are plentiful. Tomatos are now lea* abun-
dant. Green Peas ure becoming s^'arce, M.arro\v,s and
Rimne'r and French Becuia are very plentiful. The
market is well supplied with green vegetat^les and roots.
E. II. H., Coeent Onrden VarlcH. August 1. 1917,

CARRIAGE OF FRUIT AND EMPTIES.

In view of the strain now falling on the railway's, t.ho
Board of ,\grLculture and Piaheriee wish to impress upon
(niit growers and salesmen fhe necessity of aasisting
the railway companies to avoid undue delay in the tnmi^
port of fruit and empties by rail during the con-
tinuance of the war, by payinjr attention to the fol-
U>win$r points, which the companies regard as ver.v ini-
port<lnt; —

1, In order to ensure the despatdb of fruit, growers
^otild, where required, advise the etaitiorunaster or
goods* agent overnight of the approximate qnanitlties they
w.jsh to forwaivl the following day. Tliis may be neceii-
snry, a-s, owing to shoa+ag© of lalmur, the railway com-
panies frequently have to restrict the total quantity *A
fniit they accept for conveyance, and growers who' do
not give notice may find that it is impossible for tlioir
fruit to be accepted.

2. The sorting of small lots into delivery vans, and
the delivery of small lots, involves delay. Growers
should put togetheir their oonsignmcmts to salesmen in
lots of 2 or 4 ton.s. Delivery will thus be expedited. In
maim- cases a considerable reduction of the rate is ob-
taine<l by pooling the consignments in this waj-, Thn
practice of liplitting up the day's forwamlinga between two
or more s.^letsmen should cease for the time being, and
one con.signee should be selected for the output. This

would ena.ble much more produce to be accepted ^y
by day, and greatly o-ocelenate tihe delivery into (lie
market.

3. Fruit Should be sent, to the mo.st accessible markets
in approximately regular daily qna.ntities, and not a'ushed
up in large quantities on p.articuUr days. The re-
sources of the railwTay companies at the present time
ai-e not ecpial to dealing promptly with rushes of traffic.
Whenever possible fruit sliould be disposed of locally, or
sent direct to country markets, instead of being sent
through to London m.iirkets, necessitivting double cartage
and rail conve.vance to London.

4. Fruit from Kent for jam factories in Ijondon should
be sent in full truok loads to Bricklayers' Arms Station,
which this year will be opea at any time for delivery
to be effected.

5. Growers should be prepared to render all necessary
.issiistance in loading produce at the stations, even to the
extent of providing all the labour in certain cases.

6. All odd baskets, niats -and bags, should be fully
labelled to prevent ^\Tong delivery.

7. Growers should clear empties from cotintry stations
promptly. If the empties are allowed to accumulate at
countn- stations, the a.vailable stocli is reduced and the
compainies find it ditfictilb to deal with empties that are
urgently required.

8. In view of the shortage of cartage. aU salesmen
,s-houM open their stands by the time the first deliveries
of fruit are made by the railway companies and discharge
the vans inunediately. This is extremely important in
the interests of the whole fruit industry.' The detention
of r.'vilway vans containing the earlier consignments of
fruit may lead to the holding up at the stations of other
consignments pending the return of the vans, and cause
loss to salesmen and growers through late deliveries.

9. Salesmen ^ould specially note that no orders for
" Late " deliveries into the markets can, be accepted this
.^■ea^, and that .they should therefore make airangements
10 accept the prodizce as and when tendered to them.

10. The requirement of the raihray companies that
" market " empties shall be tied in bundles of eight

.should be observed. Every bundle should be labelled
with the consignee's name and station. Empties ^ould
be ready for collection early in the dav, and should not
he ten<lered during the late afternoon or evening. Sales-
men should endeavour to bring their paoloages together
so as to make full van loads for the different stations
rrespective of the ntmiber of consignees at such stations.
comp.inies to transfer the packages

hies r.ailwa.,1
•lircct from van to truck "without sorting at 'the''statio„ .
I'"u!l otiservance of this request will enable the raiUyay
coinpanics to deal more promptly with the empties than
licretofore, and reduce the necessity for restricting the
,ollc<-.tions from the markets on certain days which is
a great hindrance to all parties conccmod."

11. During t(he war, salesmen slioiuld avoid sending
empties to countrj- stations on the chance of Bn<nng
a grower who will consign fruit to them,

12, ."vvlesmen should be prepared to accept empties
when tendel^ed by the railway companies, and not onilv
at. ceriam Imirs or on ceo-t.-iin d,.ays. In OKler to relieve
congestion in the London markets, empties from jam
maTiiifactMrers, and in the case of otmslderable consign-
incnta. from others also, should, where practicable, be
-"'"•■ned direct to the gro^^•cr in.stoad of through the

idon markets

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

Wc still hold icrtaiii aiiiall stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden En«<ine9 and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers. Water Carts, Garden Arches

nnd Hand Lights,

which we shall bo pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

rartinilars on niiplication

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^UDw^cT"'

MANY VEARS REPUTATION.

WEED
KILLER

LASTING RESULTS - NO NEW EXPERIMENT .

r LABOUR SAVERS.-EUREKA- uwt< sand ^

SOILfUME NICOTINE INSECTtCIDES FuMERS.
1 SPRAYS. AND OTHER CHEMICALS ». SUNDRIES

L See List please ash voun agent for the Eureka J
7 ARTICLES - They are always satisfactory If any \

difficulty in OBTAINIMG we StWD DIRECt CARRIAGE PAID

iiM.»nBi..i'.iii.'u.i.'i,i.ru)u,mjntij,n.»

Save our Food

ThouBiiDd of

tool TCuUd

throu b tha
nvBCM of aaCa and Mlea la oar KKrntct. Store ^ A Uetnct.
Ueitrciilhis iu«mc«
with Liver pool Vinn.

edwIthb^ltXrl^'tts*

a/6&6'.;f.irMic<-l/6

Ofa)l Chf-mists.

EVANS SONS

LESOHER ,<t- WEBB

Ltd.. Liverpool.

^ H* exiormlnMes

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Auqust 4, 1917.

By Special Appointment to ^^^^^ "'• Majesty The King.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, ete.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON-8, eamden Road, N.W. GLHSGOW-I2I, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (Hefistered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegram* : "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and " HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

A TREASURY OF INFORMATION

is contained in the

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK.

Nowhere else can the gardener obtain, within the small compass of four hundred pages, so much information
on the subjects which interest him most. The knowledge which this little work contains is just what is
indispensable to the gardener in his daily life. The

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

takes him through the whole year, reminding him of the manifold small cares which make all the difference
between health and ill-health in his plants. It also reminds him of the exhibitions which are to be held and
of the most important annual meetings.
Another interesting section, which expands each year, is the list of

SCHOOLS OF HORTICULTURE,

with a brief description attached to the name of each such institution. Those concerned with the education
of young gardeners— both men and women — will turn to this section with especial interest, and those who are
seeking such education will find it of the greatest assistance in deciding which school to select. There are
still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d., POST FREE.

Printed for the Gardeners' Ohronicle, Limited, by Love and Maloomson, Ltd.. Dane Street, High Holborn, Lordun, W.C., and Published weelsly by the Gardenera'
Oliromclo, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Ooven* Gajxien, Oity ot Westminster, Satdrday, August 4, 1917. Agent for Manchester, JOHH HsrwoBD.

\ Reeistered as a Newspaper. -J """--E u .

I (Post-free, ijd.

BVBSCRIPTIoy-Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 221- per annum. Entered at ye,c Tork F„t Offic, a, seeond-elass matter.
Po»Ul Ad<lre5S-4i. Wellington Street. Covent Qardeo, W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address-" Qardchron. Rand. London." Tel.phone-Oerrard .S43.

No. 1598. Vol. LXII. {-^e^} SATUEDAY, AUGUST 11 , 1917.

Fop contents see page 55

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

Thi- priri' of the Gardeners' Chronicle beinij
n"ir fiiiirpcnce, the RuhfrriptiDii, inrliidinq in-
lijtiil pistaae, for one rjcar will hi- 19«. 6rf., for six
mnnthf 9«'. 9rf., and for three 4». lOrf. Suh-
ncribers are partii-ularhj reguented to ohnerve
thfxe. alteTatiiins when renewing their gubscrip-
tinns. In the event of any difficulty being ex-
perienced in pnrrhnning rnpies, renders are in-
vited to notify the publisher.

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION FROM
THE GARDEN.
Sutton's Oatalog:ue9 of Sfods aTid Garden
Requisites for present use.
Sut.tin'» List of Vesetihle Sccrfa for
Summer and Autumn Sowing
contains brief cultural notes.
Sutton's List of Flower Seeds for present
sowing and spring flowering.
Sutton's Oataiogue of EngLisli-grown Bulbs,
contaLninsr particulars of the most popular Daffodils,
NariTissi, Mayflowcring and Darwin Tulips, 4-c., kc.
These Oataloguea will l>€ sent post free on npplication.

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,

READINO.

s

r;jREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-^ " Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Pta.«tine " superse^Ies puttv. FuU particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

TJARR'S Autumn and Winter-flowering

-*-* Bulbs, iuchulin^ Crocus species, Colcbicums,
Xerines. Ifar<ly Ovclamen. Freesias, Ijflthenalias, Irises,
&c., f'lT e;irU' plantinfi:. List on application.
BARB k SOX.S, Kins St., O.vent Garden, liondoa, W.C. 2.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— Sew Oat.iIoguo now ready.

WTATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' ' BULBS. -Ne^v C.Tjtalogiic now ready.

w

w

ATERERS WARGRAVE ROSES.

Catalogue and SuppIeJiientary lAat of new and
varieties now ready.

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— Catalogue free.

WATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded poet free
on receipt of name and address.

JOUN W.ATERER. SONS & CRISP, LIMITED,
The Nuir*K'TiO(S, Bagshot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

^JUR list of Vegetable Seeds, suitable for
^"^ summer sowing, is now ready, and will be sent post
free on application.— DOBBIE & CO., Seedsmen to the
King, Edinburgh.

D

I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL

MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom SpawTi. rrice<i circulars
free on npplit-ation to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
fiou.se awl Nurseries OIie«ter.

s

PRING CABBAGES,
ties to eow i

The best varit

SUTTON'S HARBINGER CABBAGE.
The earliest Cabbage for Spring Cutting.
Per packet, Is. ; per ounce. Is. 6d.
"Trial of .Autumn Cabbages.— A trial of no less than
114 stocks, representing 94 sons, was made at Wisley last
year. ... It will he n"tice<l that Sutton's Harbinger is
the only sort that did well in both trials (Autumn-sown
and Spring-sown)."-" Tlie l^eld," June 17. 1916,

" Cabbage Harbinger is a capital variety. I sowed
some seed in July, and now (Jonuary 10, 1917) I am
cutting some lovely heads."- Mr. A. P. Ooles. The Gar-
dens, Wallacefleld, Croydon.

UTTON'S APRIL CABBAGE.

The most popular early Cabbage for garden use.
Per packet. Is. ; per oixnce. Is. 6d.
■ Tlie April Cabbage you supplied me with last year
have done wonderfully well, har<lly a plant has been
destroyed bv the severe winter, and they are now coming
in verv useful."— The Rev. K. J. Briggs, May 4. 1917

"Tlie April Cabbage, raised from seed snpplicd by you
last rear, was wonderful. They were a lovely batdi of
plants, and not one bolted."— Mr. H. Brvant, Framfleld.

SUTTON'S FLOWER OF SPRING
CABBAGE.
The most suitable for the general Spring crop.
Per p,icket. Is. ; per ounce. Is. 3d
" My bed of Flower of Spring Cabbage was well worth
a photograph, and weeks earlier than any others in this
neighbourhood."— W. Webb, Esq., Dursley.

" I consider your April and Flower of Spring the be.»t
Cabbage in cultivation. Last September I plante<i 2.000
of them, and in the whole plantation there were but four
plants not true to character. The Imlk of these are
being sent to the Fleet through tlie Vegetable Products
Committee. "—Mr. T. R. Soholey, Rodboston Gardens.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

TT IS OF NO USE waiting until the war
is over to advertise your wares. Even if .vou find it
difflcuH to supply your customers, on account of short-
0^ of staff and difficulties of transit, you should not
cease to advertise. When peace is declared, there will
be, at any rate for a time, increased activity in every
branch of industry. When that time comes, with whom
will your customers deal — with the man who has not
advertised for three years, and whose very name t-hey
have forgotten, or with the man. who. by persistent a.nd
persevering advertising, has kept his name before the
public? Memories are short, and people wliose names
are out of eight are also out of min<l. .\fter the war
all your competitors will be struggling to obtain the
business with which everyone will then be in a better
position to cope. .Are you going to miss your chance?

T GRAY, LTD.. Builder of Conservatories,

" • Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea. London, S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Western, London. Telephone: 201, Western,

rjISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
^-* century's reputation for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, M^.-alv Bug,
Thrip. American Blight. Green and Brown Fly, &o.
Sold in boxes about lib.. 31b., and 121b.. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO.. LTD., Battersea. London. S.W. 11.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER .t SONS,
LTD., Uawrence Road, South Totlenham. N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &e. Catalogues gratis.

For Advertisement Charges see page Hi.

NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDER.

KELWAY & SON, the Royal Horticul-
turists, Langport, Somerset, are now booking
orders for their Choice Hardy Perennial Plants to be
delivered in the .\ut\uiui. Plant a Colour Border this
Autumn, and you will be able to enjoy its beauty for
many years without any additional expense or trouble.

Send the meoisurements of your borders, ajid t-liey wilt
recommend a selection of flowers suitable for your dis-
trict, and quote their reduced pi-ioes.

Paeonies, Delphiniums, Phloxes, Gkullardias, and other
beautifiil flowera included in their colour schemes, wliioh
provide blooms from early spring to Uite autumn.

Write now to the Retail' Plant Depariment for Reduced
Price Lists.

NARCISSUS. — Grand Prime. 150.000
large selected Bulbs for forcing, 30s. per 1,000;
Flowering Bulbs, ISs. per l.DOO.— VAN DBR SLUYS. La
Ramee, Ouemsey.

STRAWBERRIES and HOW TO GROW
■ THEi.M. — Plant early for next season's fruiting.
Complete list, with cultural direotioiis, post free. Also
up-to-date alpluibetically arranged Rose List, witli special
value in collections.— KING'S ACRE NURSERIES, LTD.,
Hereford.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

POTATO SPRAYINf!. On si).)t ready for
irmnediate delivery. Sulphate of Copper 98 per
cent., pure Washing Soda 98 per cent. Write for prices
and quantity required iier acre. — O. H. RIOH.ARDS,
234, Borough Hi^li Street. Ijondon, S.E. 1.

r>UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

"^ Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.
GEO. BUNYARD & CO., Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Maidstone.

RIVERS'S STRAWBERRY I'LANTS, in
all tihe lea'ling varieties, mil bo ready from
August onwiiixls. Price list poet free on, applio-ation.—
THOMAS RIVERS S SON, 'llic NuTseries, Sawbri<iige-
wortli, Herts.

WANTED, GERANIUMS.— Cuttings of
Paul Crampel and Jaooby, Calceolarias (yellow and
brown). Offers invited.— MIOHIE & 00., Nuracries, Aln-
wick.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
ol<l plants suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — .SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, Clean Cuttings of Maggie
Mott Viola.-Price per 100 to A. HART & SONS,
Martyr-i-oatl Nur.sery, Huildfoid.

ANTED, GERANIUM CUTTINGS.—
Taiil Crampel, King of Denmark, Salvia, Pride of
Zurich. Rooted i-iillintrs of winter-flowering Begonias.—
DI.XON & SONS, LTD., Niirserj-men, Hull.

HOREHOUND HERB.— Large quantities
urgpntly wanted.— For full particulans, apply
NRWBALL & MA.SON, Nollinghain.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE,

OR SALE, FREEHOLD MARKET

NURSERY, Essex.— li acre Jaiid. 5-roome<i bunga-
low, 2 houses (140 x 18), 2 houses (50 x 12), all heated,
iKK.'kinK shed, &c. ; all in good condition. Trife £725,
bargain ; ill-health leasoii for selling.— S. J., Box 21, 41.
Wellington Street', Oovent Ga«ien, W.C. 2.

PROPERTY TO LET.

TO LET, September 29, Hanburj Hall
Gaixlens ; 4 acres of witUetl Kit»;h«i Gardenis, with
Vrneiiies, Hot-homs&p, Pit?, &o. ; gartlenea's cottage and
Bol.bv ; within 3i aad 5 mile* oS two good market to«
2 miles from railway station.— Apiily. SECRETAEY,
llailburv Hall, Droitwioll.

PLANTS, Ao„ FOR SALE,

1 no Oftrt LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-*-"" '"'^" 203. 100 ; Pabns, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&1-. ; catalogues fi'ee.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur
sei-ies, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !

-*- 44tih Year of Dist Jibuti cm.

Our well • known Magrmflcent Strain Cinerarias,
Obconioas, OalceolarLas, &c. ; 28. per doz. ; 129. 6d.
per 100; oalrmge paid.— JOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nur-
series, Coventry.

"POR SALE, Atropa Belladonna Seed-
■*■ lings; delivery end of July and onwajda; Us.
per 100, carriage paid, caeh with order. — Applv, HUM
BLAND, BLandsfort. Abbey Leix.

W/'ALLFLOWERS.— Strong, transplanted,
^ ^ Vulcan, Ruby King, Oovent Garden, Golden. King,
Oraniord Beautv, &c., 2s. 6d. 100, free, any address.—
MORLE & CO., 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W.

"PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-*- Terns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse Ferns,
Hardy Garden Fenia ; catalogues free. — J. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
Liindon, S.W.

MISCELLANEOUS.

CPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
^^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterne
free —BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71. Bradford

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four LInss 3s. (Head-line counted as Two).

6d. for eaeh sueeeedlns line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

Tnust give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communicatioTu.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of ti'stimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corrc
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as a!l
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, good all-round HEAD GAR-
DEXER, ineKgdhle, luiderstandling- Glaiashouses,
Peai^hes, Meilons, Vinee, &c., with knowledge of outdoor
work; cottage; state wages. Aleo waaited, a SECOND
GARDENER, t-o assist Head in Glasshounes -and out-of-
doors; ineligible. Garden cottage provided. State wages.
—A. ALID, Esq., Dulford House, OuUompton, Devon.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR
DBXER ; 3 men. kept; must have good knowledge,
Iii&ide and Out., Vines, &c. ; single prefei-red.— MRS.
TVNDALE, Meadowcroft, Ohislehurst.

TITANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' " OENEH ; t'horoughly experienced at In^iide and
Outside work ; pei-sonal referemce from last employer
required; good wages and cottage. State fiiJJ iparticu-
lars, age, &('._MRS. LUCAS, BranibldiUT^, East Grin-
Pteiid, Su'ftsex.

\Y-^^''^1^'^- TIE AD WORKING GAR-

^ * |)I:ni;I! muinHii.iiMiv ; niiui ajid bov kept; wages
5JS,. _ ..nM.iu.'. \r-ii,i)il.- frf-e.— Apply, C. L. U. MOORE,

A|.pl'■■i^^ H:ill, Al IwK-n iii,..

ANTED. WORKING HEAD GAR-
DENER (ineligible); two others kept; good cot-
, vegetables, fuel. — BAHRY, Linipsfieid, Surrey.

w

WANTED, Married (Working) HEAD
G-\RDE>'ER (in*'''8>Me) ; wages 283., good cottage
and garden.— .\i:ipl.>, Tidenham House, Ohepstow.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
ing) ; two Under Gardeners kept.— State wages je-
(luirwl lo C. FETHBRSTONiHAUGH, Kings Worthy
House, nj&ar Winchester.

\\r ANTED, an experienced WORKING

' ' HEAD GARDENER. — Appli', Sandhurst Lodge,
Wellington .OoUege, Berks-

W ANTED, GARDENER (Single

HANDED), for Stnke Poges neighibourhooa ; small
Gai^ien ; lodge suitable for married man (no family) ; ex-
perien^^e of electric plaJit if possible. — State full par-
ticulai-s, experience, references, M.^JOR DARLEY, Staf-
tord Hotel, St. James's Place, S.W. 1.

WANTED, at once, SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER (some help given) ; willing to look
after j>ony and do odd jobs.— -ipply, witJh full particu-
laas, stating wages, to PRICHARD, Ohiltern House,
Chesham, Bucks.

WANTED, WORKING GARDENER,
^'egf tables and Fruit; no Glass.— .\pply by letter
to R. W. T.. The White House, Oxahott, Surrey.

\\^ANTED, GARDENER, for Fruit and
' ' Vegetable Growing ; willing to be useful ; j cap
ablp, ronrsciemtious anan, about 55, oi- younger man
if disquitiliJied for mUit.ary service, wouUi auit ; w-ages t'
start 50s. per week, wdth good cottage and gaixlen. Stat^
family a.nd give refei-enees. —Reply GAR.DENER, c/o Mr
.Street, Heatherside Niu-sery, (3:uuljerley.

■yiT'ANTED. Good GARDENER, imnie

" ■ tliaitely, for students' hostel ; man or woman ;
inarrieci or single, but work for wife if desired.— St.
Mi-haers, Grove Park. Lee, S.E. 12.

TITANTED. GARDENER (ineligible), tt

* ' work under Head Gai'dener, u^ere others kept ;
gi'O'i w.ages and cottage ; permanent place if satisfactory,
— Wriie, stating wages, with full particuiars and refer
enees, to HEAD GARDENER, Bunce Court, Faversham.
Kent.

''rilOROUGHLY Reliable, Energetic MAIS

-•- wantfd (ineligible), to t-ike control oulBide staff,
(i"lf Linlcs, South London; nnust liave good knowiledge
Grass work. — Write, giving te«tunoniala aind wages re-
quired, to J. D., 304, c/o Deacon's, Leademliall Street
K.C. 3.

T;17'ANTED, man for Inside Work; statt

' ' how loTig nv previon.^ places; also wages with or
u It limit Botht ; <Us<-ha.rge<l or partly disabled soJdier
uoviUl suit.-T. OARR, Sidgenie.ld, "Englefield Green,
Surrey.

Y\/'ANTED, under gardener foi

* • Outside ; duty alternate Sundays ; pumping in
House; wages 25s. per week, good cottage and gaixlen,
niiLk. — Apply, stating age. particulars, to ALFRED
CHILD, Oitesby House Gai-dens, Daventr\-, Northanta.

TVANTED, UNDER GARDENER; cot

" ' tage given,— Write, stating wages and full par-
ticulars, LADY MoMAHON, Southbroom House, Devizes.

TfTANTED, UNDER-GARDENER. used

to Greenlunise and Stove Plants; single aind in-
eligible—Apply, MRS. WAKEMAN NEWPORT, Sand-
bourne, Bewdley,

TyANTED, UNDER-GARDENER, chieflv

Outside: ail'.-o strong YOUTH, some experience.—
Apply, stating age, wage^, and reference, to W. H.
CLARKE, Weir Bank. Teddington, Middlesex.

TIT^^TED, as UNDER GARDENER.

" ' yoiuig Lad or young Man (inelig-ihlie) ; good wagei;
and comfoi-bable place. ^State particulairs to G. GREEN,
Portitiliead House, Portasihead, Somerset.

■WANTED, EOREMAN (General) ; single

^' (ineligible); a,l.«o .JOURNEYM.^N ; for Houses;
good -wages to suitable men; Bot/liy, milk, and vege-
taWes; Sunday duty and overtime paid.— F. O. LBGGB,
0.a.stle Gaixlens, Arimdel.

"WANTED, FOREMAN, or Good, Capable

' ' M-^N. to take charge of Glass ; 30s. pex week.

Bothy, &c. ; duty and overtime paid.— Full particulars,

A. BENNETT, Snelston Hall Gardens. Ashbourne,
Derb>-^ire.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN and IM-
PROVER for the Houses and Outside . good
wages, iiccoixling t/o experience, with excellent Bothy ;
also milk, vegetables, and attendance ; dirty and over-
time paid extni; 1 o'clock Satairdays — Referenceb and
ipartioulars to G.iRDENEE, Burfoi'd, Dorking.

W^ANTED, HEAD WORKING WOMAN

' ' GARDENER (2 under) ; fui-nishe<l rooms, coal,
light, land good wages.— FRANK SCHaSTER, The Hut,
BrayKm-Tliame?.

"WANTED, LADY GARDENER, to take

' " i-liarige of small Gaivlen and Poultry ; cnmfortable
place ; cottage available, or could live in. — G. B. Ft.\N-
DOLPH, Steeple Astoni, Oxon.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER and
LADV GHiOOM GARDENER; friends preferred;
help given ; cottage. State wages.— WILDING, Stoke

"WANTED, Two LADY GARDENERS
'^ ^ (Inside); previous expeTieiijce essential; good
wages, Bot.hy, &c. — Particulars to H. E. TYNDALL,
Tandjndge C^urt. Gardens, Oxted, Surrey.

WANTED, at once, strong YOUTH, for
Outside : must be experienced ; w.ages 21s., witih
Bothv.— W. WARD, Ken Wood Gardens. Hampstoad, Lon-
don, N.W. 3.

WANTED, Active YOUTH for the
Houses ; one with stnie experience prefencd, but
not esseutiail. State age ant .wages required, witlh BotJi^-,
milk, and vegera'oles.— W. J. GUISE. Keele HaU Gaaxlens.
Newcaistle, Staffs,

Ti;rANTED, at once, strong YOUTH ;

• * luuist b? experienced ; wages 18s. per week aixl
room— Address. HEAD GARDENER. Non.such Park,
Cheam, Surrey.

TITANTED, Strong LAD, for Inside and
' • Out; w.iige« lys. ; overtime paid; 1 o'clock Satur-
.hiys; oomforUible Bothy, &e.— F. NORWOOD, Wistler?
Wooii GaMens, Woldingham

WANTED, IMPROVER for the Houses ;
w ages £1 per week. Bothy, &c. ; dutv paid extra ;
1 o'clock Satujvhvs.— E. BRISTOW, Uysw'ocd Ga,i<Icn.s,
Gioomhridge, Tunbridge Wells.

TRADt

WANTED, a CHARGE HAND for the
Tomato Houses.- W. WHITEHORN, Gl-een Lane
Nurseries, Sew Eltluun, London, S.E. 9.

WANTED, tly)rough!y experienced

GROWER, for Oucambers, Tomatos, &c,. general
and Nursery work ; ooiinected with the retail' trade ; com-
fGrlia.ble position for a good man. — Write, with all par-
ticulars aJid wages Te<)iiired, to .\. B., Box 10, n, Wel-
Jingtou Street, COvent Garden, W,0. 2.

pALM GROWER; thoroughly e,\peri-

-*- enced ; watited for- London ; ineligible ; gocd wages.

—Write, G. P., o/o Goulds, 54, New Oxfonl Street,
W.C. L

WANTED, fur our Trial Grounds, a cap-
able and experienced GROWER ; ineligible.— State
age, wages, and full particulars of previous d'uties to
DIOKSON & ROBINSON, The King's Seedsmen, Man.
Chester.

WANTED, a Good, Practical GARDENER
for a anall Bulb Farm, in West of England where
\egetables are also grown ; must be married, sober, and
imlustrious ; comfortable Jiving quarters. — Write to B.,
Bfjx 11, 41, Wellington Street. Covent G,iiKlen, W.C. 2.

"WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN for

'^ Branch Nunsery, Fruit and Forest Trees; house
and garden provided. — Applicants must state wages re-
ipiired, with testimonials, to JOHN PERKINS & SON,
52, Market Square, Northamptonj.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN ior
Nursery- ol 20 acres ; no Glass ; must be well up
in Fruit Trees and liave a knowledge of Tiees, Shrubs,
Roses, &c. ; ix?rmanency.— State age, wages, full particu-
lars, .n.nd refer-ences to HILLIER & SONS, The Nurseries,
Winchester.

SEED TRADE. — TRAVELLER Re-
quire<l by leading firm of Seed Merchants to re-
present tliem in North Durham and .South Nort-huniber-
land ; apphcant must havf^ thorough knowledge of tihe
.VgricuJtainal and Horticultural trades ; good salary and
perm.anent situation to reMable man. — Write, stating age,
experience, salairv required, and full partiouHiars, to
TRAVELLER. Box 8, 41, W'ellington Street, Covent Gar.
den, W.C. 2.

August 11, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SEED TRADE.— WANTED, JOURNEY
M-\X (laieligi'ole '>r <lisclKir«tvl) or esperieiu-ed
LADY ASSISTANT for Garden .S*?*^ Deparlmem.— A|<ply,
witJi testimonials, stating age auJ saUiry expected, to
D. & W. OROLL, Seed MerdiantsJ Dundee.

T\/'ANTED, at once, an inditrible practical
' ' M-\N : qui'-k at potting, ti'ing, watering, &c. : g««d
knowledge of aJl Bedding Plants, aJ^w of Hardy R'x-kery
and Peremnial Plants.— Apply, with copies of references,
stating age, wages required, 4c.. bo JAS. HOLDER &
SON, Cix)WTi Nurseries, Reading.

W^ANTED, an Experienced SHOPMAN,

' • with - good knowledge of Seed iiiid Nursiery
Trade. — Stole experience and wages required to T.
CROSS. Se«l Mercliant, Eury St. Edmunds.

T> EQUIRED, an Experienced SHOPMAN

•'-^ with g"oi general knowledge of Garden Seed Trade
(retail) ; must be a good salesman ; position permanent
and progressive. Full particulars as to experience and
wages required.— WM. POWER & CO.. Seed Merchants
and Nurserymen, Waterford.

SEED ASSISTANTS WANTED; in-
eligible. — Stare age, experience, references, and
wages required to DICKSOX & ROBISSON. The King's
Seedsmen, Manchester. *

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for each
(ueeeedlng Eight words nr less

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full i)<ntirulnrs, otherwxse no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name, and address alone are insufficient.

PRIVATE,

GARDENER (Head) or GARDENER-
BAILIl'F ; well uji in nil requiremenl« of a good
estahhslnnent ; leaving through residence Iwing oloeefl ;
excellent testimonials —Apply. W. R. GODBEKR, .\nUJi.\
House Gaiidens, Torpoint, Devonport.

GARDENER (Head); highly qualified;
expert in every hr-onch of Horticulture; open, to
immdiatc engagement,- Apply, G. ABBEY, High Street,
Wallington, WaJliii«for<l, Oion.

TJEAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical

-^-'- exi>erience in growing Vines, Peatihes, Melons,
Cucumbers, Toinatos. Flpwers, \:ur^e quantities of Vege-
tables.—W. LAMBERT. Bryii. Hendre, Oonwny, North
Wales.

/^ARDENER (Head) desires re-enj;aL'e-

^^ ment in gootl establishment ; thorough bnowled|fe
of all braru'has; goMl references; o^pe AQ ; ni;wrie<l,--^S.,
Box 9, 41, Welluisiton Street, Oivent Gar<leii. W C. 2.

MRS. HAMILTON Hisblv Recoin-
nicnd.< E. OOODKHHAM as HE.iD WORKING
GARDENER ; thorouglily experienced in a]] biiuvhc. ;
2 years' reference: reason for leaving giving uji hoire.
-JrtRS. HAMILTON. Kin«sw<K)d, The Lee. Great Mis.
denden,

APPOINTMENT required ; HEAD

WORKINf; GARDENER; over 30 years' exi)*Tienc.'
in large efitabUnliinent-s, trndo and private; age 47; ni;ir-
riwi (no faniilv).— DIBBEX. Cl>'de«<iale. Belle Hill. Bex-
hiill, Sussex.

TJEAD WORKING GARDENER offers

-■-^ his services to lady or gentleman requiring a
thorougJily practicaJ man : life experience in the man-
agement and requirenients of a large establishment ;
discharge certificate; personal reference. — CLEMENT.
Somerhill Gardens, Tonbridge.

QARDENER (Head Working of 2 or 3);

^-^ life experitMK-e all I>riin(ihe9, botli Inside and Ont ;
5' years' goo^l reference from last place; age 41; marrityi
(2 children); <ia.ti nwiniige electric dight. pkint. —
EDWARDS, 9. Boyle's Court Cotta^w. Brentwf>od, Eet^ex.

(7JARDENER (Head Working), kpejily in-
^-^ tei-etite<l nn<i thoron,rhly experience*! all br-niichc*.
In*ido and Ont; could manage small estate, understand
etock ; highly rec'jni;i'onded ; total ab.stainer ; married ;
age 46 ; plea.se Btnte wage and particulars.— HEAD GAR-
DENER, a^nk House. Aociington.

ARDENER (Head Wohki.vg) ov GENE-
RAL FOREMAN: single; 15 veers' prac:iral experi-
■e, Inside and Out: cxcellfnl references. .State wage."),
Ir.Mlhns. I--(1|IEMAN-. 30, St. I.aunn.-e-? li"a<l, C'ion-
t, niit.lin.

G

QARDENER (Head Working), age 43,

^-^ in good establi.-Imieut ; frhoi-ouglnly experienced aJl
brant-hes, including Orchid:? ; excellent references ; used
to pvod'ucing Vegetables and Fiiiit m kirge quiiintities.
— W.UIREN, The Gardens Sand'hm-st Lodge, WelUngion
CoJIeg-e St atiou, BerJ 5.

r^JARDENER (Head Working, or Good

^-^ STKGLE-B-tSDEn); married (no family); age 50;
We e.\i>erience in ali branches, Inside and Oitt : disen-
gaged.—GARDENER, ■■ Octaiia," Pegaell Bay. Ramsgate.

QARDENER (He.4d Working); llin-

^-^ r.nigh'.y exjierienced in all brandies; over military
age : no cAiMren ; disengaged.- Apply. H. HORTON 5^
Rosenthal Road, Catford, S.E. ,

]yj" DELL. The Nurseries. Norburv. S W .
16, can v-ilh confidenice recommend HEAD
WORKING GARDENER, where 2 or 3 are kep'. who has
had life experience in flrst-class establishments.

/T^ARDENER seeks Situation ; experienced
^-^ in all branches : understands i-ows. ic. : could
ctireta^ke if required : married : age 46 (1 gir'. 131.— PleJSe
state wages, Ac., to (iARDENHUJ, Lapworth Croft Cot-
tage, Hockley Heath. Birniinghara.

JOURNEYMAN seeks SITUATION, In

^^ SIDE, where 2 or 3 are kept : age 22 : discharged :
Sussex or Surrey preferred. State «-ages, \-c. — W
GATES, Tiuirel Cottage. Colgate, Horaham.

T ADY GARDENER (refined ; soldiers

widow. 27) desires situation as .^s-sist ant : no ex-
perience, but willing, own furniture: can drive aiotor
—MRS. C., Boi 10 ». We'liniton .Stieet. Onent
Garden, W.C. 2.

J ADY GARDENER, four months' ex-

-■^ l>erienee in Houses, desires post where fillers are
kept : Ni.rlh pre(erre<l.— G. M.. Box 7, 41, Wellington
Street. Oovent Gaiden. Lomlon, W.C. 2.

'WO LADY GARDENERS; some exueri-

eni-e. reiiuire i>ost on Vegetable and Fniit Farm ;
it or Su&iexpreferrcfl.— II. H, Box 10. 41. Weling-oii
ett, Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

TRADE.

M

ANAGER or EdREMAN in Up-to-date

Establishment: nse.1 to twitrolling labour nind to
lucjng everitliing re<|nired foo- wholeaiilo or retail
LAWRESOE, 83, Warwick Avenue, T.adding-

W.

/^IRL (21), practical experience Fruit and

Flower growing and Nlirserv. seeks work, ani
c-pacity : neighboiirlcod Folkestone.- F. B. Hex 12 41.
Wellington Stieet, Covimt Gnr<len, W C. 2

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

4dv«rli>anri«Bt« intendrd for inaertion in the neit
i»u8 MUST reach THE PUBLISHFR not later than

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positloni _ per page I o 1 0 0

Facing matter and Rack Page ... „ ,, 12 12 0

Halt and quarter pages, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

£ D. d

4 line apace not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 q

Per inch, across 2 columns 14 0

Per inch, across 3 column? ... .„ 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space.

(Headline counted as two lines]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

2' words Is. ed., and ed. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These AdvertUtments mult be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &e.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

... 19 6 per annum.
... 22/- „

Clmiu— and P.O.t to ^e mad* payablt to " Oabdbber*'
Chkosiolk," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Oardohron, RAND, L«bpon."
Telephone : 1M3 GERHARP.

IN PRAISE

OF THE

GARDENERS^
CHRONICLE.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE
is the only gardening paper with seventy-
six years of history behind it. It was
founded in the dawn of what is com-
monly termed the scientific age. It has
seen the rise and development of the
railway, and its partial supersession by
motor road-traffic ; the discovery of
the power of electricity, and its appli-
cation in a bewildering multiplicity of
every day affairs ; the economic
emancipation of women, arid their entry
into industrial life ; and, last of all,
the discovery of the flying machine— so
long believed to be irjipossible. The
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE has not
remained static through all these
marvellous changes. It has grown, de-
veloped, expanded, like a well-balanced
and well-built ship ; it has answered
with unerring, sensitive accuracy to
every environment through which it has
passed, and has remained throughout
completely in sympathy with its readers.
It has advanced with them, explored
with them the realms of experiment,
examined with them in a spirit of intel-
ligent sympathy every new theory of
botanic or horticultural science, pro-
vided a medium whereby they have been
enabled to communicate with each other
and make their discoveries known. It
is revered for its great age, yet re-
spected for its modernity ; it has the
experience of years and the elasticity
and progressiveness of youth. Through
the storm and stress of the past three
years it has stood unmoved, and it looks
forward to the termination of the war
in full confidence that ampler scope
and increased opportunities for further
progress will then be forthcoming.

AN ADMIRER.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AtTGITST 11, 1917.

LABOUR SAVERS.-EuREKA- uwn sand.

SoiLFUME. Nicotine insecticides Fumers.
sprays. and other chemicals i sundries
See List please asm your aclnt for the Euhew
' ARTICLES- They are always satisfactory If any

DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING WE SEND DIRECT CARRIAGE F^H

D(IvAJ:ic:i:T(!MLIN?ON^HAYWARD L" LINCOLN.

IMPORTANT • '■'"" *'"' '" ' Catalotne.
allow QS to send to those who apply—

WASP NETTING.

B. EDDY & SONS.

Torleven Works,

Porthleveiir Cornwal

Special No. 4 WASP NETTING. Extia strong and dtirabl

54 inches wide 1/6 per yard nin.

72 , 1/9

100 2/3

In 30-yard lengths. Any length snpplied. Also,

HEXAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide Sd. per yard rnu.

38 1/-

72 „ „ ... ~ 2/- „

Supplied by reinrn, by pottt or pas^mypr train, i-arria;ie j'oit

SANKEYS^^S^POTS

rr.^ho BEST and CheopesK

.''talcquanirty af cnch «i« required ■nd h»vt 'rarriHr* rtmd •■

RtCHAftp SANKCir* SOfl/.i.fp.

Bulwcll PoHeries. NOTTINOMAM.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glas3, which is now
-^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
1^ in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet GlasSf under the same
conditions.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porosity. Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS. Ltd.
2 Healon Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats* Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on opplicatimi,

BOULTON &PAUL, Ltd., '"'''nSSw'cT'''

ORCHIDS,

Manufaoturera of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT,

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND,"

AMD

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY

Complete Prii

Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

Clean, well-s

i an i cheap ; also

Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS,

Kindly send fur Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Biackfriars Wharf, Upper Oroun<^ Street, B.C.-

Quota Gardeners' Chroniole.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARKATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park. Cranleigh, SURREY.

CAN YOUR FRUIT

at a cost of 2d. per lb.

by means of

THE HOME CANNER

compact and portable ; deals with

1,8C0 lbs. of fruit daily ; may be

used with gas or oil fuel, or

coal, coke or wood.

Simple to Work.

PRICE: £6 10 0

carnage paid.
Complete with Stove and all requisites.

Cans also supplied on moderate
terms.

Particulars, Order Forms, and
Instructions from the —

FOOD PRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT,

72, Victoria St., LONDON, S.W. 1
MY GARQEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES, M.A.

Actiag CbaifMan e( the ScientiGc CommUtec of the
Royal Horticuhural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the Same Author-

Price 5/6 each post free from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE "BARDENERS' GNflONIGLE." LTD..
41. WEaiNGTDN ST.. GOVENT 9JIRDEK. LONDON. W G. 2.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

AruusT 11, 1917.-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

55

Xo, 1S9S —SATURDAY, AUGUST lU 1911.

CONTENTS.

Acidphospb&te for Koses

and Carnations . . 60
British Gardeners' Asso-
ciation 60

Carbon bisulpliide as an

insecticide ..62

Farm, crops and stock

on the home . . . . 63
Flies and manure .. 61

Food production, on in-
creased—
Carrot year, a good . . 5(5
Food conserTiny; .. 56
Food production cam-
paign, the . . 55
Policing of allotments,

the 56

Potato prospects . . 50
Potatos, new, at Christ-
mas . . . . . . 55

Potatos, the mulch

method of raising .. 55
Seed germination . . 55
Sulphate of copper 55

Tomato Bide'a Recruit 56
Vegetables on old pas-
ture , . , . . , 55
Foreign correspondence-
Soldier - gardener in
Palestine, a .. .. 58

Fruit crops, remarks on

the t;i

Fnilt trees on grass . . i;j
Fruits in season . . tjl

Gardening foreihouKht .
Intensive i-ultivation . .
Japan, letters from—

Oshinia, tlie island of
Leoiiardslee. effect of

frost on plants at .. .
London allotments
National Fruit Growers'

Federation
Obituary -

Druery. C. T

Pattington G

Peaches and Nectarines
Rambler Roses fai ing to

b o<:»tn
Rock garden, the—

Orchid foliosa ..

Rose Me

naid

removal of . .

Societies-
Local

Midland Carnation and
Picotee

Subscription to the
Gartietiers' Chronicle..

Veitc , Sir Harry and
Lady

War item

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Orchid houses, the ..
Plants under glass ..

Weevils, dt-struction of

IL

nopis.

Rose Mermaid

Veitch, Sir Harry and Lady

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

TBE MT'LC'H METHOD OK
POTATOS.

RAISING

THE difficulty of growing Potatoa without a
ohaiige of seed is experienced iio less in
America than in this country. With tlie
object of overcoming this difficulty experiments
in growing Potatos under a mulch were initiated
some years ago by Mr. R. A. Emerson. The re-
sults of these experiments are now recorded*.
Tlie stock of Potaitos need was of the Early Ohio
variety.

The manner of making the test was to grow
part of the stock unaer a mulch and part by
tlie ordinary method of cultivation, and to test
the seed thus obtained by growing it in subse-
■ luent years, partly under mulch and partly by
ordinary methods.

Where mulching was practised the ground was
covered, after pLinting the sets, with a depth of
4 inches of straw. The mulched ground was left
without further cultivation throughout the sum-
mer, whereas the other part received frequent
surface tillage.

As examples of the results obtained the fol-
lowing figures may be quoted : — Stocks mulched
continuously from 1904. 1909 and mulched again
in 1910, 682 lbs. ; not mulched again in 1910,
537 lbs., indicating an immediate falling off in
yield as a result of discontinuing the mulch.
Stocks cultivated by the ordinary method fell oft'
in yield year by year, but those cultivated under
a mulch maintained their yield.

It is claimed that for every 100 lbs. of pro-
duce obtained from mulched plots there were
obtained by the ordinary methods of cultivation
an average of only 77 lbs., and. iit is further
claimed that ihe (|uantity of homc-muhhed pro-
du<je is as large, and even slightly larger, than
that from northern seed : the average results
being mulched seed, 100; northern seed, 98.

Tile autlior states that any coar.se material —
provided it is put on to a depth .sufficient to
smother weeds — straw, old hay, or coarse .stable
litter — will serve for mulching. We confess that
we are not yet convinced that this method will

• irnme Mnlchcfl mnux Nr,rlhorn Sfd Pnla'on fnr Katte'n
NrhroMla. Bull, of Ihi; Agric. Exp. Station, Nebraska. By
R. A. EnierBon.

enable English Potato growers to dispen&e with
Scot-ch or Irish seed, and we believe that the
mulching method h;i« been already tried in
England. Alt the same time, it is .very de-
sirable that experiments should be conducted
with the object of ascertaining the effect of
mulching in increasing yield. On newly
broken up grass land the mEth„d mgli have a
further advantage in keeping down rank
growths cf grasfes and weed.s; but an eavly
mulch could hardly fail to affect soil conditions
— ^particularly soil temperature — ^in ,"n adverse
manner. Perhaps gardeners who have the
facilities will try a few rows of P.Katos under
mulch and compare the results with those ob-
tained by ordinary earthing-up m_>th(,ds.

VEGETABLES OX OLD PASTURE LAND.

One can now fairly estimate the results likely
to be obtained on newly bi'oken-up old pasture.
.Many criticisms were put forth last winter
lon the subject of utilising vacant greund, and
especially old pasture land, and many were, I
am sure, deterred from making use of graund
that would otherwise have Ireen brought into
cultivation. One of the principal objections
was the likelihood of i-avages by wireworm, but
if good methods of cultivation are practised
this trouble may be overcome ; satisfactory re-
s^ilts can be obtained, even the fii-st year, and.
generally Sipeaking, such land once broken up
will be similarly utilised for many years.

In this district I have had under observation
many plote so treated, and I luiow cf no single
instance of serious failure. On the contrary,
magnificent crops are now to be seen, whidi
include nearly iill kinds of vegetables. Much
of the land has been cleeply trenched, and
where this has been the case tlie best results
are obtained. Echirin Hicl-etl, Aldenham.

Hirls.

.SEED GERMINATION.

A COBSKSPONDKNT (see p. 42) states that,
given the neces-ary temper.iture, moisture, free-
dom from slug.s and other pet'ts, seeds rarely fail
to germinate. Here is the jirobleni : What are the
necessary temperature and luiiount of moisture,
and how are the conditions to be conti-olled in the
open air? As to old seed and new, I have this
season noted that seedlings of Bras«ica have
appeared in tliree lots from the same sowing. \&
tliis mixed seed from different growers, or mixed
seed of three seasons? 'Hie only failure we had
was Purple-Sprouting Broccoli. The gemiination
of Runner and Dwarf Kidney Heans varied from
22 to 75 per cent., with one exception, Golden
Butter, which showed at least 95 per cent, of
vigorous plants. We grew six ^ varieties of these
Beans from three good firms. Marrow.i,
Gourds, Cucumbers and Tomatos did luit give us
more than 50 per cent. ; this may have been
cau.sed by too much moisture. Mercury, Good
King Henry, or Lincolnshire Spinach sown in
a box on ^Ia^ch 8 showe<l one plant on the 25th,
and kept coming for several months. I have
had this experieme before, when .seeds have been
sown immediately ripe, or they were allowed to
drop. A somewhat interesting and, to

me, inexplicable |>oint in geimination this
season and la*it is Black Thyme ; .seed from
th • same packet has been sown at different
times in various places from May last to .Tune 20
this year, w-ithout much success, until the last
sowing, when, as if to make good for its previous
b.id behaviour, we got enough plants to stock
the parish. I hope to try this seid next :ea-
.son. I h.-we not been able to raise Tarragon
from seed, although I have tried on many
occasions. White, Sc.^rlet, and Bicolor Runner
Beans, also Dwai'fs, have set fruit freely this
.sea.'on, the |)odw touching the sfiil in each case ;
this without any attention .-is to watering or
mulrhing. The land was dre.'Scd with ground
lime in late winter and early spring, or when
early spring should h.-ive come ; picking com-
menced on June 16, I shall he gratefuj to
anv of your readers for a .simple method of
|ireserving the beansf' for winter use. J. E.

THE FOOD PRODUCTION CAMPAIGN.
In previous reports it had been estimated that
the total increased acreage in England and Whales
(over <he 1916 area) for tlie harvest of 1917
would be about 300.0C0 acres. This was a very
conjectural figure, ba;ed upon reports made be-
fore the spring cultivations were completed, and,
in viejw of the climatic conditions experienced, it
would not have been surprising it the estimate
had proved optimistic.

The preliminary figui-es of the annual agricul-
tural returns have, however, now been received,
and show that the increased area in England
and Wales of Corn and Potatos for tlie present
harvest amounts to no less than 347,000 acres.
Tlicse .icrej are mad'_' up as follows: —

Increase or decrease
Acres. over 1916.

Wheat 1,911.000 1.000

Barlev 1,459,000 •fl27,000

Oats" 2,230,000 +145,000

Potatfw 504,000 + 76,000

Total +349,000

Sir Artliur Irfe, Director-General of Food
Production, discussing these figures, said :
"This result exceeds all expectations, and
affords some measure of the exceptional effort
made by farmers this spring, in the face of un-
usually advei-se conditions. It aU-o indicates
the immense value of the assistance given by the
War Office by the loan of soldiers for work on
the land." Without this help, and without the
impetus given by the work of the Agricultural
Executive Committees — comfficsed mostly of
farmers, landow-ners, and the like — ^it would have
been impos^siWe, not merely to effect an increase
in this year's crops, but to avert a deci-ease
which was at one time estimated at nc»t less than
200,000 acres, as compared with 1916.

The net result if the Food Production cam-
paign in England and Wales up to date may,
therefoi-e. l>e reckoned as an additional
550.000-600.000 acres of Com and Potatos for
the harvest of 1917.

This, of course, is irrespective of the still
greater relative increase achieved by the small
grower. It is not possible to give accurate
figures with regard to the small grower, but the
estimate already ma<le of a quadrupled area of
small cultivation is probalily well below the
mark. It is estimated, for example, that the
number of allotments in England and Wales has
been increased by at least half a million ; 12,000
acres of new allotment land is being cultivated
under the Cultivation of Land Orders alone, and
the <li?.i>l<vcement of flowers by vegetaibles has
been general in gardens throughout the country.

SULPHATE OF COPPER.

The arrangement for the sale of sulphate of
copper for home consumption for agricultural
purposes nt the price of £50 per ton, in quanti-
ties of not less than 2 cwt. f.o.r. at makers'
works, ceased at the end of July. Representa-
tions have been made that the retail
price of 6id. per lb., which was recommended in
March last, is now too low for .«mall quantities.
The Food Production Department does not think
that 8d. ])er lb. is an excessive price for suliihate
of i-op|ier in England and Wales.

NEW POTATOS AT OffRISTMA.S.

In supplement of my pre^-ious notes on new
Potatos at Christmas, I would commend
those interested in late Potato planting not
to delay a moment, but at once to select
some sheltered ground facing south, and
protected as mucl) as possible from the north-
ea.st wiind. Turn it well over and loosen
the earth with the garden fork, and lightly
manure with fresh stable refuse (if obtainable);
plant a w'ole .seed Potato of If/yl i/ffir at least
7 inche-s deep, j'overing it with loose soil. On the
appearance of the plant above the surface,
slightly press down carefully all sides within 2 to

56

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

3 inches of the growth, and cover itlie whole to a
rlepth of 2 to 3 inches with loose soil, so that the
tiilier may have all the earth protection it can
got against prospective frost. On the appearance
of frost, cover tlie whole plant with a layer of
stable straw or other suitable material to protect
the developing tubers below ground, when all
will go well. Do not dig for Potatos until two
d:iys before Christmas, and then only lift what
are actually required for use, taking care to pro-
tect the plant next to the root lifted. Joseph B.
I/filmcx, Boirmore.

POTATO PROSPECTS.

The repcjrts as to croi)s of Potatoii which are
being grown by allotment-holders who have

twelve between 250 and 500, thirty-five received
under 250 tons a-piece. Five Counties did not
adopt the scheme. In some counties a proportion
of the total distributed went through individuals
and bodies other than the Executive Commit-
tees. The majority of these Potatos were sup-
plied to email men who were not in the habit of
using Scotch or Irish seed Potatos, and were ill-
placed for obtaining seed at all through local
agencies. Complaints have been singularly few.
A conividerable amount of loss occurred in
transit. In. the case of the Iri&li consignments,
thej-e was a certain amount of short weight.
Some of the Scottish "seed" was very small,
and there was a certain proportion of diseased
tubers.

Ik.. 22. — HOSE MEEMAID (MUCH BEDUCED).
(.\\viii-<le<l R.H.S. Award of Merit on July i la.«t.)

t;il\en plots (tlieir total holdings exceeding
12,000 acres) under the Cultivation of Lands
Oi'der of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
are most encouraging. The seed Potatos were
forwarded direct by the suppliers to the distri-
buting centres and consignees selected by the
County Committees. Some 6,000 tons were ob-
tained from Scotland, and about 900 tons from
England, 400 tons of the latter being secured
otherwise than through merchants ; 8.600 tons
were aisr [jurchased by the Department in Ire-
land, through the Department of Agriculture
and Technical Instruction for Ireland. The
total quantity of Potatos distributed was 15,538
tons lAJi cwt. , and the number of consignments
was about 2,700. One county tcok over 1,400
tons, three counties received between 750 and
1,000 tons each, six between 500 and 750 tons,

THE POLICING OF ALLOTMENTS.

As the crops on allotments are now matur-
ing, the problem of policing the plots be-
comes more acute. There is no doubt that
in many urban districts some method of
policing is necessary. A cei-tain amount of
pilfering is reported from some parts, and. some
wilful <iamage from others. It is stated that on
the outskirts of one town a man had attempted
to drive a horse and cart across the allotment
field by way of a .«,hort cut from one part of the
town to anotlier. Complaints are frequent of
portions of allotment grounds being used more
or less r&gularly as footpatlis. The special con-
stables in mt'St places have paid pai'ticnlaT at-
tention to the aJlotments, but obviously it is not
within their power to keep watch during the
whole twenty-tour hours for possible marauders.

The Home Secretary has called the attention of
Chief Constables throughout the country to the
importance of preventing trespass on allotments,
and has suggested that they should press for
substantial penalties whenever convictions can be
obtained. The Food Production Department
points out that trespassing upon land is being
dealt with under the Cultivation of Land Ordiis
and recommends tlie public display of a state-
ment that it is an offence under the Defence
of the Realm regulations. Offender are liable to
a fine of £100 or six months' imprisonment, or
both fine and imprisonment.

THE HOME CANNER FOR FOOD-
CONSERVING.
A SERIES of food-conserving demonstrations
have been given in the large central hall of the
reorganised Economy Exhibition, in the new
L.C.C. building, Westminster Bridge Road,
London. From the opening day of the ex-
hibition, the most attractive features have been
the stalls at which elementary fruit bottling and
canning were illustra.ted by representatives of
the Horticultural Brajich of the Food Productiou
Department. So sucicessful have tlieie been that,
on the invitation of the pi-omoters of the ex-
hibition, the Food Production Department took
possession of the large central hall, formerly
occupied by the French market. Lady Glover
organised four kitchens with a view to show-
ing visitors how various forms of food can be
conserved in the simplest possible manner. At
one of the kitchens demonstrations have been
given in fruit and vegetable bottling, and the
sulphur process of sterilisation ; at another,
kitchen fruit and vegetable drying was illus-
trated, women being taught how they can do
this important work with oven or gas stove in
their own homes. A third kitchen was devoted
to jam-making with sugar substitutes. At a
fourth the canning of fruit and vegetables in
tins was demonstrated, the appliance shown
being known as the " Royal Home Canner."
This useful apparatus I's capable of dealing with
56 2-1'b. tins at a time, and is compact and
portable. It can be obtained from the Food
Production Department, 72, Victoria Street, for
£6 10s., carriage free.

A GOOD CARROT YEAR.
In corroborating the paragraph by -4. A', (see
p. 51), i may say I have had the opportunity of
inspecting many hundreds of the Liverpool allot-
ments, which cover an area of over eight miles
north and south, and over four miles east and
west, and in all cases the Carrots gave evidence of
robust health, both in the old worked, positions
and in the newly broken-up ground. Carrots,
with Parsley and Onions, are three most difficult
subjects of cultivation in this neighbourhood, but
this season all give evidence of more than aver-
age success. The soil is generally on the light
side, -and sowing was late owing to the delay in
handing over the plots to the cultivators. May
was a glorious month of refreshing rains, which,
I think, accounts in a great measure for the more
than average success of our gardens. li. 0.
Waterman , Woolton.

TOMATO BIDE'S RECRUIT.
This is a vei-y jirolific Tomato^ The thickly-
set trusses carry about twenty perfectly-shaped,
even-sized fruits, and the fruits are entirely free
from corrugation. E. Muli/iieux.

ROSE MERMAID.

The single-flowered Rose illustrated in fig. 22
was shown by Me&MB. W. Paul and Son at
the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
held on the 3rd ult. It belongs to the climb-
ing Wichiu-aiana section, and the large flowers
aro of light yellow colour, shading to golden-
yellow at tlie base of the petals. Tlie anthers
and stamens are also d a rich golden shade.

ArcrsT 11, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

57

EFFECT OF FROST ON PLANTS
AT LEONARDSLEE.

It may be interesting to readers of the
(t'liideners' Chronicle to know how the outdoor
|ilants fared here during last winter.

I find it a little diificult to make out the liste,
as in one part of the garden a plant may have
been killed, and in another part a similar plant
has escaped uninjured. This has happened to
two. plants of Phyllocladus trichomanoides.

There are here a good many plants of Pin us
Bonapartea. Several have been killed, in-
cluding tihe largest, 12 feet to 14 feet high, some
haTe been severely injured, some slightly in-
jured, and some are unhurt.

Plants of Pinus Ayacahuite (which is con-
sidered identical with Pinus Bonapart«a by
some laotanists) is a much hardier plant, and
not a leaf has been browned.

All the plants of Pinus halapensis have been
more or less injured or kUled ; but plants of
Pinus bruttia have been very slightly injured or
escaped altogether. These two are often con-
sidered identical, in epite of the different habit
of the cones.

Leonardslee ie 270 feet above the sea, which
is thirteen miles away.

The soil varies considerably, generally, how-
ever, containing sand more or lees mixed with
clay. Geologically it is " Upper Tunbridge
sand " and " Cuckfield clay."

The natural growth is Heather, Bracken, and
Birch trees.

Fro't began on November 16, 1916.

There was frost every night during the follow-
ing 94 days, except on nine occasions (85 froets
in 94 daysl to February 17.

In April there were snowstorms nearly every
day until the 17th,

the thermometer fell to 9° on the grass on
February 10, 1917, and to 17° in the screen—
23° of frost.

For some day.s during the winter there was a
cutting, north-east wind, and it is thought that
most of the damage to the plants was caused
by the wind, and not so much by the cold.
E. G. Loder, Lfonardslee, Horsham, Siisrex.
Killed.

Very Si.ightlt Injured or Leaves Browned.

(w)

(w)

C'lianlhus pun
Pietocia ailant:
Podocarpus fer
P. lafifolia
Gordnnia ohliqiia
0]«aria semidontata (•)
Zantlioxyluin acanth<i-

podium
H*>U'ronieIes arbutifolia
Esrallonia ortran^-nsis
Eucalyptus amyKdalina
R. Bwiuchaiiipiaua
E. cordata

SEVF-RELV iNMUREl)

Euualyptu.s cluliuluH

R.

TUUl

K. MuBlliTi
E. viminnlis
Clet^hra arfinrpa
Ulex europaou.«
TaMuna vulgaris
Pinua hAlaperiAi*
P. patula

Greggii (•)

Oillitris robusta (■«•)
Lindera glauca

I Pinus longifolia

' P. ranariensis
P. pseudo-atrobuR
P. Bonaparte.T (*)
P. Mont4»zuniai* (type")

I Phvllocladu.s triclin-
n,ano:des (•)

, Ant..siai.|ivl"!i « n-
fnrdiana

! Rlliiil(Kl«-ndrnn bullntun

> U. Kordii (•)
OK Cut to the Ground.
Gordon ia anomala tw)
Pseu<I'»ixinax fpro.x
D*'n<Irom<»oon rigiduni (
Foijoii SfUnwiana (w)
Peunuig Boldois
Collotiia cruciata
t^uPTcus suber
0. densiflora
Q- nigra (aquatii'a)
r<rratonia siliqua

P. B<>i

(°)

Cupressus |U8

v<ir. Bentlwmii (•)
.IiinipeTiKs piifhi phljipa
Widdringtonia Whytci (w)
P(>d<icarpufi acutifolia
P. dacrydinifio,
P. niacrophylla (•)
Rliaphithamnus cyano-

carpus
Coprosma lueida
Arist/>telin bomentosa
Azara craFsifolia
Lindera niegaphylla
Euonynius flnil)rialus (•)
Pi-staoia Jeuitiscua
Oajrpentpria paliffrt-iiica
Escallonia macrantha
Olearia ar^fophylla (w)

Banksia paliidosa (w)
Cassinia leptophylla (vv)
Pentajptervgium serpens
Bumelia iycioide*

Mttr
.\tpl«8t.iphyl(i I*'

Ostc.M
.Myrlm

iielis anthvllidiMii
s Luma

Gmiellia The* ,
Old curoiwea (')
Tricuspidaria Ian.
T. doppndpns
Drymis Wintpri
D. aroinatjca (•)
ReTtit-ris cnnigestiflo

vnr. hakooidttj
B. Fortunpi
N<»t1lof;lgus

(•)

N. Sfilandr
X. Menxie*di
Rtiodotlendror

Berberidopais corralina
Herberts pruinosa

B. Nepalensis
Laurus camphora (w)
Xotelaea excelsa
Cinnanionium Loureirii

(w)
Azara microphylla
Fabiana intricate
Guevinia Abeliano, (\v)
Erioa arborea (•)
K mediterranea (*^)
It^a vii^inica
I ilicifolia

Mag^nolia Delavayj (w)
Abutilon vitifolium,
Fremontia califomiea
RestJo subverticillatus
MiiAa B;isjoo
Benthamia oa4)itata
Pinus Nel5onii
P. Torrevana
P. Taeda
P. brultLa (*)
P. Iftiophylla
P. Greggii (0)
P. Teocote
P. Bonapartea (=)
Cupressus fomiosensis

C. funebris (•)
C. cashmeriana

C. lusitanica var.

Bentbamii (*>
C. toruloea (•)
Podocarpus macro

phylla (•)
Juniperus procera (*)
Myrtus communis
Callist-emon linearis
C. salignum
C. coocineuni
Lericotiiotj Davisiae
Rhododendron Delavayi

Pl>ARTe
Fendlcra rupicola (w)
Ile.x lat'ifolia
I. canarieruis
I. Fargesii
Yucca Whipi)lei
.\gave Parryi
Noiina erumpens
Dasylirion fterratifoiiuni
Erioa auMralia
E. lusitanica
E arbor<'a (•)
E. me<lilcrranea (•)
Spartocytisus nubi-

genus (w)
Padus ilicifoUa (w)
Fuchsia excorticata (w)
Fa(sia horrida
Vaccinium Mort^nia
Bryanthus Breweri
Heiiantlirnium rosiiiarini-

folium
Kh<Klo<lerKli
R. Irillorut
R. Hookerj
R. rephalanthuui
R. nereifoliuni
R. Miiddemi
R. Aucklamlii a.* P'O
IVsfonlania .'^inoAa
I>apa^oria rosea (w)
Philesia nipgellauioa
(!i

R. arlxyreiun var.

Kermesinuni

idicum

R.

iilati:

nubia

R. Keysii
R. spinuliferum
Quercus alnifolia
Q, chrysolepis
Q. aegilops
Pistaeia vera («)
f'hamaerops h
Photinia serrulata
Embothrium coccine
Lomatia ferruginea
Eucryphia cordifoli;
Eriobotrya japonica
Grevillea juniperin:

lis

ifoli;

auifolii

(w)

Fordil n

tiner

Smila

•ifolii

(120

Ribetf laurifotium
Olcmiatis aioliata
Mjij^UikLia Cainpbellii

flowers)
Elaeagnu^ umbellata
E. muiwnora
Euonymus fimbria! us (•)
Beriicris Jiiponica (Bcalii)
B. aggregata
B. verruculcjsa
B. UiityophyUa
Pinus bruttia (•)
P. mitis
P. ccmbroide^
P. cdulis
P. Parryana
I', monopliylla
P. bungeana
P. Gorardiana
P. albicaulis
P. Ayacahuite.
P. palustria

1'. Mante7.umao var. rudlii
P. Monteiiumae var. Ilairt-

wegii
P Bonnpwtea (•)
I'ieris form.>sa
Plagiairlhus Lyallii
P. betulin,lls
Knapholla Xwrtlili
Abies Webbiana

Pitiosporun

30 feet
P. patulun:
P. rigidum
P. Ralpbii
P. pauciflorum
N'otiiofagus Oumiing-

hami (•)
S. fusca
X. cliffortioidesi
Arbutus I'nedo
.ibelia fioribunda (\v)
Euphorbia meJIifera (w)
Choieya ternata (•)
Desfontainea spinosa (•)
Lithospernuim proe-

tratum (•)
Ephedra alti.ssima (w)
Cupressus macrocarpa (•)
Sophora telr.aptera var.

microphylla
Convolvulus C'jie^)rum
Berberis nepalensis
Arbutus turiens
Anopt«rus g'laniulosus
UsntJTmxD.

Pseudo-larix japonica
I.arii Grifflthii
Libocedrus chilensis
L. tetragona
Fitzroya pataponjea
Djicr.vdiuin Franklinii
.Saxcgolhaea con.s.picua
Glyptostrobua hetero-

phylhis
Piltosporuiu Tobira («)
ruprps.su8 glabra
Camellia relirnlata («)
Acacia Baileyana (w)
.\throtnxis cupressoides

I A. laxifolia
A. selaginoides

I I*odoc4irpus alpina

I P. nivalis

t P. nubigona
P. Totara

I P. niacrophylla (•)
Keteleeria ixnidiana
Ph.vllocladus tricho-
manoides (•)

Tmiga Brunonij

K<)ninp\a C'ouHeri
It. trJclKK-alyx

' Vilmrnuni Carlesii
V. rhyt.idophyllum
.Iunii>prus oxycedrus
■I. oedrus
J. proccra (*)
■I. califomiea
.J. Phoenicia
.J. thuritera
.1. bcrmudiar
.1. Wallichiana
<'upre8.sus lorul(v.sa (•)
C. lunebria (•)
Tecoma grandiflora (w)
Sargpnt<idoxa cuneata
.Majulevillea B.uaveolei
Ch.isia ternata (•)
Del

gaU;c

On

*all.

stratum (•)
another li^.

(")

-|.i

'lalit

III]

I. an M-tiiiii

I. floridannui

Berchemia ra<*.eiiiosa

.Stuartia scrrata

Drimys colorata (u)

Diaspyros kaki

Osmanthus armatus

Parsonsia heteiophilla (w)

Quercus W.slizcnii '

Q. thalastiica

Q. cuneata

y. vilrrayana

<}. Inihrlcaia

Be«*horneria

Olea eur(ti)aea (w)

..i<les (w)

.■aria s.m .l.ntataC)
.\lso in another list.

LETTERS FROM JAPAN.-II.

THE ISLAND OF O.SHIMA.

I HAVE just returned from a trip to the island
of Oshima, Idzu Province — on foreign maps
usually known as De Vrie's Island. This island
is purely volcanic, and is really little more than
an ever-active volcano 2.500 feet high. There is
scarcely any water on the island, and much of
the land is ashes, cinders, and lava, and quite
bare of vegetation. The coinmun Camellia (Thea
japonica) is very plentiful, both wild and
planted, and the island is famous for its Camellia
oil, which is much used by Japanese women in
dressing their hair. I had been told that Juni-
perus procumbens was wild on this island, and
to collect material from spontaneous plants was
the principal object of my visit. The informa-
tion was incorrect. I could not find even a
cultivated plant, though I searched diligently.
However, the trip resulted in certain discoveries
of more than usual interest. A few yards from
where the boat landed us I was astonished to find
nixiwing in abundance the very species of Juniper
which I had thought peculiar to the Liukiu
Islands, and about which I wrote in my last
letter, I found it evei7where round the
coast of Oshima, where it covers hundreds f.f
acres immediately above tide-mark. It is a per-
fectly prostrate plant, has nothing whatever to
do with the arborescent J. ta.\'ifolia (which is
peculiar to the Bonin Islands), but is a hitherto
unrecognised and very distinct species, for which
I propose the name of J. maritima. Its nearest
relative is J. conferta, a few plants of which I
found on Oshima Island .ilso. Of Juniperus
chinensis there are many large trees, and the
people declare them to be wild.

The only Pine is Pinus Thunbergii, aiid it
may be indigenous. It, however, has been much
planted, and on the windswept part of the
coast is stunted and only a foot or so high. Often
the trunk is prostrate, many yards long, with
short branches forming a low, dense thicket.

Podocarpus Maki is wild, and this is about
its northern limit. The only other Conifer grow-
ing wild on the island is Cephalotaxus
dnipacoa.

(^nly one species of Cherry grows on Oshima
and it is endemic. It is Prunus Lannesitina, v.
alba, much cultivated in centr.al Japan, and the
parent of nearly all the odoriferous forms of
.Japanese garden Cherries. In a wood in n
rather remote part of the island there is a mag-
nificent old tree of this Cherry, 50 feet tall, 24
feet in girth of trunk, with a spread of branches
90 feet one way and 75 feet in another.

Perha])s the most important, as it certainly w.as
the most unexpected event, was the discovery of
the pink-flowered type of Hydrangea horteiisis
truly wild. The form of this Hydrangea with
elobose heads of sterile flowers has been known
from early times, and is much cultivated in
.Tiipan and China, but in my travels I have never
fouiui the wild type until this visit to China.
On this island it is abundant from the sea-level
to 1.000 feet .altitude, and often forms the bulk
of the undergrowth in thin woods. The bushes
seldom, if ever, exceed 10 feet in height, and
average from 6 to 7 feet. The only other .species
of Hydrangea on Oshima is H. involucrata. Why
H. panicul.ata and H. j.ctiolaris should bo absent
is curious.

Euonymus japonicus is wild on the coast, .and
so, too, is Lilium auratum var. platyphyllum,
while Diervilla coraeensis is abundant as a tree-
like .shrub from 15 20 feet tall. Styrax japonica
is plentiful, and in the sheltered gullies grows
taller than I have not»d it elsewhere. Aleurites
cordiita is wild but not common. On the whole,
the flora, thon„'h very interesting, is not rich in
variety, and broad-leaved, evergi-een shrubs .and
trees with shining leaves predominate. From
the point of view of geographical botany, how-
ever, the island of Oshima well repaid our visit.
i.'. n. Wlhnn, Tol-i/„, Apiil 8. 1917.

58

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuuusT 11, 1917.

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE.

A SOiLl>IER-iUK*DEKER IN PALESTINK.
We have crossed the Sdnai Desert, and passed
from sandy desolaition into the green, grassy
plains and" rolling downs of Southern Palestine.
The Date Palm has apparently completely dis-
appeared, and it® place is taken by the Fig.
There are groves of Figs, a few Pomegranates,
Vines, and Almonds. The Almonds were neax a
iia.tj,ve viUage. The plains are coverecl with tihe
coanmon grass— Lolium perenne— which grows
everywhere in England, and a. variety of couch
grass is ahnos.t ae uiiiver&ai; though none of tJie
grass foiTDB a. carpet, as it doe.-; in England — the
cUmate is too hot and dry. Hordeum jubatum
and the Sheep's Fescue Grass are also to be
seen. What appears to be Lnzula campesti'is,
the Knglish Field Rush, is also very common ;
wild Mustard grows abundantly, and the pro-
cumbent stems of a epecies of Polygonum ahnoet
trip one up. Trifolium and Lathyrus enliven
the herbage with their brilliant colours ; Aspho-
delus forms large tufts, but has now passed out
of Hower ; Anthericiim Liliastrum and Verbas-
cum phoeniceum both grow here, and a number
of jVIalvas and an Ipomoea with pink flowers
fjrow on the side of the wadis (diy river beds) ;'
Salvia argenteum and Cephalaria tatarica
grow in abundance, bu* the latter plant is not
nearly so leafy or so tall a& in England. There
are Thi.stles of every kind, especially in the
Wheat fields, where a species of green Chamae-
peuce is common. Linarias in variety are com-
mon, and I have noticed Omphalodos verna,
now passed out of flower. The weather just
now (April 22) is fine and sunny, but with
none of the blistering heat of the desert — just
like an English summer's day. I should imagine
that cojiiouB rains fall here in autumn and
winter, but that the summer is hot and dry. The
flowering period of all the wiklliinigs has passed,
the fruits are ripe and are bursting in the
warm sun, and the seeds are being scattered
by the breeze we always get during the day.
I have mentioned only a few plants that I have
noticed whilst grazing horses; but they are only
a few of the great numbers to be seen. There is
a large bulbous plant which grows here rather
plentifully ; tlie foliage has died down, and I
have seen no signs of new or old flower spikes.
1 wonder if it is Amaryllis Belladonna ? I have
seen a pretty little Iris among the herbage,
which I call (whether rightly or wrongly I do
not know) I. reliculata ; it shines like a jewel in
the dried pasture grass. In the Barley fields
there is a little Cionvolvulus similar to that
which flowers in our own cornfields, except that
it has downy, trifoliate leaves. I have no doubt
the floi-a is richer'higher up ; it is a wonder that
any plants have the heart to flower on these
sunlburnt plains and downs within easy reach of
a sandv desert, f. Oooc/i (fimnerhf of Colbury
Huu.'<e'Gardens. Ililhtrerf, Toltnn. Hauls).

THE ROCK GARDEN.

ORCHIS FOLIOS A.
In the garden of Mr. John A. Holmes at
Formakdn, Renfrewshire, there are masses of the
Madeira Orchis, Orchis foliosa, in the borders
and rock garden. Tlie plants are not only
numerous (I question if there be anywhere in
the United Kingdom so many plants in one
ga.rden), but they are exceptionally fine. Mr.
Hobnes. assured me tliat he takes no special
pains with 0. foliosa, but divides it up
when he wishes to increase liis stock. The
foliage is large and healthy, while the spikes of
bloom, as I saw them, were of a grandeur unsus-
pected by those who only know the Madeii-a
Orchis as seen in average gardens. The borders
np])eared fairly dry, but it is probable that the
moisture underneath is abundant, although the
upijier surface is not heavy, and sun and drought-
loving subjects: were thriving admirably in most
cases in the same borders. .S". Arnolt.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. DuNH, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Spinach -Sow at once a good breadth of
Spinach for winter supplres. Ground which has
been occupied bv early Potatos requires no pre-
paration beyond" lightly forking and levelling.
Sow in shallow drills drawn at 18 inches apart,
and as soon as the plants are through the surface
c'ive frequent du-stings of soot or lime to pi'e-
.?erve them from slugs. Another sowing may be
made a week later.

COLEWORTS.- Any available space should be
filled with the t'oleworts Rosette and Hardy
Green as soon ;is possible. Allow 18 inches
between the rows and 15 inches from plant to
plant in the row for early winter supplies.
Rosette may be planted in quantity, but the
Hardy Green variety will stand the winter better,
and there are very "few green vegetables to corn-
pare with it in spring. Plantations may be made
as ground becomes vacant lujtil the end of
August.

Mushrooms -The present is a good time to
make preparations for October and November
supplies of Mushrooms. The house which is used
for this purjjose should be tlioroughly cleansed,
and the walls washed with hot lime to destroy
insects. The horse droppings should be placed
in small quantities in a dry, open shed, and be
well prepared bv frequent turnings before being
placed in the house. When a sufficient quantity
has been got ready it should be removed to the
bed and allowed "to remain a day or two until
the heat is about 85°. If,turned and rammed at
this stage the spawn should be inserted i" the
bed when the temperature is slightly under 80 ,
and there is no danger of it rising. Make the bed
quite fii-m by ramming, and after a few days
place a covenng of fresh loam over the surface
and make it firm. Within six weeks the Mush-
rooms should be showing through the surface. In
order to maintain an unbroken supply, a bed
should be spawned at intervals of a month
throughout autumn and winter.

Cucumbers in Cool, Flat PiTS.-Mildew
will be troublesome in these pits if the atmo-
sphere be kept too moist, and red spider may ap-
pear if it is too dry. Let the foliage be
thinned out, and all decaying leaves removed..
When water is necessary it should be applied
in the early part of the day, so that the leaves
may become dry by night. Stop the growth as
soo'n as it becomes necessary, and cut all fniits
directly they are large enough for use.

French Beans in Cold Pits.-AH iivailalilc
pits should be ijlanted with French Beans for
cropping about the end of September. The soil
should be thoroughly dry, and, if necessary, »
quantity of decayed" manure or old potting soil
mixed "with it. 'Allow i^lenty of space between
the rows so that the plants may have sufficient
light. The glass lights should be removed from
tlii? pit until later in the season, when it becomes
necessary to replace them as a protection to the
plants.

Lettuces and Endive- Seeds of Lettuce
should be sown on a sheltered spot to produce a
crop in October, and several small sowings will
be necessary during August to ensure a full sup-
plv during" autumn. Batavian Endive should
also be sown now in a cold ijit. and transplanted'
into spare frames and protected borders for use
during the spring.

be taken before they are quite ripe. Later varie-
ties will need good waterings .at the root and
daily washings with the engine or hose to keep
down red spider -and maintain the foliage in a
healthy condition.

APBicoTS.-These fruits should be promptly
gathered as they become ready, both for dessert
and for preserving. After the fruits are cleared
"ive the trees a thorough syringing and water-
uig. and if tJie soil close to the base is very dry
and hard, make a few holes with a fork or bay
up the water to allow the ball to become moist,
or the water may all run away and not have the
desired effect.

Plum Trees.- The growths of Plums should
be secured, and all unnece-ssary shoots pinched
again. The trees should be kept clean by fre-
quent washings with clear water, which will also
help to keep the roots mbist, more especially if
a good mulch has been applied. Late Plums
should be more severely thinned than early ones,
and these can be "used for preserving in
various ways. Such first-class varieties as Jeffer-
son's, Transparent Gage, Coe's Golden Drop,
Kirk's, and Peach Plum need severe thinmng,
hi"h feeding, and careful stopping and pruning.
La^i^e fi-uits of both dessert and kitchen vaneties
are "very serviceable for bottling. Remove all
suckei-sfi-om the base of the trees.

Early Pears.- Doyenne d'Ete and Citron
des Carmes will soon" be ripe. These are not
of extra flavour, but are good when gathered
and used at once ; they will not keep when
stored. Beurre Giffard is a better Pear,
and mu.st now be watched, as it may be
ripening in some wai-m positions. ,The tree is
a somewhat shy bearer when young. Jargonelle
will be also nearing maturity. Later varieties
should be supplied with moisture at the roots
and useless growths taken away to allow the sun's
rays to reach the fruits and growths. It is
a "good plan to use the hose to keep the trees
fresh and healthy, and when this can be done in
the evenings it clea.nses the foliage and waters the
roots at the same time. In this district there
are enormous crops of the popular Williams s
Bon Chretien. See that all fruit trees are ke^it
clean and free from aphis and American blight.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W A. Cook, narrlener t<i the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Alihntts Wond, Godalming, Surrey.

Peaches and Nectarines.- I-ook over the
trees dailv a.nd 'gather the fruits as they become
riiie, for if allowed to remain on the tree too
lorn;' they lose flavour. Those fniits which will
leave the stalk easily are ready to gather, and
."hnuld be taken and'placeJ in a cool fruit-room.
Peaches to be despatched by ra-l should always

FRDITS UNDER GLASS.

Bv Jas Hcdson, IleaJ Gardener at Gunnersbury House.
Aiaion. W.

Melons in Houses.— Houses or pits that
are sufhciently heated have a distinct advantage
for Melon crops from this time onwards until
the end of the season. Although we mia,y
still have some hot weather— as, for instance, in
August, 1911— there may be periods of cooler
weather with a superabundance of rainfall and
a lack of sunshine, such as that through which
we are now passing. During cooler weather keep
a watch on the temperatures, both in the early
mornint^ and in the evening. If the thermometer
ranges between 60° and 65° in the morning and
between 65° and 70° at nightfall, it may be
taken as a good standard. With more heat in
the water pipes guard against too dry an atmo-
-;phere. Even with cloudy days make it a prac-
tice to ventilate for a few hours when the out-
side conditions are favourable, but close the
house in time to raise the temiierature somewhat
during the afternoon. The latest crops should
soon be safely set and swelling, after which stage
keep the shoots pinched by means of the hnger
and thumb process. Before the w-eight oi Uie
fruits causes any strain on the growths, place them
in Melon nets to take the weight. Should any
jilants be backward in setting, keep an eye on
them and endeavour to secure a crop, even it a
little late. I have known this to happen in the
case of Hero of Lockinge in my own charge, and
a most useful lot of fruit was secured quite late
in the season. This variety keeps better than
almost any other after it has been cut from the
plant.

Strawberries in PoTS.-Push forward the
pottin.' of the latest varieties f.u- forcing. I like
to .see the potting finished by the middle of the
month. In view of the heavy raiiiifalls the plants
receiitiv potted had better be laid on their
sides if the wat<-r is seen to stand in the jiots.

August 11, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

59

As soon aa all the potting is done let the stock
be stood out so as to cover the space at
disposal. Do not be too persistent in pinching off
any adventitious runners ; rather let them run
for a few weeks so as to encourage root action.
Those of the autumn-fruiting varieties that are
now well rooted, and that have been treated as
I advised in a previous calendar, will soon be
ready for cutting off from the parent plant, and
as these will soon show for flower keep the
runners in this case pinched.

Vines th»t are Bearing Crops.— With the
heavy rainfall of the past few days, those
growers who have experienced it will scarcely
need to trouble about much more watering of the
outside borders, even if these be well drained.
Do not, however, let the inside borders suffer in
the least for lack of water, but water them freely
where the crops are still swelling. I would not
hesitate to apply another dressing of an artificial
vine manure, however, to both outside and in-
side borders. In doing this do not exceed the
advice given with each bag of manure. Keep a
close watch upon all vines in bearing for an}'
symptoms of mildew ; the weather of late has
been congenial to this pest of the vine. Watch
for and remove any scalded berries upon such
varieties as I>a<ly Downe's Seedling, and a.lso
give a look to all the bunches in the latest houses
to eee if a few small berries can be removed' with
advantage ; continue to lift the top shoulders
where needed.

show, when they should be removed to the inter-
mediate-house. A suitable rooting mediaim for
all the Oichids aibove mentioned a® found in a
mixture of equal parts of Osmunda-fibre and A 1
fibre cut in rather short portions', with an ad-
dition of oru.shed crocks and Sphagnum-moss.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLURR, Gardener to Sir JsRBMUH CoLUAN,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reigrate.

Odontoolossum citrosmum.— As plants
of thj.s .Mexiian spix^ics p;i.~s „ul of flower, a-tten-
tion should be given to any necessary repotting.
These plants do not make many roots, and tlie
receptacles should be only jutt large enough t<>
ac(»mmodate them. Ordinary Orchid pans that
may be suspended from the roof lufters are pre-
feraible to either pots or teakwood baskets.
Afford good drainage, cut away all useles*; back
]>seudi>-l>ulljs, and ix)t the plants tinjily. The
atmosphere of the Mexican House is the most
suitiible tor them, and for a few weeks after
r<X)t difiturbanie the surface of the comport
should be kept juat moist, hut tow;irds the com-
l>let.ion of its growth the pla.nt sliould be
thoroughly watered each time the soil becomes
dry until the new pseudo-bulbs are fully de-
veloped, after which water should be ei^ually
withheld. During their season of rest the plants
should always be on the'dry side until the flower
.scapes are seen to be puling from the young.
growths. All through their growing season the
lilants will be benefited by a warm, sunny iposi-
tion by day, with cooler and moister conditions
at night.

Othbr OqoNToo'.ossuMB. - Such sipeciee as
O. C'ervantesii, O. Humeanum, O. GaJeottianum.
O. madrense, O. Kossii, O. maculatum, and 0.
as[)ersum. that require re-potting or re-
surfacing, may be given attention at this period.
They are best grown in shallow Orchid ])aiis
without side holes, and suspended from tlie roof
of tile cfjol-hou.>ie. I'ot finnly, and place tlie
luibe of the pl.int just below the rim of the pan,
and finish with a layer of Sphagnum-nioss.
Afford water ca.refully until tlie roots have
grown freely into the new soil. While in full
growth, the plants are benefited by light spray-
ings oveilip.id several times daily.

Laelia pumila. -Plants of this species and
its varieties arc developing new growths, aud as
yoiiifg rooUs are produced from their bases they
should be repotted or resurfaced as may be
nocessary. These plant*; require liberal supplies
of water at the roots during the season of
growth, therefore it is impcntant tliii.t fclie root-
ing materials should be sweet antl i|)oix>us. Use
ordinary shallow Orchid pans without side hole?,
and. iikiice a few crocks in the boUcnn, with short,
pieces of fe.rn rhizome over the top; press the
(Kittijig miitenials moderately firm, leaving .'.ufti-
cjent «i|)acc for a. layer of living heads of
S))h;ignum-mo«s over the .surface. The plants
should be e.X|M»ied to a rea.snnaWe juiKniiit of
light and. a.ir at all time.*, and a plentiful supnly
of water at the roots is neceasary when in full
growth. Suspend them from the roof rafters
in the cool-house until the flowers begin to

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Propagating Hardy Plants.- Preparations

should be made to projjagate various hardy plants
for the rock garden and herbaceous border. Par-
tition a shallow frame into several compartments.
Place 5 inches of sandy soil on a hard ash bottom
and cover the compost with a thick layer of silver
sand. The bed must be made quite level and
moderately firm. Insert the cuttings with a
blunt dibber, from 1 to 4 inches apart, according
to the variety. Syringe the compartment
directly it is filled with cuttings, but do not close
it until the foliage is dry. Afterwards the frame
should be kept closed until the cuttings are rooted.
The frame must be syringed occasionally, and a
light shading provided during bright weather.
Admit air gradually when the cuttings are
rooted, eventually removing the lights entirely.
Plants that may be increased in this way are
Aubrietias. Campanulas, Phlo.xes, Dianthuses,
Androsaces, Aremirias and Iberis.

Climbing Plants.— Plants growing in narrow
borders are always at a disadvantage as regards
moisture. Such borders need copious supplies of
water, and a liberal mulch of some moisture-re-
taining material, each time the roots have been
thoroughly soaked. The thinning and training
of young growths require constant attention,
especially those of Clematis, Vitis, Wistaria,
Honeysuckle, Virginia Creeper, Jasmine, and
-Vristolochia. Admit light and air to Pyra-
cantha, Chinioiianthus, Cotoneasiter, Garrya
elliptica, and Ceaiiothus by removing all weak,
straggling shoots. Plants growing on pergolas,
such as Akebia quinata, Lycium europaeum,
Berehemia racemosa. Wistaria, Bridgesia spicata.
aud Clematis need careful training to fill bare
spaces. The stock of climbing plants can be in-
creased by layering, in the same way as for Car
nations. Select suitable .shoots as near to the
base as possible and Liver them in pots.

Ramblkr Roses, -Only a light pruning is
necessary at the iireseiit time. Keniove weak in-
superfluous growths, retaining sufficient for
(lowering next year. In the climbing sections the
old flowering branches should be removed as they
pass out of flower. The new growths of plants
trained on pergolas or walls must be carefully
tied in. shortening the strongest or removing the
weakest, as the case may be. For a continuous
display of bloom there are few climbing Roses
to equal the variety Gruss an Teplitz. During
dr>' weather cojiious supplies of clear water, with
occasional applications of liquid manure, will be
beneficial.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bv J. G.

Eastwell Park.

MoscHOtMA RiPARiUM. — This is a useful
winter and early .spring lloweiing plant for the
conservatory. Young plants should now be
[jotted into 32's and 24's, according to the
strength of the ]ilant. When re-established, the
lights can be withdrawn altogether or the
Iiiants plunged outside in ;ishes. Moschosma
is a gross feeder, and should be TXitted in a
fairly rich compost. Regular supplies of water
are necessary during the growing season
Syringe the plants daily in the afternoon, and
occasionally use a little claer. diluted soot water.
Pinch out the jioints of the .shoots in the earlier
.■stages of growth to ensure a bushy habit, but
do not continue this too latt; in the season.

Calceolaria Clibranii.— When the plants
of tiliis Calceolaria have finished blooming, the
ohler and rougher .specimens should be dis-
carded, and the rcniiiinder cut over and returned
to a cold fi-ame. Do not give thimi much water
at this Ktage, but provide light ehadiing, and
spray them overluNid, ke(\ning th«» frame nicely
damp to encionrage the new growth. When
UiLs is sufficiently develojied, the required num-
ber of cuttingis should be taken off and propa-

gated. They will strike readily dn bo.xes of
sandy soil if kept close in a cool, damp frame.
If large specimen plants are required for next
siM-Jng, as soon as growth is fairly active pot up
some of the most promising of tlie yeai'-old
plants, and grow them s-teadily on in a cold
frame. Use a fairly rich compost of turfy loam,
well-rotted manure, and leaf soil in equal propor-
tions, and give the plaiit^s a fairly liberal shift.

Primula sinensis. -Ciive yoiuig plants in
small pots a. shift in good time. It is a great
mistake to allow the plants to become pot-bound,
as they receive a check in growth, lose the good
colour of their foliage, and become stunted. V&e
a light, open compost, and when potting see that
the plants are firmly fixed in the soil at the
collar. Primulas are sometimes seen so loosely
potted that they fall over at the c-ollar. This
weakness generaUy arises, in the fii-st place,
from being~left too long in the seed-pan, thus
becoming diiawn. iStand the plants in a cool
frame, on an ash bottom, and sliade lightly
during hot sun. Water carefully, damp the
plants overhead in the evendug, and increase the
amount of air. Seed may still be sown for a
batch of pla.nts for late flowering.

Strkptoc»rpur HYBRIDU8.— Plants of
Streptocarpus iu full bloom require plenty of
water at this seation. Keep all decaying flowers
picked oft', for if the seed-puds are allowwl to
develop the plants will soon cease blooming. If
given constant attention in this respect, and weak
liquid manure water, and an occasional dose
of artificial manure, they will continue to
bloom over a long period. Give abundance of
air when the plants'are in flower, and keep the
house cool and well shaded. Seedlings required
to flower in the autumn should be potted in a
light, open compost similar to that recommended
f(U' Primulas. Do not overpot at this sea.son ;
the seedlings will flower nicely in 60 and 64
sized pots. Set aside some of the finer forms,
and allow them to carry a few seed-pods.

Pubbs'ia.— As Freesias require a long season
of growtJi before reaching the flowering stage, if
they are required for blooming about Christmas
time, the bulbs should be potted without delay.
iUilbs that were left in the pots after being
dried bust spring sliould now be shaken out of
the soil and gradedi. Do not pot large and
small bulbs togetlier or the growth will be ir-
regular. A compost of loam and leaf-soil, with
.scmie sharp sand added, will suit them vei-y well,
and 4i to 6-inch pots are suitable sizes. If the
soil is in proper condition for potting, i.e.,
neither dust dry nor pasty, no water will be
required ; but if the soil is very dry one goml
watering should be given. Stand the Jiots
closely together in a cold frame, and place a
little "sifted leaf-mould on the top of the soil in
the pots, to keep it from drying too quickly.
The frame should be shaded until growth st;u-t.s.
Directly growth has begun shake off the leaf-soil
and give the frame ample ventilation. After-
wa.rds expose the plants to sun and air, and
give only very inodsnate supplies of water until
the jxits are "filled with roots, when they will
re(|iiire a good ijuantity.

Primula obconioa.— If well grown this
Primula will flower continuously for many
months. Seed may be sown from May to August,
to obtain a succession of good plants. Other
good Primuliis imjude P. malacoidies, in various
.shiules, and P. kewensis, which makes a good
contrast, the flowers being of a rich yellow. All
these succeed under ordinary cool fra,me tri^iit
meiit, and will stand a cooler tempemture than
P. siiicii.sis.

MARniiERiTE Mrs. F. Bander.— This clonhle
white Marguerite is a capital pot plant. Cufj-
tings should be put in now to secure a batch of
decorative plants in small pots. Cuttings iri-
.serted in boxes or |i;iiik i,f li^ht, sandy soil will
.strike readily in a > |,,:,r Iranu- or wa.rm, shady
house. As soon aslln v air jnnkMl transfer them to
.small pots, using light, rich soil. CJrow them
on in a light position in a house or frame.
Pinch out the points of the .shoots once or twice
to ensoire a bushy habit. Pot thein again a.s
soon as the roots ".show round the sides of the
pot until the plants have been placed in their
flowering pots. After they have filled Idwse
with roots, feed them with manure water.

(50

TB.E GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should "be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W-C- . ,

Editors and Publisher. — Our eorrespondenti,
woiUd obviate delay in obtaining amwers to
their eommunications and save us much time and
trouble if they would kindly observe the notice
ininted weekly 'to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that an com-
manirulions intended for -publication or referring
to the Literary department, and an plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— Tfte Editors win be glad U recnvt
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.. but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — ""■
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustration, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by specinl
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their

Letter''s''for'"puV.lication. «' ''^'■" «« specimem of
pliuil.^ for naminfi. should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRrlTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature wiU not be
■printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the lart flKy

at Gi

62.4.

Actual Temperature :—

Gardeners- Chronicle Offlc«, 11, Wellington Street,
Ci>vcnt Oiirden. London, Thursday. August 9,
• Bar 29; tejup. 65.5°. Weather— Van-

;\ible.

There is no occupation
Gardening which demands more
Forethought. forethought than does
gardening, and there-
fore advice to gardeners on the importance
of exercising forethought at the present
time is not likely to fall on deaf
ears. Assuredly, it cannot be urged too
strongly that everyone can lend real assist-
ance to national efficiency by "sitting
dovfn and taking thought" with respect
to his' next year's requirements. The best
time to begin to consider the cropping of
and distribution of crops in the garden is
not when the ground is bare, but now.
That done, a decision may be reached on
the amount and kind of seed to be
ordered, the quantity of manure— natural
and artificial— that will be required,
the kinds and amounts of Potato seed,
the supply of lime or chalk needed to
maintain fertility or to exterminate such
fiests as club-root, and the garden tools
which require to be purchased or mended.
If evervone with a garden or allotment
will take' stock early of the needs of his
land he will be making a very real contri-
bution to the efficiency of the State; for
lie will be in a position to place his orders
at an early date, and thereby both assist
tliL' traders working with ' depleted staffs
and ensure for liimself that the mate-
rials he requires will be received in
time. Few who are not engaged in
industry or administration realise the
severe difficulties which have to be over-
come in carrying on under present con-
ditions the normal and necessary busi-
nrss. of the State. By everyone taking
tliought these difficulties would be miti-
i;ated to some extent. It is therefore
].\itting no illegitimate burden on the
already overtaxed word patriotism to say
that the exercise of forethought is an exer-
cise in patriotism. General considerations

suffice to demonstrate that prevision, al-
ways to be encouraged, is of very great
national value . at the present time; but
there are other particular reasons for fore-
thought which are not so apparent. Every-
one knows tliat it is desirable to maintain
exports at tlie highest possible level. Cer-
tain materials which are exported are also
required for home use, and export in the
case of these materials can only be under-
taken after provision has been made for
home requirements. Hence it is no extra-
vagance to state that the home users of a
cc mmodity coming under this category can
assist the welfare of the State by making
the earlie,st possible estimate of their re-
quirements and by placing forthwith their
orders with the trade. For example, the
only nitrogenous artificial manure avail-
able at present is sulphate of ammonia.
This fertiliser is, as is well known, manu-
factured in this country. Enough of svd-
phate of ammonia must be set aside to
meet home requirements. As soon as tliat
lias been done — and not before — tiie
amount available for export can be deter-
iriined. For these reasons farmers and
uordeners are advised to form an estimate
of their requirements as soon as possible
and to place their orders. With the object
of encouraging this course of action, the
price of sulphate of ammonia has been ail-
justed in favour of the early purchaser.

There are many other commodities the
early ordering of which for similar or
other reasons is greatly to be encouraged.
Hence the importance of forethought, not
oidv with respect to garden, but also with
respect to household, needs.

Subscription to the "Gardeners
Chroniclf." 'In accordaiiop with the an-
nouncement pivblished in our last ifsue, the
price of the llarrlcners Chrimicfc ha' been
raised to foui-pence. During three years of war
our readers and advertisers have supported us
in such a steaidfci&t manner that it has been pos-
sible during that long period to keep the price un-
altered, and we had hoped that this might hive
been the rase until the termination of the war.
"notwithetandiing the continuous increase of the
cost of production. In spite of the support still
so liberally given us, however, there is evidence
at the beginning of the fourth year of still
further increases in the costs of production, par
ticularly with respect to the supply of paper,
and it has hence become imperative to add one
penny to the price. We are confident that our
readers will recognise the cogency of the reasons
which have made the charge inevitable. The
irisinal price of the Gardeners' Chronirle, from
1841 to 1862, was sixpence, and from 1852 to 1887
fivepence, when a decrease in the cost of produc-
tion allowed of the reduction to threepence.

Destruction of Weevil in Pca and Bean
Seed By siibjectiut; Pea and Bean seed broui,'lit
into the warehouse to the vapour of cai-bon bi
sulpliide, American seed houses find that weevil
is destroyed*. The treatment, which is cheap,
is carried out in an aii-tight chamber with double
doors. The seed is shot direct from trucks into
the chamber, subjected to the vapour arising from
liquid carlxui bisul]iliide, and then stored in the
usual way.

London ALUOTivieNTs.-The I'ci'sistent bad
weather of last week prevented their Majesties
tlie King and Queen from carrying out their pro-
jected visit to London allotments. The tour of

• The Sfd World, July 6, 1917.

inspection had been fixed for August 4^ and Mr.
Prothero, the President of the Board of Agri-
culture— whose interest in "petite culture" is
well known — was to have accompanied their
Majesties.

British Qardiners' Association.— We are
informed tliat the members of tlie British t}ar-
deuers' Association have, by an overwhelming
majority, decided to register the Association
under the Trade Union Acts.

The National Fruit Growers' Fedeh.-
ton — It is satisfactory to learn that the
National Fruit-growers' Federation is to be com-
pletely reorganised, with the help of Mr. Dun-
combe GiBBS, of Pei'shore, as secretaiy. In the
past the association has been a feeble and inactive
body, which has not gained, as it has not de-
served, the confidence and effective support of
fruit growers generally. The new secretaiy has
a high reputation for energy and business
ability, and he will do all that he can to render
the Federation effective. A new president.
Major Wheeler, M.P., has been elected, and a
vice-president and a representative council are
to be chosen. It is desired that every county in
which fruit is grown extensively shall be repre-
sented in the council, and that local fruit-growers'
associations will affiliate to the central body. It
is hoped that fruit-growers generally will give the
revivified Association a good start, by joining and
supporting it. By combination alone can they
secure from the Board of Agriculture and Parlia-
ment the attention and consideration which their
enterprise requires.

Acid phosphate for Roses and Carna-
tions.- Trials of the relative values of acid phos-
jiliate and bone meal as fertilisers for Roses and
Carnations have led Professor F. W. MunCIB, of
the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, to
conclude that acid phosphate is to be recom-
mended in preference to bone meal. Two sets,
each of 144 plants of the Roses Richmond and
Killarrney, we»e treated, one with acid phosphate
at the rate of 80 lbs. to 100 cubic feet of soil,
and the other with bone meal of equal money
value. The plants which received acid phos-
'phate gave from September 15 to December 18,
K-illarney 2,391 blooms, and Richmond 2,069, as
against KiHarney 1,918, and Richmond 1,792, with
bone meal. The applicatjon of acid phosphate to
Carnation soil led to an increase of bloom at the
rate of 500 flowers to each 1,000 plants.

The Removal of Snow.*— Although entirely
^;u^easonal, it seems worth while to put on record
the simple and efficacious method of removing
?now practised by nurserymen in the colder parts
of America. The patch to be cleared is sown
with finely powdei-ed dark soil. As a result,
the area so treated is ready for planting much
sooner than would otherwise be the case. The
method deserves the attention of municipal
authorities in this country.

Local Societies.- On July 19, the Fresh-
water 'Isle of Wight) Horticultural Society held
a "arden produce exhibition, instead of their
usual annual horticultural show. Over 250 ex-
hibits were staged in the Rectory field. A hand-
some silver cup, which was the chief trophy, was
won by Mr. W. Stephens. The annual summer
show of the Wood Green Horticultural Society
was held on July 21, and was chiefly remarkable
fo'' the excellent quality of the vegetables shown.
The show was held in the Town Hall, and the
local allotments were well represented by varied
produce of good quality. A floral fete was
organised on July 27, in Belfast, by the Irish
Rose and Floral Society, in aid of the Sailors' and
Soldiers' Service Club. The show took place
in the Ulster Hall, and was opened by Vis-
countess Bangor, accompanied by Lord Bangor.
There were many fine exhibits, including non-
competitive displays by the leading Rose firms,
notablv Messrs. Alex. Dickson and Sons,
Messrs. Hugh Dickson, Ltd., Messrs. S.
McCtREdy and Son, and the Donard Nurseries.

The National Nurserijnian, ,Iune, 1«17.

August 11, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICIE.

61

Sir Harry »nd Lady V«itoh.— All horti
culturists will join us in offering to Sir Hakhy
and Lady Veitch the heartiest congratulations
on the celebration of their golden wedding, which
occurred on Monday last. May they both be
6))ared long to enjoy the comparative leisure
which has succeeded long and stienuous days de-
voted so ungrudgingly to the public good, and
in particular to the spread of horticulture in all
piirts of the world. The design shown in fig. 23
is taken from the commemoration card.

Peaches and Nectarinbs.-Now that the
outdoor Peaches and Nectarines are ripening,
evidence of the bountiful crop may be seen in
the markets and fi-uit stalls, where large num-
bers of these choice fruits are exposed for sale.
Nectarines of the best quality, but of moderate
size, are being sold at fourpence each, even in
the fashionable shops. Earlier in the season,
however, the fruits realised very high prices.
One large grower informs us that he has sold
consignments at 30s. a dozen. Those who re-
member the extraordinary exhibits of Mr.
George Woodward, cf the Barham Estate Gar-
dens, near Maidstone, made at the R.H.S. Show
at the Ci-v-stal Palace in 1902. to show the
dinstrous effects caused to the hardy fi-uit crops
in that garden by hailstones, will be sorry to
hear that three weeks ago the same garden was
vii-ited by a hailstoi-m only less disastrous than
that of 1902. Hundreds of Peaches and Necta-
rines have been taken from the trees owing to
Iwiilstoi-m injur.-. The storm caught the south
and west walls principally, and it is fortunate
that a good number of the trees on east walls
escaped. But for the unfortunate visitation. Mr.
Wood WARD estimates that he would lia.e
nii'rketed this season something like fifteen
thousand Peaches and Nectarines. The storm
was ver\' local, and in its greatest severity was
confined to an area of six acres, where the hail-
stones are described as having resembled great
pieces of ice. Outside this radius they were only
(if ordinary size.

Fruits in Season.- Messrs. \V. Seabrook
AMI Sons, f'helnisford. send us a sample of some
Blac k Currants of a variety they have found to
be innnune from attacks of the Currint bud mite.
The name of the variety is Chelmsford Black ; it
i.s described as being an exceedingly heavy crop-
per, and as bearing fruit over a very long period.
Tile fruits remain sound on the trees, after they '
are ripe, for about four weeks. We are told that
it has been cultivated by Messrs. Seabrook and
Sons for thirty years, and that the bushes have
never been attacked by the mite, though grown
among plantations of other varieties which have
bc'.Mi badly afTxted.

Flies and Manure.- Tlie subjic-t of th •
hou.se fly is ably dealt with in a leaflet lately
issued bv the School Nature Study Union, en-
tilled T'/,e J[,ni?c Fhj and II., Kiyuhrd. The
difference between the hou.>^e fly and the some-
what similar outdoor species is pointed out, and
meanfi indicated for the reduction of it.>) numbers
The danger to health of the plan of dumpin;:
hou.se refu.se on waste ground i* emphasised, and
the opinion expressed that all such refuse should
be immediately taken to the destructor and
burnt. The domestic dustbin can be rendered
less attractive t'> flic*; by the uw of di?-
infeclanls, but the reader of the leatlel is warned
against using houee refuse which h.ns been thus
treated as manure, unless it is well known that
the disinfectants used are not harmful to plant
life.

War Item.- Mr. A. J. Ward, formerly Super-
intendent of the Shrewsbury Public Parka, who
is serving with the Koyal Garrison Artillery, was
selected by the Navy and Army Canteen Board
Committee to take charge of one of their CJovern-
nicnl farms in DorseL-ihire. The application has,
however, been refused by the .\rmy authorities,
a,< Mr. Ward is shoi;tly to be attached to a siege
battery for service abroad.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See also Tables in Gardeners' Chronicle for

July 28.)

[Continued from ji. 46.)

4.— MIDLAND COUNTIES.

Bedfordshire. — Greengage Plums are crop-
ping very well this season, and Damsons are
exceptionally heavy. AH other varieties are
poor. Early varieties of Strawberries yielded a
poor crop, but Givon's Late Prolific bore excep-
tionally well. Where the spraying of Apples has
been neglected the crop is poor, but where
the spraying has been attended to there are some
good crops, and the trees are remarkably free
from insect pests. H'. H. Neihl. Woburn Exiit.
Fruit Farm, ltid<jmonl, Axjyiey Cuixe.

Fruit trees in general are looking better

in this district than they have been for several
seasons. C. J- Tilhtt. Chii-l.^fiiid.-' Priori/ C.Vn
,/r-7..«, Slicfford.

The fruit crops in this district are very

satisfactorj', the trees keeping clean and healthy.
The absence of frost in spring peraaitted a good
set of fruit. William Broolcs, MisseiK/i-n IJom-f
Aiiitrsham.

The fruit crops in this neighbourhood are,

on the whole, up to the average. Eai'ly dessert
and culinary Apples are carrying good crops of
clean fruit, but late varieties like Newtown Pip-
pin and Blenheim Pippin failed to set. Pears and
Cherries are excellent. Peaches and Nectarines
are over average, and the trees are clean and
healthy. Strawberries were small, and the crop
a li^t one ; the plants suffered from the late
fiMsts in -\pril, and were late starting into
growth. Bush fruit of all kinds are doing well.
Black Currants and Gooseberries are extra good.
Chos. Page, Dropinmc Gardens, Maidenhead.

Cheshire. — With the exception of .A,pples and
Strawberries, the finiit crops are satisfactory.
Caterpillars attacked the Apple trees suddenly
and severely, especially where spraying had not
been carried out. Many trees in the orchaixl,
however, appear to have e.scaped, and are carry-
ing good crops. The severe winter damaged

^^ovate^theioWe;;

r^ Q^j^d'r^'

Vv

-in HARRY AND LADY VKln II

— There was a fine show of Ajiple bloom,
which, however, failed to set a full crop. The
weather was favoui-abie, but bees are very scarce
in the district. There was no late frost. Pears
are bearing a heavv crop. Laxton Uro«., Hid-

I""'- ' r ■ » .
The fruit crops are veiy fair. Aijruots

are not quite up to expectiitions, but Peaches are
bearing a splendid crop. Apples look vei-\' pro-
mising ; the trees are fairly healthy. Straw-
berries have been abundant and very fine. Goose-
berries and Currants are yielding good crops,
but 1 have never known caterpillars so trouble-
some before. Filberts look very promising and
Walnuts fairly so. Thos. W. Stanton, liinwirk
Ilidl Gardens, near Wellingborough.

Buckinghamshire. — Apples, Plums, and bush
fruits are much above the avei-age. Straw-
berries blossome<l freely, but the crop was
much under average, both in quantity an<l
quality. Fruit trees «re, on the whole, healthy
and tlean, though (iooseberry bu.»hes were badly
attacked by iateri)illai's, and the foliage con-
-sidera.b'.y damage<i. Our soil is a heavy, reten-
tive loam resting on clay, and ithe natnral
drainage is bad. ir. Hedley W((rren, Aston
C/irit'in Gardens, Tring.

the Strawberry plant.s, denuding tln'in of fnliagf,
with the result that ttiey threw up weak flowers,
and the crop was small and thii-d-rate in
quality. Cluirles Fhirh, Cholmondeley Castle
Gardens, Malpas.

The season has been favouraible for fruit

generally ; a late spring always suits this locality.
The best crops of Apples are on such varieties
as Gren.idier. Potts's Seedling, Lord Suffield,
Kes.wick Codlin, and Mere-dc-Menage. Rasp-
berries, Gooseberries, Damsons, and Vattoria
Plums are bearing very heavy crops. J<imrs
.ithinson, Torkington Lodge Gardens. Ilozel
Grove, Stoekport.

. The condition of the fruit cmps jirnves

the truth of the old Cheshire proverb, " a late
spring for Cheshire," for after an exceedingly
severe winter and backward spring, the fruit
crops in our neighbourhood arc mostly very
abundant, especially Damsons, Pears, and Apples.
An early spring is detrimental owing to the low
.•iltitudeanil late frosts. Aljrrd N. Jones. M,ir-
bvri/ Hall Gardens.

There is every prospect of record crops,

and so far the fruit is of excellent quality, and
freer from pests than I have known it for some
yeai-s past. /'. //"/', .\foiinr House, Middletviek.

62

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

Derbyshire. — The fiiiit cixjps in this district
are very promising, But laite. We ha<l good
conditions for the setting of the fruit, and
favourable weatlier since ; eveiything points to
jilentiful crops of all kinds. /. Mnxfield, Darley
Alihei/ Gardens. Derhy.

Hertfordshire. — The fruit crops here are
good, with the exception of Plums. Although
the Plum trees were laden with blossom, the
flowers failed to set, the weather at the time
of flowering being dry but cold. Things were
different when the Apple trees were flowering,
the weiiiher being showery ; these set well, and
.many trees have shed a number thtough
over-crowding. The caiterpillar plague has beeai
bad, and measures must be taken to combat
this e-v-il; they destroy a numher of fruits.
The .wil here is a very heavy loam, suiting
fruit trees admirably. WUlimn. FiiJford, Delrow
Uiiiisr, Alch'jihain. W afford.

The late season and absence of late frosts

was conducive to a splendid set of all fruits, but
what promised to be a bumper crop has been
adversely affected by the long drought. Pests
have not been so injurious this season as
on some previous occasions. Peach leaf blister
has also been less prevalent. The soil here is a
very heavy loam overlying the London clay.
E F. Ha'zdton, North Mymnis Gardens, Ilat-
fii'.ld.

{To be continued.)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

iThe Editors do not hold tliemsclves refponrible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Ramblfr Roses Failinq to Bloom.—

lusufficiently ripened wood is often the cause of
llamblers failing to bloom, especially when they
■Avc planted in a shad^ position and get vei-y little
sun. In such a position Ramblers will throw up
strong canes, but they remain sappy and fail to
ripen or bloom. Where such is the case it is a
good plan to stop the canes in June or early July
and thus give them a better chance to ripen and
throw out plenty of flowering wood the following
year. This is worth noting for next year. A. J.
Gam, Easton Hall Gardens, Grantham, Lines.

Carbon Bisulphide as an Insecticide.—

I notice in your issue of Saturday last, on p. 43
(R.H.S. Scientific Committee), a note on ants
attacking the flowers of Lilium regale. The best
remedy is extennination by means of carbon bi-
sulphide (C.S.j), which, while ix>isonous to
insects, seems to be harmless to plants, in the
open at least. The ant brings with it scale
insects and green fly, and places them ou plants
conveniently situated for its own use. f'.S, can
be used to' kill many insect pests which make
their abode in the garden. It is no doubt
poisonous, and explosive when the vapour is
mixed with air, but it evaporates fairly quicWy.
I have used it for killing ants and wasps in
the rock garden, and have never seen any 'bad
effects. Two fluid ounces poured into the en-
trance of a wasp nest in the ground, prefer-
ably after dark, will usually kill every wasp. To
eradicate ants, pour the liquid into holes made in
the soil where they are working, covering the
liquid to prevent unduly rapid evaporation.
Williinn Low, Balmahewan, Marykirk, Kincar-
diiirxhlrc.

Fruit Tpcco on Qrass. —The orchard on
grass has hitlierto been left to take care
of itself in most ca-ses, never pruned, and
frequently never manured, and yet some very
i,'ciod fruit has been grown in such conditions.
Some years ago I was acquainted with a gardener
on a large estate who lived in one of the entrance
lodges, an<l who took great pride in an Apple
tree which was growing in a gr.ass lawn in
front of the cottage. The soil was shallow and
of a nature where canker might be expected,
hut his tree was a perfect specimen, and no tree
wherever or however grown could' have been
cleaner or more productive, or give better fruit.
He alwavs used it as a lesson to people
in the neighbourhood who said they could

not keep trees healthy in such soil. I
think it is well established that the colour
of the fruits is better in grass. I have
found it so. I had. two trees within 30 feet
of each other, one over gi'ass and one withoait.
The difference in colour was very marked, and
both were identical in age, size and variety. I
am fltrongly of opinion that if trees on grass
were looked after as carefully as those in culti-
vated ground, the difference in results would be,
apart from colour, practically negligible, and
that they would not be great enough to war-
rant the expense of hoeing. An orchai-d need
cost nothing at all for grass cutting, as geese
would do that perfectly, and help to enrich the
ground. Taking everything into account, I
think that if the soil be good orchards on grass
pay the best. As I always point out, in a
state of nature trees flourish in srass. I should
like to know why the colour is higher
on grass and the fruit ripens sooner, as it was in
my case. Of course, this isolated instance is
not enough to prove that such is always the
case, but others have obsei-ved a like result.
I know of some Rose trees with grass right up to
the stems, but they look quite healthy. One tree
has been grown in siich condiitions for about ten
years to my knowledge, and flowers freely. Trees
of all kind's look well in grass, and that counts for
something, too. Perhaps for the first two years
it is best to keep the soil cultivated. Mine was
cultivated for four vears before sowing the grass
round the trees. H'. /. Fnrmir, Ye Hive, Bed-
rtith. Cnrtiwall.

Intensive Cultivation —Some articles on
intensive farming appeared recently in the
Scotsman which demonstrate the big advance
made in recent years by progressive agricul-
turists in Scotland. The increased crops are said
to be due to the use of fertilisers in larger quanti-
ties than formerly, to improved varieties of
Oats, and in Potatos, among other things, to the
practice of sprouting the seed-tubers previous to
planting them. Deep cultivation always forms
a part of intensive farming, but I did not notice
that this fact was emphasised. The lack of
potash is not a worry to the progressive farmer
so long as he has " supers," sulphate
of ammonia, and lime ; and the improved
percentage he has reached is not the limit,
for much larger crops are anticipated in
the future. It means, however, that larger
capital is nece.ssary than was required
hitlierto, and it means also, not improbably,
the elimination of the small-holder, who,
in the future, will be seriously handicapped
by the rise in prices for lalxiur, artificial
manures and seeds. Is gardening also pro-
gressing at the same rate as high-class
farming? Or, in other words, are gardeners
turning out larger crops than were pro-
duced twenty to fifty years ago ? The farmers
have left the old-fashioned theories about the
amount of manure required for crops far in the
rear, and it is patent to all who have carried out
ex'ieriments that garden cro])s are capable of
assimilating an amount of manure, animal and
mineral, far in excess of that assumed to bo
sufficient by authorities. In fact, ground may be
cropped and re-cropped without cessation and
continue to yield unabated returns, provided
that the soil, by means of renewed applications
of manure and good cultivation, is never allowed
to lose its fertility. No crop shows this to be the
case more clearly than Grapes. The theory that
Grape vines are worn out after ten or twelve
years' cropping is exploded. They will crop in-
definitely, and always abundantly, provided they
are fed, not intermittently, but continually. So
with C'ucumbers ; the number of fruits that the
plants will produce, pro\aded the fruits are cut
young and the plants grown with a.bundance of
manure, is enormous. It is usual to restrict the
crops far below what the plants are capable of
producing. Again, with Cabbages, Onions, and
many other crops, we fail to gain wh.^t the .soil
is capable of producing, because we do not know
how much manure it is capable of turning into
vegetable food. I planted a few hundredwei2;hts
of Potatos with very considerable misgivinn.-i
this season, owing to the diminutive size of tin-
seed sets. The result so far is excellent. B. P.
Brntherston.

SOCIJBTIfIS

MIDLAND CARNATION AND PICOTEE.

Jui.v 27 AND 28.— The annual show of this
Society was held at the Botanical Gardens, Edg-
baston.

Although the display was not a very extensive
one,, and many of the flowers were under-sized,
the quality ,was good. The old-fashioned way of
showing Carnation flowers with stands and neat
white paper collars still finds favour at Bir-
mingham, but the flowers exhibited in vases
with Carnation foliage produced a more pleasing
effect, and were greatly admired by visitors.

In addition to winning six of the eight first
prizes in the classes in which they were eligible
to conlpete, Messrs. A. R. Brown's flowers also
secured five premier awards. With the excep-
tion of Mr. S. Hyslop„of Langholm, Scotland, all
the e.xhibitors oame from the Midlands.

First Division (Open) — Flowers Show^n in
Vases.

Three classes were reserved for flowers staged
in vases without cards. Competition was weak,
Messrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd., King's Norton,
being the only exhibitoi-s in the leading class,
which required 60 blooms of Carnations and Pico-
tees in 12 vai-ieties, arranged in fives on a space
of 5 feet by 3 feet. Any section except Bizarres
and Flakes was admissible, but not less than
3 vases of selfs, 2 of yellow-ground Fancies, 2 of
yellow-ground Picotees, 1 of white-ground
Fancies, and 1 of white-ground Picotees or
Fancies other than white or yellow-grounds were
to be included. Messrs. A! R. Brown, Ltd.,
who were awarded the gold medal, had a beauti-
fully arranged collection, which included 3
premier blooms. The varieties shown were as
follows : — Frank Gottwaltz, Eclipse, Lieuten-
ant Shackleton, Mrs. A. Bisterstone. J. C. Nitten,
Betty, Bookham White. E. V. Lucas, Fortrose,
W. L. Hodgkinson, Innocence, and Cayenne.

The same exhibitors also secured 1st prize in
the next class, which was for 6 vases of self Car-
nations dissimilar, 3 blooms of one variety in
each vase. Titan, Dora Blick, and Wyatt were
shown in sjilendid condition.

Six Vases of White-ground Picotees. — 1st, Mr.
C. H. Herbert, with dainty flowers of Mrs.
Hammond. Silas Osbaldiston (Premier), Fair
Maiden, Ganymede, Fortrose, and Clytie ; 2nd.
Messrs. A. R. Brown* Ltd., whose specimens of
Helen. Osprev and Lady Sybil were verv attrac-
tive : 3rd, Mr. T. M. Tranter, Solihull

Single Blossoms on Stands.

Twelve Self Carnations, Dissimilar. — 1st,
Messrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd., with Henry Brett,
Ann Hathaway. Mrs. Howard Green. Attraction,
Cardinal, Gordon Douglas. Rosy Morn, Mrs.
Arthur Trow, Irene. Jim Bludso, E. Shiffner,
Inna, and J. C. Miller; 2nd, Mr. R. G. Rudd,
whose best flowers were Bookham White, Mrs.
F. W. Flight. Mrs. E. Douglas, Wyatt, and
Furthest North (Premier).

, Tifelve Fancy Carnations, Dissimilar. — 1st,
Messrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd., with handsome
flowers of Brilliancy (Premier), Dr. Wilkinson,
Pal o' Mine, Butterfly, Lieutenant Shackleton,
Frank Woodward, Watchman, Stanislaw, Link-
man, Hari-y Woodward, and Maxted ; 2nd, Mr.
C. H. Herbert.

Messrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd., won first prizes
in classes for (1) Twelve Yellow-cround Pico-
tees, and (2) Twelve White-ground Picotees, with
very refined flowers. Mr. T. M. Tranter and
Mr! C. H. Herbert also showed well in these
classes. The best stand of Twelve Flake or
Bizarre Carnations came from Mr. C!. H.
Herbert, whose exhibit included two Premier
blooms, viz.. Sir Kenneth (Bizarre) and Cleo-
patra (Flake),

Skcond Division (Amateurs) — Flowers Shown
IN Vases,
Tlie i)rinci|)al class was one for 36 bjoonis in
12 varieties. The comnetition was iniod. aod
llriv.'i-rs of excellent nualitv werp included in the
five exhibits placed before the judges, who

ArcFST 11, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

63

awarded the gold medal offered as first prize to
Mr T. M. Tkantejj. whose flowers were iiote-
v.orthy for their high culture and refinement.
The varietie.s exhibited were Becky Sharp.
Hercules, Lord Steyne, Onward, Rosy Morn,
Dora Blick, Innocence, Mrs. J, .J. Keen. "Hidalgo.
Mrs. E. Douglas, The Nizam, and Favourite;
2nd, Mr. E. Kenwright, Smethwick, who had
splendid flowers of Bunny, Bookham White.
Linkman, John Ridd, and Margaret Lennox:
3rd, Mr. S. Hyslop, Lake House, Langholm.

For three vases of self Carnations, dissimilar,
Mr. E. Kenwhight won 1st prize with exquisite
examples of Rosy Mom, Gordon Douglas, and
Bookham White"; 2nd, Mr. T. M. Tranter,
whose vase of Bookham White was veiy lovely.

The best three vases of white-ground Picoteis
was exhibited by Mr. A. Hall, Harbonie, and
the varieties were Innocence, Fujiyama, and"
Border Yellow ; 2nd, Mr. J, M. Camm, Smeth-
wick.

Flowers Shown on Stands.

Six Self CarnatioriK. — 1st, Rev. ('. A. Gott-
WALTZ, Hadzor, Droitwich, with lovely speci-
mens of Madame Apollonia, Mount Everest, Mrs.
Berkley, Gordon Douglas, Armstrong, and Ii-ma;
2nd, Mr. E. Kenwright; 3rd, Mr. J. D. WtL-
LLvys, Smethwick.

Six Fancy Carnations. — The last-named ex-
hibitor led with Becky Sharp, Edenside, Sweet-
heart, Lord Steyne, Linkman, and Margaret
Thurston; 2nd, Mr. E. Kenwright.

Six Yellnwi/ruiind PiVo/ccn.— Mr. J. D. WlL-
I.IA.AIS excelled with Margaret Lennox, Onward,
Santa C'laus. Eclipse, F. W. Goodfellow, and
Togo; 2nd, Rev. ('. A. Gottwaltz, who
showed W. L. Hodgkinson in fine condition ;
3rd, Mr. E. Kenwright.

Six Whitp-rjrainul Piroteeg.— 1st. Mr. J. D.
Williams, who show-ed superb flowers of Gany-
mede, Carrie (Jorjdfellow, and Mrs. Openshaw ;
2nd. Rev. C. A. Oottwaltz.

Six Fhil'c or Iliznrrr Carnations. — lat, ^fr,
T. M. Tranter, with Robert Houlgrave, Meteor,
Black Diamond, Geo. Melville, Sir Kenneth, and
Admiral f'urzon.

Premier Flowers (Dressed).

Bizarre Carnation. — Sir Kenneth, exhibited by
Mr. C. H. Herbert.

Flake Carnation. — Cleopatra, exhibited by Mr.
C. H. Herbert.

Heavy edijed White-ground I'icotee. — Gany-
mede, exhibited by Mr. E. Kenwright.

T/Kjht or Wire-edged White-qroxind Picotce. —
Clytie, exhibited by Mr. C. H. Herbert.

Ileavy-cdged Ye'thnr-ijrnunil Pirntee. — Her
Maje-sty, exhibited by Messrs. A. R. Brown,
Ltd.

Lii/ht-edf/cd Yellow-ground Pieotee. — Onward,
exhibited by Mr. C H. Herbert.

Yelhnr-ground Fancy Carnation, — Brilliancy,
exhibited by Me.ssrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd.

Self Carnation.— Furthest North, exhibited bv
Mr. R. G. RtJDD.

Premier Flowers Shown in Vases.

Self Carnation. — Bookham White, exhibited by
Messrs. A. R. Brown, Ltd.

Fancy Carnation. — Edenside, exhibited by Mr.
S. Hyslop.

Yellow-ground Pieotee. — W. L. Hodgkinson.
exhibited by Messrs. A. R. Brown. Ltd.

White-ground Pieotee. — Silas Osbaldiston, ex-
hiliited by Mr. C. H. Herbert.

White-ground Fancy Carnation. — Betty, ex-
liibited bv Messrs. A. R. Brown. Ltd.

0bttuari2»

GeoROE P»TTiNQTON. — The National
.\ iir-i ryni'in, of Americ^i, records the death, in
May last, of George Pattington, an old-estab-
lished nurseryman in Aurora, N.Y. Mr. Pat-
tington was an Knglishmans bv binth, but emi-
grated to tfhe States at the age of 18. He died
as the age of 82, and leaves two s<rtis to cany-
on the husinetw.

CHARLra T. DoufRV- As we go to press we
are informed of the death of Mr. Chas. T.
Druery, V.M.H.. on Wednesday last. The
funer;il will tak-- place to-day (Saturday) at East
Alton Ccniftcry. Horn Lane. Acton, at 3 p.m.

CROPS AND STOCKJN^THE HOME FARM.

Poultrv : Selecting Stock Birds.

The pullets and cockerels should be separated,
.IS they grow so much more sturdily when kept
apart. All with crooked breast-bones, ill-
coloured legs, wry tails, defective combs, blind
eyes and wrong feather markings should be
separaited from the picked birds.

Now is the time to select birds of both sexes
for stock. Pullets hatched at the end of JMarch
or early ip April can reasonably be expected to
lay in the autumn. But even with puUets of
that age, vei-y much depends ujjon the manner
in which they are managed. Choice of breed is
important, but it is purely a matter for personal
choice and local circumstances. One sort is
favoured in ceilain localities, wet or dry ; in
i<ome other districts the same sort is not
appreciated.

I am often asked what is the best breed for
egg and Uible chickens. That is a difficult ques-
tion to answer, because the best egg-producers
are not the best table fowls ; in fact, they are
usually of the opposite chai-acter. For instance.
White Leghorn is quit« one of the best of egg-
producers, but it is of no value as a table
chicken.

English game is probably the finest breed in
existence for high table quality, but no one
would recommend it purely as an egg-pixxlucer.
The most e.isy method of combining the two
ideals is to select a general utility treed and
manage it well.

An important point, too, is that of strain ;
pure-bred birds of any sort vary in their laying
properties, and the best are selected into strains.
Birds of any breed are bred for one of two
purposes — either exhibition or utility. Shape,
size, comb and feathers are the essentials where
exhibition is the aim. Where egg-production is
the aim the laying habit is the point to con
siderr ; the procuring of a good laying strain.
This can only be achieved by a close test of
the mothers in the previous season; by the aid
of what is known as trap-nesting — a "record is
kept of the number of eggs each hen lays during
a year. A hen producing anything like 2(X)
eggs i)er year is a good laVer, though this
number is by no means a maximum. Pullets
bred from such mothers are likely to be prolific
layeis. Whatever breed is decided U()aii, it
.should be true. As a guide to the beginner
I will Tiame a few desirable utility breeds,
pointing out, however, that in the fiue of a
shortage of food it is not wise to keep more
than are sufficient for h(mie u.«e. Rhode Island
Red :s one of the best of utility bleeds, laying
freely large brown eggs duriug'thu winter, "and
the brown eggs have a fascination that white
eggs do not conmiand. The chickens grow-
sturdily, and make fair Uble birds. The
feather are dark led, legs yellow, and comb
single or double. Light Sussex lays tinted^ eggs
freely during ihe winter; it is a g<x>d utility
fowl, feathers white, with neck hackles dark
grey. Barred Plymouth Rock still maintains
its reputiitinn as a good winter layer ; it is hardy,
a good forager, and a useful table fowl. Biiff
Orpington is a much-favoured fowl in many
disti-icts. It is a layer in .July, when so manv
other breeds have gone off. It is a good table
bird, and excellent mother. The feather colour
is buff, with white legs.

White Orpingtons are larger than the Buff,
and they lay brown eggs during the winter,
and make large table fowls, miioh favoured in
tlie market. White Wyandotte is a popular
breed, laying freely rather small, tinted eggs;
they are handsome in appearance, mainly of
double combs, with deep orange-coloured legs.

Of white egg-piwhicing breeds. White Leg-
horn .<ita.nds high in geneniil estimation, and is
proilKibly the best of that type ; pure white in
feather colour, with a bold arching t;iil,'a huge,
richly-coloured comb, ipiire white ear-Ioibes, deep
orange-coloured leigs, and a bold, upstanding
carriage.

A good titrain of Bln<k ^linorca lays the
large.'* of all eggs ; the birds are good for
summer egg production, but of little value for
table use. These and White I-eghorn are iioii-
=itt rs — a strong point in their favour.

Where hens of mixed breeds are kept together,
it is wise to cross them with an Indian game
bird, as well as breeds for egg-producing, as it
improves the table qualities.

No doubt tlie semi-iutensive method of keep-
ing fowls for winter egg produotion has much
to recommend it. Tlie hens are kept in a house
with a southern asipect and with sufficient space
to elisiu-e that during wet or cold weather they
need not be exposed ; they are kept in the dry,
wai-m qu3rtei-s with plenty of exercise and judi-
cious feeding of the scrap order. Fowls should
not be fed too highly, especially where they are
unable to get exercise. Kdwin .Moli/neiix.

ENQUIRY AND REPLY.

I FOLLOWED your advice given last year as re-
gards pruning, and my Peach trees are this
war carrying a good crop of fruit. The boi-der
contains a lot of suckers. The roots ai'e as thiick
lis one's finger, ajid nearly on top of the soil.
lieech.

Reply'. — We are glad to hear that your Peaches
are bearing satisfactorily. It is not usual for
Peach trees to throw up suckers in the way you
describe, though Plums frequently give trouble
in this way. In autunm remove the surfiwe soil
down to the roots, and cut off each sucker cleanly
«a3 near to the root as nossible ; then apply a top-
dressing of fairly rich compost, to a depth of
about 2 irtches.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple Leaves : J. D. No. 1. There is no fungus
present in the leaf spots; in <ther apparently
similar cases pycnidia of a species of Phyl-
losticta often occur. The disease does not
cause any appreciable injury. No. 2. This
kind of "scorching " effect is probably due to
soil conditions; a species of fungus (Clado-
sporium) is present, but it is probably living
as a saprophyte on the parts alreiidy dead, and
is not responsible for the injury.

Early Vegetables Under Glass : E. C. 1).
Potatos form one of the most reliable crops for
early production. They do well on shallow
benches in a greenhouse, where the temperature
does not often fall below 40° Fahr. If planted
early in Januaiy the Potato is safe whilst iinder
ground, even at 35° Fahr, Or, if .sprouted be-
fore planting, plant eiu-ly in February instead.
Dwarf Peas can be sown in shallow benches on
.lanuarj' 1, the crop cleared early' in May, and
Tomatos planted afterwards. Early Radishes
may be pl'anted betweom the rows of Peas. If
the houses are not lofty, Lebtuc&s may be
grown; Commodore Nutt Cabbage Lettuce is
one of the best early varieties. Carrots, such
as Parisian Earlj; Forcing, may also be grown.
Early Vegetable Marrows pay well, and couhl
follow the Lettuces and the Carrots. If light
can be excluded some early Rhubarb might be
grown, or possibly it would succeed under the
benches. French Beans are too tender a crop
to grow under cool treatment. It is not safe to
sow them until the end of March in cool houses.
Evergreen is a good variety to sow about that
time. If there is an abundance of stage room,
as in a large span-rmjfed Carnation house, an
early crop of Extra Early Forcing Cauliflowers
may be attempted ; they will oome in useful
early in May. Dwarf Early Cababge are also a
good crop, possibly one of the best where the
temperature falls as low as freezing point.
Mustard and Cress for salads are but little
trouble to grow. Mercury (Cheno])odium
Bonus-Henricus), as an early Spinach, is well
worth attempting. It will thrive in a cold
house, and if sown at once on a sunny border
the plants could be lifted in October and put
into shallow boxes. Keen them cold through
the dark days, and bring them on in a light
house towards the end of Februai'y. An excel-
lent use for a cold house would be to bring oiv a
cro7i of earlv OnioiLs for placin" out in carlv
April. Early l>olturps, Cabbages, and Cauli-

64

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

Huuers L-uul(l all be i-aised in shallow
boxes tu plant on the outside borders in
the ettrly spring. Broad Beans scarcely
pay as an inside crop, but if raised
in pots and planted out early in April
they will be in picking as soon as the autumn-
sown stock. Peas can be raised in pots from
the middle of January to the end of the month
for planting outside on an early border about
the end of March. There are several books
which would help you, e.g.. Vct/rtahlcs for
Home Cottsiimption a?iil Exhibitinn, by E.
Beckett, 5s. 6d. post free; The Ve</i't(ihle Gar-
ihn, by W. Robinson, 15s. 8d. post free; and
The Culture of Vegetables and Flowers from
Hecdn and Hoots, by Sutton and Sons, 5s. 6d.
post free. These can be obtained from our
publication department if desired.

Fruit Show : Inquirer. The Royal Horticultural
Society's show of fruit will be held on October
2 and 3 this year.

Hydrangeas : H. J. D. The plants may be
safely wintered in a shed without any further
protection, providing that the structure is safe
from hard frosts. Moderate frosts should not
hurt the plants, as they do well out-of-doors in
many of the warmer counties. Enough water
must be given to keep the soil slightly
moist. Pruning must be limited to the
i"eimoval of any old and e.xhausted wood
during the doi-mant season. The plum^p
terminal buds on the strong .shoots will
produce the finest heads of blossoms. Iron
filings mixed with the soil will cause the
flowers to become tinged with blue, but other
substances are used for the same purpose. For
instance, alum water of a strength of 1 ounce
to 2 gayons is recommended bv many, while
in the Gardeners' Chroniele for'june 21, 1913,
I). 422, mention is made of the success attend-
ing watering with iron alum. There are also
two preparations which can be obtained from
horticultural sundriesmen for the purpose,
Azur and Cyanol, both of which are effective.
Oxide of iron would doubtless serve the same
nurpose, but we have had no experience of it.
The preparations above referred to are watered
in, but the bog ore would have to be mixed
with the soil, and it would therefore be neces-
sary to repot the plants.

Names of Plants: A. E. H. 1, Salvia hians
CCashmere Sage) ; 2, Salvia sylvestris (Wood
Sage) ; 3. Veronica virginica (Great Virginian
Speedwell); 4, Lysimachia clethroides; 5,
Aralia cordata (often named A. edulis) ; 6,
Spiraea palmata alba ; 7, Veronica virginica
(Great Virginian Speedwell) ; 8, Apocvnum
androsaemifolium (Tutsan-leaved Dog's

Bane). _ The white Veronica (No. 3) is some-
times distinguished as V. virginica alba, but
it is really the original introduction, which now
varies with white, flesh, lilac, and blue flowers.
— W. R. C. 1, Catalpa bignonioides (Indian
Bean); 2, Clemat's heracleaefolia Davidiana ;
3, Spiraea canescens. — Old Subscriber. 1, Re-
sembles Phrynium spicatum, but flowers are
nece'Ssary to m.ike sure of the genus ; 2, Swain-
sona coronillaefolia (often named S. Osbornii) ;
3, rampanula rapunculoides ; 4, Campanula
rapunculoides alba.; 5. Lastrea Filixmas ; 6,
Polypodium ,i.ureum : 7, Silene pendula. — .4.
//. Magnolia tripetala (the Umbrella Tree), a
native of the United States.—/?. D.. Devon.
1. Bignonia radicans ; 2, Desfontainea spinosa :
3. Lytbrum salicaria ; 4, Antheniis trictoria
.Kelwayi ; 5, Betonica officinalis. — T. A., Man-
chester. 1. Nephrolepis exaltata crispa ; 2, we
do not name varieties of Roses.

Pea Roots : H. G.. Had ham. The roots of the
Peas are attacked by Thielavia basicola. The
disease is worst in wet and undrained soils, so
excessive watering should be avoided. Affected
plants should be pxdled up and burned as soon
as they show symptoms of the disease.
Peas should not be grown on the same ground
next year.

Plants that Bloom at Night : 0. G. A. As far
as we have seen or heard, there is no book and
no comprehensive article on plants that bloom
at night, though there are .scattered referemces
to .'s'uch plants extending over a long period
in gardening literature. Some of the most re-
markable plants that bloom at night are Amor-

.phophallus titanum (syn. C'onophallus
titanum), Cereus MacDonaldiae (Mrs.
MacDonald's great night-flowering Cereus),
Cereus coniflorus, Cereus grandiflorus, Cereus
Jiondureneis, and Cereus nycticalus. The
Amorphophallus is powerfully scented but dis-
agreeable. Many of the species of Oenothera
(Evening Primrose) open during the early even-
ing and are in perfection all night, including
the naturalised British ones, Oe. biennis and
Oe. Lamarckiana, both sweetly scented. Several
of the species of Silene flower at night, in-
c'uding S. nocteolens, S. noctiflora, S. nocturna,
S. nutans, S. dubia, S. vallesia, and others.
I'he second, fourth, and fifth of these are
British. Amongst the Stocks Matthiola tristis
and M. bicornis open during the cool of the
evening and are sweetly scented. This al-so ap-
plies to the night-scented To'bacco (Nicotiana
alata, often named N. affinis). Lychnis alba
(syn. L. vespectina) flowere best at night and is
fragrant then. Silene nutans and S. noctiflora
are also fragrant at night. You can get Cac-
taceous plants from ilesars. G. and A. Clark,
Ltd., Dover. In pre-war days you could have
,got any number of species from Mr. H. N.
.Ellison. Bull Street, West B,romwicb; and
from M. Frantz de Laet, Contich, near
Antwerp. Cacti cuttings and plants were
offered recently by Ivanhoe, 7, Hartington
Villas, Hove, Susse"x, audi by Mr. Hollis, Nur-
ser\Tna.n, Norwich.

Plums Showing Diseiguremknt : G. B. The
disfigurement of the fruit is caused by a Gall
Mite (Eriophyes p.adi). It is too late to fieal
witli the pesit this iseason ; the trees should be
sprayed in winter with the lime-sulphur wash.
With regard to the second query, the two
Plums were separated when they arrived, and
we can find no evidence that they are " twins."
One of them is attacked by brown rot (Monilia
cinei-ea), and the other Plum appears to have
been att.iched to it by a pad of fungal hyphae ;
this frequently hiapi>ens when a healthy Plum
as touching a diseased one. The disease would
have soon attacked the healthy Plum through
the point of contact.

Potatos: W. T. F. The Potatos are affected
by .common scab (Oospora scabies). As a rule,
the disease does little harm, with the exception
of disfiguring the tubers. The application of
lime to the soil should be avoided, as the or-
ganism causing the disease is said to thrive in
alkaline soils. The use of siipei-phosphate and
sulphate of ammonia is r<'oommended to
counteract the alkalinity. Certain A-arieties of
Potato, such as " Golden 'Wonder" and
" What's Wanted," are resistant to this
disease, and should be given a trial on soil
where tJie disease is prevalent. — 11'. H. TF. The
Potatos are affected by the corky -scab disease
(Spongospora scabies). Diseased tubers should
not be used as "seed." If possible, avoid
nianting Potatos on the infected ground for at
least three years.

Ploughing Pasture for Oats and Wheat :
C. B. To prepare for Oats, closely graze the
grass until it is time to plough, so that there
will be but little sward to encourage wirewopm.
If the land is fairly dry, and the weather is
s-uitable, ploughing may be done at the end ot
Februai-\' or early in March. In opening the
first two furrows with the plough, spread the
turf over the land so that the next furrows can
be effectively buried without raising too high a
ridge. Plough the land in narrow furrows
about 5 inches deep, with the skim coulter
affixed to the plough, to ensure the turf being
thoroughlv buried. Make each furrow firm
with a heavv presser. Directly the ploughing
is completed .and the weather is 'dry, sow
broadcast Black Tartarian Oats weighing
not less than 40 lbs. -per hushel at the
rate ' of four bushels oer acre. Harrow-
once, then sow 4 cwts. of agricultural
s.alt. 3 cwts. of superfihosphate, and 1 cwt. of
sidphate of ammonia per acre over the surface.
Then harrow ma.ny times, certainlv not fewer
than six. making the surface quite firm,
but not enough to cause a callus. The arti-
ficial maniire sown as directed accelerates the
growth of the Oats so much that thev grow
out of the way nf wireworm. which does not

injure cereal crops after the second leaf is
formed. When the Oats are well through the
soil choose a dry day, and thoroughly roll the
plot, making the soil firm about the roots of
the Oat plant. Should any Oat plants when
3 inches high exhibit signs of wireworm attack,
sow 1 cwt. of sulphate of a.mmonia per acre as
a further fillip to growth. Wheat : Early in
October plough in a similar manner as ad-
vised for the Oats, and sow broadcast 3 cwts.
of superphosphate per acre and 3 bushels of
Red Standai'd Wheat, of clean, plump seed.
Harrow at least four times, if light soil six
times. In February sow sulphate of ammonia
at the rate of 1 cwt. per acre. At the end of
March or early in April, according to the
weather, draw iron harrows across the furrows,
loosening the soil about the plants and ad-
mitting air to the roots. Make the plot quite
firm with a heavy ring roller, which should
be us'?d in fine weather.

The G.^thering of Peaches : Miss P. Peaches
should not be gathered before they are ripe as
the flavour is never so good as when the ripen-
ing takes place upon the tree. In a soft, tender
fruit like the Peach or Nectarine, there is, of
course, a certain amount of danger in allowing
them to ripen on the tree, as they may fall to
the ground between the gatherings. For
this reason many gardeners use nets which are
so fixed that should the fruit fall no damage
is done to it. Practice, however, enables
the fruit-grower to arrange his times of gather-
ing and so to judge the condition of each
fruit that, whilst leaving the fruits upon the
tree as long as necessary, at the same time he
runs very little risk of losing them through
injury from falling. If he is not quite sure
that a fruit is ripe, though having reason to
think it is near that stage, he places his thumb
.ind fingers on the base of the fruit near the
stem, and very gently feels if the flesh of the
Peach is soft in that particular place; if it is,
and the fruit parts readily from the stem when
handled, he has no funther doubt that it
is ready for picking. Peaches and Nectarines
intended for packing for long joumevs.
may have to be gathered at least 24 hours
earlier than would be necessary were they to
be consumed in the establishment where they
are grown.

ToMATOs With Hard Patches : J. K. The
Tomatos are not diseased, but are suffering
from want of potash in the soil. Apply sul-
phate of potash to tjje roots, or, if unobtain-
able, a generous quantity of burnt wood ash.

Tomatos: W. L. M., Alness. We cannot find
any p>athogenic organisim on the Tomatos ; the
only fungus present is a sapn»phyte (Peniicil-
lium sip.), which would not .account for the
trouble. May we assume that the spray
fluids used were sufficiently diluted?

Vines .and Peaches : Ignorance. You appear to
be managing your vinery very well as regards
ventilation, and, as vou are obliged to leave
early, it is best to allow a little air to remain
on at the top during the night w'hen the
weather is warm. If the house is in .a hot
position, it may be damped in the early part
of a warm day, and occasionally in the oiuiddle
of the day when there is bright sunshine, but
never after closing, and the surface of the
border, if it is inside, should not be made so
wet as to become adhesive. Peaches do not
require so hish a temnerature as vines ; the
hou^e should be opened as widely as possible
on a hot day. and during the ripening stage
shonid never be entirely closed.

Violet-podded Climbing French Bean : F.
Liddinrd. The Kidney Bean you send is
Haricot a Cosse Violette, that is, Violet-podded
Haricot. The recorded English names for it
are Purple-podded Bean and King Theodor
Runner Kidney Bean. The pods are stringless,
and are siid to boil gi'een like cither varieties.

Communications Keceived — H. W. J. [Thati.ks
f..r M. for li.i; OF. lx>\.|— .J B. R.— C. H. P.—
E. M. G — W. H.— H. F.~Geo. D., Newtowiiards—
W. C, Mui+le— r.60. W.— A. .1. C— C. H.— T. & S.,
"■m lee— R. W.-,!. R —X C. P.— L^lltf-ot— P. F T.—
S. A.— \Y. E. B.— T. .S.--E, M.— W. B. H— W. H. D.

August 11, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

NL IL H JS^ E T S.

tiii-Eyr (

We oannnt accept any

AHIlEy. An

ubjoined

pon5ib:Iit.v tor the
nished to us regula
Wednesday', by the kindness of s<fveral of tlie prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and thev may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.s.d Ferns, con.— s.d.B.d.

Aralia Sieboldii

dozen .. .. e 0 6 0
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz, .. 10 0-12 0

choicer sorts,
per doz. 4!!'s.. 10 0 12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... ! 0 S 0
larger, each.

8 0 10 0 i Hydrangea, pink.

— Sprengsri
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0 tt 0
Cacti, various.

per tray of 15'B 4 0 —

— tray of 12'8 .. 5 0 —
CocoB Weddelli-

ana 4S's. per

doz 18 0-30 0

— OO'a per doi. I t-lO 0
Ferns. in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0

— per 100. in
Bmall and
large tO'B .. 18 0-30 0

— in 4»'8.perd02. 7 0-80

— lo82's.perdoz. 12 0-18 0
rtEMARKS.— Tins IS a ver

merit, there being pnu-tic;
i>ffer. The market will onlv be open th
for the sale of plaivt.o, viz.. Tue«l
•Saturdays for tht next few months.

8 0 12

per doz.

— paniculata.
per doz.

Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 6 0 9 0

- larger per

doz 18 0 36 0

— Forsteriana,
60'8. per doz.

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz ..
L i 1 i u m longi-

florum.perdoz. 24 0 30 0

lancifolinm

rubrum .. 24 0 80 0

— — album .. 24 C-SO i)
Margaerites in

48'B. per doz. 6 (- 8 1

quiet t»me in this depart

flowering plants lo

.30 0 36 0

6 0 9 0
12 0-30 0

Tin

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices

s.d.i

.d.

s.d.

B d-

Asters. white, per

Felargoniums.

doz, bun.

7 0-

9 0

doable scar-

— coloured, p r

let, per doz.

doz. bun.

7 0-

9 0

bun

4 0-

6 0

Carnations, per

Roses -

doz. blooms.

- Frau Karl

best American

Druschki. per

varieties

1 3

2 0

doz. blooms..

1 0

1 «

Coreopsis. per

- Liberty, p-r

doz. bun. ..

2 0-

2 6

doz. blooms..

1 0

1 f

Cornflowers, per

— Melody, per

dnz. bun.

1 6

2 0

doz. blooms. .

1 0-

1 1

Gaillardia. per

Mme. A. Cha

doz. bun.

2 0-

2 6

tenay.perdoz.

OladiolusBrench-

blooms

1 0

I 6

ieye,>sis. per

— Mrs John

doz

.■! 0-

3 6

Laing.perduz

- America, per

blooms

1 0-

2 0

doz. spikes

B 0-

4 0

— Ophelia, per

- Halley sal

doz blooms..

1 0-

2 0

ni n. per doz.

- Richmoi d

spik'S .

3 0-

4 0

per doz. blms.

1 0-

I <

— Pink Beauty.

- Sunburst, per

oerdoz.spikes

0 H-

1 0

dnz. blooms..

1 6-

2 0

Gyosophila pani-

— White Molly

culata.perdoz.

SharmanCraw

bun ..

3 0-

4 0

ford, per doz

- douS'e white.

bl-oms

1 0-

1 6

per doz. bun .

4 0-

r. 0

Scabiosi cauca-

Heather, white.

si'a ..

2 6-

3 0

per doz. bun.

6 0-

9 0

Statice. wliite.

Lavender, per doz.

per doz. bun.

8 0-

10 0

bin

6 0

10 0

— mauve, per doz

L Ilium longi-

bun.

8 0-

10 0

florum. long

3 6-

f) 0

— yellow per

— lanclfohnm

doz. bun. ..

8 0

10 0

album, long..

2 0

2 6

Stephanolis. p»r

— — rubrum.

72 pips .

1 6

2 0

per <loz.. long

~ short, per

doz. bloom . .

2 0-

2 6

Slock. niau\e.per

2 0-

3 0

am. bun.
- white per

8 0

12 0

Lilv-of-the Val -

doz. bnn.

8 0

10 0

ley.perdoz.bun.

24 « 30 0

Sweet Peas -

Marguerites, yel-

white and

low, per doz.

coloured, per

bun

3 6-

4 0

doz. bun.

4 0

6 0

Montbreti . per

Sweet Sultan.

doz. blooms..

8 0

»0

white, per doz

Orchids, per doz.:

bun

4 0-

6 0

- Cattleya

12 0

15 0

mauve, per

— Odo n togloa-

doz. bun. ..

4 0

6 0

Bum crispum

2 0

2 6

Viola cornuta ..

1 0

I 6

Cut Foliage, &c.:

Aver

age Wholesale Prices

s.d

s.d.

s.d.

B.d-

Adlantum (Mai-

Croton foliage.

denhairFern)

doz. bunches

—

—

best, per doz.

Cycas leaves, per

bunches

4 0

5 0

doz

3 0

6 0

Asparagus plu-

Fern. French, per

mosus. long

doz. bunches

0 6

0 8

trails, per

Moss, gross

half-dozen ..

2 6

3 0

bunches

4 6

h 0

— - medium,
doz. bunches

- Sprengeri ..

Myrtle, doz. bun.

12 0
0 0

18 0
10 0

small - leaved

- French, per

doz. buncoes

6 0
1 0

I 3

Carnation foliage

Smilax. per bun.

dnz. bunchea

1 n

s n

of 6 trails ..

1 3

2 0

KKMAllK? -Tlie

lenv.

rai

s duriiig llie %»li..l

■ <if

last

for out flowers .-ukI ornamental foli;
during? Fri<l.iy and Satiinia.x-.
Asters advanced from 5s. to 10s.
Statioe. G.\-pt<:iphik'i, and most other
unobtainable duviii,^ the week-end.
rise in prices throughout tihe m
Blooms of LilHHu longiflorimi are s
I)ei- dozen. Ciiniation blooms ;
quaiity, .uid good Roses ^re diffl-
coloured Gladiolus (Halley) and sc
a.re arriviug in excellent ' condition
Moiitbretias are on saJe. There is ai
white He.itlier, ^nrl kirge bunches

1^ reinaine<l empty
White and o>loure<l
per dozeai bunches,
haivly flowers were
There was a genefal

rket for aJl grades.

?arce, and realise 5s.

re onh' of medium

ult to find. Sabnon-

arlet BrenchJeyensis

-\ few buncJies of

1 atnindant supply of

obta

able

VeKOtabies ; Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d

per

Artichokes. Globe.

per doz.
Reans. Broad, per

bus

— Frencli
J bus. .

- Runner (Scar-
let) per bus. 3 0

Beetroot, perbus. 10 0
Cabbage, per tally 3 6
Carrots, new. per

doz. bun. .. 2 0-
Cauliflowera. per

tally .. .. 10 0-
Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 12 0
Garlic, per lb... 1 3
Greens, per bag.. 3 0
Herbs, per doz,

bun 4 0-

Horseradish, per

B.d. s.d.
Leets.perdoz.bun.2 6-4 0
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos. per

doz 0 9-16

Mushrooms, per lb. 1 6-2 0
Mustard and

Cress. per doz.

punnets .. 10 —
Onions, per cwt. 22 0-25 0
— spring. per

doz. bun. ..
Peas, per bus. ..
Radishes, per

doz. bun.
Shallots, per doz.

lbs

Spinach, perbus.

Turnips, per cwt.

- new, per doi.

bun

Vegetable Mar-
rows penally
Watercress, per

doz

4 0-80
9 0-15 0

1 0 —

8 0-10 0
4 0 -

9 0 -

2 6-40

3 0-50
0 6-08

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

AlmondB.percwt.
Apples :
— cjuking.

s.d.B.d. iG

I 0 -

s.d.

apes con.
Gros Colman
per. lb. 2 0- 2 *i

Muscats, per

lb 16 3 1

Lemons, per case 22 6 .30 0
6 0-12 0 Me'ons. Cante-

loupe. each ..
English anl
Guernsey, ea.

5 0-10 0

3 0-60

6 0 8 1

— dessert (E g-
lish). per \
bus. .

Aubergines, per

duz 5 0-60

Cherries. Morel'a.

per doz. lbs... 6 0 —
Currants, black.

per ! sieve .. 16 0 18 0

red. per i

sieve .. ..5 0 —
Dates, per box.

about 70 lb. .. 44 0 —
Fig- (Worthingi.

per d.iz. .. 3 0-60
GaKes (French).

per J BUS. .. I 0-1.' 0
Goiseberriea.

gieen.perj bus. 8 0-10 6

— rii.e. 1 er ) Lus
Grapes :

— Ahcante. „ ,. .
black, per lb. 13-20, TomatoB. English,

— English (new I per 12 lbs. or
scasonlB'ack vec\s. .. .. 5 0- r, 0
liamuuigh. .Vaiuuts. dricj.
pcrlu. .. 13-26 per cwt. .. 63 0-80 0

Ukm,»hk« — The market is well supplieal with Englit>n
ciuikuig .\pples of good i|Ualil.\ . Tllero are a few rather
siitall des.«ert .Apples on oBer. Pmrs (ihiefly eonshrt of
Lamm.is, Ohalk, Windsor, aiul French Willdnnis' Bon
diriitien. The ni,wket is well mipplied with Peacben
and XccUirincs. TJlere are 'heavy arrivals of Plunis
<laily, principally Ilivcrs' Early. Melons t«n<inuo to be
liintte<l in sujjply, hut Grapes of all varieties arc plenti-
ful. Tomal'is and C'ucnmbers continue U> arrive im satis.
factory niunbers. Itaspberries ami OinTant* are almost
over, and supplies of Peas are limited. Ituniior Beans
and Marrows ore plenitiful. but cultivated Mui«irooms

! scarce E. H. li., Covtnt Garden ilttrket, Augiut H,

Nectarines, per

doz 2 0-12 0

N'uta. Brazila.

new, per cwt. 95 0 100 0

Coconuts, per

100 .. ..42 0 48 0
Peaches, perdoz. 2 0-18 0
Pears. Lammas

and ('haiku r

i bus 6 0-60

- WillianifFr.).

per box of 4s . 11 0-12 0
t 0 Plums. Rivers'

early, per J

bus 2 6-30

I!>I7.

iipplM-, and

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS

Mr, O Osborne, lor several jearj General Foreman
at Stjipleford Park, Meltciii .Mowbray, as Gar«lerier
111 II. V. BAiiifiisT, Esti, Marliaan House. Downliani
M.irliel, Xorlolk.

Mr, E. Young. f"r t,he past 4 ye«u^ Gar<lener at Mor.
den Grange, lief eh worth, Surrey, as Onr<lener to Mrs.
IPTON HoBI.vs. at •■ Dela|>orl," Wlieathjmiwfead,
Herts.

Ml- T Wells, for tlif. past 18 vc-.irs Guwlcnei- at
Woolle.v Park. WakefWd, as Ouralor of Locke r,nrk,
lianisley, Yorks, under the namsley Corporalioii,

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec.

■ 0, Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

The Tropical Agriculturist

tFonr.iicd in 1881 by the late Mr. John Ferguson. C.M.fl.]

Journal of the Ceylon
Agricultural Society.

PriJLISHED MONTHLY.

Subscript on. Ceylon :— .Ks, 10 per annum •
Foreign :-£!, Rs. IS^or $5 per annum, past free.

The Tropical Aerlculturisi uccupi s the leading pljice
am.iiiyst Britisli j.ninials dealing with tropical .agriculture.
Articlfs "H all liiaiiihfs of the tropical agricultural Indus-
tries are iiicliidvil. Special reference is given to tea. rnbliei-,
cacao, coconuts, rice and oher products of Ceylon, and
extracts from other agricultural journals and magazines are
included. Important articles are given on the co-operative
i-iedit society movement.

CIRCULATION.

Europe.— Belgium, France. Holland, Italy, Norway,
Portugal, Russia, .Spain, Switzerland, I'nited Kingilom.

Asia.— Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Aroe Islands, Br.
North horneo, Burma, Ceylon, China, Cyprus, India, ,Tapan,
.lava. Malay States, Philippine Islands, Sarawak, iSiam,
straits Settlements, Sumatra, Tominin, Cochin-Chiiia.

Africa. - Br. Central Africa, lir. East Africa, Br. West
.\frica, Egypt, Italian Sonialiland, Madagas ar, Mauritius,
Portuguese E st Africa, Seychelles, Unio ■ of South Afr.ca,
Tripoli, Nigeria, Eritrea.

America.— Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Costa Rica, Guatemala,
Mexico. Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Veiie-
Kucla, West Indies.

Australasia.— Bismarck Archipelago. Cook Islands, New
llcliri.les. New South Wales, New Zealand, IJueenslaiid.
Solomon Islands, lasmaiiia, Victoria, West Australia, New
• iiiinca, Oceania, Nc" i alcil..iiia, Soiuli Australia,

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Full particulars iv Advcrtiscnunts on application to-
Messrs Maclaren & Sons, Ltd , 37 & 38 Shoe Lane
London. B.C.. or to tlu- .V cirlnrii, Ci-,il<,i, A.I

I'Kl

at

I'KMV

iiliiaiiiahlc fr Secretary, c, A. s , Peradenlya ; the

Publishers, M. ssrs, H, W Cave & Co.. I'nloiiiiio, Ccyloii ;
Messrs. Maclaren * Sons, Ltd. (Ceylon Ueiiartnicnt),
■i7 & 33, Shoe I.aiic, Ixmdoii, E.C.

ALSO KltOM :

liATAVIA : Q. Koltr & Co. Caloctta : Tliacker, Spink & C >.
.lAi'AN : .Manizen-Kaliiisliiki Kaislia, 11-1(1 Nihonlmshi, Tort-

Tamclioiiie, .lapaii.
Mapras: Higginliothanis, Ltd.
MKLiioi'UNK : IJordon & tlotcli.
PAl'l'A (Port Moresby): Wliitteii Bin ., Ltd.

„ (.Samarai): Whitten Bros.. Ltd.
StMAUANO : (5. C. T. Vandorp A Co.
siNOAi'oRK: Kelly A Walsh, Ltd.
stuAiiAVA: (!. C. T. Vandorp A Co.
svpNKV : Gordon & (lotch.

N.B.— Postal and Moiicv Orders :
Kandy Po»t

hoiild 1h

idc payable at*

Vegetable Garden.

This is an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous giowers,

MESSRS. VILMORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Paris There are no market growers to
equal the French, and in this work English
readers will find placed at their disposal, in
r-'idable and interesting form, all the
etpereiice and knowledge of centuries of
s icce5sful cultivation. AH the principal
Vigetables, including many which are at
present unfamiliar to Enghsh growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and
informative illustrations give pomt to the
instructions contained in the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal

PRICE 15a. 7d. POST FREE.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND, W.O 3.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 11, 1917.

A TREASURY OF INFORMATION

Is contained in the

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK.

Nowhere else can the gardener obtain, within the small compass of four hundred pages, so much information
on the subjects which interest him most. The knowledge which this little work contains is just what is
indispensable to the gardener in his daily life. The

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

takes him through the whole year, reminding him of the manifold small cares which make all the difference
between health and ill-health in his plants. It also reminds him of the exhibitions which are to be held and
of the most important annual meetings.
Another interesting section, which expands each year, is the list of

SCHOOLS OF HORTICULTURE,

with a brief description attached to the name of each such institution. Those concerned with the education
of young gardeners — both men and women — -will turn to this section with especial interest, and those who are
seeking such education will find it of the greatest assistance in deciding whxh school to select. There are
still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d., POST FREE.

Prcscnt-Day Gardening Series

>

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor, " Gardeners" Chronicle."

1/6

net
per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 ^ols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Noiv

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. :: :: Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN, V.M.H.,

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.ll., late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.MH.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.

Chaiiman of Committee of the Midland
Daffoail Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H., and J. F.

McLEOD

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters bv CHaRLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S,

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.MH.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. MA., wiih preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.R.S
SWEET peas; By HORACE J. WRIGHT,

late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on "S«eet Peas for

Exhibition," by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V..\1H. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by SirF.W.
MOORE. M.A. (the only volume published
on this subject).

ROSES fdouble volume 2/6). By H. R.
DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with mtroduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Auf-or of '"The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the Gardeners' Ohroniicle, Limited, by Lovb and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, Hig-h Holbom, London, W.C., and Published weekly by the Gardenera*
CliTMucle, Ltd.. 41, Wellingrton Street, Ooventdardcii. Oity of We.^niinisteii', Saturday, Au.trust 11, 19t7. Ajfent ft>r Manchester, John Hbywoop.

IvTT^

No. 1599. Vol. LXH.

SATUKDAY, AUGUST 18 , 1917.

{Registered as a Newspaper.'! ""'CE ^fcu.
IPOSTFRKE, 4Jd.

SUBSCRIPTION— Inland, 1916; Foreii/n, 22h per annum. Entered at Kew Tork P»st Offiee at second-class matter.
Postal Address-4i, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address-" Qordchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see page 65.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The price of the Gakdeners' Chronicle being
now fourpence, the subscription, including in-
land postage, for one year will be 19s. 6rf., for six
months 9«. 9rf., and for three 4s. IM. Sub-
tcribers are particularly requested to observe
these alterations when renewing their subscrip-
tions. In the event of any difficulty being ex-
perierfced in purchasing copies, readers are in-
vited to notify the publisher.

pREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-^ " Vitrolit<?," Buperior to White Lead Paint,
" PlMtine " supersedes puttv. FuU particuian from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

"VTARCISSUS. — Grand Primo. 150.000
■*•" large selected Bulbs (or forcing, JOs. per 1.000;
Flowering Bulbs. IBs. per 1.000.— VAN Dial SLUYS, La
Romee, Guernsey.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

" • Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

rjLSHURST COMPOUND. — Insecticide

^-^ and Fungicide. — Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. Sdentiflrall.v-controllcd Trials at
Wisley, 191416. Sold bv dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICE'S P.\TEST CANDLE CO.. LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W. 11.

RIVERS S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, in
aU t/!ie leading varieties, wiH be ready from
August onwards. Pric6 list post fuee on applioafdon.—
THOMAS RIVERS & SOX. The Nurseries, Sawbrid^fe-
worth, Herts.

B

UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new descriptive list is now ready, and

be Bcnb on receipt of card.

ALPINK STRAWBERRIE.S a specialitv.
GEO. BUNYARD i CO., Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Maidstone.

ARMY BOOTS (Reconstructed), cost

•**■ Government 22s. 6d. Selling now at a bargain
price. Speeiall.v selected, without a blemish, aa good as
new; imsurpiu'weil for gardening, farming, munition. aii<l
other work ; single pairi* post tree 10s. 6*1. One qiKiIity
only — the best. State siz.^. Money returned if dicnp-
provp<l. Special quotation for quantities.— THE THAME.S
TRADING OO.MPANY, LTD. (Army Boots Deiit.), 6,
Eldon Street, London, K.C. 2.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed).— A word

•'■- of ««lvic.-. Tlie price* of b-wts and leather have

gone up consulerabl.v
coming winter ; it is'a
now. We de<=ire to
I'rirft an<l conditions ai
COMPANY, LTD. (Ara
LoiKlon, K.C, 2

greatl.v bv
ic*i^-il investment to buy our l>oots
give our customers tiie benefit,
above.— THE THAME.S TRADINC:
ly Boots Dcpl.), 6, Eldon Street,

ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL NORWICH

■^^*- ROSKS.— Our new desoriptive price list, with Hints
on How to firow Rose^, now ready.— Write to-day, A. J.
k C. ALLEX, Rose Orowcrs for over 50 yeara, Norwltih,

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION FROM
THE GARDEN.
Sutton's Oatalogueg of Seeds and Garden
Requisites for present use.
Sutton's List of Vegetable Seeds for
Siunmer and Autumn Sowing
contains brief cultural notee.
Sutton's List of Flower Seeds for present
X sowing and spring flowering.

Sutton's Catalogue of English-grown Bnlbs,
containing particulars of the most popular Daffodils,
Xarcis!*!, May-flowering and Darwin Tulips, &c., &e.
These Oatalogues will be sent post free on application.

S

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
REAi>n?a.

BARR'S .\utumn and Winter-flowering
Bulbs, including Crocus species, Colohicums,
Serines, Hardy 0\clamen, Frecniae. Luolienalias, Irises,
&c , for earlv planting. J-ist on application.
BARR & SONS, King St., Covent Garden, London., W.C. 2.

MACKENZIE AND MONCUR, Limited,
IIothouEO Buildera and Heating Engineers,
London. Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to U.U. the King. Locdon Office, 8, Camden
Road, N.W.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
M.O'URE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Prloed circulars
free on application to DICKSOS'S, Koy»l Seed Ware.

house and Nurseries, Chester.

EVERY SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS
MAN will tell .lou tJi-iit no matter how high the
quality of his goods, he woukl liave been unable to
sell them without advertisement. Of what use i« it to
have something which tlic public wauts, if the public
does not know you have it? Tliot is where advertising
comes in. It t«jls the people who want your goods Mi.it
yon are the man who has them to dii«potie of. If you
are going to depend onl.v on private reromjnen<lfltloii
.vmi will never fiilly reailiae your possibilities. People
will not ndvrtise vour wares tor you— they expect you to
do that for .\ourself.

BAOEOUS PLANTS.-^ew Oatailogue now ready.

WATERER'S BRITISH GROWN
BULBS.— Now Caitalogue now ready.

WATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.
Oatalogue and Supplementary Liet of new and
choice varieties now ready.

w

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND

CHOICE SHRUBS.— Oatalogue free.

WATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRESENT SOWING.— Liet post free.
.All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded poet free
on receipt of name and address.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED,
The Nurseries, Bagsbot, Surrey, amd Twyford, Berks.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Grower

St. Albans,

For Advertisement Charges see page v.
NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDER.

l^ELWAY & SON, the Royal Horticul-

-*-*■ turist*. Langport, Somerset, are now booking
orders for their Choice Hardy Perennial Plants U^ be
delivered in the Autumn. Plant a Colour Border thie
Autumn, and you will be able to enjoy its beauty for
many years without any additiomil expense or trouble.

Send the mea?uremenfe9 of your bowlers, ajid tliey wall
recommend a selection of flowers suitable for your dis-
trict, and quote their reduced prices.

Paeonies, Delphiniums, Phloxes, G^lardias, and other
beautiful flowei-s inoluded in their colour sdiemes, whidi
provide blooms from early spring to late autumn.

Write now to the Retail Plant Department for Reduced
Price Lista.

Tl/'M. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' » LTD., LawTcnce Road, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

I'EEUS' BULBS. PEEDS' SEEDS

pEEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY.—

■*- rlcttiae ^.ipply for a copy to be i>osted by return.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-

^^ men and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

I ROBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

-* Pl^is, Roses, Vegetable and Flower Seeds m\d
Pliiiits. post free.— DOBBIE & CO., Royal Florist*. Edin-
burgh.

fPERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbiiif?

■*- Ferns. Basket Fejns, Stove and Greenhouse Ferns,
Hflpdy Garden Fema ; catalogues tree.— J. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Lougliborough Junction,
London, S.W.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !

-*- 44tli ye«ar of DiHtaibution.

Our vredl - known Magnrifioent Strain Oinerarias,
Obconioas, Oaloeolarias, &c. ; 2s. per doz. ; 128. 6d.
per 100; carriage paid.-JOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nur-
seties, Ooventry.

1 Oft ftftft LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

■■-'-''-' •'-'V/'-' 203. lOO; Palms, Begonias, Orotona,
Dracaenas, Roses, EricJU^, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. London Fenn Nur-
series, Lou^iborou^h Junction, Londodl, S.W,

"WALLFLOWERS.— Transplanted, Vul-

' ' can. Ruby King, Covent Garden, Golden Kin(ff,

Cmnfonl Beauty, &o., 33. lOO ; extra strong, 5s. 100,

free anv addi-ess. — MORLE & CO., 150-1S6, Fiiwbley
Road, N.W.

Tl/'ANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and
Vejjetablo* ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
.vc, !.etit. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted. —
MOlir.E .V CO., 160-156, Finchlcy Road, N.W. 3.

TVANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' ' old plant* suitable for stock ; cash or exchn-nge.
See other ■advertiaements ; catalogues freo. — .S-Mmi,
London Fcm Nurseiy, Loughboroug-h Junction, JxHidfrti,
S.W.

WANTED, GERANIUMS.— Cuttings of
Paul Orampel and Jacoby, Oaloeolaxias (yeliov/ and
brown). Offers invited.— MI OH IE & 00„ NuTeertee, Aln-
wick,

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 18, 1917.

SALE BY AUCTION.

SPECIAL TRADE SALES OF BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
lieg to announco (Int their Trnde Sales of

HOME-GROWN BULBS

will be held

EVERY WEDNESD.W

throughout the season, conmiencing

August 29th.

Catalogues on application. Growers and Merchants de-

siix>us of disposing of their Stocks are invited to include

in these Sales.

.\uction nnd B.-Jtote Offices, 57 and 68, Clheapside, Lon-
don, E.O. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul-
TDR.lL, Market OiRDEN, and Estate .\ncTiojrKERS
AND Valuers, 67 and 68, Oh^iapside, London, E.G., and
at Leytonstone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had
on application.

OR SALE, FREEHOLD MARKET

NLIRSEEY, Essex.— li a<!re land, 5-roomed bunga-
low, 2 houses (140 x 18), 2 houses (50 x 12), all heated,
packing shed, &c. ; all in good condition. Pri^e £725,
bargain ; ill-health reason for selling. — S. J., Box 21, 41,
Wellington Street, (Jovent Garden, W.C. 2.

PROPERTY FOR SALE.

T^^SSEX. — For Sale, with possession, Free-
^-^ hold F^rm, ■about 34 acre's, mostlj- Grass; good
liouse an-cl buiklings and wboiit ^■CWft. run Glass, 'he<ated.
—Particular?, N. R.. Box 14, 41, Wellin^on Street,
Ooven-t Gaprlen, W.C. 2.

SPECIAL NOTICE,

IVTR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all

-^ friends Miat, ailt.liou^b engagfed on Nadonial Servine
work he contijuies Midland representative to John Peoxl
& Son. Orders this season will be very much appre-
ciate<f, and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or lo Mr. R. GREENFIELD. 61, Radford Road,
Levimington Spa.

EXHIBITION.

GLASGOW FLOWER SHOW AND SALE

IN AID OF RED CROSS AND WAR FUNDS.
September S and 6, 1917.

For Schedules applv to .Secretary, Hugh M. Mackie., C.A.,
124, St. Vincent .Street, Glasgow,

PLANTS. Ao., FOf SALE.

GERANIUMS.— Cuttings, single Pink,
Lucree or Mrs. L.™renice, .also Snow Queen and
tricolouir and mauve or pale lavender Violas.— KEMP,
232, Bristol Road, Birmingham.

BAY TREES.— ROBERT GREEN (1911),
LTD., beg to announ"e tiiat tlwv have a limited
number of very nice Stand.aixl B.\Y TREES, in v.arious
sizes, for disposal. Prioes on application.— 28, Orawfooxl
Street, London, W.

APOLOGY.

SawbridlgBworth.
August 8, 1917.
T^EAR SIR,— In reply to your letter of
•*-' the 7th inst., I make you a full apolog-y for
sending fruit in your boxes to flnotlier salesman.

As they were boxes in whicli I had purchased frua
for my retail sh.op, I was unaware that I was infringing
vour Trade Mark by rertairning them aa I did.—
Yours truly, (Signed) H. ROCHESTER.

Meissrs. Geo. Motnro, lAd.,
Oovent Garden Market,

MISCELLANEOUS.

SPORTSMEN. Faimers. Horsemen, try
our splendid \Hrl>p.hire WhijwoM Tweed; wears
like leatlier; aliowerproof ; T yards for 17s. 6d. Pjitterns
tree.— BRADFORD WOOLLKX UP.. 71. Br.adford.

TJUSINESS METHODS— Experience in

-'-' the world of commerce shows that there are two
ways of conducting a business, the one being to charge
as much as possible for what is sold, exacting a high
rate from one customer and a low price from another,
and the other to have a fixed price for everything and
stick to it. The first method is to be condemned from
every point of view, but mainly because it punishes
the best purchasers, those who are ready to pay what
is reasonably asked when the goods are marked in plain
figures. The Gardeners' Chronicle adopts the alterna-
tive. It guarantees that its advertisement rates are
not altered for any customer, big or little, old or new;
all pay the same price for a similar thing. Conse-
quently, while it is not possible to grant concessions,
it is nevertheless the privilege of the paper to be in the
position to assure each advertiser that he pays no more
than anyone else.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two)i
6d. for eaeh sueeeedlng line.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
ing) for Xorth Lincolnshire ; atge not under 34 ;
must 'Ivave large experience of Glass and Outside GalxleJii
work ; Wiiges £150 per annum and good bonus. — Reply,
in first instance, with references, to T. W. H., Box 15, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEXBR for Xortbants ; with experience in all
branches of Gardening : cjipable organiser of labour ; 6 in
staff ; good cottage, &c. ; wife to caretake in winter ; good
references. Interview re<4uire<i at advertiser's cost. —
W. H., Box 16, 41. Wellington Street. Oovent Gardem,
W.C. 2.

Vl/'ANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' ing) : one who t.akes a keen interest, is experienced
in all branches, and reliable ; ineiigible ; 3 others kept ;
wa.ges 30s. and good cottage.— Address, HONBLE. MRS.
F, OOLBORNE, Nonsuch Park. Cheam, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ing); thoroughly experienced; 3 under; perma-
nent situation to sviitable man : good cottage ; wages 35s.
— Write, giving full particulars of previous experience,
age, and family, F. N. HORNE, Oollev Manor, Reigate.

WANTED, good all-i-ound HEAD
WORKING OARDENEB ; Glasshouses and Out-
side ; g>>od house, co.aJs, and vegetables ; two Under
Gardeners.- Full particulars as to experience and wages
required to H. X., Box 22, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Gaixlen, W.O. 2.

WANTED. WORKING HEAD GAR-
DENER ; 3 men kept ; good knowledge Inside .and
Out. Grapes. &c.— MRS. TYNDALE, Meadoworoft. CSiisle-
hurst.

WANTED. HEAD WORKING GAR-
UENER ; cottage and good wages; ineligible.-
Apply, CROPPER, Mount Ballan, Chepstow.

WANTED at once, SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER (some help given); about 1 acre;
Lawns, Vegetables, Flowers, 2 small Houses; wages 25s.
and small cottage. — Reply fuH,v to S. G. PICKERING,
Es.^.. Kent ford House, Newmarket.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER ; good general knowledge ; wages 35s.
weeklv. — -'^pply, MISS HORNBY, Edendale, Creswick
Road,' .4.cton, W/3^

WANTED. — Can any gentleman recom-
mend good SINGLE-HANDED G.\RDENER? mice
cottiage.— H. G., 7, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C.

WANTED, for September, SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENT;R-H.«DYMAN for North
London; wages 35s., with good cottage, electric light, and
coal ; good references essential. — Writ*, stating age and
full particulars, W. P., Box 13. 41, Wellington Street,
CJovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, middle September, experienced
G-^RDENER (single-handed, with boy); Stoke
Poges neighbourlKKKl ; no Glass; good cottage, .»;ith gar-
<)en.— Write, stating salary, to E. B., 360, Sell's Adver-
tising Offices, Fleet Street, E.O. 4.

WANTED, by September 8, a SINGLE-
HANDED g1u{iDENER ; occasional 'help given ;
small Kitchen G.arden and range of Glass ; wages 25s. and
lodge ; also voung Housemaid.— Apply, COLONEL MER-
CER, Toddiiigton, Beds.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Fruit and
. Vegetable Growing ; willing to .be useful ; a cap-
able, conscientious man, about 55, or younger m,^n
if disqualified for military service, would suit ; wages to
start 30s. per week, with good cottage and garden. State
family and give references.— Reply G.\RDENER. c/o Mr.
Street, Heatherside Nuraery, Oaniberle^",

W^ANTED, good KITCHEN GAR-

^ ' DE.N'ER ; also good Cowman, and flU up time in
Garden ; ineligible ; good wages.— HEAD GARDKNEK,
Thori)e Lea, Egham, Surrey.

WANTED, WORKING GARDENER;
ineligible; 4-roomed cottage, wiith coal, gas, and
vegetables ; w^ages 24s. ; must, have good per.sonal refer-
ences.— Applv by letter to A. WORDSWORTH. 48, Akl-
rington Road", Streatham Park, S.W.

WANTED, GARDENER (ineligible), to
work under Head Gardener, where others kept ;
good w.ages and cottage ; permanent place if satisfactor}'.
—Write, stating wages, with full particulars and refer-
ences, to HEAD GARDENER, Bunce Court, Faversham,
Kent,

WANTED, WORKING GARDENER;
ineligiltle ; i>ermanency ; Vegetables, Flowers, poul-
tr\-; gocKl reteiences. — Full particulai^ of experience,
Al'STIN, The Ehns, St. Margarets, Twickenliani.

TVf RS. WRAY HUNT, of West Manor,

-^"-*- Riiddington, Nottft, requii^ea a capable G.\R-
DENER ; must understand ga-owing of Greenlhouse
plants; wages 30s. a week and cottage.

W^ANTED, Couple, as ' GARDENER

' ' (Head at Under) or GARDENER-MOTOR DRIVER ;
wife laundress; good wages and cottage. — MRS.
MARKER. Combe, Honiton, Devon.

T\7'ANTED, a MAN, who can grow Spring
* ' Be<ldmg and other Hardy Plants ; wages 40s. per
week ; 1 o'clock Saturdays ; no Stmday duty. Also several
GARDEN LABOURERS, at 37s. per ' week.— Apply ,
SUPERINTENDENT, St. Marylebone Cemetery. East
Finchley, London, N. 2.

TITANTED, MAN to assist in Orchid

' ' Houses ; ineligible : g-oodi wages. — Particulars to
.1. W. FLETCHER, The Glebe Gaaxlens, Sevenoalcs, Kent.

TITANTED. GARDENER (Second); in-

"" eligible; Kitohen Garden, Lawns, &c. ; good
wiiges and cottage.— Full paiticulans to HARRIS. West
Woodlmv House Gardens, Newbury.

TIZ-ANTED, UNDER GARDENER for

" ' Outside ; duty alternate Sundays ; pumping in
House ; wages 258. per week, gtxxi cottage and goixlen,
milk. — Apply, stating age, partioulai-s, to ALFRED
CHILD, Oatesby House Gardens, Daventry, Northants.

Tl/^ANTED, UNDER-GARDENER, used

' ' to Greenhouse and Stove Plajits ; single and in-
eligible.—Apply, MRS. WAKEMAN NEWPORT, SaJid-
boume, Bewdley.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; cot-

' " tage given. — Write, etating vrAges and full par-
ticulara, LADY MoMAHON, Sou*hbroom House. Devizes.

TirANTED, as UNDER GARDENER,

young Lad or young Man (ineligible); good wages
and eomfoa-table place. — State particuliirs to G. GREEN,
Portiahead House, Port-ishead, Somerset.

Ty-'^^^TED, FOREMAN, by September

24, good all-round, to take charge of Houses and
sui>erintend Outside during Head Gardener's ab.sence in
Army ; single (ineligible) ; Bot.hy and vegetables. — State
wages to A. THURSTON. Heveningham Hall. Yoxford,
Suffolk.

"WANTED^ FOREMAN (ineligible) ;

wages 30s. per week ; war- bonus 5s. ; duty paid
extra.— State exiK-.rience, full pailiculairs, W. ANDER-
SON.'Close House (;aixlens..Wylam-on-'rjne.

"WANTED, INSIDE FOREMAN ; com-

petent man ; ex-Service or ineligible ; wages 50s.
weekly, with Bothy, &c., and attendance; dntv and
overtime paid extra.— Apply, with fullest particulars, to
GARDENER, Park Place, Henlei-on-Thame.s.

W-ANTED, FOREMAN, or Good, Capable

"" MAN, to toike charge of Glass; 30s. per week,
Botihy. &c.. ; duty and overtime paid. — Full particulars,
A. BEXNETT, Snelston Hall Gardem. ABhhourne,
Derby«&ire.

TITANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside),

witJi good general experience. — Appdy. stating
wagea. with Bothy, F. GREEN, The Gardens. Aldermas-
tnii Court, Reading.

"WANTED, JOURNEYMAN for the

" " Houses, with experience; good wages; duty -and
overtime paid.— W. BUTLER, Wilton House Gardens, near
Salisbury.

"WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;

" ineligible; 249. per week; Botliy and vegetables;
duty every third Sundiay. — C. EARL, Somexhill Gardens,
ToJibridge, Kent.

\\rANTED, a YOUNG MAN, ineligible,

' ' to work in -tihe Gardem; wages 24^.; also IM-
PROVER, to work in the Houses; 17s., Bothy and vege-
tables; Sunday duty and overtime paid ; 1 o'clock on
S^Uuivlnys.— Please write particulai-s to W. L. BASTIX.
Busco-t Gardejis, Faringdon, Berks.

"WANTED, strong YOUTH, with little ex-

* * perience, for general Garden work ; take duty ; 18a.
per week. Bothy amd vegetables ; overtime paid ; 1 o'clock
Satimxiai^.^. A. MULFORD, Merevale Gardens, Ather-

stone.

VyANTED, strong YOUTH for Inside;

* * wages £1 week ; Tiothy and ve-getables ; duty onJd
overtime paid.— Particulars to W. PILGRIM. Bod&rgao
Gardens, Anglesey.

AtJousT 18, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, IMPROVER for the Houses :
wages £1 per week, Eoth.v, &e. ; duty paid extra;
1 o'clock Saturrliys.— E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gai-dens,
Croonibridge. Tunbridge Wells.

WANTED, IMPROVER, or Discharged
soldier; Flower and Kitchen Gaixlen ; good wages
and Bothy.— .\pply to 11. MORRISON, Willoughby House
Gardens, near Rugby, W'arwivkshia^.

T ADY GARDENERS wanted; all suited

-*^ entirely tree of charge. — Heads for (1) Bucks; 26s.
lo 30p., furaiahed cottage; 5 kept. (2) Hants; 309.. house
and coal; 4 Unders kept. (3) Warwick®; 35s., <x)tt;ige.
Head and Under for Han*s ; Head could take pupil if

cliieflv Vegetables; 1 small Greejihouse. Ajid other posts.
^MRS. HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street. Marylebone, W. 1.

Y^ ANTED, LADY GARDENER, with

" ' experience of Herbaceous Borders, to take charge ;
also one as SECOND; good cottage, with attendance,
fuel, lig'ht, aind vegetables. — Pleaae state wages required
ad particulars to WM. CAMAf, The Gardens, Cliveden,
Taplow. Bucks.

TI/'ANTED. LADY GARDENER, for

"' Lawns, Fruit, and Vegetables; must be able to
do milking; 2 others to help — .Vpply, W. F. POTTS,
Homefield, Sutton-at-Hone, Kent.

TITANTED, two WOMEN GARDENERS,

undej Head ; Inside and Out ; furnished rooms.—
Write, X., c/o May, 150. PicoadiUy, W. 1.

Tl/'ANTED, active LAD for the Houses;

' ' wages eomnience 17s. ; Sumlav dirtv paid ; go«I
Botliy; 1 o'clock Siitiiiday. — J. HOW.iRD. Benhnni
Valence Gardens, Newburi'.

TRJkOP.

WANTED, a Good, Practical GARDENER
for a small Bulb Farm in West of England where
Vegetables are also grown ; must bo married, sober, and
industrious ; comfortable living quarters. — Write to B.,
Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, CJovent GaiMen, W.C. 2.

YYANTED, GROWER for Branch Nur-

* " serv. Tomatos. CufMiml>ers, Clir\'panthemums, Ac,
for shop trade —W. CROWDER i SOSS,_ Hornca«tle.

TyANTED. in September, GROWER (in-

' ' eligible); thorougii know]e<ige ToinatoH, Cucum-
bers, Clu-ysantheinunus, an<i market produce. - -.\pply, stat.
ing eiperienee, wages, full particulars, Gl'V, Xorthgatc
Nurseries, Deviiww. Wilts.

pALM GROWER ; thoroughly experi-

■*- enced, wanted for Loudoii; ineligible; good wages.
—Write, G. P., c/o Goulds, 54, New Ojfoixl Street,
W.C. 1.

WANTED, a. capable MAN for Palms,
AC. ; also a JUX for Geraniums. Tomato*, Ac, ;
ineligible ; regulai-. — State wages and particulars lo
HOWES A SOX, .\venne Road. Old Southgate.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN b.r
Nursery o( 20 acros; no Glass; must be well up
in Fruit Trees and have a knowlc<Ige of Tiees, Shrubs,
Ro«es, &c. ; [lennanency. — State age, wages, full particu-
lars, and references lo HILUER & SONS. Tlie Nurseries,
Winchester.

PRIVATE GARDENERS awaiting' Situ-
alioiiL-t mnv obtain -temp^^rarv employment until
suitwl —Particulars, Ac, from JOHN RUSSELL, Devon-
sliire Xiij«eri(:s, Haverstock Hill, N.W. 3.

SEED TRADE.— WANTED, JOURNEY
M.\N (iuieligihle or dischargedj) or experieTiced
LADY .\SS1STAXT lor Garden Seed Deparljnent.— Apply,
with testimonials, stating age ami salary expected, to
1). A W. OROLL, Se«!d Merohanta. Dundee.

SEED TRADE. — TRAVELLER Re
quired by leading firm of Seed Merchants to re-
present them in Xortli Durbani an<l .Soiitb Xorthuniber-
land ; applicant must have t'hfiroiigh kiiowleflge of the
AgriciilUiral and Horticultural ti-adfw ; good ailary and
penminent situation to reliable man. — Write, at^ting age,
experience, salarv require.!, and full particulars, to
TRAVELLER. Box 8, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Oar-
d«it W.C. 2.

YYANTED, WAREHOUSEMEN for

' ' Wholesale Seed Warehouse (men ineligible for She
Army).— Apply by letter only to HURST A SON. 152.
Houndsditch, London

"REQUIRED, an Experienced SHOPMAN
■'-*' with good general knowledge of Garden Seed Trade
(retail) ; must be a good salesman ; position permanent
and progressive. Pull partiiculaTS as to experience and
wages required.— WM. POWER A CO.. Seed Mertfhanta
and Nurserymen, Waterford.

WTANTED, an Experienced SHOPMAN,

^ ' witli good knowledge of Seed and Nursery
Trade, — State expedience and woges required to T.
CROSS. Seed Merchant, Bury St. Edrntinds.

WANTED, SHOPMAN (ineligible).—
Apply, will! particiikil-9. to J. O. WHEEiLER &
SOX, LTD., Seed Merchants, Gloucester.

NURSERY STOKERS WANTED; good
wages to suita)>:e men.— Apph', LOWE A SHAW-
YER. LTD., The Xurseries, Uxbridge.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
sueeeedlng Elgl.t words or less.

PRIVATB,

GARDENER - BAILIFF or ESTATE
STEW.\RD. — Long experience iu all br.inches oi
gentlemen's establisliments : very highly recommended ;
over miJitarv age; active, up-to-date, and pnictical ; leav-
ing owing ' to alteration in working arrangements.—
WOODGATE, Park Place, Henley -onTIiames.

PARK SUPERINTENDENT or HEAD
GARDEX'ER; detailed and highly skiHe<i know-
le<lge; Hmtiiultural expert and medallist; unexceplioiwl
references; over inilitar>"age ; active.— C. H.. Box 23, 41,
Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head) or GARDENER
B.\ILIFF ; w ell up in all requirements of a good
establishment ; leaving through residence being closed ;
excellent testimonials.— Apply. W. R. GODBF.ER, .Antony
House Gardens, Torpoint, Dcvonport.

GARDENER (Head); 35 yea.-s' experi-
ence ; thorough knowledge Inside and Out ; ako
stock ; good testimonials^ jirevious situations 12 and
lOJ ve.irs; married; age 48; gO'<l cottage ; disengogwl.-
Apply, MARTIN. The Gardens. Trottcli PUice, Trotton.
Petersfiei<J, Hants.

GARDENER (Head); life experience in
growing Vines. Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers,
Tomatos Flowers. Vegetables ; 16 years as Head ; good
references; age 48. — IIITCHMAX. 1. Orchard Street,
Spaltling.

HEAD GARDENER; life experience in
Caixloning aii<l Forestrv in ptKxl establi^inients.
.•an underlake estate duties— T. A.. Box 18. 41, WcMing-
(on Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 2,

HEAD GARDENER; 25 years' practical
experience in growing Vines, Peaches, Melons,
Cucumbers, Tomatos. Flowers, large qimntities of Vege-
(„hles.— W. LAMBERT. Bryii Hcndre, Conway, North
Wales,

A G. GENTLE, Little Gaddesden, Berk-
•''*- * lmr>istc<l. Head Gordener to the lale Mrs. Deni-
son for 20 years, w;!io is leaving through deoth of em-
plovcr. seeks situation as above; thopoiighh- expc«-ience<l
in all branches; no objection to stock.

GARDENER (Head Working); age 45;
at pre.iiiit near Guildfoixl, de.siiVH autumn reen
gagemcnt ; over 30 yejil-s' goo<l references; thoroughly
ex,|ieriencc<l iu all Glass work; good Vegetable grower;
could run electric light plant; wages ief|uire<l 35«. 1"
40s.. witb go<Kl cottage ; married (1 girl 12).— L., Box 20.
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C, 2

MDELL, The Nurseries, Norbury, S.W..
• 16, cjin witb confidence recommend HEAD
WORKING GARDENER, where 2 or 3 are kept, wh" has
had lite ex[>erienco in flrst-class establislunents,

HEAD WORKING GARDENER offers
his services t.0 lady or gentleman requiring a
thoroughly practiciil man ; life experience in the man-
agement and requirements of a large establishment;
dLscharge certifloate ; personal reference. — CLEMENT,
Somerhill Gardens, Tonbridge.

IJEAD WORKING GARDENER or GAR-

-■--■- 1>KXER-B.\ILIFF; tboroughly exi>erienoe<l in all
briuiches ; married; life abstainer; 2 yeairs present, 7 pre-
vious situation.— E. S. riGO, Httr<lies Oiuirt. Can*erbury.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 51 ;
20 icars Head Norbnry Park, Dorking; seeks re-
ciDj.iKomcnf, through death' of employer; thoroughly
i-xpcricnce'l all hraivchos ; used to growing largo quan-
tities Fruit aiKl Vegftttfibles ; awarded medals, Ac, at
H.II.S, meetings; higbeat references.— Apply, GEORGE
KENT, Pixham Lane, Dorking.

GARDENER (Head Working) requires
fitiuitioii nii*Ulle Stipteiiiber ; tihorougihly exiierienced ;
Inside and Out, Veget.ibles, Fruit, and Flowers; age 49;
iii.iiiic<i ; excePent leferences ; Surrei- preferred. Pletase
st:ite wages.— B. W., Box 19, 41, WeUii'igt™ Street. Covent
i;nlden, W.C. 2.

APPOINTMENT required ; HEAD
WORKING G.ARDENER ; over 30 years' experience
in large establislunents, trade and private ; age 47 ; mar-
ried (no family).— DIBBEN, Cl.vdesdale. Belle Hill, Bex-
hill, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working), keenly in-
terestetl and thoroughly experienced all branches.
Iiiside and Out ; could manage small estate, understand
fetock ; highly rec:>iii;rended ; total abstainer ; married ;
age 46 ; please sta"te wage and partiotilaxs.- HEAD GAR-
DENER. Bank House, -Accrinjfton.

rjJARDENER (Head Working), where

" -^ several are kept ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches; over military age. — Please state wages. Ac. to
GARDENER, Honiley Cottage, near Kenilwortih, War-
wickshire.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Good
all-round GARDF.NER seeks situation; life experi-
ence in well-kept i>laces ; underst;uids grass land and
slock ; above uiMitary age ; married.— A. PARRY, F.ad-
licld, Rrooklands .Avenue, 0;inibridge.

/^ARDENER (Head Working) requires

'-^ pcrMiniieoit situation ; life exjierience, Inside and
l)ut ; age 4ft; married; pif^^cnt situation 14 i-ears ; goinl
i-efei-ence.— G. CORXWELL. llomelea Collage, Cross-im-
Hand. Sussex.

QARDENER (Head Working) ; good all-

^-^ round practical experience, Glass, Fruit, ami
Flowers, Forcing, &c. ; i-Jiove niilitaa-y age ; married (no
familv). — GARDENER, Fuljiier Grange, St-oke Poges,
Slough.

QARDENER (Head Working, or good

^-^ SiNfii.B-u.iNDEu) ; age 50; married (no family); life
exjierience in all branches, Inside and Out ; excellent re-
ference—GARDE'NER, " Octavia," PSgwell Bay, Rams-
gate.

Tl/'ORKING HEAD GARDENER seeks

' ' ix'-eniragetuoni ; 12 vtNU's' goo^l releixMice ; experi-
enced lii-side and Out; niarrie<l 0. child); ineligible; lelt
through pku'e lieing given up.— E. PRATLEY, Bag-
borough. Taunton.

C:jARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ nioi-e aro kept ; thoroughl.v exiierieni'e<l all
branches; over 4 vears' reference; age 46; marrie<l (2
childrt-11).— OlIAS. FEW, Anne's Cottage. EMoixIs, Hawk-
hurst., Kent,

GARDENER (Singi.k uantikd, or with
help) seeks situation; u I . \|t m-h i- and trefer-

en^•es ; iM-nuiment .Armv rcj<''iH"i. imuhkI: age 31. —
FOSTER. 325, Medina Terrace, W In ir', n,., Surrey.

QARDENER (Single-handed) ; life ex-

^-^ perience i-n all branches ; understand ihorse or
cow ; leaving through death —.lOIlN EVANS. West Ken-
nott, near Marlborough, WiH«.

GARDENER (Stngle-handbd) ; experi-
cnciMl.. In8i<le an<l Out; ape 44; innaTied (1 child);
gofKl references.— Apply, GARDENER. Kingsl.^^l Stables,
Grango Rojvl, Norwood. S.E. 11.'

GARDENER (Head Working), age 43, in
(foo<i establiwhlnent ; t.h<MX>ughJy experienced alil
branches, including Ow.hids ; excellent referetK'es ; use<l
to producing Vegetatjles and Fruit in lajge qniintitnes.
— W.\RKEN. The Gardens, Sandhurst Lodge, Wellington
College Station, Berks.

rjARDENER (Head Working), with a

^-^ tliDrougli practi(vi.l experience. Inside and Out: ex-
cellent references; mariicd ; ago 50.— II. NEWTON, White
Ilnr.se Hill, Chislehuist, Kent.

JOURNEYMAN, age 22, married, seeks

*-' situation; lnsi<le or Inside and Out; 6 years' ex-
perience ; final dischairge from the Armv ; goo<l refer-
ences; Midlands preferred.- MARTIN, c/o Mr. Walton,
.\cooks Green, Warwick Uoad, Birminglham.

JOURNEYMAN seeks Situation, Inside
and Out; age 18; ineligible; 3 yeoiiV experience;
Bothy preferred.— H. SILK, 56, Birkbeok Road, Eiifleld.

IMPROVER ; age 17 ; Inside or Inside and
Out ; 2i years' experience in Fruit and Plants ; near
London.— R. I-OUNDS. Park Hill Gai'dens. Streatbam
ConunoiL, London,

SITUATIONS WANTED eontinued on paKevi

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[August 18. 1917.

throQvb ths

fVTaffM of Rati uid Mlea la our Farmj.Stora. &

Dcstro, [h(> luanac*

with LlvttrpoelVlnn.

In tin*, ready prei>ar>

edwithb.ilt;forRaCs

!«&«'.: forMic.-1/fl

Of all ("hTii.^ts,

EVANS SONS

LBSOHER A- WEBB

Ltd., Liverpool.

llMTS & MICE

SANKEYS^^S^POTS

fflCMARD SANK£Y* SON, LT-,

Balwcll Po^cpjes. NOTTINOMAM.

Established 1860.

JOSEPH BECKETT, Ltd..

Fruit Brokers and
Commission Agents,

CENTRAL AVENUE. COVENT GARDEN.

Warehouses : 7, Garrick Street, W.C.

Consignments of Choice Hot House
and Orchard Fruits Solicited.

Toniatoes and Cucumbers a Speciality.

Best Prices and Quick
Returns Guaranteed.

References Supplied on Application.
EMPTIES AND LABELS SUPPLIED.

^^5^

lissloD only
allow DS to send to those who apply—

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

KinJIy send f.ir Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porosity, Healthful-
ness ot CRETS would help
your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.

2 Heaton Mersey Pollery,
near MANCHESTER.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on apjdication,

BOULTON &PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSSw'cT"''

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instruotions Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& 15/- per Cwt.(f.o.r, London)
of all Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awanlcii Medal al Royal Horticultural
Exhibitto'i. iQil.

WASP NETTING.

B. EDDY & SONS. '""''

Porthlever

jcial No. 4 WASP NETTING. Extra strong and durable.

54 inches wide 1/6 per yard run.

72 19

100 „ , 2/3

In 30-yard lengths. Any length supplied. Also,

HE.XAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide 8d. per yard run.

Supplied by return, by post r»r passeiirjer train, ean-iage paid

ROSES

(Vol. 10 of Present Day Gar-
dening), by H. R. DARLINCTON

Edited by R. Hooper Pearson, Manaeing Editor of
"Gardeners' Chronicle."

A good practical book for all Rose loverg. Contain! much
valuable information. 8 full-page coloured plates. A double
volume. Price 2/10, post free. Special presentation edition
with beautiful c«ver design, in cloth gilt, gilt top, price 3/10,
post free. /

THE PUBLISHER,

**Gari1euerr4* C'bronlclc" pfflcos, 41, M'elllngton
Street, CovenI Canlen, London, W.C. 2

B B ■ ■ B B I

I B B B H o n

m H B

B B

^tid i*ontybere^

SOLE AGENT:

" y T. T. PASCOE, \

^
^

York Chambers,

SWANSEA.

^u,

Best Anthracite Large Coal for Horticultural
purposes and Cobbles for House Furnaces.

Quick Despatch. Best Qualitv.

Lowest Prices.

m

August 18, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

65

No 1599 —SATURDAY, AUGUST IS. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Autumn sbows . .

70

Orchid notes and glean-

Centeniirian market gar-
dener, a

Chinese Tea Plant, the..

70
67

ings -
Cattleya Lady Carlile 66
Dendrobium aurantia-

Ciop prospects ..
Farm, crops and stock
on the home ..

70
74

Laelio-CaitleyaGlaucus 66
Odontoglossum chiri-
quense .. .. C7

Frost a id evergreens . .
Frnit crops, remarks on

.the

r.alloway garden, notes

from a

Grapes without fire-heat

68

es

Railway gardens . . . . 70

Societies-
Local 70

Koyal Horticultural

72,73

Thalictrum dipterocar-

Kent Apjiles

M:irkL>t fruit garden, tlie
New plants -

Nolina Loderi ..
> iivelties, some ..
Ohituaty-

Druery, C. T

70
67

C6
72

73

Varieties and food values 70

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. 6'.)
Fruits under glass . . 69
Hardyfruitgarden,the 69
Kitchen garden, the .. 69
Orchid houses, the .. 69
Plants under glass . . 69

ILLUSTR

ATIO»8

Frost and Evergreens
l*uery, portrait of the iat

e.M

.c. T.' ;; ;; ;; fi

66, 67

Thalictrum dipterocarpum

. 71

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN,-1X.*

THE clan of bell-flowers hol4 high
fustival ill July, and there is no
more generous race ; but some of them
are turbulent subjects. Methought I had
secured a treasure when, some twenty years
ago, I bore away from Belvoir Castle
some seedlings of Campanula lactiflora.
It is indeed a fine thing, with its splendid
jianicles, whether these be the colour of
skimmed milk or a livelier blue, but it is
a dread tyrant in tlic borders, scattering
.seeds by the l)usiiel, and driving its fanged
roots a yard dee]) in the soil. The wood-
land, not the garden, is the right place for
it, where it may settle accounts with our
stately native, C. latifolia. Of the latter
tliere is a charming border variety named
Van Houttei, half the height of the type
and very attractive when its dark maroon
buds open to pale lavender bells. Among
the newer sorts of Campanulacoae, Adeno-
jihora megalantha de.serves favourable
notice. Of neat, firm habit, witli stems
12 to 15 inches liigh, it bears on each at
tlie end of July six or eight l)ells of a clear
shade of light blue, and continues a long
time in bloom.

Another member of the Bellflower order,
tlic Himalayan Cyananthus lobatiis, is sel-
dom to be seen hajtpy in lowland gardens.
Tlie finest mass of it that I have met with
grows on the flat in granite soil in Sir John
Stirling-Maxwell's Highland sliooting-bo.x
at Corrour, 1,2.50 feet above the .sea,
where the rainfall is e.xcessive and there
is much snow in winter. We have tried
it many times here and failed, except
with one plant, growing high and dry on
a ledtre of a rotainin<j wall. Hero it
flourishes and gives us many sliininn; blue
flowers, bearing a specious resemlilancc to
some of the summer-flowering Oentians.
We blamed winter wet for the lo.ss of
several plants, that being indicated by

• Pr..vir....

Kr)., '7. \In
July 21, IIMT

articles annoari-d in th" iasuos 'or Tan la-
1", April H, April 2«, .June 2, .Tunc 30, an'l

Mr. W. A. Clark in Alpine Plants as the
cause of the mischief ; but we do not get
half the rain hei'e that they endure at
Corrour.

Henry's St. John's-wort (Hypericum
patulum Henryi) is a decided acquisition,
but we cannot afl'ord to let it supplant the
original tj-pe. It oomes into bloom a
montli earlier than the older plant, and
its flowers are of a deeper tint — -." the red,
red gold "' of the old ballad. It is as pro-
fuse in blossom a<s can be, but it is half
over before the other begins. It has now
(July 30) been in beauty for a fortnight,
and it will be another ten days or so before
its rival opens a flower; but the latter will
go on blossoming till stopped by autumn
frost. Last year the mercury never fell
below freezing-point till Christmas, and
H. patulum remained a beautiful object
right through November. Mr. Bean de-
scribes it as a dwarf shrub, '' but said to
grow as much as 6 feet high in Japan and
the Himalaya." When I read that I went
out and measured the nearest of many
large plants here, and found it was just
5 feet high and 16 feet in circumference.
Some of tiic plants were cut bj- last winter's
frost ; others escaped scot free. It sows
it-scff freely in the borders, and it will be
well if Henryi follows suit, for it is
said that, being hardier than the type,
it can Ite grown where H. patulum is cut
to the ground each winter. The hand-
somest of all the shrubby St. John's-worts
is H. Hookerianum, for its thick golden
petals have a satiny gloss that gives them
a peculiar charm. It is impatient of
drought and scorching heat ; such plants
as I have seen in the southern counties of
Englanil had grown very leggy, with
sparse foliage and small flowers; but no
doubt it would respond to such conditions
as suit Tropaeohim speciosum, viz., a
moist, peaty border shaded from fierce sun-
shine. It ripens seed freely, and may
also be grown from cuttings; it fully
repays patience in bringing it to perfec-
tion.

Life having been for me one prolonged
defensive strife against rabbits, I thought
that i had gauged their digestive functions
sufficiently to compile a list of plants that
they would not eat ; but one lives to learn.
Wlien visiting lately the ipiaint and in-
teresting garden of Mr. Agnew Wallace,
of Lochryan, I noticed that in the woods
near the house several species of Alstro-
nieria floiirislied amain and were very
ornamental. As these wooils abound in
rabbits and roedeer, tlie hint was not to
be neglected, for in these days of scant
labour it is impossible to keep this ram-
pant spreader from overrunning better
tilings. So out it shall all go, to bear com-
pany with Montbretia, Antiiolyza panicu-
lata, and Funkia, all of which are quite
rabbit-proof, for some occult reason, and
have long been naturalised in our woo<]s.

The most l)rilliant August-flowerintr
■shrill) is Desfontainea spinosa, now in full
bloom, covered witli scarlet and yellow
tubes, contrasting well with tlie dark,
glossy foliatre, wliicli is so good an imita-
tion of the holly. Altliough this fine busli
simply revels in the climate of the West
r'oast. it is not always seen in vigorous con-

dition, owing to being put on too meagre
a diet. It has a hearty appetite, and old
plants are apt to get hollow in the centre
unless liberally treated. A large bush here,
having stood for five and thirty years
without any attention, had exhausted the
soil in what was originally a rich border
and showed symptoms of going back.
Two years ago, therefore, we gave it a
heavy mulch of peat, sand, and wood ashes.
It responded gratefully, and is now as
fresh and floriferous as one could wish.

British gardeners and amateurs do not,
as a rule, give annuals a fair chance. It
is a common practice to sow them in
patches and leave them unthinned, to jostle
each other into a most debilitated carica-
ture of what they become if given room
to develop. Some people are incredulous
when they are told that the way to get
the best out of, for instance, Nemophila
insignis is to thin the seedlings out until
each has at least half a square yard of
space to itself. Nevertheless, unless this
is done, one can never enjoy at its best
what is really one- of the prettiest flowers
in existence. Last spring we had to cut
down a Thujopsis dolabrata 35 feet high
in order to clear a fine bush of Rhododen-
dron cinnabarinum. No labour was at
command to take out the massive stump ;
the soil under the dense foliage was bone-
dry and matted with roots, so to conceal
the scar, (! inches of loam, peat and sand
was spread over it and sown with several
varieties of Leptosiphon, the seedlings
being well thinned out when they were big
enough. The effect now on a sunny day
is quite charming; the multitude of gay
little blossoms — rose-coloured, lavender,
orange, yellow and white — having the ap-
pearance of delicate jewellery.

When walking one morning along a
solitary part of the sea-beach, with not a
human dwelling within sight, my eye was
attracted from a distance by some showy
white blossoms. On approaching them, 1
found that they belonged to a stray plant
of Rosa rugosa which had found its way
thither and had sjiread far and wide
along a sandy bank. Never before have
I seen this Rose to such advantage, for it
is far too coarse and rampant for the
trarden, although it grows and flowers well
in our woodlands. Here, however, estab-
lished on pure sea-sand and exposed to
blazing sunshine, its over-luxniiame
eurhed by salt-ladan winds, it has acquired
a character vastly sujjerior to that wliicli
it displays under cultivation. It shall be
my care to give it a red-flowering com-
panion before winter. The bank on whicli
this Rose grows is thickly carpeted with
Convolvulus soldanella, whereof the lovely
rose-tinted vases have lured many ama-
teurs to the unprofitable ta.sk of transport-
ing it to their gardens; wherein, even if
it floiirislies — wliich it .seldom does — it
s.uffers in grace by divorce from its
"atiiral environnieiit of dry, wiry gras«.
We in the North and Wost have escaped
the deluge with whieli English gardeners
and farmers liavo been afllicteid. June and
July have Ijcen months of continuous sun-
shine, with only two days of heavy wot to
keep things luxtir'aiit. Tfcrhcrt Maxwell.
Monreith.

66

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 18, 1917.

NEW PLANTS.

NOLINA LODERI, N. E. BROWN
A PHOTOGRAPH (see fig. 24) and specimens of
Ihis nuvelty have been kindly sent to us by
Sir Edmund Loder, of Leonardslee, Horsham,
with the information that he received it some
years ago from a nurseryman at Genoa under
the erroneous name of Dasylyrion Bigelowii.
It was subsequently determined by a GeiTnan
botanist to be Nolina crumpens, a name that
is equally erroneous, for it bears very little re-
semblance to either of those species, and upon
comparison with the material in the Kew
Herbarium and the descriptions of the few

afbove the sheathing base, thence gradually
tapering to the quickly withering recurved
fibrous apex ; basal sheath Ij-la inch (3-3.3 cm.)
in breadth, gradually (not in the least abruptly)
.tapering into the leaf, flat on the face; blade
about 1 line (2 mm.) thick, shallowly concave
above, convex beneath, having on both sides a
slightly raised line down -the centre and another
near one margin marked with minute pits, caus-
ing these lines to feel slightly scabrid to the
touch, becoming evanescent towards the apex
and base; margins minutely serrulate-scabrid.
Flower-stem about 6 feet (2 m.) high, stout, with
the panicle part about 3^ feet (1.7 ra.) long and
57 inches (13-18 cm.) in diameter, entirely
slabrous ; bracts withering and fa.lling away.

Ij line {3-3j mm.) long and rather less in dia-
meter, oblong or globose-oblong, very obtuse.
PeriaU'th-segraents of the male flowers 1^ line
(3-3i mm.) long, 1 line (2 mm.) broad, oblong,
obtuse, reflexed, white. Stamens shorter than
the perianth-segments ; filaments filiform, about
3 line (1.5 mm.) long, white. Anthers 1 line
(2 mm.) long, oblong, yellow. Ovary rudimen-
tary, 3-lobed, white. Female flower's not seen.

Sir Edmund Loder states that the " whole
effect of the flower-spike was decidedly yellow."
This would probably be produced by the promi-
nence of the yellow anthers, as the perianth seg-
ments appear to have been white when fresh,
but, being revolute, would be partly concealed
by the anthers.

The native habitat of the plant is not known,
but the faet that Sir Edmund Loder states that
it has been growing in the open air at Leonards-
lee without protection for nearly twenty years
would se?m to indicate that it probably grows
on mountains at a considerable elevation, either
in Central America or the south-western part of
the United States. The size of the leaves, their
very gradual taper above the sheaith, the very
long bracts, the small divergence of the branches
and branchlets of the panicle, the lax manner in
which the branches are branched, and the oblong
buds, seem to be the chief features whicJi charac-
tei'ise this species and distinguish it from all
others. The draiwing of the 'base oi the leaf (se.e
fig. 25) was made by running a pencil around
the margin, so that it quite accurately repre-
sents the very gradual taper from sheath to
blade. * A'. E. Brown.

Fig. 24. — nolina loderi.

species not represented therein it seems to be
very distinct from any species at present de-
scribed. Although the existing descriptions
are very poor, giving no details upon which a
critical comparison can be based, yeit in the
characters given for the leaves and pedicels of
those species not represented at Kew, they differ
so widely from Sir Edmund Loder's plant that
I thank there can be no doubt as to its being an
undescribed species, of which the following is a
description ; —

Plant stemless, the growths forming a large,
dense clump. Leaves erect or ascending, hard
and somewhat stiff, green on both sides, not at
all glaucous, finely striate, 3^-4 feet (1.46-1.62
m.) long, 6-7 lines (12-14 mm.) broad at a little

the lower 18-20 inches (45-50 cm.) long, 1-1^ inch
(2.5-3.5 cm.) broad at the base, thenoe gradually
tapering to a very long, slender blunt point, the
upper sliorter; branches diverging from the
stem at an angle of 30°-40°, ascending or sub-
erect, 7-10 inches (18-26 cm.) long, laxly
branched, with the branchlets 2-3 inches (5-7.5
em.) long, diverging at the same angle as the
branches, simple, arranged in 3-4 somewhat
whcr'.ed groups, with one on each side at the
very base. Bracteoles membranous, white,
broadly ovate, acute or subacute, lacerate at the
margins, very concave, forming little oblique
cups about 2-2^ lines (4-5 mm.) long. Pedicels
not exceeding the bracteoles, about 1 line (2
mm.) lung, jointed near the middle. Buds about

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA LADY CARLILE.

This is a pretty, new Cattleya, raised in the
gaidens of Frederick J. Hanbui-y, Esq., Brock-
hurst, East Grinstead, between C. dolosa and
C. Mantinii (Bowringiana x Dowiana aurea).
The flower is equal to C. Mantinii in size, but
the colour of C. Bowringiana in that hybrid
blended with the rose-purple of C. dolosa pre-
dominates ; C. Dowiana aurea can scarcely be
traced. The sepals and petals are bright
pui-plish-rose ; the openly displayed lip is rose-
coloured at the base, tht front ruby purple, and
the disc yellow.

DENDROBIUM AURANTIACUM.
This rare "and distinct species is now
flowering with H. J. Elwes, Esq., who
showed a cut spike at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meeting on July 31. It
is of the D. clavatum section, the inflorescence
bearing from one to three golden-yellow flowers,
comparable to that species but without the dark
blotch on the lip. It was first described by
Reichenbach in the Gardeners' Chronicle,
July 23, 1887, p. 98. The year following, plants
of an importation from Assam were named D.
chryseum (Rolfe, in Gard. Chron., Feb. 25,
p. 233). It appears to be widely distribated
in India. It flowered with Sir Frank Crisp,
Bart., as recorded in the Gtirdeners' Chronicle,
July 1, 1911, p. 422.

LAELIO-CATTLEYA GLAUCUS.
A TWO-FLOWERED iiiflorescence of the original
form of tliis riclily coloured hybrid between
Laelia purpurata and Laelio-Cattleya Rubens,
which secured a First-class Certificate at
the Royal Horticultural Society's meeting on
August 13, 1912, is sent by Mr. Alexander, from
the collection of Lt.-Col. Sir Geo. L. Holford,
K.C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury. The flowers
are over 6 inches across, and the petals 2 inches
wide. Both sepals and petals are of dark mauve
colour, finely netted and veined with a diirkcr
reddish-purple tint. The broad, finely crimped
lip is reddish maroon, and a yellow flush extends
from the base to the centre.

August 18, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

67

ODONTOGLOSSUM CHIEIQUENSE
REICHB.
A FINE specimen of this rare Odontoglossum,
which is often called 0. coronarium chiriquense
in ,gar'dens,''is flowering in the coUection of Sir
Jeremiah Colman, Bart, where it thrives well. It
is the best of the 0. coronarium section, one of
the many flowers on the plant sent measuring
3 inches across. The eepals and petals are
pale yellow, barred and blotched with cnestnut
brown. The lip, wkich has two ascending
auricles at the base, is pale yellow, with red
markings in froot of the crest. The column,
which has two broad truncate wings, is white,
marked with claret-red.

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

Excessive Growth in July.

During the greater part of July the weather
was sunny and warm, while there were many
hot days. Showers or storms of rain were
sufficiently interspersed to keep things growing,
including weeds. Rain fell on eleven days at
my station, making a total of 2.57 inches, a, fair
average for .July, which is usually one of the
wettest months of the year. Warmth, with the
abundant supply of moisture, however, has
caused an extraordinary growth in vegetables,
flowers, and fruit trees. Steps will be
taken to pick Scarlet Runners, where they have
not been topped ; Bro«xx)li plants are already
gigantic specimens, while Potato haulm is ram-
pant. As to weeds, never has it been more
difficult to keep fruit plantations in a clean
condition. Three weeks after a thorough
hoeing they have again covered themselves
with weeds, and, where a horse cultivator
cannot be used, frequent hand-hoeing i.s
necessary. Women at half-a-crown a day,
working from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m., make
complete hoeing, where there are currants among
the trees, cost about £1 per acre. It has been
a comfort to liave a considerable acreage in
Lucerne, but the cuAting of the crop occupied
men and boys much longer than was expected,
as the first growth did not stand well againirt
the .swa.p-hooks, so that the tools required fre-
quent sharpening. The cut crop makes quite a
thick layer of mulch where it grew well, and a
thicker one may be expected to result from the
second cutting.

Windfalls.

On two occasions in July we had strong and
gusty winds, which blew many Apples and
Plums off the trees. Fortunately the ground
\v:is soft, so that the Apples were bruised
only when they hit branches in falling.
If it had been hard, the Lucerne stubble and
iht mulch on it would have afforded pro-
tection. It is tiresome, however, to have to
send a miscellaneous lot of Apples to market,
and when windfalls are abundant they have a
bad effect upon the prices of early gathered fruit.

The Nicotine Question Again.
Information from the Board of Agriculture
is to the effect that I was mistaken in stating
on a former occasion that nicotine is cheaper
in the United States than it is in this country.
It ought to be cheaper, because tobacco is an.
But i^t appears that nicotine is made in this
country' from tobacco-du.^t out of bond, and that
a rebate of duty can be obtained by a manu-
facturer as soon as he proves that the material
has been denatured so that it cannot be used
for smoking. Also I am informed that there is
no duty on 97-per cent, nicotine imported. The
process of extraction, it appears, is expensive,
mainly from the dearness of the ether u.-sed in
the process. Efforte have been made by the
Horticultural Branch of the Board of Agricul-
ture to induce one or more of our colonies or
dependencies to supply us with nicotine, but

hitherto without success. Difficulty in getting
the requisite machinery and chemicals is cited
as an obstacle, but surely this should not be
regarded as insuperable. In the meantime the
Excise authorities might be required by the
Governiment to relax their restrictions against
fruit-growers who desire to grow a patch of
tobacco for spraying purposes. It appears that
they will give a permit for the growing of one
perch, but this would not be a tenth pant of
the area necessary to a grower who wished to
make tobacco-wash sufficient for a large acreage.
For any greater area the restrictions must be re-
girded as prohibitory, as they include en-
tering into a bond for a considerable sum of
money, the erection of special buildings, the
keeping of elaborate accounts, and the admis-
sion of an exciseman at any time to examine
everything. Another alternative would be that
of allowing and facilitating the obtaining of
tobacco-jxiwder by a fruit-grower out of bond,
with easy arrangements as to its denaturing,
and a fine on conviction of allowing any
of the tobacco to go oft his farm. But a
supply of nicotine at a moderate price would

Fig. 25. — nolina lodebi.

A. SlieaUi and base ot ii. Icif (n.it. size).

B. Flo\ver.bu<i enl<irge<i 4 <iiainet<*r9.

(S«e p. 66).

be far preferable to any other arrangement, and
as this is of great importance in relation to the
fruit supply of the- nation. Parliamentary action
to secure that advantage might well be taken.
Presumably the manufacture of nicotine is in
only a few liands, and therefore not subject
to much competition. Under such circumstances
it may be that the price charged for it is much
higher than is necessary to allow a moderate
profit on the manufacture.

Potato Disease.
This disease appeared in spots on the haulm
of a small patch of Eclipse and British
Queen in a damp situation on July 24.
The Eclipse were taken up and marketed
at once, while the haulm was cut off
the plants of British Queen, leaving the tubers
to ripen for a week or two. I grow Potatos now
only for home consumption, except that, in order
to ensure an ample supply, there is always a
little surplus for sale. When second earlies were
grown extensively for sale spraying was done for
some years, but was duscontinued when it was
found that the crop was raised before the dis-

ease had penetrated to the tubers to any extent
worth notice. The conclusion was that spraying
did not pay for first earlies or for second earlies
to be taken up in the first and second weeks of
August, in my forward district. For late crops
spraying is certainly advantageous, but the only
late variety grown by me now is Arran Chief,
w^hich hitherto has been almost entirely immime
from disease. Soiit/iern Orower.

THE CHINESE TEA PLANT.

OULTIVATION IN THE BRITISH ISLES.

There are two chief forms of the Tea plant
(Camellia theifera Dyer)— the China Tea plant
and the Assam Tea plant. The former is a
shrub three feet high on an average, but
occasionally eight to ten feet. The Assam Tea
plant grows to be a small tree twenty feet high
or more, and is much less hardy,* only growing
in the open air in Elngland in places on the
south and south-east coast, Jike Abbotsibury
(Dorset).

I ne«d, then, only apeak of the Chinese form
which is cultivated in China and in Japan, being
imported long ago into the latter country from
China. This is hardy in mild districts of Eng-
land and Ireland. In China it is scarcely culti-
vated furtJier north than latitude 31°, but in
Japan it is cultivated to latitude 45°, where the
thermometer often sinks to 16° Fahr.

For some reason or another, rttlie Tea plant
is extremely rare in Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1915, the Dutch botanist, C. P. Cohen
Stuart,t who had been making a study of all
the different varieties of the Tea plant in the
Tea Experimental Station in Java, addressed to
me certain queries ; and I tried at the time to
obtain specimens from living Tea plants
throughout this country, and I could only find
the following examples: —

Kew Gardens. — No plant now in the open air,
ajid only one living Tea plant, not very healthy,
whioh may be seen in the Himalayan House. It
is the Cliinese form. Mr. Lynch, of Gam-
bridge, says that many yeans ago there was a
Tea plant growing out-of-doors at Kew, on the
wall nf the Economic House.

Cambridge Botanic Garden. — A small plant, a
graft of the Kew specimen.

Glasnovvii'. — Ordy one small plant, Chinese
form, in a pot indoors. Not thriving.

Abbot^bury (Dorset). ^Both the A<5snm and
Chiiu-se forms, growing out-of-doors; but the
former suffers from frost.

Leonardslee (Sussex). — Three plants, all of the
ChiTiesc form, which have been out-of-doors for
a good many years.

Enys (Coniwall), — A Tea plant is reported to
be growing here in the open.

Ro&trovor (Down). — Two very small plants,
not very thriving; Chinese fonn.

Kilmacurragh (Wicklaw), — A shrub, Chinese
form, many years old, about three feet high and
nine feet in circumference. It has never suf-
fered from frofit, but so far as is known has
never borne flowers.

It is very remarkable how rare this interesting
and valuable plant is in our bottuiic and private
gardens. I have not been able to discover any
other living plants, except one in a privaite gar-
den in Berkshire. Ne.edless to say, the Tea plant
has never been cultivated on a c«mmercial scale
in these islands. Mr. Lynch tells me that the
Tea plant is peculiar, as it invaria.bly dies in a
few years if grown in a pot, and he suggests
that its roots need some special substance
(bacteria?) in order to thrive. I suppose, how-
ever, that the unhealthiness of si>me cultivated
Tea plants' is duo to unsuitable grafting on
another s/pecies of Camellia.

• Lindley, in Gard. rhmn.. 1S6R, p. S2H, says that tho
Assam Tea plant Is hardy in England hut this has not been
honift out liy experience.

t See 0. P. Cohen fltuart, Vonrhereid*tuU Onderzo^kingtn
tm DitniU Van de. S4lektie dir Theeolant. S2H |ip., 47 flgs,,
Splates, 2 nisps. (Amsterdam : J. II do Busay. 1916.)

68

TTIE GARvENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 18, 1917.

There ia an excellent account of the different
varieties and of the manufacture of Tea by Sir
GeoTg'e Watt im Jourjwl of the Itoyul Horticul-
tural ScM-ie.ty. Vol. XXXIl. (.June. 1907), pp.
64-96.

The Ohinese furm is a pretty evergreen
ehrub, producing white flowers in winter and
spring, like the common Camellia in that re-
spet't. It is propagated in China by seeds which
are rape in October, when they are gathered,
and are then kept mi.xed with damp sand or
earth till spring. The seeds are taken out of '
the sand and sown in March. The young plant.;
are transplanted when a year old, ajid tllie
fiiBt oi-op of leaves is plucked wheln the
plants are three year& old. The fiTiest Tea, so
far as my experience in China goee, is grown in
poor granite foil in hilly or mountainous dis-
tiiots. indianr trees ax.e grown in rich soils ;
they have much imioi'e tannin in theirleaves, and
are not as fragrant as the Chineee trees which
are grown on poor soil. I have found out that,
whether owing to the mode of preparation or to
an inherent difference in the leaves, Assam Tea
causes in some people a dis-tresising complaint,
known as precordial anxiety, which is never
occasioned by Chinese Tea.

China Tea could be gruwn as a crop in
;^eltered positions in the milder districts of
Etigland and Ireland, and if this is tried it
would be preferable to have seeds from the most
northerly parts of China where it is cultivated,
as around Ningpo, Kiukiang, and Ichang. Seeds
also might be procured from Japan. Seeds of
Thea Viridis, the Chinese form, were advertised
in 1914 by the Yokohama Nursery Company.

Living Tea plants are advertised by some
nurserymen in England, but as these are apt to
be grafted, I do not recommend them unless a
guarantee i? given that the plants are really
seedlings. The Yokohama Nursery Company
also advertises living Tea plants, but these can-
nut be imported at present. .1. Henry.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

{See also Tables in Garde?icrs' Chronicle for

July 28.)

{Continued from p. 62.)

4.— MIDLAND COUNTIES.
Leicestershire. — This is not a favoured
locality so far as fruit growing is concerned, as
we suffer from high winds and late frosts.
We did not have to contend with the frosts this
season, however, so that crops all round are ap-
jjarently well up to the average, both in quantity
and quality. Out-door Peaches are making quite
a good shoiw. The soil is mostly clayey loam,
resting in some places on clay and in others on
rock. .4. Shakclton, Burrough Hdl Gardens,
Melton Mowbray.

Apples, after showing plentiful blossom,

suffered from severe frost on the morning of
May 7. I registered 8°, and in some parts as
much as 12° was registered. My Apples show
that it was the protected blossoms which are
yielding.; fruit. W. Paterson, Swithlcmd Hall
Gardens, Loughborough.

The crops of Apples, Pears and Plums

are much below our anticipation after the wealth
of bloom on the trees in the spring. Of Apples,
Bramley's Seedling, Newton Wonder, Lane's
Prince Albert, Seaton House, and Stirling Castle
are the most prolific. Oiiclhard' attajidards of
Pears and Plums are disappointing. Wall
trees are more satisfactoi-y, although the crop is
not abundant. Strawberries were a good crop,
but the season was soon over. Givon's Late
I'vcilific and Laxton"s Latest were the most valu-
able. All smaU fruits are heavy and clean crops.
Peaches are ca,rrying excellent crops, and the
trees are clean and healthy, and free fixmi
aphis and blister, although we had much cold
wind from the N.E. and East during the spring

raontliK. Daniel h'oberls. I'restivold Gardens,
Louf/h borough.

Northamptonshire. — The Apple crop has
not come up to expectations. The blossom was
abundant, but weak. On trees where the blos-
som was stronger we have good crops. C'ater-
pillars were plentiful, but the sparrows have
lielped to clear these off. .ilfrcd Child, Calishy
Gardens, Daventry.

We are very disappointed with the Apple,

Pear, and Plum crops at Altfliorp, as there was
such a wonderful show of blossom, but the Apple
and Pear trees were stripped of foliage and
bloom by cateiijillars. The shortage of Plums
is no doubt due to the absence of bees, which
ha-ve been killed in tJiis neighbourhood by the
Lsle of Wight Disease. C. F. Crump, Althorp
Park, Northampton.'

The fruit crops in this district, generally

speaking, are very good, especially Apples, Pears,
Peaches, Nectarines, and bush fi-uits. Our soil
is a light loam, overlying ironstone, and in a
hc:t. dry season the fruit crops are apt to fail
unless artificial watering and mulching are re-
sorted to. We have been fortunate this season
in having local thunderstorms with heavy rains
just when required, and all crops look promising.
Cherries do not succeed in this locality. John
Meager, Harroivden Hall Gardens, Welling-
borough, Northants.

Nottinghamshire. — The fruit crops this sea-
■son are the most favourable we have had for a
number of years, especially Apples, Pears, and
s.mall fruits. This I attribute to a very late
spring and the absence of frosts. Most fruits
were blooming quite a month later than usual,
therefore Apples and Pears set well. Cater-,
pillars have been troublesome, and appear to
have attacked certain varieties, Gascoyne's
Scarlet Seedling having suffered perhaps more
than any other. Goosebewies and Currants are
vei'y plentiful. Damson Merryweather is caiTy-
ing a heavy crop. Plums are under average.
Our ,sodl is sandy loam restinrg on sand.
N. Baker , Clumber Gardens, Worksop.

The Apple and Pear crops so far are very

promising. No frost interfered with- the blossoms,
and the growth of the fruit has been uninter-
rupted. The foliage is clean and healthy, and
there is a marked absence of insect pests. Cox's
Orange Pippin is carrying fewer fruits than is
usual here. This is probably due to the hea\^'
weight of last season's crop. Ribston Pippin is
quite good. James Gibson, Welbech Gardens,
Worksop.

The fruit crops in this neighbourhood are,

on the whole, very good, but in some orchards
caterpillars have been very destructive. The
varieties suffering most are Allington Pippin,
(.'u\'s Orange Pippin, Newton Wonder, James
(irieve, and Warner's King. Strawberries in
these gardens have been especially good and
plentiful. Small fruits are good. .]?lums. Apri-
cots, and Pears are very light. A. 0. Lehane,
Park Hall Gardens, Mansfield Woodhouse.

Apples, our most important crop, had a

wonderful show of bloom, as was the case with
most fruits. A very fair crop set, but the great
heat early in June caused a good deal of fruit
to drop. This was especially the case with
Worcester Pearmain and Bramley's Seedling.
The best crops are James Grieve, a never-
f.ailing variety, Allington Pippin, Lord Gros-
\enor, Emneth's Early, and Gladstone. The
. trees are very healthy. Plums are a half
crop, but are looking well. Early Prolific is a
full crop, and Damsons are verj' heavy. Black
Currants suffered from frost in May, and the
bundles are very small. Red and White Cur-
rants, Gooseberries, and Raspberries are good.
Strawberries suffered much from the winter, and
plants were late in starting, but such as survived
have cropped well. Royal Sovereign leading the
way. Others carrying good crops were Scarlet
Queen, Bedford 'Champion, FiUbasket, King
George, Reliance, The Earl, Tlie Queen, Vi-
ctln'teisise Hericart de Thury, and Pineapple, the

last-naiined, with Connoisseur, being of the best
flavour, though The Early, St. Fiacre, and St.
Joseph were very good. Rimners will be late and
scarce, especially in the late varieties. /. R.
Pearson and Sons, Lowdham, Notts.

Oxford. — The fruit crops in this district are
weP up to the average. We had a record quantity
of bloom and a good set, but since then insect
pests, especially catei-pillars and aphis, have
spoilt what promised to be a record crop. Apples
are a fair average crop ; they are better on estab-
lished orchard trees than espaliers ; bushes have
suffered very much from catei-pillars, particularly
Cox's Orange Pippin and Allington Pippin.
Pears are a fair crop, but not so good as the
bloom promised. Plums are good, the trees
clean, and the fruit is swelling satisfactorily.
Morello Cherries are a fair crop. Peaches and-
Nectarines, both indoor and out, are heavy crops.
.^11 small bush fruits are abundant and good.
Strawberries were a very light crop owing to
droiight. The soil is a light, shallow loam on
oolitic lim'estone. Ben Campbell, Carnbury
Pirrk Gardens, Charlbury.

All fruit crops are exceedingly plentiful,

and the trees are free from insect pests. The
soil is heavy and retentive of moisture. W.
Miles, Caeersham Park C4ardens, Reading.

The Apple crop promises to be a

very fair one in this district. Our best
varieties are Irish Peach, James Grieve,
Magnum Bonum, Cox's Orange Pippin, Lane's
Prince Albert (very good), Cellini Pippin, and
Tower of Glammis. Pears are bearing a good
crop, especially Josephine de Malines, Le
Lectier, Mai-ie Louise, Souvenir du Congres,
and Pitma^on Duc'hess. Plums vary . a
great deal. Some varieties are very thin,
our best are Cox's Emperor, Kirk's, and
Jefferson's. Bush fruits are carrying excel-
lent crops, and are very clean. Rasp-
berries are abundant on Superlative and Semper
Fidelis ; this latter variety is a good cropper, and
very useful for preserving. Apricots are a fair
crop of nice clean fruits. We have had a very
heavy crop of Sti'awberries ; Kentish Favourite
(good cropper). Royal Sovereign, International,
Latest of All, and Givon's Late Prolific. The
sod, is loam on limestone. William J. Short,
Middleton Park Gardens, Bicester.

Although late, the Apple and Peaj' blos-
som was a fine sight this year, and the trees
and fruit now look very well. Peaches on out-
door walls are healthy, and carry heavy crops.
Apricots are a failure here, also Strawberries.
Potatos look promising, and are yielding a satis-
factory crop so far. The soil is light loam on
gravel and chalk. Recent rains have done much
good. J. A. Hall, Shiplahe Court Gardens,
Henley-on-Tham.es.

• The fruit crops round here are good,

but in some instances Pears and Apples are
not too plentiful. All bush fruits are good
and clean. Peaches are good, and there is no
blister on the leaves. Plums and Damsons are
good. The recent rains have proved very bene-
ficial to all trees and crops. A. B. Wadds, Engle-
field Gardens, Reading.

The severe winter and rather cold spring

seem to have suited fruit trees in South Oxford-
sliire, as the blossom was retarded until the time
for frost had passed. Many Apple trees are
casting off large numbers of fruit, but this is a
good thing, as there will be jjlenty left, and the
fruits will be larger than when over-cropped.
Plums are abundant, and the trees are free from
insects. Gooseberry trees are here badly attacked
by caterpillars — handpicking of the pest has
taken place. Strawberry plants were slightly in-
jured by the dry weather, but rain came in time
to assist tBie sw.elling .of the fruit. Taking it all
round it appears 1917 is almost a record year
for fruit; the trouble is where to get sugar for
preserving. The soil here is stony and poor.
.1. J. Long, Wyfold Court Gardens, near
Heading.

(To be continued.)

August 18, 1917.]

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

69

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Sprino Cabbaoe.-A second so%ving of Cab-
bage seed should be made at once in a fully
exposed, position. Sow thinly in rows 1 foot
apart and keep the ground free from weeds and
carefully netted to preser\-e the seeds from birds.
Plants from early-.sown seed will require atten-
tion, or slugs may do them much harm.

ONION8.— Autumn-sown Onions should be
lifted as soon as the weather is favourable
and jjlaced in a dry, open shed where they
can receive the necessary attention to prepare
them for the store. Thebulbs should be tume<l
frequently, and if hurdles are available on which
they can be placed and raised a few feet from
the ground so much the better, as this will en-
able the air to pass freely amongst them, the
aim being to keep these bulbs as far into the
winter as possible, so that the spring-sown
Onions may be made to last, if possible, until
Onions come again. A sowing of Ailsa Craig.
The Lord Keeper, and Wroxton Globe may now
be made with a view to producine: bulbs next
season which will keep throughout the winter.
Plants raised' now are seldom attacked by mag-
got, and if transplanted on good, rich ground
in March these should prove a remunerative
crop.

Early Potato*.- As soon as the ground is
sufficiently dry early Potatos may be lifted in
order that the ground may be utilised for some
other crop. If the tubers are exposed to the air
for a few hours before being nlaced in the store
they will be all the better for it, and a sprinklinc;
of lime over them may be applied with ad-
vantage.

Frinch Be*n«.— Continue to plant French
Ucans in pits where a little heat can be applied
in damp weather in October. If sufficient pits
are available Beans should be planted freely and
an effort made to maintain a supply as far
through the autumn as possible.

Raoi«he«.-A good .sowing of Radishes may
now be made in rich soil for autimin supplies ;
let water bo applied frequently to promote quick
urowth.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLUER, Gardener to Sir Jeremub Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, E«iiat«.

Dendrobium.— If the cultural conditions
have been favourable, many of the species and
hybrids of deciduous Dendrobiums will be com-
pleting their growths. Soon after the terminal
leaf appears the plants should be placed in a
cooler and drier atmosphere, where they may
receive the benefit of extra sunlight and air. It
\a not always advisable to remove Dendrobiums
from their growing quarters immediately they
appear to have finished growths It is better,
where practicable, to select a position on one
side of the house, where more air and light can
be admitted and l6.ss moisture given them.
Gradually expose them to the sun for a longer
time than usual in the morning, and draw up the
blinds a trifle earlier each afternoon. Do not
allow the plants to become dry- at the roote ;
water should be applied whenever the comnost
appears dry. Any .sudden check at this .'Aage
will cause to start into growth buds tljat should
remain dormant until afl^er the flowering stage.
After a week or two of such treatment the
plaii.ts may be removed to a hou.se of consider-
ably less shade, with a drier and more aii-y atmo-
sphere. Give them just .sufricient water to keep
the roots in a. healthy condition and to prevent
any undue shrivelling of the pseudo-bulbs. The
plants that are well e.stabli.'ihed in small pots
will require more water at the roots than the
larger specimens. The now pseudo-bulbs may
be loosely tied to neat stakes, or be allowed
to a-«sume their natural dependent habit. D
Wardianum flowers more freelv and its flowers

are shown to better advantage when the
pseudo-bulbs axe pennitted to droop. The plants
that are still in vigorous growth should
be afforded plenty of heat and moisture, and
be treated accoixiing to their stages of develop-
ment. . Aerial growths sometimes push forth
fi'om the pseudo-bulbs ; these should be taken
off. and if it is desired to increase the stock
they may be potted either singly or several
together. Cuttings inserted as advised in
the calendar for April 21 last should be
developing roots from the base of the young
growths. After being potted they should be
given a shady poeition in the house until they
are rooted in the compost, when they should
receive treatment suitable to established plants.
Plants of the evergreen section of Dendrobiums
such as D. thyrsiflorum, D. densiflorum. D.
suavi.ssimum and D. chrysotoxum will be in the
middle of their growing season. When these
plants commence to develop fresh roots from
the base of the young growths they can be
moved into fresh teakwood baskets ; use well-
drained Osmunda-fibre ; make it firm and place
the plants near the roof-glass in the Cattileya
or iatermediate house.

Plums. -Ripening Plums should have all un-
necessary growths taken away, especially tliose
that are shading the fruits. The early varie-
ties should be gathered as soon as ready and
made the most of by using them bottling or for
jam.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By .T. c;. WE.STON, Gardener to Lady NORinrOTE,
Eistwell Park, Kent.

AQAPANTHUS UMBELLATU8.— This blue
flowered plant will thrive well in a cool green-
house under ordinary treatment. It makes a
fine specimen when grown in a tub or large pot,
and usually flowers best when thoroughly estab-
lished and pot-bound. At this season it requires
plenty of water, and appFications of manure-
water twice weekly. The flower-spikes will last
in good condition for a long time, when tW plant
is standing in a cool, well-ventilated house.

PEHPETOAL-FLOWERINOiCARNATlONS — TlieSO

are now filling their pots with roots, and should
be given a top-dressing of manure. During the
summer months Carnations do best out of doors,
but they should be half plunged in coal-ashes or
soil. As the gr<nvth elongates, attention must
be given to staking and tying. Light bamboo
canes are recommended. If intended for flower-
ing in the autumn and early winter. Carnations
should be Iioused early, and be at no time
allowed to become saturated with rains. The
end of the present month is not loo early to
get them indoors. Examine the plants at in-
tervals to see if any red spider is in evidence,
and spray them occasionally with an insectidide
as a preventive of the pest. If a spell of bright
w-eather is experienced directly after housing
the plants, give them a good syringing in the
afternoon, sufficiently early to allow of the leaves
getting fairly dry before nightfall. Varieties
of the type of Carola should not be put outside
at all, as they are more healthy if grown under
ghass the whole season.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Hv \V. .\. ro.iK, flarilencr to the Tl.m. .Miniru .(.
l>AVh;v, .Milfotts Wood, tindalminff. .Surrey.

Pear Rust makes its appearance in June,
and very gradually increases till August, caus-
ing a vellowish spot on the imderside of
the leaf.' In the case of an attack upon young
trees, or th<«e trees which have no fruit up<i!i
them, apply a good spraying of a solution mad"
from 4 lbs. of lime and 3 lbs. of'sulphate of
coipper to about 50 gallons'water.

Pearb.— These fruits have improved im-
mensely, especially on orchard-grown trees, since
the heavy rains in the early days of the month.
We measured 3.90 inches in five days. The nets
should be taken off the main beds of Goose-
berries, and dried and folded up and labelled,
if .not requiie<l again for use, but they are use-
ful for pi-otecting Pears from birds, and if Pears
are protected before the birds get a taste they
do not give much trouble. If birds commence
siting the fruits Tiear the ."st.alk .the wasps will
ftoon fini.sh them. Williams's Bon Chretien,
.largonelle. Beurre Giffard, and ('lii|ip's
Favourite are varieties that are most often at-
tacked. These should be netted first.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

B.i .J.\s. Hudson, Head Gardener at Gunnersbui-y House,
Aoton, W.
Frebhly Planted Vines.— Young Vines that
were planted this spring should by this time
have made a satisfactory and vigorous growth.
Where such is the case more ventilation should
now be given them so that the young wood will
gradually harden and mature. I have before
referred to the treatment of the lateral growths
ou these vines. Now, I should let all such
growths hang down rather than keep them on
the trellis. In this way I have had young slioots
from 4 to 6 feet in length suspended, so to
speak, from the main rod. By so doing the
main buds gain in plumpness and the wood
ripens better. I do not advise the use of
the knife at all on these young vines at this
season ; all that is needed can be carried out by
pinching with the finger and thumb. The venti-
latiun sliould be reduced in time to raise the
tereperature some 10° or so, but a little air may
now be left on all night. When reducing the
\entilation continue still to syringe the vines
freeh' and eai-ly in the morning when it
■bids fair for a fine day. No fire-heat is now
essential for young vines. Keep a close watch
as to the state of the border, and do not on any
account allow the soil to become at all dry.
More young vines, in my opinion, suffer froan
want of water I'aither than anything else. A
oounse ot treatment almost simil»r to that I have
described is suitable for vines of the second and
third year upon which a few bunches of fruit
may be ripening. These vines cannot, of course,
be isprayed, but neverfchelass the atmospheiro
must not be kept too dry. As soon as con-
venient let these young vines be relieved of their
bunches ; do not keep them hanging just to look
at, rather think of what is necessary to get a
gr.od crop next year.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

H\- W. J. Guise. Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Staflordahire.

Spring Beddinq Plants.— Vacant ground
in the kitchen garden may be utilised for trans-
planting spring-bedding plants ; soil recently
occupied by Potatos will only need to be raked
and made moderately firm. Plants that need
attention at once include Aubrietias, Myosotis,
Daisies, Campanulas, Arabis, Polyanthuses,
Armerias, Violas, Pansies, Bromjiton Stocks,
Honesty (Lunaria biemiis), Alyssum, and Fox-
gloves. If the weather be dry the plants should
b-5 watered a few hours before moving them.
Fiequent attention will be netessai-y in the way
ot watering and. hoeing.

The Rock Garden.— Plants that have over-
grown their space must not be allowed to smother
the more choice varieties. Keep the plants free
from weeds by careful hand weeding ; remove
all <lead flowers and foliage, and stir the soil
lightly with a smaU hand fork. Replace the
soil where the roots have been exposed by heavy
rains. It is advisable to keep a few Alpine
plants in small pots to make good any failures
that occur at any period. The plants must not
suffer for want of water, and some may be fomid
quite dry at the roots, even after rain. Young
[ilants raised from seed should be transplanted
without delay, and fresh seeds may still be sown
to prodtice plants for next year, provided they
are sown at once.

Dfi PHtNiuM— A second display of bloom
may be obtained by cutting down the flower
stalks at; once. If seed is to be saved it should
be cut a few days before it is quite ripe. There
is ."'till time to sow seed, but the same results
ir.ust not be expected as from those sown earlier
in the .season. The old plants will need stimu-
lants ill the fomi of liquid manure or smne a,p-
jiroved fertiliser.

70

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuQusT 18, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Out correspondents
ii'uiild obviate delut/ in obtaining answers to
their coniinuiiiiittioits and save us much time and
trout)le, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to firumcial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. 27(c two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
find iiuuh unnecessary delay and confusion arise
uhcn h-ttcrs are misdirected.

Illustrations. — The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of garde7ts, or of remarkable
floivers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake tn j'",v /"i any contri-
butions or illustrations, or tn triiun iiiiiised cont-
munications or illustrations uHh\>s hy special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold ihemseivcs
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

AvBRAGB Mean Tempbratdrb for the ensuing week

deHiuced tii>in obstj vations during I tie liist lifi\
VKUs at GreeiiMidl, 61.3.
Actual Temperaturb : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offloe, 41, Wellington Street,
Coveiit Uarden. London. Thursifay, August 16
10 a.m.; But. 29.a; temii. 69.0°. Weather— Suuny

Atteution has already
Varieties and been drawn in these
Fooo Values. pages to the importance
of taking chemical com-
position into consideration when estimat-
ing the value of a variety of food produc-
ing plant. There are, of course, many
other qualities which are essential and must
be taken into consideration by the seed-
raisers who are responsible for putting
new varieties on the market. Moreover,
in suggesting that the seed merchant or
seed raiser of the future will have ana-
lytical chemists on his staff of experts,
whose duty lit will be to ascertain the
clieinical composition of new varieties,
we do not forget that the chemical com-
]iosition of a given variety of food plant
— for example, a Mangold or a Potato —
may vary widely according to the soil
and climate in which it is grown. Such
qualities as earliness, high yielding capa-
city, disease resistance, flavour, and the
like, must all be considered if an attempt
is to be made to compare scientifically
the true values of two or more varie-
ties of a given kind of food plant. In
other words, the seed raiser of the
future will not simply hand over his
intricate business to a stafi of chemists,
but will use that staff in order to ascer-
tain whether the new varieties which he
propose.s to put on the market show what
we may call a chemical improvement on
existing varieties. In illustration of the
wide differences in chemical composition
which exist between the chief varieties of
a given kind of plant we may cite the
figures published by Dr. F. T. Shutt,
Chemist to the Dominion of Canada.*
Analyses of .36 varieties of Mangold .show
that whereas the variety richest in drv
matter contains no le.ss than 1.3 per cent.,
the poorest variety in this respect oon-

• Report n/ tht Division of Chemistry, 1916, Ottawa.

tains only 7.32 per cent. Furthermore,
the former variety contains 5.66 per cent,
of sugar and the latter only 2.86.

Figures such as these taken by them-
selves offer no proof that the rich variety
is actually superior from the point of
view of agricultural manufacture to
the chemicaJJy poor variety ; but they
suffice to show that there is a well-estab-
lished ease for furthex inquirj'. Such
inquiry would have to concern itself with
yield per acre and actual feeding value as
ascertained by exjaeriment, as well also as
the suitability of each of the varieties
to different soil and climatic conditions.
It is evident, therefore, that long and
thoroughgoing investigation would h& re-
quired before all the data necessary for
defining the "best" varieties could be
ascertained. Such investigation is clearly
Ijeyond the scope of seed raisers, and
would have to be unidertaken by well-
staffed scientific institutions working in
co-operation with seed raisers. Yet it
cannot be doubted that inquiries along
these lines would be productive of results
of great value. The agriculturist and the
horticultvirist are maiuifacturers of food,
and their ultimate object is to produce
economically the maximum amount of the
best kinds of food. Without the applica-
tion of the chemical test there is always
a danger that the advantages promised by
a new variety may not outweigh chemical
disadvantages. That this danger is a
real one is apparent from the observa-
tion made by Dr. Shutt in the cour.se of
the Report already referred to: "The
average yields have assuredly been affected
by the introduction ... of a number of
new varieties of more or less low feeding
quality."

We commend this article to the notice
of all those who are engaged in the seed
industry, for although it may contain
nothing that is new to them, it cannot fail
to focus their attention on aspects of seed
raising which are apt to be ignored.

One of the most in.struotive tables pub-
li.shed by Dr. Shutt is that recording year
by year for a period of 16 years the com-
nosition of two varieties of Mangold —
Gate Post and Giant Yellow Globe. The
average sugar content throughout this
time was, in tlie case of Gate Post 6.16, and
in that of Giant Yellow Glol>e 4.G3, al-
though, of course, the percentage of sugar
in the iuice fluctuated from year to year :
nevertheless the former variety main-
tained consistently its superiority over
the latter in this respect, demonstrating
conclusively that " blood will tell." The
varieties had preci.sely similar treatment,
and were grown side by side on the same
soil in the Central Farm, Ottawa.

Thaliotrum dipterocarpum (see fia;. 26). —
The beauty of this comparatively new species
of Thalictrum from Cliiiia is so irresistible that
it is not surprising that the E.H.S. Floral t'om-
mittee <iecided a fortnight ago to give it the
highest award available, namely, the First-class
'''ertificate, the Award of Merit granted in 1908
being scarcely adequate. Its tall, branching
inflorescences are most graceful, whilst the colour

of the flowers is the daintiest and most pleasing
shade possible. It is perfectly hardy, and grows
with the utmost freedom.

Autumn SHOws.-The Royal Horticultural
Society's Vegetable Show will be held on
September 25, and the show of Britiish-grown
fruits on October 9. Schedules f<n- both sItows
can be had on application to the Secretai"y,
R.H.S., Vincent Square, Westminster, S.W.

Centenarian Market Gardener.— The

Times announces the death, in the fii'st week of
August, of Mr. William Turner, a market gar-
dener, of C'arisbrooke, Isle of Wight, at the age
of one hundred years.

Kent Apples.— The annual auction sales of
Apples on the trees in Kent have commenced, and
good prices are being realised. Near Paddock
Wood four acres of Apples wei'e sold for over
five hundred pounds, and a couple of aci-es at
Tonbridge for two hundred and thirty pounds.

Crop Prospects.— The Board of Agricul-
ture, reporting on agricultural conditions in Eng-
land and Wales on August 1, states that the
weather during July was mostly warm and dry
until the end of the month, when rain set in,
and that the conditions were generally favourable
to the crops on the whole, especially in the west.
Wheat shows some improvement durmg the
month ; it is considerably better in the west than
in the east of the country, prospects varying from
about average in the counties bordering on the
Severn, to nearly 10 per cent, below in Lincoln
and Norfolk. Barley is the best of the corn
crops, but promises to be over average only in
thi west and north. Oats are a variable but poor
crop, prospects being much worse in the eastern
corn-gi-owing districts, but average or even over
in Wales and the north-west. The two latter
crops, more particularly, have been a good deal
damaged by the storms at the end of the month.
Beans appear to be the worst crop of the year,
especially in the east ; Peas are better, but not
up to the average. Potatos are everywhere pro-
mising ; no district anticipates a yield below
average, and in many areas in the south 'they are
e.\pected to j'ield 10 per cent, above the mean.
There is a certain amount of disease in the south-
west, but in the rest of the country very little
is reported. Roots are healthy and promising.
.\11 through the dry period of the month fly was
very troublesome, and many fields had to be re-
sown. The rain towards the end came in time
to effect a material improvement. Mangolds
were suited by the weather, and a further ad-
vance may be noted in their prospects, which are
everywhere above the average, except in the ex-
treme north. Summarising the returns, and ex-
pressing an average crop by 100, the appearance
of the crops on August 1 indicated probable
yields per acre which may be denoted by the fol-
lowing percentages : Wheat, 95 ; Barley, 99 ;
Oats, 93; Beans, 85; Peas, 94; Potatos, 105;
Mangolds, 102: Hops, 101; and seed hay, 96;
meadow hay, 91.

Railway Gardens.- The annual inspection
of the gardens on the Underground Railways of
London has just taken place, and prizes to the
total value of about £30 have been awarded by
the company. The three 1st prizes, £3 each, have
been awarded respectively to Inspector Fdlwell
(NorthfieMs Station), Platelayer Eccles (South
Kensington Station), and Foreman Macey (Wal-
ham Green St.ation). Further prizes are being
offered to the .itaff for the best collection of
vegetables, whether grown on or off the com-
pany's property.

Local Societies.- The annual show of the
Nutley Cottagers' Horticultural Society wa,s held
on Jidy 25. In consequence of inclement weather
the number of visitors was small, but the ex-
hibits were niunerous and of good quality.
Fruits and vegetables were the chief features.
The exhibition of the Whetstone (Herts. 1 Ama-
teur Gardeners' Society, held on the 26th ult.,

AuousT 18, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

71

26.— THALICTKUM DIPTEKUCAUPUM : CULOLIl OF FLOWERS A PRETTY SHADE OF MAUVEHLUE.

Awui^ed li.H.S. Award ol Merit on August 18, 1908. ami ]{.1I..S. FirsUclass CeilJBfate «i July 31, 1917. (See p. 70.)

72

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 18, 1917,

in the Congi'egatioiial Hall, was very successful.
The fruit was especially &oe. T.he Homsey
Amateur Horticultural Society held their eighth
annual exhibition on July 28 ; the exSmbits,
which consisted chiefly of vegetables, were
creditable and well staged, and there was
keen competition in the class for allotment
holdieps. Tihe Leyton Allotment Holders' Society
held a successful show on the 6th inst.
The^ produce was afterwards sold for the
benefit of St. Dunstan'.s Hostel for Blinded
Soldiers, one Vegetable Marrow fetching tliree
guineas. On the same day the West End Asso-
ciation (Leicester) organised an exhibition on
the County Cricket Ground. The Challenge Cup
presented by the Leicester Daili/ Mercury for.
th« best collection of vegetables grown on an
allotment was won by S. L. Cocks, who also
won a prize for the best-cultivated allotment.
The twentieth annual show of the Gargrave
(Yorks) Horticultural Society .took place on the
4th inst. Ift consisted mainly of exhibits of
vegetables and fruits, the most keenly contested
classes being those for cottage gardeners.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(.The Eililors do not hold themselves resjwnsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Frost and Evergreens (see fig. 27). —
Some weeks ago I gave a bi'ief account
of the results of stripping the injured leaves
fi-om evergreen trees damaged by frost
(see Oard. Chron., July 7, p. 8), and men-
tioned the particular 'instaaice of Benthamia
f ragifc-ii. Since that note was written the effects
of the removal of the leaves have become so
striking, that it seems worth while to revert to
the matter again, especially as they lend them-
selves to photographic ilFustra/tion (see fig. 27).
In my previous note I referred to two branches
which were stripped of their damaged leaves, and
I should also have mentioned one. small lateral
branch on the opposite side of the tree, which
was similarly cleared as a sort of control. The
Llli:stration shows clearly that the new leafy
branches have pushed, and are developed well
on these two main branches, which are on the side
exposed to the north wind (left hand in the
illustration), and also on the small lateral branch
on the south side of the tree. Practically all the
shoots which began to push on the unstripped
branches have died, although at the very base,
where the tree splits up to the main divisions,
young shoots are now beginning to pusl». There
is no doubt, from the results, that if I had
stripped the leaves from the whole of the tree
every main branch would have been saved. The
experiment is interesting as throwing some light
on the water relations that obtain in a tree of
this sort during the winter. It is tolerably clear
that the wood contains, in ordinary circum-
stances, a quantity of water, which is sufficient
to meet the requirement of the young leafy
branches when they push in late spring ; and the
roots, of course, continue to maintain the sup-
plies which are lost by the transpiration of the
tender leaves. But it would appear that the
margin in frosty weather may become a small
one. During heavy frost the roots are unable
to discharge tlieir functions properly, and as
soon as the thaw comes, especially if it be at-
tended by sunny weather, the old leaves begin
to lose considerable quantities of water. If this
goei on at too rapid a rate, damage occurs, and
whether the leaves have been otherwise injured
by frost or not tliey may wither, in consequence
of shortage of water supply, and the effect will be
greatly aggravated if they have already been
really damaged. Loss of water continues, and
it is not unlikely that air may ultimately re-
place part of tlie lost water in the wood vessels
and tracheids. If this occurs in any serious de-
gree the tree may at once die without showing
.niny signs of renewed vitality. But .if, a.s often
happenis, the lose of water from the wood has
not been too great, the young shoots may sprout,
only to wither back as the available water sup-
plies that can be passed to them from the wood
prove to be deficient. I think that this is the
obvious interpretation to be placed on the re-
sults detailed above. It seems certain that some

obstacle (such as air in the tubes) prevented the
adequate water supplies readiing the shoots, in
the unstripped boughs later on, as otherwise one
would have expected the entire water contents
of the tree as a whole to have been pooled.
Instead of this we find a sharp separation be-
tween the boughs that were, and those which
were not, defoliated, a separation that becomes
more instead of less marked as the days pass by.
It is not improbable that further experiments
will afford some variety in the results obtained,
and it seems reasonable to anticipate, not only
that such diversity will actually occur, but that
it will find its explanation in differences which
obtain in the mode of water-and-air distribution
in the tree. No doubt the facts and their causes -
are analogous to those observed in, e.g., a Yew
bush when a number of its leafy branches have
died. Everyone knows how the removal of the
dead (evaporating) stuff is promptly followed
by the pushing of new shoots, leading to the
renovating of the bush. However this may be,
t<he importance of preventing the loss of valu-
able evergreens is so great as to justify a full
consideration being given to the matter as a
whole, and it is the hope of inducing others to
help in elucidating the rather complex, though
very attractive, problems here indicated that
must serve as the excuse for my returning again

S O C I £2 T I S S .

BOTAL HORTICULTURAL.

Scientific Committee.

JuLV H.— Present : Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
(in tlie chair), Messrs. J. Fraser, H. .J. EIwe«,
and F. J. Ciiittenden (hon. sec).

Sjiencer Cupid Hweet Pea. — A Certificate of
Appreciation was unanimously recommended to
Mr. George T. Dickson, Newtownards, for his
work along Mendelian lines in raising the
Spencer type of flower combined with the dwarf
habit of tihe Cupid form of Sweet Pea.

Damage by Hail. — Mr. Fraser showed a series
of plants, including Onions, Potatos and Peas, in
which the damage done by hail storms in June
was very evident. The Pot,ato had its stem
broken, and both Peas and Onions showed white
spots as a result of the battering by the hail-
stones.

Various Plants. — Mr. Elwes showed a num-
ber of plants from his garden, including Poteriura
tenuifolium album, which there attains to 6 feet
in height ; Prunella gi^andiflora and P. Webb-
iana ; Dendrobium. aurantiaoum, the pseudo-
bulbs of which are collected and used in Ja,pan-
ese medicine ; Lycoris squamigera and Crinum

(Tile if

Fig. 27. — frost and evergreens.

ill tlie centre of Benlliainia fragifera plant are dead.)

to the matter, and at greater length than before.
J. U. Farmer.

Some Novelties.— I agree with Dr. H. E.
Durham (see p. 42) if & applies the woixi
"novelty" only to new plants or varieties. I
did not, however, use tlie word thus; I intended
to convey that the plants were unusual in the
garden. E. Molynevx, Swanmo-re Park Farm,
Bishop's Waltham.

Grapes vj^ithout Fire-heat.— During a
visit to a neighbouring garden I saw some very
satisfactory crops of Grapes (Black Hamburgh,
Madresfield Court, Buckland Sweetwater, , and
Muscat of Alexandria), which had not received
at any period during the present year any aid
from fire-heat. The vines named are growing in
a lean-to house ; the bunches weigh from 2 lbs. to
3 lbs. each, the berries are swelling regularly,
and some of the varieties are beginning to
be tinged with amber. Often the night tem-
perature was as low as 55° during the blos-
soming period. It is evident that Black
Hamburgh, Madresfield Court and other varieties
are quite" amenable to i;ool-house treatment, and
succeed under such conditions. Last year .similar
methods were adopted, but during the month of
September and onwards a little artificial warmth
was given to ripen the berries, which kept in
good condition until the middle of January.
2?. S.

yomense, which thrive at Colesbourne against a
wall ; Crinum Rattrayi ; Hymenocallis sp. with
„ an exceedingly sweet scent ; Alstromeria pere-
griiia alba ; and a species of Hunnemannia, a
tender plant which when treated as a half-hai-dy
annual does well outdoors.

XnllaUia cerasiformis Fruitini/. — Mr. Bowles
showed fiuiits of Nuttallia from his garden. Most
trees and shiiibs of spring-flowering habit ap-
pear to be fruiting freely this year.

Curious Sport in Delphinium. — Mr. Berkley,
of Redgate Hall, Wolsingham, Co. Durham, sent
leaves from a Hybrid Delphinium in his garden,
one branch of which, while bearing normal
flowers, differed from the others in having
entire leaves similar in form to those of Clematis
integrifolia.

Bhiekthorn Growing on Apple Baric. — Sir
Harry Veitch sent a piece of Apple bark from
which a Blackthorn, Prunus spinosa, was grow-
ing much in the same way as does Mistleto.
Mr. Elwes mentioned the case of a Hawthorn
which was growing from the branch of a Scots
Fir, apparently, as in the Blackthorn shown,..
rooting into the branoh itself.

Sport in Diervilla. — Mr. John Grimes sent
from his garden at Cardiff branches of Diervilla
rosea in which, instead of the normal opposite
decussate arrangement of leaves in the upper
part of the shoots, the leaves were in whorls of
three. This had first occurred in 1916.

ArausT 18, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

72

MOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

.\rG. 14. — There were some empty spaces in
tlie Drill Hall on Tuesday last, and- -War not-
withstanding— a holiday air abroad. Some inter-
esting e.xhibits were staged, but novelties were
few. and the attendance small throughout the
day. Mr. R. W. Wadlace gave a lecture on
■'Water Gardens" in the afternoon, and Mr.
Vincent Banks followed with a demonstration
on "Fruit and Vegetable Bottling and Drying."

The members of the Floral Committee turned
up in goodly numbers, and gave their chairman,
Mr, Henrj- B. May, a hearty welcome upon his
return after a serious illness. A note of sorrow
mingled with the gladness, however, when Mr.
W. B. Cranfield rose to pay a tribute to the work
and memory of the late Mr. Druery, who was a
member of the committee for many years.

Stokesia cyanea, S. c. alba, the dark blue-
purple Aconitum Spark's variety, and the
elegant Thalictrum dipterocarpum were all well
shown in a group of hardy flowers, notably
Phloxes, set up by Mr. James Box. Mr. G.
Recthk made a feature of Berberidopsis corallina
and Eucryphia pinnatifolia, both charming
shrubs. A whole length of tabling was again
occupied by Gladioli staged by Messrs. Kel-
WAY AND Son. On this occasion there were about
four hundred spikes displayed, and a fine con-
trast was made by associating the deep purple-
blue of Baron Joseph Hulot with the varying
shades of yellow found in the Lang prim hybrids
derived from G. primulinus. Beau Brocade is
evidently a descendant of Baron Joseph Hulot,
but has lighter colouring in the throat.

A suggestion of autumn was provided by
Messrs. .1. Cheal and Sons, who displayed show.
Cactus, Paeony, smgle and star Dahlias, as well
as Phloxes and a collection of sprays of trees and
shrubs, the latter including fruiting branches of
Pyrus Aucuparia luteocarpa. Viburnum Lanitana.
and V. Opulis. Bishton Wonder, of a pale shade
of heliotrope and very sweetly scented, was a
fine Carnation in Messrs. Allw'ood Brothers'
stand ; this firm has now exhibited Carnations at
every meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
f'lr two yeare.

A bright salmon pink Phlox named Aubrey
Alder was submitted by Mr. W. Wells, jun.,
and it is a very beautiful form, with a mauve
centre. The wonderful variation in Nephrolepis
was made verj- evident by the many forms
grouped by Mess.rs. H. B. May and Sons. A
group from the Alder River Nurseries was
greatly admired ; it contained Crinum Powellii
alfca, Thalictrum dipterocai-puni, the grac«>ful
Coriaria japfmica (finely fruited), Lilium
Henryi, Lycoris snu.amigera. Agapanthus Moore-
anus, and vases of the deep bhie fruits of Clin-
tonia Andrewsiana. Interesting planis brought
from Colesbounie bv Mr. H. J. Elwf.s included
Crinnm Moorei var. , from South Africa, a splen-
did form, and finer than the other varieties
shown; Hedychium Gardneriannni, H. Greenii
(.scarlet), H. coccineum, H. spicatum (white),
and II. gracile, with tiny, whitish flowers.
Sypney Morris, Esq. (gr. Mr. G. Henley). Nor-
wich, exhibited three fine Montbretias, and of
these the vivid oranee Queen Adelaide was the
larger and most brilliant.

Athvrium Filix foemjna Clarissima, shown by
Mr. W. B. Cranfield, Enfield Chase, was a
superb and elegant specimen, with graceful
fronds over a yard long, and about 15 inches
ai'ross at the widest, .\ceompanying this plant
was a letter from Mr. Cranfield to the Chairman
of the Floral Committee, as follows : —

"Ea.st Lodge-. Enfield Chase,
' Dear Sir, — I have thought the occasion ap-
propriate for submitting to the notice of the Com-
mittee a division of the original plant of A. F.-f.
Clarissima upon which the late Mr. C. T.
Druerj' discovered the phenomenon of Apos-
pory. It was found by R. Moule. in North
Devon, in 1868, and passed into the possession
of the late Col. Jones. The foi-m is the rarest
and one of the most beautiful in our native
Alhyrium family, and possesses the additional
merit of being a wild find. A number of Apo-
si>orous off-springs were raised and distributed
by the late Mr. C. T. Druer>', but they differ
materially from the parent, as many Aposporous
I fl springs do, in that their development is

nothing like so luxuriant or regular as the
original.

"My plant has not been grown for exhibition,
but in a herbal shelter, with other choice forms.
— yoiire faithfully,

W. B. Cranfield."

A Cultui-al Commendation was awarded to
Mr. Cranfield for this fern, and it may be
added that the variety gained a First-Class Certi-
ficate in 1873.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee had a
fairly long sitting, but the only outward and
visible sign of their deliberations was the award
of a Silver-gilt Banksiaji Medal to Messrs.
Dobbie and Co. for a superb exhibit of Potatos.
This group consisted of twenty baskets of ex-
ceptionally clean and shapely tubers ; the
examples of Midlothian Early. Climax, Great
Sect. Edzell Blue. Witch Hill, Sir John Llewelyn.
Epicure, and Duke of York were particula.rly
fine. Mr. C. Urban. Bushey Lodge, Teddington,
sent a variegated form of the Jlusselburgh Leek,
and Mr. Bergheim, Belsize Court. Hampstead,
showed specimens of Valparaiso Blood Peaches.
Mr. and Mrs. Banks staged an interesting col-
lection of bottled fruiits and vegetables and drie<l
fruits and vegetables, as used by them in tire
demonstration given during the afternoon,
.fudging from some branches shown in full fruit
by Mr. H. Close, there are wonderful crops of
Plums at his Orpington fruit farm.

Floral Committee.

Present: Mr. Henry B. May (chairman), and
Messrs. W. B. Cranfi'eld. W.'G. Baker. W. J.
P.ean, G. Reuthe, .John Green, Sydney Morris,
J. T. Bennett-Poe. R. W. Wallace, H. Cowley.
R Hooper Pearson, A. G. Jackman, John Heal,
C. Dixon, C. R. Fielder. Thos. Stevenson.
Arthur Turner, E. F. Hazelton, W. P. Thom
son, J. F. McLeod, J. Jeimings. Chas. E. Pear-
.<-on, E. H. Jenkins, George Paul and Wm. Howe.
Award of Merit.

Giailinliis Lwli/ Ilo.ifinary Pnrtnl. — A beaxitiful
li.rge-flowered variety with blu.sh-white flowers,
the lower, inner segments having a creamy-
yellow shading and a median line and pencillings
■>f lavender on the basal half, where the yellow
tinting is deepest. From Messrs. J. Kelway and
Son, Langport.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. W. B. Cranfield, for specimen of
Athyrium Filixfoemina.

Groups.

SilveT-gilt liankukm Mednl. To Messrs. J.
Kelway and Son, for Gladioli.

Silver Flora Mrdnl. To Messrs. H. B. May
and Sons, for Ferns, and to Mr. J. Box, for
Phloxes and other hardy flowers.

Silci-r linnksian Mcilnl. To the Alder River
Nursery Co., for Liliums, etc. ; to Messrs. Ai,l-
UDOD Bi!OS.. for Carnation,; to Messrs. J.
Cheal and Sons, for v<hrubs and Dahlias ; and
to Mr. G. Rei-the, for hardy plants.

Orchid Coirmlftee.

Prcfonl: Sir Harry J. Vcitch (in the chair),
and .Messrs. .las. O'Brien (hon. setTetary),
Williim Bolton. R. A. Rolfe, F. K. Sander,
J. E. Shill, J. Charlesworth, Arthur Dye, C. H.
Curtis, W. H. White, O. J. Luca.s, R. G.
Thwaites, F. J. Hanbury, E. R. Ashton, T.
Armstrong, and Pantia Ralli.
AWARDS.
Award of Mekit.

Ciilllri/fi Mliiiin (O'lirieniana alba X Suzanni'.
Hijfde Crom), from Messrs. Armstrong and
Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A
charming .iddition to the O'Brieniana alba
crossos, .all of which are noted for the compact
form and durability of their flowers. The C.
Albion is a model in shape, the flowers well
displayed, and of firm substance, pure white,
the prettily crimped lip having a clear chrome
yellow disc. The smnll seedling plant bore a
strong spike of two flowers.

Caftleya friiniipluinf var. The Baron (Hex X
Dowinna auren), shown by Mr. J. E. Shill.
The Dell Gardens, Rndefield Green. A showy
flower, quite intermediate between the two
parents. The sepals and petals are bright yel-
low, the petals having a rose-coloured veining at

the tips. The lip is large and of magenta-crim-
son with rose margin, and with golden-yellow
lines from tlie base to the centre.
General Exhibits.

Silrer Flora Medals were awarded to Messrs.
Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst, Tun-
bridge Wells, for a group of showy Laelio-Cat-
tleyas, etc., among which were a fine example of
the deep rose and purple L.-C. Geo. Woodhams,
wit!i a selection of hybrids from it of fine quality,
and including L.-C. Rhenus and L.»C. Magueda.
A large white Miltonia vexillaria Queen
Alexandra, and various hybrid Odonto-
glossums and Odontiodas were noted ; and
Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywai-ds
Heath, for a group which included Laelio-
Cattleya Laura (L.-C. Seylla x C. Lord Roths-
(.hild), with pale yellow sepals and petals tinged
witli i-ose, the lip having gold lines ; and L.-C.
Erica (L.-C. St. Gothard X C. Empress Frede-
rick), ivise with fine purple lip having claret vein-
ing.

Silver BanJcsian Medal to Messrs. Sanders,
St. Albans, for a group, the best plants in
which were the very large and handsome
Laelio-Cattleya Soulange var. Britannic (C.
Dowiana aurea x L.-C. Lustre), with deep ro.-ie
sepals and petals and large purple labellum
with yellow disc; the albino CatUeya Leopoldii
Sanderae, and Brasso-Cattleya Rex (B. Digby-
ana X C. Rex), white, with yellow disc to the
lin.

Messrs. Flory and Blagk, Slough, showed a
fine fonn of their Brasso-Cattleya Ilene. very
lari^e, tinned with soft rose, the broad, fringed
lip having a bright yellow disc.

Fruit and VegretablB Committee.

Present : M'r. .Joseph Cheal (in the chair). Lord
Lambourne. Rev. W. Wilks. and Messrs E A.
Bnnvard, F. Perkins, A. R. Allan, J. C. All-
grove, Edwin Beckett, P. C. M. Veitch, W. H.
Divers, Owen Thomas, W. Bates, H. Somers
Rivers, and A. Bullock.

Group.

A Sih-rr-ijilt Ilaidsinn Medal was awarded to
Messrs. Dobbie ano Co., Edinburgh, fiu' a col-
lection of Pot.atos.

®bttuari2.

C. T. DnuBRY.-The death of Mr. C. T.
Druery, V.M.H., which we announced last week,
occurred at his residence at Acton, after a long
illness borne with exemplary patience. Deceased
was a prolific writer on horticulture, an accom-
jilishetl linguist, and the author of numerous
works in jioetry and prose, buti it will be by his
wiilings on British Ferns and their varieties that
his name will be particularly associated.

Born in 1843, it was in the later seventies that
he first commenced the cultivation of the varie-
tie.i of British Ferns which he afterwards pur-
r.\UH] with much enthusiasm, and recommended
to others with such conviction. As a Feni
hunter and raisei' he was second to none. The
creation of the Superbum section in Athyrium
Filix-foieimjna, and the CJracillimum types in
Polystichum aculeatum, many of which have re-
ceived recognition at the hands of the R(]y:il
Horticultural Society, were themselves aclilevc-
tneaiitls oif the. highest order, wliilst his many wild
(fnds teslifi.ed to the keenness nnd accuracy oit
his observation. His three works on Briti.«h
Ferns ,and their varieities, viz., Clntin- P.rilish
Ferm. published in 1891, Book of I',,ih<h /'.///■,
publi.«lhcd in 1903, and British Fern.-: and Tlirir
Vorietiex, published by Routledge in 1910, arc
standard authorities. For many years he was
m member of the Floj-al amd Scientific Cam-
mBttees of the Royal Horlicultural Siociety,
whilst he was one mf the fi.i^. edxty to be
awarded the Victorian Medal oif Honour in
Horticulture. His discovery oif Aposipory
secTiired his reicognition at the hands of siime of
the foremost conitem'poirary botanists and gcie,n-
tisls. He was one of the oldest members of
the British PteridologicaJ Society, of whioh
Society he had acted as pre.sid,ent and hon.
sccretai-v. He also founded and was the editor
of the Society's Gazette.

74

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Atcust 18, 1917.

His contributions to the lioi-ticultural press
extended over a number of years. He was an
accomplished d ra.iightsman , .and tilie illustrations
;i'n moBtt of his works are prodinotioiis of his
i>wn pern. He was one of the I'oundeiis of the
Hoi'ticulitiiral Cluli, and. served on its coimnittee
from its establi-sTi'meiitt in 1875. He was a r.egu-
lar attendant at its monlthly meetings and at the
annual outings.

The remains were laid to rest in Acton Nerw
Cemetery on Saturday last, in the presence of
many relatdv.es'and friends, whilst floral tributes
fi-om absent friends and from the societies with
which he was associated testified to the uni-
vensal respect and esteem in which he was held.

We understand that the entire collection of
British Ferns accumulated by the late Mr. Chas.
T. Drueiy, and grown by him at Acton for many
years past, and all his bonks, specimens, and
papers relating to ferns will pass into the hands
of_ Mr. W. B. Cranfield, of Enfield Chase.
Middlesex.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM

AiTUMN Grass for Cows.
Pastures that have been heavily grazed during
the summer should be given a rest, even if but
fpr two or three weeks. Cut off any tuffets of
coarse grass, Thistles, or other obno.xious weeds
that may be jiresent, including Ragwort, which
is very common this year, but may easily be got
rid of by pulling it up with the roots. With
a hoe spread the cow and horse droppings to
free the grass underneath. Thoroughly scratch
tlie surface with chain or tooth harrows, spread-
ing the manure evenly. Well roll the i^lot to
)nake firm the grass after the harrowing, and in
two weeks an improvement will be manifest,
especially if the weather is showery.

M.uzE FOR Cattle.

The seed sown in May under favourable con-
ditions has this year produced a vigorous plant,
now 4 feet to 6 feet high, and it is quite ready
for use, but as there is almost a plethora of
grass the Maize is not yet required. A small
quantity fed to the cows in the .shed while being
milked will improve the quantity, as well as the
quality of the milk. For horses, too, Maize is a
U(]od food cut with the hay or straw chaff.

Basic Slag for Grass.

The value of basic slag for grass as a means
of improving the sward is becoming more gener-
ally appreciated, inducing, as it does, an in-
crease in the growth of Clovers and the finer
grasses. As basic slag contains as much as 35
to 55 per cent, of lime, maaiy think that on grass
overlying ohalk the slag can have no good effect.
But these scepticisms must be worn down.

For several years I have tested the value of
basic slag on grass on the Downs, where but 4
inches of soil in .some places overlays the chalk,
perliaps 200 feet aeep, yet the improvement in
the grass after one dressi'iig of slag at the rate
n)f 5 cwt. per acre, four years ago, is obvious
e(\'en after tlhat lapse of time.

Basic slag will promote the growth of Clover
where Clover was never known to grow. Too
often those who decry its use have not applied
it at the right moment. They are apt
to tliink the month of AprU is soon
enough, as in the case of some other artificial
.stimulants, whereas, owing to its slow rate of
assimilation, basic slag should be applied early
in November at the rate of 4 cwt. or 6 cwt. per
acre, thoroughly harrowing the grass previously,
and do not let cattle or sheep run over the grass
for two months after the slag is sown. E.
Mnli/nevx.

ANSWERS TO CSRRESPeNDENTS.

Asi-ARAGl'S 1'eA : J.. J,;, (//ill. Tlir srnl nf

Asparagus Pea, or Lotus Tri ri^.iiiiih.IiH: .
.should be obtainable from any nF ilu- I.M.Im-
seedsmen. Seed should be sown tlimlv about
the middle of April, on a south border, leav-
ing a .space of 1^ to 2 feet between the rows,
and 6 to 8 inches between each plant. Pre-
pare the ground carefully befre-e sowing, and
water the plants in dry weather, both at the
root and overhead.
British Gardeners' Association : W. J. W.
The secretary of the B.G.A. is Mr. Cyril Hard-
ing, Ulysses, Fortune Green, London, N.W.,
from whom you can obtain all information.
Flora : H. W. There is no general work on
cultivated plants so complete and so fully illus-
tra.ted as Bentham and Hookei-'s Handbook of
the Briti'sh Flora, but Nichokon's Dictidviarij
of Gardening, including the 1900 Supplement,
is the neaa-est approach to it. This work com-
prises six volumes and is encyclopaedic in
ch9.raote.r. It is illustrated by upward of
3,200 uncoloured figua-.es and a few coloured
plates. This work is now, unfortunately, out.
of print, but might be obtained at a. second-
hand bookseller's. There are cheap vohunes

ENQUIRY.

Can any reader inform me as to the price
usually paid for bottling fruit, 1-lb. and 2-lb.
jars, the price for bottling only, not including
co.st of fruit? /. S. W.

The Late Mr. C. T. Druery.

containing coloured illusltrations on many
classes' of plants in, the Prescnt-Day Garden-
inrj Series, price Is. lOd. each, post free.

Grapes Cracking : C. M. L. It seems probable
tliat your vine border became dry in the early
part of the season, causing growth to be
checked and the skin of the berj-y to become
prematurely hardened. When the rain came
abimdantly the pulp swelled more quickly
than the .skin could expand. Insuflicient venti-
lation in hot weather, with a humid atmo-
sphere in the house just when coloujring and
the second swelling commence, will also
cause erasing, by forcing a superabun-
dance of water into the fruit, which, under
more natural conditions, would be transpired
from the leaves by the stomata.

Le.\ther Cuttings for ilANURE : H. G. K. We
learn that experiments have been made in the
u.se of leather cuttings for manure, but they
have not been succe'ssful, owing to the fact
that the leather takes two or three years at
least to disintegrate. However, if you write
to Mr. M. C. Lamb. Leathersellers' College,
176, Tower Bridge Road, S.E.I, he may 'be
able to give you further information, as we
Uinderstand some of the experiments were
conducted by him.

Lettuce Seed : M. H. If possible, the plants
from which seed is to be saved should be

early, but if at all late, some protection will
be needed, such as a piece of glass over a
light staging. Protect the sides with gai-den
iicttiii-. to prevent tihe birds from taking the
--ir.l, iMit be ca.reful to secure ventilation.
W li.ii ripe, pull up the plants, and thoroughly
dry them, by hang-ing tern up, before storing
the s.eed.

;\[adresfield Court Grapes : C. B. The cause
of the splitting is bad ventilation. A chill has
been caused by damp, cold, stagnant condi-
tions in the vinery at night, followed by sud-
den and intermittent outbursts of bright sun-
shine on the following day. To prevent a re-
currence of the trouble next season, when the
firet berry shows sign of colouring, maintain
a little gentle heat in the pipes night and day,
witJi the top ventilators never quite closed.
Regulate ventilation according to th« sun-
shine. A liglht, buoyant, ever-moving atmo-
sphere is necessary for this Graipe. The other
Grapes named ai-e thicker-skinned varieties,
and able to stand .even a cold, stagnant atmo-
.sphere, but one of the parents of Madreisfield
Court (Black Morocco^Slso splits oooasianially.

Names of Plants : F. C. Mentha sylvestris, a
common plant in southern Europe, usually
found in ditches and along the roadside, but a
doubtful native of this country. It is fairly
general in the South of England, but rarely
found in the North. — /. /?. B. Pemettya
mucronata. The colour of the fruits in dif-
ferent varieties of the species varies from
V hite to purple. — H. W. Alnus cordifolia (the
Naples Alder), illustrated in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, March 3, 1883, p. 285.

Packing Peaches for Transit : Light foot. The
boxes used should be about one inch andi aThalf
deeper than the height of the Peaches. On
tlie bottom of the box put a layer of half an
inch of soft wood-wool, and a small roll of
the .same material, wrapped in paiper, all round
the sides. Place the Peaches in position, with
a small piece of the wool between evei-y Peach,
uintil the box is filled. Then gently press
do'wn the wool with the fingers so as to make
the whole quite fii-m. It is upon fiminess that
the safety from injury greatly depends. When
the wool is well pressed down, half or a quar-
ter of every Pea.ch will be showing. After this
is done lay a clean piece of paper over the'
fruits, upon which place a layer about an inch
thick of the wool, to keep the fruits from
shaking about. •

Pea : T . and S. The Pea specimens 'ou .^ent
us are of a species known as Pisum elatius,
usually called the "Mummy Pea." It is quite
distinct from the Sweet Pea (Lathyrus ndnra-
tusl, and the plan's are not in the least likely
to be reversions from that plant. It would
a.ppear, therefore, that in some unexplaiined
\viay the seed' has became maxed.

PoT.\TOS : C. G. A. The haulm has been de-
stroyed by what is known as late blight, caused
by "the fungus Phytophthora infestans. THe
crop might have been saved if the plants had
been sprayed earlier in the season with a
fungicide, but the disease has now readhed a
stage which does not admit of remedial treat-
ment.— T. N. It. A species of Verticillium
occurs on the stem, and may be the cause of
the wilting of the plant. Avoid using such
plants for seed purpose. — WolveThnmpton.
This is an extremely bad case of infestation of
the " v/art disease" (Synchytrium endobioti-
cum). This disease is required to be notified
to the Board of Agriculture, Whitehall Place,
London, S.W., who will supply free an illus-
trated leaflet giving the best means for its
eradication. — Potato. There is no fungus on
this tuber.— TT. T. W. This is an attack of '
common scab (Actinomyces scabies). — D. The
pink-skinned Potato is of the variety known
as Mr. Briese.

Communications Beceived -E. M.— S. .A —J. E.

— H. T.— M. L, X — M. L.— Di. H.— B. L.— MissE. .A.—
C. C.-^E. K. L.— C. H.— R. H.— E. B.— J. W. F.—
A. D P.— W. H. D.^r. A. P.— D. B. (.4tlec. Burpee
.and Ort.).— W. K— W. E. B.— W. F R., Fr.TO<-<.—
H. C. W — .1. M. C.— A. r. B.— W. B. & S.— ,T. Ma^'G.—
J. M.— W. E. J., Leicester— C. H.— T. B.— E. J. H.

AvavST 18, 1917.]

THE GARDEN mS' CHRONICLE.

]V[ JL II K S T S.

roi-Esr i;.U!iiEX. .1 »;,»-( is.

We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota*
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the eamples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, Sec: Average Wholesaie Prices,
s.d.s.d Ferns, con.— a.d.s.d.

6 0 6 0

10 0-12 0
8 0-10 0

Aralia Sieboldii.

dozen .. ' .,
Asparagus plu-

moaua nanus.

par doz.

— Sprengari
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0-M 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of IS's 4 0 —

— tray of 12's .. 5 0 —
Cocoa Weddelli-

ana 48'a. par

doz 18 0-30 0

— OO'a per doz. 8 0-10 0
Ferna.in thumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-16 0

— per 100. In
small and

large BO's .. 18 0 Sn 0

— in 48'B.perdoz. 7 0-80

— iD82'a.oerdoz. 12 0-18 0

liE

pla

larket.

choicer aorta.

per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0
Oeonomaeracilia.

60's.perdoz... 8 0-80

larger, each.. 2 8-76
Hydrangea, pink.

48'3. per doz. 8 0 12 0

— paniculata.

per doz. ..30 0-36 0
Eentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 6 0- (| 0

larger per

doz 18 0-56 0

— Forsteriana.
60's. per doz.

Latania borbon-

ica. per doz ..

L i 1 i u m longi-

florum.perdoz. 24 0 .SO 0

— lancifolium
rubrum .. 24 0-tO 0

album .. 24 C-IO 0
Marguerites in

48'8. per doz. 6 0-86

6 0- » I
12 0-30 0

at this

I ho

hiefly
rns. and there are only a few growers s*-Tiding.
Cut Flowers, &c : Average Wholesale Prices

a.d.s.d. Orchids, con.— g.d. id.
0 d 0 n toglos-

2 0

Asters. white, per

doz. bun. .. 7 0 !• 0

— coloured. P'^r

doz. bun. .. 7 0- S 0

— single.. .. 6 0- !i 0
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

beat American

varieties .. 18 2 0
Ch ysanthciiiuma —

white, bronze

and pink, per

doz bun.
Coreopaia. per
doz. bun. . .
Cornflowers, per

doz. bun.
Oaillardia. per

doz. bun.
QladiolusBrench-
eyejsis. per

doz

— America, per

doz. a pikes J 0

— Hallev sal-
m n. per doz.
snik's . ..3 0

— Pink Be.iuty.
perdoz. spikes 0 0

Gypsophila pani-
culala. perdoz.
liun .. .. 3 0

— double white,
per doz. bun . 4 0

Heather, white,

per doz. bun. 6 0
Lapageria alba,

perdoz.bl'ms. 2 0 .. .
Lavender, perdoz.

bun 6 0 10 0

L 111 um longi-

florum. long 3 6-46

— I an cirolinm
album, long..

rubrum,

per doz.. long

— — short, per
doz. bloom 1..

Lily-of-the- Val-
ley.perdoz. bun. 24 6

Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.
bun

Montbreti , per
doz. blooms..

Orchids, per doz

2 0-26
2 0-26
2 0-30

3 6-40
S 0- 9 0

4 0-60

sura crispum 2 0-26

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let, per doz.
bun.

Roaes

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per

doz. blooms.. 10-16

— Liberty, pr

doz. blooms.. 10 16

— Melody, per

doz. blooms.. 10-20

— Mme. A. Cha
tenay. perdoz.
blooms .. 10-16

— Mrs .7ohn
Laing.perdoz.
blooms .. 10-20

— Ophelia, per

doz blooms.. 10-20

— Kichmond.

perdoz. blma. 10-16

Sunburst, per

doz. blooms.. 16-20

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz

bl oms .. 10-16

Scabios i cauca-

si.a .. .. 2 6-30
Statice. white.

per doz. bun. 8 0-10 0

— mauve, perdoz
bun

— yellow,
doz. bun

per

per

per

— Incana.
'io7. bun.

— Lali folia
doz bun.

Stephanotia. per

72 pips..
Stock, mauve, per

doz, bun.

— white. per
doz. bnn.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, perdoz.
bun

— mauve, per
doz, bun.

8 0-10 0
8 0-10 0
8 0-10 0

Cattleya .. 12 O-l.'i 0 ' Viola cornuta

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

a.d.s.d.

4 0-50

Adiantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengerl .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-50

s.d. s.d.

3 0-60

4 6-50

Ke

111,

Ihou^fh some show

Croton foliage,

doz. bunches
Cycaa leavea. per

doz. .
Fern. French, per

doz. bunches
M OS a. gross

bunches
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz. buncnea 10-13
Smilax. per bun.

of 6 trails .. 13-20
re- plenty ol Asters availrable, al-
igns of beiny weatberbeaten. 'iliis

k»st remark, however, applies to a good many of tJlo
outdoor flowers lately. Bunched Ohrysan-tliemunis are
vomtng in, and especi.njlv the varietv Roi des Blanos.
Lilmm loiiiriflorum is a little lower "in price. Gladioli
Jrc plriirifiil Rost^s are also to be had in niunbelis, but

(Continued from page Hi.)

short

the stem.

Vegetables: Average) Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d
Artichokes, Globe,

per doz. . . 4 0- .5 0
Beans. Broad. per

bus. .. ..26-36
— Runner(Scar-

let) per bu5. 16-26
Beetroot, perbus, 4 0-50
Cabbage, per tally 2 0-26
Carrots, new, per

doz. bun.

s.d. s.d.
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per

doz 0 9-16

Mushrooms, per lb. 16-2 6
Mustard and

Creea.perdoz.

punnets ..10 —
Onions, per cwt. 30 0-34 0
— apring. per

doz. bun. .. 4 0-80

2 0-80 Peas, per bus.

4 6-76

Cauliflowers, per

tally ..
Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 12 0 18 0

0-10 0

per

Garlic, per lb...
Greens, per bag..
Herbs, per doz.

bnn

Roraeradiah. per

1 3 -

1 6 —

Rad iahea

doz. bun. .. 10 —

Shallots, per doz.

lbs 8 0-10 0

Spinach, per i

bus 5 0 —

Turnlpa, per cwt.

— new. per doi.

bun

Vegetable Mar-
rows penally 2 6-40

Watercress, per

doz 0 6-08

3 6-40
2 6-30

Leeks, per doz. bun. 6 0- 6

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices

s.d.s.d.
Almonds. percwt. 80 0 —
Apples :

— cooking, per

bus. .. 3 0-46

— dessert (Eng-
lish).perlbus. 2 0-60

Aubergines, per

doz

Cherries. Morella.

per doz. lbs...
Fig- (Worthing).

per dnz.
Gases (French).

per 1 bus. ..
Grapes :

— Alcante.

black, per lb. 13-20

— Knelish (new
sea5on)Black
Ham burgh,
per lb.

— Gros Colman
per. lb.

— Muscats, per
lb 16 3 0

Lemons, per case 22 6-30 0

4 0-46
6 0-
2 0-40
8 0-12 0

10 2 0
2 0-26

. a.d. a.d-

Melons. Cante-

loupe. each .. 5 0-10 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea. 4 0-80

Mushrooms (out-

door.per Jous. 3 0-60
Nectarines, per

doz 2 0-12 0

Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0

— coba. per lb. 0 !i

— filberts perlb. 0 6 —

— Coconuts, per

100 .. .. 42 0 48 0
Peaches, perdoz. 2 0-18 0
Pears. Lammas

and Chalk. pi r

i bus

— William(Fr.),
per bo-x of 48 ,

Plums. Rivera'

early, per J

bus

TomatoB. English

per 12 lbs. or

peck ..

2 0-30
U 0-10 0

2 6-30

6 6-76

Rkm.\uK8.— I-lnglish cooking .Vjiples are much more
plentiful than wa.s anticipatwl at the commencement
iif' the tOTison. Dessei-t Apples consist of Beauty of
Btvth. Gkidslone. and Devonshire Quarrenden.. Tlie
marked is l»»avily supplied with Plums. Oops of
(Hierriea and Raspberries ai-e now flni.sbed. Peaches and
Xe^'tarines ore fairly plentiful, and well-grown fruits
are in demand. Melons continue scarce, but the marked
is well 4)upplie<l with Grape«. English Pe^us coneist
()f Windsor. .langonelle, Laiimuas, Chalk, &c., and French
Williams' Bon Chretien are plentiful. Kent Filberts and
Cobnule arc now making their appearance, and a good
ti-op is anti'-ipate<l. Tomatoe and Outnimbers jjre fewer
supplies iluring this week. Vegetable* plentiful, eeperf.
alU- S.-arlet Rnnmrs. K. //. It.. Coreiit aarden Markrl,

•t /;, /■■/:

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. R C. Harris, for the past 1 year and 7 mnnlh.s
li.irdi-ner to F. BcRKESs, Esq., Ilalings House, Den-
liaui. Bulks, a.s Gajxiener to A O, CoLE. Esq., West
WiHxihav House, Xewbury, Berks.

Mr. S. J. Weston, for the List 15 years Head Oar-
<.ener to .1. W. Cl.KGO, Bs*|., Lowlon Grange, New-
ton-WWillows. Lancashire, as Gardener to Captain
A n. Vivian. Plas Gwjti, Pcntraeth. Anglesey.

Mr- J. W. Miles, lor the past 10 years Flower Garden
Foreman nt W'»ll>e<-k .41>bey. hois been appointed to
siioeoed Mr. .1. Gibson, ns (jardener to tlio Duke of
Portland. Wfilbcck Abbey, Worksop, Nottingham-
shire, from SepteMiiber 25. Mr. Miles commenced hi-**
gardening career at Kew, and later 8i)ent 2 years
in South Afri<-a and 2^ years at Cambridge Park
House, Twii'kenham, and 2^ years at Blenheim

Pal.i

Wo.>Wo.-k.

CLIMBING PLANTS

(Pretent-Day Gardenins Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(IntroducttoD br William Robinioa.)
n Practical H»ndl>ookon the Treatment of Olimb-
„ ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with 24 full page plates, 8 of which
are reproduced in colour.

Price Z 1 10 pott 1 ret from:

Tk. PUBLISHING DEPT.,
" GARDENERS' CHRONICLE " OFFICES,
41, Wellington Strast, Corent Gardtia, W.C. 2

T ADY GARDENER, with all-round prac-

-*--^ fcicaJ experience and farminig, requires Post in or
near Eostboume ; cottage or rooms.— MISS WILLIAMS,
Elm Grove, Ockhiajn, Woking, Surre.y.

T ADY GARDENER (disengaged) desires

-*--^ work in staff of private Garden ; Iiiiside and Out ;
college tJ'ained ; excellent references ; good testimonial
from late Head Gardener.— .Address, 0. O., Claphain Rec-
ti 'ly, near' Worthing, ,

QEXTLEWOMAN, young, strong, capable,

^^ desires Post under trained Ladv Gardener ; no ex-
perience.—MISS SOOTT, Rosehill, Kiiii, Argyllshire.

'yWO LADY GARDENERS require Post ;

-*• Fruit and Vegetables; some experience; Kent, Su-s-
sex preferred. — A. ROSS. Britmell Gardens, Burnbani.
Bucks.

PXPERIENCED WOMAN GARDENER

-*--^ requires Post in C>ctober, near Godalminig ; single,
handed job or with help of boy preferred. — MISS I
HARVKY, Yew Croft. Bu*ey Heath, Herts.

T\rOMAN (28) requires work ; some e.\-

" perience Vegetiaibles, Fruit, and poultry ; refs. and
testimoiuals; board and 5s. weekly, or 25s,— MISS D., 105,
High Street, Berkhamsted, Herts,

(^ ADAMS highly recommends L.

^-^ ' PAYNE as COWMAN; understands Jerseys, Short-
horns, jnanagement of small Grass Farm, or fill up tiinie
in Giuxlen : , can make butter; also pigs .ajid poultrv ;
luarried.- L. P.\Y3JE. Jeya Farm, Haslemere, Surrej-. '

W^ANTED, to place Girl 18 (just left
'» is.lux.l). uinler Head Gardener for training; cap-
able, good worker ; Hertfordshire preferred. — .\ppTv, MISS
UOHB, 6, Mill Green, Hat.fleld. Herts.

TRADE.

rjENTLEMAN (57) de.sires Working Man-

^-^ nKi^ient, Gapdeixs, Farmery, Fruit. Mushrooms,
T'-matos, Food Products, Cows, Poultry ; expert giower
of IJnlbs for wholesale : grading, packing, accomiis, cone-
siion<lence.— B-, Box 17, 11. Wellington Street, Oovent
G.inlcn, W.O. 2.

("<rf;CTMBER and TOMATO FOREMAN

^^ sc('k.s situation ; 15 yeni'S Lea Valley experience ;
gooti refsi ; free from military service.— CliONE. Barn-
fli4d Nursery, Sewa.rdsrtone, Cliingfoi-d.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

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issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not late

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Half and quarter pa^es, column and half culuiim
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-t s. d.

4 lino space not exceeding 20 wonlfl 3 0

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SOBSCRIPTIONS.

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Ti-'leplumo : iSlii Okkkaud.

TRE GARDh'isrEnS' CHRONICLE.

[August 18, 1917.

A TREASURE OF INFORMA f ION

is contained in the

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK.

Nowhere else can the gardener obtain, within the small compass of four hundred pages, so much information
on the subjects which interest him most. The knowledge which this little work contains is just what is
indispensable to the gardener in his daily life. The

CALENDAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS

takes him through the whole year, reminding him of the manifold small cares which make all the difference
between health and ill-health in his plants. It also reminds him of the exhibitions which are to be held and
of the most important annual meetings.

Another interesting section, which expands each year, is the list of

SCHOOLS OF HORTICULTURE,

with a brief description attached to the name of each such institution. Those concerned with the education
of young gardeners — both men and women — will turn to this section with especial interest, and those who are
seeking such education will find it of the greatest assistance in deciding which school to select. There are
still for sale a few copies of the current edition.

SEND FOR ONE AT ONCE TO

The LIBRARIAN, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

PRICE Is. 4d., POST FREE.

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor, " Gardeners* Chronicle."

IjS net

per
Volume.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 Vols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. Ready.

ORCH!D3. By JAMES O'BRIEN, V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. 1^. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN. V.MH.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.
Chai.man of Committee of the Midland
Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M..A..

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandrlngham:

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.vvith Chapters bv CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F L.S., with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER. F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON.
V.MH.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A.. with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR. F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By
WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON. V.M.H., and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.
MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published
on this subject).

ROSES (double- volume 2/6). By H. R.
DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.
Author of "The English Flower Garden."
(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

inted for the Gardeners' Chionicle, Limited, by I.ove and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holtiorn. London. W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Claromcle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gaj^clen, Oity d Westminster, Satubday, Augois* 18, 1917. .'Vgent for Manchester, John Heywood.

Established 1841.

No. 1600. Vol. LXII.

/ THIRD \
IS

SATURDAY, AUGUST 25 , 1917. {Registered as a Newspaper.jPR'CE^*^-

SERIES /

aUBSCBIPTION-Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 22,- per mnnum. Entered at Sew York T,,t Office a, seeo,id-elasa matter.

Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard I843,

PosUI Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. a.

For CONTENTS see page 75.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The price of the Gardeners' Chronicle being
nov) fourpence, the subscription, including iri-
land postage, for one year will he 193. 6d., for six
months 9«. 9rf., and for three 4«. \0d. Sub-
scribers are particularly requested to observe
these alterations when renewing their subscrip-
tions. In the event of any difficulty being ex-
perienced in purchasing copies, readers are in-
vited to notify the publisher.

XOW IS THE TISIE TO PLANT.

KELWAY & SOX, the Ro.val Horticultur-
ist*, L.VNVJl'OKT, SOMBR.SET, are now booking
orders for their Choice HnTdy Perennial Plants. Plant
a OOLOUR BOUDEH this autumn, and you will be aMe
to on]oy its bwiuty for many years, without any addi-
tional expense or trouble.

Send the measiireineiits of your bordors.

Paeomes, Delphiniums, Phloxes, Gaillardias, and other
beaxitiful ^lowers, iiwhided tin their c<4loux eolientea,
Wihich provi<le blooms from early spring to late autujiin.

Write now to lite Retail PUuit Depart-ment for
RKDfOED PRICE LISTS.

s

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,

St. Albans.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other bigh^^las■ Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn, Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S. Boyal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Che«ter.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Tineriee, Peeoh-boufies,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

BARR'S Autumn and Winter-flowering
Bulbs, including Oroctis spcciee, Colohicums,
Nerines, Hardy Cyclamen, Freeaias, Laohenoliiafl, Irises,
&c., for early planting. List on application.
BARR & SONS, King St., Ooyent Oawlcn, London, W.C. 2.

PEEDS' BULBS. PEEDS- SEEDS

pEEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY.—

-*- I'lease apply for a copy to be posted by return.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-
men .and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
•■ Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
■■ Plastine " supersedes putty. Pull particiilarfl from
W. OARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Batteisea. Agents
throughout the country.

T~iOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

^-^ I'r-as, Ro30t*, Vege-table and Flower Seeds and
Plants, post tree— DOBBIK & CO.. Royal riorisls, Edin-
burgh.

TJIVERS'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, in

■'-*' all the loEwdmg varietiea, wiU bo ready from
August onwards, Pric© list post fre© on appHoatdon. —
TIIOMAS RIVERS & SON. The Nurseries, Sa\vbridig:e-
uorth, Herts.

/"CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION FROM

Vy THE GARDEN.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUES OF SEEDS
in.l GARDEN REtJUISlTES for present use.

SUTTON'S LIST OF VEGETABLE
SBKl'.S for Summer and .\utunin Sowing, with
brief ouUural notes. „„„»^„

BUTTON'S LIST of FLOWER SEEDS

1^ for iiresent sowing and spring flowering.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENlJLISH-
GROWX BrLBS, containing particulars of the most
popular Daffodils, Narcissi, May-flowering and Darwin
Tulips, &c., kc. , ,. ,.

These Catalogues will be sent post free on nppUcation.

s

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING^

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
ocntury'e repuUtion for eflectivenees in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Thrip, American Blight. Green and Brown F^, &o.
Sold in bo=te« about 1">^ '[b- , ""^pl^'^A, ''5'pJ^>^"
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale: PRICES PATW<1
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea. London, S.W. 11.

J GRAY LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• Greenhouse.. &c., and Heating Engineert,
Danvers Street, Ohekea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone: 201, Weetern.

THE DIFFERENCE between a good adver-
tisuiK miviiimi and a bad one is a frequent subject
of discussion among advertisers who are dctermmcd o
get the best uso out of tJie money they .«l>""f °'' P"^"
liciliv • but in the end, it resolves iteelf into the differ-
ence 'between wo.Jlhy readers and poor ones. Those
wli™ aVe adverti..ing <-he«p goods naturally turn to a
lounial with an enormous circulation, even though it
mav IM comi»>scd of l>eoplc of indifli-rcnt means But
the" suppliers ol all Uic thou.s.aiid ami one pccensilics of
a large gar«len know that such a garden presupposes a
man or woman of means as the owner, who can alfonl
not onU- the g.iixleii itself, hut a stall of poi-maiient
gardeners to tend it. To sruoh a supplier, a Jourmil wlii.-li
gort into Hi.) hands of thousands, or even millions, of
ixoplc nono of whom possess a garden worthy of
the n.ime, is absolutely useless. He turns rather to a.
iounial. such as the "Gardeners' Cliromcle, which
reat-hes Ibo right people; the keen professional gar-
dener the woalthv amateur who six-nds .1 small (ortiuic
on his gaivlcn every year. The resp<mso of such rcadera
to a really wcU-writlcn odvcrtlscniciit is immediate ana
wholly satisfactory to the advertiser.

"DUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

•'-^ Our new descriptive list is now ready, and wiU
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.
GEO. BUNYARD & CO., Ltd., Boyal Nurseries, Maidstone.

NARCISSUS. — Grand Primo. 150,000
large selected Bulbs for forcing, 30s. per 1,000;
Flowering Bulbs, 188. per 1,000,— VAN DBR 8LUYS. La
Ramee, Queroeey.

HARDY PRIMULAS.— Seeds are now
ripening. We will do our best to collect same for
or<kTS sent now. Red Hugh and Alannnb, 28. per
pacikct; rest 6d. Oash with order.— MAN.^GETl, Li^adell
(No. 2), Sligo.

EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.
The finest varieties of Tulips, Narcissi, Daffo-
dila. Snowdrops. Iris. &o. PRICE LIST post
free m appUcation.— WHBB & SONS. LTD..
'llho King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge.

w

For Advertisement Charges see page v.

DICKSON & ROBINSON'S

CATALOGUES of BULBS and ROSES
have been posted to all clents who kindly favoured
them with their request in writing (in accordance with
the Paper Restriction Order. Maroli, 1917). Other copies
are ready for immediate posting on receipt of post.oiiixl
n^iniest. It will give us pleasure to send.

The King's Seedsmen. MANCHESTER.

w
w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

B-\CEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

BULBS.— Now Oajtalogue now ready.

W ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES,
Catalogue and Supplementary List ol new -and
choice varieties now ready.

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
OlIOIOE SHRUBS.— Oiitalo«Tie free.

w

W ATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
All or any of the above OatalogTiee forwarded poet free
on receipt of name and address.

JOHN W.\TERER. SONS & CRISP, LISOTm),
The Nuirserics, Bagshot, Surrey, aaid Twyford, Berks.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new descriptive pri™ list,
with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready, post free.
—Write to-day, A, ,T. & 0. ALLEN, Rose Growers, Nor.
wioh (for over 60 years),

BATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New
illustrated cutaloguo of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
&c., as supplied in the Royal Park.s and Gardens, with
full oultmul directions, is now Tcadv, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms, Wisbecfh.

BATH'S ROSES and PAEONTES.— New
illu-strated catalogue, coaitaining hill cultural notes
of the beat now a.nd sfca.ndard varieties, is now ready,
and will be sent post free on application.— (Dopt. A),
R. Ht BATH, LTD., The Floral Fanns, Wisbech.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
ouir splen<Ud Yorkslhiro Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s 6d. PaittemB
tree.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO.. 71, Bradford.

FOR SALE, excellent Turf Loam for Gar-
dening purposes ; f.o.r. Glendon and Rusbton
Station (M.R.). — For further particulars apply O. R.
KNOLLVS, Estate Office, Boughton House, Kettering.

17^011 SALE, Lean-to Greenhouse, about
16tt by 16ft. by 9ft. to 12ft. ; about 140ft. pipes,
boiler, &c. Offers ■wanted.— Apply, HEADS, LTD., 17,
Baker Street, W. 1.

ANSTEAD M^ WALTON HEATH

LO-\M.— A splendid soil for Vines, OhrysanUie-
inuma Oaroations. .'uwl general use ; fresli out or rott«i.
— I'articulars of YOUNG PROS., Betchwortli, Surrey.

WALLFLOWERS.— Transplanted, Vul-
can, Ruby King, Covent Garden, Ooldcn King,
Oranfoixl Bejiuty, &c.. 33. 100; extra strong, 63. 100,
free any ad<li-es8. — MORLE & CO., 160-166, Fireohley
Road, N.W.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuousT 25, 1917.

SALE BY AUCTION,

LEE, S.E.

Annual Sale of Winter-Blooming Heaths.

Buroiiias, Genistas, Epacj'is, Auacias, Ferns, PiUms, &u.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
beg to announce Hiat they have be«n instructed
by Messrs. B. M.iller & S<m3 to conduct the above as
usual this jear at the

BURNT ASH ROAD NURSERIES,
LEE, S.E.,

On Tuesday, September 11th.

Oatalosues mav be had, when ready, at the Nurseries,
and of "the .^lucticaiieers, 57 and 68, Oheapside, London,
E.O, 2. •

SPECIAL TRADE SALE OF BULBS.

Wednesday next, August 29th.

UPW.\EDS OP

500,000 HOME-GROWN BULBS,

including 140,000 Polyanthus Narcissus, Paper-White,
Grand Monojque, Soleil d'Or, Double Roman, Grand
Primo, &o. Narcissus Emperor, Sir Watkin, Golden Spur,
Bawi, Omatus, I'rinceps, and others for early forcing.
Early and late-flowering Tulips, in variety. Freesias,
Anfiinones, Dallas, SciUas, Snowdrops, Winter Aconites,
early-flowering Gladioli, &c. ; also 35 oases Lilium longi-
flori^i (retarded).

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will sell the above by auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.C., at one
o'clock. Oatalogues on application,

BUSINESS WANTED.

WANTED, small NURSERY ; 2 acres or
over, with or without Glass ; low iKnt — Particu-
lars to H.' W., Box 5, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SAU

TO MARKET GARDENEES, NURSERYMEN, AND

OTHERS. Rare opportunity.

Sutton Vemy, Wilts. 3 miles from Warminster and li

from HeytesbuiT Station (G.W.R.).

FOR SALE, by MR. MARK JEANS, in
the centre of vilkage amd close to 0.imp, and with
South aspect, a very valuable SmaU Holding, which com-
prises a nicely situate and well-sheltered Small DWELL-
ING HOUSE, with buildings, and about FIVE A0RE5S
of most productive deep sandy loam land, highly suitable
for Vegetable, Fruit, and Intensive Culture, (.here being
a ready sale at lemunenative prices in the surrounding
Military Camps. Vacan/t possessionj on cx>mpletion of
purchase. Price £700.

To view, apply to Mr. H. W. Jeans, Glebe House, Sut-
ton Veny, Warminster, and to treat to Mr^ M.ark Jeans,
Land Agent, Surveyor, amd Valuer, Marlborough, Wilta,

WELL-KNOWN firm Carnation Growers
desire DI.SPOSE of FRliEHOLD NURSERY ; about
4 acres; less 25 miles London: going concern: fully
equipped; ID Glass-houses (1,200ft. run, 25ft. wide); 2
good cottages ; large stock plants ; owners on military
service; Ixirgain, practical man; large market and
private connection. Inc. price, £3,500. — Particulars, gen,
enq. only, CHURCH & CO., 1S9, Victoria Street, S.W.

POR SALE, FREEHOLD MARKET

-*- NURSERY, Essex.— li acre land, 5-roomed bunfa.
low, 2 houses (140 x 18), 2 houees (50 i 12), all heated,
packing shed, &c. ; all in good condition. Pri^e £725,
bargain ; ill.healbh reason for selling. — S. J., Box 21, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

BUSINESS TO LET,

■jyURSERY GARDEN, with or without

J-^ dwelling-haiise, to Let, oomprising li acres of
gw>d fertile ground, with 4 Gla&s-houses, 100ft. by 14ft.,
and one smaller one and frames, ■stable, pobtang, and
other sheds; situated at Stow-on-the-Wold, Glouoester-
shii-e; every opportoinity for a good, energetic man —
Apply, THOMAS HIATT. Market Square, Stow-onKthe-
Wold.

BUSINESS CARD,

TJ H.S. EXAM. — Correspondence class,
■^^^ preparing Gardeners and indents, start October;
briniamt past records; prospectus. — MED.\LLIST,
Pightle, Letheringseft, Holt, Norfolk.

SPkCIAL NOTICES.

lyf R. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all

friends that, although engaged on National Service
work he continues Midland representative to John Peed
& Son. Orders this season will be very much appre-
ciated, and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to Mr. R. GREBJNFIELD, 61, Radford Boad,
Leamington Spa.

THE OLD-ESTABLISHED SEED & BULB BUSINESS

carried on for sixty yeara in

BASNETl' STREET, LIVERPOOL,

will in future be styled

KER'S, LTD.
Tliere will be no change in the Management,
MR. ROBT. B. KER
will have associated with him
MR. ROBT. W. KING and MR. T. LANE BAKER.
Telephone : Royal 3066. Write for List.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

WANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and
Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
kc, sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted.—
MORLE & CO., 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
okl plants suitable tor stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalc^ues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughiborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, GERANIUMS. — Cuttings,
single Pink, Lucree or Mrs. Lawrence, also Snow
Queen and tricolour and mauve or pale lavender Violas.
—KEMP, 232, Bristol Road, Birmingham.

PLANTS, Ao,. FQ'* SALP

1 (\(\ t\(\(\ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

1-yjyf >yf"" aos. loO; Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, LUies, H.ydrangeais,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur.
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !
44tih Yaar of Digtributdon.
Our well - known Magnilicent Strain Cinerarias,
Calceolarias, &c. ; 2s. per doz. ; 12s. 6d. per 100 ; carriage
p.>id.— JOHN .STEVENS & SONS, Nurseries, Coventry.

FOR SALE, 6 large Kentias, 9 *o 12 feet
higli ; 2 LantanJas, 10ft. across, 2 Phoenixs, 8 to
10 feet high ; also 4 Tree Ferns and large Oaniellias. — -\.
CHENEY, Tlie Gaidens, Shenstone Court, Shenstone, near
LichJieLd.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-'- Ferns, Basliet- ferns. Stove and Greenhouse Ferns,
Hardy Garden Ferns ; catalogues free.^. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nurserv, Loughborough JunOtion,
London, S.W.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line eounted as Two).

ed. for eaeh sueeeedlng line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice wilt be taken of their communications.
Nam^e and address alone are insufficient.
Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unlenown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

PRIVATE.

WANTED. HEAD GARDENER for
the oountry ; experieuced In and Out, and with
some knowledge of estate work ; 3 Under Gardeners
ker>t ; cottage and gardein found ; good cliaracter and
refereucea indispensable.— F., 255, 34, Union Street, Bir-
ming"hajii.

VYANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ' DENER for Northants ; with experience in all
branches of Gardening ; capable organiser of labour ; 6 in
stafl ; good cottage, &c. ; wife to caretake in winter; good
references. Interview required at advertiser's cost. —
W. H., Box 16, 11, Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER ; cottage and good wages ; ineligible.—
Apply, CROPPER, Mount "BaUan, Chepstow.

WANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-
DENER (ineligible); 3 others kept; good know-
ledge Inside and Out ; excellent references ; good cot-
tage.—."ipply fully, HON. MRS. F. COLBORNT:, Nonsuch
Park, Cheana, Surrey.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
ing) for North Lincolnshire ; .age not under 54 ;
must have large experience of Glass and Outside Garden
work ; wages £150 per annum and good bonus.— Reply,
in flrsti instance, with references, to T. W. H., Box 15, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (ineligible); experienceil in all branches.
— Apph-, G. WADDITON, Brumton Wall, Northumberland.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER ; majiied ; ineligible ; good cottage and
garden; wages 28s.— -ipply, Tideohara House. Chepstow.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (where 5 are kept); must be expenenced
in Flowers and Vegetables.— Sandhurst Lodge, Welling,
ton College Station.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER; personal reference from last employer
reiiuired ; good wages and cottage ; Second Gardener and
boy kept. Also wanted, SECOND GARDENER (ineti-
gible).-Apply, MRS. BEAZLEY, Quarry Hill, Reigate,
Surrey.

WANTED, good SINGLE - HANDED
G.^RDENER; boy kept; good rooms on premises
for man and wife (without family) or single roan:.
Write age, wagei. and particulars, C. GASELEE, Wor-
cester Park. Surrey.

WIMBLEDON.— Wanted, at once, cap-
able SlNtrLE-HANDED GARDENER; no cottage.
—Reply to S. V., c/o J. W. Viokers & Co., Ltd., 5,
Nioliolas Lane, E.O. 4^

WANTED, good GARDENER (Single-
handed, with help), near GerrarU's Cross; wages
30s. and modem cottage, with gaiden.— Write, E. H.,
Box 10, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, capable SINGLE-HANDED
G \RDENER ; no Glass ; also to milk and look
after 3 or 4 cows; good cottage; in Herts; wages 30s.
and cottage.— Address, Box 300, Vinton k (^., Ltd., 8,
Bream's Buildings, OlKincery Lane, London, E.O. 4.

W7'/\.NTED, GARDENER (Single-

' ' UANDED) ; useful ; married (no chUdxen) ; good
wages .and 3 good looms. — Write age, experience, &c., H.
WILLMOTT, Elmdpn. GuUdford.

REQUIRED, for the Surrey County
,\s\iuin, Netlierne, Mtrsthara, Surrey, a WORKING
G.\RDE.\'ER, who will be responsible for the proper cul-
tivation of the land used lox garden purposes and the
production, of Vegetables, &c., for asylum consumption;
age not to exceed 45 ; wages 40s. per week and cottage,
subject to deduotjons under .\sylilms Officers' Super-
annuation .\ct. — .\pply, enclosing copies of not more than
three testimonials, to MR. R. A. HODGES, Clerk to Com-
mittee, County BaU, Kingston-on-Thames.

WANTED, GARDENER ; accustomed to
running engine for eleotrio light; wages 353. and,
house.— D. E., Box 20, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

E.XPERIENCED GARDENER required,
where Under Gardiner kept ; must understand
working of electric light engine and pLant ; wages 42s.—
D. E., Box 9, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced GARDENER,
competent Decorator, to take oliarge ol Plant and
Palm Houses; as much .assistance given a« present cir-
cumstances permit ; wages 30s., cottage, milk and vege-
tables. — Write, S. H., Box 1, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, good GARDENER, imme-
diately, for students' hostel ; man. or woman ;
married or single, but work for wife if desired. — St.
Michael's, Grove Park, Lee. S.E. 12.

WANTED, GARDENER (another man
kept) ; ineligible ; experienced in all branches,
Viner.v, poultry, central heating ; 5-roomed lodge. — Full
particulairs, references, wages, &c., to L. OHARBONNEL,
Great Woodcote House, Purley, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER (man or
woman) ; competent working ; Icdjging, coal, and
light provided.— Apply, TREVEROLI, Maidenhead OouH,
Berks. -

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER
(where 5 or 6 kept) ; must be competent to take
entire charge of Flower and Fruit Gardens; ineligible;
wages 30s. a week ; 3 or 4 rooms.- Apply, MRS. UPJOHN,
Lympne Plaee, Hythe, Kent.

\irANTED, SECOND GARDENER for

'^ ' GreenhCKUse work and Herbaceous Bordeirs; very
good wages.— Apply, StB JOHN PRICHARD-JONES, Bt.,
Elstree, Herts.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; cot-
tage giren. — Write, stating wages and full par-
ticulars, LADY MoMAHON, Southbroom House. Devizes.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER for
Outside ; duty alternate Sund.ay3 ; pumping in
House ; wages 25s. per week, good cottage and garden,
milk. — Apply, staling age, particulai-s, to .\LFRED
CHILD, Oatesby House Gardens, Daventry, Northants.

AuousT 25, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; mar-
ried ; discharged soldier or ineligible ; must be
exi>erienced ; 35s. and cottage. — Write to M. A., Box 6,
41, WelUiiglon Street, Oovent Garden. W.O. 2.

WANTED, FOREMAN, by September
24, good all-round, to take charge of Houses and
superintend Outside during Head Gardener's absence in
Aiin\-; single (meligible) ; Bothy and vegetables. — State
wages to A. THURSTON. Heveuingham Hall, Vosford,
Sudolk.

WANTED, FOREMAN or good capable
.MAX (ineligible), to take charge of Glass; 30s. per
week, Bothv, ice. ; dutr and overtime paid. — Full par-
ticulars. W.' REED, Ooworth Park Gardens, Sunningdale,
Berks.

WANTED, FOREMAN, or good, capable
M.VX, to take charge of Glass; 303. per week,
Ec-chv, &c. ; duty and overtime paid. — Full particulajs,
A. 'BEXXETr, Snelston Hail Gardens, Ashbourne,
Derbyshire.

WANTED, FOREMAN (ineligible); also
VOLTH; Inside and Out; wages 30s. and 17s.,
Botth'V ; war bonus 5s., duty paid extra ; state exjierienoe.
—W.' ANDERSON, Close House Gardens, Wylam-on-Tyne.

W^ANTED, INSIDE FOREMAN; com-

' ' petent man ; ex-Service or ineligible ; wages 30s.
weekly, with Bothy, &c , and attendance ; duty an<i
overtinie paid e.Yt.ra. — Apply, with fullest particulars, to
GARDENER, Park Place, Henley on-Thames.

VyANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside),

' witli good general experience. — Apply, stating
wages, with Bothy, F. GREEN, The Gardens, AUermas-
I'lu Court, Reading.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN or IM-
PROVER for Houses: married or single, but in-
eligible. — Apply, HEAD GARDENER, Denhoni Court,
Bucks.

\;i7'ANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Inside ;

" ' good general experience ; also an IMPROVER for
Inside.-— State wages, with Bothy, &c., and full particu-
late to H. KEMP, Priory Gardens. Heigate.

TyANTED, MAN' (ineligible) ; used to

"' hand and ponv Lawn mowers; 27s, weekly and
10s. wat bonus.— Apply, A. E. RAISBECK, Park Ix)dgp,
Wallsend, Northuhiberland.

TyANTED, LADY GARDENER, to take

' ' ohai^e of PlaiiU and Fruits under Glass ; muf*
have a knowledge of OrcJiids; a miscellaneoua collection.
— State experience and wagea required to GARDENER,
Feltham Lodge, Felthani, Middlesex.

\\r^^TED. two WOMEN CAKDENERtS

"" for Terraces; one qualified to prune Roses, &c. ;
also expeiience wiTh Herlwceous Pkints, the other to act
as Assistant; cottage prorided. Stat© full particulars,
wa^s Teqiiirea.--J. ARNOLD, tfestercombe Gardens,
Taunton.

^1\7'ANTED, voung MAX, to help in Plea-

' " mire Grounds and Kitchen Ga.rden. State experi-
ence and wages required, with Bothy.— W. HAWKINS,
The Gardens, Oadsden, Ilayes, Kent.

AVANTED, strong, intelligent YOUTH, for
" ' Inside, In large establishment; one with aome ex-
perience prefernxT; good wages; Bothy, milk, and vege-
tables; oveit-ime and dutv paid. — State age and expti-i-
emoe to HEAD G.UIDKNER. King's WaJden. Bun-
Hitchin.

TITANTED. active LAD for the Houses:

' ' waffO!* fv>mm<*noo 17s. ; Simdav duty paid ; good
Bothy; 1 a'clo;-k Saturd.i\ . ~ J. HOWARD, Bonhani
Valence Gardens, Newbury.

TRADE.

\TAN WANTED, by a Market Gardener.
■'■'•'- lo take cliarge ot 5 acres Glass, 20 acres open
1.1 nd : experienced in Toniatos. — Applv, stating wages re-
r|iiired, A. W. S.^HTH, Felth.im. Middlesex.

VIT'ANTED, a Gooil, Practical GARDENER
' ■ for a small Bulb Farm ia West of England where
Vegetables are also grown ; must be married, sober, aJid
mdiuiriouB ; comfortable living quarters. — Wnite to B.,
Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garfen, W.O. 2.

Tl/'ANTED, (imnierliatelv), PJiOPA-
' ' OATOK, GliUWEK, Soft.woode<l Oanes, Tomatos,
good at wreaths. Private Gardeners used to wreathn
ni.Tv apply. State wages, refeiwices.— B.^ITB.W, As-li
Vale Kiirserics, Aldershot.

T^ANTED, in September, GROWER (in-

' ' cligLblo) ; thorough knowIe<lge Tomatos, Cucum-
bfr.s, Cbrysaiithemunis, an<l market prodii<;e. — -^ppl.v, stait-
ing experience, wages, full particulars, GUY, Nortbgate
Niirwrips, Devizes, Wilts.

Vl/" ANTED, GROWER for Branch Nur-

' ' serv, Tomutos, Cucumbers, Chrvjauthemums, &c.,
for shop trade.— W. CROWDEB & SONS, Hornoastle.

ANTED, immediately, NURSERY

PfiOP.\G.\TOR (outdoor), chiefly for Fruit and Rose
and Conner.— Apply, W. SHAKD & SONS, Nursery-
Lancaster.

w

PRIVATE GARDENERS awaiting Situ-
atioiis may obtain temporary emploj-ment until
suited —Particulars, &c, from JOHN RUSSELL, Devon,
slure Nurseries. Haverstock Hill. N.W. 3.

WANTED, KNIFEMAN, and as
GENERAL FOREMAN, for 10 acres young Fruit
Trees ; wages 40s. and free cottage. — State age and fuU
particulars of training to STORRIE & STORRIE. Fruit
Tree Specialists, Glencarse, Perthshixe.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN lor
Nursery of 20 acres; no Glass; must be well up
in Fruit Trees and hare a knowledge of Tiees, Shrubs,
Roses, kc. ; permanency. — State age, wages, full particu-
l3js, and references ro HILLIER & SONS. The Nurseries.
Winchest'er.

NEAR MANCHESTER.— Wanted, active
experienced WORKING FOREMAN, to take charge
of a small Nursery ; 25 per cent, of profits, in addition
to wages.— :Addrees, stating age, experience, leferences,
and w;iges required, M. B., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street,
Oovent Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

T^ANTED, as FOREAIAN, thoroughly ex-

^ ' IXfrieuced man in Herbaceous and Rock Plants;
good wages; must have firSt-class refereTices. — Applv,
R. C. NOTOLTT, The Nursery. Woodbridge.

WAREHOUSEMAN wanted for the
ACTioultLii-al Seed Tr.ide.— Applv. T. & R. OAR-
I.VLF,, Dumfries.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh
sueceedlng Eight word> or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

mus! ij'ivr. full jxirtinihim, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communicatioTis.
Xame and address alone are insufficient.
Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of leatimoninh only, retaining the
nrii/iniil.i. On no account should they enter
into cmnmunication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

PRIVATE,

GARDENER - BAILIFF or ESTATE
STEWAHD. — T/ong experience !n all branches oJ
gcnllemcn'a estlblislimenta : very highly recommonded ;
over militarv age; active, up-to-date, and practical; Ipav.
ing owing to alteration in working arrangements.—
WOODGATE, Park Place, Henley-on^Tliames.

A GENTLEMAN highly recommends his
latu ll«id Gardener and BailifT ; thoroughly ex-
porioncwl with all branches of Gardening, Fanning, and
F.atat« Work. Wood Accounts ; good manager of men ;
other red-rcncis unexceptional.— J. PREATER. 101, Rend-
ing Road, llenleyon-Thamcs.

GARDENER (Head) or GARDENER-
n.MI-Il"F; v.ell up in all requirements ot a goo<l
et^ablislmient ; very higJilT recommended; over militaiy
age; life experience.— W. K. GODBEER, Antony House
Garden.*), Toi-point, Devonport,

GARDENER (Head), F.R.H.S., with
knowledge of estate work ; highest references for
character and abilities ; good worker and organiser ; life
experience in large i>laces ; oge 4«.— A., Box 3, 41, Wcl.
Mngtoii Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

G.\RnENER (Head) ; life experience in
Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, Inside and Out;
t^Jrapos, Peaclies, Melons, Figs ; also Herbaceous Borders,
T/awns. and Pleasure Grounds; married; age 48. — GEO.
HOWE, Thainc Park Gardens, Tliame, Oxon.

GARDENER (Head); special on Vines,
Peaches, Rosc.s, Sweet Peas. Chrysanthemums, and
Oarnaloons ; constAnt supply of Ve^tables an<l general
management of a gon<I Gardent ; age 49. — B., Box 4, 41,
Wellingfxm Street, Oovent Garden. W.O. 2.

SITUATION required as HEAD GAR-
DENER or SINGLE-HANDED; thoroughly practical
with Fruit, Flowers, .and Vegetables, under Glass or Out-
side.—Please state wages, &c., H. MORRIS, 43, Rampart
Road, Salisbury, Wilts.

(?< ARDENER (Head), open to engagement ;

^-^ highly accomplished ; expert in every brancll of
Horticulture.— Apply, G. ABBEY. High Stieet. Watldng-
lon, Oxon, via WalUngiord.

XTEAD GARDENER; life experience in all

-*--*• branWies ; lb years as llead ; gowi references ; age
47.— .Applv, WM. HITOHMAN, 1, Orchard Street,
Spalding.

T ADY SUDELEY can fully recommend

■^-^ her very experienced late Head Grardener for
charge of recreation, gi'ound or similar position of trust
where reliability, but ncft -heavv manual labour, is re-
quired.—O. TAYLOR, Garden. Cottage, Ham Oonimon,
Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working). — Col.
BASTARD. Kitlej, \ealinpton, highly recommenda
F. BRINICOMBE as a thorough, praetit-al man; desires
autumn re-engagement; life experience; well versed in
the requireiinetits of good establishment. ; 10 yeajs present,
situation ; age 45 ; miuned (2 girls, youngest 12) ; leaving
through death.— BRIXICOMBE, BuckLand Court GardeJis,
AshbiLrt-on, Devon.

r^JARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ several are kept; thoroughly experienced in aU
branches; over mUitarj' age. — Please state wa^es, &c., to
GARDENER, Honiley Cottage, near Kemilworth, War-
wickshire.

(^ARDENER (Head Working or Single-

^-" h.uided) ; nge 48 ; married (no tamily) ; life ex-
jverience in all branches, Inside and Out ; good refer-
enoes. — YOUNU, c/o Dawes, 42, Hamilton Road, East
Finchley, London, N. 2.

rjARDENER (Head Working) seeks situa-

^-^ tioii in good estiiblislunent ; ag'e 45 ; thoroughly ex-
perienced in all branches, including Orchids ; excellent
references; used to producing Fruit and Vegetobles in
large quantities.— WARREN. The Gardens, Sandburst
lyidge, Wellington College Station. Berks.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; the-
rong^hly exi>crienced in all branches; can be highly
recommended ; over military age.— Apply, H. HORTON,
,"16, Rosenthal Road, Datford, S.E.

/^.\RDENER (Head Working) seeks situa-

^-^ tion ; 4 undex in, la.st place; also versed in Land-
scape O.ijxiening ; niajried (no family) ; over militairy
:iKc.~ni RXH.^M, Stoeliton, Qpdford St. Mary, Wilts.

C:jARDENER (Head Working); good all-
^^ round experience. Inside and Out ; age 45 ; married
(2 children); good relerences.— BEAN, Downe, Orpingt<Mi,
Kent.

G^.VRDENER (Head Working) requires
' pcrinsiiient sitiuvtion ; life experience. Inside and
Out. ; aKO 46 ; married ; present situation 14 years ; good
rcfir<Mi>-c.— O. CORNWELL, Homelea Oottage, Oross-in,-
llaiKi, Sussex.

/''ARDENER (Head Working); good all-

^-^ round pnactical experience. Glass, Fruit, Flowers,
Forcing, &c. ; above military age ; married (no family) ;
14 years as Head ; excellent references.— F. BUSSON, Wis-
pel's, Stedliom, Midliur*, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; age 50 ; in
good establiahments ; thoroughly experienced in all
branches, includimg Orchids ; excellent referenxjes ; a
general all-round. — RICHARDS, Penmere Place, Fal-
mouth.

GARDENER (Head Working), with a
lliorouffb practii^l experience. Inside and Out ; ex.
cellcut relcrencos; married; age 80. -H. NEWTON, Whit*
Horse Hill, Chi«lehuist, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working); good all-
roiuKl pim;tical experience; Glass, Fruit, and
Flowers, Forcing, &c. ; above military age; married (no
family).' — GARDENER, Fulmer Grange, Stoke Pogee,
Slough.

GARDENER (good Single-handed) ; Nur-
sery and private experience with Stoves, Orchids,
nn<l routine of Garfen ; 47 ; good reference.— H. LUOAS,
94, Cochrane Street, St.. John's Wood, London, N.W.

GARDENER and HANDYMAN seeks
situatioui; ineligible; ma.Tried (small family): dis-
engaged ; good rets.— 1'., Douglas Villa, Orchard' Grove,
aii.Tl'font St. Peter, Bucks.

C^.\RDENER seeks situation (Second or
^ Single. HANDED) ; experienced Inside and Out;
gowl references (ineligible), age 33; married; no family.
I'loaso st.ate wages.— KILLICSK, 47, Kambala Road. Eat-
t<T«ea, S.W. 11.

GARDENER (Second), in medium estab-
lishment, or good Single-handed might suit ;
goori experience in all branches ; maaried (no family) ;
Ar-my discharge- Surrey preferred; late of Hcathflehl
ami '0.«ti-ilcv r^irk Full pnl iniliui* t.> R. J. HORLOOK,
4 Great \V"."i.l."(r C,Alu,i;c\ I'nii'y, .Surrey.

■ITUATIOMS VACANT continued OB pac* v.

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[AuouST 25, 1917.

SANKEYS'^S^POTS

** Che BEST ond CheapesK

i«le quflfitltv ot each *,ft rcqmrfd and hmve " fstflaje pnid "

mCHARD SANKEYA SON, LTP.

Dulwell Po^^«rics. NOTTINGHAM.

WASP NETTING.

Special No. 4 WASP NETTING. Extra strong and durable.
54 inches wide 1/8 per yard run.

V2
100

1/9

2/3

In 30-yard lengths. Any length supplied. Also,

HEXAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide 8d. per yard run.

36 ,, , 1/-

72 „ , 2/. „

SicppUed by return, by post or passenger train, carHarje paid^

FLOWERING BULBS.

A large and comprehensive
Stock of

Choice Home Grown Bulbs

Descriptive Catalogue Free.

DICKSON^S

(Limited)

Bulb Growers and Merchants,
CHESTER.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and chean ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieiies.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARKATION.S,
ROSEB, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quttatitns Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

IMPORTANT • P'"" "'"' '" " <:•'«'•««•

liVir V^IV 1 /\l'N 1 . „ ,1,, p,p„ Commiiilon only
allow as to tend to those who apply —

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.
Sample CRET Pot

FREE witli Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage, Porosity, Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We Btill hold certain aniall stocki of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSrwicT"'"

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
A in. (or equal to stoat 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also ofTer
ordinary 31 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditiooa.

Manufaoturera of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

Miied ready for use. In 141b.
tins and 1 cwt. wide-necb cans.

AND

BEST

UNSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Cotnplete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &e., on application.

QEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELO, LONDON, t 0.
And Blaokfriars Wharf, Upper around Street, S.e.

Quott Gardeners' Chroniole.

GRAND NEW STRAWBERRY

"The 20th Century"

The King of Strawberries.

Perfect Shape, Exquisite Colour, Rich

Pine Flavour (quite surpassing the

British Queen).

IMMENSE SIZE. FIRST RATE CARRIER.

Marvellous Cropper, best preserver ever intro-
duced. Saves 50 percent, of sugar, and ym
sets just lilie a jelly.

Keeps well either on or off the plant.

FINEST ALL ROUND STRAWBERRY EVER RAISED.

Fall particulars as to purchase of runners
from the Raiser : —

W. D. VIZARD, F.R.H.S.,

Churchdown, nr. GIos.

WASP-PROOF ENVELOPE ,

For Protecting Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines,

Pears, Ap]iles, etc.

DIAM. WHEN OPEN -4x5 by.1 7 xl) flx 12 12x18 in. deep

,\o. 1 Ili-xason ... 19/6 2. - 36'- 51/- 75/- gros^

X... 2 lle\a','On 25 - 31; i 42- 69/- 90/- „

Soft White Tittany 15'- 20- 21,- 31- 60/- ,,

BRUWN MINERALISED TIFFANY BAGS WITH STRING.

Sizes (measured flat) 7i ..;:'. in at 17/6 ; uxTin. at 22/6;

Hi X 8 in. at 25/- per gross.

WASP HEXAGON NETTING.

3 4 .>; 0 7 S ft. wide
No 1 Strength .. lid. 1/2 1/6 1/10 2/8 3,- per yd. run
No 2 Strength I ,/. ^^ ,g j^. j^j, 33
(extra strong)/ ' ■' ' '

WASP DESTROYER for TAKING NESTS.

Powder 1,6 and 2/8 per bottle.

All ahofe prices plus lO-J, advfince carria^it' paid on ^l-ord, r^:

Purveyors of every Horticultural Requisite. Sp:ci I Lists by Re u n

Wm. WOOD & SON, ltd.. Wood Green, LONDON, N. 2

■Plione - Palmers Oietii :i77.

T'grams, — ■■ Kungheto" Wood, London.

THE

Vegetable Garden.

This is an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated wcrk

by the world-famous growers,

MESSRS. VILMORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Paris. There are no market growers to equal
the French, and in this work EnglisJi readers
will find placed at their disposal, in readable and
interesting form, all the e.xperience and know-
ledge of centuries of successful cultivation. All
the principal vegetables, including many which
are at present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and in-
forinative illustrations give point to the instruc-
tions contained in the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out < f
the g"ound at his disposal.

PRICE I5s. 7d. POST FREE.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINGTON 8T. STRAND, W.C r.

EVERY

GARDENER

KNOWS

THAT

Sold«verywhfieioTINS»ie«l. Aid. . and in BRANDED t SEALED

BAGS: 7lbi..2s. ed. . Illbs., 4s. ed. ; 2« Ibs.Ts. e<|. . 66 lbs. 12b. Sd. Il2lb^. aOs. Or
J , ,....,._,.... >._...-..,- „ . ._ . .TINS)

direct from ibc Works. Carrisfe paid in the United Kingdom fer Cisb wiib Order leuepi

CLAY & SON. Manure Mf.rs & Bone Crushers, STRATFORD. LONDON. E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

AtTousr 25, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

75

(& axbcmxs Cljrnnirlr

A^o. ICOO — SATURDAY, AUGUST Si, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Agriculture in Jamaica.. SO Market fruit garden, llie

ABpienium Kilix-foeniina Novice, confesBions of a

var. Claritsimum .. 81 Obituary -

Cabbage maggot, tlie .. 80 Gait. A.

"Chronicle, the.. .. 82 Hariot, Paul ..

Farm, crops aud stock MacVinleh, A —

on the home . . 83 Orcbid notes and glean-

Ferns, protection "f wild 80 ings -

Food production, on in* Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya

creased — ■ Windsor

House Sparrow, the . . 7S Cattleya Phaedra

Onions, autumn-sown 77 CypripedmniMillmanii

Onions, bolting in .. "s Putalos, the storage of..
Pasture, the treatment Rainfall and gunfire

of old 78 Societies-
Vegetables for muni- Royal Horticultural . .
tioners .. ..78 Scottish Horticultural

Food, the preservation of Tea plants..

France, notes from . . 77 Tomatfis, how to can . .

Fruit crops, remarks on V'egetables and fruits,

the

.SI

pric

i of

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Apple-shoot atf ected with brown-rot canker
Asplenium Filix-foemlna var. Clarissimum..
Vegetables produced at a munition work's garden

STORAGE OF POTAIOS.

THE uietliods of storage of Potatoe
adopted iu different parts of the
country and by different types of
growers are so varied as to suggest to a
hasty observer that they cannot all be
based on sound principles. Nor, indeed,
is it our present object to prove that
"whatever is" — in the way of Potato
storage — " is right." Nevertheless, care-
ful inquiry and consideration will show
that the diSerenoes in method are in the
main due to attempts to settle a difficult
matter — which admits of no absolutely
perfect settlement — by compromise. The
reasons why a compromise, and not a
perfect system, must be adopted are, first,
that to store Potatos in absolutely perfect
conditions would cost more than they are
worth, and second, that the conditions re-
quired to ward off one danger are those
wliich, if adopted too thoroughly, are liktly
to expose the tubers to another danger.
The stored Potato is undoubtedly between
the devil of heating and tho deep sea of
dampness. For example, if a clamp be
made impervious to rain, it is well-nigh in-
evitably impervious al.?o to air. Tho free
circulation of air among the Potatos is
checked and the worst of all evils, the
sweating and heating of the heap, Ijefalls
the tubers. The danger of loss from this
cause i.s, of course, greatest during the
first months of storage ; for during that
period the tubers are not yet dormant.
They are gradually passing into a dor-
mant or somnolent state, but in the mean-
time they are respiring — that is, perform-
ing chemical operations which require
oxviren for their initiation and result in
a litM'ration of carbon dioxide.

Now, it is well known that if living

vegetable matter be in active life it is pos-
sible to cause it to kill itself by packing
it closely in a confined space. For in-
stance, if young leaves be packed closely
together, the heat which they produce in
the course of their respiration is so great
that the temperature in the centre of the
mass rises to and beyond the death point,
and the leaves are killed.

So in like manner it is possible to kill
Potatos, as it were, by kindness. If as
soon as they are lifted they are packed away
snugly in a perfectly made and finished
clamp, heating, sweating and subsequent
rotting are almost bound to occur. The
risk of this result is rendered the greater
by reason of the fact that, like men, no
crops of Potatos are perfect. No matter
how carefully they may have been hand-
picked, some unsound and diseased Potatos
are almost certain to be included in the
stored tubers. Each diseased Potato is a
source of danger to its fellows. The dis-
ease lurking on or in it may and will, if
the conditions are favourable, spread to
and infect its healthy neighbours.

Certain good general rules may be de-
duced from these considerations. These
rules are: —

(1) The more perfect the ventilation, tho
better the clamp.

(2) The more recent the digging, the
greater the need for perfect ventilation,
and in those cases in whicli the clamp is
finislied off at making time occasional
opening of the clamp and overhauling of
the tubers.

(3) The fewer diseased Potatos included
in the clamp, the less the risk of loss.

The philosophy — though not the whole
philosophy — of clamping may be summed
up thus: — In the early days let air into
the tubers, even though in doing so some
rain may get in also; in the later days,
keep rain out, even though by so doing
some air is kept out also.

There are, so far as our observation
goes, throe general methods of clamping.
One, wliich we think is the least satisfac-
tory, is to make haste to build and complete
the clamp soon after the Potatos have been
lifted. The thick covering of straw and
earth which is put in at the finlsiiing of
the clamp — even though ventilation pipes
are inserted — impedes the free circulation
of air, and the Potatos are bound to
suffer. Another method which is often
adopted by good growers is probably tho
best where large quantities of tubers have
to be handled. After grading and reject-
in<r disea.s<.'.d tubers, the tuIxTs aro built up
in the clamp, having a base about 3 feet or
3 feet 6 inches wide, and with sides as
straight as possible, so that ultimately tlio
s<>ction of the clamp will have the form of
the arms of the letter A. The straw Hong
wheat, or, failinp wheat, barley straw — not
oat straw) is put in position alonj; tho sidos
and ond.s of the clamp, care beinq: taken
to push the huts of straw well down to
tlio ground. For the edge of tho olanii)
is its Achilles' lieel on which frost later
on makes it« attack. Earth from tho
draina<re trench is thrown over tlio base
of the straw, and also about the middle.

in order to keep the covering in position.
The cap of long straw covering the ridge
and passing over the straw of the sides is
also put on, and kept in position by
similar means. Circulation of air takes
place readily through the 4 inches of straw
and also through the mass of Potatos,
provided that the mass be not too broad.
Later on, when the waning vita.l activity
of the tubers has ceased and when frost
is to be expected, the clamp is completed.
The 6 or 12 inch rampart of earth is built
up over the straw almost to the apex of
the ridge, and the narrow ridge is closed
by means of short straw.

What, in our opinion, is the best
method of all is to carry the Potatos to
the dry part of the field in which the
clamp is to be built ; if sorting and grad-
ing can be done before they are carted,
so much the better. If not, they must be
sorted and the diseased tubers rejected
(boiled and fed to pigs). They are put
in heaps, either on the dry ground or on
a layer of Bracken previously spread
thereon. The heaps, not more than 2 feet
or 2 feet 6 inches in height, are covered
lightly with Bracken. At intervals of two
weelcs the tubers in the heap are looked
over and the diseased tubers, many at the
first inspection and fewer at the last in-
spection, are removed. Late in November
in a normal year the clamp is made. As
a furtlier preventive of the spread of dis-
ease quicklime, or quicklime mixed with
flowers of sulphur, is dusted among the
Potatos. This precaution should also bo
followed by those who practise other
methods of storage.

It is evident that in many oases at the
present time labour difficulties may pre-
vent the adoption of the lost described
method. Nevertheless, it is one which
is to be recommended whenever it is
practicable.

In this method of deferred clamping
no ventilation chimneys arc required ; but
if the claimp is made earlier it is advis-
able, though in the opinion of some good
growers not essential, to put in ventila-
tion shaft* at intervals along the clain|).
The ventilation shafts, made of dram
pipes, should not, however, be upright,
but should be placed near the top of the
sides, not quite horizontally, but pointiji,'
sjomewhat downwards. Tn the outlet of
the shafts a little loose litter — Brackvi,
Heather, etc. — is placed.

Unless the clamp shows signs of giving
in, it may be left undisturlied until
February. If left longer before it is ex-
n.mined, many of the tubers will have
sprouted.

The storage of Potatos for seed purposes
is a difficult subject to discuss, beoanso
tlie method to bo adopted must be governed
bv tho facilities of space, buildings, and
bibour at the disposal of the grower.
There is little doubt, however, that if ^
sufficiently large frost-proof and well-lit
shod is available, boxing, essentia! for
onvlifis. is be"=t, also for second e.nrlio«
and main crop varieties. Boxed in
Novoiiiber, and kept in a well-lit, cool,
but frost-proof shed, the tubers will green

76

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 25, 1917.

thoroughly, and the sprouts will be stocky and
solid. Needless to say, the fcoxes, if piled over
one another, must nevertheless not be so close
as to obstruct light and air. This method, oiily
possible to the small grower or to the specialist
large gi'ower, has the great additional advan-
tage that tubers which have failed to
sprout or have produced only poor shoots
may be discarded and not planted, for there is
reasion to believe that these tubers are often the
foster-parents of late blight. If planted, they
will only produce weakling plants which, suf-
fering from premature oldi age, readily contract
the disease. Hidden by tbe taller neighbouring
pla.nts, they escape notice, and spread the dis-
ease to the lower leaves of the plants in their
vicinity. So, like a thief in the night, the dis-
ease makes its attack. It camiot be insisted on
too strongly that late blight is, like some human
diseases, a disease of old age. Old age, though
generally associated with length of days, may
display its symptoms in things which, though
young in yeai's, have raced in a futile way
through the course of their life and ''' are rotten
ere they are half ripe." It appears probable
that the prematurely old-aged Potato is a fre-
qucdit source of infection. Naturally, the de-
bility of old age may be brought about either
by untoward soil conditions, or it may be due
to constitutional weakness. By boxing and re-
jecting the tubers the sprouts of which have
failed to develop in a normal manner the con-
stitutional weaklings may be discarded.

The storage of allotment Potato crops pre-
sents in some casee considerable difficulty.
Clamping is often out of the question, owing
to danger from pilferers. Where small quanti-
ties are to be .stored a larder, if not too damp,
is a suitaible place. If the Potatos are stored
in thick sacks, stood on boards with wooden
battens, duslted with a little quicklime, or
quicklime and flowers of eulphur, and picked
over (both before and occasionally during
storage, they .should keep well. If the
lai-der is not proof against frost a covering
of loose litter. Bracken, Heather, or crumpled,
but not crushed, newspapers will give pro-
tection ; or the sacks may be taken, on niglits
of hard frost, into the kitchen. Failing a larder,
a cellar, if it is well ventilated, may be used.
The Potatos should be laid in heaps on the
floor, but the heaps should be shallow — about
1 foot or 1 foot 6 inches in depth. Old sacking
or litter may be placed over them in frosty
weather. Although not connected with storage,
a word may be added on choice of seed. Many
allotment-holders will be tempted to use their
own seed tubers. But unless they grew Scotch or
Irish seed, and unless their plots lie in good
Potato districts, such as the silt o.f Lincolnshire
,and Cambridgeshire, and the warp of Yorkshire,
they sTiould on no account rely on own-saved
seed. They should obtain either Scotch or Irish
.seed, or else once-grown Scotch or Irish raised in
a good Potato disitrict, such, for example, as one
of those already mentioned. Although " own-
saved-once-from-Scotland " seed may be used
where experience has already shown that it gives
good results, its use should be avoided in other
cases, and particularly by those whose plots are
on liglit soil.

o-ose-coloured base bears gold lineis. Mr. Puddle
also sends a home-raised C. Warscewiczii.

Brasso-Laelio-Cattlbya Windsor. — A flower
of this cross between Brasso-Cattleya Thorntonii
■and Laelio-Cattleya callistoglossa iis sent by
Messrs. Mansell and Hatcher, Rawdon. The
sepals and petals are rose-pink, the slightly
fringed labellum light rose, veined with rosy-
mauve. The disc is yellow on a white ground.
The brightly-coloured veining on the inside of
the side lobes of the lip is an attractive feature.

MALFORMATION.

Cypripedium Millmanii. — A three-fioweied in-
florescence of this hybrid, between C. callosum
and C. philippinenise, is sent by Mr. F. C.
Puddle. One of the flowers is curiously mal-
formed. The upper sepal is divided and joins
the lower sepals, extending on each side, wiiile
the imperfect petals are joined and placed erect
■in the position normally occupied by the dorsal
.sepal. The column is malformed and
■straightened, but the lip is almost normal.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

Cattleya PH.iEDRA. — This is a brightly-
coloured hybrid, between C. Dowiana aurea and
C. Elvina (Schilleriana x Trianae). sent bv Mr.
F. C. Puddle, gr. to W. H. St. Quintin,"Esq.,
Scampston Hall, Rillington. The sepals amd
petals are rose-purple, the lip, which .strongly
indicates C. Schilleriana, is ruby-purple in front,
and on the tips of the erected side lobes. The

Fig. 28. — apple shoot affected with brown rot
canker. the dead spur wi» attacked when

in flower,

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

A Valuable Report on Brown Rot.
Under the title of " A Blosiom Will and
Canker of Apple Trees," a report on Brown Rot
experiments by Mr. H. Wormald, has been
issued by the Cambridge University Press, as a
reprint from the Annah of Applied Biology.
April, 1917. Brown rot, it is pointed out, is in-
creasing in intensity year by year, and Kas now
assumed epidemic proportions, causing consider-
a.ble loss to fruit-growers. In some cases 50 Ito
75 per cent, of the blossom trusses and spurs of
Apples have been killed by the disease (see fig.
28). At present no spray m'aterial for effectively
ichecking the disease has been discov.ered ,
tti-ials hitherto having given only negative re-

.sults. Much benefit, however, 'has been ob-
taiined by cutting off the withered spurs as
soon as possible after they have been
observed. This is in accordance with appa-
rent results in my experience, as, afteii' cut-
ting off and burning the diseased spurs from
all but one badly-attacked variety in 1915 and
1916, the attack was greatly diminished in 1917,
whUe the excepted variety is more extensively
injured this season than ever before. It is of
importance to cut off the diseased spurs as soon
as poEsible after they have been observed, in
oi-der to prevent the extension of the rot to the
branches from which the -spurs issue. Where
I the extension has taken place, as it has done in
many cases when the withering has been noticed,
brown rot canker is found on the branches at
the bases of the spurs, and such parts should be
pared out as far as the bark is brown, and just
into the sound bark, which should be dressed with
Stockholm tar. In many cases I have found
cankers two to four inches in length at the bases
of diseased spurs, and even at those of tiny
snags which few pruners would think it neces-
sary to cut off, unleiss they had noticed the re-
sult of leaving them uncut. When the canker
is found to extend all round a branch, there
should not be any hesitation in cutting off the
branch below the diseased place, at once if there
is no fruit uipon it, or alter the ga.thering of the
fruit when there is any above the cankered
spot, as' the speedy death of the portion above
that spot is certain. The permanency of the in-
jury caused by the disease is indicated by the
fact that where many spurs have to be sihaved
off a branch, the latter will be bald to a great
extent for the whole of its subsequent existence.
Still, by cutting off the withered spurs before
they have decayed down to their Junctions with
the branches, the extensions above the treated
places may poissibly be saved fi-om future injury,
whereas every di^^eased spirr left on a branch will
be a source of infection for the following season.
Where sirfficient men are not avaiilabl?, women
should be employed to do the nece&ary work.
Investigations at Wye support the conclus'on ci
some foreign mycologists as to the existence cf
two species of brown rot, one of which attacks .
the blossom and the wood, and the other the
fruit. This is in accordance with the fact that,
while there is a great deal of the disease on some
varieties of Apples in tny orchards, as seen in
withered spurs and cankered branches, there has
never been any considerable proportion of
mummified fruits. Conversely, there has been a
considerable proportion of mummified Plums
even where liardly any brown rot has appeared
on the spurs or the ends of shoots. I have very
littJe brown rot on Plums this season, an exemp-
tion attributed to the cutting off and burning of
diseased parts in recent years. The disease
appeared on Plums in my oldest orchard some
years before any attack on Apples was noticed.

Lucerne in Obchards.
My attempts to obtain a full plant of Lucerne
in some orchards has been mainly, but not en-
tirely, successful, in spite of the fact that a hot
fortnight's drought succeeded each sowing.
Failure in one case was due to the seed having
been buried too deeply by simply hoeing it in.
The land had been hoed a short time before, and
was nearly free from weeds. In this case there was
no room between the rows of trees to harrow the
seed in. In another orchard, after horse culti-
vation, the seed was harrowed in between the
rows of trees, while the land in these rows was
hoed before the sowing, and the seed was
covered by means of hayrakes afterwards. Here
there is an excellent plant of Lucerne, although
in places the pestilent Bindweed has grown ram-
pantly with it. Whether the weed or the
Lucerne wiill gain the upper hand after the first
cutting remains to be seen. Where the failure
took place, re-hoeing, re-sowing, and raking in
the seed have resulted in a full plant, now almost
smothered in places, howeveir, by Bindweed.
Soutlicrn Grower.

August 26, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

17

CONFESSIONS OF_A NOVICE.-XVI.

NOVICE AS ALLOT.AIENT-HOLDER.
As .these may remember who have read my
confessions, no motive of material gain clouded
the pure passion with which I fell in love with
gardening. If anji^hing of calculation there was,
it lay rather in the dii'ection of gardening as a
kind of old-age infiurance. It was a new game
that can be played all the year round, in all
weathers, and alone. It is true that, like Bacon,
I took "all learning for my province," and felt
a« deep an interest dn the tragedies of the
kitchen garden — club root and fly and mildew,
wireworm and maggot and blight — as in the
happy dramas of the flowering shrubs and her-
baceous borders where any pests that harbour
can compass no complete tragedy. They may
strike down the Antirrhinums, but if they do
the Delphiniums and the Larkspurs bring
flowers to the Snapdragons' grave.

Xow, since in obedience to the exhortations to
grow more food, I have turned my garden into
an allotment, the flowers, like Boy Scouts and
Girl Guides, seem to have resolved to do good
•deeds every day. Left alone, they are flourish-
ing in a wild riot of colour, far more luxuriantly
than when they were so carefully watched and
tended. The Ramblers, left unsprayed, make
light of mildew, and like Apollyon straddle all
over the way, blooming alike high up the Larches
land low on the ground in the high grass of the
unmown borders. I ,am aware tha4, the neglect
which the flowers are enjoying bodes no good for
•their fu!ture welfare. In the Rose beds Manetti
stocks have begun to rob their lodgers — the
scions planted upon them.

But it is of the " allotment " gardens — ^my own
and those of my neighbourhood — that I wish to
speaJj. So far, in spite of the forebodings of the
wise, wireworm has done little or no damage.
The season, together with a dressing of sulphate
of ammonia, enabled the Potatos — sprouted when
set out — to grow away quickly. A dressing of
agricultural salt seems also to have done good.

Our plot of early Potatos — Eclipse, Lincoln-
shire seed, one year from Scotland — has been
dug, andi has given a good crop — about 12 tons
to the acre. But the chief interest of this plot
is the wonderful illustration it gives of the mode
of operation of late blight. Except for two
patclies which aae badly diseased, the haulm is
clean. The two patches lie each above a field
drain, which, owing to the position of the outlet,
had to be placed within 6 inches of tlie surface.
The ground on which the two diseased patches
stand is always damp. No Potatos havp been
grown on this plot for many years, and there
are no diseased Potatos near. It is evident,
therefore, that the disease came with the seed,
and that it only broke out in those spots in
which the soU conditions — as a result of the late
muggy and rainy weather — were favourable to
its development. Whether, as is probable, H
arose from one or two diseased plants, and spread
to the neighbouring haulm, or whether tlie
original outbreak was more general, I cannot
say. But the point which seems to me to be of
great impoi'tance is this, that it is certain that
other tubers planted in other parts of the ground
must also have been carrying the germs of the
(lisease Will the new tuber» of Potatos, the
hanlm of which is entirely free from signs of
blight, contain the fungus, or will they be free
from it? I believe the modem view is that the
couT.se of disease is from tuber to growing haulm,
on the leaves of which the .spores appear in due
season, fall to the ground and infect the young
tubf-rs. But is it certain that the disease may
not proceed direct from mother to daughter
tuber? For if the Latter event may occur, the
importance of change of seed becomes self-
evident. It is easy to imagine that this direct-
tuber to tuber infection may only occur under
certaiin unfavourable soil conditions, and in that
case the belief, common among gardeners, that
change of seed — not only change to Scotch or

Irish seed, which is admittedly safest — but also
change, say. from a chalky to a sandy soil, owes
its beneficial effect to this — that direct tuber in-
fection only occurs generally on "bad" Potato
soils. I wish that the experts who have made a
special study of the course of infection in the
case of late blight would enlighten this novice
on the subject. I wish also that they would
oolleot a summary of spraying results, preface it
•n-ith a simply-wTitten account of what is known
with certainty of the life history of the disease,
and publish it for our benefit. For I have seen
plots in lallotments marked not to be sprayed side
bv side with others bearing placards " bo be
sprayed." I venture to think that it would be
better, where practicable, to segregate un-
eprayed and sprayed plots, so that aU the
Potatos on one allotment field are sprayed. If
this were done, the conscientious objectors to
spraying might give effect to the faith that is in
then- without detriment to the plots of their
neighbours. .4. A'.

NOTES FROM FRANCE.

BY A MEMBER OF THE B.E.F.
A Cure's Garden. — There is a fine little gar-
den " somewhere in France " belonging to a
country cure who is very keen on getting
plenty of food from his soil. That it is
inot far behind the line may be judged
from the fact thai, five or six shells dropped
in the precincts of the garden while 1 wns in
•the neighbourhood. A bomb from an aero-
plane has uprooted and destroyed ai pro-
mising pyramid Pear, and shrapnel has cut the
bark of many of the wall trees. The garden
is surrounded by a wall about 8 feet in height,
enclosing nearly a quarter of an acre of land.
There is a border about 5 feet wide against all
the walls. A path, 4 feet wide, skirts the bor-
ders, and a central path 5 feet wide, divides
the inner portion of the garden into two equal
plots. The walls are covered with trained trees
of Pears, Peachee and Apricots. The latter
trees, of which there were only two, showed no
sign of fruit. The Peach trees, however, gave
promise of a good crop, notwithstanding the
unorthodox method of pruning, which, I under-
stand, was done by a superannuated miner
turned gardener. The border skirting the wall
facing north was planted with a row of Rasp-
berries, bordered by a thick line of Sorrel. The
waste of space was to be regretted, and was
surprising, in view of the economic arrangement
of the garden in other respects. The Rasp-
berries did well, for the wall shaded them but
slightly, and I had the pleasure of gathering
practically the whole crop. The border facing
east was planted with young Strawberries, which
gave a good crop, though a fair portion of it
■was spoilt by rain owing .to the bed not being
strawed. The south border was used for Let-
tuces, Kadi.«*hes. Cucumbers (for pickling — being
known, I gather, by the name of Cornichons),
and seed beds. The Cucumbers are sown and
not transplanted ; they are allowed to grow very
thickly. They give a good crop if the fruits are
picked when quite small. I undertook the work
of thinning the Lettuce bed, and the small
plants, even when there were only a couple of
leaves, were used for salad. The border facing
west was used for grass, which was cut as re-
quired for the poultry. Bushes of Gooseberries
.and Red and Black Currants skiiited the outer
sides of the large plots, planted barely 2 feet
from the path. The (space beitween the bushes
was used for Strawberries, Sorrel and Chives.
Sorrel seems to be largely grown in French gar-
dens. Standing a little back from the line of
fruit bushes were two Cherry and two Plum
trees. The Cherries gave a good crop while I
was there, and the flavour was greatly appre-
ciated by one who now fro»o verv few of such

luxuries. The main path had a border on either
side about 3 feet wide. The background was
a line of Pyramid Pears of such varieties as
Doyenne du Cornice, Williams's Bon Chretien,
Marie Louise, Easter Beurre, and other varieties
which I do not now remember. These borders
were given over to flowers such as Lilium can-
didum, Carnations, Roses (Fran Karl Druschki,
Cia.roline Testout, and Gloire de Dijon), Yuccas,
Spiraea filipendula, Paeonies, and others. The
vacant spaces were planted with winter greens —
obviously a war-time venture only. A fair
breadth was given over to Potatos, and almost
an equal area ito Haricot Beans in successive sow-
inigs. Only dHvarf Peas were grown, fom- rows at
a foot apart being sown every few weeks. A
fair-sized plot was planted with Leeks just be-
fore my departure. Drills were cut out a foot
apart and the plants set at 4 to 5 inches apart in
deep holes, which were not filled in. The tops
were cut off, as is the practice sometimes in
England. Leeks, though of small size, are
larc^ely grown by every garden owner in the
neighbourhood, being used for soup. Haricot
Beans also form a large crop. Despite the lan-
guage difliculty I had several interesting though
disjointed chats with the good cure. One crop
grown was called "Belle Dame " — I must con-
fess that I did not recognise it. Perhaps some
reader can enlighten me. Shallots were igrown
in considerable numbers, and although planted
only 9 inches apart, were intercropped with Let-
tuces. "Ail," which T understand to be a
species of Garlic, was also grown and inter-
cropped in the same manner. William F. Bowles.
["Belle Dame" i.s one of 4he many names
civen to the plant Alriplex hortensis. The young
leaves are used as a substitute for Spinach. Y'ou
are right in supposing Ail to be Gnrlic. — Eds.]

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

AUTUMN-SOWN ONIONS.

The Onions raised in autumn constitute the
most useful crop. Ona continually hears com-
plrints of the loss of the spring crop, and a
great loss \\ is, as in kitchens of any importance
Onions are required every day in the year. But
if autumn-sown Onions were more extensively
and generally grown the supply would be more
certain and satisfactory. By sowing at once
young plants will be produced by November,
and in the absence of others some of these may
Ibe employed in the kitchen, and many people
will use them as salad.

In April and May they will have formed good
bulbs, which will "keep "excellently for culinary
purposes well into the autumn. Indeed, good
varieties will keep as well throughout the
following winter as any of the spring-sown
bulbs, and anyone may easily keep up an
all-the-year-round supply of Onions from
autumn-sown seed alone, while there is this im-
]u rtant advanta£,e — that the plants are not to
liable to be attacked by grubs as spring-sown
plants.

I strongly recommend two sowings, one now
and the other about the second week in Septem-
ber. Good ground must be used. It may be
deep or shallow, stiff or loose, but it must be
rich. Firm soil is an advantage, as the plants
grow robust in it and bulb much better than in
very loose soil ; indeed, the latter will never pro-
duce first-class Onions. Although autumn-sown
Onions are not so liable to become maggoty as
the spring-raised plants, they are not altogether
proof against the enemy, and it is best to
take precautions again.st this pest when the
soil is being prepared for sowing the seed.
It will most likely require manuring, and besides
this a good sprinkling of salt and soot should
be put in ; or wood ash is as good as either.
Ordinary lime is also valuable, and each or all
of these materials .should be thoroughly

78

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 25, 1917.

mixed with the soil as it is turned. The seeds
may ibe sown immediately after digging, in rows
16 inches apart, and not more than 2 inches below
the surface. If the drills opened for the re-
ception of the seeds can be filled with better
material than the ordinary soil of the quarter it
will benefit the seedlings when they are very
small. In covering them, the surface over the
seeds should be trodden firmly and then made
smooth. The following varieties are to be strongly
recommended : Ailsa Craig, White Leviathan,
Lemon Rocca, and Monster White. James A.
Pake.

BOLTING ONIONS.

The plan of pulling off the flower-heads of
autumnrsown Onione as soon as they appear (see
p. 52) lias been the practice of good gardeners
for many years, and' if carefully attended to
for a few days a good' crop can be secured. The
flower-stemis will develop afterwards to the usual
size ; they are easily removed when the bulbs
are harvested, and very little difference occurs
in the weight of produce, but the bulbs are not
so shapely as those which do not run to seed.

The Royal Honticultural Society is doing a
good work in trials of vegetables. I Jiave seen
the Wisley coDection several times this season ;
the percentage of bolting plants seemed to

satisfaotory results in the way oi crops, but

thanks to excellent results from advertisements
in tile Gardeners' Ghronicle and the Journal of
the British Gardeners' Association, and assist-
ance from -the local Labour Bureau, gardeners
were obtained and the ground prepared.

All 'the sites that had to be cleared 'were as
Ithe buildei-s and contractors had left them ; on
one site alone there were 500 oartloijds of rnb-
liish, including t|Wo laiige beds of cement and
raU'way-'track ballast, 'wjiich had ito be carted
away before the land could be cultivated. About
60 tons of timber had to be removed fi'orii
another plot, and a further 50 tons of felled
timber and brushwood cleared. As most of 'the
land was old turf it had to be bastard-trenched
by manual laboiu-, and I doubt 'if any other class
of labour of any description would have been
capable or willing to make the sacrifice these
gardeners made in the national interests. They
worked seven days per week on work of the very
hardest nature, and the remarkable progress
made lias enabled the scheme to produce, since
the second week in July, vegetables in sufficient
quantities to supply the -workers' canteens, "where
severaJ thousands are fed daily. The illusltra-
tion in fig. 29 and list of quanaities below wiU
give some idea of the amount of vegetables deli-

over 2,200 sales were transacted. The firm has
decided to open a shop in the works to supply
workpeople who reside in the colony attached
to tlie works with fresh vegetables.

We have now over 60 acres of land under culti-
vation, two-thirds of which have been brought
under cultivation by hard ■manual labour. It
is a fine example of what can be done in a short
time, and I trust that this war will bring the
practical gardener to the front as a food pro-
ducer, and that he will receive his d^e reoogni-
tion, as up to (the present he has been sadly
neglected. It is evident thai the country lias
learned' a home truth' -which should enable the
gardeners to be placed in a proper spheTe in the
near future. This terrible war has rather re-
duced the value of the adage " Man doth not live
by 'bread alone," for events have fully convinced
us that without bread men cannot live. ]?.
Greenfield.

THE TREATMENT OF OLD PASTURE.

It is not yet sufficiently realised by growers
who wish to use old pasture for vegetable pro-
duction that such ground requires very long pre-
paration. The ideal method is to plough the
land, leave it for several months to give the
turf an opportunity of rotting, and then plough

-.4 DAY S SUPPLY OF VEGETABLES FOR MUNITION WORKERS.

be much the same among those that were trans-
planted in March and those which remained
where they were sown. Probably much of the
bolting is due to the abnormal winter and
spring, but it is partly owing to wrong measures
in saving the seed. White Spanish and Autumn
'I'riumph have done well as autumn-sown varie-
ties. The Tripoli varieties cannot be recom-
nit-Tided for keeijing after November. For the
midland and northern districts Giant Rocca or
the Red Italian Tripoli are valuable for hardi-
ness and weight of crop ; Ailsa Craig or one of iits
)ie;ir relations may also be grown. Giant Lemon
Rocca has produced- a heavy crop at Wisley,
and would be preferred by the market .grower
for ripe Onions, as the Red Italian kinds ai'e
not favoured by the dea.lers when fully grown.
White Italian Tripoli, and similar white varie-
ties, are not to be trusted on cold, heavy soils,
as they are more subject to mildew than the red
or brown varieties. Transplanting in March has
proved the beet system at Wisley. W. H.
Dircrs, Westdean, Hook,

VEGETABLES FOR MUNITIONERS.

At a large munition factory in the Midlands

a " Works Garden Scheme " was commenced on

March 24, 1917. This was far -too late to expect

vered daily to meet the requirements of the fac-
tory workers' canteens : — 25 owt. Potatos, 1,200
lbs. Peas, 350 bunches of Carrots, 200 bmiches
of Onions, 300 Cabbages, 200 lbs. of Runmer
Beans, 1 cwt. of MaiTOws, 250 Lettuces, and
6 doz. bunches of Parsley. No farmyard or
stable manure has been used in the production
of these crops.

The value of a scheme of this nature, supply-
ing thousaiudis of workers wiith -wholesome
fresli vegetables (which will eventually be the
means of doing away with the unsatisfactory
system of workers bringing their own food from
home), cannot be over-estimated. There is a
marked change in the environment of present-
day factory life which will go a long way to
solve the existing dissatisfaction amongst the
-working classes. Our own doctor states that
the improvement in the general health of the
employees since the garden scheme commeinced
is remarkable.

In connection with the scheme we have 169
allotments for the workpeople, which are let out
in one-eighth and one-sixteenth acre plots ; also
120 girls' garden plots, Ithe latter being cultivated
in the gii'ls' spare time.

All surplus vegetables, plants, and seeds are
sold to employees, and up to the end of July

again, disintegrating the turf, and breaking up
the clods of earth, which afford harbourage for
wireworm. When treated in this way, turf is
one of the best rooting media obtainable. Those
who have made the mistake of ploughing only
once before cropping, caai still do much to repair
the eiTor by ploughing again directly the harvest
is gathered, tlien laying the ground open to the
beneficial influences of frost, rain, and wind.
E. M.

THE HOUSE SPARROW.
I CAN corroborate Mr. Stanbury's statements
regarding house-siparrows clearing Gooseberry
bushes of caterpillars. The first proof I had of
it was some years ago, when I noticed that cater-
pillars were present on the bushes, but, owing
to pressure of work, could not take measures to
desti-oy them for a day or two. In the mean-
time I noticed that a lot of house-sparrows (not
hedge-sparrows) were busy in the garden, and
especially among the Gooseberry bushes. Think-
ing that they were causing mischief, I kept
frightening them away, but they were soon back
again, and on examining the bushes, I was sur-
prised to find tliat the caterpillars had entirely
disappeared. I have also noticed the same thing
this season in the gardens here. R. iSimpson,
Sewerby House Gardens, Bridlington.

Auotrsr 25, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CTHRONICLE.

79

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Duns, Foreman. Roval Gardens, Windsor.

Lettuces for Winter Supplies -A sowing
of hardy varieties of Lettuce should be made
HOW and another in ten days' time, so that
supplies of this salad may be available through-
out the winter. Sow on a south border and thin
to 9 inches apart as soon as the plants are large
enough, and if cold pits are available the seed-
lings which are removed from the rows in thin-
ning may be carefully transplanted and the
lights left oft until late in autumn, when they
should be replaced on the approach of heavy rains
or frost. The bed should be within 18 inches
of the glaes and the soil light and rich. Maxi-
mum and Monument are fine varieties for this
purpose, also Hardy White Cos.

Herbs.— Advantage should be taken of dry
weather to cut Mmt and other herbs intended
for use in a dried state during the winter.
Pla<:e them in a dry, open shed and allow them
to become quite dry before bunching. In order
to keep a supply of green shoots of the tender
herb Sweet Basil during the winter a sowing
should be made now and another a fortnight
later. Grow the plants in a temperature of 60°
and near to the glass. As soon as the seed-
lings are large enough to handle nrick ithem into
6-iiich pots, putting five or six plants in each pot,
in light, rich soil, with plenty of sand._ S^yeet
Marjoram should now be ready for potting into
6-inch pots, using loam and leaf -mould in equal
parts ; th« compost should be premised tightly
about the roots and the plants placed in a cool
pit or frame that can be ventilated freely. _ As
the sea«on advances th^-v may be placed in a
slightly heated pit and still ventilated in favour-
able weather.

Turnips.— Thin freely the wint«r tuniips ua
soon as the plants are of sufficient size, to 9 inches
between the plants, and hoe the ground fre-
quently. Soot and wood ashes may be applied
to the bed in showery weather. Turnip seed
may still be sown in spare ground with a view to
raising plants that will furnish green tops in
spring.

Onions.— Spring-sown Onions .should be lifted
ns soon as the foliage begins to show signs of
decay. Lay the bulbs thin'y on clean, hard
■.round, and turn them daily until they are ready
to be placed in the store. The crop .should be
carefully picked over, and only the hardest and
best-ripened bulbs stored for spring use. All
thick-necked specimens may be used early in the
season.

Globe Artichokes.— As soon as this crop
has been utilised the stems may be cut close to
the ground and the ground hoed or dug, so that
the plot may be free from weeds during the
autumn.

Green Crops.— The ground between the
winter and spring greens should be hoed as soon
aa dry weather occurs. Make good all blanks in
the rows. ( 'oiitimie to jilant ( "oleworts, allowing
the plants less S|>ace a.s time advances.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Coi.rjBR. GardentT to Sir JffRiMl.tH Coi.man,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reijate.

MiLTONiA vexillaria — M. vexillaria and its
hybrids which flowered early in the season
have started well into growth. Some will need
repotting ; but first each plant should be closely
examined for thrips, which secrete themselves
in the centre of the young growths and in the
axils of the leavas. If thrips are found to
be present, the le:ives of the plants and
growths .should be immersed in a solution of
Quassia extract, in the proportion of half a pint
of extract to three gallon.s of tepid water. After
dipping, the plants should he laid on their sides
so as to allow the liquid to drain from the leaves
without coming in contact with the roots or
compost. Afterwards rinse in clear water. M.

vexillaria requires rather a shallow compost,
the fibrous roots preferring to roam just under
and over the surface. The compost should con-
sist of Osmunda-fibre cut up rather short. Re-
move all the small particles, and add small quan-
tities of chopped Sphagnmn-moss and crushed
crocks. In repotting, keep the base of the
young growths on a level with the rim of the
pot, working the rooting materials in and around
the roots moderately firmly. The cool house
will suit them for the present, but when the
nights become cooler, the plants sliould be
removed to the intei-mediate house. They
will be benefited by a light spraying overhead
at least twice daily during bright weather. At
first, and until the new growths begin to root
freely, sprinkle the surface of the soil whenever
it is dry ; as the plant becomes re-established,
the quantity of water should be increased.
Spray them overhead every two weeks with
Quassia extract, rather weaker than that recom-
mended above fur dipping.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By \V. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. .\rthur J.
Davet, Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Strawberry Plots.— These should be kept
free from weeds and runners. The plants should
be cared for in every possible way to ensure
the ripening of the crowns for another season.
Fio Trees.— Continue to tie in these trees,
renio\iiig all growths that are not necessary for
their Well-being. When large fruits are ripening
[ilacj muslin bags over them if wasps are trouble-
some, but this should not be done in wet weather,
or it will cause the fruits to decay, and it should
not be attempted until the fruits are approaching
the ripening stage.

Peaches and Nectarines. -When all tlie
fruit.s have been taken from a tree, syringe
It with clear water applied by the garden
engine or powerful syringe, thoroughly forc-
ing the water on to both sides of the
lea\es. On the following day wasli it in
the same manner with soluble paraffin mixture.
This will cleanse the foliage and kill all insect
pests. The reason for employing clear water
for the first application is that the foliage having
been kept partially dry for some time the first
application of moisture entices the insects out
of their hiding-place, and hence they are trapped
by the second application. Look carefully over
all ties and see that they are loose enough to
allow of the shoots swelling. Late v.arieties should
have good sujiplies of farmyard manure or Le
Fruitier. Expose the fruits "as much as possible
to the sun's rays, and keep all growths tied neatly
and the laterals pinched out.

General Work.- Mark the trees that arc
t) Ije root-pruned, trees that are too vigorous
to fruit well, and any that have to be kept in
confined limits. All work of this kind should
be planned when the trees are in active growth.
After the removal of ripe fruits from wall trees
give a good washing with some approved in-
secticide to cleanse the trees from insect pests.
Morello and other varieties of Cherries on north
walls can be kept a long time if suitably covered
with wasp-proof netting.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By JAS. lllusox, Ik-.vl GardMicr at Gumicrsbury House,
-\oton. W.

Vines in Bearino. — Where only a few

fully ripe bunches are left upon vines, it
will be well either to use them as soon
as possible, or to cut them and place them
in bottles in the Grape or fruit-room. Then
the house can be suitably treated, both as
regards watering the roots if the border be
an inside one, and by thoroughly syring-
ing daily to rid the vines of such insect pests
as red spider and thrips. Give all such borders
(ius previously advised) one good dressing of a well
jiroved artificial manure. Employ the first oppor-
tunity tt) thoroughly clixuise 'the Grape-room
and put it in readiness for receiving the late
fruit. Such a room is extremely useful, not
only for the Grapes, but also for Melons and
Figs as they ripen. Keep the room as sweet and
clean as possible.

FiGS: Trained Trees.— Figs of late varieties
that are promising a good second or late crop
should be kept on the warm side, for if
a check is given them the leaves may turn
yellow too soon, and some of the fruit fail to
mature. Do not let any sappy or late growtli
continue; in fact, it will be better to keep all
young shoots pinched. Water somewhat sparingly,
giving only sufficient for the fruit, and not
enough to excite root action and leaf growth.

Outside and Inside Vine Borders and
Renovations. -September is a good season for
gi\ing attention to the renovation of vine
[■orders. In many respects it is much better
than the winter or spring periods. In fact, I
prefer mid and late September to any other
season for lifting the roots of vines from which
the crop has been taken. It will be well, there-
fore, to look to the loam, and if the supply be at
all short add some newly-cut turfy loarn to it
so as to secure a sufficient quantity. Let it be
all broken down and well mixed together, add-
ing both old mortar rubble and some nuts of
charcoal, if this latter be still obtainable. Turn
the mixtiu'e at least twice during next month,
and cover it with a tarpaulin in rainy weather.
-\ slight sprinkling of an artificial vine manure
may be applied once during these turnings, but
if used in excess it will be certain to" cause
iiijuiy.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Guise, Gardener to Mrs. Dbmpstek, Eeele
Hall, Staflordshire.

Pentstemon.- Supports will now be needed
for these plants, one to each. Encourage the
lateral growths to throw up fine spikes, by occa-
sioiud waterings of liquid manure, soot-water,
and a little fertiliser placed in the water-can,
after tlie soil has been stirred with the flat hoe,
I'uring dry weather, clear water should be given
ill aliiiiulance.

Pansies and Violas.— Unless the seed-pods
and faded flowers are constantly removed, the
Pansies and Violas soon cease to flower, ("ut off
straggling growths, stir the soil lightly with a
hand fork, and encourage the plants to" continue
flowering by .giving them light dustings of some
artificial fertiliser.

Spiraea. — The late-flowering plants that
have served their purpose in the conservatory
should not be discarded. Plant them 2 feet
apart in reserve borders, and in two years they
« ill make excellent specimens for decorative pur-
poses.

Lavender.- Cut the flower-spikes of Lavender
before they are fully expanded, and place the
flowers to dry on sheets of paper in a cool house
or frame. By adopting this method the per-
fume will be retained for a long period. Hushes
or hedges of Lavender may be trimmed at t#ie
present time with a sharp pair of shears.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Francoa ramosa.- As this plant passes out of
bh.oni, a certain number of the best specimens in
48's and 32's should be potted into 24's and 16's.
These will make large plants for greenjiouse
decoration next season, and will throw a large
number of flower-spikes. Seedling plants should
be re-potted, and if there is any scarcity the
old plants can bo split up, and healthy-rooted
pieces placed in mediiun-sized pots. Ordinary
good potting soil will suffice. Keep the plants
rather closer in a frame until they have got over
the check, after which the lights may be with-
drawn entirely. Francoas remain (juite healthy if
kept in a cool house or frame all winter.

Caladium.— When Caladiums have completed
their growtli for the season, gradually accustom
them to more air, after which the.v i^an be kept in
the greenhouse or consei-vatory for a time. If
the weather becomes dull and cold, care must
be taken not to give them too much water.
When the foliage begins to get shabby, return
the plants to the warm end of the intermediate
house. Expose them to the sun and reduce the
v.ater supply, preparatory to drying them off for
the winter.

80

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[AuotrsT 25, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEE, 41, WelUngton Street,
Covent Qarden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, arc distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations. — The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Iiocal News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

ATERiGE Mean- Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the last fiftr
years at Greenwich, 60.4.
Actual Temperature:—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellingtoni Street
Oovent Garden, London. Thursday, August 23
10 a.m. : Bar. 29.4 ; temp. 69.0°. Weather—

•ALES rOR THB BNSUINa WCBK.

VVEDXESDAl—

Sale of Home-grown Bulbs at 57 and 68, Cheapside
E.G. 2, by Pj-otheroe & Morris, at 1 o'clock.

A very full and vaJuable
The Cabbaee aooount of the history
Maggot. and control of the Cab-

bage maggot (Phorbia
brassicae) has been published by Mr. W. J.
Schoene.* This pest, so well and so un-
favourably known to British horticul-
turists, is now widely distributed over
northern Europe, and also in Canada and
the nortiliern States of America.

The white eggs, about l-25th of an inch
in size, and marked by longitudinal fur-
rows, are deposited by the fly near Cab-
bage or other Cruciferous plants. Within
three to five daj's the larvae hatch out,
and attack the ooUar and root of tlie
plant. The larva, which matures in 18
or 20 days, is between one-third and a
quarter of an inch in length. It enters
the soil, where it pupates. The pupal
st^e may last from 12 to 18 days, or thtj
stage may be prolonged for a long time-
several months. Within a few days of
their emerging the females begin to lay
eggs. The adult fly may live for five or
six weeks.

The insect liibernates in the pupal
stage, and in that case the development
is completed in the spring, when tlie
adults emerge. Their appearance extends
over a period of four or five weeks. In
conditions favourable to the development
of the insect three or even four broods are
produced in a year ; but inasmuch as the
Cabbage maggot is essentially a northern
insect, the hot weather of July and August
is unfavourable to it.

It is important to remember that the
insect not only attacks cultivated plants
of the Cabbage tribe in the spring, but
also feeds on Turnips and Cabbages in tlw
autumn.

By the use of cheesecloth screens Cab-
bage seedlings may be protected from

• The Cabbartt Man-ft : Its B'olnav and Cnnt ol. Bull
No. 419, New York Agric. Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.

attack, and tarred paper discs, described
in these pages (April 28, 1917, p. 172), if
jiut on immediately the plants are pricked
out in their permanent quarters, suflice to
prevent the larvae from gaining access to
the roots. The pricked-out seedlings
should have a certain clear length of stem
so that the discs may be easily put in posi-
tion, auid the discs themselves should be
just clear of the ground.

Among the food plants of the maggot
are Cabbage, Cauliflower, Radish, Tur-
nip, Swede, and Stock. Hedge Mustard
(Sisymbrium officinale) and Common
Winter Cress (Barbarea vulgaris) are also
attacked. Mr. Schoene adds to tiis list
Wild Musitard and all Cruciferous weeds,
except, perhaps, Brassioa alba and Shep-
herd's Purse.

The adult male insect is bristly, gene-
rally dark in colour, with grey markings ;
antennae black, three-jointed ; wing veins
brownish ; legs black and bristly. The
female is much lighter in colour ; body
and legs ash grey with a tinge of brown.
The adults are about a quarter of an inch
in length, but their size varies consider-
ably. Some growers are of opinion that
the fly prefers Radish to Cabbage, and
plant the former as a trap-crop ; but
though this preference may exist, the trap-
crop does not always succeed in attracting
the insects to itself.

Experiments made with cheesecloth
(20-30 threads to the inch) stretched
tightly over frames and placed over the
seed-bod show tliat attacks by the fly may
be prevented, though, of course, the seed-
Ijed must itself be free from the pupae.
The cheesecloth screen is beneficial rather
than detrimental to the growth of the
plants.

How TO Can Tomatos.— The followinfr reoipp

fnr canning Tnniatos appears in one of our
American contemporaries, the Florists' /?,t<
change: "Select firm, well-formed Tomatos.
Scald 1^ m,inute or until the skins loosen. Dip
quickly into cold water. Peel, and remove stems
and cores. Pack directly into cans or hot jars.
Press down with a tablespoon (add no waiter).
Add a level teaspoonful of salt per quart. Put
the rubber rings and caps of jars into position
but. do not tighten fuUy. Seal tin cans com-
pletely. Place the packed containers on a false
bottom in a vessel of water sufficiently deep to
cover them by 1 inch and allow to remain at
a boiling temperature for 22 minutes when using
hot water bath canners. "

Rainfall and Gunfire.— The popular view
that the heavy gunfire in the .west is the cause
of abnormal ra'nfall is discussed * in a thorougih
manner by M. Angot, the Director of the French
Meteorological Service. After e.famining and
condemning the various hypotheses put forward
to support the view that gunfire begets rain, he
turns to consider the question whether the rain-
fall of the past three years has any feature which
requires to be accounted for by the invocation
of a special agency. M. Angot reaches the con-
clusion that it does not. We are having a run
of bad luck — of wet years, which balance the
run of dry years 1898-1905. In the dry spell
1903 and in the wet spell 1911 were exceptions
and balance one another.

Fruits in Sfason.- Mr. J. Treloar, gar-
dener to Mrs. W. BicKFORD Smith, Trevarno

* See Nature, August 9, 1917.

Gaj-den®, Sithney, Hekton, Cornwall, sends us
a bunch of Musca.t of Alexandria Grapes re-
in a rkable for the size of the berries. They weigh
just over one-lhalf ounce each, and are well
ooloui-ed', a quality not always well developed
in extiia large berries. It is a first-rate sample
of this peerless Grape, and the grower is to be
congratulated on his success ; the bunches weigh
from 1 lb. to 2^ lbs. each. '

The Preservation of Fooo.-Miss Etiikl
M. Chapman- has compiled a valuable bulletin
on the subject of food preservation.* From
among the many useful hints the following
may be mentioned : — After completing the
bottling of frsits, etc., turn the jars upside down
to make sure they are airtight. Sun preserved
Strawberries. — Pick and preserve on a sunny
day. Remove stalks, and put the berries in a
single layer on shallow plates. Cover them with
a syrup made of six cups of sugar (Miss Chap-
man writes in Canada) to one cup of water.
Cover the plate with, a sheet of glass and set
in the sun for eight hours. Pack in glass jars,
cover with paraffin or parchment paper, and
keep in a cool, dry place. Sauerkraut. — Shred
Cabbage. Put a layer 3 inches deep in large jar
or barrel. Cover with a layer of salt. Repeat
till the jar is full. Fit a cover inside the jar
or cask and weight it to force down the contents.
The Cabbage will be cured in from 16-18 days
at room temperature. Use 2^ lbs. of salt for
100 lbs. of Cabbage.

Aqriculture in Jamaica.— The annua

report, 1916-17, of the Agricultural Department
of Jamaica contains a useful record of work done,
but its value is reduced by the inconvenient form
in which it is published, and also by the absence
of a table of contents. We would point out to
those responsible for the publication of sujch
reports that by changing the form from folio to
a more handy quarto, and by replacing the
general observations by a detailed table of con-
tents the reports would be sure of a wider pub-
licity than they at present enjoy. At the Hope
Gardens experiments are being made in the culti-
vation of Uba sugar cane, a variety the intro-
duction of which the late Lord Kitchener — then
Colonel Kitchener — urged long ago. .

Protection of Wild FERNS.-Devonshire,

as is well known, is tlie home of choice wild
Ferns, the indiscriminate uprooting of which in
the past has seriously diminished their numbers,
and in some cases threatened extinction. So
serious has ithis menace become that it has been
found necessary to protect the plants by legisla-
tion, and the removing of Fenis from private
property is rigorously punished. A ifew days
ago, at the Dawlish Petty Sessions, a visitor at
Teignmouth was fined 15s. for digging up fou-r
Ferns. This sum was not initended to represent
the value of the Ferns, but to be, as the chair-
man remarked, by way of a warning.

Local Societies.— The Harlech Agricultural
and Horticultural Show was held on August 6
in the grounds of the old Castle. There was a
good collection of exhibits, and much of the pro-
duce was of high quality. The proceeds of the
show was handed over to the Y.M.C.A.

• A successful flower show was held at

Quarry Bank, Worcestershire, on August 8. The
classes were well contested, and the number of
exhibits was swelled by several very fine displays
from local nurserymen, notably Messrs. E. Webb
AND Sons, Stourbridge. The exhibits were after-
wards sold by auction, the proceeds being given
to the local hospitals.

Publications Ke.ce.\\ibd. — Morphology of
Gymnosperms. By John M. Coulter and Charles
J. Chamberlain. (Chicago: I'liiversity Press.)
Price J5 net.— Tlie Practical Bee Guide. By
J. G. Digges. (London: Simpkin, Marshall,
Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.) Price 2s. net.

* Bull. 252, Ontario Dept. of Agric. (Women's Institutes).

AuoosT 35, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

81

ASPLENIUM FILIX-FOEMINA VAR.
CLARISSiMUM.

The illustraticm in fig. 30 shows .the fine plant
of Aspleiiium (Athyrium) Filix-foeminia var.
Clarissimum exhibited by Mr. W. B. Cranfiekl
at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society on Tuesday, July 31 last, when the
Floral Committee made the award of a Cultural
Commendation. The plant is a portion of the
original Fern discovered as a wildling by Mr.
B. Moule in North Devon in 1868, and has a
classic interest in that the phenomenon of apo-
sipory was discovered by the 'late Mr. C T.
Druery on its fronds. It is one of the most
beautiful varieties of the Lady Fern, which is
among the most attractive members of our native
flora.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See also Tables in Gardeners' Chronicle for

July 28.)

(t'uiitinued from p. 68.)

5.— ENGLAND. S.

Berkshire. — The fruit crops in this neigh-
bourhood are much above the average, and
Apples, small fruits. Nuts and Walnuts are bear-
ing heavy crops. Wall trees are very free from
insect pests. The orchard trees have been
attacked by caterpillars, but the recent rains
have aLmost cleared them. The soil here is a
light loam on a gravelly subsoil. /. Howard,
Benham Valence Gardens, ^eivbury,

Dorsetshire. — The fruit crops here are well
up to the avenage. We have had no late frosts
to do any material damage, and so far an absence
oi serious sea fogs, which are genei^lly disas
trous. Plums are very plentiful. The soil is of
MM ironstone, sandy loam. H. Kcinpahdll.
Abbotsbury Castle Gardens.

Apples and Pears blossomed well, though

much fruit Jias dropped, and there is a good crop
of Apples. Pears on walls are also bearing
heavily. Strawberries blossomed well, but the
dry weather made the fruit small, the rain
coming too late. Peaches are showing a good
crop, and Apricots fair. Bush fruit is in abun-
damce, and of excellent quality, except Rasp-
berries, the canes being much damaged by the
severe frosts of last winter; but the quality of
the fruit is very good. Morello Cherries are
canying a good crop, ajid Figs are looking very
promising, in spite of the severe winter, although
the trees had no protection. The soil is fairly
stif^, though shallow, with a chalk subsoil. /.
Jaques, liri/anston Gardens, Blandford.

The fruit crops here are the best for

many years, the only light crops being Goose-
berries and Strawberries. The latter were
affected by the dry wejither, although, for the
first fortnight after the season commenced. Royal
Sovereign was good. The Apple crop is very
gof)d, and the Pear crop even better. Of Plums,
Rivers' Early Prolific, Czar and Victoria set in
such clusters as to require severe thinjiimg.
Trees of all stone fruits are clean and healthy.
Bot;h Sweet and Morello Cherries, Peaches and
Nectarines, are very good, but the wintry
weather in April made a failure of the Apricot
cro(p, and a partial failure of the Gooseberries.
Red, White, and Black CuiTants, Raspberries
and Loganberries produced heavy crops of
fine berries. All kinds of Nuts are verv plenti-
ful, T. Tiirlon. Castle Gardens, Hherborne.

Apples are heivily cropped, and promise

to be very good. There are not many insect
pests, but many trees are attacked by brown rot
disease. Pears are very good, and the fniit
clean ; Plums and Damsons are carrying heavy
i-iops ; Cherries, both Sweet and' Morello, cropped

freely. In very few seasons th« crops all round
have piximised better than at present. T/ios.
Denny, Down House Gardens, Blandford.

H.iMPSHlRE. — All the fruit trees in this part
blossomed well, and an abundance of fruits is
seen everj-where. There was no late frost to
injure the flowers. All trees look reauaa-kably
healthy and quite free from a.phis. Our soil is
heavy, amd the subsoil is clay. H. Martin,
Bartley Lodge Gardens, CcUliutm.

The fruit crop generally promises to be

one of the best for some years. The trees bene-
fited from the ratier light crops of last year,
and were enabled to make some good wood.
The late spring kept the flowering period back,
until danger from spring frosts was neairly
past, consequently the fruit had every encou-
ragement from the beginning. Strawberries were
a light crop generally, owing to drought at the
ripening stage ; the fruit ripened quickly and
was soon over. Apples, Pears and Plums are
carrving very heavy crops, amd the rains have

numbers of Apples and Pears to drop; since
rains have fallen those that remain have swelled
rapidly. Most of the crops are clean and healthy
and promise to be well up to the average in
quality ; Raspberries arid Goosebei-ries have been
exceptionally good. Caterpillars have given
more ti-ouble than aphia. The soil is a heavy
loam on a chalky subsoil. T. Gim-fon, Bordean
Hcni.?e Gardens, Petersfield.

Kent. — The fruit crops in this distarict are
very good, es,peoially Apples, Pears, Plums,
Peaches, Neotao-ines and Sweet Cherries.
Strawberries, Raspberries, and aJl bush fruits
have been very satisfactory. The heavy rains
did much good on our chalky soil. /. T.
S/tann, BeW'shanger Park Gardens, Eastry.

The show of blossom on Apple trees was

exceptional, but late frosts caught certain varie-
ties, notably Peasgood's Nonesuch and Gas-
coyne's Scai-let Seedling, and few fruits set.
Cox's Oranee Pippin and Baumann's Red Win-
ter Reinettei however, promise fine crops. Straw-

FlU. 30. — ASPLENIUM (athyrium) FIL13C-F0EMINA VAR. CLARISSIMUM.

helped to swell the fruits. Lewis Sinilli, Cad-
land Park Gardens.

Apple trees are bearing large crops.

They have escaped caterpillar pests and scab ;
they are now making growth freely, and the fruit
is swelling. Cox's Orange Pippin, Worcester
Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, James Grieve, Ailing-
ton Pippin, and Devonshire Quarrendon are the
best in the dessert section. Among kitchen sorts
Bramiley's Seedling, Lord Grosvenor, Grenadier,
Mere de Menage, Lane's Prince Albert and Nor-
folk Beauty are the more conspicuous. Plums
are heavily cropped, standard trees of Rivdrs'
Prolific, The Czar, Victoria, Monarch, Jefferson,
Pond's Seedling and Belle de Louvain, also the
Merryweather Damson, are bea«ng exceedingly
well. Chen-ies were of excellent quiliiy. Peaches
and Nectarines are very clean in foliage and
fruit. Strawberries, owing to the drought in
June, weire not so good as usual. The soil is
heavy in texture. I'J. Molyneux, Swanmore
Park, Bis/iops Waltfiipm..

The fruit crops early in tlic season pa-o-

mi.sed to be excellent, but dry weather caused

ben-ies were good, considering the season, and
Raspberries yielded- a phenomenal crop. C. E.
Hkea, The Elms, Foots Cffjcy.

In this d.islrict Apples have dropped

very badly, and the crop will probably be of
meagre dimensions. Sprayed and unsprayed
trees have alike suffered. Geo. Fennell, Bpwdcn,
Tonbridge.

Apples are looking extremely well, and

the foliage and growth are clean and healthy.
The trees flowered exceptionally well during
good weather; plenty of fruit set, and tliough
a quantity has fallen off there is every prospect
of a heavy crop. Pears are also clean and
healthy, and looking promising. Apricots and
Peaches are ca.rrying the best crops seen for
years. Small fruits generally are good. Straw-
berries were very early, but yielded a lighter
crop than usual ; this is atAributed to the dry
weather during May and June. Though small,
the berries were excellent in flavour. /. G.
Weston, Ewftwell Park Gardens, Ashford.

In Mid-Kent the friiit crop is, generally

speaking, entirely dependent this year on the

82

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 25, 1917.

presence or absence of caterpillar. Clean
orchards have crops rarther over the average,
those neglected are in many cases bare. The
value of spraying early with lead ai-senate was
never more eviderut. E. A. Bunyard, Royal Nur-
series, Maidstone.

Middlesex. — Apples and Pears were late in
flowering. Both set freely, but Apples have
dropped soniewihat more than usual. The fruits
are, however, swelling freely. Peaches and Nec-
tarines were also late. These have sev well,
and aphis has given very lititle trouble. Small
fruits carried heavy crops, especially Currants
and Raspberries. Strawberries were earlier than
usual in ripening. The soil is a light loam rest-
ing on gravel, whicih overlies the London clay.
There was no frost during the last week in
May. James Hudson, Gimnersbnry House Gar.
dens, Acton.

On the whole, ,the Apple crop is good,

and in some places above the average. Pears
and Plums appear to be good, and yielding
heavy cj-ops. Victoria and Prince of Wales
Plums are particularly good. Gooseben-ies are
remarkably free from American Gooseberry miil-
dew. Wall fruits, especially Peaches. Nec-
tarines and Apricots, are much better than in
previous years, having escaped the spring frosts.
JoJm WeMli.crs, Park View, Isleworth.
(To he continued.)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves res-poneihle for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

"The Chronicle. "-I have been for a holi-
day on Deeside, and have not seen the Gardeners'
Chronicle for three weeks until to-day. I soon,
however, brought my reading of it up to date. I
note that the price" has been increased by one
)ienny, and if I am surprised, my surprise is that
the increase is so small, for I know well the in-
creased cost of everything connected with print-
ing. One concrete example : Paper for 120,000
copies of my firm's catalogue cost before the war
between £800 and £900, now it costs for the
same quantity over £3,200 ! Paper to print the
Chronicle must have risen in like proportion. I
am sure you have, in the interests of the paper
and of horticulture, adopted the best policy by
deciding to keep up the high standard of the
paper. Some thirty years ago I spent a Sunday
with the late E. S. Dodwell, at Oxford, and I
remember as it were yesterday what he said of
the Chronicle. " The combination of what is
lie.'^t in practical horticulture with what is best
in scientific horticulture makes its position
supreme ; it is like a thoroughbred, well-trained
racehoi-se." I thought it a strange simile, and
_said so. Mr. Dodwell added, " The care be-
stowed on a racer suggests to me the care that
riiust be bestowed on the production of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle week by week." Speaking of a
fine old gardener and gentleman like Mr. Dod-
well, let me tell you of another whom I met last
week, James Begg, who was for fifty years gar-
dener to Sir Robert Jardine at Lanrick Castle,
Donne. Mr. Begg, who is in his 87th year, and has
been living with his sister in retirement at
Boyndie Cottage. Culter, Aberdeenshire, for a
number of years, is still hale and hearty. He was
a noted man in his day — a, tine grower of Grapes
and Peaches, and vegetables too. I remember
he gained a number of prizes at the International
Show in Edinburgh. Nearly all his old con-
iem)K)raries are gone ; he spoke of Donald
McBean. Neil Glass, Tom Hogg, great gardeners
all ; of .John Downie, George Goodall. Alexander,
of Dicksons and Co., and .James Grieve too,
almost the only one left, he said ; Bailie Meth-
ven, James Dobbie, and others. He talked to me
as if I was only a boy ! Mr. Begg still does his
own garden, and finer Potatos I have not seen
tliis year, some half-dozen varieties, splendidly
LM-owii, and kept standing erect, 3 feet high, by
lines of coarse rope stretched along each side
of the rows. He still writes well, this old
gai'dener and gentleman of 87. He reads, too,
and is interested in many things, particularly
his little kirk, which has sent more than one

ncied man out to make his mark in the great
■vM.ald. He is very proud of his present minister,
wh , is doing his bit in France — Captain Somer-
ville, son of the late Rev. David Somerville,
D.D., one of the most sympathetic and scholarly
men it was ever mv lot to meet. TT^. C'uthbcrt-
.s.)n, V.M.H., Edinburgh.

Intensive Cultivation. — Mr. Brotherston
observes that in the article he quotes from the
Scotsman the need for deep cultivation was not
emphasised. I am of opinion that very deep
cultivation is not desirable for cereal crops.
Wheat, Oatis, and Barley require a firm base.
Deeip cultivation, while producing more straiw,
would diminish the quality of the corn. I have
often noticed that when a drain has been cut
across a Wlieat field, or a ditch filled up, the
straw growing on such sites is always
several inches taller and of a deeper green than
that in the rest of the field, but the grain is
lacking in quantity and quality. It is the same
with soil on which a manure heap has lain. In
growing Onions, on the contrary, especially of
the Ailsa Craig type, too much manure cannot
well be employed. I have seen it dug into the
ground annually 2 feet thick with perfectly suc-
cessful results. As regards the cropping of
vines, I support Mr. Brotherston's views. The
vines I planted here forty years ago produced
crops this year equal to any during previous
j'ears. Change of cropping may be an advan-
tage, but it is not a necessity, as some would
have us believe. I have seen much evidence to
the contrary in the case of many crops, including
Potatos. E. Molyneux, Swanmore Farm,
Bishop's Waltkam.

Prices of Vegetables and Fruits.— The

establishment everywhere of allotments, and the
consequent enormous increase in the quantity of
food produced in this country, was expected to
have the effect of lowering prices. This expecta-
tion, except in the cases of Potatos and Vegetable
Marrows, does not seem to have been realised,
at any rate, in London. Peas have been expen-
sive all through the season, the lowest price being
3d. or 4d. a pound. From 5d. to 4d. is still
asked for a single Cabbage, and Lettuces are
correspondingly dear. Fruit has also been very
expensive, Strawberries, Cherries and Cioose-
berries having all been sold over a long period at
8d. to lOd. a pound. Part of the trouble is no
doubt due to shortage of transit facilities,
though there is a good deal of waste in this
direction, notably on the part of Government
authorities. A flagrant case in point was re-
ported a short time ago by Dr. D. L. Thomas,
Medical Officer of Health for the borough of
Stepney, who stated that 13.000 bags of rotten
Potatos and unsound margarine, which arrived
at Harwich from a Dutch port, in a condition
totally unfit for consumption, instead of being
destroyed on the spot, or dumped into the sea,
were loaded on to a hundred and twenty-one
railway trucks, and sent to Bishopsgate Station.
It would be difficult to find a better example of
the \'ictorv of red tape over common sense.

ir. T.

Renovating a Vine Border.- May I ask

why Mr. Kidd (see p. 46) does not remove
all the soil from the unsatisfactory border ?
The idea of adding fresh soil annually is
lOoA, but what is to prevent some of the
young roots from going down into the old,
inert mass of soil underneath? I have seen
sand stones on vine borders, but have yet
to learn their utility. Considering the time
taken to collect and cart the stones, move them,
and replace annually, where is the saving of
labour in watering? /. Bates, Meaford Gardens,
Stone.

Tea PLANTS.-Prof. Henry's note (p 67) on
Tea plaijts is very interesting. The Assam
\'ariety is certainly more tender than the Chinese
variety. I have tried several times to establish
the plant in these gardens from specimens
generously supplied me by a friend near
Newbury, Berkshire, but it will not survive
even a little frost. This year I had five
small plants in the open ; the largest was
about 2 feet high, and made fine, large,
healthy leaves, but cold winds blistered them
so badlv they all eventually died. The ordi-
nary Chinese form, however, has not suffered

in the least. We have also another variety which
seems to be intermediate between the Assam and
Chinese varieties, both in size and hardiness.
This plant suffered badly last winter, but is still
alive, and has started growing again. Perhaps
Prof. Henry would like specimens, and I will
gladly send him a leaf or two. I quite agree
with Mr. Lynch, that it is useless to attempt to
grow the plant in a pot, as it never makes roots,
and eventually collapses altogether. Cuttings of
the Assam variety strike fairly freely. H. Kcmp-
shcdl, Ahbotsbury Gardens, Dorchester, Dorset.

SOCIETIJBB.

ROTAL HOKTICDLTUBAL.

Scientific Committee.

August 14. — Praent : Mr. E. A. Bowles, M. A.,
(in the chair), Sir Everard im Thurn, Messrs.
H. J. Elwes, J. Fraser, W. G. Baker, J. W.
Odell, and F. J. Chittenden (hon. secretary).

The late Mr. C. T . Druery, F. .«.£?.— Mr.
Bowles referred to the loss the Committee had
sustained in the death of Mr. C. T. Druery, who
had for many years been a member of the Com-
mittee. It was unanimously agreed that a vote of
condolence be sent to his relatives, with an ex-
pression of the Committee's appreciation of the
work Mr. Druery had done in furthering a know-
ledge of our native Ferns and in the discovery
of apospory.

Various P'ants. — Mr. Elwes exhibited a num-
ber of plants from his garden, including Allium
macranthum, a species which he had collected
35 years before in Sikkim ; A. Wallichianum, an
almost stoloniferous species with a singularly
compressed and winged stem, also from Sikkim ;
a woolly species of Delphinium from Kashmir ;
ilephyranthes Candida major ; a species of Habran-
thus from the Argentine with a jointed bulb ;
Gladiolus Papilio, and others.

Potato Black leg. — Mr. Odell showed specimens
of Potatos affected by the bacterial disease called
blackleg, wliicli seems to be rather more preva-
lent than usual this year. The most marked
symptom is the presence of dark patches in the
vascular bundles when they are cut across near
the base of the stem owing to the vessels being
filled with bacteria. Such plants should be lifted
at once and their produce should not be used
for seed next season.

Ants and Lily Flowers. — Mr. Bowles showed
buds of Lilium sulphureura from Mr. Fletcher,
of Aldwick Manor, Bognor, which had been
damaged by ants in the same way as had those
which came from Norwich recently. A further
communication concerning the latter from Dr.
C. A. P. Osburne, from whose garden they came,
pointed out that the buds attacked in many cases
failed to open properly, but split across one or
more of the petals, while in others the edges
of the petals were damaged. It would be of
interest to learn whether other species besides
regale and sulphureum are attacked by ants in
this manner.

Baspbcrry Canker. — Some canes of Raspberry
attacked by a species of Coniothyrium allied to
or identical with the one which causes canker
in Roses came from Mr. Beresford, of Prestbury,
Cheshire. The bark was split and a con.siderable
amount of corrugated growth had developed on
the edges of the wounds. This growth was soft
in character, and had dried up to some extent
in the specimens sent. A similar complaint had
occurred some years ago on Chinese Brambles at
Wisley, but had not spread, so that cutting out
the diseased canes will proKably prove an effec-
tive check upon the disease.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

August 7. — The monthly meeting of this Asso-
ciation was held at 5, St. Andrew Square, Edin-
burgh, on this date, Mr. Phillips, the president,
in the chair.

A paper by Mr. James Gibson, Welbeck Abbey
Gardens, Worksop, on " Vegetable Growing for
Present-day Requirements." was read by the
secretary. The war, Mr. Gibson said, had revo-
lutionised our methods of cultivation. No one
had rendered a greater service to the country
than the gardener, and in this crisis, instead of
being faced with a vegetable famine, we were

August 2S, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

83

now enjoving an ample supply of everything the
garden could produce. But owing to shortage
of labour and other causes, old methods had to
be abandoned, and in every garden of ample
enough dimensions the plough, although an
inferior implement of cultivation to the spade,
must of necessity find a place. The paper dealt
in detail with the cultivation of the leadmg kinds
of vegetables.

Messrs DoBBiE axb Co., Edmburgh, exhibited
a collection of Radishes and the hybrid Tea
Roses Mrs. Wemyss Quinn and H. V. Machin,
and Mr. F. Baillie, Eden Garden, Liberton, ex-
hibited new varieties of Ox-eye Daisies.

A. Galt.— We regret to record the death, on
August 5, of Mr. A. Gait, for 45 years gar-
dener at Aldermaston Court, Berkshire. Mr.
Gait was a native of Perthshire, and 77 years of
age. During his gardening career, which was com-
iiienced at an early age, he was engaged succes-
sively at Drummond Castle, Kew Gardens, Royal
Agricultural College, Cirencester, Wivenhoe
Park, Essex, and Aldermaston Court, Reading.
During his long period at Aldermaston he served
under four employers, including the present owner,
Mr. C. E. Keyser. Mr. Gait was a skilful crafts-
man and gained many prizes at London and local
shows. He was held in high esteem by all who
knew him, a fine, upstanding man of venerable
appearance and high character. The gardens at
Aldermaston were largely laid out under his
su])ervision. and the principal features were de-
scribed and illustrated in Gard. Chron.. Decem-
ber 4, 1915. Deceased lost one son in the early
period of the war, and another is now in France.
A third son, Mr A. S. Gait, holds an appoint-
ment in the University of Leeds. The funeral
took place at the parish churchyard on the 10th
inst., Mr. Key.ser and members of his family
Leing present.

Alexander MacVinish.— We learn with deep
regret Hhat Mr. Alexander MacVinish died, at
the Gardens, Beau Manor Park, Lougliboi-ough,
Leicestershire, on the 13th inst., aged 62 years.
He was gardener to the late Mr.s. Perrj' Herrick
and W. H. Curzon Herrick for the past 18 years.
Previously he was gardener for a period of 19
years ito N. Curzon, Esq., Lockington Hall,
Derby. Mr. MacVinish was a skilful cultivator
of fruits, flowers and vegetables, both under
glas-s and in the open, and judged at the Lei-
cester, Nottingham, and local shows. He was
connected with the Loughborough Chrysanthe-
mum and Mutual Improvement Association, and
the Wixjdhouse Eaves Horticultural Society.
His remains were interred on the 15th inst. in
the b(vautiful churchyard of St. Mary's, Wood-
hou.'w, wh^rc, within the laivt two years, tJvree
of his >'5ons have been laid to rest. There was
a large .issenibly of friends and associates pre-
sent, including W. H. Curzon. Esq., and his
mother, Mrs. King. Deceased leaves a -widow,
two sons, and two daughters.

M. Paul H»>»iot.— We learn with regret of
the death of M. Paul Hariot, a well-known
worker in French horticulture, in his 63rd year,
and the author of some important books, one of
the best known in this country being Lirre d'Or
il'H Bunts. For over thirty years deceased was a
member of the National Horticultural Society oi
France, and held the post of honorarv assistant
Hbraiian. He was also Assistant de Crypto-
gamie at the Museum of Natural Hisitory, and
secretary of the Society of Vegetable Pathology
of France. He was a Chevalier of Uie ilerit^
Agricole and an. officer oi the public instruction.
For Rome yeaxs pa.st he had suffered from a
serious malady.

Plants and Seeds List, Peraoeniva.— Wo

have received the 1916-17 list of plants and seeds
offered for sale by the Department of Agricul-
ture, Ceylon. It includes shade and foliage
trees, flowering shrubs, ornamental shrubs and
perennials, ornamental climbers, plants, and
fruit trees. The list has been compiled by Mr.
T. H. Parsons, the curator, and is published by
H. M. Richards, Colombo, Oeylon.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Harvesting Vetches for Seed.
The scarcity of good seed of Vetch,
owing mainly to the severe wintry weather, is
keenly felt this season. Where even half an acre
can be harvested the grower will reap the benefit
later on, as seed is sure to be scarce and dear.
To the sheep farmer, both winter and spring
Vetches are indispensable as food for stock from
May to September, especially where lambs are
fattened, or ewe Iambs kept for stock. Green
Vetches, too, are also appreciated by cows, horses,
amd pigs. No time should be lost in cutting the
crop. The pods near the base are the most valu-
aible, as they contain the best seed. It is useless
trying to "save all the pods on the hauhn,
those near the top do not mature before those
at the base become too ripe. A sickle
and a short hooked stick are the best tools
for harvesting this crop ; it should be
cat into small heaps or grips, which are
easily turned with a long-handled prong. If
the weather remains drj- after cutting until the
seed becomes hard, once turning will suffice, but
in showerv' weather it will be necessarj' to turn
the haulni several times, though it should not
be forgotten that the oftener it is turned the
more risk there is of the seed "butting."
When thoroughly hard, either thrash direct from
the field or cart the crop into a rick, to be
threshed when required for sowing during
September or October for the early feed, or in
the spring for a succession.

Trifolium incarnatvm.

This Clover is commonly known as the Italian
Crimson Clover. This and the late white variety
provide one of the most valuable spring feed-
ing crops- Horses, cows, pigs and sheep all
thrive on it. An acre when well grown fur-
nishes much excellent food. The middle of
August is a good time to sow tlie seed, which
is usually done on a clean stubble of Wheat or
Oats. If the sowing is deferred much beyond
that period slugs are apt to be troublesome to
the weakly plants in October. The advantage of
early sowing enables the plant to obtain a firm
root-hold of the .soil, and it is better able to
with.stand excessive rains and autumn frosts.

Directly the com is cleared thoroughly, scratch
the surface to bury the seed. Where the soil
is light, heavy harrows or drags will suffice :
where it is stiff, with a baked surface, a culti-
vator will be necessary to crack the crust.
Ploughing the land is seldom practised, as Tri
folium prefers a firmer rooting base than can
be had by ploughing. The bulk of the long
atiAble after cultivating would be better cleared
off. as too much is liable to harbour .slugs.

With the hand seed barrow sow 25 lbs. of seed
per acre. Late white Clover provides a service-
able succession to the early red variety. After
sowing draw fine-toothed harrows over the
RTOund twice, and should the weather he dry,
roll the whole firmly. E. Moh/nfvx.

Pl89.

InsHead of being fed largely on cereals, ais
they were before the war, p'gs in England must
now bo re:ir«l mainly on .such things as gra.'«,
roots, silage, coarse milling offal<, fishmeol,
dried yeast and grains, malt culms, oilcakes, and
waste produots like whey and hoii-sehold refuse.
Even before the war, Mrl F. S. Edge and others
had shown that pigs could ho reared more
healthily and profitably on the open-air ftvstcm
than in" sties. The out-door system results in a
great saving of meal; breeding sows kept on
this method are more prolific and much hardier
than sty-kept sows; andi their young are bigger
and more vigorous than pigs brefl in sties. Prac-
tically all pigs may w^ith advantage in these
time.s be turned out from April to October.
Pig sows and gilts turned ont to pasture from
April to Oc.tf>l>er need only a very little coticn;
Irated food — indeed, on good srass, <hi-y may do
without any concentrated food at all. Obviously
they should be rinired before being run on
■ pai«tiiTa. or folded there, or they may di«tui4i
tJie turf. Hurdiles make a good fold, and a
length of barbed wire fixed close to the ground
will prevent pigs from noting under any fence ;

two strands of barbed wire fixed respectively sax
and -fifteen incJies from the ground should keep
in any pig. Store pigs from ten weeks and up-
wards may he relied upon to find most of their
food out of doors, if given a fairly large run.

ENQUIRIES.

Celkriac— Can anyone tell me what is the
earliest date on which Celeriac can be sown
without risk of bolting next season? Being
hardy, it should stand some frost. H. E. D.

SUGAB. BEET.^Having grown a few rows of
Sugar Beet, I should be grateful to any reader
who will advise me what is best to be done
with the crop. If I merely boil the roots and
mix with jam the proportion of Beet to jam, it
is said, must be about one-half. How can I
get rid of the earthy taste in the roots? Can
I prepare a syrup from them? Will someone
give me the a'ddress of a Beet sugar factory?
H. M.

Will a reader be good enough to give me a
rough-and-ready method of curing and preiparing
Tobacco ; also the proper time or appearance ot
plants to harvest them? I have no curing shed,
but simply an airy room, the temperature of
which could be regulated by the windows. I am
growing a few common Virginia plants as an
experiment, and shall be glad of any hints to
make them a success. How long should the
leaves be kept before using, and does the flavour
del end on the time th.;y are stored? Novii-r.,
/riland.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Oorrespondents are asked to note Itont' ill seiidinf?
Tenches or Nei-tarines tor identifleation it is necessary
to send also a sluxit from the tree, bearing leaves, aa
iilie glands at tEe basts of the leaves .assist in deteranin-
injr the rarieties. It is also a help if it eaii be stated
wliether the tree bears largre or small blossoms; the
UiBerence between the different varieties in this respe<:t
i.s very maj-ked. It should also be noted that the fniitiS
will he crushed, however well packed, if U\ey are fully
ripe when gatliered. Two specimens of each variety
should be sent.

Amount of LABOtm for Ij Acre : W. P. Divine,
Westminster. To keep 1^ acre of kitclien gar-
den well stocked and in order would require Uie
laboiu' of one man of average capabilities from
3 to 4 days a week, according to the nature of
the soil.

Books: C. G. A. The Fruit Garden, by Geo.
Bunyard and Owen Tliomas, price 13s. ; Apples
and Pears, by Geo. Bunyard, Is. lOd. ; both,
post free, can be obtained from our publishing
department.

BoT'GAiNyiLLEA GLABRA : M. L. N. Bougain-
villeas are among the most freely floiweringof
pillar plants, and we are exu-prised that you
should have found yours so shy. You state
that your specimen is growing on the wall of
the conservatory — perhaps this is the " back
wall," against which the roof is built, in whiioh
ease it may not be sufficiently exposed to the
sun. Moreover, you have made a mistake in
drawing a blind over the glass on very sunny
days, ia.s no .sunshine in this country is too
strong for this plant. It will grow and flower
'bcsit if pei-mitted to climb right to the top of
the conservatory, so that there is nothing be-
tween it and the glass roof. Severe cutting in
winter is correct practice, and thinning out the
growths if they hecome too thick, .so as to
alloiw the sunlight to reach each individual
growth. The Bougainyillea flowers well
enough in a cool conservatory, but blossoms
rather earlier and hetter if the structure be
slightly heated in the winter. Do not keep the
plant too dry in the winter, especially if the
hou.«e he heated.

Cabbage Root Maogot.s : H. F. See leading
article on p. 80.

Colour. Arrangkment: M. B. The beat book
on the subject is Cnlour Schemes fnr the
Flower Garden, by Gertrude .lekyll, price 13s.,
post free, from our publication department.

84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[August 25, 1917.

Flowers in an Unheated Greenhouse : Winter
Flowers. To produce flowers for button-holes
during the winter months taxes the skill of
the grower, even when a heated greenhouse is
available. Having only an unhealed green-
house, you will find the difficulties are in-
creased. Suitable plants should be prepared
during the spring and summer, so that by the
time they are required to flower they are well
ripened and matured. It is much too late to
sow seeds of plants that would likely to be of
service this coming winter, but good plants of
Violets could be potted up in September, also
such subjects as Lily-of-the-valley, Freesias,
and Roman Hyacinths. These would flower
from November onwards, but, of course, much
would depend on the weather, and also whether
the roof-glass can be covered up at night. Per-
petual-flowering Carnations, Bouvardias,
double white and other Primulas, Cyclamens,
Zonal Pelargoniums, Heliotropium, and Cine-
raria stellata, also annuals sown in pots now,
such as Mignonette, Stocks, and Clarkias,
would flower in the late spring, and would be
the best things to grow, unless the plants
named above can be procured, and prepared
ready for flowering in the winter.

Imi'roved Runner Bean ; B. C. P. The next
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society is
fixed for Tuesday, the 28th inst. , in the Drill
Hall of the London Scottish Volunteers, Buck-
ingham Gate, Westminster. The Beans should
be addressed to the Secretary, Royal Horti-
cultural Hall, Vincent Square, Westminster,
and should be entered to go before the Fruit
and Vegetable Committee. It is unlikely that
an award will be made, but if considered of
exceptional merit you would probably be asked
to send seeds for trial next season to Wisley
Gardens, where the varieties' merits would be
decided in comparison with existing sorts, and,
if superior, an award made.

LisiANTHus RussBLLiANus : C. J. E. The correct
name is Eustoma Russellianum. It is a well-
known garden plant, and, in fonner times,
when stove plants were more popular than
now, was extensively grown. It is best treated
as a biennial, the seeds being sown one year
and the plants flowered the next. Do as you
suggest, and exhibit a batch in flower at one
of the R.H.S. fortnightly meetings. We can
find no record of the plant having been certifi-
cated by that Society.

Name of Plant: If. J. H., Corl-. Teucrium
fruticans, Linnaeus, sometimes named T.
latifolium.

Peach Leaves Injured : H. W. J. There is no
fungus at the spots in the Peach leaves. The
injury resembles that caused by "scorching"
rather than any inseot or fungoue disease.

Ploughing of Pasture Land : E. M. C. No
matter what crop is to be grown, the land
should be ploughed forthwith, not more than
6 inches deep, thoroughly burying the grass by
the aid of the skim coulter on the plough. The
object is to get the turf rotted thoroughly as
early as possible. By ploughing at once you
would have the opportunity of again plough-
ing during the winter several times, the third
time deeper to thoroughly disintegrate the turf
and soil, and thus make the whole ground in
a better condition for the spring crops. Where
the soil is deepest plant early Potatos, and in
other parts Cabbages, Vegetable Marrows
(the bush or dwarf varieties), Brussels Sprouts,
Curled Kale, and Savoys. Parsley should also
succeed. Apples should be successful, especi-
ally strong growing varieties, such as Bramley's
Seedling, Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor, Norfolk
Beauty, Worcester Pearmain, and Ben's Red.
The trees should be standards, planted 25 feet
apart, with Strawberries, Gooseberries, and
Red Currants below. If the site is much ex-
posed to south-west winds, substitute bush
trees for the standards. If animal m.anure is
not available apply basic slag at the rate of
8 cwt. per acre, not later than November, say
before the second ploughing. In the spring
apply high-grade superphosphate at the rate
of 5 cwt. per acre. For the vegetable crops
give occasionally dressings of sulphate of am-
■nonia at the rate of 1 cwt. per acre. It is

against our practice to recommend individual
firms ; scan our advertisement pages.

Plums : C. H. The Plums are attacked by
brown rot — Monilia fructigena and M. cinprea
are both present. As you refer to two trees
only affected, it should be possible to remove
all the affected fruits at once and destroy
them by burning. In any case, to reduce the
amount of infection next year, no diseased
Plums (i.e., mummied fruit) should be allowed
to remain on the tree throughout the winter,
and all dead twigs and branches should be cut
out.

Privet in Topiary Shapes : J., Badlett. The
Book of Topiary, by Curtis and Gibson, price
2s. lOd., post free, from our publishing depart-
ment, would be of service to you.

Pruning Box Hedges : C. C. The best time to
clip evergreen hedges is in the spring and
early summer, when growth is quickest, anid
the new leaves push forth abnost immediaitely,
filling up any spaces caused by the cutting.
In the case of the Box, however, this is not.
so important as, for instance, with tlie Laurel,
(which has very large leaves, and there will be
no harm in your taking the opportunity of a
little available labour now to clip the hedge
in question.

Runner Beans Fatling to Set Pods : B. Y. It
is characteristic of the Runner Bean to
fail to set the earliest blooms at the base of
the plant, but after making more growth and
gaining vigour the pods develop satisfactorily.
You will doubtless, therefore, have a good
crop as the season develops. The trouble Is
more pronounced in dry seasons ; indeed, it is
seldom that a satisfactory crop of Beans is
produced when the roots are suffering from
drought. If your plants are in a dry situa-
tion, such as at the base of a wall or fence,
drought may be the cause of failure, in which
case a good watering would doubtless rectify
matters.

ToMATOs : Constant Beader. To grow Tomatos
on the double stem system, pinch out the grow-
ing points when four to six leaves have been
made beyond the seed-leaves. Being stopped
too early has a crippling effect on the little
plants, because they have few roots and not
much stamina. Most Tomato seedlings
" break " naturally sooner or later if grown
strongly, but pinching hastens matters and
gives more uniformity of growth. Additional
side shoots are removed. Either system can
be adopted for market work, whether thp
plants are grown in nots or in borders. The
following are reliable sorts for such a purpose,
and will respond to either method of train-
inig : Sunrise, Mastemiere. Kondine Red, Duke
of York, Best of All, Moneymaker.

Various Queries : E. B. The plants of Rich-
ardia (Arum Lily) and Azalea should be
brought under glass in the autumn before frost
occurs. By that time the growth should be well
ripened, and the plants in a good condition for
flowering, the time of which may be regulated
by the degree of warmth to which they are '
subjected. Now is a suitable time to insert
cuttings of both Zonal-leaved and Ivy-leaved
Pelargoniums. Choose vpell-ripened, stout
shoots for cuttings, with relatively short inter-
nodes. They should be cut below a joint, i.e.,
the part immediately underneath a leaf, the
stipules and a few of the lower leaves removed
and inserted in soil containing plenty of sand.
They may be struck in pots, pans, or boxes,
and the receptacles should be provided with
plenty of drainage to allow surplus water to
pass away freely. The Lilium is probably L.
martagon, but this could only be determined
by us it we received a specimen. With regard
to the neglected Plum trees on walls, you
would be well advised to train in some of the
young shoots to take the place of any that are
v;orn out. The majority of tlie older shoot*
should be pruned hard back to induce spurs to
form. Apples are ready for gathering when
they part readily at the stalk, which may be
determined by lifting the fruits gently up-
wards. The condition of the pips is also a
good indication. When ripe they are dark

brown, almost black. The only method cf
preventing squirrels from taking the nuts is to
place a net over the bushes.

\'egetables : Old Reader, Sheffield. To obtain a
constant supply of vegetables all the year
round for 6U adult persons you would require
8 to 10 acres of ground, 30 tons of manure, and
the labour of four to six men, according to re-
quirements. One acre should be planted with
early Potatos, and 2^ to 3 acres with late
varieties. Much would depend on the nature of
the soil, the details of management, proper rota-
tion of the crops, and tlie practice of inter-
cropping. A certain amount of glass struc-
ture, such as pits and frames, is necessary for
successful kitchen gardening.

Weighing and Measuring Milk : J. A. A
pint of milk weighs Ij lb., and a quart 2^ lbs.,
and a gallon 10 lbs. The Sandringham re-
corder is a spring balance on a tripod, intended
to stand in the cow house, which weighs or
measures the milk as taken from the cows. It
can be obtained from any dairy supply com-
pany. It is not customary to feed Lettuces to
cows, biilt it Eihould do no harm. Maize and
Cabbage are both valuable for milk produc-
tion, the former especially in August, Septem-
ber, and October, and the latter during the
following months.

White-Fruited Whortlebury : /. 31. C. The
white-fruited variety of Vacciuium Myrtillus
is seldom seen on account of its rarity in the
wild state, and the difficulty of cultivating
it in gardens. It was known in ancient times,
however, for it as mentiomed by D. Rembert
Dodoens in 1578. Describing " Vacinia
nigra " (Black Whortes or Whortel Berries),
he says : " Of this sorte there are founde
some that beare white Berries when they be
rj'pe, howbeit they are but seldome seene."
Loudon records it in his Encyclopaedia of
Plants (1829), under the name of V. Myrtillus
fructu albo, and states that it is a native
of Britain on moors. Normally the flowers
are pale yellow-green tinted with rosy-red, but
this variety had green flowers, and white
fruits. When writing a description of V.
Myrtillus for his Arboretum, et Fruticetum
Britannicum on June 6, 1836, he was visited
by Mr. .John Booth of the Floetbeck Nursery,
near Hamburg, who stated that a patch of
154 plants of the white-fruited variety had
lately been discovered in the Black Forest, and
that he had plants of it for sale. To this,
Loudon gave the name of V. Myrtillus baccis
albis. He repeats this in his Trees and
Shrubs (1842), adding the name Booth as the
authority. The discovery of the patch of 154
plants of the white-fruited variety waa made
in 1855. Mr. W. J. Bean, in his book. Trees
and .^Iinibs Hardy in the British Isles, main-
tains the name V. Myrtillus fructu albo,
which is evidently the oldest. Old English
names for the fruits are Whortes, Whortel
Berries, WhortleberrT,', Bilberry, and Blae-
berry (Scotch for Blueberry). Modem names
are Whorts and Hurts ; hence we have the
name, Huntwood, of which there are two in
Surrey, where the plant de still abundant,
WineibeiTy and Whinberry are recent.

WooDLiCE IN Mushroom Bed : D. G. Place part
of a half-boiled Potato (in the cooking of
which no salt must have been used) into a
small cardboard box, and cover the Potato
with some very dry swamp moss. Lay the box
on its side on the Mushroom bed, and open it
at one end. The woodlice will enter the box
to eat the Potato, and will remain because they
will find the moss a comfortable resting-place.
As many such traps as desired can be used, but
they must be examined every morning, the lice
shaken out into a pail of insecticide or paraffin
and water, and the Potato renewed as soon as
it becomes unappetising. Paraffin emulsion can
be poured over the woodwork and walls to de-
stroy or discourage the lice, but should not be
allowed to reach the beds.

Conmiunications Heceived. — -A. O. — W. A. H.

(t;h.i.nlis for 2s. fr>r R.O O.F. .box)— A. D. & Sons— W. S.
—Miss B.— R. A O.— C. H.— Mrs. W.— J. T.— A. D. F.
— T. S.— A. H.— J. B. J.— Lady G.— J. A. B.— F. G.,
Kgvpt— T. B. A.— S. A.

AuGtrsT 25, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M: A R K E T S.

I'orEyT GARDEN, August 12.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices
3,d. s.d 1 Ferns, con

Aralia Sieboldii,

dozen .. .. 5 0-60
Asparagus plu-

moaus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0
- Spreneeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0-S6 0
Cacti, various,

per tray of 15'b 4 0 —

tray of 12's ..5 0-
CocoB Weddelli-

ana 48'b. per

s.d, s,d

choicer sorts,

per doz. 48'8.. 10 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis.

60's.perdoz... 8 0-80

larger, each.. 2 8 7 8
Hydrangea, pink.

48's. oer doz. 8 0-12 0

— paniculata,

per doz. ..30 0-36 0
Kentia Belmore-

ana. per doz. 6 0-90

larger per

doz 18 0-56 0

— Forsteriana,
60's, per doz.

doz 18 "■"' " I Latania borbon-

60"a per doz. 8 8-10 0 1 ica, pcrdoi.. 12 0-30 0
L ill u m longi-

florum.perdoz, 24 0-30 0

— lancif olinm
robrum .. 24 0-80 0

— album .. 24 C-!0 0
8 0 iMargoerites in

4«'b. oer doz. 6 0-86
uiet in this dep-irtment,
Hydrang^.TS .nre finishe<i.
nihmm" atifl L. loncifolium .ire arriving in verj-
good condition.

Cut Flowers, &e : Average Wholesale Prices

s.d.a.d. sd. «d,

A3ter3,white, per Orchids, per doz,:

doz. bun. .. 5 0 6 0 - Cattleya ..12 0-15 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100.. .. 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in
small and

large 60'a .. 18 O-SO 0

— in 48's. per doz,

— inS2's.oerdoz. 12 0-18 0
Re^hbrs.— Bu«;iness is '

especiallv in flowering pi;

5 0-10 0
2 6-50

2 0-26
16-20

3 0-40
2 0-26

2 0-30
S 0- 4 0

— coloured, p r
doz. bun. ., 4 0-60

— sinele.. .. 4 0-60
Carnations, per

doz. blooms,
best American
varieties .. 13 2 6
Chrysanthemums-
white, bronze
and pink, per
dnz bun,

— disbudded
bl'ms.perd z.

Coreopsis. per

doz bun. ..

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun.
Euchai'is.per doz.

blo'^ms
Gail lard ia. per

doz. bun.
GladiolusBrench-

'eyet'sis, per

doz

— America, per

doz. spikes

— Halley Bai-
rn n, per doz,
snikfs , ..3 0 —

— Pink Beauty,
perdoz spikes 0 9-10

Gypsophila pani-
culata.perdoz-
bun .. .. 3 0-40

— dou^'e white.

per doz. bun.. 4 0-60
Heather, white,

per doz, bun, 4 0-90
Lapageria alba,

perdoz bl'ma, 2 0-30
L 11 i um longi-

florum, long 3 6-46

— lane ifolium
album, long,.

rubrum,

per doz.. long

— - short, per
doz. bloom ■>,.

Lilv-of-the-Val-
ley. perdoz. bun. 24 8-30 0

Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.
b"n

— Mrs. Sander,
per dnz, bun.

Montbretia, per
doz. blooms

Odo n toglos-

sum crisnum 2 0-26
Pelargoniums.

double srar-

let. pe'- doz.

bun

Roses

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per

dnz. blooms.. 10-18

— Liberty, p"r
doz. blooms..

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms

— Mrs John
Laing.per doz
blooms

— Ophelia, per
doz blooms..

— Richmond
perdoz. blms. 10-16

— Sunburst, per
dnz. blooms..

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford, per doz

hi oms .. 10-16

Scabiosa cauca-

sira .. ..26-30
Statice, white.

per doz, bun. 8 0-10 0

— mauve, perdoz.

4 0-60

10 16
10-20

10-16

10-20
10-20

16-20

per

per

2 0 2 6
2 0-26
2 0-30

3 6-40

6 0-90

bun.

— yellow,
doz. bun.

- Incana.
fiOT. bun

— Lati folia, per
doz bun.

Stephanotis. per

72 pips.
Stock, mauve, per

dnz. bun.

— white. per
doz. bnn.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz, bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, perdoz
bun

— mauve, per
doz, bun,

Viola t'ornuta

S 0-10 0

4 0-60

4 0-60
10-16

Cut Foliage. &e.: Average Wholesale Price'!

s.d. s.d,

4 0-50

2 6-30

Adiantum (Mai-
denhairFern)
best, per doz.

Asparagus plu-
mosus. long
trails. per
half-dozen ..

— — medium,

doz, bunchei 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliagt

doz. bunches 4 6-50

<lav3 flo

29. M,

Vegetables : Average) Wholesale Prices.

(Continued from page 111.)

s.d. B.d.
Artichokes. Globe,

per doz. .. 4 0-50
Beans. Broad, per

bus 2 6-36

— Runner (Scar-
let) per bus. 2 0-30
Beetroot, perbus. 4 0-58
Cabbage, per tally 6 0- 8 o
Carrots, new. per

doz. bun. .. 16-20
Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. 9 0-15 0
Cucumbers, per

flat .. .. 12 0-18 0
Garlic, per lb... 13 —
Greens, per bag.. 16 —
Herbs, per doz.

ban

Horseradish, per

s.d. s.d.
Croton foliage,

doz, bunches — —
Cycaa leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Fern, French, per

doz, bunchei 0 6-08
M OS B, gros B

bunches .. 4 6-50
Myrtle, doz, bun,

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz, bunches 10-13
Smllax. per bun,

of 6 trails .. 13-20
—With the brighter weather ot the past few
«rs from out..of-<loora are nleaner. Early Ohr\--
ma are ma.rlieterf in larger quantities an<i
The new red v.ariely R. Barnes ia of great pro-
.1 market sort. Be^iivCamationa are firm at
ler dozen blooms, although plenty ot inferior
quality are sold at half that priee, hut these ore of little
use (o'r sending again ini transit. There are a few blooms
of Euc.hnris and C}ar<Ienia, hut Steplianotis is very
Boaree, as also are Orohids. Hardy autumn foliage in-
cludes Acer palmattim and Oak.

4 0-80

6 0 -
Leeks.per doz,bun,6 0-6 6

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s,d, B,d,
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per

doz 0 6 2 0

Mushrooms. per lb, 16 2 6
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets ..10 —
Onions, per cwt. 24 0-30 0

— spring, per

doz, bun, .. 4 0-80
Peas, perbus, .. 6 0-10 6
Radishes, per

doz. bun.
Shallots, per doz,

lbs, .
Spinach, per 4

bus

Turnips, per cwt,

— new, per doz,
bun

Vegetable Mar-
rows.pertally 4 0-60

Watercress, per

doz 0 6-08

1 0 -

8 0-10 0

5 0 —

4 6-50

2 6-30

B,d, s.d.
Melons. Cante-

loupe. each .. 5 0 10 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea. 2 6-40

Mushrooms (out-
door.per Jbus. 4 0-50

Nectarines, per

doz 2 0-12 0

Nuts, Brazils,

new, per cwt. 95 0 100 0

— cobs, per lb. 0 il

— filberts perlb. 0 6—
Coconuts, per
100 .. .. 4S 0 50 0

Peaches, perdoz, 2 0-15 0
Pears, n r J I'us. 3 0-50
- WilliamlFr,),

per box of 4S , 9 0-10 0

Plums, per i bus. 2 0-70

Tomatos. English,

per 12 lbs, or

peck .. .. S 0- 4 6

of EngUsli .\|.plei exceed tlie <le-

ms ore also something of a glut.

fairlv good samples ot English Greengages '

s.d. s.d.
Almonds. per cwt. 80 0 —
Apples :

— cooking, per
bus 16-40

— dessert (Eng-
lish).peribus. 2 0-60

Aubergines, per

doz 4 0-46

Fig- (Worthing).

perdoz. .. 2 0-40
Gages per 4 bus. 5 6-76
Grapes:

— Alicante. . _
black, per lb. 0 8-16

— English (new
season)Black
Hamburgh,
per lb.

— Gros Colman
per. lb.

— Muscats, per
lb 10 3 0

Lemons, per case 16 0 25 0

Kem.^bks. — Supi>l
mand at p
There

0 8-16
16-20

and

Williams'

tity of 1

Peaches and N<

Bon

offer. Pears (Clopp's Favonte , „ ^

Chretien) are now available, and o quantity of French
WiUionW Bon Chretien is to hand. Peache
larines have both been plentiful this week, ajid Melo,.>
tairlv plentiful. English and Ohanncl Islands Grapes
c.mt'inue plentiful. Cobnuts are more abundant Sup-
pM<« o( Tomatos have increased durmg this week, but
Peas are limite<l. Runner Beans ore practically un^
limi<e<l in suppiv. Carrots and Marrows are plentiful,
but Cabbages and Cauliflowers are more scarce. Outdoor
Jlushroonis are on offer. E. H. R., Covenl Ounlen
Market. Augu»t U.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr C H. Fairs, for the past 12 years Gardener at
Hillli.M Kri;; (to. Surrev, and previously for 6 years
,t .s: 'nioii-t .VrJinglv,' Sussex, as Gaidener to E. D.
.Mi.irn.N. l".-i'., Siindefstowl Court, Croydon, Surrey.

Mr H W. Dix, recemtly Gardener to G, M. Callfn-
iiKit r.f'X lIvUic House. Staines, and previously to
MajAr i;' H. SiiF.pPAiiD, Pontlands, Gt. Baddow,
Chelinst'.iM. :i3 r,:ir<li-iicr to I.'.idv D.\I.T0N FtTZ-
OKlULIi, St. r,e<inaids Iy«l(;e, Clcwer CrcKMi, Windsor.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

li. W. \Vai.i..»ck & Co.. Kilnflekl Gardens, Colchester.—

Irises.
.loKN Feed k .Sok, \Vc«t Xorwuo<I, Txuwloir. S.E. — Bulbs

an-i 6ced3.

' MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

A':l«ig Ckairaaa oE the Scieatific Ccmanttee of ih*
Rejral Horticultural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::

AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By tho Sam* Author.

TWO discharged soldiers desire re-engage-
ments as FOREMEN; each 8 yea.rs' experience, In-
si.lr .i.iid Out; excellent references.— F. 0, KING, W. F,
M.COMBIE, Little Hiliston. Wetherby, Yorkshire.

JOURNEYMAN (First) seeks situation ; 3
\ Mrs' experience ; good reference ; ineligible ;
Somersetsliire or Wiltshii'e prefeiTed.— State \vage« and
imrticulars to A. W.. Box 25, 41, Wellington Street,
Clovent Gaixlen, W.C. 2.

OFFICER'S daughter, trained Gardener,
re.-iuires Post under Lady Head Gardener, or
where other Lady GardeJiers kept; SontJi England. — Ad.
.tresis, D. K.. Gaixienliurst. Queein's Park Road. Boiixne-

lllOUtil.

LADY GARDENER ; 4 months' experience
in Houses, desires Post where others are kept, —
G M. Box 27, 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Garden.,
W.C. 2.

LADY' GARDENER requires post as
SBCOXD G.\RDENE,R ; experience on farms in Eng-
land and Canada ; general experience in Allotment Gar-
den.—Apply, P. HAKSOX, Watendlath, N. Ferriby, Yorks.

SITUATION required as LADY GAR-
DENER (Under) and IMPROVER in good establish-
ment, where several are kept ; age 21.— L. MACDONALD,
Bisterne Gardens, Ringwood, Hants.

Price S/6 each poll free from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE -BARDEilERS' GHHCWIGti." LTIk.
41. WElUNfiTtW ST.. OOKKT aAROEIL LONWM. W.G. 2.

TRADE.

MANAGER or FOREMAN ; life experi-
eiiire ill Cucumbers. Tomatos, Mushrooms, Grapes,
C'hr\ .-autheniums, and General Market woi-k under Glass ;
lughest l-eferences: ineligible; married. Please state
w.iges.— 0. F. SEEKINGS, The Villa, Gla»enwood, near
Braintree, Essex.

OPEN for engagement as TRAVELLER,
.M.WIAGER, or HEAD SHOPMAN ; life expeajience,
both wholesale and retsiil ; over military age.— Write,
H R., Box 2. 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2.

SITUATION required by advertiser, middle-
age<i, for light work in Nursery or Pleiasure Facran ;
office. Farm, and Gardeai experience ; also at Cirencester
College; environs of London preferred. — " Runal," Box
23, 41, Welldngtoii Street, Oovent Garden, WO. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in I
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not late

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ s. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page „ 12 12 0

Half and ([uartcr pages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata.

,€ 8. d.

4 line apace not exceeding '20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 coliliuns 14 0

Per inch, aci 083 ;! rolumns 110

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space.
[Headline counted as two lines.]

For discounts apply to address below.
SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is 6d., and 6d. fur cvcrv additional 8 words
or fewer.

These Adverlliementi matt be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS, &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT,

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

TiiK United Kingdom 19/6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- ,, „

Chri/ues and P.O.s tn be made payable to "Gakdeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Oarmhron, Rand, London."
Telephone : 164S Gerrard.

vi. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLI. [August 25, 1917.

NOTICE TO

HEAD GARDENERS.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners* Chronicle" HORTICUL-
TURAL DIRECTORY have been posted to Head Gardeners in
every county in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In order to
facilitate the early publication of the revised edition for 1918;
gardeners are asked to return the forms with the necessary correc-
tions AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of
all gardeners that the 1918 edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

Any Head Gardener who has failed to receive a form, should fill
in the form attached below, and return it to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Name of Employer's Place

Name of Employer

Name of Head Gardener

Post Town

County

Nearest Railway Station

No. of Miles from Station to Residence

ORDER FORM FOR HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

Messrs. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, LTD., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2
P/easc send me copy {copies) of the HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY for 1918.

/ enclose remittance £ s. d. in payment. (Price, is. 4d. each, post free.)

[Signed) Name

Address '.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by I.ove and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn, London. W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, City of Westminster, Saturd.at, Augfust 26, 1817. Ag^nt for Manchester, John Hbywood.

Established 1841.

No. 4001

No. 1601. Vol. LXII. {,^/hS?} SATUEDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1917. (Registered as a NewspapeP.{PR'CE^'JJ=d.

SVBSCRIFTIOS— Inland, 1916} Foreign, 221- per annum. Entered at ^ tc Tork I'ast Offie* a» aeeond-etasa matter.

PosUl Addre»s-4i, Wellington SUeet, Covent aarden, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address-" Oardchron, Rand, London." TeUpboae-Oerrard H43.

For CONTENTS see page 85.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The price of the Gabsenebs' Chbonicle being
nov fourpence, the subscription, including in-
land posla/jf, for one year is 19<. (>d., for six
months 9s. 9rf., and for three 4«. \Qd. Sub-
scribers are requested to observe these allera-
tions when renewing their subscriptions. In
the event of any di/ficulty 'being experienced in
purchasing copies, readers are invited to notify
the publisher.

NOW IS THE TIME TO FLAXT.

KELWAY & SOX,
Tlie Rova! Hort.iciiltiiri<,'ii.
LANGPORT, SO.MEIWF.T.
are now booking; orders "or their Oh<>ii-e Unrdy Perennial
Plnnta. Plant a Colour Border this Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy its beauty for many years witifaout
any additional expense or trouble.
Send measurements* of your Borders.
Paeonies, Delphiniums, Thloxes, Gaillajvlias, end other
hcautilul (lowers, inclu'led in their Colour Schemes, w-hich
provide blooms from earlv Spring: to late Autumn.
WRITE SOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMEST
for Reduced Prir-o I.iafc.

(^TSHURST COMPOUND. —Insecticide

^-* and Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation : highly
Coramendeil R.II.S. Sdentiflcally.oontrolled Trials at
Wislev, 191416. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundriee.
Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT OASDLE CO.. LTD.,
Battersea, London, S.W. 11.

"TJOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

^-^ Vw\n, Uosos, Vecptalile and Flower Seeds and
Plants, post free.- DOBBIB & CO., Boyal FloriBts. Edin-
burgh.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
^ * Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineera,
Danvers Street, Obelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone: 201, Weetem.

rjREENHOUSE PAINTING &. GLAZING

^-^ '■ Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes puttv. FuU particulars from
W. OARSON & SONS, Grore Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

g UN YARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new descriptive list is now ready, and wiU
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a specialitv.
GEO BUNYARD & 00., Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Maidstone.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

-*-' illustrate*! catalogue of the flne^ Xwircissi, Tulips,
&c., aa supplied in the Royal iSarks aiid Gardens, with
fuJl oiiHupcil directions, is now -rciulv, nnd will be cent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), U. U. BATH. LTD.,
Tlif Floral Fanns, Wiabecli.

l^ATH'S ROSES and PAEONTES.— New

-"-^ iUuHtratc*! aataJogae, containing full cultural notes
of the best new and standand varieties, is now ready,
and will he sent post free on npplinafcit)n. — (Dept. A),
R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral Fanns, Wisbet-h.

S

ANDERS, Orchid Growers,
St. Albans.

/CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION FROM

Vy THE GARDEN.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUES OF SEEDS
and GARDEN REQUISITES for present use.

SUTTON'S LIST OF VEGETABLE
SB^EDS for Summer and Autumn Sowing, with
brief cultural note*.

SUTTON'S LIST of FLOWER SEEDS
for present sowingr and spring flowering.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GROWN BULBS, containing particulars of the most
popular Daffodils, Narcissi. May-flowcrin« and Darwin
Tulips, &c., ic.
These Catalogues will be sent post free on applicotion.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH RQSES.— Our new descriptivo price list,
with Hints on Uow to Grow Roses, now ready, post fre«.
—Write to-diiy. A. J. 4: C. .U.LES, Roue Growers, Nor-
wioh (lor over 50 \ears).

RIVERS'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, in
all the leading varieties, will be ready from
August onwards. Price list post free on application.-
THOMAS RIVEIBS & SON. The Nurseries, Saw-bridge-
worth, Herts.

'l^HE DIFFERENCE between a good adver-
-*- tiMiiig iiifdtiuii and a bad one is a Iretjuent subject
of fiiM-uasioii ajiuiiig tilio«^3 who are determined to
gel the best use out of the money tJiey s|)on<l on pub-
lidfj- ; but, in the end, it resolves itself into the diller-
ence betweiMi wealthy r«lde-rs and poor ones. Those
who are advertising oheap goods naturally turn to a
journal with on enormous circulation, even though it
may l>e coni|x>sf<l ot iieople of inditlerent means. But
oUierrt who Muiijily the thmsand and one noeessities oi
a large ganleii know that such a garden presupposes a
man or woman of means as the owner, who tmii allord
not oni..- the gaiilen itself, but a staff of permanent
gaivlen.-rs to ien^l it. To siicJi a s.alueniaui, a Journal I
which go<'s into the (uiiwls of IhoiiMtftds, or even millionis,
of smiUI peo|)]e, is next to useless. He sliould turn mllwr
to a journal, siuli as the " Gardciiens' Chronicle," whioh
rcu-Jien the ri(;/i( |>eti|ile ; the keen professional g;«--
dener an<l the wealthy Sii.atcur. The response of sueli
readers to a well-written advertisement is immediate
and tatisfaclory.

PEEDS' BULBS. FEEDS' SEEDS

pEEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY.—

■*- I'Icaae apply for a copy to be poet«d by rotum.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-
men and Nurserjmen, WEST NORWOOD.

T)ICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL

^-^ MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced oiroulars
free on appJiejtion to DICKSON'S. Eoyul Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Poaoh-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

"DARR'S Autumn and Winter-flowering

■*-^ Biilb.s, including Crocus species, CoUshicums,
Nerines. Ilai>ly 0\-clamen, Freesins, I#:ichenalias, Irises,
&c., for oarh' planting. List on application.
BARR & SONS, King St., Oovent Oajden, London, W.C. 2.

B

For Advertisement Chapsea see page v.
ULBS. ROSES. G.VRDEN PLANTS.

Our W;ir-time Lists of tlie.se have just been issued.
.\ copy of each his been posted to every Olient,
whose' written request we were favoured with.
Copies gfladly sent free on receipt of postciuxL
DIC!KSOn'& ROBINSON, MANCHESTER.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New OataJogue now ready.

WTATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

~ ' BULBS.— New Oa/tailogue now ready.

WATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.
Ocitalogue and Supplementftry List ol new and
choice varieties now ready.

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— OataJogne tree.

w

WATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
.\11 or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post free
on receipt of name and address.

JOHN W.\TERER. SONS & CRISP, LIMITED,
The Xurseriea, Bagshot, Surrey, amd Twjford, Berks.

w

7EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

The fliie«t varieties of Tulips, Narcissi, Daflo-
dils. Snowdrops. Iris. &c. PRICE LIST post
free on application.— WEBB & SONS. LTD.,
The King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge

SPORTSMEN, Fawners, Horsemen, try
OUT splemlid YorksJiiro Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards lor 17s 6d. Paittems
free.— BRAD'FOUD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

BANSTEAD or WALTON HEATH
LO.VM.— A splendid soil (or Vines, Ohrysanthe-
mums, Carnations, and general use ; fresh out or rotted.
—Particulars ol YOUNG EROS., Betohworth, Surrey.

FOR SALE, excellent Turf Loam for Gai-
dening purposes ; l.o.r. Glcndon and Rushton
Station (M.tt.). — For further particulars apply O. R.
KNOLLYS, Estate Ofllce, Boughton House. Kettering.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !
44Ui Year of Disthbutaon.
Our well - known Magniiflcent Strain Cinerarias,
Calceolarias, &c. ; 28. per doz. ; 128. 5d. per 100 ; carriage
I>a.id.— JOHN STEVENS & SONS. Nurseries, Ooventrv.

1 Art rtrtrt LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

i-\J\J tyjyfyj 2O3. 100 ; l-alms. Begonias, Orotons,
Dr.acaffnas, Hoses, Eiica.s, Gloxiniiuf. Lilies, Hydraii«6n«,
&o. : catalogues free.— J. E, SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

WALLFLOWERS.— Transplanted, Vul-
Kin. Ruby King, Covoiit Gaiden, Golden King,
Civ.nfoi\l Beauty, itc. is. 100; extra strong, Ss. 100,
free anv address. — MORLK & CO.. 150-166, Finchley
Road, N.W.

■pERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree FerJis. Climbing

-*- Ferns, liaskob fcrna, Stove and Greenhouse Ferns,
I Hardy Gardeji Ferns; catalogues free. — J. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, liOUgbborough Junction,
London, S.W.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Sepiembeb 1, 1917.

SALE BY AUCTION.

LEE, S.E.

Annual Sale of Winter-Blooming Heaths,

Boronias, Genistas, Epacris, Acaciis, Ferns, Palms, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
beg to announce that the}-' have been instructed

Messrs. B. MoUer & Sons to conduct tue above as
usual this year at the

BURNT ASH ROAD NURSERIES,

LEE, S.E.,
On Tuesday, September 11th, at 11 o'clock.

Oatiilogues may be had, when ready, at the Kurseries,
and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Oheapside. London,
E.O. 2.

UPPER EDMONTON.

Three mLn^utes from Angel Road and eight minutes fix>m
Sliver Street Stations, G.E.R.

CLEARANCE SALE. — MESSRS.

PROTlUiKOE & MORRIS are instructed by Messrs.
H. B. May & Sons, Ltd., who are concentrating at their
Chingford Nui-series, Upper Edmonton, to sell by auction
on the pi'emises, Genista, Road. 1,000 Palms of various
sizes, large quantities of Ferns, comprisiDjg Pteris major,
Xephrolepis Scottii, and others, &Q,., &c.. Genistas, Cycla-
men, Asparagus plaimosoas and Sprengerii, Aralias,
Veronicas Snlanums (well berried), Euon.vmus, Golden
Privet, &c., 5 Marlset Vans, 4.000ft. of 3in,. and 4in. Hot
Water Pipiflig, and sundry effects.

On Wednesday , September l2th, 1917,
at 11.30 a..m. precisely.
May be viewed any day previous to the sale. Oata-
logues raaj' be had on the premises or of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68, Oheapside, London;, E.O.

TRADE SALES OF HOME-GROWN
BULBS.

Every Wednesday at 1 o'clock.

The sale on September 5th wall include thousands of
Naa-cissus in all the best named varieties for early forc-
ing ; large consignments of Polyanthus of sorts in sacks
as received ; early and late-flowering Tulips, Freeeias,
Snowdrops, Anemones, Scillas, Lilium caudidum. Acon-
ites, eariLy-floweiTng Gladioli, Lilium longiflorum
(retaidcd), in oases. Iris, &c.

jVTESSRS. PROTHEROE oi MORRIS will

^■^ sell the above by auction at their Central Sale
Rooms. 67 aiul 68, Oheapside, London, E.C. 2. Catalogues
lorworded on application.

BUSINESS WANTEO.

Ti;"ANTED, to Rent, a small Nursery,
' * witli about 2 acres of land and house. — Write, G.,
Box 17, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSBHtlES, MARKET GAR-
DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published bv

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
every month. Copies may be obtained post free
on application.— Estate Offloes, 67 and 68. Oheapside,
London. E.O.

SMALL FREEHOLD NURSERY, with
front showliouse, main rood. S.E., 7-roomed house,
stable 6 Greenhouses (heated). £500 ; part could rem-iin.
,— A , Box 8, 41. Wellington Street. Oovent Garden,
W.C. 2.

BUSINESS GARB.

RH.S. EXAM. — Corresijondence class,
• prep.ai-ing (Jaideners and students, start October ;
hriUiant past records; prospectus. — MED.iLLIST,
rightle, Letheringsett, Holt, Norfolk.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

MR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all
friends that, although engaged on National Service
work he continues Midland representative to John Peed
& Son. Orders this season wiU be very much appre-
ciated, and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to Mr. R. GREBaJFIELD. 61, Radford Road,
Leamington Spa.

THE OLD-ESTABLISHED SEED & BULB BUSINESS

carried on for sixty years in

BASNETT STREET, ' LIVERPOOL,

will in future be styled

TVER'S, LTD.

There will be no change in the Management.

MR, mOBT. B. KER

will have associated wdth him

ME. ROBT. W. KING and MR. T. LANE BAKER.

Telephone : Royal 3066. Write for List.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTEO.

■YTyANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and

' ' Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
ijc, sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted.—
MOELE & CO., 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

"YY^NTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

" ' old plants suitable for stock ; oash or exchanige.
See otther odvertifiements ; caitalogiies free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

AYANTED, PINEAPPLE SUCKERS, in

' ' 2 or 3 stajidaixl varieties, 2 or 3 dozen. — Offers to
C. F. WOOD, Cucktield Park Gardens, Cuckfield, Sussex.

Tl/'ANTED, cuttings of Viola Bridal

' » Moni.--Price per 1,000 to OAIRNS, Southill Gar-
<len^, Biggleswade.

TyANTED, 150 GLASS CLOCHES.— If

* ' anyone is giving up Initensive Gardening? and
wishes to part with their Cloohes, will they kindly com-
nimucate with LADY L., 51, Rutland Gate, S.W!?

PLANTS, AOm, FOR SAL£.

BULBS AND PLANTS.
lyrORLE & CO. beg to announce that their
-*- revised list is now re-ady, and will be sent to any
address on application. — 150-156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

MIS CELL A NEOUS.

T»v7ll keep you DRY!

BEAOON OILSKINS never fail to keep out the wet.
That's why the)' ai-e worn bv hundre<ls of fanners,
yiamelieepea-s, and other outdoor men, women, and
cliildreu. You should wear' them if you want we<ather
comfort. They aren't sticky like ordinary oilskina.
We ret'irn your money at once if they don't satisfy
you. The Beacon Booklet will show the style which
suits you best. Men's Ooats from 10s. up; "Ohildren's,
10s. 6d. up; L.idie»' Smart Oilskiiis, 21s.; Sou'-westei-s,
froni Is. 9d, Long Leggings, from 3s. Send po^t^-^ird
to-d ay for thi s tYee Bi>ok let of ' " Weat'her Com fort . ' "
Send now— before vou forget— to B.AJtBOUR'S, LTD..
66, BEACON BUILDINGS, SOUTH SHIEI.DS. (1)

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two).
6d. for eaeh succeeding line-
Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particularSf otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into co-mmunication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.■idvertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WREXHAM GAR'DEN VILLAGE TRAINING CENTRE
(.\pproved In- tihe Ministry of Pensions).

A THOROUGHLY practical INSTRUC
TOR is required for the aboye Training Centre to
train Disabled Sailors and Soldiers in Horticultm-e. A
practical knowledge of Market Gardening in all its
'branches is essential.

The Inistructor will be expected to give lectures in
addition to practical instruction.

Apply, stating age, salary, training, and experience,
with «>pies of testimonials, 'to MRS. PEEL, Bryn^-y-pu-s,
Ellefanere, Salop.

W^ ANTED, HEAD GARDENER ; 10

^ ' miles from London ; must have good knowledge
of Flowers, Ve^tables, Fruit ; must also be able to do
Conservatory work, glaring, painting, &c., and to niilk
cow; cottage ■and milk free; either married or single,
lint no f^hildren. Also an UNDER GARDENFHl wanted.
—Apply by letter, stating age, full detaDs of previous
e.xpM'icnce. and wages required, also references, to
•■ U.A.MrSTEAD," at Homcastle'?;, 60, Clieapside, London,
EC. 2.

WANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-
DENER : married ; ineligible ; good' oottaige and
gairden ; w^ages 28s.— Apply, Tidenham House, Chepstow.

W/'ANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED

' * GARDENER ; boy kept ; good rooms on premises
lor man and wife, without famil}-, or sing-le man. — Write
age, wages, particulars, C GASELEE, Worcester Park,

Suirey.

WANTED, good SINGLE - HANDED
G.^aDESEE, inuiiediately, for students' hostel ;
man or woman ; married or single, but work for wife if
desired.— St. IBohMl's, Grove Park, Lee, S.E. 12.

WANTED, about September 7, a strong
cipable Man as SINGLE-HANDED GARDEKEB,
for a moderate-sized Garden; must be married,
over Service age, and well reconunended ; cottage sup-
plied.—Apply bo E. 0. J., Crete Hill. South Nutfield,
Surrey.

WANTED, expe,rienced WORKING
G.iRDENEE, where a boy is kept ; Vegetable and
Ftower Garden and Glass ; small cottage ; good refer,
ences required.— Address, O. D. TWOPENT, TymwaW,
Uvthe:

WANTED, reliable Man as GARDENER ;
one who mnderstanda Orohids ; must be ineligible
for military servioe.^J. HOERIDGE. Bolbolt House,
Bury.

WANTED, for a private place, good Man
as an all-round GARDENER ; accustomed to Glass ;
not eligible for Army. — Apply, W. BELLAMY, Park
House, Wimbltngton., March, Oambs.

GARDEMER (male or female) required at
once ; sole charge of 2-acre Ga.rden, poultry,
engine pump; wa^es,50s. — Apply by letter, 'stating ex-
perience and references, to MRS. JESSEL, Ehntiurst,
Ruetaiiigton, near Worthing.

'YV'ANTED, an experienced MAN, over
" * military age, for Kitchen Garden ; with knowledge
of plants; good wages paid to a suitable man. — Apply,
F. W. T., StajUey's Library, 66, Stamford-hilL

WTANTED, practical SECOND GAR-

' ' DENER (single) ; experienced (Inside and Out) ;
good wTages to suitable man. — Full particulars to
S.\IALLEV, Hall Gardeiis, Derbyshire.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER for
Outside ; duty alternate Sundays ; good cottage
and garden given. — Apply, stating age, wages, and full
particulars, to ALFRED OHILD, Oatesby House Gardens,
linventry, NortJiampton&hire.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER, ineli-
gible, where 4 or 5 axe kept ; one with good
knowledge of stock and general farm work preferred.—
.\pply, stating age, wages required, with full particu-
lars 'of experience, to ARTHUR WEBB, Altnacealgiacu,
OolchesJter.

^l\/'AN'BED, as UNDER GARDENER,

* ^ voung man (ineligible) or strong lad ; comfortable
lodgings.— State particulars to W. JOHNSON, Hillcrest,
Camberley, Surrey.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER (in-
eligible) ; also strong YOUTH to assist. — State
wages .and reference, age, and particulars to F, SIVELL,
c/o .Mrs. R. P. Morgan, Biynhylrjd, Neath, S. Wales.

UNDER GARDENER for Kitchen Gar-
den only, required at once ; cottage provided if
deared. — Write, stating age, if molnied, family, ex-
perience, refeiences, &c., to MANAGER, Stoke Poges
Mub, Slough.

WANTED, at once, Two smart U'NDER
GARDENERS or discharged soldiers ; wages 268.
weeldv. Bothy, &c.— Pull particulars, HEAD GAB-
DENER, Goldsboro' Hall, near Rnaresbaiough, Yorkshire.

WANTED, FOREMAN, by September
24, good all-round, to take charge of Houses and
super-intend Outside during Head Gartlener's absence in
\rniv ■ single (ineligible) ; Bothy and vegetables.— State
wages to A. THURSTON, Heveningham Hall, Yoxtotd,
Suflolk.

WANTED. INSIDE FOREMAN; com-
petent roan ; ex-Service or ineligible ; wages 30s.
weekly, with Bothy, &c , and attendance ; duty ana
overt-ijne paid extra. — -4pply, with fullest particulars, to
GABDEXER, Park Place, Henley -onr Thames.

'p'OREMAN wanted immediately to take
■^ workiiijg charge in absence of Head Gardener (on
service) ; Bothy (vegetables, coal, light). — -^pply, sbatiiing
wages and experience, to G. L. J.\RR.\TT, Abberley
Hall, Worcestershire.

WANTED, FOREMAN or good capable
HL\N, to take choj'ge of Glass ; 33s. per week ;
Bnfiliy. &c. ; duty and ovftrtime paid.— BENNETT, Snel-
ston Hall Gardens, Ashlbourne, Derbyshire.

September 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

m.

F

OREMAN UNDER GLASS REQUIRED

for Ascot; wages SOs.— Write particulars to P. B. B.,
Streets, 50, (Jomihill, E.C. 3.

WANTED, good JOURNEYMAN (ineli-
gible), for Houses and Outside ; wages 25s. per
week with g'ood Bothy and vegetables; Sunday duty and
OTertime paid.— Particulars to G. HATCH, The Gardens,
Cavenham Park. MildenhaU. Stiffolk.

WTANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Inside;

' » good general experience ; also IMPROVER for
Inside.— State wages, with Bothy. &c., and full particu-
lars of experience, to H. KE3IP, Priory Gardens, Reigate.

WANTED, HANDY MAN for

Gardens ; single ; live on place ; soldier or sailor
discharged would suit. — H. lIOREISOlf, WUloughby
House Gardens, near Rugby.

GARDENER-CHAUFFiEUR required im-
mediately ; must also work electric light plant.—
W. A. TENNANT, Orford House. Ugley, near Stansted,
Eissex.

w

w

ANTED, LADY GARDENER ; trained

uct pupils. School ot Gardening, commenc-
ing this autumn ; healthy country ; near large towns ;
salary commission on pupUs and produce sold. Refer-
ences 'exchanged.— Write, K. A., Box 15, 41, Wellington,
Street, Ck>vent Garden, W.C. 2.

ANTED, FEMALE GARDENER ;

one accustomed to Handy Fruits, tying and nail-
^^i Wall Trees, &c. ; Bothy and vegetables, attendance ,
1 "o'clock S.«urdays.— SUte wages required to W. R.
WRIGHT, The Gardens, Aabby Saint Ledgers, near
Rugby.

WANTED, W. Sussex, strong capable
WOMAN', with experience Vegetable growing and
care goats, pigs ; willing to make herself generally useful ;
good wages ; comfortable heme. — Full particulars to MRS.
ST.WERS, 6, Curzon Street, W.

"l^irANTED, IMPROVER, for the Houses;

wages £1 per week, Bothv, &c. ; duty paid extra ;
1 o'clock Saturdays.— E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gardens,
Groombridge, Tun'bridge WeUa.

TRAO£,

NURSERY MANAGER.— AVanted, coni-
[letcnt .MAN, witli knowledge of General Xurtery
stock, especially Fruit Tree.* ajid hoses; coiiifortablc
situation.— Full particulars o( experience and wages re-
quired E., Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Corent Garden,
W.C. 2.

MANAGER or FOREMAN; life experi-
ence in the trade ; controlling labour and produc-
ing ever>-tliing requires! for up-to-date establishment ;
good references.— LAWEEXCE. 83, Warwick Avenue, Pad-

dington.

PRIVATE GARDENERS awaiting Situ-
ations may obtain temporary employment until
suited —Particulars, &c, from JOHN RUSSELL, Devon,
shire Nureeriee, Haverstock Hill, N.W. 3.

NEAR MANCHESTER.— Wanted, active
experienced WORKING FOREMAN, to take charge
of a small Nursery ; 25 per cent, of profit*, in addition
to wages.— .\ddress, stating age. experience, references,
and wages required, IT. B., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street,
Oovent Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

"yyANTED, as FOREMAN, thoroughly ex-

' ' I>erienced man in Ilerbaof-ous and Rcxsk Phmt* ;
ifood wages ; must have flrat-clasa references. — Apply.
R. C. NOTOLTT, The Nursery, Woodbridge.

\\rANTED, FOREMAN GROWER for

* ' Cut.-unibcrs, Tamatos. and Sodding Plants ; good
wa^ee. cott«ge, and vegeUkblea found. — Apply, MAN-
AGER, Oo-operative Garden Farm, North Hykeham, Ian-
ooln,

VIT-ANTED, FOREMAN, for landsraj.e
' ' work, iiiolnding Rookery Construction. — Write,
giving full pnitiruhLrs of salary required, &c,, to JOHN
WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED. The Nureeries,
Bagahot, Surrfify.

SEED TRADE.— SHOP ASSISTANTS
and W.4.REH0USEMEN WANTED; permanencies.
Applicants, who must be ineligible for military service,
are requestt-^l to give full particulars of their experience
and state age and wages required. — SEEDS. Box 5, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden. W.O. 2.

SEED TRADIE.- Wanted, smart, expert
oncwl ASSISTANT for Garden Seed Department.—
Particulars, stating experience, salary expected, &c,, to
W. DRliMUOND & SON'S, LTD., Dawson Street, Dublin.

WANTED, KNIFEMAN, and as

' ' GKNERAL FoUKMAN, (or 10 acres young Fruit
Trees ; wages 40a. and free c<>ttage. — State age and full
particulars of training to STORRIE & STORRIE, Fruit
Tree Speoi&Uata, Olen^oarBe, Perthshire.

WANTED, October 1, young LADY AS-
SISTANT for Florist's sdiop ; well up in floral
work; good saleswoman; one witih a knowledge of seeds
preferred. State wages required and reference. — E. J.
BATOHELOR \- SOXS, 19. Station Squaie, Harrogate.

TIT" ANTED, FLORIST.— Young Lady as

' ' First Hand. — Apply, stating experience, &c., S
FAY i SONS, Elm Grove, Southsea.

WANTED, a good BOOK-KEEPER, to
take charge of general Nursery' office ; liberal
wages to a competent and reliable man. — WM. PAUL &
SON, WALTHA.M CROSS, LTD., Walthom Cross, Herts.

NURSERY STOKERS WANTED; good
wages to suitable men.— Apply, LOWE & SHAW-
YER, LTD., The Nurseries, Uxbridge.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaoh

tueeeedlng Elgnt words op less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full purticulart, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are intufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to tend them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVA re.

ADVERTISER seeks re-engagement as
GARDENER (HEAD), GARDENER and BAILIFF, or
. STEWARD ; life experieooe in good establislunonU ; ac-
customed to liilatc .M:ui.igenieiit, including land, stock,
woods, timber (na-.isunng and \,ilues), rei>airs, &c. ; 5
vears in present situation with the lit. Hon. Viscount
Uardinge— C. J. DICKER, South Park Farm. Penshurst.

GARDENER - BAILIFF or ESTATE
STEWARD. — Long experience in all branches of
gentlemen's establisluncnts : very higlily recommended;
over military age ; active, up-to-date, and practical ; leav-
ing owing ' to alteration in working arrangements.—
WOODG.VfE, Park Place, Henley-on-Tliame«.

C^JARDENER (Head); highly efficient ex-
^ (lert in every bran>ch of Horticulture, Estate Man-
agenioiit included if nectssarj' ; at liberty.— Write, A. G.,
Box 18, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

SITUATION required as HEAD GAR-
DENER or SIXGLE-HANDED ; tborouglily practical
with Fruit, Flowers, and Vegetables, under Glass or Out-
side.—Please state wuges, iiv., U. MOKEIS, 43. Rampart
Koad, Salisbury, Wilts.

GARDENER (Head) ; life experience in
Fnut, Flowers, and Vegetables, liuiido and Out,
Grapes, Peaolies, .Melons, Figs ; also Herbaceous* Bordeiw,
I*awnet, and Pleoi^ure Grounds ; married ; ago 48. — GEO.
HOWE, Thame Paxk Gardens, Thame, Oxon.

GARDENER (Head or otherwise), wife
laundress, seek situation, or work of national, im-
iwrtance, food producing; age J6 ; 20 years' experience;
loitage required ; military class 0 2.— 41. T., Box 12, 41,
WellLngton Street, Covent Gsirden, W.O. 2.

GJARDENER (Head Working). — Col.
^ J. R. Wright would be pleased to i-ecommend J.
.\SiIDOWN to any lady or geiulemau requiring the ser-
vices of a good all-round man (Inside and Out), where
several are kept ; 9 years here as Head ; leaving tlirougn
no fault ; no children and over niihtj.ry age.— J. A.. Box
10. 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden. W.O. 2.

XJEAD WORKING GARDENER offers
-'"^ his services to lady or gcntlomon requiring a
thoroughly practical man ; life exiienence in the man-
agement and requirements of a large establishment ;
disubarge certificate ; personal reference- — CLEMENT,
Somerhdl Gardens, Tonbridge,

GARDENER (Head Working) ; good all^
round practical experience ; Glass, Kruit, Flowersi,
Forcing, &c. ; above niiJitary age ; married {no family) ;
14 years Head Gardenor; exceUont references. — F. BUS-
SON, Wispers, Stedihom, Midhurst. Sussex.

(^ARDENER (Head Working), where 2 or

^-^ 3 are kept; lile experieaoe; age 30; m-arried (no
I.miiiy) ; cottage.— E. JENXKH, Xiie Gaixiens, Bramshott
Caiut, Liphook, Hanits.

QARDENER (Head Working), with 2 or

^-^ 3 under ; excellent leferenees ; marriad (,one child) ;
lifetime experience ; CJa^s C 3.— KNOWLES, The Oottiage,
Wuubllngton, near Maixh, Cambs.

i^:jARDENER (Head Working) ; good all-

^-^ round experience with GUi&s, Fruit, Flowers, and
Kitchen Gaixleiiiug, Forcing, ^e. , above military age;
luarrifd ; no family. — GARDFNEH, Fulmer Grange,
Stoke Foges, Slough.

r;< ARDENER (Head Working) ; good all-

^^ round experience (Inside and Out); age 45; mar-
ried (,2 cluldi-eu) ; exoelUsat references. — BEAN, Downe»
Orpington, Kent.

(:jARDENER (Head Wobking) ; life ex-

^-^ perieuce iu all branches ; knowledge of the run-
nmg of electric light plant; miuu-ied ; age 48.— UNDEK-
IIILL, Ridgemount Ck)Vtage, Sliules Hill, Enfield, N.

GARDENER (Head Working, where
2 or 3 are kept) ; good all-round ; first-class refer-
i-nces ; over mihUuy age.— GARDENER, Box 13, 41, VVel-
Imgton Street, Oovent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

rjARDENER (Head Working) ; age 30 ;

^-^ where several are kept ; 14 years' experience in all
br,utche&; discharged from Aimy ; good reference and well
reconmiended ; nnuried when suited. — H., Bos 16, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Giirden, W.C. 2,

QARDEXER (Head Working) seeks per-

^-^ nianent situation, end September ; over military
;ige ; married (1 child); life experience; 12 years present
situation. I*Jea5« state wages.— Write, R. C, Box 19, 41,
Welhngton Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

(_JARDEN^R (good Single-handed); life

^-^ c.\peneut-e gained in good est-ablisliments ; highly
recoinmended ; excelleint references ; Army discharge ;
age 31 ; married (1 cJiild). Pleaee state wages.—
lil.'TCHER, 41, Westbury Road, Walthamstow, Essex.

QOOD SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER;

^-^ married ; experienced chiefly Kitchen Gaixien, Gliiss,
an«l Lawns ; Ix>ndon district preferred. — J. T., Boi 19, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

SITUATION required as UNDER GAR-
DENEtt; highly recommended; strong LAD, age 17
vears. Please state wages given, with Bothy.— Apply, E.
MORRIS, 43, Rampart Ro:id, Solisbiuy, Wilts.

JOURNEYMAN (First), age 17, seeks
situation (Inside); 3 years' experieJioe ; 2 yeai-s at
Horticultural School ; thorouglUy capable ot duties.—
State wT^es imd partifubrs to H. W., 1, .\ugU0ta Villa,
High Road. Loughton, Essex.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Post ; expen-

-■-^ enoed in practic.ii work and in lectiuring and teaeJi-
mg ; rteadiiig Oolleg© certificate ; insti-uctorship pre-
ferred. — MISS SLADE, Woodford Lodge, Thrapston,
Northunts.

/^ARDENER (Head Working) retiuires

^-^ permanent situation ; life experience, Inside and
Out ; 'age 46 ; married ; present situation 14 vears ; good
reference. — G. OORNWELL, Homelea Cottage, Oross-in-
liajid, Sussex.

LADY GARDENER requires Post under
good Head ; Iitoide or Out ; 1 year's training ; some
experience since ; Somerset preferred. — G. SMYTH, French
Gardens, Slonehouse, Gloa.

''PWO LADY GARDENERS wish situa-

-*• tiom as Iload and Under, where teveiral kept ; well
trained ; 10 and 6 years:' experience. Inside and Out ;
good references. Please state wages and full particulars.
—P. B.. Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2. •

TRADE.

GARDENER (59) ; Inside experience ;
understands Melons, Grapes, Ououmbers, Tomatos,
Pe«iches, Bedding Plants, Bulbe, Olirysanthemums, Musli-
rooms.— O. S., 24, New Windsor Street, Uxbridge.

''PWO LADY GARDENERS, with little

-*- experience, require Post together in Market Nur-
serv ; Scotland preferable.— J. B., Dalton Green, Dilton,
Lockerbie, N.B.

OPEN for engagement as TRAVELLER,
MANAGER, or HEAD SHOPMAN ; life experience,
both wholesale and retail ; over military age. — Write,
H. R.. Box 2, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2.

A S TRAVELLER ; age 46 ; steady,

-'-*- active, reliable bualnesa man oflera his a&rvUxe,

4 or 5 days weekly, or more il desired.— F. E. H. S.,

Box 9, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

■pLORIST (situated London).— Lady re-
-*- quires re-engagement ; 14 years' experience Floral
I>03ig7is, Bouquete, Plante, Seeds; used to taking chiarge ;
re.fa. — F. M.. Box 14. 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Gapdeoi, W.O. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[September 1, 1917.

SANKE«S«>POTS

^ 'Ghe BEST end Chenpesh

fff CHARD SANK£y * SON, Lrf>,

Dulwell PoHeries. NOTTINGHAM.

WASP NETTING.

Porthleven. Cornwall.

Extra strong and durable.
... 1/6 per yard run.
... 19
2/3

B. EDDY & SONS. '''

Special No. 4 WASP NETTING.

54 inches wide

72

100 „ ,

In 30-yard lengths. Any length supplied. Also,

HEXAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide 8d. per yard run.

36 ,, „ 1/- „ „

72 „ 2/- „

Supplii'd by return, bi/ post or passmirfcr train, carriage paid.

THOMSONS

CELEBRATED

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR

ALL GARDEN CROPS.

Wy THOMSON &SONS,Lo.
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PUNTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

iThe Mcp^rfn Piigd Piper

M AM A EXTERMINATES

If Ml d&MICE

Rats and Mice c^me i
out of iheir holes, not
to dance lo tlie pipes
of the cliaiiner, but to
die — a less poetic but far
belter way of exterminating
these pests.

Apart from the desira-
biliiy of getting rid of
the vermin on the grounds
of health, thi.ik of the
tremendous wasr.i':;.; of food
due to their r.iiding of
our granaries, cornfield's and
gardens. It is a patriotic
duty to destroy ihem.

In tiii'iready prepared with

bait : for Rats 2/6 and 6'- ;

for M\cc 1/6 Of all Cheuiibts.

Fan particulars from
EVANS SONS LESCHER .'v: WEBB, Ltd.
56. Hanover Street, Liverpool.

IMPORTANT :

ease write for a Catalogue,
the 'Pauer CommissloD only
allow 01 to send to those who apply—

LAXTOH BROTHERS. BEDFORD.
BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are your bushes 'rce of this 'ncurablc pest? If not

Plant "SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only P' oved mite resistcr.

This variety has also evi ry other good Muality, Ijeing the

heaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

I erriea

Young Bushes 6/- and 8/- per dozen.

W. SKABKOOK & SONS.

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& 15/- per Cwt.(i.o.r. London)
01 all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

' Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticullural
Exhibition, igil.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We etill hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on npplication,

BOULTOW & PAUL. Ltd.. ""^^.Srw'icT"'"

FRUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root up useless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. AIsq

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing e.xact requirements.

STUART LOW CO., '"'§!lD"itfesl4l>"'-

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including:—

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDGUARD HERRIOT "

(.Uailii Mail Rose.)

12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

FLOWERING BULBS

A large and comprehensive
Stock of

Choice Home Grown Bulbs

Descriptive Catalogue Free.

DICKSON^S

(Limited)

Bulb Growers and Merchants,
CHESTER.

WASP-PROOF ENVELOPE >

For Protectinff Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines,

Pears, Apples, etc

DIAM. WHENOPEN-lx."-. [,xy 7 x!) 3x12 12x18 in. deep

No. 1 Hexagon ... 19/6 2 /- 36/- 51/- 76/- gross

No. 2 Hexa'.'on 25/- 31/ i 42/- 69/- 90/- „

.Soft. White Tiffany 15- 20/- 24/- 31- 60/- ,,

BRUWN HINEBALISED TIFFANY BAGS WITH STBING

.Sizes (measured Hati r* ■ :■ in at 17/6 ; '.1 •, 7 in. at 22/6

njxS in. at J5 - per t'ross.

WASP HEXAGON NETTING.

3 4 ."i 6 7 s ft. wide
No 1 Strensrth .. lid. '/i 1/5 1/10 2 6 3 - per yd. run

St^Sf^;} '■ V* ^« ^1- ^^^ '=> •■ "

WASP DESTROYER for TAKING NESTS.

PoMder 1 6 and 2,6 per hottle.
Al! n'u,rr ,,ri,->'X flltx UK n Innirr .-arrlnif paid on bl- orders
P.irvcyors of every Horticultural Requisite. Sp.ci il Lists by Re' nt n

Wm. WOOD & SON, ltd., Wood Green, LONDON, N. 2 i

'Phone-Palmer's Oieen 377.

T'grams. — " Fnnglieto" Wood, London.

THE

Flower Grower^s
Guide.

By JOHN WRIGHT.

This superb book should be on
the shelves of everyone who loves
flowers and cultivates them. Not
only is it a complete guide to the
making of a perfect flower-garden,
but it is a work of art without
which no garden library is com-
plete. It is in three volumes,
beautifully bound, ea;'ch volume
enriched with numerous illustra-
tions, many of them exquisite
reproductions in colour from Mr.
Hamilton's paintings. Such a
book makes winter evenings a
delight.

Price £3 3s., postage Is. 6d.
Send for it to

THE LIBRARIAN,
41. WELLINGTON ST.. LONDON. W.C. 2.

September 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

85

(SiirDnurs' Clrrnnirlr

No. I60L— SATURDAY. SEPTEMBER i, 1917.

CONTENTS

American Gooseberry

ildew

Crisp, Sir Frank, goldeu

wedding of ..
Ear^vig, the
Farm, crops and stock

on the home
Food production, on in-
creased—

Autumn-sown Cauli-
flowers

Cabbage, Spring

Disease-resistant varie-
ties of Cabbage

Finger-and-toe disease

Fruit conserving

Fruit trees on grass . .

Pea di-tinction

Potato disease..

Prolific Potatos

Seed germination

War an*! fruit-growing

Winter Spinach
Fruit crops, reports on

the

Fruit register —
Strawberry Lord Suf-

Oales, destructive

Gift, a munificent
Keeble, Professor, and
the new Orders
'' Law notes —

Prosecutions under the
Seed Potatos Order
Lilium, a hybrid ..
Market fruit garden, the
Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
New hybrids ..
Pettigrew, Mr, ^V. W. . .
Prunus Pissartii fruiting
Rosarian's war-shifts, a
i Societies —

National Rose . .
Royal Horticultural . .
I United Hort. Benefit
I and Provident

Stevenson, Mr. Thomas
Summer pruning

I Tea plants

Tobacco curing . .
Veronica lobelioides ..
I Week's work, the —

flower garden, the ..

Fruits under glass

i Hardy fruit garden, the

: Kitchen garden, the ..

Orchid houses, the ..

I Plants under glass ..

ILLUBTRATIOM8

Apple affected by brown rot

Dahlias Eastt-rn Star and Piimrose Star

Lilium, a hybrid

A ROSARIAN'S WAR SHIFTS.

IN normal times I adopt a very con-
venient rotation of crops in borders
suitable for the purpose as follows: —
1st year, Briars for budding; 2nd year,
Roses ; 3rd year, Sweet Peas, Phloxes,
or Carnations, followed by Daffodils,
flowering in the 4th spring, when Briars
are again planted among them, and
the cycle is resumed. The Daffodils need
not be lifted after the first year, but grown
1)11 to the second, as they will not harm the
Briars, and are lifted rather early in the
second spring of their growth, before the
end of May, while the maiden Roses are
not far advanced. The cycle may, of
course, be started either with the Briars
or the Sweet Peas, but the autumn after
lifting the maiden Roses is, I find, a con-
venient time for re-making the beds.

This year I have planted no fresh
Briars, as I intend to use the beds for the
■rrowing of food plants. The Briars arc
usually planted 1 foot .3 inches to 1 foot
G inclies apart, and this regulates the
distance of the otlier crops ; and the ques-
tion arose, what would make the most con-
venient food plant substitute for the
current year?

In some of the borders this has been
solved by making use of the modern dwarf
Peas, siich as Carter's Daisy and British
Wonder, whicli only grow one foot to one
foot and a half high and ran be con-
venienfly plnntod between the rows of
Daffodils: in others Broad Beans, raised
in boxes and planted between alter-
nate rows, have been used. When these
are cleared thoy will bo followed by Kales,
which are comparatively ornamental as
kitchen garden plants go.

In the case of beds at other stages of
the cycle, room will be available between
the plants in possession for growing
TiOftiiocs and other salad plants.

Most of the borders received a good

dressing of basic slag in autumn or early
winter, but where this was omitted its
place is supplied by spring dressings of
superphosphate.

Where there are no bulbs in the ground,
advantage will be taken of the coloured
leav&s of the Beetroot, which have been
used with good effect before this, either
for edcings or temporary beds.

Of all the salad plants in the garden
there is none that gives so good a return
with so little trouble as Watercress. This
can be grown in the open garden, and is,
I think, more wholesome than when grown
in water. A.t the end of April or early
May, shaUow trenches about a foot wide
are taken out, and manure worked in the
bottom, somewhat in the way that a Celery
trench is made. Some fine soil is broken
on the top of the manure and cuttings in-
serted in a double row. No plant grows
more easily from cuttings than Watercress,
the cuttings appearing to begin growing
before thay couM be expected to have
rooted. This is owing to the fine roots
readily formed anywhere up the stem.
These shallow trenches furnish a full
supply till November. They can very con-
veniently be made Ijetween the rows of
Daffodils when these have been kept the
distance apart recommended.

In November some tx>xes are prepared
with sides about 4 inches deep. Some old
manure is put in the bottom about 2 inches
deep and rammed down. On this is placed
a layer of leaf-mould, and finally the box
is filled up with soil, in which the Water-
cress cuttings taken from the plants in the
shallow trenches are inserted, and the
boxes are placed in a oool greenhouse.
They soon grow, and continue to produce
supplies until they in turn furnish cut-
tings for the trenches. Three or four
boxes give a good supply through the
winter. By this means a plentiful supply
of Watercress is secured through the whole
year. I think we have never appreciated
it so much as this year, when, except for
the hardiest Kales, there was no green stuff
left in the garden when spring arrived.
Perhaps I should add that we have found
it better to take fresh cuttings than to put
out the old plants, for by the end of tlie
season the soil in which they havel^eon
growing has usually become rather sour,
and the stems hard and woody.

Hybrid.

Brasso-Laelio-Cattleja Windsor
Cttttleya All>lnn
Cattleya KKeridcs
Cattleya Lady Carlile . .
Cattleya Phac.lia
Cattleya U.mita
Cattleya WaBlilnrton .
Cypripedium Ilarrt-alban ..
Laelio-Cattleya Laura
Laelio Catlleva Marina

Odontloda Una

Odontoglo'^suni Corinna
Odontogiossnm Lilian

Cattleya Tmotien

Cattleya VirRinla

Laelio-Cattleya lima

Laelio-CatMeya Liliaa
Laelio-Cattleya Miriam
Laelio-Cattleya Swallow
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Falcon
Sopiiro-Laelio-Cattleya Peridot . .
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Robinetta

The Rose house itself becomes a useful
place for a few vegetables grown as make-
shifts. In between the Roses in pots young
Cauliflowers and Lettuces can be grown in
5-inch pots without detriment to the
Roses; in fact, to their advantage, for it
lessens the risk of overcrowding, and this
is a danger to which many of us are liable.
As our Reses increase we often fail to
discard the older ones to the extent that
is desirable, and there are few more
serious troubles to Roses under glass than
those which arise from overcrowding.
]Yhife Rose.

FRUIT REGISTER.

STRAWBERRY LORD SUFFIELD.
Mr. Taylor, gardener at Stanmore Hall-.
Middlesex, .states that he has always held
this very dietdnot, richly-coloured, and finely-
flavoured Strawberry in high esteem, especially
for preserving, as the berries retain their form
and flavour better than any other kind. The
I'lants at Stanmore Hall have cropped well this
vear, and the supply has been unusually pro-
longed, the plants being stilj in bearing. The
berries in jams made last year are as perfect and
brightly-coloured as when gathered. For trade
purposes the variety is not likely to be a
favcMrite, but for private gardens it is well
wurth attention. B.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

L.^elio-Cattlbta Jacinth. — A flower ot this
beautiful hybrid, raised in the collection of
Lieut. -Col. Sir Geo. L. Holford, Westnnbirt,
Tetbury, between C. Trianae and L.-C. Pizarro
((;. Dowiana X L. Jongheana), is sent by Mr.
H. G. Alexander, who was also the raiser of
L.-C. Pizarro, one of the parents of L.-C.
Jacinth. In size and shape the flower resembles
C Mossiae aurantiaca. but the bright orange
colour of the basal two-thirds of the lip is more
pronounced and extended into the side lobes.
The sepals and petals are rose-pink, the lip dark
or.inge colour, the lines from the base being on
a bronzy-red ground and the margin blush-white.
L. Jongheana is esteemed for hybridising for the
rich yellow of the lip, but it has a tendency to
restrict the expansion of that organ. In this
c-ase, in the second generation the good feature
has been preserved and improved in a labellum
of good size, and with an ample crimped edged
front.

HYBRID ORCHIDS.

(Continued from .July 14, p. LS.^

B.-C. ThorntoiiU x L.-C. calliatoglossa
O'Brienianaalha x S\ij:annc Hye de Croni

Wall<eriana x Hnwiana aurea

^f mtinil x dolosa

Elvina X Dowiana aiirea

Prince .Tohn x iridcBcens

Emprem Frederick x Wareoewiczii Sanderiana
Ilarrislanum snnerhiim x St. Alban ..
L.-C. Scylla X C. Lord Rotlr'child
L.-C. St. fiotliard x C. Ilardynna
(Mm. Hallii X Oda. CharU'SWorthil

Itolfeao X tiKrinum

Dora X Rm press of India

.lli« X Lord Rothschild

i9«eldorfei nndlne x Ri-ln-odcrae

•C. Myra x L. C. Tlnrls

■C. Opliir X L. tenebroaa Walton Grange

-C. Myra x L 0. Alpha ,

Schrrtderae x L -C. Electra
Krandiflora x L.-C. Aureole
Dowiana aurea x S.-L.-C. Danae
Uardyana X S.-L.-C. Dtnae

Mansell and Hatcher.
ArniBtrong: and Brown.
W. H. St. Qiiintin, Esi|.
K. J. HanlMiry, Esii.
W. li. St. Quintin, Esq.
Armstrong and I5rown.
Sanders.
P. Smith, E9(|.
Charlesworth and Co.
Charlesworth and Co.
Armstrong and Brown.
W. II. St. Qnintin, Esq.
Charlesworth and Co.

liaised in tlie gardens of
Lt.-Col. Sir Geo. L.
Ilolford, K.C.V.O., liy
Mr. n. O. Alexander.

86

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1, 1917.

HYBRID LILIUM.

Many years ago great interest was shown
in a remarkable hybi-id Lily which had
been raised in America, between Lilium
s])eciosum Melpomene and Lilinm auratum. It
was known as Lilium Parkmanni, and a coloured
plate of this remarkable Lily appeared many
years ago in The Garden. I always understood
that the stock was growing at the Knap Hill
Nurseries, but that it eventually died out.
\ somewhat similar hybrid is illustrated in

SUMMER PRUNING.

A WKITER in a contemporary states that
" standard trees should not be pruned in summer
— and very lightly at any time, because it en-
courages an undesirable growth of lateral shoots."
My opinion is that standard Apple trees receive
as much benefit from summer pruning as any
form of tree.

I have standard Apples of Bramley'e Seedling
with cordon-like branches radiating from the
centre 8 feet or more on all sides, and they

Fig. 31. — hybrid lilium (l. speciosum magnificum x l. auratum platyphyllum)
flower spotted with crimson.

fig. 31. It was raised by Mr. P. S. Hayward,
gardener at Holland House, Clacton-on-Sea.
The cross was effected three years ago between
Ijilium speciosum magnificum and Lilium
auratum platyphyllum, the latter being the seed
parent. The plant is now over 3 feet in height,
strong and vigorous. The blooms are 11 inches
in diameter, with petals nearly 4 inches across;
the spotting is bright crimson. It is a very dis-
tinguished-looking plant, showing so much
vigour already that it seems likely that eventu-
ally it will grow to a height of 5-6 feet, and
bear 12-15 blooms. It is remarkable that in such
a wide genus as Lilium so few effective hybrids
should have been produced. B. W. Wallace.

annually bear good crops, the result of yearly
.summer pruning. To me it always seems to be
good practise to summer prune fruit trees,
especially oreot-growing varieties of Apples, euch
as Lord Derby and Benoni, erect-growing Pears
and Plums, and certainly Red and White
Ctirrante. The object of summer pruning is to
aid in the maturation of the branches so that
they will form fruit spurs naturally, aided by
the checking of the growth of the other shoots.
I do not, however, say that the cutting away
of a portion of the summer growth on any branch
will result in a fruit spur forming forthwith, as
many persons assert. The assistance summer
pruning gives to the fruittulness of the tree is

by the admission of air and sunlight to the base
of the ehoots pruned, thus aiding the ripening
of the wood in those parts of the tree. In the case
of established trees, much discrimination as to
which shoots to cut is not required, because the
form of that partdculair tree has already been
determined, but in the case of young trees some
care should be e.xercised in retaining shoots that
are required for extemsion, all surplus shoots
being shortened to within 4 inches of their bases,
leaving the leaders intact. Sometimes the lead-
ing shoot on a side branch is so placed that it
grows inward. This irregularity of growth is
usually the fault of winter pruning, the bud at
the point of the pruned shoot being on the in-
side of the tree instead of pointing outwards. In
summer pruning this error should be corrected by
the removal of the shoot down to the nejct
branch which aims outward ; this growth is thus
made a substitute for the previous leader, and
the correct balance of the tree is maintained.

The middle of July is a good time to summer
prune fruit trees, as they seldom make secondary
growths after that time.

No fruit tree responds more to summer prun-
ing than the Bed Currant. When the shoots are
trained cordon-like from the centre of each bush,
such branches yield an immense weight of fruit
annually. E. M.

THE MARKET FRUIT CARBEN.

Apple Suckers and Fruit Setting.

This season, for tlie third time, I carried out
an experiment with the object of testing the
extent to which infestation by the Apple sucker
affects the setting of Apples. In the first sea-
son trusses of blossom that were infested' and
an equal number free from infestation were
labelled on four varieties, and the result was
that more Apples set on the infested than on
the non-infested trusses. 'But it is one thing
for fruit to set, and another for it to continue
to hold its place up to maturity, and the latter
point was not tested in 1915. In 1916, however,
the number of fruits set was taken first on
June 5, and again on July 4. At the former
date the experience of 19K was repeated, more
Apples having set on the infested trusses than on
those free from suckers. But on July 4, when
the fruit was nearly mature, the converse was
the result, 20 Apples being found on what had
been 24 trusses that had been free from the pest,
against 14 on the same number of infested
tru?ses. This season the tn'al was made with
ten infested and ten non-infested trusses of
each of four varieties, Mr. Gladstone, Beauty
of Bnth, Worcester Pe-armain. and Lane's Prince
Albert. The results were as follows on July 12,
when the fruit found might be regarded as set
for good ; Mr. Gladstone, five singles on infested,
and two singles and one double on free trusses.
Beauty of Bath, three singles on infested and
two on free "trusses. Worcester Pearmain, six
singles on infested and three singles on non-
infested trusses. Lane's Prince Albert, only one
on each. The summary is as follows ; 40 infested
trusses set 15 singles, and 40 free trusses set 7
singles and one double. By the way, this sea-
son is remarkable for Apples singling them-
selves— a very useful action.

Now, I have been censured for having stated
the opinion that the damage done by the Apple
sucker is greatly exaggerated. But what other
conclusion can I form from my observations?
Those observations cover, not only the results
of labelling infested and free trusses, but also
the growing of great cpoips on varieties wops?
infested than anv others. Last year, for
example, I found 39 out of 40 trusses of Royal
Jubilee inf'-sted with suckers, and by " in-
fested" I me.an that at least two of the pests
were seen. Yet the crop of Royal .Jubilee Apples
wag the greatest grown by me in that season.

September 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

87

This year, again. Lane's Prince Albert was so
badly infested that it took me over an hour to
find ten trusses free from the pest on the tree
labelled. Yet there is a profuse crop on this
variety The choice of the tree labelled was
an unfortunate one, as it was in a somewhat
shaded position, and it be-ars an exceptionally
thin crop, although other trees were as badly
infested. Buit the number of blossom trusses
on the variety generally was so enormous that
one Apple to ten trusses would mean a fair crop.
Let it not be supposed, however, that I main-
tain that the sucker does no harm at all. What
I do maintain is that the injury done by it is
much exaggerated. In at least two seasons,
when Apples in my orchards, as in those of the
country generally, set badly, and the failure was
commonly attributed to an atta<-k of the sucker,
careful examination of a great number of the
withering blossoms proved that this was not the
case. It is my intention to carry my observa-
tions of infested and non-infested txusses further
than they have been carried hitherto, by taking
note of the sizes of the Apples set when nearly
mature. Such observation as has been made on
this point conveyed the impression that there
was no noticeable difference, but no precise notes
njion it were taken. Southern Grower.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

PROLIFIC POTATOS.
It would seem likely that many records will
be broken this year in regard to Potato crops ;
the following result is, I think, worth recording
for an early variety. Thirty-six plants of May
Queen variety were lifted at The Gables,
Beckenham, the residence of Mr. A. J. Lees
(gardener, Mr. A. Scutcher), and the heaviest
crop from an individual root weighed 10 lbs.,
whilst the lightest yield wa.'s 2 lbs. The total
weight of the crop was 203 lbs. Has this weight
been surpassed with an early variety 7 F. II'.
/'rice, Broadclyst Garden, Bn-kcnham.

SEED GERMINATION.

I ENDORSE /. E.'s remarks (p. 55) about the
irregular germination of Brassica seeds. We had
three crops from one sowing. The first sowing
of Thyme quite failed, yet a second sowing gave
us enough plants to stock the parish, as J. E.
remarks. Beans here are all good, and Perfs
also, with one exception. Our worst failure was
with early Polatos, the "seed" of which was
purchased from a well-known firm. We sprouted
the tubers in boxes, but they have completely
failed after planting. Frosted seed would no
doubt account for this. Early Potatos from our
own stock have done very well, and the later
varieties look very promising.

In reply to J. E.'s query as to how to preserve
Beans, the way we proceed is to gather the pods
when just at their best for table use. Slice
them as for cooking, and then place in wide-
necked bottles, a layer of Beans and a layer of
salt, until the bottle is filled. When the Beans
are covered in the brine, make the bottles air-
tight and store them in a cool place. When the
Beans are required for use, they should be
soaked in water for two or three hours. By
this method we have kept them good for months.
Thns. B. Archer, Prrnrot.

POTATO DISEASE.

The Food Production Department issues the
following description of late blight in order to
enable allotment holders and others to recognise
the disease : —

The first sign is the appearance on the leaves
of dark brown or blackish spots of irregular size
and .shape, from the under surface of which
a delicate white mould grows out, especially
round the margin of the diseased areas. The
dark coloured patches rapidly spread, the leaflets

become curled, and if weather conditions favour
the blight the whole of the foliage and the stems
too may soon become blackened. In wet,
muggy weather the greyish mould (which is the
most characteristic sign of the disease) may
grow out from the upper as well as the under
surface of -the leaves. If dry weather follows
an attack of blight, the affected leaves shrivel
rapidly and fall off, leaving the haulm bare.

WAR AND FRUIT GROWING.
In war we discover that many things which
in peace we regarded as necessaries are but luxu-
ries, and we learn cheerfully to do without them.
The converse is also true, for in war some luxu-
ries become necessaries. This is true of hardy
fruits. Man' does not live by calories alone.
The food which he eats must m intain health
a-3 well as strength. Among the most wholesome
of foods are fruits. The Vedical Services, re-
cognising this, insist on a liberal jam ration in
the dietan,- of Navy and Army. But imports
of fruit are scarce and restricted, and the jam
must therefore be made from home-grown fruit.
There is. however, not enough home-grown fruit
to satisfy fully the reqiKrements of H.M. Forces
and of the civilian population. The former re-
quire 45 or more per cent, of the Plum crop, 75
per cent, of the Raspberrj- crop, and little, if
any, less percentage of Strawberries. It is not
likely that these demands will be reduced in
the coming year. They are more likely to in-
crease. Therefore it is of the greatest import-
ance that fruit-growing should not be discou-
r.iged. Fruit-growing requires skilled labour.
The men in charge of commercial orchards are
indispensable to the maintenance of these
orchards. Unless proper attention to pruning,
spraying and the like are provided the yield of
fruit wiU fall off immediately both in quantity
and quality. It is therefore to be hoped that
Tribunals called upon to decide between the
exemption or calling up of skilled commercial
fruit-growers may understand that our hardy
fruits are no longer to be regarded as a luxury
but as what they are — of national importance,
and less essential only than corn and meat. The
need for men is very great, and the Army must
have men, but since the Anny must also have
fruit it is essential that the .skilled fruit-grower
be left to direct tli.' cultivation of the crops.

FRUIT CONSERVING.

The Food Production Department intends to
establish pulping or drying plants in each of the
chief fruit producing districts. At Cheltenham
the works are already in existence, and surplus
fruit is being pulped. The supplies handled in
this way are additional to those covered by the
scheme of controlled jam making establishments
under the War Office.

To deal with the pulping of Plums, centres will
be opened at Cambridge, Bewdley, Pershore,
Cheltenham, the Harper Adams Agricultural
College in Shropshire, at Maid.stone. Sitting-
bourne, Marden, ani Chester. The drying
scheme in Kent will be attended to from Wye
College, whose experts have a close personal
knowledge of the county. Farmers' cooperative
societies and market growers' associations are
also being brought into intimate touch with the
scheme.

For the Apple crop, pulping stations are being
established or are contemplated, at Plymouth,
Totne-s, Crediton, Newton Abbot, Tiverton,
Bridgwater, and Wedmore, ne^r Cheddar.

The scheme is developing rapidly and satis-
factorily. An encouraging circumstance in
connection with these plans is the cordial
co-operation of many business firms not
normally connected with food production or
preservation. A notable instance of this
admirable public spirit has been afforded
by the action of Messrs. Edward Lloyd, Ltd.,
paper manufacturers. Their mills at Sitting-
bourne are situated in the midst of a large fruit-
growing district, and it was deemed desirable

by the Department to open a pulping works
there. Mr. R. H. Bell, the representative of
Messrs. Lloyd, was approached, and at once
offered to place at the disposal of the authorities
rent free a commodious shed that could be turned
quickly and conveniently into a pulping works.
Moreover, he agreed to loan to the Department
the firm's engineering and carpentering staff and
to facilitate the transfer of some of the female
employees from the paper mills to the pulping
concern.

At Maidstone, Messrs. Sharpe and the
Farmers' Union have been brought together by
the Food Production Department in a mutually
advantageous scheme.

AUTUMN-SOWN CAULIFLOWERS.
Is the old method of sowing Caulifiower seed
towards the end of September in cold frames and
on a soiith border to be given up ? Many growers
say that with the introduction of quick-maturino-
varieties, that may be sown in early sprang
in gentle warmth, and gradually hardened off,
there is less trouble than in 'sowing in autumn.
But if Cauliflowers are worth growing, tbey are
worth growing well, and for cutting in early
spring one cannot beat autumn-sown plants. Last
September I sowed Danish Giant and Magnum
Bonum : the seedlings were pricked out 5 inches
apart each way in cold frames, and freely venti-
lated during winter when possible. In April
the plants were put out on a south border, and
protected from cold winds. Some of the best
[dants were taken up with a good ball of soil
and planted in deeper frames, and we were able
to cut nice firm heads long before the spring-
sown plants were fully established. C. Davis,
Holy Wells Park Gardens, Ipswich.

DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES OF
CABBAGE.

In an address* given before the .Vnierican Seed
Trade Association, Detroit, Dr. L. R. Jones,
Plant Pathologist in the I^niversity of Wisconsin,
describes the results of his experiments directed
in raising varieties of Cabbage resistant to the
disease known as Yellows. The disease, due to a
fungus of the genus Fusarium, is serious in that
it not only destroys the growing plant, but per-
sists in the soil, and when well established
renders the soil "Cabbage sick," so that it is
said to be useless to attempt to grow Cabbages in
that soil.

By selection from Ferry Hollander and Danish
Ballhead, Dr. Jones has raised a resistant strain,
which, it is claimed, grows well even in the
sickest soil. He has named the strain Wisconsin
Hollander.

WINTER SPINACH.

Of all winter vegetables Prickly-seeded Spinach
is the best. The seeds should be sown at
intervals of fifteen or eighteen days during
August and September. The crop sown in
.•Viigust will give a supply before the New
Vcar, and the later-sown batch will furnish
leaves during spring. Choose moderately rich
ground and an open, dry situation. Where
space is limited the rows may be placed
15 inches apart, but 18 inches is better.
Sow the seeds very thinly, about li inch below
the surface. Should the soil be very dry, water
the drills beifore sowing. As soon as the plants
begin to meet in the rows, they should be
thinned to 8 inches or more aparti. In severe
weather a little bracken or litter thrown over
tbe plants will afford all the protection necessary.
James A. Paice.

FTNGER-ANB-TOE.

I WOBKED for some years in a Kincardine-
shire garden, where my predecessor was un-
able to grow members of the Brassica tribe
with any degree of satisfaction, most of the
crops being failures. The gardener was a great
advocate of trenching, and to that alone he
aAtributed immunity from Hnger-and-Toe, for
there wae none in the garden while I was there.

• The Seed World, July 6, 1917.

88

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1, 1917.

Some years ago, in a stiiburb of London, I com-
menced gardening on a site that liad been a bare
playground for children for many years pre-
viously, so that the ground could not have been
ooneidei-ed weedy. Previously to the building
of the houses, the land had been part of an
■(irchard.and I grubbed up some of the Plum tree
roote'. Flowers and vegetables were grown, and
some of the earliest sowings consisted of Cauli-
flowers and Wallflowers, both of which were
ruined by the Plasmodiophora. Unless the
disease was imported with manure, it would be
difficult to account for its presence, for it could
scawely be carried on the seeds. On an old allot-
ment ground in my neighliom-hood this disease
has attacked severa'l varret-es of Cauliflower and
Cabbages on one ot the holdings. The first lot
of Oauliflowers was reaTcd upon the ground, but
a .second lot, obtained from a large private
garden, is following tbe course of the first. The
Caibbages were obtained from the private garden,
and succumbed just as they commenced hearting.
Brussels Sprouts from the last-named source are
strill thriving vigorously, also Curled Kale. T\vo
sowings each of Turnips and Radishes atta.ined
full size, and were free from the disease,
although quite close to the ruined Ca.bbage3.
This allotment changed hands last year, and,
being badly infested then, the new , holder has.
not had time to clean the ground. J. F.
SPUING CABBAGE.
The spring of 1917 must surely rank as one of
the most disastrous seasons on record for this
useful vegetable in many localities in tins
country. The continuous cold east and north-
east winds were no doubt responsible. 1
have some large plantations practically ruined. -
Vutumn-sown plants were almost unobtainable,
and one had to depend to a great extent on
early spring-sown plants. I was interested and
pleased to see Mr. James A. Paice's notes on the
above in the Garde'irrs Chronich for July 21 (p
241 I concur entirely with his remarks almost
in every detail, and having seen his Cabbage
plantation on several occasions, during winter
and spring, not only this year, but m previous
vears I know he is writing with a full know-
ledge of his subject. I do not hesitat* to say
that it was. quite the best bed I have had the
pleasure of seeing this year, and it was a com-
plete testimony to the practice he advocates.
PEA "DISTINCTION."
Ne.\rly every year I try some new Pea against
older and well-kuuwn varieties. The varietv
I>istinctioii was sent to me last spring, and I
sewed a row 100 yards long. I am glad to say
it has proved to be, with us, a valuable variety.
The haulm grows to a height of about 3
feet, literallv laden with shapely pods, and may
be described as an early "Gladstone" in the
shape of its pod ; above all, its table quabty is
first-rate. All desirous of growing a Pea of this
height will do well to make a note of this new
^ irt E. Bcrhe'tt, AhJenham.

FRUIT TREES ON GRASS.
On p. 62 Mr. Farmer draws attention to
a subject that has been ^debated until it
is almost threadbare, and yet his remarks
are interesting to those who have had experi-
ence of growing Apple trees on grass. It is well
known that Apple trees will flourish on grass
when the land is pro)ierly prepared by trenching
and manuring, and left clear for several years
after planting; but merely to make a hole, stick
the trees in, and allow the grass to grow at once
close up to the trees is to court disaster. The
subject*, of canker, too, is still a problem. No
doubt the main cause is defective root action.
Certain varieties, too, are more prone to the
disease in cold soils than others. For example,
Stirling Castle fails to grow on heavy soils
except with special treatment, to which, I think,
all varieties are amenable. Even Cox's Orange
Pippin, which is very liable to canker, can be^
niadi- to resist the evil. M.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn. Foreman, Ro.val Gardens, Windsor.
Winter Cucumbers.- As soon as pos-
sible plant out young Cucumlaer plants which
were raised from seeds .sown a month ago, so
that the trellis may be covered with short-jointed
growth before autumn. The .structure in which
they are to be grown should be thoroughly
cleansed and the walls washed with hot lime.
Burn a little sulphur in the house previous to
making the bed, in order to make quite certain of
the destruction of red spider and thrdp, which
may have escaped the scrubbing-brush, ^yhen the
fermenting material has been prepared, it should
be placed in position and trodden tightly together.
The soil may then be placed on the bed in small
mounds and allowed to become heated through
before planting takes place. Great care must be
exercised about the temperature of the soil, for
although cold soil would be injurious, overheated
soil would destroy the young roots. Only small
m.ounds of light compost should be introduced to
the bed at ffrst in order to leave room for fre-
quent light top-dressings, which is the best means
of keeping the plants in a healthy condition
throughout the autumn and winter. The com-
post may consist of turfy loam and leaf soil, and
should never be applied "in suflicient quantities .to
become sour before permeated with roots. Seeds
(if Dickson's All the Year Round and Every Day
should be sown now in small, clean pots for plant-
ing a month later.

Cauliflower for Planting in April.—
Some gi-owers do not favour the autumn sowing
of Cauliflowers, but I have found the best results
to be obtained in this way ; the plants are
stronger and the heads much finer than those
raised in heat in spring. At Frogmore we sow
the seeds in a cold pit as near the middle of Sep-
tember as possible, but in northern localities sow-
ing should take place a .fort'iii;bt earlier. S i^v
the seeds thinly and pi-olect them from birds with
ordinary garden netting stretched over the piit,
the lights" being removed. When the plants are
large enough they should be potted into 60-sl7,ed
pots and the soirmade firm. W'hen potted, place
the plants on a bed ni ashes within 15 inches of
the rafters, and keep the lights off until the
weather becomes frosty, Old loam from a Melon
bed' will suit the purpose well. Great Dane,
Magnum Bonum, and Early London aj-e good
varieties, and have all done well here this season.
ToMATOS.— Plants intended for fruiting in
December should be ready for their final potting.
Those in 6-inch pots with a truss of bloom on
each will require very careful handling, for if
the roots are damaged the first trusses may fail
to set. Pot moderately firm in a compost con-
sisting of three parts turfy loam and one part
decayed horse droppings, with sufficient sifted
lime-rubble to keep the soil porous. The plants
should be grown in a well-ventilated glass
structure, fully exposed to the sunlight, and
not far from" the roof -glass. Endeavour ^ to
obtain sto^cky growth and a good set of fruits.
Secure the" stem to a stout stick, and remove all
secondary growth. As time advances and a full
set of fruits is secured, a little more top,-growth
mav be allowed, as this will favour healthy root
action. At this stage manure water may be ap-
plied twice weekly. Plants which are swellina
their fni'ts should b'e stimulated on frequent
occasions with artificial manure previous to
watering. Let the house or pit be freely venti-
lated during favourable weatiher.

POTATOS. — Lift the crop of second early
Potatos forthwith, and place the tubers in a well-
ventilated shed. Later varieties should also be
lifted as soori as the haulm begins to die down.
The recent heavy rains have been very un-
favourable to this crop, and as soon as the .soil
is sufficiently dry the work of lifting should be
commenced. If shed room is available, the
tubers should be placed under cover, to be
examined during wet days before they are placed

in store for the winter. It is good practice to
dust the tubers freely with lime as they are
stored.

French Beans.— Continue to plant French
Beans in heated pits in order to maintain the
sui>ply of pods as far into the autumn as pos-
sible. Seeds may also be sown in 7-inch pots
with the same object in view. The pots may be
placed in any position until the plants are
through the surface, and at that stage they
should be raised to within 18 inches of the roof-
glass and watered liberally. Ventilate freely to
obtain robust plants that will be capable of
carrying a crop after the ordinary supply is
finished.

Lettuce.- A sowing of Lettuce may be made
on a warm border, where protection from early
frost and heavy rains may be given. The seed-
lings may be transplanted into spare cold pits
when other crops, such as French Beans, are
over. If the bed is raised to within 18 inches
of the roof-glass, good Lettuces will be produced
throughout the winter. The soil should be light
and rich, and stirred frequently on the surface.
All the Year Round and Maximum are good
varieties for pits in winter ; the last-named is
of recent introduction, and is a very fine Lettuce
for winter and early spring supplies.

Turnips.— Winter Turnips are ready for
thinning to 9 inches apart in the rows. Stir the
soil frequently W'ith the Dutch hoe. This crop
will benefit by frequent light dustings of soot
and sifted wood ashes.

Beet.' All roots which have attained th©ir
full size should be lifted at once, and, after the
foliage has been carefully removed, placed behind
a north wall for rise during the autumn. If
this work is not accomplished before the roots
are too large a certain number will be unfit for
use.

Mint.- Mint intended for forcing in winter
should be cut close to the ground as soon as
the foliage shows signs of ripening and the plants
allowed to remain dormant until tht end of
October, when the roots may be lifted, placed
close together on a gentle hotbed, and lightly
covered with sifted soil.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Peaches and NtcTARi^Es.- All permanent
trees of Peach and Nectarine that have been even
slightly forced will by this time have been cleared
of their crops. September is about the best time
of the year to give attention to the borders. Some
may need renewal of sod, owing to the gradual
process of exhaustion, following years of suc-
cessful cropping, or the plants may be growing
too vigorously and not fruiting so freely as may
be desired. In each oase remedial treatment
may be applied by paying attention to the state
of the border, and of the roots. Trees that
lack vigour should have some of the soil taken ,
away and replaced by fresh, turfy loam from
the "stack kept in reserve. To this add some old
mortar rubble that has been passed through a
halt-inch sieve. If the loam be not so good as
one could desire, add a small quantity of manure
from an old Mushroom-bed, or some well-ixitted
farmvard manure that is on the dry side. Start
by taking out the old soil around the extremities
of the border and down to its base, so that
the drainage can be inspected. Work onwards
towards the stem, gradually reducing the quantity
of soil removed, and when it is found that the
roots are abundant it will be well to cease dig-
ging. As a rule, one-third of a border may in
this way be removed and renewed with distinct
advant-ge to the trees. Having carefully pre-
sen-ed the roots that are healthy and sound, lie-
place them with equal care in the new soil and
make the border fii-m during the process; should
any roots be deficient of lateral or fibrous roots,
it will be well to notch them slightly to induce
fresh fibrous roots to form. Put back just about
as much fresh soil as was taken out. When the
work is completed, give one good watering and
svringe the trees twice or tlirice daily ; some of
the leaves may drop, but that is immaterial so
lon>T as the wood does not shrivel. It is remark-
able how soon root action takes place. This com-

September 1, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

89

mences long before the flowers begin to unfold
or there is any wood growth. Take care not to
stand pot plants of any kind whatever on these
new borders, but e.xpose them to both light and
air. In the case of over-vigorous trees the treat-
ment is about the same as for the exhausted trees,
with the exception that all, or practically all,
the soil may be replaced, only a little fresh
soil being added next to the roots. This is more
a case of root pruning to induce fertility, there-
fore search out any too sappy roots and shorten
them as may be found to be desirable. Notch
them also in this case to encourage fibrous roots
to form, and both syringe and water as in the
former instance. These strong-growing trees may
still have some sappy shoots, which should be
shortened. Have the soil necessary for these
operations mixed and prepared beforehand, and
keep it in a rather dry condition.

THE FLOWKR GARDEN.

Propagating Bedding Pelarqoniums.—

Cuttings of zonal-leaved Pelargoniums may
be propagated successfully in several ways, and
this season the quickest method should be
adopted. Use boxes to hold fifty or sixty cut-
tings each, or, still better, if a shallow heated
frame is available, insert the cuttings in the
bed of the frame 4 inches apart, and let the bed
be composed of sandy soil. Remove the lights
entirely, exposing the cuttings to the air and sun-
shine. Let the cut/tings of the zonal section dry
for a few hours after they are trimmed, as the
wood may not be well ripened, owing to rains.
Make the cuttings quite firm in the soil and water
them through a rosed can. If lioxes are used, they
should be stood on a bed of ashes in a sunny
place, or in a shalJow frame, where they can be
easily protected from rains. When the cuttings
have been secured, remove all dead flowers and
foliage, stir the soil between the plants with the
flat hoe, pinch the edging plants into shape, trim
the verges, and freshen the gravel paths by raking
them with an iron rake.

Plants' in Vasep. Plants in vases should
be given attention at least once a week, to re-
move dead flowers, foliage and seed-pods, and
train tJie growths. Stimulants must be given fre-
quently or light top-dressings of rich »>il.

EARLV- FLOWtRINO r.HRV<ANTHEMl.'Wn -

Stimulants in some form should bo given early
Chrysanthemums twice weekly. Liipiid manure,
soot-water, or oonceiitrated fertiliser forked
lightly into the soil, followed by a soaking of
clear water, will be beneficial. Keep the shoots
neatly tied, and disbud any varieties that need
it, but many are better v,rhen they flower in
sprays.

Oroirinq Bulb*.— Orders for spring-flower-
ing bulbs .sliniild be placed with the merchant
withoat further delav.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLi-iBR. Gardenpr t« Sir J»riui*h Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Rei^ate.

Laelia ancips and its varieties are fast de-
veloping their pseudo-bulbs, and the flo\ter
spikes are making good progress. Liberal sup-
plies of water at the roots, and slight syringing
overhead, should be given dunng hot weather.
The plants should not b° excessively shaded, but
should be protected during the hottest part of
the <iay to pi-event fi<()r<\hin.g. Close the house
early in the .afternoon, and open again on warm
nights, as the night air is very beneficial.

Calanthi.- The deciduous Calanthes are in
full growth, and forming new pseudo-bulbs. If
healthy and well rooted, they will require more
water at the roots now than at any other period
of their growth. Kxpose them to as much light
as possible, short ot their being scorched by the
sup. They should be placed near the roof glash.
and whenever possible should be afforded plenty
of fresh air.

pooNTOQLOSsUM.— Plants of Odontoglossum
crispum, O. Pesiatorei, and their hybrids, which
flowered early in the year, are making new
shoots and roots are on the point of developing
at the base. Give fresh rooting material at

once to those that require it. Plants that have
grown to the sides of their pots and others in
compost that has become exhausted should
be repotted, removing them from their pots
and shaking all the old materials from their
roots. Decayed roots should be cut away,
also the old pseudo-bulbs, lea^ang two or
three healthy pseudo-bulbs behind the young
growth. Use a pot large enough to accom-
modate the plant for two seasons, and
fill it to one-quarter its depth with clean crocks
for drainage. Over the crocks place a thin
layer oi Fern rhizomes cut in short portions.
Work the compost with moderate firmness be-
tween and around the roots, keeping the base of
the young growths about on a level with the
rim of the pot. Tlie front portion of the rhizome
must not be buried, but allowed to rest on the
surface of the soil, so that when roots develop
they may enter the materials direct. Plants that
are in bad health should be taken from their
pots, cleansed thoroughly, and placed in the
smallest receptacles that will hold them. Back
bulbs that have been removed may be placed in
small pots filled with crocks, and when they
break into growth, potted. Plants which are
growing satisfactorily and have sufficient room
in their pots for another season's growth, may,
if the comrost is good, remain undisturbed, but
some of the old material should be carefully
picked from the surface and replaced with fresh
compost. A good rooting medium consists of
.short pieces of Osmundn-fibre and Al fibre in
equal proportions, with a liberal addition of
chopped Sphagnum-moss and crushed crocks.
Exercise great care in watering, and keep the
surface layer always moist, spraying each morn-
ing. Many other Odontoglossums, including 0.
triumphans, O. Harrv-anum, 0. polyxanthum,
0. hiteo-purpureum. and their hybrids, should
also be given attention at the roots as it becomes
necessary, and the work must be completed before
the end of September.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Took, finrrtcnor to the Hon. Abtiiur J,
Davev, AbbnitB Wood, fiodalming, Surrey.

MoRCLLO Chirries. These have cropped
well this season. The nets should be taken down
and the .trees well cleansed. If any black
aphis is present, give a washing with the
petroleum solution, wetting evciy portion of
the foliage. Any fruits still to be left
for late use should be sufficiently protected to
keep away wasps and flies, and if the fruits can
be kept dry they will keep good and fit for use
for a couple of months. These fruits make ex-
cellent presei-ve, and are far supeJ'ior to sweet
Cherries for tarts. The Morello Cherry needs dif-
ferent pruning from the sweet Cherry, and should
be treated more like the Peach — that iSj cutting
out the old wood and retaining the young shoots,
which will orodnce fruit nex't sea.son. They will
grow and fruit from spurs, as will the Peach,
but after a year or two the trees begin to get
very ugly and ungainly-looking, so it is the best
practice to prune as I have recommended. If
the trees are pruned now the shoots will not
need to be closer, than 6 inches.

Peaches and NECTARINES.-Ciro.sso Mig-
nonne Peach is generally at its best after the
first week of Septoniber, and is followed by
Dymond, Bcllegarde, Princess of Wales, and Sea
Eagle. The roots of the trees should be
fed to enable the fruits to finish perfectly.
Draw some of the leaves aside to allow the sun's
rays to reach the fruits. If red spider has been
kept under, the pest will not be very trouble-
some after this date. All trees from which the
fruits have been gathered should receive atten-
tion in watering and syringing, in order to keep
them in good health. Trees that have been con-
demned should be rooted up and the ground got
ready for the reception of healthy specimens.
It is good practice, if time permits, to cut away
all old fruiting wood as soon as the fruit is
gathered. In this way extra light and sunshine
will enter the trees, and ripen the shoots. Early
varieties of Peaches and Nectarines that have
nearly comiilcted their growth may be trans-
planted if desired. Before lifting the tree, see
that all the branches are unfastened from the
wall or trellis. Make the soil firm about the
roots, shade the tree in tunes of bright sunshine,

and syringe the leaves and shoots several times
daily for about a fortnight.

Fruit Gathering. -Proceed to gather all
fruits that are ripe and store them in the fruit
room. When all are gathered, give the trees a
good cleansing with petroleum emulsion or nicn
tine soap. The operation should be done tlm-
roughly, and several applications may be neces-
saiy.

Storing of Nets.— Nets used for pro-
tecting bush fruits from birds should be
dried and stored for another season. The
heavy rains have shortened the season of these
fruits, and except on walls it is difficult to keeii
Gooseberries longer, as they have commenced to
drop. Those on walls, which can be kept drier,
should be protected with wasp-proof netting.
If any wasps' nests are discovered pour in a
quantity of cyanide of potassium, dissolved in
boiling water. This is a dangerous poison, and
should be kept tightly corked, under lock and
key. and only entrusted to competent and respon-
sible persons for use.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bv J. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwell Park, Kent.

Evergreen or Perpetual - Flowering

Begonias.— These Begonias include President
Caniot, fuchsioides, coccinea, nitida and nitida
alba. Dregei, ascotiensis, carminata and knows-
leyaiui. They are all attractive plants, and if
given suitable treatment will flower almost per-
petually. B. coccinea is one of the most showy,
its coral-red flowers, produced in large panicles,
being most attractive, and when the whole roof
of a house can be given up to the plant, it
makes a pietm-e not soon to be forgotten. The
plants in this section should not be restricted to
pots, but given liberal treatment in tubs, boxes,
or planted out in small prepared borders, as best
suits the individual case;- There is no doubt that
a small border is the better plan in many ways,
but owing to the arrangements of the water pipes,
stages, and paths, this is not always practicable,
ami tubs or boxes must be used. We have
for some years made a feature of B. coccinea,
and have found it very satisfactory when grown
in large boxes. In this case the house is fur-
nished with Ferns, principally Nephrolepis and
Adiantum. With dot ))lants of ."Vliutilon
Savitzii, these make a capital undergrowth
for the pendulous blooms of the Begmiia,
which hang in great profusion from all parts of
the roof. Ouf treatment in the spring consists of
picking off any blooms and giving the plants
a little rest. Afterwards they are over-
hauled and all old, rough pieces of stem cut out,
ti-aining in the healthy and vigorous young shoots.
In this way the plants are kept in good condition.
The soil in the boxes is pricked over, as much
of the old soil as possible is taken off, and n
rich top dressing puit on in its place. The plants
quickly ' respond to this treatment, and with
extra warmth will grow quickly as the d,-iys
lengthen. During the summer months the growth
must be regulated over the roof space, keeping
it somewhat thinly disposed. Occnsiona! t()|i
dressings, and plentiful supplies of water when
the plants are in full gnnvtli. are ricccssaiy.

Greenhouse Climbers.— Climbing plants
grow very rapidly during summer, and unless
given constant attention quickly degenerate into
a tangled mass of growth, which has a tendency
to become dirty. Cut out all the weak shoots,
and reduce the number of healthy growths, dis-
posing of the remainder thinly in the space at
command. It should be borne in mind that the
roof of the greenhouse or conservatory should not
be entirely covered with creepers, as this would
make it too dark for the plants underneath. As
a rule, a restricted space imdor the rafters should
be utilised, leaving a certain amount of open
.space between. At this season abundance of
water will be required, and where the climbers
are in boxes or veiy small borders, some artificial
manure should be given to keep the plants in
healthy growth. Liquid farmyard manure and
soot-water are beneficial, Vnit in conservatories
these materials may be objected to, hence the
preference for artificials. Fumigate regularly as
a preventive of aphis.

90

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENT8 should be sent to the
PTJBLISHEB, 41, WelUngton Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Iiocal News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

AVERAGE Mean Temperature for tJie ensuing week
deduced frcmi t'bserv'ations diiring the last fifty
years at Greenwich, 59.5.
Actual Tempbrature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offloe, 41, Wellingfon Street,
Ck>vent Garden, Lcndon. Thursday, .\ugust 30
10 a.m.: B.Tr. 29.7'; temp. 62.0°. Weathei— Fine.

•ALES FOR THB KNSUINa WHK.

WEDNESDAY—

.Sale of Home-grnwn Bulbs at 67, Clieapside. E.C , bv
Prot'heroe & Morris, at 1 o'clock.

Forficula auricularia,
_^ _ the common earwig,

The Earwig;. „, , . !='

oiten enough a minor
pest in British gardens,
appears to have become serious in Newport,
Kliode Island, U.S.A., in spite of the fact
that it was first observed there as recently
as 1911.

The female lays from 50-90 shiny white
eggs, each of about l-20th inch in 'length.
A favourite site for egg-laying is mellow
garden soil, where may be found, some
2-3 inches beneath the surface, both eggs
and hibernating females. This in winter :
in spring the young earwigs may be found
in the ground, or at night on the surface.
Except for the lack of wings, they re-
semble the adult insect. At first white,
their colour darkens to a shiny olive-
green. In June they are dusky olive-
green or steel-grey. After four larval
stages the adult form is assumed. The
young larva feeds on tender shoots of
grass, clover, and, of course, of garden
plants, such as the buds of the DaMia.
Mr. Jones states* that the adults feed
almost entirely on the petals and stems
of flowers; but in this country they
are not averse from the young leaves of
Nectarines, and of not a few herbaceous
plants. They are also cannibals and
scavengers, devouring dead and dying
earwigs, dead flies and sluggish larvae.
Their congregation near food plants in
crevices in late summer is a result of the
mating instinct. Adult males do not
generally survive the winter of Newport,
but die in autumn after having fertilized
the females ; but, as before stated, the
adult femaJes hibernate in the ground, at
a depth of from 2-8 inches. The eggs also
survive the winter. Hens devour earwigs
ravenously, and toads are fond of them ;
but, unfortunately, the earwig is an adept
at concealment during the day, so the
hens are at a disadvantage. The numbers

• The European Earwig and i(.< Control. By D. W. Jones,
Bull. No. 6a«, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, June 18, 1917.

of earwigs at Newport are so great as to
be a nuisance — in some districts, on open-
ing the awning of a house, a pint of ear-
wigs may be collected at a time.

Poisoned bait consisting of stale white
bread 16 lbs., Paris green 1 lb., and water
is effective ; but the Food Controller would
liave something to say if bread were used
here for the purpose.

The recipe (which we give for use in
times of greater ple'nty, both of bread and
earwigs) is " grind the bread finely in a
meat-chopping machine, and mix it with
the Paris green whilst dry. Stir
thoroughly, adding water sufBcient to
make the mixture run through the fingers.
It should be of such consistency that when
thrown broadcast it breaks into fine par-
ticles. Spread the bait l>etween dusk and
dark, choosing warm evenings.

Instead of bait a contact spray may be
used. Good results have been obtained
with a spray consisting of soft potash soap,
30 oz. ; nicotine sulphate (40 per cent.),
20 teaspoonfuls ; water, 96 oz.

The soap is dissolved in a little water
over a fire, and the rest of the water and
the nicotine sulphate are added. This
stock solution is diluted before use by the
addition of 22 parts of water to 1 of the
stock solution.

If flower-pot traps are used, the catch
of earwigs may be got rid of each day by
immersing the pot in water over which a
little kerosene oil has been poured —
enough to form a film on the surface of
the water.

A Munificent Gift. -Sir Haeby James

Vextch has forwarded to the Secretary of the
Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution a
cheque for £500, accompanied by the following
letter : — " Dear Mr. Ingram, — Twenty-five years
years ago my wife and I had the great pleasure
of giving a ' Silver Wedding ' thank-offering of
£500 to the funds of the Gardeners' Royal Be-
nevolent Institution. God in His great mercy
has spared us to commemorate now the 50th
anniversary of our wedding, and we have very
much pleasure in sending as a ' Golden Wed-
ding ' thank-offering a similar amount to that we
gave in 1892. I shall be glad to hear that the
enclosed cheque for £500 reaches you safely.
My wife and I hope the Committee will treat
this donation in the same way as' that we sent
on the previous occasion."

Professor Keeble and the New Orders.
— Professor Frederick Keeble, F.R.iS., the
vScientific Editor of the Gardener.^' Chronicle, has
been created a Commander of the Order of the
British Empire, for having " rendered valuable
services to the Food Production Department."

Golden Weddinq of Sir Frank and Ladv
Crisp. — Sir Fr.^nk and Lady Crisp, whose
garden at Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames, is
known far and wide in the horticultural world,
have just celebrated their golden wedding. By
way of celebrating the occasion, they entertained
at Friar Park all the inmates of the Poor-law
Institution, and Lady Ckisp also presented to
3t. Mary's Church, Henley, a silver-gilt chalice.

National Rose Society.- Instead of the

usual autumn show, the National Rose Society
will hold a non-competitive display of Roses in
the London Scottish Drill Hall, Buckingham
Gate, Westminster, on Tuesday, September 11,
from 1 to 6 p.m., in conjunction with the fort-
nightly meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society. Awards of medals and certificates will
be made to such exhibits which the judges may

consider worthy. There will be three divisions —
one for new seedling Roses, one for nurserymen,
and (ine for amateurs.

Mr. W. W. Pettigrew.- The Food Control
Committee of Manchester has appointed Mr.
W. W. Pettigrew chief officer to the committee.
While Mr. Pettigrew will devote his main
energies to the work of the Food Control De-
partment, he will continue in his office as super-
intendent of the local public parks. The Man-
clic.'iter Evening News states : "It is agreed on
all hands that a better appointment could not
iMve been made. Since he came to Manchester
Jlr. Pettigrew has shown himself not only a
capable organiser, but an exceedingly able Cor-
poration servant in many other directions. His
woi<k on the Foodstuffs Committee, like that on
the Parks Committee, was invariably charac-
terised by a thoroughness which has been be-
yond criticism."

Fire at Messrs. W. Wood & Sons. -On

Monday last, the 27th ult. , a destructive fire
occurred at the Wood Green premises of Messrs.
W. Wood and Sons, horticultural sundriesmen.
.Some thousands of pounds' worth of damage was
caused, but we are glad to learn that, owing
to the location of the conflagration, only a por-
tion of the building was damaged, and Messrs.
Wood and Sons are able to carry on their busi-
ness and supply their customers as usual.

Prunus Pissartii Fruiting.- This handsome

ornamental-leaved tree is a familiar feature of
our gardens, and reports of its fruiting this sea-
son have reached us from several districts. We
hear from Lady Theodora Guest that this year
it has fruited in her gardens at Inwood, Temple-
Combe, for the first time. The fruits are deep
crimson, and add much to the beauty of the
tree. She also informs us that Yuccas have
flow ered unusualty well, one plant having thrown
up ten splendid spikes.

SeuTHEND Vegetable Show.— The local

fijod production society at Southend-on-Sea will
hold an exhibition of garden produce on Septem-
ber 14 and 15. The schedule includes some
thirty classes for Vegetables and six for Fruit.
Two of the Vegetable classes are open to all
allotment holders. One is for a collection ar-
ranged on a space 6ft. by 4ft., in which prizes
amounting to £12 are offered ; the other for six
kinds, in which the prize-money totals £9. The
hon. secretary is Mr. G. F. Tinley, " Lomea,"
Westboume Grove, Westcliff-on-Sea.

• Imports of Fruit from France.— A general

licence has been issued to the Customs Authori-
ties permitting the importation of all kinds of
fresh fruit and vegetables from France into this
country.

Mr. Thomas Stevenson. -Mr. Tikimas
Stevenson, who has been for some years past
head gardener to E. Mocatta, Esq., at Woburn
Place, Addlestone, Surrey, is shortly leaving pri-
vate service to take up a position with Messrs.
Lowe and Shawyer at their nurseries at Ux-
bridge. Mr. Stevenson joins the firm, as one
of the directors, on October 1. He is well known
as a successful cultivator ; as an exhibitor of
Sweet Peas and Chrysanthemums he is world-
famous, but these are only two of .the many
subjects he grows so well. Mr. Stevenson
is a member of the Floral Committees of
the Royal Horticultural Society, the National
Chrysanthemum Society, and the National Sweet
Pea Society.

Publications Received. — rAe Perpetual-
Flowering Carnation. By Montagu C. Allwood,
(London : Cable Printing and Publishing Co.) —
Price Is. net. — Webster's Practical Forestry.
By Angus D. Webster. (London : William Rider
& Son, Ltd.) Price 6s. net. — Annaal Report of
the Agricultural and Horticultural Research
Station, Long Ashton, Bristol, 1916. (Bath :
The Herald Press.)

Septembeh 1, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

91

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See also Tables in Gardeners' Chronicle for

July 28.)

{Continued from p. 82.)

5.— ENGLAND, S.

Middlesex. — Crops of Apples, Pears and
Plums are somewhat patchy. Some trees axe
bearing very well, and others are considerably
below the average. Peaches, Strawberries and
Gooseberries were exceptionally good, but the
season for StrawbeiTies was short, owing to
want of rain. Our soil is light and shallow, and
needs a good deal of manure. Caterpillars have
been most troublesome during the past two years,
no matter how carefully the trees have been
sprayed. H. Markham, Wrotham Park Gardens,
Barnet.

Apples, generally speaking, are yielding

light crops this year in -cases where they were
heavy in 1916. Exceptions are the varieties Kes-
wick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Worcester Pearmain,
James Grieve, Striped Beefing, and Warner's
King, which bore heavy crops last year, and are
equally good this season Pears are very good ;
in my gajden not more than two oot of fifty-£ve
varieties have failed. H'. Pcupart, Marsh Farm,
Twickenham.

Surrey. — Apples flowered freely, but heavy
atorms imfortunately spoilt the blossom a few
days before setting. Pears, altihough damaged
by insect pests, promise clean, fine fruit. The
Strawberry crop suffered by the severe win.ter ;
many plants barely survived, and continued
rains shortened the duration of the crop. The
soil here is light and sandy. James Lock, Oat-
lfind.1 Lodg'e Gardens, Weyhridge.

The fruit crops here are good, except for

Apricots, iw'hich are very unsatisfactory. Wall
Pears are poor, but other trees are average.
31ack Currants suffered rather severely from
"'big bud." The Strawberries were poor, as
they suffered from early drought. The soil here
is sandy loam on chalk and very porous. TF.
Pm/ne, Norbiiry Park Gardens, near Dorking.

• Apples bloomed profusely, but on old

trees the fniits dropped, a.s they were attacked
by caterpillar. Plums were plentiful on trees
not touched by bullfinches. Strawberries (ex-
cept Louis Gauthier) suffered owing to the dn.'
weather. Gooseberry mildew is disappearing,
but the tips of the shoots are cut off early in
September. James Watt, Mynlhurst Gardens,
Peirjate.

The trees here were dressed with winter

wash in February, but a remarkable show of
bloom was followed by one of the worst attacks
of caterpillar T have ever seen. Plums and
many Apples were completely stripped of all
foliage. F. Jordan, Ford Manor Gardens, TAnn-
field.

There was an extraordinary promise for

fruit of all kinds, but. most of the Apples, Pears
and Plums fell off during the hot weather.
Insect pests were also very bad. .S. T. Wright,.
P. U.S. Gardens, Wisley, Pipley.

Sussex. — The Apple crop was reduced fo half
an average by caterpillar attacks and bad setting
combined. Plums were average, excepting Czar
and Pond's Seedling, which fruited largely last
year. An extra crop of Monarch may counter-
balance the deficiencies. Cob Nuts promise
unusual abundance, but may be undersized in
consequence of the foliage having been riddled
by caterpillars. Our soil range.s from a lightii^i
loam over the Tunbi-idge Wells sand to a heavy
soil over clay and sand. W. F,. Bear, Ma^gh/im
Down, Hailsham.

The late spring retarded blooming, so

the trees escaped injury by frost. The warm

weather afterwards caused growth to be very
rapid, and on the whole gi'owth was as early
as after a wai-mer spring. The bloom on
all fruit trees was abundant, and set well, but
caterpillars thinned the fruit. The weather has
lately been favourable, and rain seems to oome
just when needed. The soil here is a rich yel-
low loam on a gravelly subsoil. Leon Squibbs,
Stonehurst Gardens, Ardingly.

Fruit trees in these gardens were a mass

of blossom- Unfortunately, as the fruit began
to swell, caterpillars appeared, and did much
damage to fruit and foliage. Some of the Apple

three weeks later than usual, the result being
that the flowering and setting periods were
almost immune from froste, and the weather in
other respects was favourable to vegetation.
T. Chailis, Herbert Cottage, Wilton, near Salis-
bury.

All kinds of fruit trees flowered splen-
didly. Apples are not so heavy a, crop as was
expected; some varieties set very well, but
others failed. Sti-awberries were not quite so
plentiful, and were smaller on account of pro-
longed hot, dry weather after the flowering
period was over. All kinds of bush fruits were

Fig. 32. — new star d.milias : auove, eastern stab; uelow, primrose star.
Both vftriuties received the R.H.S. Award of Merit on Tuesday Inst, (see p. 92.)

and Pear trees were quite bare. Owing to lack
of labour very little spraying has been done.
There is, however, a good average crop. J. W.
Buckingham, Milland Place Gardens, Liphook.

Strawberries in this district were not a

good crop ; about the same as eight years ago,
when the weather was very severe in winter.
Apple and Pear trees suffered from caterpillars ;
Gooseberries also, in some cases, were badly
affected. The soil is heavy clay. Wm. J. Lang-
ridge, Ote Ball Gardens, Burgess Hill.

WitTSHiRE. — In consequence of the severe
winter and early spring, vegetation was quite

good. The soil is of a sandy nature.
/. Knight, Bowood Gairdens, Calne.

7.— ENGLAND, N.W.
Lanoashieb. — Following a long and very
severe winter, fruit blossom opened strongly
and showed great promise, but the prolonged
drought in June and the early part of July
caused many Apples and Pears to drop. Suf-
ficient fruits remain, however, to give an average
crop. Strawberries were very scarce, and soon
over. 0. H. Conk, Knmvsley, Prescot.
' (To be continued.)

92

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 1, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editors do not hold themselves retponsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Tea Plant* (see pp. 67, 82). — In the inter-
esting communication by l)r. Henry on the cultr-
vation of the Chinese Tea plant in the Britisli
Isles, reference is made to the article on Tea and
it6 Cultivation by Sir George Watt in the Journal
of the Boyal Horticultural Society. I am not a
fortunate possessor of this Journal^ but an ex-
haustive account of the Tea plant, and the manu-
facture of Tea is to ibe found in Sir George
Watit's monumental work, 77(e Dictionctry of the
Economic Products of IiKTia. Probably these
articles are the most complete of any written on
the subject. The fir'st, under the heading of
" Camellia theifera," extends from p. 70 to p.
83, and gives a long list of " Tea bibliography,"
foltowed by a history of China Tea and Indian
Tea. A fui-ther article is given under the simple
heading of " Tea," which covers 63 pages, and
deals with area and cultivation, imports, re-
venue, plants raised in tJie Botanic Gardens, Cal-
cutta. I5ritish an-d foreign trade, and home and
foreign consumption. I quite well remember, in
my earlier days at Kew, a Tea plant growing
againet a wall, either on the eastern side of the
wall separating ithe herbaceous grotmd from the
rcckei-y, or on that which was then known as
the Duchess of Cambridge's garden, and conse-
quently with a southern aspect. My memoi-y at
this distant period cannot recall the exact
lorality. John F. Jackson.

American Gooseberry Mildew.— One of
your correspondents, in his remarks on the fruit
crops, states : " Gooseberries are remarkably
free from American Gooseberry mildew." This
statement agrees with the experience of a friend
of mine, who informs me that his plants had
the disease previous to last winter, but he has
not seen any signs of the mildew since ; possibly
the seveire winter may be responsible for the de-
struction O'f the disease, and' it would be interest-
ing to know whether readers of the Gardeners'
Chronicle can confirm this supposition, and if
the disease has been found in other gaixlens
where it had not previously occun-ed. 11'. H.
Divers.

Veronica lobelioides. - On page 255 of
the issue for June 23 last, your correspondent
/. F. refers to Veroniica tebelioides as being a
common plant in London. The specific name of
lobelioides was unknown to me, but I found it
referred to in the Kew Hand List of Tender
r"-'-otyledons as synonymous with V. speciosa,
which ils hawked about London by cositermongers
during the autumn. It is of a compact, freely
bviinched habit of growth, with blue flowers,
and will stand most winters in the ncighboiirhood
of London. W. T.

Destructive Gales. Gales of exceptional
violence occurred on the 24th ult. and the night
of the 27th ult. and throughout the following '
day. At least lialf the crop of Apples here of all
varieties not picked when the gales occurred
ha\-e been blown from the trees. About 200
bushels were picked up after the first gale, and.
at the time of writing (August 28), there is a
still greater quantity on the ground as the result
of tlie second gale. The most lamentable part
of the damage is the blowing down of late
Apples, such as Cox's Orange Pippin, Charles
E«ss, Allington Pippin, Bramley's Seedling, and
Newton Wonder, as these, and' particularly the
three dessert varieties, are immature, and liot fit
for market. As for mid-season varieties, includ-
ing Worcester Peai-main, Lord Gro.?venor, Roval
•Tubilee, Warner's King, and Lord Derbv, their
windfalls can be marketed at fow prices, pro-
vided that empties can be obtained, excepting
the considerable proportions bruised or chipped"
But the markets for Apples are completelv con-
gested, and prices have fallen so low that it
hardly pays to send windfalls anv considerable
distance bv rail. The Pear crop has suffered ns
badlv as the Anple crop. The damage to my
Plum crop is only less serious because my acre-
\"f^ of Pl"™^ is much less than that of Apples
All varieties of Plums not picked when the gales
occurred have been blown off the trees to a
serious extent. Those which are mature enoucrh
tor marketing have been rendered dirtv, so that
they can be sold, if at .all, at onlv half-price. '

while late varieties, quite green, are not worth
picking up. My loss is all the more remarkable
on account of the fact that my orchaixJs are
exceptionally well protected by shelter trees and
hedges. Gales have ocoun-ed in many previous
seasons, but without doing a tenth pant of the
damage now under notice. The peculiarly gusty
character of the recent gales rendered them much
more destructive tha.n steady gales of nearly
equal force have been. It is also to be remarked
that September is usually the month for gales,
and then the proportion of ungathered fruit is
much less in my early district than it is in
August. Branches of trees of various kinds
have been torn off and hurled to considerable
distances, and we shall probably learn that great
numbers of whole trees have been blown down.
It is irfipossible to estimate with any approach
to certainty the pecuniary loss incun'ed. There
is not only the direct loss to consider, but also
the great reduction of prices caused by the glut,
ting of the markets, from which no recovery
can be anticipated until all the mid-season varie-
ties of fruit have been disposed of or rotted.
Southern Grower.

SOCISTISS.

POTAL H0RTICDLTD8AL.

August 28.— The exhibits at the fortnightly
meeting held in the Drill Hall on Tuesday last
were very few in number. The weather was in-
clement, and prevented any but the most en-
thusiastic visitors from putting in an appea-r-
ance.

Dahlias formed the chief floral exhibits, and
the novelties were judged by a joint committee
of the National Dahlia Society and the Floral
Committee of the Royal hort"icultural Society.
Several new varieties were submitted, of which
eight were selected for award. "The Floral
Committee also gave an Award of Merit to a
pink variety of Eustoma Russellianum named
Ellisi. The' groups in the floral section were
not so important as usual. The Silver Flora
Medal was given to Messrs. H. B. May and
Sons for Ferns, and to Mr. E. .T. Hicks for
Rroses. Mr. Hicks showed va.rieties chiefly of
his own raising, including a new Hybrid Tea
named Mrs. Diinlop Best, which is" especially
beautiful in the bud stage — the petals are of
apricot tint, shaded in the centre with blush
pink. Dahlias were shown by Messrs. J.
Cheal and Sons. Their exhibit comprised
tJie two new star varieties Eastern Star and
Primirose Star, illu-strated in fig. 32. The
Rev. .J. H. Pemeerton had a stand of seedling
Roses, including a new Hybrid Musk variety
named Pax, which has oreamv-white, loose-
petalled blooms, forming a bold cluster. Mr.
C. Turner, Slough, showed varieties of Hibiscus
syri'a.cus and Clerodendron Bungei. with large
corv-nibs of tubular flowers, red outside and deep
pink on the face of the petals. Mr. C. .J. Ellis
showed Eustoma Russellianum, and the blush-
pink variety referred to above. The novelty
was shown grouped with the species, which has
flowers of deep mauve with violet markings
in the centre of the petals. There were verv few
exhibits of hardv plants : Mr. H. Close, Orping-
ton, showed bunches of border flowers, and Mr.
n. Rf.uthe Alpine and hardy plants. Messrs.
W. Wells, junr.. showed their new bluish-violet
variety of perennial Aster, known as Aster Amel-
lus King George.

A few good exhibits of Orchids were sta-pd.
Awards to novelties included one First-class
CertiPrate and three .\wards of Merit.

In the fruit and vegetable section the most
interesting exhibit was a collection of preserved
and bottled fruit* and vegetables shown bv Mr.
and Mrs. Vincent Banks. The Gold Medal
awarded to this exhibit was well deserved,
for it comprised a great varietv of fruits
■^nd vegetables, all in the pink of condition,
thoucrh some of the bottles were marke<T with
the date "1911." A Silver Knightian Medal
was awarded to a collection of hardv fruits
shown bv Messrs. S. Spooner \nd Sons, of
Hounslow. Messrs. Laxton Bros, showed
a nunvber of new fruits, and srained an Award
of Merit for Plum Utility. Another Plum of
great merit in their collection was named Lax-

ton's Gage, raised from Green Gage crossed
with Victoria. The colour is greenish yellow,
aad the flavour is that of the Gage— the
tree is said to be exceedingly prolific. The
same firm showed a number of new Apples
General French bears some resemblance to
Lady Sudeley ; the parents are King of the
Pippins and Blenheim Pippin. Duchess of Bed-
ford is a fine, large Apple, but not of quite so
refined a flavour. Messrs. H. Chapman and Co.
showed their new Marrow Rotherside Grange, a
round custard variety, of a pleasing buff colour.

Sir Albert K. Rollit, St. Anne's Hill, Chert-
sey, showed a dish of black Figs, for which a
Cultural Commendation was awarded. Capt.
Stokes, St. Botolph's, Milford Haven, showed
bulbs of :>utton's Improved Reading Onion.
This exhibit was remarkable in that the
seed had been sown . in March, 1916, and the
crop harvested in August of the same year, so
that the bulbs, which were m perfect condition,
had been kept for twelve months.

At the three o'clock meeting, of the Fellows
Mr. H. E. P. Hodsoll gave a'lecture on "The
Manuring of Garden Crops."

Florjt' rorrmtttfo

Present: Messrs. H. B. May (chairman), John
Green, George Paul, G. Reuthe, W. B. Cran-
field, E. Bowles, S. Morris, H. Cowley, A. G.
Jackma.n, .J. Heal, C. R. Fielder, J. W. Moor-
man, J. F. McLeod, A. Turner, W. H. Page,
W. P. Thomson, H. J. Jones, C. Dixon, J.
Dickson, E. H. Jenkins, and Chas. E. Pearson.

AWARDS OF MERIT.

Eustoma Russellianum var. Ellisi. — A pale
pink variety, equal .in all othei- respects to the
type, which has mauve floweiis. The foliage is
cordate, sessile and glaucous. The plants were
shown in pots, aud made capital little speci-
mens abouit 18 inches high, suitable for an-ang-
ing on conservatory or greenhouse stages. Shown
by Mr. C. J. Ellis, Weston-super-Mare.

Dahlias. — The following varieties of Dahlia
received the R.H.S. Award of Merit and the
First-class Cert'ificate of the National Dahlia
Society : —

Eastern Star (see fig. 32). — A charming
variety of the "Star" type. The blooms are
not large; but they are shapely, and carried
ei'ect on long, stiff stems, making them very
suitable for vase decoration indoors. The colour
is dieep, rich mauve, with maroon shading at the
base of the florets. •-

Primrose Star (see fig. 32). — Another beautiful
new "Star" vai-iety, the colour being bright
primrose-yellow, with the usual long, wiry stem.
ThiB disc is rather larger than in most members
of , the group ; in nearly every bloom shown
one or two short florets were twisted close to the
disc, but they did not detract from the beauty
of the flower. Both these were shown by Messrs.
.J. Che.hl and Son.

Bianca. — This large white variety belongs to
the Decorative section, and its wide, overlapping
florets suggest a white Water-Lily without the
central cluster of stamens. The variety should
prove valuable to florists, the large, pua-e white
blooms being suitable for tjie making of floral
designs. Shown by Mr. Charles Tuenee,
Slough.

Mrs. J. A. Jarrett. — A bold, Paeony-flowered
variety of the largest size, and with a larger
number of florets than many of the varieties
possess. The florets are flat, but rather irregular
in size, sometimes waved and sometimes slightly
twisted, thus giving the immense blooms an ap-
pearance of artistic indifference to florists' stan-
dards. The colour is somewhat near the shade
known as "flame," with a trace of orange or
vermilion. Shown by Mr. .J. .Jarrett, Anerley.
Golden Bain. — A charming Cactus variety,
superb alike in form and colour. The bloom
■s of first-rate exhibition size, elegant in build,
and coloured clear canary-yellow.

Mrs. Herhert Blackman. — A Cactus variety of
full size and good exhibition form. The colour
is soft pink, with a white-shaded centre.

Harry Cmhtree. — A Cactus varietv of particu-
larly elegant and refined form. The centre is
pale flame colour, shadins: into marnon and deep
rose-red at the bases of the long, slender florets,
and this tone shades .off into purplish mauve at
the tips.

Septembeh 1, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

93

Medallion. — A happily-named CoUerette
variety. The full-sized blooms are of e.xcellent
form, all the segments being broad and slightly
overlapping, so as to make up a " fuU " and
roun-ded bloom. The colour is clear, soft yel-
lo%v, and the collar florets are of similar tone
but with wliite shading. The outer segments
are stained on the back with red-purple, and
in some of ithe flowers this shows through on to
the front surface, where, combining with the
yellow, it appeai-s as the faintest possible suf-
fusion of orange. These four were shown by
Messrs. J. Stbedwick and Son.

Groups.

The foUowiug medals were awarded to collec-
tions : —

Silver Flora Medals to Messrs. H. B. May
AND Sons, for Ferns; Mr. Elisha J. Hicks, for
Koses ; Silver Banknan Medals to Messrs. J.
Cheal and Sons, for Dahlias ; and Mr. C. J.
Ellis, Weston Nurseries, Weston-super-Mare,
for Eustomas ; Bronze Flora Medals to Mr. H.
Close, Orpington, for hardy border flowers;
the Rev. J. H. Pembekton, for Roses ; Mr. G.
Reuthe, for Alpine and hardy plants ; and Mr.
C. Ttjhner, for hardy plants.

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair), Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), W. Bolton, T. Arm-
strong, J. Charlesworth, Pantia Ralli, W. H.
Whjite, C. H. Curtis, Walter Cobb, Arthur Dye,
Frederick J. Hanburv. W. H. Hatcher, R. A.
Kolfe, J. E. Shill, and Fred K. Sander.

AWARDS.

First-class Certificate.

Brasso-Cattieya Lady Veitch [parentage unre-
co'rded), from Messrs. Floey and Black, Slough.
-V fine hybrid, probably a cross with B.-C
Ilene. The flowers are large, broad in all the
segments, and of fine substance. The sepals
and finely di.splayed petals are silver-white witli
a slight blush tint and delicate purple markings
on the outer halves of the petals. The lip is
fringed and blush-white, with a golden-yellow
disc.

Awards of Merit.

/Afelio-Oallleya Canhaminosa var. Golden
Fleece (Canhamiana X luminosa), from Messrs.
Armstbono and Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge
Wells. The plant bore a spike of four hand
scjme- flowers, in the colour of which the Cat-
tleya Dowiaiia aurea in L.-C luminosa prevails.
The sepals and finely crimped petals are light
yellow. The lip, frilled at the margin, is
freckled with rosy-mauve colour, and there are
gold-coloured lines running from the base to the
centre, which is suffused with light orange.

Cattleya Mrs. Pitt. Charlesworth' s variety
(H arrisoniana x Dowiana aurea), from Messrs.
Charlesworth and Co., Hay wards Heath. A
richly coloured v.ariety, and the darkest of its
class. The spike bore four very .showy magent.a
rose-coloured flowers, the front of the lip beinj^
purplish crimson and the disc golden-yellow.
The varj'ing shades of colour render the flower
very attractive.

Cattleya Nnidia exquisita [iridescens X
Tlardy(mn). from Messrs. Hassall and Co ,
Southgate. A beautiful addition to the crosses
of C. iridescens raised at Routhgate. The flowers
'are fragrant and of fine form ; the sepals and
petals are light yellowi.sh-salmon colour, with a
rose shade. The lip is dark CTim.<wn witli an
orange-coloured disc.

Groups.

Mr. ,T, E. Shill. The Dell Gardens, Englofield
Green, shovfed Laelio-Cattleya Golden Queen, a
large and handsome copper-yellow flower tinged
with rose colour, and having a broad, magenta-
colnnred lip : Cattleya Astron (Diisseldorfpi
TTndine x Harrisoniana. alba), and C Capolla
(MoRsiae Wageneri X O'Brieniana alba).

Messrs. Ch«rlesworth and Co. were awarded
a Silver Flora Medal for a fine group in which
Laelio-Cattloyas and Cattleyas were specially
good. Laelio-Cattleya Britannia Regina (L.-C.
Canhamiana alba x C. Warscewiczii F. M.
Beyrodt) is a noble flower, and the best of their

white-petalled type of this favourite hybrid
The plant bore a thiee-fiowered inflorescence of
large, pure white flowers with bright violet
front to the lip. L.-C. Serbia, of model shape
and rich in colour, showed well among the
graceful sprays of Odontoglossums and
Odontiodas.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown were awai^ded
a Silver Flora ^ledal for a showy group ; at the
bac-k were finely flowered specimens of then'
richly coloured Laelio-Cattleya George Wood-
hams, aiTanged with Brasso-Cattleyas and
Laelio-Cattleyas, the centre being of white
flowered Cattleyas. Cattleya Iris varieties made
a fine feature, the variety Majestica being spe
ciaUy good.

Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans, were awarded a
.Silver Banksian Medal for a group of rare and
pretty Orchids of botanical interest and a selec
tion of showy hybrids. Attractive varieties of
rich colour were Laelio-Cattleya Longueval (C.
Dowiana aurea X L.-C. Berthe Fournier) and
L.-C. Irensis perfecta (C. Iris x L.-C. bletchley-
ensis).

Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough, showed a
good rosy-lila'c form of their Brasso-Cattleya
Ilene.

Fruit and Vefretabla iCommlttee.

Present: Mr. J. Cheal (vice-chairman). Sir
Albert Rollit. Rev. W. Wilks, Messrs. E. A.
Kunyard, A. W. Mat<-alfe. A. Bullock, H. ISL-irk-
ham", ,T. C. Allgrove, W. H. Divers, John Harri-
son. W. Bates, and Owen Thomas.

Plum Utility. — 'A medium-sized, oval variety,
raised from Jefferson x Peach Plum. The
flavour resembles that of a Gage variety. A first
late dessert variety. Shown by Messrs. Laxton
Bros.

Groups.
A Gold Medal was awarded to Mr. Vincent
Banks for dried and bottled fruits and vegc
tables, and a SUfer Knirjhtian Medal to Messr.-'.
S. SroONER .\N^ Sons, for hardy fruits.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

August 13. The monthly meeting of tliis
Society was held in the ll.H.S. Hall on Monday,
.the 13th ult., Mr. Chas. H. Curtis presiding.
One, new member was elected. Three membeas
were allowed to withdraw interest amounting to
£9 lis.

The sum of £36 9s. 3d, was passed for payment
to the respective nominees of five membei-s
killed in battle ; also £9 9s. 3d. was paid to the
nominee of one member who had lapsed fur
Uiirlv years. One member was assisted from
the Distress Fund. The sick pav for the month
included £43 2s. 2d. (ordinary)', £21 10s. lOd.
(State), and £6 (maternity benefits).

The special general meeting to consider the
.Juvenile Section waa again adjourned until
October 8, 1917.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Rye a.sd Winter Bai<li:v.

For the sheep farmer Rye and winter Bailey
form an almost indispensable crop, especially
where lambs are reared in quantity during the
eajly months of the year. In the provision of
food there is at times a blank between the finish
of the Swedes at the end of May and the grass in
.June, .\part from a scarcity of food, Rye and
winter Barley are useful in providing a change
of food for the sheep after eating roots for some
months. The wholesale rotting of the Swede crop
on some farms this year proved the value of these
two catch crops as food for sheep.

Rye and winter Barley should be sown as early
in September as possible, to en,able the plant to
obtain a firm root-hold of the soil before tlie
winter rains and frost check growth. Rye sown
first, usually follows lat,e Vetches, or sheep-fed
or ripencnl winter Barley. This latter can be
sown a trifle later, followinig early Wheat or
winter Oats.

Well plough the land twice if this can be done.
Where there are many weeds on the surface a

second ploughing may not be possible, as the
weeds should be buried and allowed to rot, Pre-
part a -fine tilth for the seed-bed by harrowing
and rolling if the soil is clodding. Drill 3
bushels of seed per acre, and once harrow after-
wards

Cleaning Stubbles.
Owing perhaps to a shortage of labour stubbles
are more infested with weeds this season than
usual, including Thistles, Couch Grass, Con-
\olvulus, Polygonum, and grasses in variety. As
fast as the corn is cleared and the weather suit-
able— dry — shallow plough, or, what is better, use
a scarifier or stout cultivator to disturb the weeds
to their full depth. With drags and harrows con-
tinually move them, disintegrating the soil until
the weeds can be burnt in small heaps, spread-
ing the ashes on the surface, tor the ash is a
valuable stimulant to the future crop. Before
the war large fires were made in convenient
parts of the field, but now the lighting regula-
tions prevent this method of burning refuse.
77. MolyneiKic.

The Breaking Up of Grass Land.

The results, ag a whole, of this year's crop-
ping on newly broken land have been very satis-
factory, especially in view of the conditions
attending the work last spring, the inexperience
of many fai'mers in the breaking-up of old grass,
■i.nd the unskilled labour which had often to be
employed. It has been argued that it is hope-
less to plough up old grass in the expectation
of thereby adding materially to the nation's food
resources, but the results reported in the pre-
sent year do not support this contention. The
failures which occurred were mostly in the south
and east, and were attributed to wirewoi-m. But
most of the damage was primarily due to the
drying-out of the newly ploughed soil through
lack of proper tillage. Wireworm is most de-
.-itructive in loose, open soils, and the best remedy
is thorough consolidation of the land. The
effectiveness of a firm seed-bed has also been
ob.sei-\'ed. The benefits due to consolidation
were especially noticeable this year bec.Tuse of
the long period of dry weather in early summer

Land newly ploughed should not require
manure, and the limited supply of fertilisers
available should be reserved for old .arable land.
However, there are a. fair number of cases in
which maimring has proved useful.

LAW NOTES.

PROSECUTIONS UNDER THK SEED
POTATO ORDER, 1917.

A Perthshire farmer was fined £75 by Sheriff
Sym at Perth, on August 6, for selling 35 tons
16 cwt. of seed Potatos at prices above those fixed
liv the Seed Potato Order, There were 131
cliargos, and it was stated that the de
fend.ant was liable to fines .amounting to
|£18.200, or imprisonment for 91 years, or both.
The defendant pleaded guilty. A number of
other cases of a similar kind have been before
the Scottish courts, but this is the highest fine
yet imposed. The altei'native was throe months'
iui|)risonment.

At Bow .Street Police Count, before Mr. Ga.r-
rett, Mr. George Hewlings BaiT, he,^d of the
firm of Messrs. Barr and Sons, seedi.smeii, 12,
King Street, Covent Garden, appeared in answer
to twelve adjournedi summonses for having on
various dates, in contravention of the Seed
Potatos Order, 1917, sold, seed Potatos by retail
at prices in excess of the maximum price of 3d.
per lb.

It was stated for the defence that Mes.srs.
B.arr had acted on the view that under a con-
cession granted to them by th# Food' Controller
they were enthled by their licemce to sell any
variety of seed Potatos at a price not exceeding
the maximum quoted in their catalogue. It was
.also pointed out that in the cases where Pota.t«s
of varieties not appea.ring in their catalogue hjnl
been sold, these were only supplied in substitu-
tion for others mentioned in the catalogue which
were no longer obtainable.

Mr. Garrett .said there hadi 'been a breach
of the Older and of the licence granted by
the Food Controller, but that there was no'

94

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septbmbee 1, 1917.

grouiMl whatever for supposing that the defen-
dant had acted with the deliberate intention of
fixing the prices with a view to obtaining unfair
profits. He ordered him to pay fines amounrting
to £15, and £10 10s, costs. ,

Horticulturists generally who know the high
standing of the firm of Barr and Sons, and the
esteem in which the members of the firm are
held, will note with satisfaction Mr. Garretit's
observations.

REPLY.

Curing and Peepaeinq Tobacco.— The fol-
lowing extracts are from an article I wrote some
years ago on curing Tobacco, and they are
equiiUy applicable at the present time. " When
the plant begins to tui-n yellow or becomes
spotted it is time to harvest it. It should, then
be cut off close to the ground by a single stroke
of a hatchet or sharp knife, and, after cutting,
left on the ground for a short time to partially
wither, when it may be handled without fear
of tearing or injuring the leaves, which are next
made up into bundles by threading them loosely
together and hanging them on poles arranged
transversely in a drying house, which may be
slightly heated in damp, or ventilated in dry
weather. When sufficiently dry the leaves are
.stripped from the stalk until about one-tliird of
the plant is so collected, when a single leaf is
twisted round the stalks to keep them together.
These bundles are called " hands." While strip-
ping it is usual to separate the leaves into their
distinct qualities, the first of which includes, of
course, those which are not torn or discolouned.
They are then packed one upon another and sub-
jected to heavy pressure, but care must after-
wards be taken to see that no Treating or fer-
mentation takes place. In the absence of these
eventualities the tobacco will keep good for a
long time. John R. Jackson, Claremoni, Li/mp-
stone, Devon.

ANSWERS T9 C8RRESP0NDENT5;

Apple to be Re-geafted : A. D. F. We think
that you would most successfully re-graft your
crab tree with an Apple if you were to shorten
some of the main branches and graft on these
in the orthodox manner, rather than on
the main trunk. If, however, the main
stem is healthy, and the bark seems likely
to lift readily, the scions woidd probably
unite satisfactorily, and, as you suggest,
make a better shaped tree, since the present
branches are so unsymmetrical.

Apple Suckers : Favenscourt. As long as you
continue to cut off the suckers with a knife,
they will grow again, as this method leaves the
base intact. The suckers are best removed
with what is known as a " suckering iron," a
heavy, blunt instrument, which tears them out,
including the base, which is dragged out of the
stem. They may also be pulled out bodily by
hand.

Api'Ies Diseased : Concspoiulencc. Your fruits
ere affected with Brown Rut disease, which
is illustrated in fig. 33. Particulars of this
disease, with the latest methods of treatment,
were published in last week's issue, p. 75.

Cauliflowers Eaten : T. B. The grubs were
probably weevils. Treating the soil with bi-
sulphide of carbon or Vaporite will help In
get rid> of them, but the best way to catch
them is to go out at night with a lantern
and flash it on the plants, having first spread
beneath them a layer of sticky paper. The
insects, surprised by the light, will drop on
to the paper, and can then be destroyed.
The pests may, on the other hand, have been
Cabbage maggots (see p. 80, in the issue of
August 25).

Cinerarias : Anxious. It is not to be wondered
at if new Cinerarias, very highly cultivated
and carrefuUy selected, sliould fail to set seed
as freely as the lax-flowered Stellata type.

which is neai-er to the natural species. The
few seeds which you have saved can be sown
at the present time, as their germinating pro-
perties are not likely to improve by keeping.
It might help if you were to flower the plants
rather later tlian has been your habit. Further,
plants which are grown for seed are commonly
cultivated in comparatively small pots, the
idea being not to encourage great vigour in
tlie plants, which would tend rather to make
them produce foliage than to thi-ow up flowers.
The plants should not be exposed to hot sun-
shine, but be slightly shaded in the middle of
the day when the sun is extra hot. These and
many other points can be found out by experi-
ence, and if you persevere in experimenting,
you will gradually be enabled to save a greater
quantity of seed.

Fungus on Lawn : /. P. The condition you de-
scribe is probably what is known as a "fairy
ring," caused by the mycelium of several
species of fungus, which impoverishes the grass
in a circular patch. This patch increases in
size each year if the fungus is not destroyed.
Choose a day when the soil is wet, and tho-
roughly soak the ground with sulphate of iron
in the proportion of one pound to a gallon and
a -half of water. Apply two or three times
more, at intervals of about a fortnight, with a
sohiiinn nf liidf the above strength. Lifting the

therefore when the ground is next dug apply
a good dressing of some ground insecticide,
such as Vaporite.

Names of Plants : W . M. F. We do not under-
take to name varieties of Roses. — Kosslyn.
Pilea Spruceana, a native of Pei-u. — E. H. M.
Carthamus tinctorius (Saffron Thistle).

Nehtera depressa ; J. P. You do not state
your treatment of the plants, but it seema pos-
sible that you have grown them in a very
warm house, containing too much atmospheric
moisture. The species needs plenty of sun-
light, and is best grown in a cool frame OT
greenhouse during the winter, where the tem-
perature is 40° to 45°. In the spring the
plants should be moved to a light house with
a temperature of 50° to 55°, and given mois-
ture in moderation. It is only necessary to
shade the plants during very hot weather, and
then only in the middle of the day. They
grow best in light, sandy loam.

POTATOS : C. H. The Potatos are affected by
wart disease (Oedomyces leproides). Notify
the attack of this disease to the Board of
Agriculture, 3, St. James's Suqare, London,
S, W. , from whom you will receive a leaflet
telling you what treatment to adopt. — R. A. R.
We do not undertake to name Potatos. It is
almost impossible to do so from tubers only ;
it is necessarv to see also the habit of growth.

Fig. 33. — brown eoi disease of apple.

fruit of the previous ■season affectialg sound fruits of the present yeai.

turf with a fork enables the solution to perife-
trate the groimd more readily. Take care to
treat the ground just outside the ring, as the
fungus will probably have penetrated further
than the actual disfigurement of the turf.

LiALLED Rush : M. J. W. The Rush you sent is
Juncus sylvaticus, Reichard (syn. J. acuti-
tlorus, Ehrhart). It is not fascicled in the
ordinary sense, but gaUed by an insect named
Livia juncorum, Latr. , and in this respect re-
sembles the wheatear Carnation. Each cluster
of leaves contains one larva of the insect, but
a stem may bear three to eight clusters of
leaves. Yours bore six, and the leaves were
tinted with red, but they may be green when
much covered with Rushes, grasses, and other
vegetation. Other Rushes may be galled in the
same way, including J. articulatus, of Lin-
naeus (syn. J. la.mpocarpus, of Ehrhart), ,T.
bulbosus, of Linnaeus, and J. squarrosus, of
Linnaeus. The first two, namely, J. sylvaticus
and J. articulatus, being tall, are used for
thatching corn stacks in the north of Scotland,
where they are known as sprots. Bogs are
sometimes entirely covered with them, and the
gall may be found there or on moors or heaths
that are more diy but peaty.

Grubs : W. G. The grubs are " cut-worms,"
the la.rvae of "the Heart-and-dart Moth. The
moth lays her eggs on leaves near the ground,

height of haulm, colour of flowers, and other
details only to be determined by some-
one on the spot. — P. E. N. Allow the
plante to become matuie before lifting
the tubers, which are always smaller
than .those raised from established varie-
ties. They can be kept, as you sug-
gest, in sand, but examine them from time
to time, and if they seem to be deteriorating
it will show that the conditions are too moist,
or too dry, and should be altered. As there
do not seem to be many of the seedling tubers^
you might make a small clamp in a dry part
of the garden, such as under a wall facing
east. Y'ou will find directions for making a
clamp in the issue for August 25, page 75.
ToMATOS : Miss C. Your Tomatos are evidently
attacked' by the fungus Cladosporium fulvum,
or Leaf Jlould. Pick off and burn all the
diseased leaves, including all which have little
brown spats on the underside, and keep the
house in which the plants are growing well
ventilated. Next season spray the plants early
in their growth with weak Bordeaux mixture
or ipotassiimi sulphide, as a pi-eventive.

Communications Beceived. — R. .^.— J. O. B.-

W. C. P.—Bmiderwen^OW Subscribei^W. A. J.-

E M.— F. S.— B, L.— W. F. R.— A. 0. W.— W. G. O.-
— W. A. 0.

September 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Y.

jn A i^ K £2 rr s.

cor EXT H.lRDEy, August 19.

Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prlees.

B.d.s.d I Ferns, con.— a.d.s.d-

Aralia Sieboldii, ' vet 100. In

dozen .. .. E 0 6 0 Bmall and

Asparagus plu- large OO's .. 18 0 SO 0

mosus nanus. — in 48'3.per doz. 7 0- S 0

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0 — inlZ's.perdoz. 12 0-18 0

— Sprengari .. 8 0 10 0 ^^°'i^" \°^}^'

Aspidistra, per

y,ai»tr.. i,«r „ per dOZ. 48's 10 0-12 0

dn? in-een 10 0-S8 0 Geonoma gracilis.

Cacti^ Various' eo's.per d.z... J 0- « 0

"^"'pertraTofTi i 0 - KentTa' Biliore" "^ "

- tray of 12 s .. 6 0 - an». per joz. 0 0- 9 •

Chrysanthemums : larger per

— white. 48's. per doz 18 0-S6 0

doz 18 0-24 6 — Forsteriana.

— coloured. 48's. OO's. per doz. 6 0-91
p°r doz. .. 1.5 0-24 0 Latania borbon-

Cocos Weddelli- ica, perdoz.. 12 0-30 0

ana 48'b. ptr L ilium longi-

doz 18 0 30 0 florum. perdoz. 24 0-30 0

OO's per doz. 8 0-10 0 — lancif olinm

Ericanlvalia. 48's rabrum .. 24 0-80 0

perdoz. ..18 0-24 0 - -album ..24 0-80 0

Ferns. in thumbs, Marguerites in

per 100.. .. 12 0-U 0 48'8. per doz. 6 0-81

Remarks. — Many of the stands in this department

remain nmpty. Erica nivalis and disbudded Chrysanthe-
mums are the latest orrivaJs.

Cut Flowers, ftc. : Average Wholesale Prices.
s.d.B.d.

Asters. white, per
doz. bun.

— coloured. p?r
doz. bun.

— single..
Aru

3 0-40

(Richard ias).

per doz bl'ms S 0- 4 0
Carnations, per

doz. blooms.

best American

varieties .. 15-26
Chrysanthemums-
white, bronze

and pink, per

doz bun.

— disbudded
bl'ms. perd z.

Coreopsis. per

doz bus. ..

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun.
Eucha'is.perdoz.

blo'>m-i
Gaillardia. per

doz. bun.
OladiolusBrench-

leyeisis. per

doz

— America, per

doz, spikes

— HalUy Bai-
rn n. per doz.
spikes.. ..3 0 —

— Pink Beauty,
perdoz.spikes 0 9-10

GypBOphila pani-
culata.perdoz
bun

— double white,
per doz. bun..

Heather, white,

per doz, bun. 4 0-90
Lapageria alba.

perdoz. bl'ms. 2 0- .? 0
Lllium longi-

florum. long 3 6-46

— I an clfoliom
album, long..

rubrum.

per doz.. long

— — short, per
doz. bloom ;.. 2 0-30

Lilv-of-the-Val-
ler.perdoz.bun. 24 0-30 0

Marguerites, yel-
low, per doz.
b.in 3 6-40

— Mrs. Sander.

per doz. bun. 2 6 4 0
Michaelmas
Daisies, per
doz. bun. .. 8 (-10 0

8 0-10 0
2 6-40

2 0-26
16-20

3 0-40
2 0-26

2 0-30
8 0-40

3 0-40

4 0-60

2 6-30
2 6-30

12 0-

Montbretia. per
doz. bun.

Orchids, per doz.:
- Cattleya
Odon toglos-
sum crispum 2 0-26

Pelargoniums,
double scar-
let, per doz.
bun

Ph\salis. perdoz.

6 0-10 0

bun
Roses -

— Frau Karl
Druschki. per
doz. blooms..

— Liberty, p^r
doz. blooms..

— Melody, per
doz. blooms..
Mme. A. Cha
tenay. perdoz.
blooms

— Mrs John
Laing.perduz
blooms

— Ophelia, per
doz blooms..

— Richmond,
perdoz. bims.
Sunburst, per
doz. bloomB..

— White Molly
Sharman CraW'
ford, per doz
bl'Oms

.Statice, white,
per doz, bun.
mauve, perdoz.
bun

— yellow,
doz. bun.
Incana. per
iloz. bun.

— Latifolia. per
doz bun,

Stephanotis. per

72 pips..
.Stock, mauve. per

doz. bun.

— white. per
doz. ban.

Sweet Peas-
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white, perdoz.
bun

— mauve. per
doz. ban.

Tuberoses. per

(rross blooms ..

Viola ""ornuta ..

V 0-12 0

10-16
16-20

per

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.B.d.

4 0-50

Adiantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches
Asparagus plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30

— — medium.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sorengeri .. 6 0-10 0
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-60
Remarks.— ChrysanUii

s.d. B.d.

3 0-60

Croton foliage.

doz. bunches
Cycas leaves, per

dez. .
Fern, French, per

doz. bunches 0 6-08
Moss, gros B

bunches .. 4 6-60
Myrtle, doz. bun.

small - leaved 6 0 —
— French, per

doz. bunches 10-13
Smilax. >er bun.

of 6 trails .. 16-20

supply of bun<4ed svhite Roi des Blanos A few bunches
.of spray yellow ChrysiJitheniumg find a ready sale.
Rifhapdias (Ariuns) are begrinning to arrive. Prices for
Lilies remain firm. A few bunches of Lilv-ot-the-Vallev
are offered, but. the arrivals are very uncertain. Tubi^
rose? are arriving in anall quantities, and being used a.s
a substitute for Stephanotis, Gardenias, and Eucharis.
vhich are getting scarce. Phvsalis is being offered in
i;iir condition, and the best blooms are soon cleared
Many of tne outdoor flowers are flnishinc, owing to
t.he recent galea. Sweet Siiltan, Scabious, and Sweet Peas
are almost over.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Artichokes.Globe, ' ' ' , Lettuce, Cabbage ''^' ^'^'

perdoz. ..40-30 and Cos. per
Beans: joz 2 6-60

— Runner (Scar-
let) per bus. 2 6-50

Beetroot, per bus. 4 0-51

Brussels Sprouts.

per J bus. ..4 0 —

Cabbage, per tally 4 0-80

Carrots, new. per

doz. bun. ..2 0- 0

Cauliflowers, per

tally .. .. 12 6 15 0

Cucumbers, par

flat .. .. 12 0 18 0

Garlic, per lb... 13 -

Greens, per bag.. 16 —

Herbs, par doz.

bun. . .. 4 0-80 Vegetable Mar-

Horseradiah. per rows.pertally 4 0-60

bun. .. 60 - Watercress, per

J^eeks.per doz.bun.4 0-6 0 doz 0 4-06

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

Mushrooms.per lb. 1 6-2 6
Mustard and

Cress. per doz.

punneta .. 10 —
Onions, per cwt. 22 0-24 0

— spring, per
doz, bun. .. 6 0 10 0

Peas, per bag .. 10 0-20 o
Radishes, per

doz. bun. .. 0 S- 1 0
Shallots, perdoz.

lbs 8 0-10 0

Spinach, per bus. 5 6-70
Turnips, per bag 4 0-60

— new, per doz.
bun. .. .. 2 6-30

S.d.B.d.
Almonds. per cwt. 80 0 —
Apples :

— cooking, per
bus

— dessert (Eng-
lish).peribus.

Aubergines, per

doz

Fig- (Worthing).

perdoz.

Gages, per * bus. . .

Grapes :

— Alicante.

black, per lb. 0 8-16

— English (new
seasonlijlack
Hamburgh,
per lb.

— Gros Colman
per. lb.

— Muscats, per
lb 10 3 0

Lemons, per case 16 0 23 0

Reui

Melons. Cante-

loupa. each .. 5 0-10 0

— English and
Guernsey, ea. 2 6-40

Mushrooms (out-

do< r.per ibus. 4 0-50
Nectarines, per

„ doz 2 0-12 0

Nuts. Brazils.

new. per cwt. 95 0 100 0

— CO' s. per lb. 0 9 —

— filberts perlb. 0 6—
Coconuts, per
100 .. ..48 0 50 0

Peaches, perdoz. 2 0-15 0
Pears, rcr J bus. 2 0-50

— WilliamlFr.).
per box of 48 . 9 0-10 0

Plums, per j bus. 3 II- 5 0
Tomatos. English,
per 12 lbs. or
peck .. .. 3 6-46

-Supplies of Biijrli.«h .\pples and Pears at
present e.xceerl Uie demand. Plums and Greengages are
also very plentiful. Large quantities of Grapes im-
irrivin.g daily. Peaches and Xectarincs are also plenti.
fill, the majority consisting of small fruits. Supplies ol
Tomalns have decreased thin week, but Cucumbers ore
more plentifiA IThe market is well supplied nith nuls.
\n outdoor veget.ables fairly picntihil. E. U. R. Coveiit
Ciinfrn Market, August 19, K17.

2 6-50
2 0-60
4 0-46
2 0-40

0 8-16
10-16

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH QARDBNeHe'.-Tlie luoiitbh- meeting of Uie
Bath llurdenere' Debating Society waa held on the 13th
August, Mr. T. Parrott in the chair. A paper on " 'I^hc
Herl);iceoua Phlo.x and Hardy Flowers" was re-ad bv
Mr. W. T. Rich. The results of Uie competitions were
us follows ;— .Miss Smart (gardener, Mr. H. GrifBn)
•coUectaon of fruit, 6 points aJid ccrtiflcate ol merit!
Miss Smart, PoUitos and twin Marrow, certifloalc oi
merit; Mr. T. R. Ashman, difJi of Runner Beams, llrst-
class certillcate of merit; W. T. Rich i Co., collection of
Phloxes, flrsl-.-la.-Qi certLfloate. A roll of honour of tiie
members of (lie Bath and District Cfcirdeners' Debating
.Society, who are, or have beenj serving in the Forces
during the war, liod been drawn up. The names of
seventeen memhers were on the Let: three of the mem-
bers have been killed in, action.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. J. W. Bennett, for the p.iist 20 years Gardener
to H. H. rimsTlviCH, Esq., of ■■Tirlev Garth." Tar-
p<.rley, aieshu-e, as Gardener to Colonel W. Hall
Wai.kbr, MP., Horsley Hall, Gresford, near Wrex-
ham, Denbighshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

NOTICE TO

Park
Superintendents.

Revision forms for the Parks'
section of the

"GARDENERS' CHRONICLE"

Horticultural Directory

have now been posted to all the
chiej Park Superintendents in
the country. Those who have
not yet received a form, and who
have under their care a park or
open space twenty acres or more
in extent, should write for a
form to

THE EDITOR,

Horticultural Directory,

41. WELLINGTON ST.. LONDON. W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdvertisementB intended for insertion in the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ s. d,

Ortlliiary Positions per page 1 0 1 0 0

Facing matter and Hack Page 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata,

il s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 2U words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns 14 0

Per Inch, across 3 columns „, ,„ 110

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space.
[Headline counted as two lines.]

For dlscoDots apply to address below.
SITDATIONS WANTED,

26 words lb. 6d., and 6d. for every adilitional 8 words
or te'ver.

These AdvtrtUemcnti moit bt prcnald, AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT,

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

The United Kingdom 1 9 6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- „ „

arriving

freely ;

the best, disbudded hlofims oBorrd are Oounteas (white)
and McrciS^lf-s (yellow). At presemt there is only a limited

Chefjues and P.O.s to be made payable to *' GAHDENER.S'
ClIlin.NICLE," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2,

Telegrams: "Oahdchron, Kand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Gekrard.

TUE GATlDElSadS' CHRONICLh. [September l, 1917.

By Special Appointment to ^sMm^ His Majesty The King.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLHSGOW— 121, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (H«?istere(l Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH.''

HvOnCE TO SEEDSMEN. NURSERYMEN, MARKET
GARDENERS, FRUIT-GROWERS, HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS, BOILER MAKERS, COAL MERCHANTS,

AND SUNDRIESMEN.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY have been posted to all the above whose names are already
in the Directory. In order to facilitate the early publication of the revised
edition for 1918, it is requested that the forms, with the necessary corrections,
be returned AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of all
interested in Horticulture that the new edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

Anyone in the above categories who has failed to receive a form should

send for one to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

So. 1602. Vol. LXII. a^^^A SATUKDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1917. {Registered as a Newspaper. jP^'CE ^d.

aVBSCRI F-TIOy— Inland, 19,6; Foreign,
Postal Ad(lre59-4i, Welllagtoii Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

> per mnnufn. Entered at »tr Tork I*03t Office ae seeond-claitt* waiter.

Telegraphic Address—" Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1543,

For CONTENTS see page 95.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The jnice. of the. Gahdenehs' Chronicle being
now fourpence, the subscription, including in-
land postage, for one year is 19«. 6d., for six
months 9s. 9(/., and for three 4s. 10c?. Sub-
scribers are requested to observe these aUera-
tlons when renewing their subscriptions. In
the event of any difficulty Tjeing experienced in
purchasing copies, readers are invited to notify
the publisher.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLAST.

TZELWAY & SOX,

-■-*• Tlie Uoval Horticulturist j.

LANOPORT, SOMERSET,
are now booking or<lers «or their Choice Hardv Perennial
rinnta. Plant a Colour Border this Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy its beauty tor many vears wiHiout
any additiomil expense or trouble.

Semi measuremenU of your Borders.

Pacon.ies, Delphinntms, 'ihlciseB, GaiUartlias, and other
hcautilul flowers, included In their Colour Sfhemes, which
provide blooms from earlv SprinR to late Autumn

WHITE NOW to ihc RETAIL PLANT DEPARTTHENT
for Refluced Price List.

fJTVER.S'.S STHAWBERHV l'r,.^XTS, in

-'-^ all the leading varieties, will be readv from
Augu.st onwards. Price list post fre<! on applnition.—
TIKiMAS RIVERS & SON, The Nurseries, Sawbridgc-
W(<rth. Herte.

TJ.ARR'.S Autumn and Winter-flowpiing

liiilU, including Crocus .species. Colchioums.
Nerines. Haidy Cyclamen. Freesias. Lachenaliaa, Irises,
4c.. for early planting. List on application.
BARE & SONS, King St., Covent Garden, I^ndon, W.C.2.

IJOSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
■*-*' NOKWIOH ROSES.— Our new deeoriptive price
list, witli Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
post free.— Write to-day. A. J. & C. ALLEN, Rose
Growers. Norwich (for over 50 years).

WTM. DUXCAX TUCKER A- SONS.

' ' LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15
Con.servatorics, Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peaoh-houscs,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

T) I C K S O N ' S nORTICrLTCR \ I,
'■-'^ MANURE and other high-cla*s Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

FEEDS' BULBS. PEEDS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' lU'LB LIS'J- .\T)\V RFADY-

•*• 1'lea.ve apply for a copy to be posted by return.

,TOHX PEED ct SON. The Kin^-'s Set-.l.--
** men and Nurscrjmen, WEST NORWOOD.

"nUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

■*-^ Our new 'b-scriptive list is now ready, and will
be p<-nt on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO, BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,

Maidatone.

1 on OnO LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

■*-^-'" ♦'-'"'-' 203. 100 ; Palms. liegonia.s, Crotons,
Draca^rnas. Roses, Ericaa, Glosinias. Lilies, Hv<lran4(eas,
*o. : cutalogufg free.— J. E. SMITH. London Vera Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION I RO:\I
THE GARDEN.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUES OF SEEDS
and GARDEN REQUISITES for present use.

SUTTON'S LIST of FLOWER SEEDS
for present sowing and spring flowering.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
CKOWN BULBS, containing particulars of the moat
popular DaKodils, Narcissi, May-flowering and Darwin
Tulips. &c., &a.
These Catalogues will be sent poet free on application.

UTTON & SONS, Tlie King's Seedsmen,
bj:ading.

s

BATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New
illustrat<-d catalogue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
,Vc.. as supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, witJj
full cultural directions, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on api)licatiou.— (Dept. A), R. U. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

BATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.— New
illustrated catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of the be«t new and standard varieties, is now ready,
and will be sent post free on application.— (Dept. A),
R H. BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING .^- GLA/IXG
" Vitrolit«," superior to White Lead Paint.
■' Pla.stino " sujwrsedes put.tv. Full particulars from
W. CAR.SON & SONS. Grove" Works, Batteraea. Agents
ttiroughout tlio country.

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half ;i
century's reputation lor effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Moaly Bug,
Thrip, American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, &c.
.Sold in boxes about lib., 31b., and 121b., bv Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANIXLE CO., LTD., Battersea, London, S.W. U.

T GRAY, LTD., Buililorof Conseivalorics,
•-^ • Gre.-nholises, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Hanvers Street. Chelseji. London. S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
We-stcrn, London. Tolephone : 201, Western.

DO'BBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
Peas, R<i.ses. Vegetable and Flower Seeds and
Plants, poet free.— DOBBIE &; CO., Royal Florists, Edin-
burgh.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus for i,i-.i.w, .SluMibherios, and WiiJd Gardening,
selected, 15s. aiml 21«. l.UOO ; as dug, 12s. per bushel
(2,000), is. 6d. iwr [jeok (500 bulbs).— J. HANDSCOMBE,
IMl.H.S., FeUhjjii Nunieries. Middlesex.

L ILIUM lonu'iflorum giganteum for winter
fl«.veriii«,— MOHIiE ;; 00. offer immense bulbs, 10
and 14 iflche.s roiui'l, in splemdid condition., at 10s., 12s.,
and 15s. doz. liiilb list treo.^MORLE & CX)., 160-166,
Fi'iichley Road, N.W.

IVARCISSUS.— Paper - white Grandifloru,
■^^ ."is, ; White Pearl, 4r. 6d. ; and double Im-<ynup;u--

able, at Is. per 100. Bulb list free— MORLE & 00., 150-

156, FiiK-lilev Road, N.W.

WANTED, Bedding Geranium OtittiiigM,
Salmon (Vaniiiel, C\m«t<Mwe or Jubilee, q 11 of

the Wliites or White West Driglnton. IJuolc prut's niid
quomlity to offer.— GEO. BUNYARD & CO.. LTI),. Hoyal
Nurseries, Msid&itoine.

w

w

EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

The finest varieties of Tulip*, Narcissi, Daffo-
dils. Snowdrops, Iris, &c. PRICE LIST post
free on apphaition.— WEBB & SONS. LTD.,
The King's SeecUmeii, Stoiu-bridge.

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

w

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

BULBS.— New Catalogue now ready.

"WATEKER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

" " Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
choice varieties now ready.

w

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS— Catalogue free.

W ATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for I'RBSiMT SOWING.— List post free.
.\11 or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post
free on receipt of name and addi-oss.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, UMITED.
The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Growers,

GPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather, showerproof; 7 yards for ITs. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

BANSTEAD or WALTON HEATH
L<^\M.— A splendid soil for Vines, CliryeantHe-
mums, Oarnstions, and geneial use; fresh cut or rotted.
—Particulars of YOUNG BROS.. Betoliworth, Surrey.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-
dendron Peat, free fi-om 'braoken, 15s. per yawl,
b to IS yard tn-iK-ks, bag^ oOs. doaea ; Loom. Leaf Mould,
Silver Sand, in bugs an<l truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre 6 for 10s., six^ual rates; c>pw.-ial Bulb Compost f<''r
bowis, 5a. bag,--J. HANDSOOMBE, 'Hie NurserJes, Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

BULBS AND PLANTS.

MORLE & CO. beg to announce that their
revised list is now ready, and will be sent to any
address on application.— 150-155, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

WALLFLOWERS. — TianspIaiUea. Vul-
can, Riihv King, Covent Cai.l.ii, (iolden King,
Cfanford Beauty, kc. 3s. 100, extra strong. 5s. 100,
free anj address,— MORLE & CO., 150156, Finchley
Road, N.W.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !
Mth Year of Distribution.
Our well-known Magnificent Strain Cinerarias,
Calceolarias, &c. ; 28. per doz. ; 12s. 6d. per 100 ; carriage
paid. -JOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nurseries, Coventry.

T ILIUM longifiorum giganteum, retarded,
-*-^ lairge stuff, rjuite health.v and dormant, £3 5e. «ue
aOO bulks, on .rail.— CHIPPEHJ'IBLD, N-urserymaii,
Hampton HiJiL ___^______

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

■*- Ferns, Bnslcet. I'crns, St«ve and Greenhouse Fei-ns,
Harwh- Garden Ferns; catalojrucs frce.-^T. E. SMITH,
I/ondon Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

TUB GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 8, 1917.

SALE BY AUOTIOH.

BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are
holding Sales of Bulbs ©vm-j- Moiida.v, Wednesday,
and Friday. Sixpence in stamps will ensure a supply o(
twelve oatologues.— AUCTION ROOMS, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, London.

TRADE SALES OF HOME-GROWN
BULBS.

Every Wednesday at 1 o'clock.

Th* sale on September 12 will include thousaaids of
Najcissus in all the best named varieties for early forc-
ing ; large consignments of Polyantihus of sorts in sacks
as received ; early and late-flowering Tulips, Freesias,
Snowdrops, .\nemonea, Scillas, Lilium eaudidum, Aooa-
iteE, early-flowering Gladioli, Beardeid Iris, 200 Kentia
and Oooos Patois, li to 3ft., Lilium lonigifloruni (re-
taivled), in oases, &c,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS will
sell the above h\ auction at their Central Sale
Rooms, 67 and 68, Oheap'side, London, B.C. 2. Catalogues
forwarded on applisation.

Lee, S.E.

GREAT ANNUAL TRADE SALE.

Bv order of Messrs. B. M^Uler & Sans.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE ^V .AIORRTS will
Sell t)v Auction ait t'he

BURNT ASH ROAD NURSERIES.
LEE, S.E.,

On Tuesday, September 11th, at 11 o'clock,

a ivjuarkubly wt-ll-growm Stoi'k of

Winter-Blooming Heaths, Stove and

Greenhouse Plants,

fonipnsiiig
20.000 Erica nivalis, ■.'r.rnh.., In niKilis, .p.-ift4iita alba. &i-.

12,009 Ferns of .-.I", .' Jiim K.nin- in i, , >iiies, 1,000

Boronias. 1,000 I n , i 'i V.r-.. ■'.!.<■ i;:")ri- de Lor-
raine, 4.000 Ueiij-l.i , I.i'i : -. 'Ml .\' I'l.c, iilso quan-
tities of .inii)elo(j»i.-., li.iui.i:ii.o[c. iii.uML-n.i.-,, tiardenias,
Cinerarias, I'diuiuLas, .aaid^ other stock.
Gatalognies ma.v 'be obtained at the Nurseries, and of
the Aucltioneere, 67 and 68, Oheiapside, London, E.G. 2

UPPER EDMONTON.

Three minutes from Angel Road and eight minutes fi-om
Silver Street Stations, G.E.R.

CLEARANCE SALE. — MESSRS.

PROTHEROE & MORRIS are instructed by Messrs.
H. B. May & Sons, Ltd., who are concentrating at their
Chingfond Nurseries, to sell by auction on the premise>i.
Genista Road, 1,000 Patois of various si7*s, large quaJiiti-
ties of Ferns, eotmpri^iing Pteris major, Nephrolepis
Sootti, and others, &€., iSic, Genist<is, Oy-clamen, .Aspara-
gus plumosus and Sprengerii, AiraJias, Veronicas,
Solanitrms tweU (berried), Buonymus, Golden Privet, &c.,

5 Mao-ket Vans, 4,000ft. of 3in. and 4in. Hot Water Piping,
and sundry etfet^a.

On Wednesday. September 1 2th, 1917,
at 11.30 a.m. precisel,v.
Mary be viewed any day previous to the sale. Cata-
logues may be had on the premises or of the Auctioneers,
67 and 58, Oheapside, London, E.G.

THE EgT.\TE OF THE L.ATE J. S. CHARLES, Esq

PELSALL, STAFFORDSHIRE.

THE PELSALL HALL ESTATE of 247 Acns, which will

be olfered for Sale In- Auction In-

Messrs. WINTERTON & SONS

at the Stork Hotel, Walsall;, on TUESDAY, October 2iid
1917, at 6 o'clock, will include (Ix>t 43) ;

A VALUAHLE MARKET
GARDEN,

kniiwn as " RAILSWOOD GARDENS," Pelsall, a. W^.u.!
Mith a Cottage and GREENHOUSRS thereon, about 5
luinuites from station, contadning an area of about 7
Acres.

The GardeUrS are in a high state of Oultivation, and the
'lliree Gi«enhoU56s meaBure (1) 88ft, long bv 28ft wide
(2) 60ft. long by 28ft. wide. (3) 8Bft. long by 40ft. wi<le,
heated b.y two oast-iron saddJe boilers, which can he
separately or jointly worked. The Houses a.re well built,
with extra strong rafters, and are covered with 21oz.
glass.

Purciliaser will be requited to take to Stock-in-Trade,
Sheds, Trees, &o. Poissession 1st November or earlier \s\
arrangement.

For further jKirticulars, apply to the .\uctioneei-s, Lich-
field, and I>.Trw*ll Street, Walsall, or Messrs. H Russell

6 Son, Solicitois, Lichfield,

SURBITON.

The remaining contents of the residence, including
Outdoor Elf eels.

IGHTINGALE, PHILLIPS & } AGE

will Sell by Auiiti.jn at " .illbur\' House," Sur-
biton HUl Road,

On Monday, September 17th.

and following d.av .at one o'clock, the high-cJasis

FURNITURE

and Effects, Garden Implements, Tools, Pit Lights.

Ohicken Coops, and a large quantitv of

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, &c.

On view the Friday and Satuixlay preceding, Qita-
logues of the Auotioneers, Eagle Chambers, Kingston-
on-Thames. 'Phone 235,

N

BUSINESS WANTED.

TV^ANTED, convenient to London or large
town. MARKET GARDEN, with .about 600ft. of
Glass, in hrst-class condition.— Fuil particulars to H. D.,
20, Victoria Street. London, S.W. 1.

BUSINESS CARD,

J^ H.,5. EXAM. — Correspondence class,

preparing Gardeners and st.udents, st,art October;
briilaamt past records; prospectus. — MEDALLIST,
Pightle, Letheringselt, Holt, Norfolk

SPECIAL NOTICES.

]\JR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all

friends that, although engaged on National Service
work he continues Midland representative to John Peed
& Son. Orders this season wiU be very much appre-
ciated, and may be directed either to tlie firm at West
Norwood, or to Mr. K. GREENFIELD, 61, Radford Road,
Leamington Spa. ^^

THE OLD-ESTABLISHED SEED & BULB BUSINESS

carried on for sixty years In

BASNETT STREET, LIVEEPOOL,

will in future be stvled

JEER'S, LTD.

There will be no change to the Management.

MR. EOBT. B. KER

will have associated with hun

MR. EOBT. W. KING and MR. T. LANE BAKER

Telephone: Royal 3066. Write for List.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

W

MOBLE

ANTED, clioice Fruit, Flowers, and

sent "' s^^i' \ "f '■''/* ^""^ returned ; boites,
sent. Su^Jlus stock from Gardens acoepted.-
CO., 150156. Pinchley Road, N.W. 3.

■\yANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

See ot,hir Pl^'t^.-^ui'^ble for stock; cash or exchange
r™H ^ advertisements; catalogues free. - SMITH
London Fern Nurserj-. Loughboro^h Junction, Lomlon'.

MISCELLANEOUS.

THEY'RE NOT STICKY.

Be.^con Oilskins are oiiite ir,.^ t,r,„ „„. ^ i ■
, . "'" ""- quite irne tiom luiy stickiness,

o t ' thM 1 ; " .""I'""^"*. '1'6.> never fail to keep
ff^iefe^nil **t ".i!" "' ^<*''- Hundreds of faa-mea-s.
di^n 3/;.'^"^ Z^^" ""**'°™ "'«"• »"°>«". ™<i A'l-
v™r ,>MS?,^ I ^'^"^ they bring weatJier comfort,

lou ought; to wear them i; vou want to keen drv in
chL tl^"- . 7*" ''•=^~° 'B«>"*t "ill lielp you to
W, 6rt ?. "■'■''? -^-O" ^t-^l- Ohildren's Coat/ from
lua. bd Jlen s from 10s., Ladies' Smart Oilskins, 21s.
Long Legguigs from 3«. Sou'-westers, from Is 9d
^our money back it they don't satisfy you entirely.
Send a postcard to-day for our Free " Booklet of
Weatiher Comfort."— Send now— before you forget- to
Jmt.T'n'i'''*'' ^''''- '■''■ J'EACON BuftDINGS lt5uTH

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines Ss. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d- for eaeh sueeeedlng line.

PRIVATE.

RANTED. HEAD WORKING GAR-

DENER, wjiere three others are kept; must have
thorough knowJedge of all branches of Gardening in-
clwling Peaches. Gra^pes, Melons. Figs, &c., and all out-
door Fruits, Herbaceous and other Flowers, Rock Gairden,
4:2. ; cows, pLgs, and fowls kept ; live in lodge at main
entrance ; Surrey ; roust have good references.— Write,
stating age, experience, &c., and wages required, to
Z. 0., E99, c,o Deacons, 7, Leadenhall Street., E.O. 3,

WT'ANTED, 24th, first-rate HEAD

'' WORKING (J.\RDENER; ineligible; single or
married ; no (.iniily or sons to work ; large KitAen Gar-
den, early and late forcing of all kind.s, 12 large Houses,
no Pleasure Grounds; four under. State age, weight,
wages, references.— AGENT Packington Hall, Coventry.

"WANTED, immediately, HEAD WORK-

' ^ ING GARDENER ; eii«lle'nt cottage and garden ;
Wiltshire.- State age and aU particulars to ANSTEE,
Stowe House, OrpmgtoJi.

"WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

' ^ DENER ; good all-round man; married; inehgible;
lad uilder ; litt,'.e Ulass ; count rv ; good cottage and wages
Oibout 30s.— Write fully.— HAliDY, Fulbeck, near Grant.

QARDENER wanted to take charge four

Gi-eenhouses and private Garden; witJi experience
Vine, Roses, Cucumbers, Carnations, &c.— ERNEST KING
Abbe\-dale, Coggeshail,, Essex. '

w

"Y^ANTED, SINGLE-HANDED WORK-

t. ''^^i?„'i->l*I''^*^'l^H ; »';i>>l amount of Glass ; good
cottage-WYNDHAM SMl'TH, Aramstone. Herefori

QARDENER.— Wanted, a good man for
^ gener.al Garden work , ineligible for .Service or dis-
chaiged soldier; wtiges .30s. per week and modem cot.
tage i-ent fi-ce if married ; nrust iliave flrst-cUiss charac-
ter.—.Apply, with full particulars, to HEUD GARDENER
Gaiston Mimor, near Watford, Herts.

"yy ANTED, married GARDENER; no

family ; resideiitti,al ; iiiiterview necessary. — Apply
tor terms, &c.. to A. W. MILLER, Forest Hall House
Sclmol, Honor Oak Road, Forest Hill, S.E,

TfT^NTED, SECOND GARDENER; in-

■ ^ eligible ; experienced Inside ; good wages to suit-
able miui; if miarried, good cottage found.— For particu-
lar's, .apply F. G. GERRISH. Penxiley Ma,nor Gai-dens
Tirng.

ANTED, UNDER GARDENER;

ivgle ; .ineligible ; boots, knives, &c, ; good wages.
—Apply, MRS. DODD, Chiuch Mead. Pirbright, Snne.v,

"WANTED, UNDER GARDENER for

' * Outskie. — Apply, stating age, wages requked, to
.1. MANSFIELD, BerkJiamsted Hill Gaixieiis, Berkhani-
s't^cl, Bert's.

J>EQUIRED, strong Lad as UNDER

^ G.\-RDENER ; .age 17 ; room provided ; others kept.
•State wiages and paiticulars of experience to HON. M1<.S.
F. COLBOR.VE, Nonsuch Park, Cheam, Surrey.

WANTED, FOREMAiX, competent man ;
ineligible; good wages' and cottage; also thl«e
JOtlRNEYMEN ; good wages and Bothy.— Apply, W.
HIGGS, The Lodge Gaixlens, Holyport, near Maidenhead.

WANTED, FOREMAN or good capable
j\l.\N, to take charge of Glass ; 33s. per week ;
Eothy, &c. ; duty and oveitime paid.— BENNETT, Snel-
ston Hall Gardens, Aslibourne, Derbysliire.

WANTED, FOREMAN ; good general ex-
perience ; wages 30s , Bothy, &c. ; also strong LAD
til Houses; 17s., tiothy and extra for Sunday duty. —
Apjil.i, J. HOVV'-\RD, Benhaiu Valence Gaideiis, Newburj'.

WANTED, FOREMAN, good ail-round,
to take charge of Uoujses and superintend Om-
iiide <liuing Head Gaixlen-ir's abseirce in .\nny ; single;
ineligible— Sitote w.iges, with Bothy, &c., found, to A.
iHi.ivSTON, Hui-ningham Haft, Yoxfoud, Stiftolk.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Inside;
6X Serv-ice or iireligible ; also IMPROVER. Wages
i5<. and 203., with B'.tliy and vegetables; duty paid
extra. — F. J. FOSl^ER, Grimsthoipe aistle GaMons,
ijourne. Lines. ^.

WANTED, good JOURNEYMAN, to
aasiist in Houises ; Mheral wages to suitable man;
Bothy and vegetables.— For particulars, apply THOMAS
NUTTING, Ohiklwickbury Gardens, St. -\lbans.

C'lOOD JOUR.XKViLVX wanted; ineli-
^ gible, for Hull-.- Ill iiii-i'le; wages 28s., with
Bothv, coals, and veyi liM. ^, t'liU par-tioulars to HON.
MRs! F. COLBORNE, Non-^ucli PaiU, Cheam, Sm-rey.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (ineligible),
for Houses ; wages 24s. per week, BoUly and vege-
tables; duty ever.v; third Sunday.- C. E.\RL, SomerhiU
Gardens, Tonbudg'e, Kent.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN GAR-
DENER, or discharged soldier with general, ex-
ix>rien.ce ; wages 25s. per week, w itli Bothy and o^ihei-
allowances; Siuiday dutv pkiiid e-xtra.— -Vpply, with re-
fereirces, to HEAD GARDENER, Limibtoar anstle. Fence
Houses, Durham.

•WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside and

' ' Out), with Bothy, vegetables, and good wages. —
.\ppl.v. starting age luid experience, to H. SWAIN, 'I'lie
Gai>dens, Will.oir Park, Beaconsfield, Bucks.

WANTED, experienced MAN for the
Hoisos, aisj ^IaN for Outside Garden work,
capable of takinet turn with dutv.— State wages, age.
auil full paiticuLars to GARDENER, Mill House, Holm-
wo d. .Surrey.

GARDENER and HANDYMAN wanted ;
can sdeep in. — Applv-, MR. HUTCHINGS, The
Orchard, Dulwich Common, Dulwidi.

"Y^ANTED, four LADY GARDENERS :

' ' it)\vo train«4 o.^>d t^o pait-ially trained; own ■■•>^-

tage, ooals, nind li-g'hta ; near London.— Send teet(unoni:il>.

nge?, gaLaTies asked, and f u U pnrt iculars, to MRS. N .

Park Plac€, Henley on-Th'amea.

Ty ANTED, LADY GARDENER, with

" some experience ; good wages ; h-elp given. — TIDD,
Cliiidleigrh, Ashley Rise. Walton-on-Thames.

Septembee 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

LADY GABDEXERS wanted; all suited
entuelv iree of charge. Head and Under for
Wimbledon ;'not much Gla»-. Two for Lewes; man kept ;
must be expemenced. Head amd Cbaufleuse-Gaaxieiier
for near Rve, Sussex; furnished cotiMge, wood, vege-
tableti, milk'; man kept for rough work; not much driv-
ing. Two for Seaiord ; one to have care of poultry and
pets. Single-handed for North-ants ; small Gaixien, about
1 acre ; in very good order ; no Glstss ; good Bothy, fur-
nished for two, or could bave friend or relation. — MRS.
HUNT, LTD., 86, High Street, Marylebone, W. 1.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER ; trained,
to instruct pupils, School of Gardening, commenc-
ing this autumn; heaJthy countr}- ; near large towns;
salan', commission on pupils and produce sold. Refer-
ences e-xohanged.— Write, K. A., Box 15, 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Gaixlen, W.C. 2.

WANTED, W. Sussex, strong capable
WOM-^X, with experience Vegetable growing and
care goats, pigs ; willing to make her^lf generally useful ;
good wages ; comfortable home. — Full partioalojs to MRS.
ST.WERS, 6, Curzon Street, W.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside) ; wages
£1, with Bothv, &c. ; duty paid extra; 1 o'clock
Saturdays.— E. BEIStoW, Leyswood Gardens. Groom-
bridge, Timbridge Wells.

w

"^^ANTED, strong LAD, about 16, for the,

• ' Gardens ; good wages, Bothv, and attendance. —
Apply, F. W. OVEKILL, Eevesby Abbey Gardens. Bos-
ton, Lines.

ANTED, strong LAD, for Garden

Wort— .Vpply, GARDGSER, St. Serfs House,
Priory Lane, Roehampton.

T> EQUIRED, experienced GARDEN

-■-•' LABOURER; single; ineligible; wages 30s.; gocd
references essential. — Write in first instance to MR.
JONES, Head Gardener, Moorcroft. Whyteleaie, Surrey.

TRADE.

TyANTED, a thoroughly good PEACH

' ' GROWER, on commercial lines ; a good billet and
prospects tor the right n^an ; age about 45. — PEAOH
GROWER, 24, Chaucer Road, Heme Hill, London, S.E.

PRIVATE GARDENERS awaiting Situ-
-*- ations may obtain temporary employment until
suited.— Particulars (fcc, from JOHN RUSSELL, Devon-
shire Nurseries, Haverstock Hill, N.W. 3.

'IIT'ANTED, as FOREMAN, thoroughly ex-
" ■ perienoed man in Herbaceous and Rock Plants;
good wages; must have first-class refcrenoce. — Apply,
R. C. NOTCUTT, The Nursery, Woodbridge.

VYANTED, FOREMAN, chiefly Roses;

' * jiiust be able to despatch orders; references; good
wages to suitable man.— PERKINS & SONS.
Coventry.

NEAR MANCHESTER. — Wanted, active
experienced WORKING FOREMAN, to take charge
of a small Nursery ; 25 per cent, of profits, in addition
to wages, — Address, stating age, experience, references,
*nd wages required, M. B., Box 24. 41, Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

AITANTED, experienced MAN for Carna-
'" tions, Trews, and Borders; knowlotige of outdoor

OhryTsanfhemunis and HerbaoeouM an advajitnge ; alto
MAN with knowledge of liuib OiUture.— State experienco
and wages required to H., Box 20, 41, WelUngtou Stre*'t,
Oovent G<irdeii, W.O. 2.

T^^^TED, MAN, to help work a small
' " Nursery; cut foliage speciality, Bulbs, Muflliroomfi;
SuTidav duty, fires; permanency; w^age« 408. to 45s. —
OIHPPEHFIELD, NaireerjTnaa. Hampton Hill.

"WANTED, CLERK, wholesale Seed
House ; good correspondent, writer, quick at
figures; witih higheet reference*. State ffalary — E. W.
KING & CO., Ooggeshall, Eesei.

REQUIRED, an e-xperienced SHOPMAN.

with goo«.i general Iviiowledge of Gar^hni Seed Trade
(retail) ; must be a good salesman ; position permanent
and progr«Mive. AUo ASSISTANT SHOPMAN or JOUR-
NEYMAN. Full particulars as to eiperience and wigea
required.— WM. I'OWEIR & CO.. Seed Merchants and Nur-
serymen', Waterford.

GEED TRADE.— Wantejl, a SHOPMAN.

^^ for the <iarik-n Sef«l Department.— Apply, with te-
fervnt-e*. ROBKHT VEITOH & SIIX. Eicter.-

\YANTED, experienced WAREHOUSE-

' ' .MAN for wholesale London seed wareJiouse.—

Applv, WATKINS & SIMPSON. T.TD . 27, 28, 29, Drury

Lane, Oovent Garden. London. W.C. 2.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, smart, experi-
enced ASSISTANT for Garden Seed Department.—
Particulars, stating experience, salarv expected. &c., to
W. DRUMMOND & SONS, LTD., Dawson Street, Dublin.

SE¥d trade. ^Wanted, experienced
WAREHOUSEMAN lor whoJesale ; highest refer,
ences. Stale aaJiai}'.— E. W. KINO & 00.,
Ewex.

WANTED, October 1, young LADY AS-
SISTANT for Florist's shop ; well up in floral
work ; good saleswoman ; one with a knowledge of seeds
preferred. Slate wages required and reference. — E. J.
BATOHKLOR & SONS, 19, Station Square, Harrogate.

ANT'ED, LADY CLERK (shorthand-

typist), with knowledge of seed trade; good writer,
quick at flgures; highest references. State speed, wages
re-iuired— E. W. KIXG & CO., Coggestall, Essex.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
sueeeedlns Eight wordi or less.

PRIVATE.

PARK SUPERINTENDENT or HEAD
GARDENER; 32 years' practical expeneiice m all
branches of Gardening and LaJidscape work; thoroughly
convers.mt with management of men and orgaausation ot
labour; leaving when suited; excellent references; age
45^ B Little & Bailout \iie. Seedsmen, Oarlisle.

GARDENER seeks situation (Head of tw-D
or good hingle-'nanded) ; Life experience ; age 28 ;
married (three children) ; used to lodge ; discharged Ironi
Annv : go.jd references.— O. BROWN. Rose Villas, Chels-
fleld' VaUey, Orpington, Kent.

/■'ARDENER (Head) requires situation;

^J^ life experience Inside and Out ; 8i j-eara last situa-
tion ; age 50 ; please state wages. &c. — JOHN HILL,
Ohesthara Park Gardens, Hemfield, Suaael. ^

C "Gardener (IIead) -, life experience ; 18
"^ vea-3 Head • thoroughly experienced Inside and
Out- could majiage small estate; wiie could undertake
Poultry; not eligible; sta:e wages, &c.; age « ; ab-
abainer : good reXerences.-M., Box 25, 11, WeUiiigloiv
Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

Gardener chead or good single-
n.isDED); good practical experience; age 46; nwr-
ri.d (2 children); 12 years present employer. — LOW.

WasihfleUl, Tiverton, Devon.

ARDENER (Head), experienced, seeks

Situation or work of nnt/ioiiol iniporUuice <f""d
i..-.«lu<'-mKr ago 39; Olaas 0 3; good references. Pl«i»--
itX Wa^^.-T a, Box 1, 41, Wellin«rt<m Street, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2. ,

GARDENER (Head Working). — Col.
B*.ST\RD, Kitlev. Yealiiipton highly recommends
F BRINICX).«BE as a Miorough, practical man,; desires
aiitiunn re-engagement; Ufo c.xi>erience ; well versed in
the requircnemts ot good ostablisluneiit ; 10 years present
situation; age 45; married (two gu-ls. youngest 12); If \-
,ng bhroigh death. - BRINICOMBE. Buckkind Court
Gar»lens, Ashburlon, Devon

C ''ARDENER (Head Working) or OAR-
^ DKNER BAILIFF.— Situation required; lite exi»ri-
,.ii-.- • iiKirrifd no fimulv.-W. 11., Box 3, «, Wellington
Stn-.'t, U..v<iit' Garden, W.C. 2.

/■'ARDExN'ER (Head Working), disen-
V" gagcKl September 17. seeks rc-engagenien*. ; tho-
roughlv understands his duties, both Inside aiwi Outdoor
(;ardemng, including Vines. Melons, PeacJies, Stove
Greeiihouso Plants, Carnations, Violets, Lawns, I-ruit, aaid
Vegetables; well iciommendod ; over military age.—
MOORE, The Oaixlens, Velinnewydd, Talgarth, Breoon-

/■"ARDENER (Head Working); life ex-
^-^ iK-rience in good cslablishmenls, Inside and Out;
age 47; 14 ye.»rs- reterences.-P. GOWER. The Cottage,
Hylands, Hailshajn. Su

(GARDENER (Head Working); thu-
^ P.ughlv experi'^icc<l in all bnuiches ; practical ano
up to date; age 43; 17 ycirs' ll«id previous ; excellent re-
fcrences; marriod.-W.OlIUCN, Packington UaU Gardens,
Coventry

GARDENER (Head Working, where three
are kept); thoroughly experienced; understands
stock • 13 vears present situnlion ; leaving through lease
expiring : ojce 49 ; married.— IIOLDEN, Priesthaus, Hank-
liara, East.bourne.

GARDENER (Head Working or good
SlNiil-E-u.iNDED, with help) ; practical life cxi>eri-
ewe ill private Gardens; married; age 41; ineligible;
highly recomnuMwled ; reliable and trustworthy.— BAR-
RI'TTT. H:itneld lle.ith, Harlow.

GARDENER (Head Working) seeks j-e-
eng.ijr''""*"' ; ■**> '''' ; thoroughly ctHciein* in all
branches ot Horticulture; capable ot nianaging fann
land, stock, nnd poultrv-. -C. H.. Box 22, 4-1, Welling<oii
Street, Oovent Oaixieiii, Ixavdon, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working) loquiits
[lermanent situation ; life experience. Inside oin<l
Out; 6 \e.u-3 present sMuatiom; excellent references;
over' miliV.irv age ; mariied (no children).- R. SMITH,
llie Gardens. The Hermitage. East Grinetead, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head Working), Scotch,
where several are kept ; thorou^ly experienced im
all branches ; age 45 ; married (no Jamily).— MURRAY,
Oaldeoott Lodge, Abingdon, Berlm.

GARDENER (Head Working) ofiers
Ills services to lady or gentlemoji, reqiiiring a
tliorouglily practical man ; life experience in. the nian-
ageiueiit and i^equirements of a large establishment ;
discluuge certificate ; personal -reference. — CTjEMENT.
Soir.orhill GaMens. Tonbridge.

C^ ARDENER (Single-handed); exi^eri-
^ eiiced ; permanent ; married ; age 47 ; ome bo>',
16; 3 mouths present place, 8 years previous; wife wil-
ling to help in house when required; free end Septeailber.
— G.\RDENEH, The Lodge, Coombe Springs. Kingston
Hill.

("■'ARDENER (good Single-handed); lif^

^-^ experience gained iiL good establicJhnients ; highly
rec<rmnieiided ; excellent references ; Army discharge ;
age 31 ; iiiarned (1 oIlUI). Please ' state wages. —
BLTCHER, 41, Westbury Road. Waltliaj

G' ARDENER (Single-handed) ; ineligible ;
^ life experience with Fi-uit, Flowers, and Vege-
tables ; 2i \ ears present situatioiij ; 8 years previous ;
leaving through gentlemaai giving up; can be well ve-
iy>nuneuded ; willing and obliging ; disengaged end Sep-
tember ; age 34 ; married.- J. BROOMEK, Munaohus Got.
t;ige, Hartley-Wintney, Hiints.

/^ARDENER requires situation (Single-

^-^ H.^NDEDJ ; expeiienced Vegetables, Herbaceous Bor-
ders, Lawns, &.C. ; single ; age 37 ; SuiTey preferred ;
Army dischai-ge. — E. WALLEK, Bushbrink, London Road,
Dorking, Sua-rey.

(7J.ARDENER (Single-handed) ; 30 years'

^-^ practical experience ; married (no fanilh')- — H.
FINCH, 73. Casteiuau, Baiues. S.W. 13.

ADVERTISER requires situation as
general FOREMAN, or any separate department
in a large estiiblisiluuent where cottage, &c., is pro-
vided; 21 yeaiW experience; good rcierences; di3cliarge<l
from miUtary service ; not afraid of work ; age 36 ; m-aa--
ried, 2 childjoii. Please state wages. E. G.. Box 4,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Gaixlen, W.C. 2.

T^OREMAN seelis situation; experience in

-^ Fruit and riant Houses, Decorating, &c. ; good re-
ferences; Ami\' discharge; nisirried (one diild) ; age 28.
— .\pply, KITOUIN. Ibstone, Stokendiuroli, Bucks, via
\\ allingford.

Ii^OREMAN or SECOND ; 11 yeajs' experi-
ence previous to war; Fruit, Pkmts, and General
Work ; finally discharged ; Midlands preferred.— S.
I'lllLLIPS, H. CJreen. P.O., Wliitchuroli, Salop^

GARDENER seeks situation ; life experi-
ence. Inside and Out ; excellent references ; marrietl
(oile ohiUt); Class C 3.-KX0WLES, The Ctotta«e. Wuii-
hlington, near March, Cambs^

AS ASSISTANT on Estate or Farm.—
YOUNG MAN, 24, KciitlemailJy. stc;i4.v, ivliablc,
ineligible for military servi.e. dc.-nivs light oif mialiuii .

jHjsitioll. ot U-ust (rent .■..ll.'.-liiigl ; higlicst releivii s. -

1' .i Box 7, 41, Wellington Sired, tVivont Gai>kM,
W.O. 2.

M

Berks,

AN, ineligible for Army, intelligent,

seeks unskiJIed woa-k in Gajxlen ; good character,
o/o Supt.. Tumor's Oouit, near Wallingfoi'd,

EXPERT GARDEN Kl? (l.i.l.v) requires re-
engagement as HKM' I ' " ' ixi)ei'ience ; tho-
rough knowledge aU bivn : ' M.l ^, Box 24, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Oovoitt t;,ii-ii n, W.C.J. _

ADY GARDENER; 4 monilis' ,n|h.,i-

ence in lloii.-fles, desires (wst w^hcrc i.ilui., ur U'[ti.

TRADE.

MANAGER or FOREMAN seeks re-en-
gugement as above ; We experience in Grapes,
Tomatos, Uuciiiulicrs, and CliiTsiin*''*"™"'" 1 <"">' ™'''"
tary age ; good lelerenoes.— B. E.. Box 21, 41, Wellington

Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

ENTLEMAN (50) desires Management

G-lixlons, Farmerv ; Foud Pri^ucls, On-lulrd Fi Hits,
Tomatos. Mushrooms; expert gicwcr of Bulbs, for whole-
sale Onading, Packing, /i:?c-oiints, Oori-espomlence ; Cows,
l'i;s -B., Box 2 41, We'lingto;! Street, Ooveait Garden,
W.(.' 2.

TRADE or MARKET NURSERY.—
MANAGER or FOREMAN GROWER; 27 years'
cxperion<'o. Carnations, Tomatos, CJueunihers, Chry^iii-
llRinunis, Roses, LUitmis, Lorraine Begonias, Clematis,
.Vmpelop.^is, Bulb Forcing, Asparagus, Bedding Stult.—
DAISY, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

S^ EED TRADE. — Manager requires en-
gugcniciit; iiieliffiWo; t'horougli knowledge of Agri.
ciiltiLial and Horticultural requirements; experience, re-
ferences, &<■.. ou appliixution.— H. L. 1)., Box 23, 41,
>'-llingt'on Street. Ctovent Otoden, W.C. 2.

AS HEAD or SECOND ASSISTANT;
life experience in Seeds. Bulbs, Sundries, aoid
Floral Work ; used to brisk counter trade ; not eligible
for service; age 3L— Particulars, G., 13, Waltexton. Road,
Paddington, W. 9.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[September 8, 1917.

PHENOMENAL SUCCESS OF

BULL'S SHRED.

FUMIGATING REVOLUTIONISED.

No Melhylated Spirit or Apparatus required.

JIESSKS. OODFREY & SON, of Exmouth, write: " Enolnserl please find
elieque and send at once 12 packets Fumigating Slired. We tind it tlie
liest of all."

Mb. H. WhatkIjEY, of Kenilwnrth, writes: "Will you ple:ise send (in
aniithei- j cwt. of Shied for fumigatinfc." '

lib. sufficient to fumiirate 20,000 cubic feet of spice above double

strength. 6/-. Specially recommendeil to large growers

Sufficient to fumigate 1,500 cubic feet of space 6d. per pkt.

, 3,500 „ ,. 1/-

„ „ ., 10,000 ,. „ 2/6 „

Sold bv all Seedsmen and Nurserymen throughout the

United Kingdom. Manufactured solely by —

BULL'S PLANT FOOD CO.,
536, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

FRUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root up useless thade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace witli Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

IMPORTANT : H'Z .?:l\\ tVJt.unZ;

allow n» to send to those who apply—

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

FLOWERING^BULBS^

A large and comprehensive
Stock of

Choice Home Grown Bulbs

Descriptive Catalogue Free.

(Limited)

Bulb Growers and Merchants,
CHESTER.

WASP-PROOF ENVELOPES

For Protecting Grapes, Peaches, Nectarines,

Pears, Apples, etc.

DIAM. WHEN0PEN-1X5 5x7 7x9 9x12 12x18 in. deep

No. 1 Hexagon ... 19/6 26/- S6/- 51/- 76/- gross

No. 2 He.\aeon ... 25/- 31/3 42/- 69/- 90/- „

Soft White Titfanv 15/- 20/- 24/- 31'- 60/- ,,

BROWN MINERALISED TIFFAl^Y BAGS WITH STRING

Sizes (measured flat) "j y 6 in at 17/6 ; Six 7 in. at 22/6

11^x8 ill. at 25/- per gross.

WASP HEXAGON NETTING.

:! 4 .-> C 7 s ft. wide .
No 1 Strength .. 1M. yi 1/5 1/10 2,6 3 - per yd. run
(lxt™'S^;} V- 1/4 18 2/- 2/9 33 „ „

WASP DESTROYER for TAKING NESTS.

Powder 1 6 and 2/6 per bottle.
All almv pricrsplus 107„ a irinve earria,/:: i'ni<l on S/- orders.
Purveyors of every Horticaltural Requisite. Sp:ci.il Li^ts by Re'urn
Wm. WOOD & SON, I td., Wood Green, LONDON, N. 22

'Phone— Palmer's Green 377.

T'granis.— "Fungheto" Wood, London.

BLACK CURRANT RUD MITE.

Are your bushes free of this incurable pest 7 If not

Plant *• SEABROOK'S BLACK " Currant,

the only proved mite resister.

This variety has also everj- other good ijuality, being the

heaviest cropper and bt(jutcst grower, producing large, firm

tierries

Youne; Bushes 8/- and »/- per dozen.

W. SKABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

SANKEYS'^S'''*POTS

R/CMARD SANKCr* SON, LTP.

Bolwell PoHeries. NOTTINOHAM.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send fur Catalogue,

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibpoue Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARMATIONS,
ROSES, MKLON.S, CHRY.SANTHEMUILS,
FRUITS UNDER GLA.SS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON.

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

BATH'S HOME-GROWN
BULBS.

BUY YOUR BULBS DIRECT FROM
BATH'S BULB FARMS.

We have tor years been very large growers of
Bulbs, and can supply Tulips, Narcissi, Crocus,
etc., in first-class quality, and probably in
greater variety than any other firm. Write for
catalogue to-day. Awarded GOLD MEDAL
for Tulips by Royal Horticultural Society,
April, 1917.

POPULAR EARLY FORCING TULIPS.

(These are very scarce).

Doz. 100

CRAMOISIE BRILIANT. Dazzling verniilion-searlet 1/6 10/6

KEIZERSKROON. Brilliant scarlet, edged yellow... 2/8 IS/-

LA GRANDEUR. P.rilliant scarlet 1/9

LA REINE. Vnn white, flushed pink 2/1

MOUCHERON. I Ki'P k'lowing scarlet 1/9

PRESIDENT LINCOLN. Distinct light violet ... 2/-

PRINCE OF AUSTRIA, wnpeib orange-scarlet ... 2/3

PRINCE DE IIGNY. Dfep golden yellow 1/9
PRINCESS HEIENE. The Unest white tulips tor

12/6

1B/-
12/6
14/-
1B/-
12/8

fn

ROSE ORIS OE LIN. White, shaded ro e
ROSE OF HOtlAHD. White, flushed pink
THOS. MOORE. Dark terracotta ...
WHITE SWIN. Pure white
rEllOW PRINCE. Pure .oft yellow ...

2/3 15/-
2/3 15/-
1/6 10/6

EARLY DOUBLE TULIPS.

rnse, flushed white ,..

POPULAR COTTAGE (MAY-FLOWER-
ING) TULIPS.

BOUTON D'OR. Verj deep yellovv 1/6 10/

GESNERIANA lUTEA. Rich yellow, egg shaped

Howirs 1/6 10/

GOLDEN CROWN. Deep yellow, red edge 1/3 8/

INOLESCOMBE PINK. Pink, shading to b»ff and

>,al 11

MACROSPILA. Intense crimson-scarlet

PICOTEE. White, edged cei-ise

FINEST MIXED TUIIPS, a I sections, an extra fine

1/6 10/6

1/- 6/-
1/3 8/6

POPULAR DARWIN TULIPS.

ADOIPHE VAN DEN HEEDE. One »l the best

l.rilliaiit scarlets 1/

B4R0NNE DE LA TONNAVE. Deep rose, margined

li'Jit pink 1/

CLARA BUTT. Delicate Balmou-rose, the most

|iojMil;ir of all Darwius. Top size 1/

Cnod strong flowering bulbsfor bedding 1/

G DE CORDOUS. Dazzling Turkey red, very early

H"W,.niiK 1/

LA PETITE 3L0N0INE. Lilac, shaded blue 1/

LOVELINESS, r.eiiutiful satiny-rose 1/

MARGARET, .^ilverv white, interior ros -pink 1/

MR. FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Rich cochineal-red,

while base 2;

MRS. POTTER PALMER. Glowing purple-violet ... 2/
PRIDE OF H««RLEM. Rich glossy cerise, early ... 1/
REV. EWBANK Heliotrope and lilac, light edge... 2/
SALMON KING. Dazzling soft scarlet, white base 1/

THE SUIT4H. Glossy raaroou-black 1/

WHITE OUEEN. White shading to blush, a enmd

fon-nr ... " ... 2/

WM. COPLAND (Sweet Lavender) Bhiieh-lilac, the

l.r^l of all for forcing

MIXED D4RWINS, from all the best named varieties

IB/-

16/-

1/6 17/6
1/2 8/.

POPULAR VARIETIES. DAFFODILS

(Narcissi).
BARRII CONSPICUUS. Primrose, orange cup edged

C. J. BACKHOUSE. Yellow, orange-scarlet cup
EMPEROR. Yellow trumpet. Top size ...

00., f^'ood strong flowering bulbs 1/2

EMPRESS. Wliite perianth, yellow trumpet.

Top size 1/10

DO.. I lood strong flowering bulbs 1/2

FAIRY OUEEN. Pure white, a lovely variety ... 1/9

GOLDEN SPUR. Deep yellow, grand forcer ... 1/8

00., Floweiing bulbs 1/2

GRANDEE. 1 ure white, yellow trumpet 1/1

HENRY IRVING. Deep yellow trumpet, early forcer 1/6

4/6
1/6 10/6

1/6 10/6

12/8
12/6
«/-
7/6
10/-
7/-
B/6

MRS. lANOTRY. Wlite, cup edged yellow 1/-

ORNATUS. The early forcing Poet Narcissus ... 9d.

00 . lior.d flowering 7d 4/-

POETICUS (Pheasant Eye).' The late variety .. — -'/J

PRINCEPS. Yellow trumpet and sulphur perianth lOd. 5/-

SIRWATKIN. Bright yellow, very lal^e flower ... 1 '6 10/6

00., slr..M2 flowering hnlbs 1/2 7/6

VICTORIA. White with Vfllow trumpet, extra tine 1/9 12/8

OLD ENGLISH DOUBLE DAFFODIKTelemoniusPlenus) 1/9 12/6

DOUBLE WHITE POETICUS 7<i. 4/8

CROCUS

A^ery fine mixed, all colours ...

,W

lOu

2/9 S'-

Complete Illasfrafed Catalogue with Cultural

Notes free on application.

«. H. BATH, Ltd. (Oept. A.)

The Flower Farms, WISBECH, Cambs.

September 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CBRO'NICrLE.

95

THE

(Baxhtmxs' Cljrnnirk

Xo. 1603.— SA TURDA 7, SEPTEMBER 5, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Eustoma Ruiselli&num .
Farm, crops and stock

on the home .. .. ]
Food production, on in-
creased—
Aldershot, regetable

production at
Oaremont, food pro-
duction at . .
FrsDce, garden notes
from—
A garden village
Fruit crops, remarks on

the

Galloway garden, notes
from a

Gibson, Mr. James

Grapes without fire-heat '

Hopi, acreage of . . . . :

Notes from a Galloway
garden . .

Oxalis corymbosa

Panama hat "Palm,"

the

Potatos, degeneration In 100

Rosary, the—

Novelties in climbing

Roses

I Samuan and Tonga la-
! lands, the .. .. :

' Societies —

Liverpool Horticul-
tural :

I Local

I Manchester and North

I of England Orchid . .

Royal Horticultural . .

Tea plants :

Trials at Wisley .. .. :
Veronica lobelioides . .
Vilmorin, the late
Philippe de ..

War Items :

Week's work, the —
Apiary, the
Flower garden, the . .
Fruits under glass
Hardyfruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Orchid houseB, the . .
Plants under glass

93

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Eustoma RuBsellianum 97

Eustoma Russellianum var, KtUsi 101

Polygonum polystachyum C6

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-X/

M'

T'RMURS have been heard against the
profusion of Rambler and Wichuraiana
Roses ; people complain that Dorothy
Perkins is too much with us, that Blush Rambler
takes up too much room. For my part, I
cannot but feel grateful for the gajety which
these dheap and easy plants have imparted to
suburban and cottage gardens. There are, un-
doubtedly, gome inferior varieties that should
be struck out of the long list, such as the
highly objectionable Crimson Rambler ; but
there are three with which I would not part
except under duress — Loontine Gervaie, Ameri-
can Pillar, and Carmine Pillar-^and to proscribe
Dorothy Perkins and Hiawatha would rob the
wayside of many a cascade of clear rose and
crimson.

Autumn is now at hand, and one sighs for the
profusion of flowering shrubs which gladdened
garden and woodland in spring and early summer.
I was once asked by the lady of a lordly demesne
in the north to take counsel with her gardener
about improving the grounds. Seeing that the
situation was close to the sea, well sheltered from
the worst winds, and that the soil was favour-
able, it seemed to be the very place for choice
species of Rhododendrons. I said so. but was
met by the objection — " the worst of Rhododen-
drons is that they will not flower when the
family is at home." I am afraid there is no
remedy for the sad tactlessness of the genus ;
but there really is no reason for scarcity of blos-
som on oither shrubs in autumn if .some care be
taken to provide foi- it. The following list,
though not exhaustive, contains the chief
shrubs on which we rely for display from the
beginning of August onwards. It is true that
in a more southerly latitude than ours, some of
these plants are at their best a fortnight or
three weeks earlier than in Scotland ; but on
the other hand there are desirable shrubs like
Hibiscus syniacus, Carynpteris Mastacanthus,
and Perovskia atriplioifolia. which flower too
late to be relied on in a northern climate : —
w, .\l)utilon mctMportanurnm, .*Tirlct mv\ vcllow.
.^wouhw parviflor.T. whiw nnd pinl;,
Aralin rthinensiF:, wihit^.
niid<i:oia varitLbilis ninifi'iflc;i, purplo.
w. Berh.^rwlopsis conlliun, crimson.
w. O&Tiiothiis Oloire de vVr~.nilI<-s I.aveiKlpr

ii'.h^i''-'''»'J"' ?!*'?'*' appeared in the issues for Jan. 13,
•nS Aug isMiV. ''^ '^' "^"^ '^' ■'""* ^' •^""^ ^' '""'^ "■

Clematis Sajnmula, white.

CleniotJs JaclunanTiii, purple.

Clematis lanuginosa and varieties, white, Invender &"•.
\v. Clerodendron' footidum, crimson.

Cl£rodendron trirliotomi.ni, red .and white.

tViiut«i. arbiiresoens, yellow,

Ooriaria temvLn<dis, yellow. v

Cwrnus pam-inervus, white.

DesfontaineA spinosa, Pimor, scarlet and }-ellow.
w. Eccremoc^rpus scaber, scarlet and yellmV.

Erica Taga.ns, pink aind white.

Eucri'phia oordifolia, ivory-white.

Eucryphia piniuvtifoUa, paper-white.

Fatsia japondca, w-hite.

Fuclisia globosa, crimson and purple.

Fuchsia Riccartoni, crimson and purple.

Hydrangea arboresoens, var. grandifiora, wliite.

Hydrangea hortensis, white, pink, or blue.

Hydrangea paniculata grandifknia, white.

Hydraingea Thunbergj, pink aaid blue.

fiyperioum Hookerianum, yellow.

Hyperioiun Mosenajrum, yellow.

Hypericum patulujn, j'elfow.

Hypericum triflorum, yellow.

Indigofera Gerardiana, pink,
w. Jasmiixum officinale, white,
w. LanddzabaJa bitemato, maroon ajid white.

Leepedeaa cyrtohotTya, light purple.

Lonicera etrusca, light yellow and red.

Ligustrum chinense, wh'te.
w. Myrtus communis, white.

Myptus Luma, w4i)ie,

Olearia Haastii, wlijite.

Ph^-gelius eapensis, sixitrlet..
w. Rosa hracteata, white and gold.

Sptartiiun juncciun, yellow.

Spiraea .\itchisonj, w'hite.

Spiraea Douglasii, pink.

Spiraea japonica, rose

Veromica speciosa :uid varieties, purplisli-hhie to wlidtc

Vibunuun coriacemn, white.

Plants requiring the support and protection of
a wall have "w" prefixed. Besides those in
the list there is a Spiraea, introduced from
China by Mr. Wilson, whereof I have not yet
the name. It is a noble shrub, sending "up
bending stems to a height of 15 feet, with a long
succession of splendid panicles of snowy bloom.
I have carefully excluded from this" list all
the Kiiotweeds, though two or three of the large
speci-.'s be,-»r beautiful flowers in autumn. It was
inevitable (hat among the host of new species
brought from Asia during the past fifty yeare
there should be many rogues and robbers. It was
under an evil star that Polygonum cusiiidatuni,
P. polystachyum and P. saohalinense landed on
our .<Jiores. Bitterly have .-jome of us pa,id for our
M'liplicity in admitting them to the borders, pick-
ing out choice plaoe-s for them as for gro^vths
gracious and good, and grievously have our b.acks
ached after hours of toil in vain attempts ito rid
the soil of the many-jointed' ones. They are as
mischievous in woodland as in the garden, over-
running open spaces with incredible rapidity,
smothering or defacing priceless young Rhodo-
dindrons and other shrubs. P, polystachyum
(fig. 34) certainly ds a lovely thing when it
clothes itself in late September with a tracery
of white laoe-work, but the price it exacts for
the display is exorbitant.

In a former paper I referred to the beauty of
spontaneous hybrids between Primulas Bulley-
ana, pulverulenta. and japonica. Some very
pretty hj'brdds appear in the borders from time
to time .irising from a cross between the yellow-
flowered perennial Foxglove, Digitalis ambigua,
and the wild biennial Foxglove, D. purpurea.
The flowers are in varying shades of apricot
and rose. Hitherto I have never succeeded in
finding seed on these crn.sses, although some of
them tend to perennial habit, but this year there
nre some capsules s^velMng in a promising man-
ner upon one plant.

It is not many years since the Himalayan
Roscoea purpurea was the only species cultivated
in this country, and very much was it valued by
those who care for distinct types. Some of the
new species obtained by Bees, Ltd., are still
more desirable. R. cautloides has proved a
treasure, and we have rai.sed a good stock of it
from s»efl. whereof ^t ripens abundance. The
plant flowers in .Tune, nnd now has almo.st an
exact later counterpart in one sent out by Bees
under the na.me of August Beauty, The colour
of the flowers is the same pale sulphur: the
nlanit has th" same ere<^ habit and clasping
stem -leaves, but it grows some 6 inches taller
than the other. A very pleasing contrast is

secured by planting alongside of it Adenophora
megalantha, with light blue bells. Roscoea
capitata is another August-blooming species
nf gn-eat merit, its rich, royal purple rather
puttiing one out of conceit with the old
R. purpurea, which flowers ait the same
time. All species have a similar apparatus
of levers for bringing down the anthers on the
l.-ick of an intrusive bee, thereby securing cross-
fertilisation. Also, all species have the peculi-
arity of not showing above ground until they are
ready to flower. Their dwelling-place, therefore,
should be marked by a substantial label, else the
roots are sure to be injured or thrown out in
weeding.

Two other late-flowering perennials claim
notice in the August border, and are not to be
seen in as many gardens as their merit entitles
them to be. One is the North American Stenan-
thium robustum, a liliaceous plant, sending up
its long white plumes to a height of 4 feet, com-
manding the attention of visitors unfamiliar with
it. It rejoices in moist soil, being impatient of
lie.it and drought. The other plant is what we
used to know as Tfudbeckia pinnata, but are now
bidden to call Lepachys. It bears citron-yellow
blossoms on wiry stems 5 feet high, and has the
grace and self-restraint wherein so many of the
true Rudbeckias are deficient. The flowers look
like a flight of yellow butterflies dancing in the
brreye. Herhert MnxvrU, Monreith.

THE ROSARY.

NOVELTIES IN CLIMBING AND
PILLAR ROSES.

The commendable example of Mr. Reginald
Corj' in offering a series of ten-guinea cups, one
to be awarded each year, to the best new seedling
(^limbing Rose will doubtless be the means of
stimulating hybi-idists in the production of novel-
ties.

Perhaps the definition of what is truly a
climber has yet to be made, for surely such a
Rose as Paul's Lemon Pillar will climb quite as
freely as the ordinary amateur would desire, and
many considered this Rose well worthy of the
honour of a cup.

The raiiiing of new Roses, especially climbers,
seems to be work for the amateur. It was an
antateur, Dr. Van Fleet, of the Department of
Agriculture, Washington, who raised American
Pillar, one of the grandest productions of modern
times. This variety originated from a cross be-
tween R. Wichuraiana and R. setigera, and all
who know the latter Rose will readily perceive
that it has imparted its thick, leathery- foliage
to American Pillar. If a cro.ss between two
species can give such a result, what may we not
expect in the near future? Another excellent
variety from Dr. Van Fleet is one named after
himself, and obtained from R, Wichuraiana
X H.T. Souvenir du Pr^^sidcnt Camot. The
flowers are a smaller reproduction of the H.T,,
and it is a most valuable variety, with
mildew-proof foliage. Silver Moon wvis also from
the same raiser, and here we have P. sinica
^Cherokee Rose) employed as pollen parent upon
R. Wichuraiana, the result being a semi-single
flower of large size and beautiful, mildew-proof
foliage.

Dr. Williams has been successful in raising
some very fine climbers, one especially, Emily
Gray, having secured for him the Cory Cup.
The variety i« a glorified Shower of Gold, and
we are all anxious to have it in our collections.
T believe tha* it is to be distributed by Messrs.
B. R. Cant and Sons.

Emily Gray, if T mistake not, is the result of
a cross between .Tersey Beauty and the China Tea,
Comtesse du Cayla. When we remember that
•Tersev Beauty originnted from a cross between
R, WichuiTaiana and the Tea Rose Perle des
.Tardins, we can understand the fine golden
flowers of Emily Gray.

.Another Rambler from Dr. Williams is Lucy
Williams. In this case .Tersey Beauty was

96

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 8, 1917.

crossed with the H.T. Edward Mawley.
Although the latter has imparted its glorious
colour, the influence of the seed parent, Jersey
Beauty, has deprived it of a perpetual-flowering
character.

Another eminent British raiser, the Rev. J.
Pemberton, is working upon other lines. He is
evidently . endeavouring to give us perpetual-
flowering pillar Eoses, and his productions, such
a.s Danae, Moonlight, Clytemnestra, and Pax are
worthy additions to the garden. I surmise that
Mr. Pemberton has been working upon the per-
petual-flowering variety Trier, using probably
Hybrid Teas or Teas as pollen parents. Perhaps
Pax may have originatedi from Trier X Madame
d'Arblay. I consider it well worthy of a Gold
Medal, cei-tainly more so than Moonlight. These
semi-climbing, perpetual-flowering, shrub-like
Roses are to be welcomed, and it would encou-
rage their raising if some enthusiast would offer
a cup. Walter Eaden. Eastuwoii, Lcigh-on--
Sr.a.

seen no instance of any attempt to carry out deep
tillage; yet the crops are very good.

The spade employed in digging differs from
that used in England. It has a bright blade of
good steel, about 11 inches in depth and 8 in
width, tapering slightly from haft to base. The
blade is built at a slight angle into a stout,
straight, long handle, without "crutch" or
"eye." As the soil is light, very little foot
work- is needed, so that the work is quickly done.

As the plots are rather small, few Potatos are
grown. The chief crop is Haricot Beans. The
ordlnai7 French Bean as we know it in England
is not often grown, and only in a few instances
do we find Runner Beans. Broad Beans are not
much in favour. Most of the Peas grown are
dwarf, the pods being small, though plentiful and
well filled. Nearly every plot has one of its
four sides edged deeply with Sorrel. Shallots
are grown more generally than Onions, and Garlic
to a considerable extent. As one would expect.
Lettuces are largely grown, being often used as

EUSTOMA RUSSELLIANUM.

TfiE exhibit of Eustoma Russellianum from
Mr. C. J. Ellis at the last fortnightly meeting
of the Royal Horticultural Society showed how
ornamental is this decorative plant when well
cultivated. The species is a native of Mexico,
and was introduced into this country in 1804, but
for some reason the plant never appears to have
"become very common in gardens, perhaps be-
cause it has the reputation of being a difficult
subject to cultivate. With ordinary care and
attention, however, it is not diflicult to obtain
good results. In former yeaxs the plant was
grown under the name of Lisianthus Rus-
sellianus, and it has also been known in ga.rdeins
as L. erythropensis, a name under which it was
shown and obtained an Award of Merit at the
Holland House Exhibition in 1906. Tlie flowens
of the type are mauve, but a distinct break,
with pale pink flowers, has been' obtained by

GARDEN NOTES FROM FRANGE.-II.

By a Member of the B.E.F.
A GARDEN VILLAGE.

Somewhere in France there is a fairly large
village built on a well-organised plan. Every
house has a rectangular plot of garden which is
fully cultivated. The gardens are near the
houses, though not actually attached. Where
there is a dividing fence it is of an open char-
acter, which, though it does not ensure privacy,
is economical, and obstructs neither light nor
air, and does not, like a hedge, impoverish the
surrounding soil. As a general rule, the gardens
run in a straight line between two blocks of
houses, so that they may be described as streets
of vegetables. The soil is of a light, rich char-
acter, and is liberally supplied with natural
manure. Ordinary digging only is done ; I have

SUM POLYST^Hn I 1 11 W I 1 ^ III
(See p. 95.)

an intercrop with Garlic and Shallots. The Cab'-
bage varieties are overwhelmingly favoured.
Carrots form a considerable crop, but Parsnips
and Beet are rarely seen. I do not remember
seeing one Marrow in the whole village; but
Cucumbers for pickling are grown by everyone,
the plants being sown and left exceedingly close
together. It seems curious to English gardeners
to" find that the cottagers in the area traversed
by the writer do not grow Cabbages for spring
use, nor do they grow Brussels Sprouts, Broc-
coli, au/tumn Onions, or early Cauliflowers to
any extent. The Leek is almost the solitary
occupant of the garden during winter. In the
summer the ground is completely hidden from
view by the closely -grown crops, but in the
autumn and winter the garden is almost bare.

The gajden frame seems unknown here.

The village must produce an enormous crop of
vegetables, and I should like to see the villages
in England taJie paittern from it.

Mr. C. J. EUis in his nurseries at Weston-super-
Mare. This is iUustrated in fig. 36. The plants
shown at the R.H.S. meeting were about 18
inches high, but specimens have been obtained
with a height of more than 3 feet, and a circum-
ference of''? or 8 feei, carrying upwa.rds of four
hundred flowers and buds. A valuable charac-
teristic of the blooms is that they remain a
long time on the plant without fading, some
halving been found to remain in perfect condi-
tion for tliree weeks.

The plant may be successfully treated as a
biennial, by raising seedlings one season to flower
the next. The seeds, which are very minute,
are sown on the surface of the soil, which should
be light in texture. They ai'e covered with a
sprinkling of silver sand, and the pots placed in
a propagating pit, or covered with a sheet of
crlass. The utmost care is needed in winter in
H^e matter of watering. When the seedlings are
large enough to handle, they should be potted

September 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

97

up singly into thumb pots, the compost for this
and all subsequent pottings consisting of a mix-
ture of loam, leaf-mould, peat, and a sprinkling
of sharp sand. Later they should be transferred
to fairly large pots, and grown on in a cool,
aia'y greenhouse. The seedlings require very
little shade when once established, and should
be wintered In the warm end of the greenhouse,
but v6ntiIa.tion should be introduced on every
occasion, and fire-heat used ve^^•

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

VEOKTABLE rRODUC'TION AT
.UNDERSHOT.

JIucH work is being planned by the War Office
and energetically carried out by many leading
officers, including Sir Archibald Hunter, General

lifted gave 12 and 13 tons per acre, and it is the
intention to break up much more land during
the coming winter. An exhibition of vegetables
from this recently cropped land wa^ held on the
Riiyal Flying Corps ground, Aldershot, on the
25th ult. Their Majesties the King and Queen,
;u well as other members of the Royal Family,
visited the show, and were much interested in
the fine produce brought together by the soldiers.
The arrangements were carried oat by Mr. T. H.

■VI

yi

:■#

#1

^%^..

'r

■"^Siv 1 ¥

sparingly. The stove house, with its hot, close
.a.tmosphcre, would be very detrimental to the
■well-being of the plants, a little bottom heat in
the early spring to assist the cuttings to strike
being usually all the artificial warmth required.

The success attained in the pro<luction of this
beautiful hybrid should encourage raisers in the
endeavour to produce fresh and equally beautiful
new colours in this most useful greenhouse plant,
which gives a succession of flowere over two or
three months.

KiU. 35. — EUSTOMA nuSSELLIANUM : FIOWERS MAUVE.

G. F. Ellison, and Major F. W. Harding-
Newman, Chief Land Agent, Aldershot Com-
mand, by way of increasing the food production
in and around the district.

In 1916 only about 21 acres were under vege-
table cultivation, but now there are over 351
acres. Much of the land that was broken up
during the winter of 1916 was practically dere-
lict heath, pasture, and waste.

The Potato crops .arc excellent for the first
year. The varieties which have already been

Croxford, Sykes Ga.rden, Holly Hill, Black-
water. A large collection of fruit was sent by
his Majesty the King from Windsor (gr. Mr. A.
McKellar). The exhibit contained about 100
dishes, including bunches of Muscat of Alexan-
dria, Madreefield Court, Black Hamburgh, and
Foster's Seedling Grapes, Peaches, Apricots,
Nectarines, Plums, Cherries, and dishes of
Apples and Pears.

An exhibit of Potatos grown on freshly dag
pasture land was sent by the AlderAot Com-

98

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembek 8, 1917.

mand ; the tubers were shapely, clean, ajid of
g<xKl size.

The competitive classes were keenly con-
tested, and much fine produce was staged. For
a collection of vegetables of eight varieties, shown
in baskets, there were no fewer than 55 exhibits,
whilst for Onions there were 37 entries, for
Carrots 67 entries, for Turnips 56 entries, for
Cabbage 56 entries, and equally good entries for
Lettuces, Cauliflowers, Vegetable Marrows. Beet,
Runner Beans, French Beans, Potatos, Tomiatos,
Cucumlbers, and Pea®. E. B.

FOOD PRODUCTION AT CLAREMONT.

Like most large gardens nowadays, that of
Claremont, Esher, has readily responded to the
call made upon it to supply a proportion of the
nation's food. Mr. J. Kelly has been in charge
of the Gardens for the past eight years.
Claremont, in peace time, was famous for its
flower borders, but these gay features have long
been displaced, and vegetables are everywhere
dominant. ITie Antirrhinum border has been
planted with Potatos Shai-pe's Express, Mid-
lothian Early, and Duke of York. The crop is
excellent, and is being followed by winter Cole-
worts. The Potatos grown for succession are
Sir John Llewellyn, British Queen, Burnhouse
Beauty, and Witch Hill. Cabbage is represented
by Harbinger, Flower of Spring, Sutton's All
Heart, Sutton's Main Crop, and Winningstadt.
Cauliflowers Earliest of All, White Queen, Early
London, Debbie's Excelsior, Early Giant, and
Autumn Mammoth are occupying the border
illustrated in Gard. Chron., Oct". 14, 1916, p. 182,
when- it was planted with Pentetemons. Onions
are yielding a heavy crop; the autumn-sown bed
conitains Ailsa Craiig, Cranston's Excelsior, and
Premier, and the spring bed James Keeping,
Improved Reading, and Main Crop,

Winter and Spring Broccoli are prominent,
and Savoys Earliest of All and New Year
have a large quarter to themselves. The import-
ance of Brussels Sprouts is duly recognised, and
the varieties Dwarf Gem, Exhibition and Solidity
are grown in liberal quantities.

As to Peas, never have I seen them to be of
better promise so late in the season. The earlier
sowings embraced Sutton's First Crop. Pilot, and
Matchless; followed by Duke of Albany, Sut-
ton's V.C., Matchless, Alderman, Selected.
Peerless, Gladstone, and Autocrat,

Mr. Kelly advocates deeply trenched and
liberally manured ground for this crop and
planting in rows at 6 feet apart, applying a
mulch after staking. Spinach is grown between
the Peas and cleared before picking begins.
Broad, Dwarf, and Runner Beans are exteritsively
grown, chiefly the varieties Best of All and
Prizewiraner,

Celery is occupying the Sweet Pea ground ;
Parsley flourishes where Border Carnations for-
merly displayed themselves ; and Carrots and
Beet respectively fill borders that for years were
gay with Stocks and other annuals.

The staff with which Mr. Kelly has to manape
consists mainly of boys who have recently left
school, and one or two elderly men. His fore-
man was killed at the front early 'iii the second
year of the war. Thcmm Smith, Coomhe Court
(Urrdfns, Kingston.

DRYING FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.

In the ordinary house there exist already the
means for drying all the common fruits" ajid
vegertables. The Food Production Department
has published a free leaflet, which may be ob-
tained on application to 72, Victoria, Street,
S.W. 1, on "Fruit and Vegetable Drying." By
means of this leaflet any woman with ordinary
kitchen knowledge can dry Apples, Pears,
Plums, Damsonis. Cherries. Potatos, Carrots,
Parsnips, Turnips, Swedes, Onions, Leeks, Peas
and Beans, Mushrooms, Spinach, Parsley,
TJiyme, Mint, and other herbs.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Sprinq Cabbaqe.— The transplanting of this
important crop should receive attention as soon
as the plants are largy enough for shifting, as
early planting will ensure Cabbages for use at a
time when other green vegetables are scarce. At
Frogmore we make an extensive planting of these
young Cabbages as early in September as pos-
sible. For this purpose the seedlings may be
planted closer in the row tlian those intended for
the main crop, which need not be planted for
another fortnight.

Winter Spinach.— The plants of Winter
Spinach should receive careful attention, or they
rnay soon be destroyed by slugs. If this pest is
present amongst the plants dust the leaves freely
with soot or lime, and stir the soil with the Dutch
hoe on frequent occasions to promote a free
growth. If further sowings are made, choose a
warm border and rich soil.

Onions.— Spring-sown Onions should be lifted
as soon as their growth is finished or they may
cou'mence to make second growth, which would
prove detrimental to the keeping qualities of the
bulbs. Lift the Onions carefully and place them
on a clean, hard surface. They should be turned
daily until ready for removal to a well-ventilated
store-room. The best ripened bulbs should be re-
served for late use, while those of second quality
should be used during the autumn and early
winter.

Celery.- Continue to blanch Celery as it be-
comes 7iecessary, selecting a dry day for the work.
Examine the plants carefully, and if the roots
are dry water them with clear water at least 24
houi-s before the soil is applied to the stems. Late
batches of Celery will be benefited by a liberal
dusting of soot during showei-y weather.

Endive and Lettuce.- Continue to plant
Batavian Endive in sheltered parts of the gar-
den and in cold pits, where the plants may re-
main until required for use during the winter.
Use rich soil, brought to within 18 inches of
the roof-glass. Plant the Endives one foot apart
each way, and encourage them to grow quickly
by stirring the soil on frequent occasions with
the Dutch hoe and dusting them lightly with soot.
The lights should remain off initil cold weather
sets in. There is still time to make a small sow-
ing of Endive to produce plants for spring sup-
plies. This crop should be grown in cold pits
throughout the winter where protection from
sharp frost may be given. Lettuce should also
be planted on sheltered borders and in cold pits
for use during the winter. A sowing of a suit-
able hardy variety should be made for succession.
Maximum is a good Cabbage Lettuce for this
purpose.

Marjoram.— If seedling plants of Marjoram
were raised last s|jring and planted out during
the summer, some part of the crop should be
lifted at once and the plants placed in 6-inch
pots for use during the winter and spring. Thev
will grow well in a slightly heated pit on a bed
of ashes within 18 inches of the roof -glass.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. CoLUER, Gardener to Sir Jbrimuh Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Reigate.

Masdevallia. — llf a representative collection
of Masdevallias is grown, some species or hybrids
will be in bloom at all seasons. September is
the most suitable month for repotting or resur-
facing with fresh compost, as the roots are more
active during this period than at any other sea-
son. The young roots will quickly grow into the
new compost, and become well established before
the winter arrives Healthy specimens which
do not need increased rooting space may re-
main in their present receptacles for another sea-
.';on. If the soil has become sour, it should be
picked carefully from between the roots down to
the drainage material, and fresh compost substi-

tuted, taking care not to disturb the roots more
than is necessary. Large specimens which
have lost a number of leaves may be divided,
and, the dead portions- having been cut away,
they may either be potted in small pots for in-
crease of stock, or made up into specimens again.
Masdevallias of the stronger growing kinds, such
as M. Veitchiana, M. ignea, M. Lindenii, M.
macrura, M. elephanticeps, M. Mooreana, and
the M. Harryana type, require ample rooting
space. They are best grown in pots or moderately
deep pans. Others, such as M. Courtauldiana, M.
CJhelsonii, and M. Stella, should not be allowed so
much space. All the above-mentioned species may
be grown on the stages. The dwarf-growing kinds,
such as M. Arminii, M. muscosa, M. Estradae,
and M. O'Brieniana, should be pTaced in shallow
pans ;*iid suspended from the roof-rafters. M.
platyglossa, M. leontoglossa, and members of the
Chimaera section, which develop their inflor-
escences downwards, should be grown in teak-
wood baskets. Any repotting of the last-men-
tioned section is best done during February. A
suitable compost is equal proportions of Osmunda-
fibre and Al fibre cut rather short, and half-
decayed Oak leaves (the latter rubbed through
a half-inch sieve), with chopped Sphagnum-
moss and crushed crocks added. The whole
should be well mixed together. In potting, keep
the base of the plant a little below the rim of
the receptacle. Press the compost moderately
firmly, but not so hard as to prevent the water
from, passing throiigh freely, and finish with a
layer of chopped Sphagnum-moss over the sur-
face. Do not afford much water until the roots ,
are seen pushing their wav into the new compost.
.'<hade the plants for a time from all sunshine,
and maintain a moist atmosphere. If a special
house is not available, choose the warmest and
shadiest part of the Odontoglossum house.
Masdevallias require plenty of fresh air, but cold
draughts are harmful.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady NORTHCOTE,
Eaiitwell Park, Kent,

Nerines. — Nerines have been resting in full
sun for some months, in a cold frame, and are
now throwing up an abundance of flower-spikes.
The flowers will last longest if the plants are
staged in a well-ventilated greenhouse. Arrange
them with a groundwork of dwarf ferns, to com-
pensate for th'e absence of foliage ; or stage a few
light foliage plants with them. N. Fotliergillii
major is still one of the njost popular varieties.

Gloriosa lUPERBA.- As plants of Gloriosa su-
perba pass out of bloom, remove the plants from
the wires of the flowering house, and train the
shoots around Bamboo canes for the remainder of
the season. Place them in full sun in a light and
airy house in order to ripen them completely. The
water supply should be reduced as soon as tlie
leaves show signs of turning yellow, decreasing by
degrees till the stems are completely dried up,
when it should be entirely withheld. After this
the bulbs should be kept perfectly dry and fairly
warm during the winter, not allowing the tem-
perature to remain long below 55°.

Plants for Winter Flowering. — In a

general way, soft-wooded plants should not
be given stimulants much after -this time
of the year. Stimulants should be used
with great caution as the days get shorter, as it
is very easy to defeat the object with which they
are usually administered, viz., winter-blooming.
Plants that are. over-fed in their growing days
often fail to give satisfactory results at blooming
time. I refer principally to such soft-growing
plants as winter-flowering Begonias, Zonal Pelar-
goniums, Cinerarias, Primulas and Calceolarias.
Cleansing Plant Houses.- This time of
the year is often the most convenient for cleansing
and painting greenhouses, as many plants may
now be safely stood out-of-doors for a time. But
as painting is practically an impossibility at the
present time, an extra good washing should be
given. Scrub all wood-work and glass, and lime-
wash all back walls. See that the gravel or spar
on the stages is thoroughly washed. Leave the
house open for a few days to sweeten, and then
thoroughly hose down before arranging fresh
plants on the stages.

September 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

99

THE HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davet, Abbotts Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Raspberries.— The old fruiting canes of
Iv.ifpberries should be cut close to the ground.
Tlvi shoots of the current season will thus re-
ceive more light and air to ripen them thoroughly.
Kaspberries require a change of soil occasion-
ally, and it is a mistake to allow the beds to
remain continuously on the same ground. If the
rioking of a new bed is contemplated a portion
onK of the old plants should be destroyed, and
the replanting spread over several years', so that
there may be no shortage of the crop. The
ground selected should be well trenched and en-
riched with materials from an old hot-bed and
old soil from the potting shed. These materials
are better than fresh manure used at the time of
pl.Tuting. Choose varieties that are known to do
well and thrive in the particular district in
which the garden is situated. Xorwich Wonder,
Hornet, Baumforth's Seedling, Superlative, and,
for autumn use. Belle de Fontenay, offer a
good selection. Supports must be provided.
Iron stakes with a stmt at either end and wires
stretched across are the most durable.

8trawb«rri««.— Cut away all runners, also
decaying or injured foliage from Strawbeny
plants. Tidy up the beds and see that they
are free from weeds, especially those that seed
freely. See that the soil around the plants is
quite firm, as loose plants will never do well.
Moles have been a great nuisance here of late,
and are often troublesome in Strawberrv' beds.
The animals should be trapped in the usual way.
Finish planting if the work is not already com-
pleted, and see that all vacant spaces in the
rows are made good.

Trees on Walls.— Make secure any long
branches on wall trees that are loose, or the
winds may damage them. Harvest all ripe fruit
on .sunny days, and store the surplus in the fniit-
ronm. Make an examination to see if any trees
are cankered and need replacinc with healthy
specimens. Send the order for the trees to the
nurseryman in good time, and thus get the pick
of his stock.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Plantinq Peaches and NECTARiNES.-Early

October is the best time to plant Peaches and
Xictarines indtxirs, and where such work is in-
tended to be done this season, preparations
.should be made now. It is unprofitable to re-
tain trees that have become woni out. If fresh
trees have to be purchased, place the order with
the nurseryman at once, for as the season ad-
vances the best trees are sold. I jjrefer to plant
specimens at least fo\ir years old, that have been
well trained. Some growers prefer trees that
possess a central growth ; others those with the
centre open. My choice is the latt«r type, for where
gross growth develops in the centre of the tree
'.t can more easily be dealt with. Having selected
the trees on the spot, note well their present con-
dition. If growth be still active the nurseryman
should be requested to have the roots shortened
somewhat as a check to the tree's activities.
Half-standards will be found suitable for plant-
ing in the front of the house, whilst for the
back wall standard trees with a 4 feet stem are
most useful. Select trees with clean, straight
stems, and see that the part where stock and
scion unite is well balanced.

Varieties to Plant.— Houses with at least
two divisions (three are preferable if a constant
succession is desirable) are best for the first early
varieties. Duke of York or Duchess of Corn-
wall may be selected as first early Peaches, with
Peregrine for succession, whilst Early Rivers and
Lord Napier are suitable varieties of Nectarines.
If the house will accommodate six trees, add
Early York as an*' additional Peach and Drj'deii
as a Nectarine. I would plant Peregrine and
Early Rivers' Peaches, in the second early house,
with Dr. Hogg and Dymond, and Hardwicke
Seedling and Pine Apple Nectarines. I have
not included Cardinal Nectarine simply because
the fruits are predisposed to crack on trees
planted out, but for pot culture it is the very
best early variety that can be grown. For a

later house my choice would be Thomas Rivers,
Late Devonian, and Alexandra Peaches, and
Pine Apple, Newton, and Victoria Nectarines.
Meanwhile, lose no time in preparing the border
for the reception of the trees. In some cases it
will not be advisable to concrete the bottom of
the border, but it is necessary in most soils. It
is not essential to employ cement : ground lime
wilk answer equally well for mixing with the
ballast. Make the drainage with an easy slope.
Not more than half the soil should be placed in
the border at first. Let the house be overhauled
and any necessary repairs done. It will be well
to paint the woodwork throuffhout, and the occa-
sion offers a good opportunity to execute repairs
to the hot-water svstem.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J, GuiSB, Gardener to Mrs. Dbmpster, Keele
Hall. Stafiordshire.

8ub-Tropioal PLANTS.-Tall-growing plants
should be neatly secured to strong stakes before
they are damaged by wind. Canna, Ricinus,
Canabis, Wigaudia, and similar plants re-
quire liquid manure with occasional doses of soot-
water to give colour to the foliage. If the beds
are furnished with dwarf plants, give a light
dusting of concentrated fertiliser between the
plants. After the soil has been stirred with a
haiul fork, give th- beds a thorough soaking t-f
clear water through a coarse rose.

Propagatinq Bedding Plants. — In most
gardens there will not be sufficient labour to pro-
pag.ite large luimbers of bedding plants, but some
attempt should be made to ret^iin a proportion of
each variety. Cuttings of (oleus, Iresines, and
.41tt rnantliera miist have the assistance of a little
bottom heat. JIarguerites, Calceolarias, Ver-
benas, Salvias, Tropaeolums, Heliotrope, Lan-
tana, Pentstemon, Gnaphaliura, Mesembryan-
themum, Violas, and Pansies may be rooted in
boxes or shallow frames. Insert the cuttings
firmly, 4 inches apart, in well -drained, sandy soil.
Directly the frames are filled, water the soil
through a fine rose and spray the cuttings in the
afternoons during bright weather. Air should be
given for an hour or so in the mornings to prevent
damping, and the frames IJghtly shaded from
direct sunshine. It is a good plan to place a
number of old plants in pots or boxes for stock.
These plants will provifle cuttings for propagating
in the spring, and usually give better results than
autumn-struck plants. Mats should be in readi-
ness to place over the lights in frosty weather.
.\ftcr the cuttings are taken' make the beds neat
and clean by removing all de.td flowers, foliage
and weeds. It will be necessary to stir the soil
with the flat hoc after the recent heavy rains.

LiLiOM. — Bulbs of Lilium candidum, if in a
healthy condition, should not be disturbed. If.
however, they show signs of exhaustion, lift them
at once and replant the largest in fresh loamy
soil 4 inches deep. The best effect is obtained
by planting in groups in the herbaceous or mixed
borders. Those grown in pots for decorative pur-
poses should now be planted in the borders or
reserve beds. Bulbs purchased from the nursery
quickly deteriorate if they are not planted directly
they are received.

PROPAaATiNQ Violas and Pansies.-Iu

cold, wet districts cuttings of Violas and Pansies
need the protection of a frame. Select sturdy
shoots from the base of the plants, and insert the
cuttings 4 inches apart in sandy soil. Water
through a fine rose to settle the soil, and spray
the cuttings occasionally during dry weather.
Shading from bright sunshine is necessary, but
the lights mu.st not be placed in position for
■several we:?ks, except in wet weather.

Fuchsia. —To obtain standard flowering
Fuchsias for bedding purposes next year, insert
str<;ng cutting-* in small pots filled with a sandy
compost. The cuttings will quickly form roots
if afforded a little bottom heat. Directly tlu'v
are rooted, pot singly into 3-inch pols and place
on shelves near the roof-glass. .?yringc the plnnls
daily and maintain a temperature from 55° to 60°
Shift into larger pots as the plants require it,
using a compost of loam, manure, leaf-mould,
sand, and a little wood ash. The plants must be
kept growing steadily through the winter.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.

Foul Brood.— I have received requests
from beekeepers for help with regard to this
disease in districts where it has hithei'to been
ur.known. The complaint ' ha« been known
for niany years, but it was not until the
seventies that the true cause was found
—a bacillus— named, in the eighties. Bacillus
hlvei. As the disease attacks brood gener-
ally it is commonly known as "Foul Brood,"
though it has been alleged that queens and
niature bees may suffer from it, too, and
for this reason it is also known as " Bee
I'est." The disease takes two forms — in the
serious cases it is known by its strong
smell, while in its less serious state it is odour-
less, the former being difficult, and the latt«r
easy to cure. It is generally first detected on
brood. Healthy brood is compact, plump, and
pearly white, and in its earliest stages the
l.iiva is curled up in the bottom of the cell.
As soon as disease attacks a hive the plumpness
of the brood disappears and a lengthy and
flabby appearance is assumed, with a
straightened instead of curled form. The
pearly whiteness disappears, giving place to
straw-yellow, followed by a deep brown. Then
the dead brood begins to decay, eventually
drying up and leaving a withered scale adhering
to the side of the cell. Healthy cells are covered
by perfect raised cappings, but when foul brood
sets in the cappings are darker, indented and
irregularly perforated. If a match be inserted
in the discoloured, perforated, capped cell and
then slowly withdrawn, a ropy, coffee-coloured,
evil-smelHng mass will be seeii sticking to it in
a fine thread when drawn from the cell. This
is the trachea, which will not decompose. Very
soon the bees become lazy, and seem to lose
interest ; many are seen fanning at the entranc*
to get rid of the bad odour, which, in severe
cases, can be observed without removing the roof
of the hive. Since the queen lays eggs in the
cells where the brood dies of the disease, and
workers deposit honey and pollen in the same
cells, both honey and pollen may be the means
of spreading the disease by the nurse bees when
feeding larvae. The beekeeper may also spread
the contagion by handling healthy bees without
properly disinfecting his hands and clothing.

Curb for Foul Brood.— If measures to
combat the disease are taken in the early stage
the colony and the whole apiary may be saved.
In slight attacks remove the beee from the
combs, place them in an empty straw skep, and
feed them on syrup, as described below. Burn
the combs, quilts, and frames and thoroughly
disinfect the hive by scrubbing with boiling
water and soap. Afterwards paint every por-
tion of the woodwork with a solution of one
part Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid in two parts
water. Place the hive in the sunshine, and
when the odour has disappeared it will again
be ready for use. After a period of forty-eight
hours the bees should be sh.aken into a clean
hive fitted with frames of full sheets of founda-
tion and carefully wired ; five cr six frames will
be sufficient. Feed with medicated syrup for a
few days. To prevent the disease from spread-
ing perform the whole operation in the evening.
If the colony be headed by a young, prolific
()ueen all should be well. To ensure-further suc-
cess place two split naphthaline balls on the floor
board, and renew them occasionally, as the heat
of the hive causes the naphthaline to evapor.ate.
.After the beekeeper has manipulated a diseased
colony all appliances used should be sprayed with
a solution of Calvert's No. 5 carbolic acid, using
1 l^z. in 12 oz. of water.

Feidino.— Feed with syrup made in the pro-
portion of 10 of sugar to 7 parts of water. Boil
for a few minutes, but do not allow the syrup
to burn, and add i -to 1 teaspoonful of «oluble
phonyle to each quart, pouring the syrup in the
phenyle and shaking well to form an emulsion.
Increase the amount of phenyle from i to 1 tea-
si.oonful gradually as the bees show increased
di.sposition to take it. Phenyle is non-corrosive
and non -poisonous, and forms an excellent sub-
stitute for carbolic acid for general purposes of
disinfection.

100

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembek 8, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. - Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pdblisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
uhen letters are misdirected.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY—

Roj'.d H'Ort. Soo. meeting, in con j uncitiom. wdth the
National Dahlia Soc. iFloral meeting and National
Rose Soc.'s Display of Roses.

Atbrage MEAir Temperatdrb for the ensiinng week
deduced from observations during the laat fifty
yevars at Greeamvich, 58.2.
Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle OfHce, 41, Welldn^on Street,
Oovent Gadsden, London. Thursday, Septembei-
6, :0 a.m. : Bair. 29.7 ; temp. 62.0°. Weaitiher—
Dull.

•ALBS FOR THB BNCUINa WKBK.

TUESDAY—

Winter-flowering Heaths, &c., at Burnt Ash Road

Nurseiries, Lee, by order of Messrs. B. Mailer & Sons,

at 11 o'clook, by Proyheay)e & "Morris.
WEDNESDAY—

Ferns, Palms, &c.. Vans, Piping, &c., at Genista

Road, Upper Edmonton/, by order of Messrs. H. B.

May & Sous, Ltd., at 11.30 o'clock, toy Protheroe &

Morris.

Home-grow-n Bulbs, at 67, Oheapside, at 1 o'clock,

by Protheroe & Morris.

From the daily papers

The Samoan we learn that these

Tonga Islands, groups of Pacific islands

have again been visited
by earthquake and hurricane ; but no par-
ticulars have come to our knowledge.
Still, in the light of events since war was
declared, it may be useful to give some
information, and some particulars of the
sources of information, on the vegetation
of the islands and cultivation in the
islands. Both groups lie within the
southern tropics, in extreme western
longitudes, in the region of Fiji. Many
readers will remember the great disaster
of 1889 to shipping in Samoa from a tidal
wave, when H.M.S. " Calliope " escaped by
steaming out to sea. Taking the Samoan
group (the Navigators' Islands) first,
.Savaii and Upolu were assigned to Ger-
many by agreement in 1900, and the rest
of the group to America. Planting by
Americans and Europeans had long been
practised, and the Germans have rapidly
developed the industry since that date.
Already in 1904 Dr. F. Wohltmann pub-
lished an elaborate illustrated report in
the Tropenpflanzer, entitled " Pflanzung
und Siedlung auf Samoa." This report is
very thorough, both scientifically and
practically, and embraces meteorology,
analyses of soils, cultivation, labour, out-
lay, foundation of experimental gardens,
export, and kindred subjects. Previous to
the German occupation a London mission
had established itself in the islands, and
Mr. Hills, the principal, had founded a
" Botanic Garden." Dr. Wohltinann de-
votes some half-a-dozen pages to the de-
scription, illustration, and laudation of
this garden, concerning which he cannot
speak too highly. It was a part of the
mission's scheme for educating and em-
ploying the natives, and it contained at
that date specimens of about 150 useful

kinds of plants of various ages and stages
of development. One of the views repre-
sents a group of thriving young trees of
Hevea. Kew Herbarium possesses very
considerable collections of dried material
from the Samoan Islands, largely made,
about the middle of the last century, by
tlie missionaries Powell and Wliitmee.
Dr. W. Botting Hemsley commenced com-
piling an enumeration of the Flowering
Plants and Ferns of Samoa about 1894.
In 1896 Dr. F. Eeinecke published the
first part of his Flora der Samoa-Inseln,
and this contains the Cryptogams — Algae
to Filices. This was followed, in 1898, by
the Flowering Plants, containing descrip-
tions of many previously unknown plants,
with half-a-dozen plates of novelties. A
rough comparison of the two lists shows
that the Kew list contains from 20 to 25
per cent, additional names, including
some of importance; but a critical con-
cordance would most likely give a rela-
tively lower result in species. Two refer-
ences to contributions to the Flora of the
Tonga or Friendly Islands (since 1898
under British pi-otection), have appeared
in the Journal of the Linnean Society,
XXX. (1894), pp. 157-217, plates 9-11,
bv Dr. Hemsley, and XXXV. (1901), pp.
19-65, by J. H. Burkill. Supplementary
to the -foregoing is J. J. Lister's " Geology
of the Tonga Islands " in the Qvarterlif
Journal of the Geological Soeiety, XLVII.
(1891), pp. 589-617,' plate 23. "

Trial of Pfrpetual-Flowerinq Carna-
tions.—A trial of Perpetual-ffowering Carna-
tions will be conducted at Wisley during the
forthcoming season. Growers are asked to send
three plants of each variety for trial, to reach
the Director not later than the 30th inst.

Acreage of.' Hops,— The preliminary state-
ment of the Board of Agriculture with regard
to the acreage under Hops in June, 1917, in
those counties where Hops are grown, shows
that, as usual, the acreage in Kent far exceeds
that in any other county, and indeed comprises
five-eighths of the total area. There is, how-
ever, a marked decrease in the amount of Hops
grown in 1917 compared with that of the two
preceding years. In 1915 the total area under
Hops in KenTwas 21,335 acres, and in the whole
of England, 34,744. In 1917, tkis figure had
dropped to 10,465 in Kent, and an aggregate of
only 16,946 acres altogether.

Bl-CENTENARV OF MESSRS. AUSTIN &

McAsLAN.— In commemoration of the 200th
anniversary of the founding of the fii-m of Messrs.
Austin and McAslan, the well-known Glasgow
inirsery firm, a dinner has been arranged, which
will take place in the Trades House. Glassford
Street, Glasgow, on Friday, the 28th inst., at
6 p.m.

The Panama Hat " Palm."— Carludovica
palmata, which, according to Nicholson, is a
native of Peru, has recently been introduced into
the (Philippines,* and is now being cultivated
there. This plant is the source from which the
Panama hat is produced. It appears to be very
amenable to cultivation, and is propagated readily
by division, .so that a large increase in the supply
of Panama hats may be looked for in the near
future. Carludovica palmata, though Palm-like
in habit, is not a true Palm, but a member of ,
the order CVclanthaceae, not a few of the mem-
berr. of which are, or used to be, grown as stove
plants in this country.

the Philippines

Mr. James Gibson —We learn that Mr.
James Gibson is taking over all the kitchei'i
gardens and most of the glasshouses at Welbeck
on the 27th inst., and conducting them on com-
mercial lines for his own profit. During the
fourteen years or so that Mr. Gibson has had
charge of these gardens his relations with the
Dulke and Duchees of Portland have been of
the roo&t cordial natm-e. The changes now
taking place have been brought about in Mr.
Gibson's own interest, and he enters on his new
enterprise with his employer's good wishes and
material support.

Degeneration in Potatos.— The most
recent contribution* to the important and vexed
question of the running out or degeneration of
Potatos, though it does not throw much ligEt
upon the subject, serves to show how essential
it lis to keep this subject imder investigation. In
the present investigation the behaviour of tubers
from apparently normal plants of several different
varieties of Potatos was followed during several
generations. Certain evidence of degeneration
was presented by the plants produced from some
of these tubers. In other words, the degenera-
tion appeared suddenly in the plants produced
from apparently normal tubers. Some of the
malformed plants were affected by curl, and
produced dwarfish plants bearing few and sm,all
tubers. Others were afflicted with mosaic disease,
that obscure malady of uncertain origin which
destroys Potatos, Toraatos, and Tobacco plants.
Yet other plants suffered from spindling sprout
and leaf roll. Tubers from plants suffering from
these diseases produced almost without exception
malformed and degenerate plants. So far as they
were concerned, the stock had " run out." A
striking general confirmation of this rapid
deterioration of a stock was to be seen this year
at the Royal Horticultural Gardens, Wisley,
where a stand of Midlothian Early contained not
one normal plant. All were curled and dwarfed
and manifestly degenerate. In order to ascer-
tain whether the soil in which the Potatos were
growing counted for anything in this astonishing
result, the Midlothian Early Potatos were lifted
and tubers of Arran Chief planted in the ground.
The Arran Chief Potatos produced normal
plants, whence it ie to be inferred that soil
conditions could not have been responsible for
the failure of Midlothian Early, and that that
failure is to be ascribed to something unknown
which we call degeneration in the tubers them-
selves. In the face of facts such as those just
recited, and the many others given in detail by
Mr. F. C. Stew.\rt, men of science must admit
that there are problems of the first order of in-
terest and importance on which they can at
present throw no light whatever. It is easy, of
course, to suggest that seed should only be
planted if it has been derived from the good
Potato districts, and it is also easy to advise
growers never to put seed on the market from a
field in which some plants affected by curl or
roll oY other of these diseases of degeneracy have
already appeared. But it cannot be denied that
the position of the problem of degeneration of
Potatos is very unsatisfactory, nor that it is
nmch to be desired, both in the interests of the
growers and also of science, that the problem
should be submitted to a thorough investigation.

The Late Philippe de Vilmorin -The

Journal of Heredity, of America, publishes in
its August issue an interesting review of the
liistory of the well-known French seed house of
ViiMORiN, of which the head partner. Monsieur
Philippe de Vilmorin, passed away at an early
age a few weeks ago. It would appear that the
business was founded as early as 1727, though
not under the name of Vilmorin. It was a little
Paris seed store, with the quaint name of " Au
coque de la bonne foy," kept by Pierre Geof-
FROY, whose daughter married a bota,nist named

* Observations on some Degenerate Strains of Potatos.
Ry V. C. Stewart. New York' Agric. Exp Station, Geneva.

September 8, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

101

Pierre d"Andbieux. The daughter of this couple
married, in 1774, Philippe- Victoire-Leveque de
ViLMOREN, and thus was founded the business
known ever since as that of \'ilmorin, Anbrieux
ET C'lE. — one of the most celebrated in the world.
The DE ViLMORlNS have in eveiy generation been
iiieiitified with horticultural progress. Louis de
ViLMORiN, 1816-60, became famous by reason of
Ms work in improving the Sugar Beet. Besides
revolutionising the sugar industry, he contributed
largely to the study of genetics; indeed, his re-
search was almost the only work of practical im-
l^ortance in this direction which was done in
France during the nineteenth centurj-. He was
succeeded by his son, Henri, who died in 1899,
leaving his son, Philippe, to carry on the work.
By the end of the last centurv- the name of de
ViLMORiN had become famous throughout the
world, and had attained a scientific and social
prestige which it is difficult to over-estimate. To-
wards the latter part of his life, Philippe spent
most of his time in genetic research, the
active direction of the business being carried on
by his brother-in-law, CoMTE d'Etienne. Another
member of the family, Maurice de Vilmorin,
president of the Academie d'Agriculture, has one
of the largest collections of trees and shrubs in
Europe, and has published several monumental
■ works on the subject. Perhaps one of the greatest
services to genetics which Pnn.iPPE was able to
render was the organisation of the International
Conference on Genetics, held in Paris in 1911.
He threw himself into the immense labour in-
volved by this Conference with the utmost en-
thusiasm, and generously bore a large proportion
of the e.xpen.se, " Science," truly remarks th«
writer of the article, " can ill affra-d the loss
of a mnn like Philippe de Vilmorin."

War Items.- We regret to learn that Second-
Lieut. B. Ha.vlev, Royal Scots, who before the
war was employed by Messrs. Doiuue and
Co., Edinburgh, and resided at Restalrig Gar-
dens, where his father is a large market
gardener, has been killed while leading his
men into action. He was mobilise<l with the
Lothians and Border Horse when tlie war broke
nut, and sen-ed with that regiment at the Front.
Iji June last, at the completion of his course in
a cadet battalion, he received his commission
in the Royal Scots, and returned to the Front
last month. He was 23 years of age.

We regret to learn that Second Lieu-
tenant MoNTAouE n. Chapman, the only son of
Mr. F. H. Chapman, of Rye, wa« killed in action
on August 14. The colonel of the regiment, the
10th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, wrote of
Lieutenant Chapman : " He was a very brave
officer, and I cannot tell you how I feel his loss."

We also regret to announce the death of

'Private William Dewab, second son of Mr. A.
Dewar, gardener at Dalkeith. He was killed
on August 6 by a shell, which demola.shed a
dug-out and killed .six out of seven who were
present. The late Private Dewar served his
apprentice.ship at Dalkeith, and after further
experience in the gardens at Castlemilk, Car-
berry Towers, Culzean Castle and Dumlas Castle,
was appointed gardener at Dunlossit Castle,
Port Askaig, Islay, where he had been for four
years before joining the Argyll and Sutherland
Highlanders.

Local 8ocietie«.— The members of the
Derbyshire Gardeners' Association held their
tenth annua! exhibition on August 11. There
were .300 ' entries, contributed by about forty
exhibitors. Besides the competitive exhibits,
there were a number of trade groups.

The seventh annual show of the Hull

Garden Village Horticultural Society took
place on .\ugust 18. The floral exhibits wei'C
somewhat below average, but the vegetable
were betteir than usual. The first prize for the
best all-round garden wag awarded to Mr. W.
Stokes.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See also Tables in Gardeners' Chronicle for

July 28.)

(Continued from p. 91.)

5.— ENGLAND, N.W.

Westmorland. — Espalier Apples in a shel-
tered situation are promising, especially Lane's
Prince Albert, Lord CTrosvenor, Newton Won-
der, Bismarck, and Worcester Peannain. Vic-
toria and Kirk's Plums on walls are good.
Pears Marie Lnuise. Oloii Mori ,\tii. .ntid Dovennp

severe weather. Frank J. Clark, Tehidij Park
Gardens, Camborne.

Devonshire. — Outdoor Cherries are poor,
owing to the soil being deficient in lime. Under
glass Cherries carried a heavy crop, and the
ijuality was good. Gooseberries were poor,
owing to pheasants stripping the buds in spring.
RaspbeiTies and Currants, both Black and Red,
were heavily cropped, the berries being of first-
class quality.' Some Plum trees carry a heavy
crop, but, the greater number have no fruits.
The soil is deficient in lime, and is of a light
nature. G. H. Shoebridge, Bicton Gardens,
Budleigh .Salterton.

Apples in gardens are for the most part

\v,>Il s.-f wi'th fruit, hnt >iimewhat iinovon. There

Fig. 36, — ei'stoma ri'ssbi.liancm var, ellisi
' (See p, 96,)

{Photograph by R. A. Malb]/.
ki.owers I'Ai.k pink.

du Cornice are the best cropped. Small fruits
and Strawiberries were plentiful, but they
ripened too rapidly in a time of drought on our
thin, gravelly soil. The benefits of trenching
and mulching have been clearly shown this sea-
son, ir. .4. Miller, Vnderley Gnrdrmt, Kirkhy
Lonsdale.

5.— ENGLAND, S.W.
Cornwall. — Apples are irregular ; in some in-
stances there are abundant crops, whilst in
•others they are disappointing, but the general
crop is well up to the average. Peaches and
Nectarines are very much later than usual, and
are generally poor. Soft fruits were abundant
and good, with one exception, viz.. Raspberries.
1 These are usually first-rate, but during the past
winter many of the canes were killed by the

IS an abundance of Pears on standard, pyramid
and wall trees. The setting of Peaches and Nec-
tarines was extraordinarily good, and the fruit
is now swelling satisfactorily. The trees are
parti'ularly clean. P. C. M. Veifeh, Royal Nnr-
■<er!e.K, Kxeter.

Gloucestershire. — ^Apples and Pears are very
clean and healthy. All kinds of Nuts seem to
be in abundance. Figs on ^alls are carrying
more fruit than usual. F. C. M'olton, Stanlei/
Park Gardens, Stroud.

Prospects for Apples and Pears in tlie

county are good, both as regards table and vin-
tage fruit. Caterpillars did considerable damage
to Apple trees in some districts, being generally
worse in plantations than in grass orchards.
Plums are yielding a big crop, particularly local

102

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 8, 1917.

varieties, such as Blaisdon Red and Pershiore.
Sti-awberries and other small fruits were over
quickly, but they sold weU. G. H. Ilolliny-
wdit/i. Shire Hall, Gloucester.

Fruit crops in general are above the iive-

ra^'. Apples and Pears eet freely, and had to
be thinned, especially the culinary . varieties.

Strawlberries were an extra good crop. In most
seasons the earlier flowers are damaged by frost,
but it was not so this yearj Givon's Late Pro-
lific is by far the beet lale variety with me.
Nuts are very late. The soil is of a heavy
nature, subsoil clay ; altitude 400 feet above sea
level. Arthur Chapman, Wcstonbirt, Tethury.

In my own orchard there is only a

medium crop of fruit. Caterpillars have been
prevalent, and certain trees seem to be attacked
more than others. Apples Adams' Peamiain
and Dutch Mignonne were nearly stripped.
Pears are plentiful, Pe.aches outside are looking
very well and bea.ring a good crop. John
Bnitlinij, Tortworth Gartienx, Falfirld.

Herefordshire. — We have an e.xcellent fruit
crop ; the trees are clean and healthy, andi the
fruit should be abundant. Our outside Peaches
and Nectarines required very severe thinning,
and the foliage has been clean and free from
blister. The soil is heavy loam on limestone.
G. ^fll^i■ns. Eostnor Castle Gardens, Ledbury.

Fruit trees in general bloomed splendidly

this season, feut were attacked ty insect pests,
owing in a great measure to the trees not being
sprayed through shoi-tage of labour. The Apple
blossom weevil and the Pear midge, in addition
to the caterpillar of the winter moth, consider-
ably reduced what would no doubt have been
very heavy crops. Notwithstanding, we have

goo-:! crops on many of the trefjs, which are very
healthy. Apple trees bearing heavily are
Adam's Pearmain, Allington Pippin, James
Grieve, Scarlet Nonpareil, Mannington's Pear-
main. Egremont Russet, Charles Ross, Rival,
and Wealthv. Young trees of Cox's Orange
Pippin are bearing fair crops of healthy firu.it,
while the older trees carry onlv a small crop,
and the fruit is inferior. Among culinary
Apples the best are Wa.rner's King, Seaton
House. Lord Grosvenor, Lord Derby, Ham-
bling's Seedling, Bramley's Seedling, Sandring-
ham, Newton Wonder, Lnddington, White
Transparent, and Lane's Prince Albert. The
■best Pears are Emile d'Heyst, Magnate, Beurre
Hardy, Doyenne du Comice. Durondeau. Pit-
mas'on Duchess, .Josephine de Malines, Nouvelle
Fnlvie, Beurre Diel. Ea.ster Beurre. Charles
Ern°ft. Knight's Monarch, Louise Bonne of
.Tersev. Huyshe's Victoria, Triomphe de Vienne.
and Margaret Marrillat. Loganberries were
killed down to the around by the frost last
winter. Nuts are the heaviest crop I have eve"
sopn. Thovias Sperirer, Goodrirh Court Gnr
dfns, ffo..,5.

Apples have been dropping very freely,

nrobablv owing to cold nights and dii'y weather.
Black Currants and Raspberries were average
crops, but Gooseberries and Loganberries, undier.
In my own garden Raspberries were very plenti-
ful, also Red Currants. Black Currants are
average: Apples and Pears look rather light;
Plums were irneTen ; the Victoria variety bore
very heavy crops. Psylla and caterpillars were
in general veiw prevalent, but tliere was little
aphis attack. H. E. Durham, Hereford.

MoNMorrTHSHTEE. — Apples blossomed abun-
dantly, l3ut failed to set well, and the blossom
weevil wa.s troublesome. In the case of .some
varieties the crops were further thinned by
dropping. Pears 'are onlv fair, though some
varieties nee<l thinning. The midge was preva-
lent. Peaches and Anricots carry excellent
crops ; the trees e.sc.-i.ped fro-^ts while in blossom,
which is an unusual occurrence here. Tlie soil
is cold and heavy. Thos. Coomhrr, The Hevdre
Gardens. Monmouth.

WoRrESTERSHiRE. — On the whole, the fruit
crops are ea.tisfactory, but hardly justify appear-

ances when the trees were in bloom. Damsons
and Damascenes vai'y in the three orchard®
here; in one the trees are loaded, and I have
been obliged to prop them up ; .in another some
trees have very few fruite on them. The Per-
shore or Egg Plum is below the average. Pro-
lific is a huge crop, and Magnum Boniun is
better than I have ever seen, it here. Victorias
are light in some places. Blenheim Pippin
Apples are veiw fair, 'but on the whole Apples
are small for the time of year. The soil varies
considerably. In some places it consists of
good loam, in others of brown, sandy soil, and
in others of a stiff loam with marly subsoil
at 2 feet. Thos. Wathlns, The Grange Gardens,
Claines.

Apples, a.lthough fully up to average, are

somewhat disappointing, in view of the splendid
bloom which opened, and there was no late frost.
The bulk of the trees in this locality had taken
a season's rest, and the blossom seemed healthy
and vigorous. There was a sudden attack of
winter moth and other insects in many places,
but not enough to account for the partial failure
to set. Peaches, Nectarines and Apricots on
walls are all clean and good, and the trees have
not been troubled with blistered foliage the
whole season. Strawberries were indifferent,
both in quantity and quality, chiefly owing to
the plants being nearly defoliated by the pro-
tracted and severe northerly and easterly winds.
The soil here is strong loam, resting on marl.
TI'. Crump, Madresfield Court Gardens, Mal-
vern.

Strawberries gave an average crop, and

of very good quality. Royal Sovereign is the
only variety grown here. Apple and Pear trees
flowered profusely, but many of the fruits
dropped. Our soil is fairly heaN'y, resting on
sandstone. Ernest .irery, Finstnll Park- Gar-
dens, Bromsgrove.

4.— MIDLAND COFXTIES,
Hbrtfohdshthe. — ^The fruit crops are gene-
rally good in this locality. Apples did not
set so freely as was anticipated, and a great
many have fallen ; nevertheless there is a good
average crop, and the trees are clean. All small
fruits were plentiful and good. Black Currants
included. Strawberries were particularly good,
especially Royal Sovereign, Givon's Late Pro-
lific, and British Queen. The soil here is a .stiff
loam on London clay, and the elevation is 305
feet above sea level. Edwin Beckett, Aldenhaw
House Gardens, Elstree.

Fruit drops generally are good, with the

exception of Strawberries, which, on our cold,
he.avy soil, suffered badly. No doubt the heavy
rainfall during the last three months of 1916,
followed by continuous snow from March 22
tio April 10, and frosts to the end of the latter
i"n"th. were largely responsible tor the com-
parative failure of this crop. Thomas Nutting.
Childivichbury Gardens, St. Albans.

WALES.
Cardiganshire. — All Apple trees flowei-ed
freely, but some varieties did not set well.
Tilt trees are making excellent growth, and are
n:ostly free from insect pests. The following
varieties are fruiting well : — Apples : Beauty of
Bath, Mr. Gladstone, Lane's Prince Albert, Nor-
folk Beauty, Cox's Orange Pippin, and Wamer's
King. Pears : Williams' Bon Chretien, Doyenne
du Comice, Souvenir du Congres, and Clapp's
Favourite. Plums : Rivers' Early Prolific.
Czar, and Pond's Seedling. The Gooseberry
caterpillar has been very troublesome, and .some
of the Plums have been infested with green fly.
Our soil is vei-y cold, overlying slaty rock. W.
Phillips, Derry Ormond . Cardiganshire.

The Apples and Pears here have yielded

a good crop for the third' year in succession.
The varieties that were poor last year are now
very good. Peasgood's Nonesuch, generally a
light cropper here, has a heavier crop than last
year. We had two very bad attacks of cater-

pillar, first on Gooseberries, and then on Red
Currants. The soil here is a good brown loam
on a gravel subsoil. Thomas Hiizeldine, Cross-
ivood Park Gardens, .Aberystwyth.

Carnarvonshire. — The fruit crops generally
are a good average. Apples flowered profusely,
but the crop was not what we anticipated.
Oaterpillai's caused great dajnage. The heaviest
crop of Apples this year with us is Cox's Orange
Pippin. Strawberries were much earlier thaji
usual and had a very short season, the heat
causing them to ripen very quickly. Plums are
not a good crop : although the trees flowered
profusely, the bloisso-m failed to set well. The
soil is gravelly. /. S. Higgins, Glynllivon
Gardens, Llanwnda.

Denbighshire, — The fruit crops in this dis-
trict are very good on the whole. Apples are
cropping well, except those that fruited heavily
last year. Plums are carrying good crops and
Dsmsons are plentiful. Strawberries were good
where the plants escaped the frost of last winter.
In some instances they were injured past re-
covery. /. .4. Jones, Chirk Castle Gardens,
Huabon.

The long and severe winter kept back the

fruit bloom until about three weeks later than
iisual, so that we had very little frost during the
blooming period, which accounts for the heavy
crops of most fruits. Strawberries, however,
were so badly cut in the winter that they failed
to bloom as freely as usual. /. Martin, Bryn
Estyn Gardens, Wrexham.

Glamorganshire. — The fruit crop here, and
in the district, is excellent. Apple, Pear, Peach
and Nectarine trees are loaded with veiy fine
fruits. All the trees are looking well, and per-
fectly free from pest of any sort, < '. T. War-
mington, Penllergaer Gardens, Swansea.

I'EMEROKESHiRE. — The Apples suffered from
an attack of caterpillars. There was an abund-
ance of Black and Red Currants ; we have a
newly planted orchard of about 400 trees, and
they almost broke down with the weight of
fruit. T. H. Poherts. Slebeck Park Gardens,
Haverfordivesf.

Radnorshire. — ^The fruit crops in this district
promise to be a good average. No late frost
occurred to any appreciable extent. The chief
trov.ljle has been a plague of caterpillars. Apples,
Red Currants and Gooseberries suifering
sevcrelv. Apples of some varieties are carrying
very light, crops, inclnding Blenheim Pippin.
Dumelow's Seedling and King of the Pippins.
Pears are a good and heavy crop, promising
well. Nuts, like Apples, are variable. Hazels
and Filberts being plentiful, whilst Walnuts are
^ery scarce. The soil is a good medium loam,
re.sting on old red sand.stone. J. MacOormack,
Maesllwch Gardens, Glashnrij, Hereford.

IRELAND.

Co. Cavan. — The fruit crops here are
good, except the Strawberries, which were bad
rn account of the cold spring. J. A. M'Cann,
.•I rley Mount Nugent Gardens.

Down. — There was a profusion of blossom, but
there is only an average crop of most fruit — in
no case is thinning needed. All small fruits
carri&d crops of remarkable quality. T. W.
Bolas. Mount Stewart Gardens, Newtownards.

Fermanagh. — Apples in this district are look-
ing well. There is a heavy crop of early Apples,
such as Gladstone, Beauty of Bath, Worcester
T'ciirmain, Early Victoria, and Grenadier, Bram-
ley's Seedling is slightly Under the average.
Pears are a good average crop. Both Apples and
Pears have kept very clear of insects and fungus,
and canker has not done much damage. Goose-
berries were a poor crop, and tlip cateqiillars at-
tacked the bushes. Nearly all the fruiting canes
of Loga-nberries were killed' by the severe winter.
The soil here is a rather light, peaty clay. J.
»i Monrrieff. Florence Court Gardens, Enniskillen.

[To be continued.)

Septembee 8, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

103

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The EditoT$ do not hold thevuelvei retponsible for
th« opiniont expressed by correspondents.)
Vkronica lobelio I oes. — Tlie sbrubby
Veronica referred to by II'. T. on p. 92 is not
a species nor a variety of V. speciosa. Except
in the shape of the leaves and the shortness of
the raceme of flowers it does not closely re-
semble that species. It is a hybrid between V.
elliptica X speciosa, and wa« raised by Mr.
J. A. Henry, of Ed'nburgh, who first sent speci-
mens of it to Kew on April 28, 1862, and to
Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons, Chelsea, about the
same time. Since then the plant was intro-
duced to Melbourne, Australia, and thence to
New Zealand, in 1868. Mr. T. Kii-k, a great
authority on the shrubby Veronicas, said it had
the fascies of a, New Zealand species, but did
not originate there The raiser, Mr. Henrj',
gave the parentage as V. decussata X speciosa,
but V. decussata from the Falkland Islands has
been proved to be identical with the New
Zealand V. elliptica /. F.

Tea Plant*.— I was much interested in Dr.
Henry's article on the Tea plant (pp. 67, 82)
and in Mr. .J. R. Jackson's note on p. 92. When
at Kew in 1864 I had charge of glasshouse No.
19, which then stood opposite the old museum,
and of a lean-to house behind the museum. The
former house contained many economic plants,
including .some Tea plants. The two plants
mentioned by Mr. Jackson vfere trained on the
wall by the Duchess of ("anibridge's garden.
The plants were labelled Thea Bohea and Thea
viridis.' The latter was much lighter green than
the other. In the border in front of the wall
we e also two bush trees of the same species. I
remember them quite well, and my note-book,
written in 1864, now before me, reminds me of
many other interesting plants in the border.
John Or^r/nrtj, Croydon.

OxALi* coRYMBOSA.— This plant has recently
appeared as a weed in gardens in Susse.x and
Surrey. It is rather ornamental, and likely to
be cherished on its first appearance, but anyone
who encourages it will bitterly regret it. A Susse.x
correspondent writes: "It is all over our garden,
in the herbaceous borders, in masses in the Straw-
berry and A.'sparaguB beds, among the Roses,
Potatos, and Cabbages ; in fact, there is not a
square yard where it is not flourishing, and 1
am getting downhearted, for I see no possible
deliverance from it. We work and slave for
hours digging it up and burning it, but it con-
tinues to flourish." This statement is confirmed
from a very important garden in Surrey. Tlie
most serious feature in the plant is the numerous
bulbils at the bases of the leaves which are easily
detached, so that hoeing does more harm than
ii<,od. .-llfrcH O. Walkrr.

Qrapci without Fire-heat.— I have this
year grown Muscat of .\lexaudria, Madregfield
• C»urt, Lady Hutt and Lady Downe's Grapes
entirely without fire-heat. "l began cutting
bunches of Madresfield Court and Muscat of
Alexandria on August 6. The temperature during
the flowering period oft«n dropiu-d below 50°,
but every advantage was taken of the sun's heat,
and the houses were closed and the temperature
raised to 100° on all jjossible occasions. The great
range of temperature did not seem to harm the
vines in the least, and they have remained free
from mildew, thrips and red" spider. The bunches
weigh from 2 to 3 jxiunds each. The berries
of Madresfield Court having started to crack, I
have pierced the laterals to check the flow of
sap to the bunches, and this has stoppe<i the
cr.acking to a large extent. J}. TTIUf. Kinlnch
CaKtlf, r^lc of Tthum. hif Ohan.

Fruit Crops at Mount Felix, Walton-
on-Thamm.— We have abundant crops (jf all
kinds of fruit. The gardens contain about 220
-Vpiile trees, in 90 varieties, and 215 are bearing
full crojjs. Three of the others had heavy crops
la.st year, whilst the rest were moved this spring.
IJntb fruit and foliage is ('lean and healthy, and
exceptionally fine. Out of 50 Pear trees, which
inclnde 40 varieties, 45 are bearing full crops.
Plum trees are laden with fruit. I have two
fine bush trees of Primate Plum bearing good
crops for the first time. This variety is useful
to follow Monarch. Strawberries were a good
crop, and we had an abundance of Raspberries,
Gooseberries, and Currants. Wm. Stanbury.

SOCIESOC^ISS.

SOTAL HORTICULTURAL

Trials at Wisley.

The following awards have been made by the
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society after
trial at Wisley : —

Delphlxiums.

Awards of Merit.— Col. Sir Wyndham Mui'ray,
Capri, Harry Smetham, Moerhemi, Rozenlust,
Kingston Queen, Lady Georgina Legge, Lady
Hammick, Mrs. A. J. Watson, JIvs. Shirley, Pro-
fessor Coleman, Belladonna, grandiflorum, La-
martine.

Highly Commanded. — Aeroplane, Attraction,
Dawn, Dr. Lodwidge, Edwin Beckett, Florence,
Galicia, His Excellency, Amos Perry, Corry,
Lady Ravensworth, Progression, Lord Curzon,
Lovely, Luna, Macbeth, Ma Mie, Mrs. James
Kelway, Mrs. T. G. Baker, Novelty, Rev. E.
Lascelles, Robert Cox, Star of Devon, Conspicua,
Daniel, Osiris, Hamlet, Lord Lansdowne, Xobilis,
Perfection, Sergeant Beranger, Statuaire Rude,

Commended. — Lize, Miss Britton, Queen Mary,
Rt. Hon. A. E. Fellowes.

ESCHSCHOLTZIAS.

Award of Merit. — Crocea compacta Mandarin,
Mikado.

Hi/jhhj Commended. — Chrome Queen, Golden
West, Orange King.

Stocks (OtrrDooR).

Award of Merit. — Old Rose, Queen Alexandra.

Highly Commended. — Almond Blossom, Biauca,
Canary Yellow, Mammoth Crimson, Princess
Alice, Princess Alice Improved, Rich Purple,
Souvenir de Nice.

Onio.vs (Atttttmn-sownI.

Award of Merit. — Autumn Triumph, Frox-
field, Mammoth Red Tripoli, White Leviathan,
Yellow Rocca.

Highly Commended. — Ailsa Craig, Covent Gar-
den, Cranston's Excelsior, Giant Globe Rocca,
Giant Lemon Rocca, Giant Rocca Tripoli, Red
Italian Tripoli, Trebons, White Italian Tripoli,
White Spanish Selected.

Commendt-d.— Ailsa. Craig, Bassano Tripoli,
Giaiit Zittau. The Sutton Globe, White Emperor.
White It.ilian. '

Globe Be-bt (Spiunosown).

Award of Merit. — Dewing's Turnip sliaped
Globe.

Highly Commended. — Crosby's Egyptian,
Selected Globe.

Commeruhd — Crimson Globe.

LIVERPOOL HORTICULTURAL.

AuonsT 29. 30. — The usual exhibitions of
this Society have been discontinued since 1914,
but the Association organised a s|)ecial food show
on the foregoing dates. Tlie sdiedule comprised
56 classes, and some 500 entries were forUi-
coming. The Society also nfferetl prizes to
groups of not fewer th.an 25 allntnieiits within 12
miles of the Town Hall, and in these classes
awards were made to Victoria Park. Tranmere ;
I\y Farm, Aigburth ; and Harthill, Allertnn.
Som'? three dozen single allotments were awarded
the Society's Certificate of Merit.

In the Gardeiu^rs' Section for 9 varieties
of vegetables, K. Fbrnie, Esq., Thornton
Hough (gr. Mr. W. Piper), won the 1st prize,
whilst for 6 kinds Mr. .T. Williams, Bebbington,
was succ«»sful. Mr. Fernte also showed the
best 3 dishes of hardy fruit*, and the best deco-
rated table of fruits. In the classes for Allot-
ment Hf)lders the best collection of vegetables ar-
ranged bv an allotment society on a ."pace 12
feet by 3 feet was staged by Ivy Farm, Aig-
burth, the produce being grown on ground finst
cultivates] in 1917. In a class for vegetablp.'s
gi-own on ground cultivated prior to 1917
Bowring Park, Roby, was successful. There were
10 entries in the class for a table of vegetables
6 feet bv 4 feet, and this proved the closest
competition in the show. Mr. ,1. Williams was
adiudped the winner, with excellent specimens :
2nH Mr. .1. BownoN. Aintree.

Messrs. Si'Tton and .Sons, Pcadiuir. .showed a
non-competitive collection nf vegetables, and
were awarded a Gold Medal. Messrs. MmPLE
"FiunsTR, Ltd., Liverpool, were al.so awarded a
Gold Medal. Silver Medals were awarded to

Messrs. Thomas Da vies and Co., Wavertree, for
\egetables; Messrs. W. Rowlands and Co.,
(jliildwall Nurseries, for vegetables ; Messrs.
Kees, Ltd., Liverpool, for vegetables and fruit;
and Messrs. Ker and Sons, Cressington, for
Tc'matos and fruit.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENQLAMO
ORCHID.

July 5. — Committee /jrcscnt: R. Asbwortli.
Esq. (in the chair), Messrs. D. A. Cowan, J. C.
Cowan, J. Cypher, J. Evans, A. R. Handley, 1).
McLeod, J. McNab, W, Shackleton, H. Thorp,
and H. Arthur (secretan-).

AWARDS.

First-class C'ebtitioates.

Dendrobium Dearii var. supcrba; D. Sanderae
Mclican's var.; both from Messrs. J. and A.
McBban.

Awards of Merit.

Laelio-Cattleya luminosa aurea Uoasendale (C
aurea X L. tenebrosa Walton Grange var.), from
R. Ashworth, Esq.

Odontoglossum Zulu, from J. J. Bolton,
Esq.

Cultural Ceetificate.

To Mr. E. Rogers, for Phalaenop.ns Rime-
atatliana, some of the spikes having over 40
flowers and buds ; to Messrs. J. AND A. McBean,
for Dendrobivm Dearii.

General Exhibits.

R. Ashworth, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr.

Davenport), was awarded a Large Silver Medal,

and Messrs. Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham, a

Silver Medal, respectively, for groups.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

L.ate Turnips and Swedes.
OwiN'G to the continued wet weather and
absence of sun during the past montii, thei'e are
many backward plots of Turnips and Swedes.
The prevalence of Charlock in large quautitief
and the difficulty of obtaining labour, has also
retarded the growth of the plants. Choose a
fine day, and sow 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia
over each acre, which will give a fillip to growth.

Winter VjiTCHKS.

Vetches sown in September constitute valu-
able food for sheep during June and July. This
crop forms the forerunner of a satisfactory crop
of TuiTiips or Rape, and thus prepares the soil
for a hea%'y cnj[) of Oats or Barley the follow-
ing year.

Any clean stubble, as Wheat, Oats, or Barley,
will be a suitable site. Some farmers sow
Vetches or stubble infested with Couch grass
and other weeds, in the hope that the VetcJies
will smother the weeds the following year.
It is, however, preferable to sow on clean
stubble and deal with foul stubbles by
summer fallowing. Deeply jilough the land,
burying all weeds by the aid of the skim coulter.
Choose dry weather for harrowing the surface
after ploughing previous to .sowing the seed,
which may be drilled or sown broadcajst at the
rate of not more than 2 biLshels per acre. Once
harrowing after sowing is sufficient to bury the
seed. Do not make the surffu-e too fine ; clods
are useful for protecting the pl.ints from wind
during the winter; the exposure, to frost, air
and rain pulverises them, and in April the roller
drawn over the plant makes the fine soil firm
about the roots. E. Molyneux.

HOME-GROVVN FaBM SeEDS.

Formerly many farmers used to grow the seeds
required for their Turnip, Swede, or Mangold
crops : and there is much to be said for this prac
tice. When the stock roots are carefully selected
and guarded against cross-fertilisation, home-
grown seed is frequently of better quality than
the average commercial s.ample. Two methods
are open to the would-Be home seed grower. If
only small quantities of seed are needed, thoy
may be obtained by selecting roots at the time
of lifting, storing in winter, and planting ag,i!n
in the following spring to grow on for seed.
Where a commercial seed crop is required, special

104

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. '

[SEPtBMBEft 8, l9Vt.

sowings of seed are made diiriug the summer,
the seedlings are transplanted in early winter or
spring and seed is obtained from plants of which
the roots have never developed as bulbs.

The best specimens of Cabbage give the best
seed; but often the plants will show no sign of
running to seed. In this event they can be
assisted by being cut with a knife across the
crown. Again, to avoid cross-fe'rtilisation when
Swede and Turnip seeas are both to be grown,
or more than one variety of either Turnip or
Swede is Deing grown, the beds should be not
less than 300 yards apart or cross-fertilisation may
occur. If grown in a garden only one variety
should be planted ; and care should be taken that
no stray plants of the Cabbage family are in
blossom in the near neighbourhood. Varieties of
ilangold also must be isolated, the seed plots
being placed preferably in the corners of separate
fields at as great a distance from one another as
can be arranged.

The most serious danger of cross-fertilisation,
especially to Swedes and Turnips, arises when
a, crop of Rape is in bloom in their neighbour-
hood. The seed crop of Turnips is ready for har-
vesting in July, as a rule ; that of Swedes in July
or early August ; of Cabbages in August, and of
Mangold in September.

REPLY.

Sugar Beet. — In reply to H. At'., p. 83,
I do not think it is possible to get rid
of the earthy taste in the roots of Sugar
Beet ; it is like that of boiled mangolds. I
think it would be detrimental to the jam. If the
Beet is boiled from five to seven hours, adding
a little water during boiling, so as to cover the
roots, the water strained off containing the sugar
fi'om the Beet could be used for bottling or stew-
ing fruit without any more sugar. I boiled some
Sugar Beet last March and used the syrup for
stewing fruit in July with good result. E. M.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apples Diseased ; Mrs. R. The fruits are at-
tacked by brown rot, as you suspect. The
trees on which there are " mummified " fruits,
such as those you sent us, should be thoroughly
examined, and all such fruits gathered and
destroyed, as they are a source of infection.
Next spring, have all diseased branches and
spurs cut back to just behind the discolora-
tion, and spray the trees just after the leaves
open with diluted Bordeaux mixtui-e.

Apples Dropping : /. //. A. and H. R. B. The
Apples are infested with the Oodlin Moth, the
grubs of which penetrate to the core. Gather and
de.stroy all fallen fruits, and place bands soaked
in insecticide round the trunks of the trees.
Next spring, spray with paris green (half a
pound to 120 gallons of water) or arsenate of
lead directly the blossoms have dropped.
.Araucaria Seeds Not Germin.wing : J. A. B.
The failure of your seeds of Araucaria to ger-
minate is most probably due to the flowers not
having been fertilised. The trees are usually
dioecious, that is, the male and female flowers
are borne on different individuals. If you
have no male specimen near your tree there
would be but little likelihwid of the seeds
being fertile. The seeds fall from the tree
when ripe, and may be sown at once, but they
take a long time to germinate. The seeds
retain their vitality for a year or more
if kept in a dry, cool place. They should
be sown singly in small 50-sized pots
and placed in la greenhouse or cold frame.
Plunge the pots in ash»s so that the *sail is
kept always moist, and give only sufficient
water to keep the soil on the moist side. The
seed will germinate quickly in a close propa-
gating pit. Seedlings raised in warmth should
Ii'i gradually hardened as soon as they tom-
inence to grow. They require to. be planted
out at an early stace. or the roots will become
a. tangled mass. The dving of the branches is
a common occurrence when the trees reach the
.stage you mention, and is usually due to lack
of moLsture in the soil.
«EGON!AS Diseased : W. A. J. The Begonias
are apparently attacked by " rust," a condi-
tion usually 'attributed to /the lactioln of a

microscopic mite. Dip the plants in, or if too
large, thoroughly spray them with, Tobacco
■water.

Celery Diseased : J. C. B., J. T., and Old
Subscriber. The plants are attacked by a
fungus, .Septoria petroselini. Pull up all
diseased plants, and remove diseased leaves
from others only slightly attacked, and bury
them deeply in the ground. The first signs of
disease are small, scattered brown patclies.
Next season, look out carefully for these
symptoms, and spray with weak Bordeaux
mixture. You can try the same method this
season, but it is probably too late to do much
good.

Christmas Salad : E. B. This salad, which is
much the same as Chicory, is best left in the
ground and taken up to force as required.
Thus treated, the plants start into growth
freely, and the salad is of good quality. The
plants may be forced in a dark cellar or Mush-
room house.

Conifer Dying : W. A. H. The Conifer is
Larix leptolepis (the Japanese Larch). There
is no trace of disease on the specimen sent;
the generally stunted appearance of the shoots
and leaves point to defective root action, pro-
bably the result of drought at the roots.

f iuCUMBERS AND MARROWS DISEASED : Miss P.
The plants are attacked by the disease com-
monly known as "powdery mildew," or
Erysiphe Cichoracearum. Pull off and de-
stroy all badlv affected leaves, and dust the
rest of the foliage as soon as the mildew seems
to be appearing with flowers of sulphur. By
this means the trouble will shortly be ' over-
come.

f'ucuMBEHS Dying : There is no fungus on the
specimens sent ; the trouble may be due to
wrong cultural conditions. Have you ex-
amined the soil to see if eelworm is present?

Cucumbers WtLTrNG : Beds. There is no disease
present on the leaves to cause the plants to
wilt ; the trouble is probably lower down the
stem.

CfiRESSUS FCNEBRis : C. T. The two forms
ol' growth you send are common in the
true Cvpres.ses, and also in the .Junipers. The
featliery tvpe with acicular leaves represents
the juvenile stage as a rule, and the flattened
growth the older form. In some cases the
two types of growth represent sexual forms.
Your pl.nnt is interesting in showing the
changes from one form to the other and back
again, but it is not uncommon amongst pot-
grown Cypresses ind Junipers.

Grapes Spotted : .i. C. We are unable, even
after the most careful examination, to find any
trace of disease on the berries. The spotting
might be the result of scorching by too bright .
sunshine, or of defective ventilation. If you
have been obliged to employ less skilled labour
than usual on thinning, the injury micht have
been done then by carele.'^sness in handling the
bunches. In any case, the injury is exterior,
and not inherent in the vine.

Leave.s : /. T..J. E. F.. and H. D. G. The
specimens arrived too dried up for it to be
possible to detei-mine what was the matter with
tliem, ,

Names of Fruits : E. T. Bryanston Gage.
—.1/. L. IV. Clapp's Favourite.—.??. A. 'C.
Prune Damson. — /. H.. Berhlmmsted. Apple
Irish Peach, Plum Black Diamond.— SAro;;-
Mrc. 1, Golden Noble ; 2. Potts' Seedling : 3,
Hawthornden ; 4. Charles Boss ; 5, Josephine
de Malines ; 6, Magnate; 7, Too decayed to
identify.— .1/(','i.? /¥. D. B. Earlv Harvest.—
H. M. S., Diss. Apples : 2, Emperor Alex-
ander; 7, Cox's Orange Pippin: 11, Waltham
Abbey Seedling; 12, Hambledon Deux Ans ;
13, Allen's Everlasting; 14, Brownlee's Bus-
set; 15, Bramley's Seedling: 16, Egremont
■Russet; 18-, New Hawthoniden ; 42. Cox's
Orange Pippin ; 43 and 46, Lane's ' Prince
Albert: 47, Adam's Peannain ; 99, Peasgood's
Nonesuch. -Pears : 3, Pear decaved ; 9, Comte
de Lamy ; 51, Vicar of Winkfield.

A'MES OF Plants: Jainc-t Biiiu-e. Ulmus mon-
tana (Wych Elm).— .1. P. Mahome. 1, Phila-
delphus microphyllus ; 2, Potentilla fruticosa.
— Rnsslyn. Piela Spruceana. — /. C. B.
1, Senecio ericaefolius ; 2, Chrysanthe-

mum Balsamita of Linnaeus (Costmary,
syn. Balsamita vulgaris, of Willdenow) ;
3, Artemisia ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes. —
//. N. O. Lonicera japonica var. Halliana. L.
fiexuosa is another variety of L. japonica. —
Robert Bintoul. Ceanothus Veitchianus. —
v. 0. P. Ei-ythrina crista-galli. Cockscomb or
( oral tree. TThe plant may be propagated from
cuttings. The small, green plant is Helxine
Soleirolii. — E. B. Hippeastrum aulicum, more
generally known in gardens as Amaryllis
Bulica. After the bulbs have flowered and
matured their growth, place them on a shelf
in a cool house or heated frame, safe from
J'lost, and withJiold water, or give only a little .
M'ater at Jong intervals ^until growtih Jcom- '
mences again next season. We will give name
of Apple next week.

Nymphaeas : W. A. H. The Water Lily leaves
have been attacked by .water beetles, .
which have been very prevalent this year.
There is no remedy beyond hand-picking, which
is a tedious and difficult operation with water
pla.nts.

Peaches and Nectarines : Constamt Reader.
The following six varieties of Peaches and
Nectarines respectively are good and reliable
sorts. If only three of each kind are required
the fii-st three should be selected in each case.
Peaches : Peregrine, Bellegarde, Princess of
Wales, Dymond, Royal George, Goshawk.
Nectarines : Early Rivers, Lord Napier, Pine
Apple, Dryden, Humboldt, Stanwick Elruge.

Peaches Spotted : J. T. S. We have made a
thorough examination of the specimens, but
can find no trace of any disease or insect pest.
The spottings may be caused by some spray
material you have used, or the fruits may have
been soSlded by sunshine on a particularly
sunny day. Another possible alternative is tliat
the fruits have been slightly bruised.

Pear Tree Infested : Constant Reader. The
ti'ee is infested by Ihe Mussel Scale insect,
Mytilaspis pomorum. Brush the infected parts
of the bark with a stiff brush, aiul afterwards
spray with insecticide. Gather all fallen leaves
and pruuings and burn them.

Phlo.k : Bledlow. A disease known as " stem
canker" is a common complaint among seed-
ling Phloxes, and this is probably responsible
for the failure of your plants. No cure is
known for plants which are attacked, but you
can prevent the spread of the disease by re-
moving and burning all diseased specimens,
and planting fresh seedlings in soil which is
known to be free from disease-germs.

Plums Diseased : L. The Plums are attacked
by Brown E,ot ; see also reply to Mrs. R.
(under "Apples"), and p. 94 last issue.

Scabby Potatos : H. S. When next planting
Potatos, immerse the sets, for two hours in a
.solution of one pint of 40 per cent, formalde- '
hyde in 35 gallons of water. Add acid manures
to the soil before planting the tubers, and be
sparing of organic manures. Sprinkle flowers
of sulphur over the sets immediately after
planting. You cannot do anything in the way
of remedial measures this season, but the scabby
condition of the Potatos will not detract from
their flavour or wholesomeness.

Stephanotis Fruiting : F. S. It is not un-
common for the Stephanotis occasionally to
produce a fruit, and such an instance was re-
corded in our pages for Dec. 26. 1885, p. 817.
It is not of any value commercially.

Tomato House : M. L. A suitable width for a
leaiii-to Tomato house against an 8-feet wall
would be 9 feet, with a 4-feet-high front wall,
but. you must be guided by the strength of
the wall, and before deciding it would be wise
to obtain the opinion of an experienced
builder.

Welds in Ponds : S. F. Any time is equally
good for destroying the weeds in ponds, the
sor.ner the better. The copper sulphate can
I'sually be obtained from ■ horticultural
sundriesmen.

Coniiuunications Keceived — C R. M. — J. W. K.

—0. W.— C. H. G.— H. N.— H. K. (Thanks for Is. lor
R.G.O.F. box.— Eds.)— D. H. D.— R. L. H.— L. S.—
H. VV.

Septembeb 8, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M A mi; e: T s.

COrEXT GARDEX, Septrmbfr o.
Plants in Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.
' s.d. s.d ; Ferns, con.— a.d.s.d.

Aralia Sieboldli.

dozen .. .. 6 0-6 1)
Asparagus plu-

mosus nanus.

per doz. .. 10 0-12 0

— Sprangeri .. 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, per

doz. green .. 30 0-88 0
Cacti. various.

per tray of 15'b 4 0 —

— tray of IZ'a .. 5 0 —
Clirysanthemums :

— white. 48'a. per
doz 18 0-24 0

— coloured. 48's.
PTdoz. .. 10 0-12 0

Cocoa Woddelli-

ana 48'8, ptr

doz 18 0-30 0

eO'a per doz. > 1-10 0
Ericanlvalis. 4S'3-

per doz. .. IS 0-24 0
Ferns. in tiiumbs.

per 100.. .. 12 0-U 0
f{l-:ilARR-S. — Business stall remains very qxiiet in this
(leparlment. Ericas are still the chief attraction ; these
are geujn^ more plentiful, Mid the pink gracilis is now
offered, ato a few small plants of nivalin.

Cut Flovrers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

- per 100. in
amall and
large 60'B .. 18 0-50 0

— in 48'3.per doz. 7 0-80

— in!2's.perdoz. 12 0-18 0

- choicer aorta,
per doz. 48's.. 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis.

eO's.oerdoz... 6 0 8 0

- larger, each.. 2 0-71
Kentia Belmore-

ana, per doz. 6 0-90

larger per

doz II 0-36 0

— Forateriana,
60'a. per doz. 6 0-90

Latania borbon-

ica, per doz.. 12 0-30 0
L i 1 i u m longi-

florum.perdoz. 24 0-30 0

— lancifolium
rabrum .. 24 0-SO 0

— — album .. 24 0-JO 0
Margaeritea in

48'B, per doz. 6 0-80

p»r

Astera. white, per
doz. bun.

— coloured
doz. bun.

— single..
Arums —

— (Rich^rdias).
per doz-bl'ms

Carnations, per
doz. blooms,
beat American
varietiea

Chryaanthemuma
white, bronze
and pink, per
doz. Dun.

— disbudded
bl'ms.perd z.

Coreopsis. per

doz. bun. ..

Cornflowers, per

doz. bun.
Eucharia.per doz.

blooms
Gaillardia, per

doz. bun.
OladiolusBrencb-
eyensis. per
doz

— America, per

doz. apilieg

— Hallay sal-
m n. per doz.
spikts..

— Pink Beauty,
per doz. spikes

Oypsophila

double white.

per doz. bun..
Heather, white,

per doz. bun.
Lapaeeria alba,

per dMz.bl'ma.
L i 1 i urn longi-

florum, lone

— 1 a ncifolinm
album, long,.

— — rubrum,
per doz.. long

— - short, per
doz. bloom ^,.

Lilv-of-the-Val-
Icy.perdoz.bun.
Margueritea. yel-
low, per doz.
bun

— Mrs. Sander,
per doz. bun.

Michaelmaa

Daisies, per
doz. bun.

s.d.B.d.
5 0-60

3 0 -
0 9-10

6 0-80

4 0-00

2 0-30

3 6-50
2 0-30
2 0-30

2 0-30
24 0-30 0

3 6-40

per

12 0-
2 6-

Montbretia,
doz. bun.
Orchids, per doz.

- Cattleya

- 0 d 0 n togloB-
sum crispun

Pelargoniums.

double acar-

let. per doz.

bun 6 0-

Pii\ sails. perdoz.

bun 6 0-

Roaea -

— Fran Karl
Druschki. per
doz. blooms.. 1 0-

— Liberty, pr
doz. blooms.. 1 0-

— Melody, per
doz. blooms.. 1 0-

— Mme. A. Cha-
tenay. perdoz.
blooms .. 10-

— Mrs. John
Laing.perdoz.
blooma .. 10

— Ophelia, per
doz. blooma.. 1 6'

— Richmond,
perdoz. bImB. 1 0
Sunburst, per
doz. blooma. . 1 6

— White Molly
Shainian Craw-
ford, per doz
blfoms .. 10

Statice, white,
per doz. bun, 8 0
e. perdoz.

10 0
10 0

bur

8 0

per
per

per

— yellow,
doz. bun.
i::3ana,
• joz, bun.

— latifolia.
doz bun.

Stephanotia. per
72 pipa.. .. :

Stock, mauve. per
doz. bun.

— white. per
doz. bun. .. I

Sweet Peaa—
white and
coloured, per
doz. bun.

Sweet Sultan,
white* perdoz.
bun '

— mauve,
doz, bun,

Tuberoaes.

Arrosri blooit]
V'iola <'ornuta

10 0
10 0
10 0
10 0
10 0

per

per

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices

a.d.B.d.

Adiantum (Mai-

denhairFern)

best, per doz.

bunches .. 4 0-50
Asparagua plu-

mosus. long

trails. per

half-dozen .. 2 6-30
— — medium,

doz. bunchea 12 0-18 0

s.d. B.d.
6 0-10 0

Asparagus con.—

Sprengeri ..
Carnation foliage.

doz. bunches 4 0-50
Cycas leaves, per

doz. .. ..
Moss. gross

bunches
Smilax, per bun,

of 6 trails . .

3 0-60

4 6-50
16-20

REitARKS. — There is a trdsk demand for Obrysanthe-
mums of ;U1 grades. Supplies ajre not so laa-ge as last
weak, and there are not sufficient best white blooms to
supply the demand. Large j-ellow blooms are more
numerous, but good bronze and pink blooms are yet to
arrive. Roses are getting scarcer ; tJie best blooms now
on sale aire Meilody, SunbufSt, Ophelia, and Mme. A.
Cliatenay. Crood red Roses ore difficult to find. Melody is
arriving in very good condition^ Carnations are ecar<?ely
sufficient, for the demand, and prices for best blooms
al^ a trifle higher. Lilx-oi-the-Valley is again getting
scarce ; onJy a few bunches reach tbe market each
day. Lildums, Gardenias, Eucharis, Stephauotis, Tube-
rfise-:, and Lapagerias are as quoted last week^ .\stei-s
were more plentiful to-day, and included many single
varieties. Plii.-6cilis is impio\Tng in quality. There is
a good supply of foliage, including Oaik, Maple, and

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos. per

doz 2 6-60

Muahrooma,per lb,2 3-3 0
Mustard and

Cress, per doz.

punnets ., 10 —
Onions, per cwt. 20 0-25 0
— spring, per

doz. bun. ., 5 0-10 0
6 I Peas. per bus, ,. 8 0-10 o
Radiahea, per

doz. bun. .. 0 .><- 1 0
Shallota. per doz.

s.d. s.d
Artichokes. Globe.

per doz. .. 4 0-50
Beans :

— Runner (Scar-
let) per bus. 2 6-50
Beetroot, perbua. 4 0-51
Brussels Sprouta.

per J bus. .. 4 0 —
Cabb.%ge. per tally 4 0-80
Carrots, new. per

doz. bun.
Cauliflowcra. per

tally .. .. 12 6 15 0
Cucumbers, par

flat .. .. 10 0 12 0
Garlic, per lb... 1 0 -
Greens, per bag.. 16-26
Herba. per doz.

bon 4 0-80

Horseradiab. per

oun 5 0 —

Leeks. per doz. bun. 4 0-6 0

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices,

Spinach, per bus. S 6- 7 0

Turnips, per bae 4 0-60
- ne.^. per doz.
bun

Vegetable Mar-
rows.pertally

Watercress, per
doz

3 6-40

4 0-60

B.d. B.d.
Almonds. per cwt. 80 0 —
Apples :

— cooking, per

bua 2 6-50

— deaaert (Eng-

s.d.s.d.
Lemons, per case 10 0-25 U
Melona, Cante-

loupa. each .. 10 0-20 0
— English and

sey, ea, 2 6- 6 o

lishl.peribus. 2 0-40 i Mushrooms (out-

per

Aubergines

doz

Blaikberricsicul-

livatedlperlb.
I'orncobs.perdoz-
Fig^ (Worthing).

per dnz.
Gaees. per * bus.
(jrapes :

— Alicante,
Black, per lb.

— English (new
seasonlBlack
Ham b urgh.
per lb.

— Gros Colman
per. lb.

— Muscats, per

do r.perluus. 4 0-50
Nectarines, per

doz 2 0-12 0

Nuts, Brazila.

new. per cwt, 95 0100 0

— cobs, per lb. 0 5-06

— Filberts perlb. 0 4 0 5
- Coconuts, per

100 .. .. 48 0-50 0
Peaches, perdoz. 2 0-10 0
PearB, per ) bus. 2 0-50
Williams(Fr,)
per box of 48 . 4 0-50
Plums, per J bus. 10-30
TomatOB.Engliah,
per 12 Iba, or
peck .. .. 4 6-56

REM-imts. — Tho market is congested with Apples,
Plums Pears, and Uages, mostly windfatls. Peaches and
Neotarines luive been plentiful during the past week,
and there are Grapes of all kinds in aunouiit sufflcienJ
to supply demands. Melons are somewhat scarce. Good
samples of cultivated Blackberries are on sale. Large
quantities of Filberts and Cobnuts arc available. The
quantitiei of English and Olianmel IsUuidia Tomatos show
a sliglit deerea.se. Od'ncobs aire now available. Supplies
of Musiirooms are Luiittcd. Cucumbers are more plenii-
ful All so:isonal>lo vegetables from out-of-doors are
plentiful. !•:. II. li , Covent Ciirdeu Mnrtet, SepteJnber
.y, lun.

4 0-50

0 6-08
3 0-

0 1-16

0 6-20
16-26
0 6-30

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including :—

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(Uailij Mail Rose.)
12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

HILL PARK,

WASP NETTING.

6. EDDY & SONS.

Special No. 4 WASP NETTING, Extra strong and durable.
54 inches wide 1/6 per yard run.

In 30-yard lengths. Any length supplied. Als(

HEXAGON WASP NETTING.

24 inches wide 8d. per yard run.

Supplied by return, by po.^t <

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject
*to being unsold.
Parlicvlars nn oppUcatlon.
R0£

' NORWICH.

A SUBSTITUTE tor onlinai-y 21 oz. glass, which is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
A in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at tavour«ble prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in cjuantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet ClasSi under the same
conditioDB. ^^^^^__^^_^^^^

ManufMOturer* of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."
Mixed ready for use. In Ulb.
tlm and 1 cwt. wide-neck caae,

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Prie
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST 8MITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C
And BlaokfrlnrB Wharf, Upper Ground Street, S.E.

QuOt« (JARDKNKRa' CHRONICLE.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN^ FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

ig, Bedford Charabers, Covent Qardcn,

London, W.C.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

^^^ Sold everywhere in I INbai ©<|.ai».. ana in onArfi^cL/* .-jr.ni-n.L' ^^— ^^—
i: 7lbi..2», ed. I4lbs., 4». •<*. . 2S lbs .7«. «d. . 5« lbs. IS*, ed. 112 Ibi. 20». p'
from lb« Works. Cirrjafe paid in Ibt Unll«d Kingdom tor C«sb wiih Otdri (oMepi Sd. TINS)

CLAY & SON, Manure Mf.rs & Bone Crushers, STRATFORD, LONDON. E

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

vi. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Septembeh 8, I9i7.

NOTICE TO

HEAD GARDENERS.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners* Chronicle" HORTICUL-
TURAL DIRECTORY have been posted to Head Gardeners in
every county in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In order to
facilitate the early publication of the revised edition for 1918,
gardeners are asked to return the forms with the necessary correc-
tions AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of
all gardeners that the 1918 edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

ANY HEAD GARDENER who has FAILED TO RECEIVE
A FORM, should send for a form to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Name of Employer's Place

Name of Employer

Name of Head Gardener

Post Town

County

Nearest Railway Station

No. of Miles from Station to Residence

ORDER FORM FOR HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

Messrs. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, LTD., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2
F/ease send me copy {copies) of the HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY for 1918.

/ enclose remittance £ s. d. in payment. (Price, is. 4d. each, post free.)

{Signed) Name

Address

Priated for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by I.ovB and Malcomson, Ltd., D»ne Street. High Holborn, London, W.C, and PuWished weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Gov.nt Garden, City of Weatmiuater, Saturday, September 8, 1917. Agent for Maaiahester. JOHH Hevwood.

LmRAPv

1} SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1917.

•I Registered as a Newspaper.! "'"'^^ *^'

(Post-free, 4jd.

No. 1603. Vol. LXII. {

aVBSCRIPTIOX— Inland, 1916 f Foreign, 22r per annum. Entered at yeic York F»st Office at aeeond-class matter.
PosUl Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent QardeD, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telepbone-Qerrard ig43

For CONTENTS see page 105

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The price of the Gabdeners' Chronicle being
now fourpence, the subscription, including in-
land postage, for one year is 19.?. 6d., for six
months Qs. 9d., and for three As. lOd. Sub-
scribers are requested to observe these altera-
tions when renewing their subscriptions. In
the event of any difficulty being experienced in
purchasing copies, readers are invited to notify
the publisher.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

IZELWAY & SON,

■■■*- Ttie Roval HorticuIturi«ts,

LANGPORT, SOMERSET,
are now booking? orders *or their Ohoic* Hardy Perennial
Pkints. Plant a Colour Border tlu« Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy itfl beauty for many years wil'hout
any additional expense or trouble.

Send measurements of your Bowlers.

Paeomes, Delphinuimn, Yhloies. OaiUardias. and other
heantilul flowers. include<l in t.heir Colour Sthemee, wh|rh
provide blooms from earlv Spring to loto Antiunn.

WRITE NOW to the RETAII, PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HKR-

BAOEOUS PLA.\TS.— New Catalogue now ready.

ATERER'S BRIILSH GROWN

BULBS. — New Catalogue now ready.

w
w

\Y'^'^'^I^-J^'-'' WARCRAVE ROSES
• • Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
choice varieties now ready.

w

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— Catalogue tree!

AVATERER'S VE(;ETABLE SEEDS
' ' for PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post

free on receipt of naitic and addres.'f.

JOHN WATERER, SON'S & CRISP, LIMITED.

The .Nurseries, Bagiihot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Growers,

liTACKENZTE and MONCLR, Limited,

■*■ Hothouse Builders and Heating Engineers,
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London Office, 8, Camden
Road. N.W.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

-■-' illu3trat«d catalogue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
*c., as supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, with
full cultural directions, i-s now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. \), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

TIATH'S ROSES and PAEONTES.— New

^-^ illu.straled catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of the b^-st new and sta.ndard varieties, is now ready,
and will l>e sent post free on application. — (Dept. A).
R II. BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms. Wisbech.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS.

' ' LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conwrvatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

pAPER-WHITE NARCISSI.

SUTTON & SONS
can supply finest bulbs of
PAPER-WHITE NARCISSI
at 153. per 100.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GROWN' BULB.S. containing particuUj-s of the most
popular DaffodUs. Narcissi. Miay-flowering and Darwin
Tuliiis, &c., ie., sent post free on application.

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

R~ IVERS'S STR.^WBERRY PL.\NTS. in
all the leading varieties, will be ready from
\ugust onwards. Price list post free on application.—
TIKiMAS RIVERS & SON, The Nurseries, Sawbridge-
wortil, Herts.

BARRS BULB CATALOGUE for the
best Daffodils, Tulips, &c.. lor Pojf °';,'>?*'?„^i'
for outdoors. Sent free on .ipplicjitioii.-BARR 4 SONS,
12 and IJ. Kin« Street, Oovent Oaarden., London. W.O. i.

BUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.
Our new descriptive li.st is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO. BON YARD & CO.. LTD., Royal Nuiseriea,

Maidstone.

ROSES 'I^ALI,EN'S GOLD MKD.\L
MiKWlCH ROSES— Our now descriptive price
li.sl with Hmt.s on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
p^^si free.-Write to^lay, A. J. & C. ALLEN, Rose
Growers. Norwich (for over 50 years).

FEEDS' BULBS. FEEDS' SEEDS.
>EEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY —
Please apply for a copy to be posted by return.

rOHN PEED & SO.N. The Kinir's Seeds-
' men and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• Greenhouses. 4c., and Heating Engineers,
Danvers Street, Chelsea, London. S.W 3. Wire. 201,
Western, l^ondon. Telephone : 201, Western.

GISHURST COMPOUND. — Insectiriile
and Fungicide.- Over 50 years' reputation ; highly
Commended U.H.S. Scientifloally-controlled Trials at
Wislev 1911 15. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale: PRICES PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battcrsea, Loudon, S.W. 11.

ALPINES.— Fine collection from Yorkshire
liilU ; 12, m 6 varieties, 6.s. dor. ; 60 varieties, 45s.
100 Wallflowers, stout see'llings, Blioo<l Red, Vulc.Tn,
Gol'dein King 29. 100; 4ir!unsplji.n<cd. extra strong, 5a. 100.
Canterbury Bcdls, white, blue, rose, strong, 8s. 100.
Hollyhm-ks, 8 distinct colours, 3s. doi. Pai'ked '.md enr-
riii«e free for cash, with orrler.— BROADHEADS, W"oI-
dalB Nurseries, 'rlioiigsbririge. Iliiddersflcld.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus for Or-TSS, Sliirubberies, and WilI<I Gardening,
Belee;«d, 159. and 21s. 1.000; as dug, las. per bushel
(2,000), 33. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).- J. HANDSCOMBE,
F.'u.H.S., Felth<un Nurseries, Mi<l<llesex.

inn noo large garden ferns,

-*-"" ♦"\7\J' 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias. Orotons,
Ilrni-aenas, lUites, EritMs, Gloxinias, Lilies, HydTangea-s,
&c. ; cjitjiJogiies free.-. I. E. SMITH, Loinlon Fonv Nur-
series, Lou^bopough Junction, London, S.W.

Pop AdTertisement Charges lee Sept. 1, page v.

w

EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

Tlie finest varictiee of Tulips, Narcissi. Daffo-
dils, Snowdrops, Iris, &c. PRICE LIST post
free on application.— WEBB & SONS. LTD.,
The King's See<lsmeu, StoiU'bridge.

rjJREENHOUSE PAINTING * GLAZING
^-^ " Vitrolit*," superior to White T./ead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
\V. CARSON & SONS, Grove' Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

■PklCKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
-'-' M.\NURE aJid other high-class Fertilisers ; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
Peas, Roses. Vegetable and Flower Seeds and
Plants, poet free.- DOBBIE &. CO., Royal -Florists, Edin-
burgh.

BUNYARD'S FRUIT TREES. —
Now Price List now ready, and will be sent free
bv return of post.

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO., LTD..
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

TJULBS for SAIiE.— Tritonia crocata, a

-*-* grnn«l stock. 18s. per 100; Iris retioulata, 249. per
100. So (ar as unisold.

DICKSON & ROBINSON,
The king's Seedsmen. MANOIIfJSTER.

"p'OR SALE, about 700 feet Greenhouse
-^ Glass, mostly English, 16oz. aiud 21oz., on Green-
houses; 5<l. per 'foot; sines from 12 x 12 to 35 x 12.—
IIOHAdE BARRY, Limpsfleld, Suirrey.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

BANSTEAD or WALTON HEATH
I>1A.M.— A splendid soil for Vines, Chrysanthe-
mums, Carnations, and general use; fresh cut or rotited.
— Paiticulars of YOUNG BROS., Betohworth, Surrey.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-
dendron Peat, free from braokcn, 15s. per ya,rel,
6 to 18 lard trucks, bags oOs. dozen ; Loam, Leaf MoukI,
Silver SiUKl, ill bags mhI truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre 5 for 10s., special r.it<>s ; special Bulb Compost f«r
howLs, 69. bag.— J. HANDSCOMBE, 'Ilie Nurseries, Felt-
liani, Middlesex.

NICHOLSON'S '■ Dictionary of Garden-
ing;," 8 volumes, 57s. &d. ; also Tliomson's " Gar-
deflier's .'Vsaistamit," 6 voluim*, 38s. 6tl. ; splendi<l coiiwli-
tion.— H. SOWMAN. North Hall Gardens. Preston-Oan-
doyer, Basingstoke, Hants.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing
Forn«, Basket Ferns, Slovo aind' Greenhouse Ferns,
Hai'<ly Gaidcn Ferns; catalogues free. — J. E. SMITH,
l.oiulou Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
Ix>nJdon. S.W.

PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS ! PRIMULAS !
44th Year of Di-stribution.
Our well-known Magnifioent Strain Cinerarias,
Calceolarias, &c. ; 2s. per doz. ; 12s. 6d. per 100 ; carriage
paid.— JOHN STEVENS & SONS, Nurseries, Coventry.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September IS, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

IMPORTANT SALE of ORCHIDS.

A portion of tlie Glebe Culleetioii, Seveiioaks, fouiied
In C. J. Pliillips, Esq.., which has been caj^efuliy selected
fui- lie purpose of raising tbe best hybrids in Oaltleyas,
Saphro-Oarttle\ns, Odontoglossunis ond Odontiodss. and
the divisdoM now offered are from some of the choicest
forms obtainable. The following axe amongst the prin-
cipal plants included in the Sale; —
Laelio - Cattleya Walt.

Gott. A.M.

Peelers

,, amah lie

Odontoglossum Uro-Sls)n

,, Epicasta The Premier

neri alba. A.M.

,. G. S. Ball

„ Oeres

„ Medina Eioelsior.

,, crispnm Solum

F.0.0.

,, ,, Undent

„ St. Goth.-.iyl.

„ „ Lucianii

„ Baroness Schroder

,. , Ladv Jane

Brasso - Laelio - Oittleva

,, Woodroffeae. F.C\C.

Joan

,. Aurora

tottleya Dusse-ldoraei Un-

.. Theodora. F.C'.C.

dine

,. Halli King Fxlwaixl

„ >-assie HaplKU-I allia

VII. FX'.C.

„ Basil. A.M.

,, gr.ande aureuni Pit.

„ Almata

tianum

, labiata Mrs. E. Ash-

,, Pesoatorei alba

worth

Odontioda Wilsoni Th?

„ l:a.biat'a alba, Glelie

President. A.M

variet\'

, , Euterpe

, TriiiJiae Mrs. De B.

„ Madeline. A.M.

Craw-1^1|.M-. FVX.

Ci-mbidJum hybrids, ic.

„ SuKar.'ne H\e de

&c.

Ciom

.\lso chcrice pUnts from ot

her Oullections antl Orchide

ill flower and bud.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE &: MORRIS

■^^■^ \\\\\ Sell the above by Auction at tlieir (Tentral

Sale Rooms. 67 and 68, 01itapsi<ie, Lrondou. E.G. 2, oai

Friday, October 5ih at 1 o'clock.

The cjlialogue is now being: pi-epared, ajwl may be

dbitained^ when r&ady, of the Am'-tioneers, a^ above.

M

BULBS.

ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are

holding S-ales of Bulbs every Monday, W'?dnesday,
and Friday. Sispeaice in st/amps will ensure a supply of
twelve catalogues.— AUCTION ROOMS, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, London.

TRADE SALE OF HO >lE-GROWN
BULBS.

Wednesday, September 19lh, at 1 o'clock.

Nai-.-issus in all the be.-t. jiti:rxid v.^ii-lics f r earlv foK--
ing; large consignments of Polvcuithus of sorts in sacks
as receive.!; early an.i late.flouei uig Tulips, Freesias,
Snowdrop;, Anrnioii.-v, s.-ill.,s. Liliiiiii r.iy.li.lum. Acon-
ites, Eii-I -^ -i.i SiMM-l, III-, r.iih tl '■■, III,' Gladioh,
Bei.i.rded 1 1 I - , I .n^ ||. Mim ii,i,i.|.i| m^rases &c,

jyfESbU.S. I'UUTIIEIKIE .V MuRRIS will

-'■•-■- sell the above by auction at their Central Salt
Rooms, 67 and 68, Oheajiside, London, E.C. 2. Catalogues
forwarded on application.

THE ESTATE OF THE LATE J S. CH.A.RLES, E*i

PELSALL, STAFFORDSHIRE.

THE PELSALL HALL ESTATE of 247 Acres, which will
be offered for &i]e by Auction by

Messrs. WINTERTON & SONS

.It till- Si.irs Hotel, Wcil-all, .in TrKSDAV, Ortol)ei' 2iid
1917, at 6 o'cl«-k, wiU iiiclucic (Lot 43):

A VALUABLE MARKET
GARDEN,

known, as " RAILSWOOD GARDENS," Pelsall a Wood
with ;i Cottage and GHEENHOUSE,S thereon," about 5
nnnutes from station., containing an area of about 7
.\cres.

The Gai'dens are in a high state of Oultivatiion, and the
Three Greenhouses measui'e (1) 88tt. long bv 28ft wide
(2) 60ft. long by 2Sft. wide, (3) 88ft. long by 40ft'. wide!
heated by two oast-iron saddle boilers, which ean Iw
separately or jointly worked. The Houses are well built,
with estra sltrcng rafters, and are covered with 21oz!
glass.

Purnbaser will be required to take to Stock-in^Trade,
Shed'S, Trees, &c. Possession 1st November or earlier by
arrangement.

For further particulars, apply to the Auctioneers, Lich-
held, and Darwell Street, Walsall, or Messrs. H Russell
& Son, Solicitor, Lichfield.

KENTON COURT, SUNBURY.

]yfES.SRS. G6u(';H''Tl)OVE"xriT]"sell bv
■^'-*- Aiii-tion,, at the .^bore.

On Wednesday, September 19th, at 1 o'clock
(Plants at about 4),
the .reriiainiing HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE, 12-14 h p
WOLSELEY LANDAULET, 2 Dogcarts, and about 150
LOTS OF ORCHIDS, several from tbe coUec'tion of the
late Pierpont Morgan, conipriising Dendrobium
t..»ttlcya, Odontoglossum, Oalanthes, &c.. Oamellias'
Azaleais, Palms, Ferns, Begonias. Geraniums, and decora-
tive plants. Mowers, Rollers, Ladders, Spraver, and
Garden Tools. •- - •

On view previous day. Catalogues on the premises
and of the Auctioneers. Sunburj -on-Thames. Middlesei.

SURBITON.

The reniaiinang contents of the residence, incloiding
Outdoor Effects.

NIGHTINGALE, PHILLIPS & 1 AGE
wlU Sell bv Auction at " Allburv House," Sur-
biton HUl Road,

On Monday, September 17th,.

and following dav at one o'clock, the high-class

FURNITURE

■and Effects, GaixleJi ImpIemeJits, Tools, Pit Lig^hts,
Chicken Ooops, and a lai^e quautitv of

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, &c.

On view the Friday and Saturday preceding- Cata-
logues of the Auetioineers, Eiagle Chambers. Kingston-
on-Thames. -Phone 235,

BUSINESSES F&a S^l£,

PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul-
-*- TUR.tL, Market Garden, and Est.ate Auctioneers
t.\u Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC, and
at Leytonstone, E. Monthly Horticultural Register had
on application.

BUSINESS CARD.

RH.S. EXAM. — Correspondence class,
• preparing- Gardeners and students, start October ;
brilliant past records ; prospectus. — MEDALLIST,
Pigihtie, LeUieringseft, Holt, Norfolk.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

lYfR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all

-'■'-*- friends that, ahJiough engaged on National Service
work lie continues Midland representative to John Peed
& Son. Onlers this season will be very much appre-
ciated, and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to'Mr. R. OREErNFIELD, 61, Radford Road,
Leamington Spa.

TENDER.

GRASS SEED.
T^HE Commissioners of His Majestj; s

-*- Wprks and Public Buildings are prepared to receive
Tenders for the supply of Grass Seed to the Royal Parks
dining the .vear 1918.

Fonixs of Tender, Conditions of Ooniiti-a^-t, and all par-
ticulairs miay be obtained on. application to tJie Principal
Clerk, Contr.acts Branch, at the undennentioned address.

The Commissioaiers do not bind themselves to accept
the low6i>t ,or any Tender.

Tenders must be delivered before 11 a.m. on Tuesday,
I hi- 2nd October, 1917, addressed to THE SECRETARY,
H.M. Office of Works, &c., Storevs Gate. London, S.W.I,
.and cTKlorsed " Tender for Grass Seed."

H.M. Office ot Works, &c.
4tli September, 1917.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old plants suitable for alock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH
London Fern, Nursery. Loughborough Junction. London,'

"yyANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and
Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxee,
&c.. sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted. —
MOBLE & CO., 150-156. Finchley Road, N.Vlf. 3.

Yy'ANTED, Geranium Stools, as taken

troni beds, Paul Crampel, J.acoby, ajid Kovelealci.
Price, lOa and 1,000.-P. OHENNTiLL. Nureerymam. Dork-

'Plants, ao., for sale,

PRIVATE Owner wishes to dispose of con-
tents of his Greenhouise. comprising some choice
Orchids, good variety Hothouse Flowers, Ferns, amd
Palms, value about £50. Also one nearly new Robin
boiler, L^3pable heating 750ft. piping,
SI, £25.^WEBB, 78, Tunmiill

Hootl 6 cylind
been in use less th
Street, E.C. 1.

YyALLFLOWERS. — Transplanted. Vul-
^., . '^/I; ""''y ?'"S' Covent Garden, Golden King,
Cfanford Beauty, &c., 3s. 100; extra strong. 5s. 100
free any addres.s.— MORLE & CO., 150-156 Finchley
Road, N.W.

BULBS AND PLANTS.
jyrORLE & CO. beg t.. announce that their
-^ revised list is now ready, and will be sent to any
address on application,— 160156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

T ILIUM longiflorum giganteum for winter

-"-^ flowering.— MORLE it CO. offer immense bulhs. 10
and 14 inches round, in splendid conditioni. at 10s., 128.,
and 15s. doz. Bulh list free.— MORLE & CO., 150-1S6,
Fimihley Road, N.W.

IVARCISSUS.— Paper - white Grandifiora,

■^^ 5s.; White Pearl, 4s. 6d. ; and double Incompar-
able, at 4s. i>er 100. Bulb list free- MORLE & CO., 150-
156, Finchley Road, N.W.

MBSGilLLANEOUS.

OILSKINS THAT DO NOT
STICK.

Oiilskims that»vill give you good service and stand
haixl wear. Oilskins that never fail to keep out the
baixlest rain, or sleet^BEAOON OILSKINS. Men's
Ooats from IDs., Leggings from 3s. Sou'-westers Is. 9d.
Children's Coats 10s. 6d. upwards. Ladies' Smart Oil-
skins 2Iis. Deal direct with us and save money. Send
a postoaixi to-day for our Free Booklet of " Weather
Comfort," describing money-back guarantee.- -Send
now—before vou forget— to BARBOUR'S. LTD., 66,
BEACON BUILDINGS. SOUTH SHIELDS. (3)

s

Four Linos 3s. (Head-lino counted as Two)i

Cd. for each sueeeedlns line.

Gardener! desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice wilt be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown . corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

.idvertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER for Sid-
oot School, Winscombe, Somerset; ineligible for
military service ; must be well qualifled ; good wages.—
Apply. THE SECRETARY.

GARDENER wanted to take charge four
Gi«enhouses and private Garden ; with experience
^'ine, Roses, Cucumbers, Carnations, &c, — ERNEST KING,
Abbei,<lale, 'Coggeshall, Esse.x.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (two kept); thoroughly experienced vege-
i.iblcs, Outloor Fruits, and Herbaceous; small Green-
li iiw'aid supervision ot poultry .and pigs; preference
t , m-.m with S0.1 tj work wit'i him ; housj, coals, and
vegetaibles lound.— Full particulars of experience, wages,
age, iiifto number in family, and copie.3 of testimonials
(:f any), PRESCOTT, Highbaiids, Woldingham, Surrey.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ing) ; Lneligible ; Glass, Kitchen Garden, Hei'ba-
ceous Bonders, Lawiijs, 4c.; help given,; live in lodge.
—Write, stating age and full particulars, J. M. FROST,
Upton Lawn, Chester.

WANTED, for Sussex, HEAD WORK-
ING GARDENEB: capable of running Horneby
oil' engine ; wife to cai-etake in winter ; good wages, cot-
tage, and coal. — MYERS, Runn-Minor, Corn wall.

WANTED, Head Working GARDENER ;
married, no fanxily ; <aibstainfr preferred ;
oottage providod. — Apply bv letter, stating' wages and
full pa.iTieulars, H. R. INMAX, Esq.. Grange, Branch
Hill. Hajnpstead, I^iidon.

"YYANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

" ' D'EXER, help given ; wages 30s. and cottage. —
WILDING, Werham Place, Stoke Poges. Bucks.

TITANTED, Single-handed Place; in-

' ' eligible , ui>ed to poultrv. — Apply bv let-ter only
(no circulars). W. G. BAKER, 10, Conskntine Road,
Hampstead,

A\/'ANTED. Good Single-handed GAR-

^' DEXER, Inside and Out; male or female —POT-
TOX. Homei-toad. Rayleigh. Essex.

TITANTED, Single-handed GARDENER

till end of war ; Kitchen Garden es^^enitial ; not
nuu^li GLass ; gajvien boy kept; nwist be over age or in-
eligihle, or discharged soldier ; preference giTen to one
who could drive a oar. — Adda^ess, OAPT. HATFEILD,
H:ii trvliiwn, Margat-e.

September 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed) ; experienced ; some Glass ; good cottage
;iii<l wages; must, be well recommeoideU. — S, Slyiload
Lodge, SlinioW, Sussex.

WANTED, GARDENER, boy under ;
jaust thorougMy understand Rose and Herbaceous
Boiders, Lawns, Vegetables, and Wall Fruit; practically
no Glass ; maiTied ; ineligible ; no taniUy ; good cottage
and garden provided; wages 30s. (no coal or lighting).
— Wnte. stating full particulars, to ARGKNTI, Pick Hill,
Tnrvey, Beds.

WANTED, immediately, GARDENER
(ineligible); single or married; where lour are
kept; Botliv, vegetables, coal, and oil.— Apply, H£AD
G.IRDEXER, The Oats, Walton Heath, Surrey.

EXPERIENCED GARDENER required;
assistance given. State w^ages and qualifications. —
.\pply, J. M. M-tSOS. Beckin«ton. Bath.

\\r ANTED, GARDENER; good all-round

^ ' man, with good references ; wages 32s. weekly, no
cottage.— S. B. MICHAEL, Heathfield Hall. Rotherfiekl,

Y\7^ANTED, for Outside work, two experi-
' ' enced GARDENERS (ineligible) ; to live togethei'
in Bothv.- Applv, stating particulars, to ESTATE MAN-
AGER, Llang'hain Place, Hand Cross. Sussex.

VITANTED, GARDENER (Man or

' ' Woman) ; experienced, Inside and Out ; cottage
proTidecl.-— Klmstead Manor, Ohislehursc.

WANTED, SECOND GARDENER for
Hot Houses and Herbaceous Borders ; good wages.
— .^pplr. SIR JOHN PRICHARD-JONES. Bt.. Elstree,
Herts. '

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; must
have gfxnl fliaractei' and uruIersUind has work.
State \\~ages.— F. JOHNSON. The Gardens, Hiham, Win-
chtlsea, Sussex.

WANTED. FOREMAN, for the Houses;
of good 'experience ; wages 309., Bothy, &c. ; also
active LAD, lor Houses, wages 178. ; Bothy. Sunday duty
eitra.-J. HOWARD. Benham Valence Gardens, Newbury.

WT'ANTEP, FOREMAN GARDENER fur

'.' Kitchcm Garden and GJa» ; 30s. and lodge free;
(private asv-liun, L.ajics.). Also Fruit and Vegetiibli;
Grower ; 30s. aiid cottage (Obes.).— All particuUra to
DICKSON & ROBINSON. Cathedral Street. Manchester.

YMTAj^TED, journeyman ; ineligible or
' ' discharged soldier, chiefly Outside; wages 25s.
per week, with Bothy and vegetables; overtime ta^ Sun-
<lftv duty i>aid. — EuU particulars, with copies of referent-**,
to' G HATCH, Caveiuham Park Gardeiis, Mildenhall,

.sutr.iiii.

WANTED, FOREMAN and JOURNEY-
M.\N tor Fruit and P'anis ; good wages to suitable
men ; Bothy, vegetables ; dutv and overtime extra.— T.
NUTTING, Oliildwickbury Gardens. St. Alboms.

WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN GAR-
DESER, for inside and Out; Bothy, vegetables;
Sunday dutv paid and 1 o'clock Saturda.vs; or dis.
charged soldier. Staie wages. — Apply. HEAD G.Ut-
DENER, The Gardens, Sundorne Oasile, Shrewsbury.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Fruit
Hou«i8; ex-Service or ineligible; wages 25a.,
Bothv, &c. ; extra tor Sunday duty ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.
—Apply, A. W. BL.\KE. Cattle Gardens. Highclcrc, New-
tiury.

LADY GARDENER and ASSISTANT
MATROX wotted for Girl's Industrial School, Gil-
merton ; salary £50, with board.— Apply, in writing, stat.
ing a^e, experierw«?, &^., with references amd copies of
testimonials, to No. 72. Keith & Oo., 43, George Street,
Edinburgh.

WANTED, experienced LADY GAR-
IiKNER for Norfolk; Vines. Tomatos, Ohrysanthe-
miims. &c.— .\pply, stating salary and sending copies of
teslamonials, H.. Box 14, 41, WeUington Street. Oovent
Garden, W.O. 2.

W/" ANTED, LADY GARDENER for small

^ ^ count r\- estate. State qualifications and salary. —
MIS'S D., c/o Manager, Berkeley Hotel, Piocadilly,
London.

"WANTED, two LADY GARDENERS,

' ' one senior as Forewoman, where two others are
employed, under Olaas, and a younger for Outside work,;
Bothv, &c., provided. — Apply, etatiiig wages required, M.
NIOHOIJ.S, The Gardoug, " St. Clere." Kemsing, neiir
Seveno,iks. Koiit.

TITANTED, GARDENERS (2), Women;
" ' must have cxperieaice ; furnished lodge for euit^
able applicants. — Apply, " Lycrome," Nashleigh HiU,
Uliea:ilium, Bucks,

WANTED, an experienced FORE-
WOMAX, ago 30 to 36, over young women on
Pleasure Grounds ; live in comfortably furnished cottage
with others. — Pleiise state experience and w.iges eii.ecttd
to A. J. COBB, Duffrim Gardens, Oaadifl.

WANTED, strong LAD, for Garden
Work.— Apply, GARDENER, St. Serfs House,
Priory Lane, Roehanipton.

WANTED, Two Strong Lads as IM-
PROVERS in the Houses, with a little knowledge
of the work ; ineligible ; woges 20s. ; Bothy, milk, vege-
tables, ic. ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.— Apply. W. HOWE, The
Caidens, Park Hill. Streathaiu Common. '

TRADS.

W

ANTED, immediately, MANAGER or
SHOPMAN for retail Seed' and Xiuserv Business ;
eferenoes.— H. OORDF-R, High Sti-eet, Bridgwater.

WANTED, immediately at Frimley, MAN
to look altei 12 Greenhouses; Stiawberries,
Tomatos, Oucnmbers, and Chrysanthemums; experienced
in preparing for local retail trade pieferre<I. Applications
««h copies of testimonials, w^iges, and references, to
PHILLIPS, 4, Oheriton Road, Winchester.

WANTED, experienced MAN for Carna-
tions, Trees, and Borders ; knowledge of outdoor
Chrj-santhemums and Herbaceous an advantage ; also
M-\N' with kno-.vledge of Bulb Culture.— State experience
and wages lequired to H., Box 20, 41, Wellington Street,
Ccvent Garden, W.O. 2.

EXPERIENCED practical Horticultural
-*--^ PR0P.\G-V1'0R required for service in the Tropics.
— W. H.. Box 7, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2.

H

ERBACEOUS PROPAGATOR and

URUER LlF'reil wanteJ.— Applv. stating wages
References, to BARE & SONS, Xurseriis, Taplow.

WANTED (immediately), PROPA-
GATOR, GROWER, Sott-woode<i, Cucumbers,
Tomatos, good at wreaths. State wages, references. —
HAITRAY, .\sh Vale Nurseries, Aldershot.

OALM GROWER, thoroughly experieni-ed,

■*- wanted for I.x>ndon ; ineligible ; good wages. — Write,
G. P., c/o Gould's, 64. New Oxford Street, W.O.

WANTED, at once, an ineligible, ener-
getic, little man ;is SALK.S.M.*.N at stand in ar-
ca<le ; kncvlodge of Plants, Trees and Shrubs, Bulbs, and
sundries required; an abstainer preferred.- Appli-, with
copies o* testinioniais, stating age, married or single, and
wages required, to JAS. HOLDER & SON, Crown JJur-
S';rries, Reading.

LONDON Wholesale Seed Trade. —
WanUxl. ASSIST.VVr .M ANAi;I;R tor Warehouse.-
.Vpplv hv letter, with full partifulars, salarv required,
4:c.. 'NUiTIXG A; SONS, LTD.. 106. Soivthwark Street,
London.

Tj^XPERIENCED BOOK-KEEPER, with

-*-^ gotxl general knowledge of the retail Seed and Nut-
sorv- trade. — -^pply, giving full parttculoj'a, to CARTER
PAGE & CO.. 53, London Wail, Lomlon. E.C. 2.

VV-^NTED, CLERK, wholesale Seed

' ' House ; good correspondent, writer, quick «t
()gnre3; wit-h liighe.-:t references. State salary — E. W.
KING k CO., Ooggeshall, Essex.

"WANTED, for London, SHOPMAN ; in-

' ' eligible or over or under milibarv ago.— R. K., Box
12, 41, Wellington Strefet, Oovent Gaixfen, W.C. 2.

SEED ASSISTANTS wanted.— Furnish all
particulars, and state n-ttges required, to DICKSON
,V- ROBIXSOX. Seed Warehouses, 17, 19, and 21, Robert
.Street. Olieetham, Manchtester.

SEED TRADE. — Wanted, experienced
WAREHOUSEMAN for wiholesale ; highest refer,
ences. State ealary.— E. W. KING & 00., Ooggeshall,
Essex.

WANTED, exiierienced WAREHOUSE-
.M.\X for wholesale Lomlon seed warehouse. —
Applv, W.ITKINS & SIMPSON, LTD , 27, 28, 29, Drury
Lane, Oovent Garden, Ixindon, W.C. 2.

PACKER and WAREHOUSEMAN
waiiFe^l. — .\pply, stating wages and references, to
RAKR & SONS. Nurseries, Taplow.

T^ANTED, LADY CLERK (shorthami-

' ' typist), with knowledge of seed trade ; good writer,
quick at figures: highest references. State speed, wages
lequired.— E. W. KING k CO., Coggeshajl, Essex.

"p'LORIST wanted, with good knowledge of
-*- triulo. niakin,g-np. &c. ; able to <ln own buying in
market. — ^P]oa?e apply, stating wages rer(uircd and pre-
vioius oxperionoe, to JOHN PEED k SON. The Nurseries,
West Norwood, S.E. 27.

WANTED, October 1, young LADY AS-
SISTANT for Florist's shop; well up in floral
work ; good saleswoman ; one with a knowledge of seeds
preferred. State wages required and reference. — E. J.
BAT(3HEL0R & SONS, 19, Station Square, Harrogate.

WANTED, a GREENHOUSE STOKER
or strong LABOUKEH willing to learn same;
wages, with Sondav dutv. 39s. 3d.— Apply to THOMAS
ROCHFORD «c SONS, LTD., Turntord Hall Nurseries,
i}e;xr Broxbourne. Herts.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wopJs rof 1/6, and 61 for oica

sueeeedlng Elgnt words or less.

Gardeners desiring tlieir Advertisements repeated

■must give full jxirticulars, ot/wrwi^ie no
notice will bt taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufjicient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

fflJVA rsE.

GARDENER (Head), F.R.H.S. ; expert in
■all bnuicheo, spedality Fruit; good organiser and
worker ; life e xperienoe in> good places ; excellent refer-
ences; 10 years last place; age 46. B. D., Box 21. 41,
Wellington" Street, Oovent Garden. W.O. 2.

GARDENER (Head); highly qualified m
everv branch of HorliouUure, including improve-
ments and estate mana«cn'-ent i' necessary ; at hberty.
—Write, A. H., Box 18, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Gaiden. W.O. 2.

A LADY highly recommends good all-
round HE.VD GARDENER, where several others are
kept; age 44.— Write, in first imstamce. " G.4RDENER,
Box 19, 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; tho-
roughly exiicrieiK'cd in all brandies ; active and
g<H><l malinger; 25 ye:irs las*, situation, 13 years as Head ;
highest reference ; age 48 ; disengaged ; could iiKWKige
small esiate if require<l ; one daughter (age 17); experi-
enced dairymaid, farm and college t raining.— .\pply to J.
KEENE, Rosemead, Winchester Road, Basingstoke.

GARDENER (Head Working). — G.
K1'',NT. 20 years Head Gardener at Norbury Park,
Dorking, seeks re-engagement owing to the death of em-
ployer; IhorougliJy experienced in all branches ol the
profession ; could iundcrtake estate managenient ; highest
possible reterenoes.— 0. KENT, Piiham Lane, Dorking,

GARDENER (Head Working) retiuires
pcnnanent situation ; life experience. Inside and
Out; 6 vwirs present situation; excelleiit references;
over mil'itary age ; inarrietl (no children).— R. SMITH,
The Gardetisj I1ie Hermitage, East Grinstead. Sussex.

QARDENER (Head Working) offers his

^-^ services to any Lady or Gentleman requiring a
flrst-class Man, well up in all Inside and Out aiwl t,he
general upkeep of a well-kept estiablishment. including
Lantti and Stock. I'Mt«t-cla8s teistimonials from noble,
inon's places; married, age 42; ineligible. — A., Box 10,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

QARDENER (Head Working); tho-

^-^ roughly oxiJeriern-eKl in all branches; pnat'tifal aiwl
up to dale;' 17 vea/ra Ueixd previous; jiiarrie-tl ; ago 4^5 :
exocllont rcfereiifes.— WAHRRN, Pac-kington Hall Gar-
dorifl, Ui>veiLtj"y.

QARDENER (Head Working); tho-

^^ roiighiy experieiic^jd in all branches ; l(wig an<i
■s;vl,i?rfactory dischairgea; disengaged eaid of Sepi*mber. —
THOMAS BYHNK. Tho OaMeiiis, Killarney, Ireland.

rjARDENER (Hkao Wokkinc). uh.iv iwo

^^ or (hroe a-re !.<.■]. i ; experienced In-iW.' .m-l Diit;
;i.Ima'i_' iTirpilitary age : Eastern- Ooeii'tn'.- pi i'Iitmc.I G,
in(;BV, 6, North Teirrace, Ciunbridge Uixui, CIri i,v liuitun,
Ccunbridge,

QARDENER (Head Working), where

^"^ 3 ormore aire kept ; 34 years' experieoee ; Inside and
Out ; iige 48 ; abstainer ; no family ; excellent refs.—
RIOJIARD.S, Rockdale Gaidcm. Sevenoaka.

QARDKNER (Head Working) ; life ex-
^-^ perience, both Inside and Outside; good refer-

pmccsi; age 49; nuamed. — W. THOMAS, The Cottage,

Oojnjnoaiwood Bouse, Qhipperfield, Herts.

SITUATIONS WANTED eontlnued on pag« v.

TUB GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[Septembeb 15, 1917.

:fsi V

Slugs
Slugs

SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instruotiong Free.

6d. & l/- Tins & 15/- per Cwt.(f.o,r. London)

I of all Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.
THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.
Limehouse, London, E.
Awarded Medal al Roval Horticultural
Exhibition, igll.

SANKEYS^^S^>POTS

"'Che BEST ond Ch«^ope!sh

ff/CHARD SANKEV dt SON, L^9.

Btilwell Po^^cries. NOTTINOMAM.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

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CLIMBING PLANTS

(Pre»ent-Day Gardening Series)

By WILLIAM WATSON.

(Introduction br William Robinson.)

n Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Olimb-
" ing Plants, both hardy and tender species.
Illustrated with 24 full page plates, 8 of which
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Price ZIIO pott free from:

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19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Qarden,

London, W.C.

Sfptember 15, 1917.]

TRE GA RDENERS' CHRONICLE,

105

(Bavhtncvs djronirlr

Xo.ieOS —SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 15 2927

CONTENTS.

Alpine garden, the —
Morisia hypogaea

Apples in East Lothian :

bulb Earden, the—
Hybrid Liliums

Crops, condition of the :

Eustoma Kusscllianiini . :

Farm, crops and tt'ick
on the home

Fertilisers, legislation
regulating the import-
ation of, In South
Africa

Flora of the Chinese-
Tibet borderland

Food plants in the
Philippines .. .. :

Food production, on In*
creased —
Bolting Onions
Drying Plums .. .. :
Japanese Prickly

Spinach . . . . ;

\'ej<etabie novelties ..

Fruit crops, remarks on

the

Fruit register
Apple Gren

idicr

107

Apple Norfolk Beauty 107
Raspberry .Noveniber
Abundance .. 107

Market fruit garden, the 106

Obituary
Laing, James .. , . 114
Ouey, K. T 114

Orchid notes and glean-
ir.gs-
Cattleya Damaras .. 105
Laelio Cattleya Ar-
mada Westonbirt
variety .. 105

Plant note—
Montbretia rosea ,. 108

Rosa Moyesii ..106

Societies—

National Dahlia .. 113

National Rose .. ..113
Royal Horticultural .. Ill

War items no

Week's work, the —

Flower garden, the ,. 100
Kruitb under glads .. iOi)
Hardy fruitgardtr, the 109
Kitchen paitlen. I lie .. 108
dichid hotiPts, tl e .. 100
Plants under gla>-a ,. 10!)

'A'

ILLU9TPATION8.

LaelioCattleyaConimaiuler-iTi-Chief Ill

Koea Moyesii .iro

Kosa Mojesii, fruits of 107

FLORA OF THE CHINESE^TIBET
BORDERLAND.

Mr. George Forrkst, who is again engaged
in a plant-collecting exjiedition in the Far Eas:,
sends the following interesting communication
to Dr. Keeblc, Director of the Uoyal Horticul-
tural Society's Gardens, Wd&ley :—
" Talife«, Yunnan,

" Via Bhamo, Upper iJurmah.
"May 2, 1917.
FTRR a somewhat monotonous and un-
interesting journey, I am at last in Tali,
bu.sy preparing for trekking northwards.
For the first two days out from Tuegyuch there
was very heavy rain and very bad going, then ten
days of excessive heat for the time of year, end-
ing in heavy rain the day I got in here. As a
result, there has been another heavy fall of
snow above 11,000 feet, and I hear the two
passes to be crossed between here and Atnutze,
the Li-ti-ping and Bei-ma-shan, are still closed,
so there is no particular call for ha.ste. How-
ever, I hope to leave here ou or about the lOlli,
as I expect to be able to itravel by the Sung
Kwei Pass on my way to Lichiang. That por-
tion of the Langkong-Haching divide is particu-
larly rich, and, though I Jiave traversed it
several times, 1 hope to get some more spoil.

" Thi.s, the central portion of the province,
is stUl in a very disturbed state. For the past
month the route eafitwards to Yunnanfu has
been practically closed to all traffic, owing to
the presence of robber band<; — disbanded
soldiery — who are plundering and murdering
over a large area. Northwards, somewhat simi-
lar conditions obtain, the country being more
or les.s held by the remnants of White Wolf's
gang driven .southwards. However, I gue.'^s I'll
scrape through, if my usual luck holds! The
Governor of the Province vacates office very
eihortly, and it ie said he has interest in one
thing only — the amas.=iing of dollars before he
retires. And so it go^s on ! Yet what a
country it might be under good government!

" So far from the frontier up T have managed
to .ceeure specimens nf some 170 species new
to my previous collccti(in=. Most are trees and
fhrubs of much intr-rest botaMimlly, though of
small value horticulturally. When eonsiidering

this, pray bear in mind that I have passed over
the route twelve times ! Two or three of the
finer things were collected on the ShweK-Salwiii
divide, though I only hunted casually by the
wayside, ae that portion of the range comes
within the scope of the tJiree men whom I
dropped, at Tuegyuch.

" I secured a few seeds of Dichotomanthes
tristanioecarpa, a monotypic genus of Rosaceae,
only known and local in Y'unnan. Unfortu-
nately, the seeds procurable were some of last
season's, fallen, and, though I have little hope
of their germinating, I send them to you. I
have arraiiged for a quantity of seed to be col-
lected in the autumn. Professor Balfour holds
specimens of the species. The plant is a grace-
ful shrub of 10-20 feet, with light-coloured, sil-
very foliage, practically evergreen in its habitat,
with the general appearance of a Cotoneaster,
but much more compact in habit. The flowers are
rather uninteresting, but it is good in fruiit.
Fruits of two species of Cherry were also
collected — one in the Salwin Valley, at about
4-5,000 feet, and the other here, altitude 6,500
feet. Both good and very free fruiting.
.Specimens in collection. I shall forward seeds
of both with the above, under separate cover ;
also seed of a good Tsuga or Pseudotsuga, col-
lected at 6-7.000 feet. Quit-e a good Conifer of
50-70 feet. .

" The usual Rhododendrons were met with —
R. racemosum ciliicalyx, Delavayi, and forms of
Fortunei, so called. I secured specimens of a
form seen in small numbers which I take to be
a hybrid between a white form of Fortunei and
Dilavayi. It bears the Fortunei foliage.
though smaller, with large pink blooms, having
the blotch of crimson at base seen in Delavavi.
A shrub of 8-15 feet.

" In the Y'angki Valley, two days west of
Tali, the hillsides were ablaze with the blooms
of Rhododendron microphyton and R. ciliicalv.x.
The first-named, in my opinion, equals, if it
does not even surpass, R. racemosum in wealth
of bloom. It is said to be in cultivation, and
that is probably correct ; but in colour of
flower and habit it is most variable, and T ques-
tion if the finest forms have been secured. I
marked several down, one almost pure whi'e.

" Since our arrival here my men and I have
been out once or twice on the range as high as
the present snow-line, and have added a few
species to the list.

" Amongst the first things sought for was
Rhododendron aureum, and T vr&s fortunate
enough to secure a small quantity of last year's
seed, which I trust will germinate.

" In one of the gulleys on the eastein flank
of the range — a guUey fo far unexplored— I
found three species, possibly four, of Rhododen-
drons new to me. As yet they are not num-
bered, as I wish to .'■ecure a larger number of
.specimen."; before including thi m in the collec
tion. All are excellent .subjects for horticul-
tural purposes, two of them specially
floriferons, shrubs of 3-6 feet. In three the
blossoms are of various shades of rose witih
darker markings; one, the dwarfcst of all, has
ivory yellow blossoms, flushed faint rose on ex-
terior. A form nf R. sulfureum was also ctjl-
leot"d with much larger foliage than the type.

'I'lie above shows how ver>' much there i.s
vet to be done on this range. It would
be well worth .<:|pending a full year here, if I
could arrange to do so. However, I'm for the
north this feaenn. and I have arranged for four
collectors to work the western flank of the
range, as well as thr. head waters of the Red
River, and the Ghi Shan, a, small range of hills
l>nng to the north-east of the Tali Lake. That
region was the .cicene of much of P^i'e Delavay's
labours. I tapped it in 1914. and found it mopt
nrndiictive. I intend leaving men behind at
T,iohiang to work the portions of the Lichiang
Range still unexplored, as well as the monn-
tqins north and north-we-st of the Yangtze
bend." .

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA DAMARAS.
A flower of a new hybrid Cattleya named
Damaras, raised between C. Lord Rothschild
(Dowiana x Gaskelliana) and C. Artemis
(Iris X Gaskelliana), is senit by Mr. H. G.
Alexander, Orchid grower to Lieut.-Col. Sir
Geo. L. Holford, Westonbirt, Tetbury. The
sepals and petals are light rose colour on a silver
white ground, the frilled laFellum bright purple
in front and at the margins of the side lobes,
the centre and base orange colour, changing to
a lighter tint towards the front. There are many
feathered lines of purple at the extreme base,
and the narrow margin of the lip is light rose
colour. Although C. Dowiana aurea enters
twice into the composition of this hybrid (once
through C. Iris (bicolor X Dowiana aurea), C.
Gaskelliana dominates in colour and destroys the
yellow of other parents.

LAELIO-CATTLETA ARMADA WESTON-
BIRT VARIETY.
Mr. Alexander also sends a flower of the
latest cross between L.-C. luminosa (L. tenebrosa

X C. Dowiana aurea) and C. fulvescens (Dowiana
aurea x C. Forbesii), for the original form of
which an Award of Merit was obtained at the
Royal Horticultural Society's meeting on Sep-
tember 23, 1913. The present varieity has a
flower over 7 inches across, of which all
the segments are broad and of fine sub-
stance. The sepals and petals are light
chrome yellow with a slight bronze shade,
the lip crimson with a rich bronzy-orange disc,
and lines extending therefrom to the base. The
column is creamy white. The yellow of C.
Dowiana aurea is well fixed in this hybrid,
Laelia tenebrosa in L.-C. luminosa, which is
favourable to yellow crosses, helping in that
direction.

THE ALPINE GARDEN.

MORISIA HYPOGAEA.

MoRistA HYPOGAEA IS a plant in which I
have ta.ken much intenst, especially as I was
among the first in this country to grow it on
its reintroduction, after it had" been loat. (It
was flowered by Mrs. Marryat in 1834, and wai
figured in Sweet's British Flnxeer Caricn,
second series, tab. 190.)

After growing it for some yoar.^i, it seemed
to me almcjst incredible that it shcjuld have
gone out of cultivation. Certainly its in-
trinsic beauties would ensure it a place in
any good garden, so that want of charm oonld
not have been the cause of its practical dis-
appenran'ce. It is, I think, to the que-ition of
its duration that wo have to turn to account for
its lofi.'j. It has a curiously tantali.sing habit of
disappearing without apparent cause from many
gardens, and this after it has proved a great
success for a time., I have never been able to
sati.sfy myself as to the cause of this failure.
The best plant I ever grew was on the upper part
'if a low terraced rockery facin(» south west, and
in dry. sandy soil. lA was treated in dry weather
in siummer to occasional thornugh soakings of
pure water, which tho open, porous soil ab-
ROT^bed readily. This plant became about a,
foot across, and was covered with fine yellow
flowers. It had, perforce, to be removed to
noother position in the same garden, differ-
ing little in aspect, and not at all in soil.
The removal Was effected bv soaking the plant
well with water, pressing the soil rather firm,
lifting the clump with earth attached and
replanting at once. It ntver looked back,
and throve well until about two years
after, when it vanished without any apparent
cause. Sm.aller plants have also shared the
?ame fate, and in mv pre.sent garden, in a
rl'ghtly colder part of the same county (Kirk-

106

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 15, 1917.

cudlDriglitshire) I have also lost several plants
of M. hypogaea after they were apparently
doing well. ,

Many years ago, when visiting the nurssry ol
Mtbsrs. James Backhouse and Son, at York,
i saw their stock of M. hypogaea in a frame,
then under tlie charge of Mr. W. A. Clark, who
was my cicerone. They were apparently
n;i-owing' in almost pure sand, and were
thriving and spreading satisfactorily. It seems
to me, if I may hazard the remark, that the
cause of lo«6 may be the decay of the central
crowns of the plant before the growths from
the sides have' become strong enough. M.
hvpogaea increases well by root- cuttings, and
is inclined to send up eide growths from the
roots at a short distance from the plant. I
have never seen seeds produced. I have _ not
found that the plant has any preference for lime,
but it is quite probable that lime will help lit m
some soils. The late Mr, Daniel Dewar, when at
Kew, recommended a " light, rich, gi-itty soil."
S. Ariiott, Sunnymead, Maxwelltown.

Briar, but a Uttle longer. The blooms are cardinal-
red when first open, but when fully expanded
they are dark red. and each bloom measures
about 2 inches across.

The plant is perfectly hardy and very free-
flowering. It does best when growing in good
turfy loam, but will thrive in any well-worked
garden soil, provided an open position is chosen
where it can enjoy the full sunshine. The Rose
is at its best when allowed to grow freely, and
much pruning is a disadvantage. It is only
necessary to shorten the longest growths suffi-
ciently to keep the bushes of symmetrical shape.
The colour of the flowers has been found to vary
considerably in some of the seedlings.

The best forms, such as that which gained the
R.H.S. Certificate, are propagated by budding.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

FRUIT TREES IN GR.\SS.
Mr. W. J, Farmer, on page 62, coniirims the
judgment of many observers as to the fruit of

Fig. 37. — rosa moyesii ; flowers bloodred.

ROSA MOYESII.

Among the several new Roses which have been
introduced to our gardens during recent years—
the majority of which are from China— none is
more beautiful than the Western Chinese species
Rosa Moyesii (fig. 37), which was discovered
in the mountains of Szechu'an, at elevations of
from 7,000 to 9,000 feet above sea-level. The
honour of its first discovery belongs to
Mr. A. E. Praitt, but Mr. E. H. Wilson also
met with it during his earlier expeditions, and
he sent seeds to the Coombe Wood Nursery of
Messrs. James Veitch and Son, where numerous
plants were raised ; the species is now fairly
well known in this country. This striking new
Rose has been exhibited at several of the font-
nightly meetings of the Royal Horticultur.al
Society, and the Floral Commiittee conferred
upon it a First-class Certificate on June 20, 1916,
whem it was shown by Mr. J. Allgrove. who
had fine fruiting branches at the National Rose
Society's show in the Drill flail on Tuesday last.
The fruits, which are illustraited in fig. 38, are
orange-scarlet.

The specific name was bestowed in honour of
the Rev. J. Moyes, a missionary in China, The
plant forms a shrub about 6-10 feet high, and
has foliage somewhat resembling that of a Sweet

.\])ple trees in grass being more highly coloured
than that of trees of the same variety on arable
land. But he does ncit add that the fruits are
usually smaller, whioh my observations lead me
to conclude. As for allowing grass to grow up
around young trees, trials at Woburn and else-
where have proved th,-it nothing is more fatal to
the healthy growth of the trees. In various parts
of the country I have seen misera.bly stunted
Apple trees th'ait were planted in grass, and left
without cultivation of the land around them.
The two years of such cultivation mentioned by
Mr. Farmer are not nearly enough. Some of my
Apple trees were so badly stunted by allowing
the part of the orchard containing them to grass
itself over when they had been planted ten years,
that I had the land dug up and kept under culti-
vation. This, however, was on poor land. On
very good land young trees, say after growing for
six years under arable conditions, may flourish,
after the land has been gras-sed. This, however,
is in spite of the grassing, and probably in the
best of soil they would flourish better still if
the land were kept under cultivation some years
longer. As to the financial aspect of the ques-
tion, I am disposed to agree with Mr. Farmer
in thinking that mature trees pay better in grass
than in cultivated land, but I would not say the
same in respect of young trees. Southern jGrower.

REMARKS ON THE CONDITION OF
THE FRUIT CROPS.

(See also Tahles in Gardeners' Chronicle tor

July 28.)

(Concluded from p. 102.)

IRELAND.
Meath. — ^We had a very long and severe
winter, with north-east and east winds up to
the first of May, whidi crippled growth. Even
when the blossoms appeared in May the weather
was damp, and there was no sunshine, so that
frhe pollen of most blossom perished. The
weather in June was more like April, and the
fwv fruits that did set turned yellow and
dropped, so that it is one of ithe worst fruit
seasons known here for many years. The soil
is of good quality for fruit growing, Michael
McKcown, Julianstown, Drofjheda.

Tyrone (N,),. — Plums are scarce, and during
the past few years silver-leaf has caused the
death of many trees, particularly of the Vic-
toria variety. Gooseberries were in some in-
stances a complete failure, due in part to the
birds taking the buds during the severe weather
in April. Apples and Pears carried a tremendous
amount of blossom, which apparently set well,
but from some obscure cause (possibly imperfect
fertilisation) much of the fruit dropped, leaving
■only fair average crops. The soil is a heavy
loam. Fred. W. Walhcr. Sion House Oardena.
Kion Mills.

Cork, — All fruiit trees produced a great profu-
sion of bloom, but as a result of the prolonged
drought, and cold nights at the same time, the
crops are somewhat iiTegular. All Apple trees
that ga^'e a heavy yield in 1916 are lightly
cropped this season. Gooseberries suffered in
many places from tJie severe fro«t and snow in
March and April. Winter moth and aaw-fly
caterpillars were very prevalent, but, generally
speaking, insect and fungous pests were not so
t-^iililp,i!"i-np :is in other vears. ./, D"nrnah<i.
17, St. Pntrich's Terrace, Magazine Hoad. Corl-.
Kerry. — There are satisfactory crops of all
kind® of fruit rthis year. There was a wealth of
bloasiom on fruit trees of all kinds, but the
flowers of Pears and J'lunls opened a month
Inter thin usual, Charles W. Bennett. MurK-ros.i
.ihJi'ey Gardens, Killnrney, Co. Kerry.

Kti.dare. — The Apricot crop was destroyed by
late frost, and Morello Cherries dropped a good
deal of fruit. All small fruits, with the excen-
tinn of Gooseberries, were numerous and' good,
Tlip soil is a medium loam on limestone, Wm.
Oqilvie. Strnifan JJniise Gardens.

KrLKE>rNT, — All fruit trees blossomed abund-
antly, about three weeks later than in normal
seasons, so that the flowers escaped ithe spring
frosts, Consequmitlv, nearlv all kinds of fvits
promise to be plentiful. Some of the cooking
varieties of Apples are, however, rather dis-
appointing, as, after flowering splendidly
under ideal weather conditions, they failed
to set, and from some inexplicable cause
whole trusses cafrie away from the trees.
It was not caterpillar in our case. Dessert
Apples, and especially Cox's Orange Pip-
pin, are excellent, and these bring the Apple
crop well up to the average. Insect pests have
not been troublesome this season, but mildew
has been rather worse than usual on varieties
subject to this fungus. Bismarck Apple was the
worst sufferer. The soil is a medium loam on
limestone. T. E. Tomalin, Bcsshorour/h Gar-
dens, Piltown.

King's County. — Oldi orchard Apple trees in
most places are bearing heavy crops. The young
trees, with few excepticiiis, are yielding only
small crops, owing to the lafe frosts and the dry
weather, which caused the fruits to fall. The
StnaWberry crop set well, but owing to dry
"father the fruits did not all develoo, and the
crop was quickly over, E. Clarke, Clnremoxint,
Garry Castle, Banagher.

September 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

107

Limerick. — Apple trees are bearing a small
crop ithis season iu comparison to last year.
Only about half the usual quantity of fruit-buds
developed, and the flowers failed to set well.
Pears show an improvement ; most trees are
can-ying a good crop of clean-looking fruit.
l^Uims are also a ^ood crop, but aphis are dif-
ficult to keep in check, and are doing gi'eat
damage to the foliage. Early Cherries were a
fine crop, but Marellos were not quite so good,
owing to much of the fruit falling. Straw-
beixies were almost killed by the hard winter.
and produced only a poor crop. HnrTij Nixon,
Rochharton, Kilmallock.

Queen's County. — Apples and Pears are
L't'od. although in some parts the codlin moth
has been destructive. Aphis has been trouble-
some on Plum itrees. Gooseberries were not quite
.=0 plentiful as in former years, but the quality
was excellent, and I have seen no signs of the
(Gooseberry mildew. The soil is a light loam
overlying limestone. G. McOlashan, Abbey
Lfix Gardens.

Waterfobd. — The fruit crops in this district
are well over tche average, and of good quality.
'I here .was some dropping of fruit in The Queen
and one or two other varieties of Apples, but an
abundance was left. Small fruits were plentiful,
and the bushes are wonderfully free from pest«.
D. Crombie, Curra(]hmme. Garderv, Portlaw.

WiCKLOw. — This garden is near to the sea,
and very much exposed to the east. During the
time when the Apples were in flower, the wind
from that quarter was bitterly cold, consequently
the Apple crop is a complete failure. WaHrr
Itfilhi/. Glfnart Gorihni>. Arlclmr.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.

.It.RSEY. — There seems to be a fair general
average, both in crop and quality. A very heavy
thunderstorm damaeed the Strawberry crop, and
thi' .'■'torm was followed by very hot simshine,
wlu'ch rendered the fmit useless. Plums are
better than for several vpars past. The .Ti-rs -v
soil is not very favourable for Plums ; there is
a lack of lime in the soil. Thnw^s f^harmnji,
hnperlnl Xurseri/, Si. ^for^^'.■> Iforiil. St.

JUJif.T!.

FRUIT REGISTER.

APPLE GRENADIER.

Another season's trial with this kitchen
variety has proved its title to being the best of
all early Apples for market, where abundant
space is available. In freedom of growth, even
when grafted on any kind of stock, cleanliness
of foliage, and even-sized fruit, I do not think
the variety has an equal. The fruit is ready to
gather in July. So far as I know, the variety
i« not susceptible to scab, which affects Lord
Orosvenor in some seasons very much.
APPLE NORFOLK BEAUTY.

When' I saw the original tree of this Apple
grov. ing in the garden at (iuiiton Park, Norwich,
I was much impressed with its appearance in
every respect, and especially its free growth and
abundant crop of large, handsome fruits, which
foi- culinary use in September and October have
no superior. Some few persons find a fault in
its cropping, but a small crop may be owing
ii wrong treatment. I find the tree succeeds
best when the branches are well thinned to allow
the light and air to enter among them. This
year every one of my fifty tre^s is bearing
a very large crop of big, even-sized, handsome,
clean fruits. The variety succeeds admirably as
a standard, and does equally well grafted on
any variety of stock. K. .1/.

RASPBERRY NOVEMBER ABUNDANCE.
The earliest fruits of Raspberry November
.Aliundiince were ripe on the 22nd .luly in iMr.
Allgrove's nursery, Langley. near Slough, where
th« variety wa^ raised some years ago. One
shoot, 3 feet long from tihe ground level, bore

thirty-seven large fruits, which were of excel-
lent flavour. In order to get the best results the ,
plants should only remain two years before re-
planting. The new bed should be made in a
fresih position, otherwise the plants become a
thicket of shoots and fail to fruit well. The
variety is a cross between Superlative and Cata-
wis'a, and is worthy of more extended cultiva-
tion for its fin? fruit and excellent flavour. The
shoots should be cut to the ground level in the
autumn after fruiting is over. IT'. H. Dirrr.i.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

BOLTING ONIONS.
In" March last I planted some fine autumn sown
Onions and fully expected a large proportion of
them to bolt. Curiously enough, only one did

second growth. Two tops of leaves appeared,
and the original bulb eventually split in half,
disclosing two lop-sided bulbs, both of which
attained a good size. About half of them had
ripened sufliciently to be fit for pulling and dry-
ing by the end of August, while the remainder
were still too vigorous to pull and dry with any
prospect of keeping or storing. This second
growth has made them later than the spring-sown
ones. Indeed, they were more fit to pull about
the middle of June than at the end of August,
but they were unusually small then, though both
bulbs are now twice as large as the spring-sown
ones, or more. This looks like anticipating time
by a year. They were planted 9 inches apart
in the lines, and early in July spring-sown Leeks
were planted between them, and have already
made good progress. The soil was trenched to
its full depth (15 inches) and manured, the
gravel beneath being forked up. J. F.

KiG. 38. — FRUITS OF ROSA MOYESIT : COLOUR ORANOB-RBD.
' (.Soe p. 106.)

30, and I ])roinptly removed the flower head,
and quite a respectable bulb resulted. I ex-
pected it to be lop-sided, and in this respect
agree with Mr. W. H. Divers (page 78). that
bulbs so produced are never shapely, though
otherwise quite good for kitchen use. The rea.son
why such Onions are lop-sided is because they
are a lateral and secondary growth from the
primary bulb, which shrivels up and decays after
nourishing its offspring. A very large percentage
of the other bulbs, which did not bolt, gave
exactly similar results in a different way. The
great drought in May and tlunc ripened off
Shallots before they reached their proper size.
The autumn sown Onions also ripened up or
ceased growing. The heavy thunderstorms about
the middle of ,Iune started them into a vigorous

DRYINti PLUMS AND DAMSONS.
The following method of drying Plums and
Damsons is published by the Food Production
Department of the Board of Agriculture. The
Plums and Damsons should be placed thinly on a
tr.ay formed of a frame of wooden laths covered
with a stretch of wire gauze or canvas for placing
in the oven. The lieat may then be raised to
nearly 200° Fahr., but, if the fruit at this heat
Ijecomes soft and puffy, and looks like bursting,
the tray .should be witlidra,wn and the fruit
allowed t<.i cool (iff. As drying proceeds the
temperature should ibe gradually lowered to a/bout
140°; otherwise the fruitt may char. When they
are thorouglhly dry the Plums or Damsons should
be withdrawn from t,h© oven and left exposed to
the air for a few days until (having taken up siif-

10-:!

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 15, 1917.

ficient moisture fruin the air) they are of the
consistency of Prunes. The best way to store
them then is to pack them in clean, dry well-
.iitrpiiered bottles — these should be used for all
preserved fruit or vegetables so far as possible
where no thoroughly dry room is available or the
di.strict is peculiarly damp. The less light that
penetrates to the dried fruit or vegetables the
better the colour as a rule. They can also be
stored in wax-paper-lined boxes. Preserved
Plums should be examined from time to time,
and if any sign of dampness or mould should ap-
pear it must be wiped off with a dry cloth and
the fruit put again into the oven for a little
while, to get rid of superfluous moisture. Some-
times the sugar in the Plums may appear on the
outside as a whitish or pale grey powder, but
this is unlilcely to be mistaken for mould, as the
fruit remains firm if not too damp, and the
sugar is dry, whereas the mould is woolly or
fluffy.

JAPANESE PRICKLY SPINACH.
It is stated that considerable -consignments of
Japanese Prickly Spinach seed are being im-
ported, and it would be interesting to know from
those who have had experience in growing it
whether this variety crops as well in tliis country
as ordinary Prickly Spinach.

VEGETABLE NOVELTIES.
Sugar Parsley.— This is a much-neglected
root, in flavour more like Skirrert (Sium Sisarum)
than any other root I am a<;quaint6d with ; some-
thing between the Celeriac and the Parsnip,, but
without the rank quality of the laitter, which
to me is almost nauseating. The roots attain
a size about that of a moderate Parsnip. I
have not seen ithe plant attacked with Celery
fly or other pest, except .slugs. My last
hope of a big German strain now blossoming
(all the 1912 seed having been finished last year,
and failure of seed crop then) looks promising
for the harvest. The leaves may be used as they
shoot from stored roots like ordinary Parsley
leaves ; the plant eeems to resist frost.

Skirret I gave up some years ago on account
of slug trouble, but now that I know more
about controlling this pest I shall again return
to its culture.

Eampion as a root vegetable has given me
no success even with the " ameliores " varie-
ties, but it is a pleasant " Spinach" substitute,
and young leaves form an addition or variation
in the salad bowl. The plant is attractive when
in flower.

Chinese Yam I only started' cultivating last
year, and so have not sufficient experience to say
more abouit it ; for those who can start plants
in heat it is worth consideration ; a lon^ ac-
count is given by Thompson {Gardener's Assis-
tant, 1859) — far more practxal and interesting
thnn Vilraorin's article.

Bulbous Chervil also finds a place with
me ; I commend it to those who like Chest-
nuts. Seed should soon be ripe, and as it may
not be obtainable I shall be happy to distribute
supei-fluoiis seed. I may say that I think its
culture diflficult, and shouM be glad of hintis;
generally, I think, it takes about four years ito
learn the culture of a new vegetable, but seven
or eight years have gone and I have not really
mastered this one, though this year's crop is not
bad.

Purslane, too, is useful, and takes but little
room. It is best grown in a frame, open
mo.stly, or under a pegged-up cloche. A score
of plants under a cloche will give a good dish-
ful ; the plants are cut close to the ground, and
may be expected to give three cuttings. It
makes a plea.sant isu)b-acid " Spinach " ; the
fresh leaves may be used as a salad alone or as
an addition thereto ; lastly, a dozen leaves cast
into soup on the table may make a mediocre
potage into one for the gourmet. I grow only
the Golden variety, after fryin.g otiher sorts.

Seed is easily saved, but remeimjber that the
capsules still look greem when they dehisce.

Claytone makes a most useful and succulent
saladiiig in the early spring from plants grown
in a cloche or frame. I collect chance seedlings
in ithe autumn and put them in a frame. It also
makes a " Spinach," but boils down to an
alarming extent. I have long given up ordinary
Spinach in favour of Seakale and Spinach Beets
(which require a few leaves of garden Sorrel in
the cooking), Rampion, Claytone, Purslane,
Basella and Broad Bean tops.

Corn Salad is, perihaps, well known, but only
the pooi'est variety is usually stocked by Eng-
lish seedsmen. H. E. Dvrhmri.

BULB GARDEN.

HYBRID LILIUM5.

Seveual hybrid Liliums have at one time or
another been raised, but most of them were soon
lost to cultivation. The variety Parkmannii
would appear to have remained with us for about
twelve years after it was received from .\merica.
The plant received the R.H.S. First-class Certifi-
cate in 1880. arid the la«t note I have of seeing it
in flower was at a meeting in August, 1891. It
will be noted that in Mr. Hayward's hybrid (see
p. 86) that grand fonm of Lilium auratum known
as pIat>T]ihyllum v/as the seed parent, whereas
Parkmannii was obtained from the reverse cross,
the pollen parent being a tj^pical L. auraitum. It
is to be sincerely hoped that the new-oomer will
hold its own, and in time be generally dis-
tributed-

The most valuable garden Lily that we have of
hybrid origin is L. testaceum, but strange to say
the raiser of this Lily and its early history seems
to be unknown. It is regarded as a cross between
L. candidum, the Madonna Lily, and L. chalce-
donicum. Anyhow, it is a splendid Lily, and
thrives in gardens. There are several forms of
upright-flowered Lilies in the production of which
L. croceum. bulbiferum, dahuricum, and elegans
may have played a part, but no record of their
parentage seems to have been kejit. Under the
head of Burbankii several hybrids have been re-
ceived from America showing the influence of
L. Parryii, L. pardalinum, and L. superbum, but
the absence of any records has destroyed much
interest in them. Another American hybrid is
Golden Gleam, a cross between the Siberian L.
tenuifolium and L. Martagon album. This com-
parative new-comer forms a very graceful plant,
with prettily-recurved apricot-coloured flowers.
The hybrids between L. Hansonii and the dif-
ferent forms of L. Martagon are interesting, but
cannot be regarded as vevy ornamental. In 1900
a Lily flowering at Kew aroused a good deal of
attention. It was the result of a cross made three
years previously between such dissimilar ?f)ecies
as L. Henryi and L. Browirii ChToraster. The
hybrid was named L. kewense. The creamy-
white flowers were very suggestive of a small L.
auratum, being without the characteristic tube
of L. Brownii. Like several other hybrid Lilies
it soon disappeared from cultivation. TF. T.

PLANT NOTES.

MONTBRETIA ROSEA.
Few plants seem to come more slowly
into general cultivation than Montbretia
rosea, and I was agreeably surprised ■ to
see a large niumbej- of the plants in a Perthshire
nu'-fery ' ecently. The variety is quit« hardy.
Th" flowers are of a pleasing rose colour,
and have not the stiffness of habit which char-
acterises most of the Month retias. This beautiful
Montbretia may be commended on account of its
graceful leaves and flowers, and its value for sup-
|lying cut blooms. Mr. J. G. Baker named it
Ti'itonia rosea, and states that it is a native of
f'ape Colony, from Uitenhage northward to
Natal. S. Arnott.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Qardeni, Windsor.

Parsley.— Plants of Parsley raised from seed
sown during the spring, and from which sup-
plies are expected in winter, should be cut off
close to the ground. This will result in fresh
growth of a stocky nature, and such growth will
stand the winter much better than that which
is at present on the plants. Hoe the soil be-
tween the rows and give a dressing of soot during
showery weather. If seeds were sown in July the
plants from that sowing will also be benefited by
being cut back, and if cold pits are available a
good plantation should be made from these plants
with a view to providino; a supply of green leaves
during inclement weather. The soil for this
purpose should be in good condition, and brought
up to within 18 inches of the roof-glass. Lift
the plants and place them in position with great
care, watering the roots afterwards to settle the
soil about them. Allow the lights to remain off
the pit until severe weather is expected, to en-
sure hardy growth. By these means an un-
brokeai supply of Parsley sliould be available
tbioughout the winter.

Cauliflowers.— Make the final sowing of
Cauliflower seed in a cold pit ; for gardens in the
south this sowing will be quite early enough to
obtain seedlings for the main batch to be planted
out in April. Sow the seeds thinly on a firm
bed of soil, which should not be more than 18
inches from the roof-glass. When the seedlings
are through the surface, remove the light in order
to keep the plants stocky. Shift them into
4-inch ]Kits as soon as they are large enough for
transference, and stand the pots on a bed of
sifted ashes.

Celery.— Take advantage of dry wether to
earth up Celery as the plants become of sufficient
size. Only a few inches of soil should be placed
round the stems at one time, and this sho'uld be
thoroughly broken up before it is placed in posi-
tion. Tie the stems carefully with some soft
material, which should be removed as soon as
the soil has been carefully placed in position
with the hand. Remove all side-shoots and small
leaves, and see that there is sufficient moisture at
the roots before earthing up.

Green Crop*.- Keep the hoe at work
amongst growing crops while the weather is
favourable, so that by the end of the present
month the garden may be quite clear of weeds.
Late green crops will be benefited by a sprink-
ling of concentrated fertiliser during showery
weather.

Carrots.— Late Carrots should be thinned at
an early stage to 3 inches apart. Carrots sown
in April should be lifted before they become too
large and placed in store ; those raised from seed
sown in June may be allowed to remain in the
ground for some time to come. At Frogmore
we leave the roots in the ground throughout the
winter unless they are likely to become large and
rough, but for several years the main sowings
have been made in the early days of June, which
is the best time for this district.

Turnips. -Late Turnips should also be thinned
and the ground between the rows stirred fre-
quently with a Dutch hoe. The plants will be
benefited by frequent applications of soot and
wood ashes.

Spinach sown a month ago should be ready
for thinning to 3 or 4 inches apart, and this
work should be accomplished before the plants
become spindly through overcrowding, as they
will stand the' winter much better than if left
unthinned. Slugs are sometimes troublesome with
this crop, and should be kept in check by dust-
ing soot along the rows in the early part of the
day, while the dew is present on the foliage.
Keep (he soil always loose by stirring the sur-
face with the Dutch hoe.

Pot ATOS.— Lift Potatos directly they are
ready for harvesting, selecting those that are suit-
able as seed tubers. Store the seed tubers in a

September 15, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

109

well-ventilated shed in full exposure to light and
air rather than in a clamp until the spring.
Tubers which are required for use should not
be exposed to the light for too long or they will
soon turn green.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Mei-ONS.— With careful attention and a little
fire-heat Melons of excellenit flavour may be had
during the present month. In August the best-
fiavomed fruits are often those grown in frames,
but in September a house provided with arti-
ficial warmth is needed to maitui-e the crop. The
night temperature of the glass-house should not
fall below 50°, and the atmosphere should be
kept drier than hitherto, nor should the bordei-s
be watered freely. If the foliage remains healthy
the young shoots should still be pinched back,
but if the leaves have detei-iorated prematurely
through insect attacks a few growths should be
eacouraged to develop. If the crop is a plenti-
ful one some of the fruits should be cut a little
in adjVance of ripening and placed in the fruit-
room. In no case is it advisable to leave the
fruits on the plants for too long at this season.

Vines in Bearing.- In vineries where the
Grapes are well matured the temperature should
be reduced, and the amount of ventilation regu-
lated, with the uitmost care. In the case of
late houses of Black Hamburgh scarcely any fire-
heat is needeiJ, but in damp weather and times
of heavy dews a little artificial warmth is re-
quired, especially in gardens in low-lying situa-
tions. Later crops of late-keeping Grapes should
atill have warmth to mature the berries per-
fectly, for if they are not well finished they
will not keep well, or be of such good flavour.
Aim at a middle course between using so much
warmth as to cause shrivelling and so little
as not to be sufficient to develop the highest
flavour. It is well known that some of the best-
flavoured Grapes are frequently those that are
shrivelled, but .shrivelling is not desirable.

You NO Vines.— Young vines of this season's
planting should not be encouraged to develop
more growth, but do not keep the vinery so
cool as to run the risk of an attack of mildew.
Ventilate the house freely, but reduce the atmo-
spheric moisture and only use the syringe when
the weather is warm and sunny. For the pre-
sent do not in apy way r«iuce the growth.
Watch the condition of the border carefully,
for it muat not be allowed to get too dry, nor
should it, if inside, be watered too freely, or
growth will still be prolonged. The thorough
ripening of the wood is of the utmost import-
ance. See that young vines in pots are not ex-
cessively dry at the roots, for this would cause
premature ripening of the canes before the
leaves have had time to fulfil their proper func-
t'ons. If the vines are in the open let them
be fully exposed to sunlight and air.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J CoLUBR. Gardiner to Sir JsniMiAH Colman,
Bart., Oatton Park. Reigate.

Seedlings.— Cattleya, Laelio-Cattleya, and
Brasso-t'attleya seedlings raised from late-sown
seed should be far enough advanced in growth for
transplanting. It is important that each seed-
ling be planted separately at the earliest possible
time. Those pricked off now will have time to
make roots before winter. Where space is
limited, "so that the plants cannot be accommo-
dated singly in very small pots, several may be
pricked out together in small pans. The ordi-
nary shallow Orchid pan, without side holes, is
the most suitable. Seedlings that have matured
their first pseudo-bulb will be sending new roots
from the base of the growths. These should be
re-potted in larger pots, and given every en-
couragement to grow as quickly as possible. They
will not make much growth in the winter, and
do not require so much water at the roots or in
the atmo.sphere as in summer ; but they must be
kept as active as jxjssible, and not rcited until
the flowering stage is reached, nor must they be
allowed to become pot-bound. A suitable rooting

medium is equal parts Osmunda-fibre, A 1 fibre,
and Sphagnum-moss cut into short portions, add-
ing some ci'ushed crocks, and mixing the whole
together. The materials should not be pressed
tightly in the receptacles, as it is important that
water should pass away quickly. If a house is
esjiecially devoted to seedlings of this type of
Orchid, it should be kept a few degrees warmer
than the one in which the older plants are grown.
Should it be necessaiy to grow them with the
older plants, they should be given the warmest
and shadiest part of the house, and near to the
roof-glass. Seedling Cypripediums should be
treated in the same manner as desci-ibed above.
Very young plants should be potted in a mixture
of Osmunda-fibre, Sphagnum-moss, and fibrous
loam, from which all the small particles have
been removed. Chop all the materials into short
portions, and add rather a liberal quantity of
crushed crocks. The comixist should be made
moderately firm. Seedlings of more advanced
growth, and those nearing the flowering stage,
which have filled their receptacles with roots,
should be shifted into larger pots, and given a
more substantial compost, consisting of at least
one-third its bulk of fibrous loam. After the
seedlings are re-potted, they should be placed in
a warm, moist atmosphere in a shady position.
Water sparingly, only keening the compost just
moist by frequent overhead sprayings.

Seeolinq Cvmbidiums should be re-potted
in a similar compost to that described above for
Cypripediums. The plants should be kept grow-
ing actively at all seasons >mtil they reach the
flowering stage. They should occupy a position
near the roof-glass in a house witli ni\ intermedi-
ate temperature.

THE HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
DiVEV. Abbotts Wood. Godalming. Surrey.

Loqanbcrries.— The old fruiting canes
should now be cut away from the Loganbcny,
and all fruits of this type. They should be cut
clean off at the base with a pair of secateurs,
taken away, and burnt. The young canes should
then be tied up loosely, the final tying to be done
when the canes are bare.

Wasps.— In spite of the late wet weather,
,wasps are very troublesome. The best method of
extermination is to locate the nests, which are
usually found in dry banks, mark the ne.sts in
the daytime, and when the majority of the
wasps have returned at the close of day, push
cotton wool or pieces of old rags steeped in
cyanide of potassium into the holes.

Cobnuts. —As soon as the Nuts easily sepa-
rate froHi the husks, they should be gathered.
I)iy them very thoroughly by exposure in a cool,
drv' place, safe from the depredations of rats and
mice. I find large pots good to keep them in, as
the top can be conveniently covered over. The
Nuts should be constantly turned.

Mulberries.- Mulberries should be gathered
us soon a,s they turn colour, or the birds will cat
tliim. The trees, with their dense foliage, gener-
ally harbour a quantity of birds. These fruits
are very suitable for bottling.

Autumn Planting.— The preparation of soil
for autumn planting may now be proceeded with
as time |)ennits. Large holes for orchard planting
can be made. On poor, light soils, use well-
rotted farmyard manure or bone meal : and for
stone fruits plenty of lime. The holes should be
not less than 4 feet square. Turn over three good
spits and break up the bottom. If homegrown
trees are to be planted, the end of the present
month will be a good time to commence.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Transplanting Shrubs.- The soil is now
in capital condition f(jr transplanting shrubs, and
if the work is carried out during the next two
months, the plants will have time to make new
roots before the cold weather sets in. Gi\e over-
crowded specimens first attention See that the
sites for iilanting are well drained, and trenched
at least 2 feet deep. When lifting a tree or
shrub dig well below the roots, and, with a fork.

approach the roots gradually, reducing the ball
of soil to a manageable size. When planting the
holes must be made larger than the roots actu-
ally require, so as to allow ample space
to spread them out, and in order that the young
roots may have plenty of well-worked soil to
grow into. Tread the soil firmly when filling in
the hole, and place strong supports in position
directly the planting is finished. During dry
weather liberal waterings and occasional spray-
ings will be necessarj'. In light soils it is diffi-
cult to get much earth to adhere to the roots,
especially if they have to be removed a consider-
able distance. In such cases mats should be
tied round the roots before removal.

Herbaceous Borders.— The usual practice
of lifting and replanting herbaceous or mixed
borders periodically may have to be curtailed
this year, but notes should be taken of the
\arieties that are crowding the more compact
sorts. Directly the plants pass out of flower,
these overgrown specimens should be lifted,
parted, and replanted without delay. Select
strong side pieces or shoots, and in most cases
discard the centre portion. If the surface soil is
lightly forked and mulched, little more attention
will be necessary for another year or two, beyond
tving, staking, hoeing, and watering. When re-
p"lanting, the soil must be well dug, and a liberal
dressing of well-decayed manure worked in, as
it will usually be found that the old plants have
exhausted the soil.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Weston. Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwell Fark, Kent.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations.-

H the layers of " JIalmaison " Carnations are
well rooted and growth active, they should be
severed from the parent plant preparatory to
potting them. Water the plants freely after-
wards, and shade them for a day or two if they
sliow signs of distress through being severed.
The compost should consist of two parts good
turfy loam to one of flaky leaf-soil, witli old
mortar-rubble and sand added. Pot the layers into
large 60-sized pots or 54's, according to the size of
tbe° plants, and afterwards place them in a frame
on an ash bottom, and shade them in bright
weather. Lightly spray the plants several
times daily to keep them fresh. Do not admit
too much fresh air in the middle of the day
for a time, but increase the amount in the
evening. It is important not to over-water the
soil ; very little moisture beyond that afforded
by spraying will be necessary till the shading
is" dispensed with. The shading must not be
continued for a day longer than is nccessiivy,
the object being to assist the ^Aanti to biTomc
re-established quickly in the new soil. When
they have recovered from the check, grow them
as hardily as possible. Draw the lights off en-
tirely during bright weather, and never permit
a da'mp, stagnant atmosphere. In late autumn,
when the weather is usually damp aiid
cool, remove the plants to a shelf or stage in
a cool house, where tlvey will obtain an abun-
dance of air. In these conditions they will have
dry surroundings during the dull winter season,
when growth should bo practically dormant.

General Remarks. -The sunshine is now re-
duced in power, and shading can bo decreased.
In the case of stoves and general plant-houses,
where Palms and Crotons are placed with a
general collection of plants, there is often a ten-
dency to shade the whole house indiscriminately.
If this has been the custom, the blinds should
not be lowered early in the morning, except for
a few hours in the middle of Ihe day, and drawn
up again sufficiently early to raise the tempera-
ture to 80° or 85° by sun heat, when closing them
for the night. It the weather is misty or cloudy,
blinds should be dispensed with altogether, and
the ventilation closely watched. Where perma-
nent shading has been painted on the roof-glass,
advantage should be taken of a dull and damp
day to wash it entirely off. If some especially
tender plants must be shaded, arrange them to-
gether in one part of the house. At this season
of the year, plants must be ripened and the
fcliage hardened, to enable them to withstand
the cold of winter.

110

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 15, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENT8 should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. ^, . ,

Editors and PubUsher. - Oar correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining ansuert to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, i/ tliei/ would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed tn the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rhe Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Local News. — Correspo-ndents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

AVER.1GE Meah Tempbratcbe tor the ensuing week
deduced from i^bservations during the last fifty
.veairs at Grecnwioli, 56.8.

ACTUAL TEMPIiRATCHB ; —

Gardeners' Chronicle OfBce. 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Gaixlen, London. Thursday, September
13, 10 a.m. : ftir. 29,9 ; tfni]i, fcO-O":. Weatheir-
Dull.

SALCB FOR THB tMSUIMO WEEK.

MONDAY—

Saile of Home-grown Bulbs at 57. Oheapside, at

1 o'clock, by Protheroe & Morris
WEDNESDAY— "

.Sjile of Home-gl-own Bulbs (for the trade) at 67,

Oheapside, at 1 o'clock, by Protheroe & Morris.
FKID-A-li —

Siile of Home-gl-own Bulbs at 67, Ohea,pside, at

1 o'clock, by Protlieix)e & Morris.

The time is approaching
Food ■'■f "t» when it may neeii all
Philippines. the prolificiiess of the
East to supply the
world shortage of food. Wlien and if that
time arrives, the exuberant production of
such regions as Java and the Philippines
may be called in to redress the unfavour-
able balance of production and consump-
tion in European countries. Provided
that there be sufficient shipping to carry
the food, the East, from its almost infinite
i-esources, should be able to make large
contributions to our needs. If, howeiver,
the Philippines are to supply their quota,
the natural resources of the islands will
have to be developed with rapidity. As
indicative of the food supplies which it
may be possible to derive from these
sources, the following account of the Food
Plants of the Philippines* is of special in-
terest.

The Philippines, lying between the
Pacific Ocean and the China Sea, consist
of some 3,141 islands, with an area of
119,542 .square miles, and a population of
eight million inhabitants. The islands are
of volcanic origin, and of broken surface
of rugged mountains, with rich, level val-
leys between. The climate of the archi-
pelago is mild and free from extremes.
The mean annual rainfall is 96 inches :
in the driest regions 52 inches, and in the
wettest 156 inches. In no part of the
islands are there regions of real drought,
nor aTe there long rainless periods.

The chief crops are Rice, Abaci, Sugar,
Corn (Maize), and Tobacco, but in addi-
tion to these staple crops the Philippines
are extremely rich in species of economic
value. Mr. Webster is sanguine that the

" By p. .T. Webster. Horticulturist, Ramar Expt. Station,
the Philippine Agrieultural Review, IX., S, 1916.

Philippines may become not only self-sup-
]iortiiig with respect to food, but also an
imiHirtant centre for export. At present,
however, these islands, instead of oon-
tributin,g to the general needs of the world,
import foodstufis in considerable amounts.
This condition is deplorable, not only, as
Mr. Webster observes, from the point of
view of the islands themselves, but also
for the world in general.

With improved agricultural organisa-
tion, Mr. Webster predicts that the' Philip-
pines will be able to export more sugar
and copra, and also starch, Rice, and
fruits of many kinds.

Appended to the paper is a list of
truly formidable length of the food plants
now cultivated in the Philippines. The
chief value, however, of the report so
far as we in this country are concerned is
to direct our attention to the immense
food-producing resources of our own
tropical and sub-tropical possessions. Re-
construction is in the air as well as on
foot, yet we do not remember having heard
that the problem of organising supplies
from these possessions has received atten-
tion. Nevertheless it is a fact that not
so far away — in Egypt, for instance —
there are produced large quantities of
foodstufis, which, in so far as they
arrive in this country, do so by the
casual route of private enterprise. We
would suggest that the resources of
all such countries should be investi-
gated without delay, and in so far as
it is found practicable, these resources
should be drawn upon, with both energy
and judgment, to supplement the supplies
of the chief staple foods, the organised _
introduction of which is already engaging
the attention of this country. This is a
work which might well be undertaken by
the Colonial Office with the assistance
of traders, agriculturists, and horticul-
turists. To give but one example of what
might l^e possible. Egypt produces an
enormous Onion crop, available for ex-
port. There would appear to be no reason
why the Onions from Egypt should come
to us in their present bulky form. Dried,
they would occupy about one-sixth of the
cargo space, and, provided they were not
dumped here at a time when home supplies
were plentiful, they should find a ready
market, and benefit the consumer without
disadvantage to the home producer.

Leqislation Regulating the Importation
AND 8al« of Fertilisers, Farm Foods,
Seeds, and Pest Remedies in South
Africa.— An Extraordinary issue of the Govern-
ment Gazette of the Union of South Africa,
dated June 25, publishes the text of an Act
to regulate the sale of fertilisers, farm foods,
seeds, and pest remedies. This Act (No.
21 of 1917), which may be cited as the
" Fertilisers, Farm Foods, Seeds, and Pests
Remedies Act. 1917," is to come into operation
on a date to be fixed by a Proclamation of the
Governor-General ; it repeals the similarly named
Act (No. 20 of 1907) of the Cape of Good Hope,
and provides, inter alia, that no person may sell
as a fertiliser any article which does not con-
tain, in a form or combination available as plant
food, nitrogen, or phosphoric oxide, or potash or

lime. Every person who sells any fertiliser or
farm food must, at the time of delivery, furnish
the purcliaser with an invoice stating the quantity
sold, the name and/or brand under which the
fertiliser or farm food is registered, and also
the chemical constituents thereof. That state-
ment in the invoice is to be deemed to be a
guarantee that the article is as described therein.
The Act further provides for the labelling of
packages of agricultural seeds, so as to show the
name of the seeds and the percentage of purity
and germinating capacity. It is also provided in
the Act that no person shall import into the
I'nion any bones for the purpose of manufac-
turing therein any fertiliser, or import, or have
. or expose for sale therein any fertiliser manufac-
tured from bones outside the Union, unless he
produces a certificate signed in the country of
origin by a person designated by the Minister of
."Agriculture that the bones or fertiliser have been
completely sterilised. Provision is also made for
the inspection of imported fertilisers, farm foods,
seeds, and pest remedies, and for their disposal
as directed by the Department of Agriculture,
if found to be otherwise than required by this
Act. The text of the above-mentioned Act may
be consulted by British firms interested at the
Department of Commercial Intelligence, 73,
Basinghall Street, London, E.G. 2. The Board
nf Trade Journal,

Scarcity of Fertilufrb.— In view ot the
general shortage of artificial fertilisers, it is
urged by the Food Productdon Depanitment ttiat
they shall be used for increasing the yield of
fcod crops only, and nol in the cultivaition of
flowers.

Condition of the Crops.- The monthly

If port on the condition of the crops issued by
the Board of Agriculture on the 1st inst., state's
that the corn harvest generally began through-
out the country during August, and probably the
bulk has been cut, but in most districts compara-
tively little has been carted. From most parts
sprouting of the grain is reported. Owing largely
to the high winds having shaken out a good deal
of grain, particularly Oats and Barley, the pros-
pective yields are not so good as a month ago,
while the quality has also generally been affected.
None of the corn crops is»up to the average;
Barley is generally the best and Oats the poorest.
Prospects are worst in th^ eastern counties.
Beans are a very bad crop, but Peas are better,
though considerably below the average. Potatos
ar,> everywhere over average, especially in the
eastern counties, although not quite up to the
piomise of a month ago. They have suffered
somewhat from rains. Disease appears to be
prevalent in the south-west, but apart from that
area, although it is mentioned in many other
parts of the country, there is generallj' less than
usual, and some districts are reported free from
it. Turnips and Swedes are average or rather
over throughout the west and south, but much
under normal on the eastern side of the counti-y
from Essex to Northumberland, so that on the
whole prospects are for a crop rather below aver-
agje. Their disappointing appearance in the east
;.< largely due to the difficulty of obtaining a plant
earlier in the summer, and to damage by fly. In
some parts of the country the rains during August
have improved the crop, but in othera it has been
too wet for these roots. Summarising the re-
turns, and expressing an average crop by 100, the
appearance of the crops on September 1 indicated
probable yields which mav be expressed by the
following percentages : — Wlieat, 93 ; Barley, 97 ;
Oats. 90 ; Beans, 80 ; Peas, 91 ; Potatos, 104 ;
Turnips and Swedes, 96 ; Mangolds, 103 ; Hops,
99.

War Item*.- We regret to learn that' Mr.
E. E. RisELEY. librarian of the Linnean Society,
has been killed in action.

■ The fourth free gift sale of the Dumfries

and District Horticultural Society for the benefit
nf war charities, held in St. Mary's Hall. Dum-
fries, on the 15th ult., realised upwards of £78.

September 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ill

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editori do not hold IhemteHet rerpomiblt /or
the apiniont expTeaed by correspondents.)

EUSTOMA RUSBELLIANUM.— In the note
accompanying the illustration of Eustoma Rus-
sellianum on page 97, no mention is made of a
white-flowered form. At Kew, however, some
time ago, I noted a variety named alba, in which
the blossoms were almost pure white. The date
according to my note-book, was Julv 9, 1913.

ir T.

In the note which a<'companied a figure

of this beautiful plant in your pages last week
it is stated that the rose-coloured variety shown
by Mr. C. J. Ellis is a hybrid. I saw this
plant at the R.H.S. meeting, and questioned
Mr. Ellis as to its origin, and I am satisfied
that it is nothing other than a colour sport
from the type. White sports sometimes occur
among a batch of seedlings of this plant. The
suggestion was hazarded at the meeting by some-
one that Mr. Ellis's plant was a hybrid, which
led to a careful comparison of it with the type,
but no difference could be found either in habit,
foliage or flower e.\cept that of colour. It
would b" worth while to cross the purple, rose,
and white forms, in the hope of obtaining
greater variety of colour. W. Watson, Kew.

Apples in East Lothian.- Your corre-
spondent on p. 32 states that the Apple crop
in his district of East Lothian is under the
average. This is not my experience. The
orchard of which I have charge contains about
300 trees, nearly all of pyramid shape, with a
few as cordons, and all are worked on the Para-
dise stock. The majority of the trees are ten
years old, and they include 41 varieties of
Apples. It is not intended to grow such a
large number of varieties permanently, but the
sni-ts now grown are under trial in order to
ascertain what are good and reliable croppers for
the particular district. The garden is situated
in the weetem part of the county, and the
soil is a light, rich loam, almut 3 feet in de|>th.
overhiing whinstone. For the last year or two
Red Astrachan has been the best cropper, and.
good as this variety has been in the past, it has
excelled itself this season. This year the crop
is remarkably large, but the fruits are much later
m colouring than usual. The colour, as a r\ile.
is superb This Apple. I believe, has the reputa-
tion of being not quite hardy, but that is cer-
tainly not my experience in this garden. Duchess
of Oldenburg is also a heavy cropper here, the
trees being laden with excellent fruits. Other
. \rrieties bearing heavy crops are Mr. Glad-
stone, Lady Sudeley, Beauty of Bath, King of
the Pippins. Stirling Tastle, Claygate Peamiain.
Bramley's Seedling, Worcester Pearmain. Bis-
marck, Gravenstein, Warner's Kin;;, and Irish
Peach .Average crops are being yielded by Rib-
ston Pippin, Margil, Ben's Red, Grenadier.
Hector Macdonald, and New yorthern Greening,
whilst crop.-* below the average have to be re-
corded in the varieties. .Tames Grieve. Fcklin
ville Seedling. Potts' Seedling, Lane's Prince
Albert, and Scarlet Victoria. I am surprised
that the variety .lamas Grieve has always turned
out more or less of a failure, but a well-known
.Scottisih poniologist informs me that I have pro-
bably a .spurious !>tock. I am informed that
there are at least two or three stocks in com-
merce that are not true. Of recently planted
sorts. Rev. .W. Wilks, which is now fruiting for
the first time, gives every indication of becoming
a reliable variety. Cardross Green — not a
novelty by any means, but new here— is a grand
cooking Apple. It somewhat resembles Stirling
Gastle, and is a most promising cropper. For
some reason or other this variety has never
become well known, anl it must be at least
a quarter of a century ago that it received
the First-class Gertificate of the Roval Cale-
donian Horticultural Society. As Gox's Orange
Pippin is useless here, I have planted Ked-
dleston Pippin and St. Edmund's Pippin,
both of which are remarkable for fine flavour.
I have two high-class American dessert varieties
under trial an cordons, but thev are onlv maiden
trees, planted last vear. They are' Grimes'
Golden Pippin and Winter Banana. Both sorts
are already highly promising, especially the
former. George M. Taylor.

SOCIEITIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTDEAL.

September 11.— The fortnightly meeting on
Tuesday last was of more than usual impoii.-
ance, for besides the exhibits staged before
the respective R.H.S. Committees, the
National R-ose Society and the National
Dahlia Society held special floral meetings
in conjunction with the R.H.S. Show.
The exhibition was favoured by beautiful
weather; the wealth of flowers and the nume-
rous visitors reminded those present of the Vin-

ise^nt difficulties seem to hinder the progress
which is being made, and although fewer novel-
ties received recognition on this occasion than
was the case last autumn, many fine seedlings
were fonthcoaning. The groups of Roses dis-
played both by nurserymen and by amateurs
were beyond praise, not only for the fine de-
velopment and excellent culture of the flowers
themselves, but also for the tasteiul manner in
which they were staged.

Besides the awards to the Dahlias, the Floral
Committee made an Award of Merit to a beauti-
ful Crab, shown by Messrs. J. Cheal and Sons.
The principal groups in the Floral section were
composed of iDahlias, ornamental foliage and

Fk;. 39. -LAKLlO-CA'n'LEVA C0.\IMANDER-IN-CH1EF ; SEPALS AND PETALS CM RON YELLOW,

LIP SCARLET-CRIMSON.

(See Awards by the Orchid Committee.)

cent Square exhibitions in pre-war days. All
sections of horticulture were represented, but
the, chief exhibits were Dahlias and Roses. As
at the last meeting, the new Dahlias suibmitted
for award were judged by a joint committee
of the R.H.S. and the National Dahlia Society.
A very large number was considered of sufficient
merit to be given the joint awards The Dahlia
classes, although not so important as in former
days, were well represented, and the exhib'ts,
though few, were of a high order of merit. The
display revealed the direction in which modern
taste seems to be tending, namely, towards the
more decorative garden types, such as the Col-
lerette, P.acony-flowered, and "Star" sections.
With regard to the Roses, not even the pre-

berries, pot shrubs and climbers, and Ferns.
Mr. J. B. Riding showed many beautiful deco-
rative varieties in a general collection of Dahlias,
which included Exmouth Glory, of which the
florets were amber and white, tipped with gold ;
Pierre Leibloud, a handsome maroon flower, with
white-tipped florets; Godfrey's Crimson; and
Diana, classed as a decorative Paeony variety,
with large, bold, wine-red blooms. Messrs.
Pipers made a very imposing display of berried
shrubs and climbers, and a companion group to
this, on the opposite side of the entrance, was
a collection of autumn foliage and berries staged
by Messrs. .7. Cheal and Sons. The ornamental
fruited Crabs in this collection formed the chiof
feature of the group, a prominent place being

112

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembbe 15, 1917.

o-iven to the new variety, Cheal's Crimson,
which reoeiv&d an Award of Merit. The Alder
River Nursery Co. showed a fine batch of
Lilium speciosum riibrum a« the centre-piece of
a general collection, the moat interesting of the
hardy plants being Kirengeshoma palmata,
a member of the Saxifragaceae, native of
Japan. The flowers are yellow, and, just
before they open, bang pendulous, suggesting a
small yellow Lapageria. The texture of the
petals is very sitout, as in the last-named genus.
The foliage is exceedingly handsome ; the big
lower palmate leaves are stalked, and the upper
ones .sessile. Messrs. H. B. May and Sons con-
tributed their usual excellent group of Ferns.

Several collections of choice Orchids were
staged, and a num<ber of novelties submitted for
award, oi which two received Awards of Merit.

Several fine groups of fruit were placed for
adjudication before the Fruit and Vegetable
Committee. Mr. J. C. Allgrove showed pot
trees of Apples and Pears, and baskets of
gathered fruit. The trees were magnificent
specimens, and laden with fniits. One of Pear
Triomphe de Vieniie bore a crop of twenty fruits,
of exhibition size and quality, and the branches
of bush trees of Apple Cox's Orange Pippin
«"ere weighed down with choice specimens. Per-
haps the most remarkable were miniature trees
of Apple the Rev. W. Wilks, bearing fruits
almost as large as the pots in whict the trees
were planted.

John A. Nix, Esq., Tilgate, Crawley, ex-
hibited a collection of hothouse fruits comprising
some thirty dishes, all of superb quality, and well
arranged. The bunches of Grapes were of very
fine finish, especiallv Muscat Hamburgh, Madres-
field Court, and Gros Maroc. Peaches Grosse
Mignonne. Thomas Rivers, Prince nf Wales.
Walburton Admirable ; Nectarines Vidtoria and
Humboldt; Plums Jefferson, Belgian Purple, and
Coe's Golden Drop ; Apples, Pears, and Brown
Turkey Figs, were particularly fine. Mr. H.
Close, Orpington, contributed hardy fruits, of
which the most remarkable were the culinary
Apples. Mr. E. A. Bunyaed .sliowed bunches of
Gra.pes of the Frontignan type grown in a small,
imheated greenhouse. The flavour was excellent,
especiallv of Primavis Frontignan. Early Sau-
mur. White Frontignan, White Sultana, a.nd
Ascot Citronelle.

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. May (chaiiTnan), E. H.
.Jenkins, H. Jones, J. Dickson, E. Dixon. W. P.
Thomson, E. F. Hazelton. C. R. Fielder, J. F.
McLeod, John Heal, J. T. Bennett-Poe, G.
Reuthe, E. A. Bowles, S. Morris. W. G. Baker,
J. Green, W. A. Cranfield, A. Tm'ner, J. W.
Blakey, and W. Howe.

Awards of Merit.

Crab Cheal's Crimiton.—A. beautiful form of
Prunus prunifolia var. coccinea. The long
branches were crowded with red fruits about the
size of Cherries; the stalks were about an inch
long. The colour of the fruits is vermilion, with
a delicate pinkish bloom. The foliage resembles
that of the common Plum. Shown by Messrs. J.
CirEAL AND Sons, Crawley, Sussex.
Dahlias.

Alma.—PL large, pure white, decorative Paeony
variety, with florets from 1 inch to li inch
broa.d. The massive blooms, each with a neat
golden centre, are held well erect on stout stems.
The variety is semi-double, and large without
being coarse. _

Pertclojn. — A single, decorative variety of fa-.r
size, and distinct in colour. The light green
stems are unusually long, bearing the flowers
well above the foliage. The colour is old rose
and white, the latter occupying the central por-
tion and apex- of each segment, while the rich,
old rose colour a.ppears at the base and along
the sides. Both shown by Messrs. J. Burrell
and Co.

Dominion. — A Cactus variety of full exhibi-
tion .size and oxoellent form. The slender tips
of the florets incurve slightly, but not sufficiently
to spoil the sh.ape in tie smallest degree. The
colour is deep annber — a distinct shade.

Guardian. — A large and solid-looking garden
Cactus variety ; the blooms are borne on stout

stems and held well ei-ect. The colour is deep,
amd dark orange-scarlet, with a flush of maroon.
Both shown by Messrs. J. Stredwick and Son.

Hiirohl. — A decorative variety, the bold blooms
of which are about 8 inches across, and of fine,
regular form. The broad segments shorten regu-
larly towards the centre, and overlap. The
colour is deep, soft orange-salmon.

Sea Horse. — A solidly-built decorative variety,
vei-y double, and with long stems. The colour
is soft yellow with white tips.

Miss Lewis. — A neat Pompon Cactus variety,
that appears to be very free in flowering a.nd of
great garden value. The modest flowers, borne
on wiry stems, are rosy mauve with a suspicion
of salmon at the bases of the florets. These
three shown by Mr. J. T. West,

Joy Belle. — A CoUerette variety of good size
and form. The colour is crimson maroon, with
a white, crimson-strea-ked collar that seems to
spread too far and is rather irregular. Shown
by Messrs. Dobbie and Co.

Manve Star. — Dainty in pose and colour, this
variety has all the finest attributes of its class.
The shade of colour is soft mauve, fading
almost to white in the centre. Shown by Messrs.
J. Cheal and Sons.

.9'. Egioyn. — A large but refined decorative
variety, some of the blooms measuring 8 inches
in diameter. The flowers have broad florets and
are of good shape. The colour is rich pink
flushedi with salmon. Shown by Mr. Charles
Turner.

Fai/oji de Bouqe. — A charming decorative
variety, about 4 inches in diameter and almost
a .<^ngle. The stems are good, and, as the
varietv appears to be very free-flowering, it
should prove a useful garden Dahlia. The
colour is a. rich shade of rose-pink, with a bright
goldien centre from which the golden hue shades
out into the pink colouring. Shown by Reginald
Cory, Esq., DuffrA'n. Cardiff.

Messrs. Alexander Dickson and Sons, New-
townards, showed a novel Sunflower named
Cactus Star. The flower bears a striking suoer-
ficial resemblance to some of the new Star
Dahlias, but has a large black disc in the centre.
The colour of the ray florets is lemon-yellow
na.'^sing to briahter vellow at the base. The
florets are narrow, and have a tendency to reflex,
as in some of the Star Dahlias.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded for col-
lections •.' —

Silver Flora Medals to Mr. J. B. Riding,
Chinigford, for Dahlias; and Messrs. Piper's,
for berried shrubs.

Silver Banksian .Vedah to the Aldee River
Nursery Co., for Lilies; Messrs. J. Cheal and
Sons, for ornamental f(.liafte and berries ; iMessi-s.
H. B. May and Sons, for Ferns; Mr. G. Reuthe,
for hardy plants; and Mr. Charles Turner,
Slough, for Dahlias.

Orchid Committee.

Pre-ient: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Hai'rv J. Veitch, Messrs. Ja.s.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), William _ Bolton,
Arthur Dye, C. J. Lucas, Gurney Wilson, J.
Charlesworth, Waliter Cobb, Fred K. Sajider,
S W. Flory, J. E. ShQl, Stuart Low, R. A.
Rolfe. J. Wilson Potter, Frederick J. Hanbury
and T. Armstron,g.

Awards of Merit

Laelio-Catflei/a Commander-in-Chief (see
fi<T. 39) {C. Iris X L.-C. 3/r... Bvcb/n 'V''"'r|
from Messrs. Armstrong and Beown, Orchid-
hurst, Tunbridge Wells. A most effective
hybrid, remarkable for the strong contrast of
colour between the light-coloured petals and very
dark lip. The flatly-arranged, and partly over-
lapping, sepals and petals are clear citron-yellow,
the lin claret-crimson, with thin, gold-coloured
lines from the hs&e to the centre. The column
is flesh V and white.

Lndin-Cattleya Bronze Kinq {L.-C. Anaco'nda
X L.-C. himinosa). from Messrs. Armstrong
AND Brown. A large and hnnflsome flower in
which the Cattleya Dowiana Rosita in L.-C.
Anaconda shows prominently. The se.pals and

petals, which are 7 inches aci-oss, are yellow,
lightly tinged and veined with rose on the outer
halves. The lip is magenta-crim'Son with fiaie
gold veiniing hxtm the base ; the front has a
narrow, lilac-coloured margin.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Chaeleswoeth and Co., Hay wards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
an effective group of hybrid Cattleyafi, Laelio-
Cattleyas and Odontoglossumis, with interesting
species. New and specially fine plants were
Cattleya Aeneas (Venus x Dowiana aurea), with
bright yellow sepals and petals and glowing
Clareit-crimson lip ; C. Adula Vesuvius (Hardy-
ana X bicolor'], a grand addition to the C. Iris
section, with large apricot-yellow flowers flushed
with rose and deep purplish-orimson lip ; and
Laelio-Cattleya luminosa var. Rosita, a noble
flower with yellow sepals and petals and large
pui-^>le lip.

Jlessrs. Aemstrong and Brown were awarded
a Silver Flora Medal for an interesting group
of hybrid Cattleyas, including several good
white forms, Laelio-CatJtleyas, and others. The
Odontoglossums inoluded several finely-%!otc.hed
seedlings. The best of the Odontiodas was Oda.
Sensation var. roseum.

Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans, were awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a group, in the centi'e
of which wa.s their new Cattleya Thebes var.
Britannic, with bronzy-yellow sepals and petals
and dark crimson lip. Others in the group noted
were three good Cattleya Adula, a very dark
Milt'Onia Moreliana atro-purpurea, and the new
C>'pripedium Robin Hood (bingleyensis Charl-
tonii X Gaston Bultel).

Sir Jeeemiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park (gr.
Mr. Collier), showed the new Laelio-C'attleya
Helene (L.-C. bletchleyensis X C. Adula). The.
plant carried a good spike of flowers, which have
bronzy-rose sepals and petals and pur,p]e lip.
The exhibit included three species of Anguloa.

Messrs. Hassall and Co.. Southgate, showed
sevenal excellent varieties of their fine strain of
Cattleya Adula, three good Brasso-Cattleya
Hone, and a good form of Cattleya Regina.

Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough, showed
several novelties, includinjg Brasso-C'attleya
Lotos (B.-C. Digbyano-Mossiae x C. Rex), with
a fine silver-white flower tinged with rosy-lilac,
the lip reddish-purple at the base and the centre
mottled with rose colour, and Laelio-Cattleya
Raiah (L.-C. Ettrick x C» Dowiana Rosita),
with flowers of the C. Octave Doin class, with
crimped white sepals and petals tinged with
light purple.

Fruit and Vegetable Committer.

Present: Messrs. A. H. Pearson (in the chair),
W. Wilks, A. Bullock, .John Harrison, W. H.
Divers, P. C. M. Veitch, H. S. Rivers, J. C.
Allgrove, E. Beckett, W, Poupart, J. Cheal, and
E. A. Bunyard.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded for col-
lections of fruit : —

Silver-qih Kniqhtian Medals to Mr. J. C. All-
grove, Langley, Slough, and Mr. J. A. Nix,
Tilgate, Crawlev.

Silver Knightinn Metlal to Mr. H. Close,
Orpington.

COMPETITIVE ROSE CLASSES.

The National Rose Society's Competitive
Classes, in conjunction with the-R.H.S. meeting
last Tuesday, were arranged on rather a different
plan from that fa.miliar to the members of the
Societv, no money prizes being awarded, and no
directions given as to how the flowers were to
be shown ; the prizes awarded consisted of
medals and certificates. A fine lot of Roses
were collected together, particularly those of
the decorative section : but they were sadly
crowded in one side of the hall, the centre and
opijosite side being devoted to other exhibits.

The nurservmen's groups of R.oses were un-
doubtedly the feature of the exhibition, and
Silver Medals were awarded to five groups : .To
Mr. Hicks for a verv bright and cheerful collec-
tion : to Messrs. A. Dickson and Son, for a
oroup in which Red Letter Day, Margaret Dick-

Septembeb 15, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

il3

son, Hamill, and K. of K. were conspicuous ; to
Mtssrs. Frank Cant ,vnd Co. for an ex-
cellent group, in which Lady Greenall and
the single pink, Mrs. C. E. Salmon, were
piirticularly noticeable ■ to Messrs. B. E.
( 'AXT AND Sons, who showed a fine vase
of the Lyon Rose ; an \ to Messre. W. and
J. Brown, for a group of e.\cellent Roses,
over which baskets of Roses were hung at inter-
vals. The blooms sliown in this exhibit were
ven- fresh and clean, but the veiy confined space
iiaidly allowed for the inspection of the group,
which doubtless the exhibitor had not noticed
when arranging his stand. This particular ex-
hibit showed to much greater advantage from the
gallery of the hall.

Bronze Medals were awarded to Mr. F. Lilley
for a group in which a large centi-al arrangement
of Mme. E. Herriot looked veiy well ; to the Rev.
J. H. Pemberton, Mr. G. Prinl-e, and Messrs.
Wm. Paul and Son. The group of the last-
named firm was noticeable for a fine stand of the
China Tea Titania, which is of quite a unique
colouring of a shade of cop'perv'-pink ; another of
their new Rose Mermaid, and two lovely groups
of Mme Leon Pain and W. A. Richardson.

Certificates of Merit were awarded to Messrs.
R. Harkness an"d Co., H. Drew. Ch.ables
TuKNER, G. W. AND H. BuRCH, and D. Prior
AND Sons, the two last-named exhibitors inter-
spersing boxes of exhibition Roses amongst their
Rowers. A like award was made to Mr. J. C.
Allgrove for a show of Rose hips. In the centre
was a complete plant of Rosa Moyesii carrying
its large pear-shaped berries (see fig. 38). flanked
by R. Fargesii, and R. setlpoda, which were
scarcely less brilliant ; while the front of the
stand was filled with vases of R. rugosa. R. rubri-
folia. and others carryinn; fruits.

Turning to the amateurs' exhibits, the
First Award for a group of Roses fell to
Mr. S. W. BfRGESs. who received a silver
medal, and he may be congratulated on the sue-
ce«s of his first entry in the decorative classes.
The Rev. F. H. BuRNsmE and Mr. D. H. Da vies
came next with bronze medals. Mr. Davtes's
group was decidedly the most tastefully arranged
of the three, though in quality of flowers Messrs.
Burgess and Rurnside excelled.

For baskets of Roses Mrs. Colston Hale was
awarded the 1st prize, and Miss Christine
Hale tjie 2nd, the ba,=ikel of the latter, though
less ambitions than the 1st prize exhibit, being
verj' tastefully arranged. In the case of liowls
of Roses the judges evidently found a difficulty
in deciding between the competitors, and awarded
a silver medal to Mrs. Courtnev Page, and
another to Mrs. Oaklet Fisher. Each l.ady
showed two large bowls. Mrs. C. Page having in
the one case a charming arrangement of Melody,
and the other a mixed bowl ; while Mrs. Fisher's
best bowl contained blooms of Irish Elegance.

For 12 exhibition Roses Mr. R. de V. Prvor
was placed lat, and Mr. W. Si'NDEhland 2nd.

Seedling Roses.

Some twenty -six new lioses were exhibited, and
attracted, as they always do, considerable notice
and discussion among the visitors. The ta.«k of
judging these new sccdnng Roses i.< a thankless
and almost impracticable one, for the judges are
assked, not to compare one Rose with another, but
to compare each Rose staged with their ideal
of what a Rose of the character before them
ought to be. It is .small wonder that their deci-
sions are frequently canvassed, and often given
to Roses which fail to obtain favour in gar-
dens, or that the Society is constantly endea-
vouring to find more satisfactory methods of
doing the work. At one time reliance was placed
on collecting a large number of jvwlges. Then
the number was reduced to a smaller panel, and
at pn-sent a system of pointing prevails, which
will, in all probability, come up for reconsidera-
tion before long.

Mr. Easlea showed a pretty quintet of new
varieties, two of which seem likely to prove of
considerable merit, in the d'ecorative section.
These were Lamia, a beautifully .shaped little
Rose of bright orange, and Mrs. H. I). Greene,
a variety resembling a pinker .losejih Hill, The
latter had previously received a card of com-
mendation, and some thought might have had
a higher award on this occasion. The spray
at the top of the stand shov/ed that it
possessed beautiful dark bronze foliage. Lamia

is decidedly attractive, but suffered somewhat on
this occasion from being arranged in a stand witn
another Rose, Iphigenia ; the other two shown
by this raiser were the white Polyantha Little
Meg, whicsh is evidently very free in flowering,
but has been seen before, and Vesta, a single
flower of old -rose colouring, very sweetly
scented. Mr. Pemberton showed another of the
series raised by him, with which the public is
becoming familiar, the noveltv being of a soft
yellow colouring, called Daybreak.

Messrs, S. McGbedt and Son showed nearly a
dozen new varieties, which, regarded as a whole,
were remarkable for their fine colouring. Per-
haps the two most notable flowers we're Miss
Willmott. a fine Rose of soft lemon colour with
a shade of flesh or pale pink in the centre, and
Queen Alexandra, a flower of curious colouring,
the petals being brisht scarlet with a 'trace
of orange, and the reflexes old gold, reminding
one of a brighter-coloured Juliet. Both these
Roses had previously obtained the N.R.S. Gold
Medal. In shape, tlie variety Miss Willmott is
to be preferred, and the softness of the colouring
grew upon one as it was examined : but Queen
Alexandra is quite unique in colour, and gained
much by being examined from a little distance,
where the two rather startlingly distinct shades of
colour in the petals blended together, giving the
flower and group a verj' bright appearance. Tt.s
defect lies in its form, the centre being too much
rounded by the incurving of the petals ; it is a
striking Rose, but lacks the fragrance of Juliet.

The variety Mrs. Redford received a Gold
Medal. The flower belongs to the decora-
tive section, and is of a brilliant or.ange.
John Davison and J. de Escofet each re-
ceived Certificates of Merit; the former is
a crimson Rose of no great distinction, but
the latter is a remarkably deep crimson
shaded with purplish black, "from which one
might surmise that it had Etoile de Prance
among its ascendants. Though not a particu-
larly large flower t'^e form is good, and it may
perhaps attain exhibition size.

Among the othei' Roses shown by this raiser
were Emma Wright, a semi-single orange flower
of the decorative type, whioh had already won
a Certificate of Merit : Mrs. R. F. Felton. a single
flower, coloured carmine-pink with cream centre,
reca.lling Isobel, and Mrs, Hall Inglis, very
similar but a little deeper in colour and with
<in extra row of petals, making it only semi-
sii I'le ; Cecil H. Wilson Gibbs. not unlike a
bright Souvenir d'lin Ami ; Captain Clark, light
crimson, and Mrs, L. de Rothschild.

Messrs. Alexander Dickson and Sons .showed
several new varieties. Clarice Goodacre re-
ceived a Certificate of Merit. This is a rather
thin Rose of a pale cream colour, peiihaps a
little after the style of Gustave Regis, but paler.
We may expect that when it comes to this
country it will require to be shown in the bud,
as it seems likely to open somewhat quickly.
A like award was obtained by Francis Gaunt,
a pale orange-buff flower. Alexander Emelie
is a fine cheny crimson flower, and, though
nam-ed over by the judges, impressed nie as the
best of the crim.son flmvcrs stogeJ .among the
new Roses, Other flowers staged by these
raisers were Chameleon, a pretty orange-pink ;
Lady Doreen Stewart, a crimson Lady Dickson,
and Mrs. Helen Rosenblaith, a pale pink flower.
The 7>remier award at this exhibition was
the Coi-y Cup. This is given to the best autumn-
flowering climbing Rose of the year, and was
won bv Messrs. Wm. Paul's Mermaid, a hybrid
from R, bracteata, and undoubtedly the imost
di'Sitinct new Rose of the year. It is a large
single flower with lemon-cream petals set off
by its ceirttral collection of yellow stamens.
Th - plant acconnnanving the exhibit .shewed
robust growth and had beautiful dark, shiny
foliage.

Mr. Botes showed a lititle vase of hips of a
Rose ho states he grows under the name Ro.«a
uralensfs. Pprhans R. uriensis fPji".! is meri^t.
If it be this Rose 't recalls ,an old controversy
between Pnif. Crenin and Dr. Christ whir'' led
to .-in plabo>->ite dlwnisifinn in Cf.'.„;-'s ffnw,.
f/rh'efirrrr, in which he examined the roume-
rous forms nllied to R. uriensis of the San
Got/thai-d and connected it with R. coriifolia
and R. abietina. White Hose.

COMPETITIVE DAHLIA CLASSES.

'I'he competitive classes held by the National
Dahlia Society in conjunction with the R.H.S
lortnightly meeting on Tuesday last, took the
place of the Society's annual exhibition. Com-
petition was not keen, and practically everyone
who showed gained a prize. The quality of the
flowers, and especially single and Pompon
\arieties, was remarkably good.

In the leading open class for Cactus varieties,
eighteen bunches of six blooms each, MessTs J
Stredwick and Son were the only exhibitors^
and they were awarded the 1st prize. The out-
standing varieties were the new amber-coloured
Dominion, Sir Douglas Haig, Miss Stredwick,
Harry Crabtree, and F. W. Fellowes. Messrs!
Stredwick and Son were also awarded the 1st
prize in the class for four dozen Cactus blooms
shown on stands.

Mr. S. J. E. Pryor, The Laburnums, Preston,
Hitchin, led in the class for six' Cactus blooms
of one variety, with W, E, Peters, He vpas
followed by Mr, A. F, Tofield, The Vinery,
West End, Southampton, with Buccaneer.
Messrs. J. Che.^l and Sons were the only ex-
hibitors of a dozen garden Cactus Dahlias ar-
ranged in vases with suitable hardy foliage ; they
were awarded the 1st prize.

This firm also won the 1st prize for twenty-
four single Dahlias, ten flowers of each, with
clean, shapely blooms of Miss Roberts, Beacon,
Norma, Leslie Scale, and others. Messrs, Cheal
had no competitors in the class for twelve fancy
single Dahlias, ten blooms of each ; their varie-
ties Leander, Owen Thomas, and Wm. Parrott
being of outstanding merit. The same firm ex-
celled in the class for twelve varieties of Coller-
ettc^ Dahlias. ,

Mr. J. A. J;\rratt, 184, Anerley Road, Anerley,
was the only exhibitor of (a) six vases of Paeony-
flr.wered Dahlias, and (b) of six vases of decora-
tive Dahlias, six blooms of each variety being
shown in each case.

In the amateurs' classes. Mr. 3. H. Cooper,
The Hamlet, Chippenham, led for two dozen
show and fancy blooms, with clean specimens,
although some flowers were not yet as their best ;
2nd, Mr. R. Burchen, St. Mary Street, Bedford.
For twelve show blooms, Mr. C. LncKiN, Pul-
borough, Sussex, gained the 1st place, and Mr,
Jas 'Waite, Wood Lane, Chippenham, the 2nd,
In the class for six -show Dahlias, the prize-
winners, in order of merit, were Mrs. May,
Hurst Cottaae Dial Post, West Grinstead ; Mr.
A. P. Ironside, and Mr. S. T. White, North
End, Eastleigh.

Mr. f^ LvCKiN led in the class for six vases
of garden Cactus Dahlias, the blooms associated
with suitable foliage, including grasses. In a
similar class for two varieties, six blooms of
each, Mr. S. T. White was the only exhibitor,
and was awarded 1st prize. Mr. PrtOr showed
a capitaj exhibit in the class for nine Cactus
varieties, three blooms of e.-M-h, and secured tJie
1st prize ; 2iid Mr. Ironside, Mr. LufKiN
secured the premier award for six Cactus
Daldias, three blooms of each. Mr. Prvor beat
Mr. LuCKiN in the class for a dozen Cactus
blooms .staged on boards. For six varieties,
similarly staged, Mrs. May, Mr. S. T. White,
and Mr. S. H. Cooper won in the order of their
names. In the class for twelve Cactus blooms
in four varieties, three blooms of each, Mr.
Li'CKiN was placed 1st, and Mr. Biiroen, St.
Maiy Street, Bedford, 2nd,

Mr, H. Brown, Luton, won the challenge
bowl offered for twelve varieties of Poin|)on
Dahlias, six blooms of each, with clean, bright
blooms: 2nd Mr. Ironside. In the class for six
Pompon varieties the awards were made to
.Mr J. Waite. Wood L.'ine. Chippenham; Mr.
S. H, Cooper, and Mr. D. B. Crane, Highgate,
in this order. Mr. A. Brown, Leagrave, beat
Mr. LrcKiN in the chios for six blooms each jf
six varieties of siingle Dahlias.

Mr. Jarratt had matters almost all his own
way'in the classes for (a) four va.se3 of decorative
Dahlias, (b) six vases of Paeony-flowered varie-
ties, (c) six Collerette varieties (six blooms of
each), (d) six Collerette varieties (three blooms
of each). In the three former classes he was the
only exhibitor; in the two last-named classes Mr.
3 T. White was placed 2nd.

114

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE.

[Sepiembeb 15, 1917.

Cory Cup.
There were two entries ifxe the Cory Cup,
which was offered for the best group of decora-
tive garden Dahlias arranged on a space 25 feet
bv 3 feet. Hardy foliage and grasses were
allowed for decoration. Messrs. Carter Page
AND Co., London Wall, won the Cup, and
Messrs. Cheal were second. The former firm
had a bright and attractive exhibit, in which
almost all sections of the flower were re^re-
seJiied.

BRITISH WHOLESALE FLORISTS AND
HORTICULTURAL TRADES.

September 11. — At a joint meeting of members
of the British Wholesale Florists' Federation
and the Horticultural Trades' Association, held
at Essex Hall, Essex Street, Strand, W.C, on
Tuesday last, it was decided, in the event of
a general imposition of duties on goods imported
after the war, that these two trade associations
would support the Government in placing duties
on imported bulbs, plants, etc., and recommend
that such duties should be on the ad ralornn
principle, and that the amount be 25 per cent.
Mr. G. W. Leak was chairman. The B.W.F.F.
a<lvocate-d ad valorem duties and 25 pea- cent. ;
the H.T.A., as represejited by those chiefly In-
terested in the distribution and production oi
bulbs, ad;vncated duties by number, on the Ameri-
ca.n method, and suggested 10s. per 1,000 on
Daffodils and Tulips. "Mr. R. W. Wallace was
the advooate-in-chief of the latter method of
collecting duties, but his case for duties by num-
ber was rather spoiled by the fact thalt the
H I'.A. subcommittee dealing with trees and
shrubs advocated the ad valorRin method.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME PARK!.

WiNTEE. Oats.

In the southern counties winter Oats form a
jirofitable crop. In the north they are not so
popular, owing to their inability to withstand
very severe weather. Even in the south many
plots were mucJi damaged last winter' and were
ploughed up.

In ordinary seasons, however, winter Oalts pos^
s-ess distinct advantages over those spring-sown.
Owing to their early ripening, they enable a be-
ginning to be made with the harvest at least ten
days or a fortnight earlier. Furthermore,
winter Oats weigh more per bushel than the
Tartarian varieties ; and Charlock does not affect
the crop, owing to the sowing taking place in
the autumn. On many farms Charlock is a
terrible pest to spring-sown corn, necessitating
much additional labour in cultivation and spray-
ing.

Grey and Black winter Oats are the varieties
most usuallv grown. The former bears the heavier
crop, and has stiffer straw. September is the
bes). month to sow the seed, so that the roots
may set a firm hold of the soil before winter sets
in. Winter Oats may follow a Wheat crop, especi-
ally if the la.tter has left clean stubble. No
manure will be required before sowing, but
stimulant may be given in the spring if the plant
flis|;lavs signs of weak growth. Deeply plough
the stubble nnce during dry weather, buryintr all
weeds. Drill, or sow broadcast, four bushels of
seed per acre, harrowing once afterwards.
Harvesting the Crops.

The Com harvest is much retarded this year
owing to high winds and rains. The yield may
be considerably diminished by "britting," espe-
cially in the Oat crop. In many instances, where
the corn is laid, weeds and Clover are growing
through the straw. Cut all such corn, even if
it is wet, but do not tie the sheaves — leave them
in gi'ips to be carted loose, as they dry more
quickly thus than when bound up.

It is wise to make Oat ricks small, say 3
yards wide and 7 yards long if oblong, or 12
feet in diameter if round. In all cases build them
with a ventilator in the middle : an ordinary
skeleton hav rack, as used for sheen, will dn.
thus leaving an air passage through the rick. It
is not wise to thatch Oat ricks too ouickly if
there is ihf slirrhtest suspicion of their becoming
heated. Wheat and Barlev ricks, if built dry
and free from weeds, should be thatched at once.

e\en if showery weather prevails. A little
moisture on the top will evaporate before thresh-
ing is done. In the case of Wheat required for
seed in October, the straw should be quite dry
before carting, or thrashing will be delayed, and
the corn will be "cold," which depreciates its
value for seed. " Cold " Wheat does not germi-
nate so well as that which is thoroughly dry. E.
Muhjncnx

©bttuaris*

Robert Thorbubn ONEV.-We regret, to
record the death, on the 1st inst., of Mr. Robert
Thorburn Oney, senior partner of the firm of
Messrs. T. H." Oney and Sons, seed merchants,
Dum'fries. Mr. Oney served his apprenticeship
with his father; after gaining further experi-
ence in a London house, he went to New York
and Chicago, in each of which cities he remained
seven years. Returning to Dumfries on the death
of his father twelve years ago, Mr. R. T. Oney,
in conjunction with his brother, Mr. Thomas H.
Gney, continued and largely developed the busi-
ness at Dumfries.

Jamss L*INQ.-We regret to record the
death, on the 9th inst., at his residence, Harriot-
field, Kelso, of Mr. James Laing, senior part-
ner of the firm of Messrs. Laing and Mather,
nurserymen and seedsmen, Kelso, now incorpo-
rating Messrs. Stuart and Mein. Mr. Laing
gained considerable experience with the firm of
Messrs. Little and Ballantyne, Carlisle, and, in
conjunction with Mr. R. V. Mather, established
the firm of Laing and Mather at Kelso about
thirty-five years ago. Some yeai-s after-wards
they purchased ithe long-established business of
Messrs. Stuart and Mein, Kelso, with which
their own firm was incorporated. Mr. Laing
had a special knowledge of the agricultural seed
trad", and his business capacity was recognised
by his neighbours, as was testified by his ap-
pointment to various public ^offices. Some years
ago he became tenanit of the farm of Harrioit-
field. Kelso, where he died on the 9th inst., is
staAed above.

Correspondents a.re asked to note t.h.it in sending
Peaches or Nectarines for identification it is necessary
to send also a sihoot from tlie tJeo, bearing leiaves, aa
Lihe glands at the bases of the leaves assist, in determin-
ing the varieties. It is also a help if it can be stated
'wihether the tree bears large or small blossoms ; the
difference between the different varieties in this respeet
is very mai-ked. It should also be noted that the fruits
will be crushed, however well packed, if t'hey are fully
ripe when gathered. Two specimens of each vaa'iet'\"
should be sent.

1?0')K ON Vine Growing : Ji. E. D. Vines ami
Vine Culture, by A. E. Barron, 5s. 5d., post
free from our publishing department.

(.'iPER : C. R. M. Ordinary Apples of mixed
.sorts can be used in making cider. They must
be thoroughly ripe and sound when used. As
they have but little tannin, they require ad-
mixture with astringent sorts, known as bitter-
sweets ; moreover, many are too acid, so that
an addlition of bland sorts will be needed.
Probably there is no single variety of Apple
which will make satisfactory cider. Reckoning
at one ton per acre yield from trees about 10
to 15 years' growth (according to soil, ex-
posure, etc.), you will need about Ij acres of
standard trees. You do not state whether
grass orchard is intended ; prnhably you will
not want to wait so long, and ii;l ■■! nlniitiiig with
bush trees for earlier yield will he the beet
plan. For bitter-sweets, Medaille d'Or is
early to give heavy yields ; 1 to 10 would be about
the proper proportion for mixing (as must or as
fruit). W^hite Norman is another good cropper
(blend about 1 to 8). With regard to bland
.sorts, Morgan's Sweet and Royal Wilding may
be mentioned. Plant also some of the Pommes

a deux fins, such as Gendreville, Gros Locard,
and Fenouillet Gris, the last of which is ob-
tainable in this country, Yuu can obtain
further information by writing to the National
Fruit and Cider Institute, Long Ashton,
Bristol.
Gardeners' Benevolent Society : C. B., Khar-
toum. United Horticultuial Benefit and Provi-
dent Society; secretary, Mr. A. C. Hill, 35,
Alexandra Road, West Kensington Park, Lon-
don.

Lucerne in Orchakds : Bledlow. Lucerne is a
nitrogen-accumulating crop, and would ferti-
lise an orchard, if cut two or three times in a
season, and left on the ground. The crop
would smoUier weeds to a great extent, and
save the expense of hoeing and ddggdng.
Planting with Lucenie is better than allowing
an orchard to become covered with grass.

Market Garden : /. /. You do not state the
nature of the soil you purpose to cultivate
for market produce. If it is light in texfture
deep ploughing or digging wouid suffice. But
if heavy in charaQter it would pay to trench the
ground, especially for planting fruit trees.
The drainage and rooting medium will be much
improved by trenching, and, 'jnce done, the
benefit accruing would justify the labour
expended. jWoreover, the crops, especially of
Apples, would be much increased. The use
of plenty of manure would be an advantage in
assisting the trees to grow quickly. , If the
glasshouses are to be 'devoted to Tomato.s or
Grapes the amomit of labour you mention
would suffice, but if such subjects as Carna-
tions and Chrysanthemums are to be grown
to take the place of Tomatos in winter addi-
tional help might be required at times. The
class of vegetables grown would also affect
the question of la.bour. A varieity of kind's is
the most remunerative, although Poitatoe, for
example, would be the least expensive to culti-
vate.

Names of Fruits : G. W. Nectarines (1), Vio-
lette Hative ; 2, Hardwicke Seedling ; 3. Pine
Apple; 4, Elruge.— S. IF. Dutch Codlin.—
S/iropsTiire, 1, Hawthornden ; 2, Winter
Onarrenden : 3, Prince Bismarck ; 4, Wyken
Pippin ; 5, Beauty of Kenft ; 6, Pile's Russeit ;
7. .largonelle. — IF. ('. P. 1, Chas. Ross; 2,
Bramley's Seedling; 3. Cox's Orange Pippin;
4, Sturmer Pippin ; 5, Nonesuch ; 6, Lane's
Prince Albert ; 7, Wofcester Pearmain ; 8,
Irish Peach ; 9, Lord Suffield ; 10, King of
the Pippins ; 11, not recognised.

Names of Plants : E. T. 1, Euphorbia, an un-
named, new species, certainly not E. lactea ; 2,
Sempervivum Funckii ; 3, S. tectorum. —
T . A. L. Francoa appendiculata. The species
varies in colour, and your plant seems to be
the darkest variety. — C. B. G. Hibiscus
syriacus (syn. Althea frutex).

Plums Diseased : G. W . The Plums are attacked
by Brown Rot disease. Some of the fruits are
also "gumming," probably as the result of
punctures made by some insect. A note on
Mr, Wormald's investigations on Brown Rot
disease was published in the issue for August
25 last, p. 76.

Rose Scarlet Rambler ; L. W .H . This variety
was raised by Messrs. W. Paul and Son, Wal-
tham Cross, Hertfordshire.

Seedling Potatos : Palmers Green. Raising new
varieties of Potaltos from seed, though
fascinating work, requires much experience
and knowledge. The seedlings often crop sur-
prisingly well in their first year, but unless
you have wide experience you will find it diffi-
cult to make a useful choice between them.
Probably your best plan would be to consult one
of the firms which specialise in Potato-raising
with the view to getting promising new varie-
ties taken up by the trade. Otherwise you
must arrange for tests of promising varieties
to be made on soils suitable for Potato-growing.

Communications Received.— C. C. [Thanks for
6(1 for R.C.O.F. box.— Eds.]— A. S.— Q.M.S. Yates^
M. H.— A. B.— W. D. k Sons— W. J. C— T. A. L.—
W F. H.— .1. E. C— C. C— G. E.— B. I. L.-J. A. Si
— L.— F. J. O.

September 15, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

jn A R K £2 rr s.

COVEXT OARDEX,

'^yepte

12.

We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. Tbey are furni£hed to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindnees of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It muBt be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the eamples. the way in which they are
packed, the supply m the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

. d.

Aralia Sieboldii,

per doz
Asparagus plumo-

sua, per doz. , 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Cacti, various, per
tray of 15's ...

— per tray of 12'i
Chrysanthemums :

— white, AHA, per

I 0- G 0

a 0-10 0
10 D-3a 0

— coloured, 48'8,
per doz.

^ocos Weddelliana,
m's, per doz..,.

— no's, per doz....
Erica nivalis, lU's,

per doz.

— gracilis 48 8 ...

12 0-24 0

lSO-30 0
8 0-10 0

4 0-60
15 0-18 0

3 0-40

Ferns, in thumbs,

I per 100 12 0-15 0

I — per 100, in small

and large 60s 24 0-30 0
I — in 4S's, perduz. 7 0-8"

— in 32s, per doz. 15 0-18 0

— choicer sorts,

I 48"s, per doz .. 10 0-12 0
'Geohoma gracilis,

cO's, per doz... 6 0-80

— larger, each ... 2 6-76
Kentia Belmoreana,

per doz. ... ir> 0-lS 0

— — laigcr .. 30 y-00 0

— Forsteriana.eOs 7 0-80
Lilium longitlorum,

per doz. ... 24 0-30 0

— lancifolium ru-

brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

Marguerites. 48's,

per do/.. ... 6 0-80

Cut Flowers. &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, white, jier
doz. buu.

— coloured

— single

Arums —

— (Kicbardias),
per doz. bi'ms.

CartiatiuuH, per auz
blooms, bL-si
American var.

Chrysauthemums —

— "iiite, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. buncbea...

— white

EucuarU, per. duz.

bluums
Gladiolus Brcnch-
le>ensi8pcrdoz

— America, per
doz. spikt't ...

— HaiJey, salmon,
per doz. ttptkes

— l*ink Beauty.
per doz, spikes

Ilcattier, wuibe,
per doz, buu....

L;ipageria alba, per
doz. blooms ...

Lilium loiigifluiiim,
loag

— laiicifoliuui
aluuoi, long ...

rubnim, per

doz. long

short, per

doz blooms ...
Lily-irf-tbe-Vjilley,
per doz. bun ... :

2 0-36
2 0-^6
2 0-30
2 0-30

2 6-30

2 0-30

3 0-40

3 0 —
0 U- 1 0

4 0-00

2 0-30

3 6- .-i 0
2 6-30
2 6-30
2 0- 3 0

i4 0-3*J 0

Cliai-

Marj^'Uerites, yellow
per doz. oiiD .

— Airs. Sander,
per di>z. buu...

.Michaelmas Daisies

l>er doz- bun...

Orchids, per doz;—

— Cattleya

— Odonioglossum
crispuin

Pelargoutums, dou-
ble scarlet, per
doz. bunches...

Physalis, per uuz.
bunches

Koses ; per doz.
blooms, Frau
Karl Druschki

— Liberty

— Melody

— Mme. A
enay

— Ophelia

— Sunburst

— Wh^Je Molly
tthaimau Craw-
ford

Statue, white, per
djz. bundles...

— mauve

— yellow

— lucana ...
JitephaiiotiH,

72 pips

StocA, mauve, per

doz, bunches ...

— white

Sweet Sultau, white,

per do/., buu...

— mauve

TubtToscs, pergrusa

blooms

Viola coruuta
Viulets,p rdo/.bun.

2 6-40
6 0-10 0
15 0-18 0
2 6-30

6 0-10 0
G 0-10 0

16-20
16-20
16-20

per

8 0-10 0
3 0-36

0 0-80
10-10
2 6-30

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

Asi)aragii

6 0-10 0

per doz. bun...
l>ai-agUB piu-

luoaus, long
trails, per Uail-

dozen

— medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

6-3 0

Spiengeri
4 0-60 Carnation foiiiLge,

I doz. bunchts... 4 0-00
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Moss, gross bun... 4 6-50
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails 16-20

Remakks.— There is an abundant supply of Asters, in-
cluding Honie good single varieties. Ttie supply of ali
other hardy Dowers cxeewls the Ofni.m<i, .if tlicie is prac-
lioaJly no sale for them. Micliuelmaa Daisies and Phy-
salis are foremost ^.inoag the lurtly liowers available
this week. Koses are getting SLTurifr, and the prices
of the best blooms are udvaiicaiig. Oa motions are not,
on the whole, of guud ipiiilily, and the few better quality
blooms are soon bought ai j high price. Cnirysantbemunis
show littl© chajige from liid: week ; but bundled spray
white varit-ties are more pleJiti/ul iiu<I lower in price.
Coloured bujichd varieties consist of Almirante, Iloipac'C
Martin, Dorothy Ashley, and Betty Spark. Colloured
blooms are more plentaful, but white on^es are scarcely
eufflcient for the demami, and pnioes jxMnain firm.
Stephanotia is almost over, and Tuberoses are only ob-
tauuable jii smaJl rjuan titles. Ort-blds are exceptionally
scarce, and u»any orders have had to be refused during
the last fortnig-ht. A few boxo of English Viodets
reached t>be market Uiis week.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

s. d. s.d

Artichukes, Globe,

Leeks, per doz. bun.

4 0-60

per doz.

2 6-40

Lettuce, Cabbage

Beans: Kimner

and Cos, per doz

0 6-16

(searletl, iier

Mustard and Cress,

bus

1 C- 4 0

per doz. punnets 10 —

Beetroot, per bus.

4 0-50

Oniuns, per cwc. ...

20 0-25 0

Brussels Sprouts,

— spring, per doz.

per i bus.

4 0 —

bun.

4 6-60

Cabbage, per tally

4 0- S 0

i-eas, per bushel ...

5 0-10 6

Carrots, neiv, per

Radisher, per doz.

doz. bunches ...

2 6-40

buuches

0 8-10

Cauliflowers, per

Shallots, per doz.

tally

12 6-15 0

lbs.

S 0-10 0

Cucumbers, per flat

S 0-10 0

Spinach, per bushel

3 6-70

10-

iurnips, per bag ...

4 0-60

Greeus, per bag ...

16-26

— new, per doz.
bunches

3 6-40

Herbs, pcrdoz buu.

4 0-80

Vegetable Alarrows

Horseradish, p r

per t.illy

2 6-50

bunch

:. 0 —

\\ atercress,perdoz.

0 4-06

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prlee!>.

s.d. s.d.

s.d. sd.

Almonds per cwt.

SO 0 —

Grapes, con.—

Apples :-

— Muscats, per lb

0 6-30

— cooking. per

Lemons, per case...

16 0-25 0

; Melons, Canteioupe

— dessert (Sng- i each 4 0-10 0

lishj, per ) bus 2 0-40 — English and
Aubergines. per Guernsey, each 2 6-60

doz 2 6-40 ! Mushrooms (out-
Blackberries (culti- I door, p.r^ bus 5 0-10 0

vatedj per lb... 0 t- 0 9 Nectariiies.peidoz. 2 O-lO 0

Corncobs, per doz. 2 6-30 ^'"^s, Brazils, new.

Kigs (Worthing)
per doz.

Gages, per k bus...

Grapes, Alicante,
biack, per lb...
— English (new
^eason) Black
Hamburgh per
lb

1 e- 3 0
5 0-80

1 6-

Remahes.— Apples, I'eara.

cwt. ...110 0 —

— cobs, per lb.... u 6- 0 7

— FUberts.perlb. 0 4-05

— Coconuts, per

lUO 48 0-50 0

Peaches, per doz... 2 0-10 0
Pears, per 4 bus. ., 2 0-80
Plums, per i bus. 2 o- 5 q
TomatoB, Eng I ish

per i:

peck
Plums, Peaches, and >'ec-

lUs. or

rines continue plentiful; and the market is well eup-
plaed with Grapes. (^i,muta and Filberts are moi-e
plentiful, and Tomatos, both Chajunel Islands and Dutch,
are cqu^ to dennuids, though English supptios show a
slight decrease. Cucumbers coutanue plentJfuJi. Corn-
cobs oontinue to yield a fairly good supply, and sup-
pikefi of) Biackberricts ore JuciieJtuig. All se^aaonuble
vegetables contuiue plentifuj. E. H. H., Cocent Garden
Market, Sept. H, 1917.

THE WEATHER.

THE WEATHEK IN SCOTLAND.
August was a month of rain, with a tale of twenty-
eight dare of precipitation and twenty-one ■"rain days,"
i.e., day's with a (all of 0.04 inch or o^'eT. Tlie rain
.gauge yiekiod in all 5.19 .nches, tliis being fully 2 inches
above tlie average lur August for the district., Fortu-
jiately, there were no heavy and continuous do\% ni>oui-^,
tlie greatest fall (or any ono duy being but 0 69 inch,
iiiid thus a notable abseiu-e of the tlo<xling so fro<iuent
in wet Augusts. Nor had we uny tluiiwlcnstorms at tlie
stiitioii during tJie montli, although on four daye thun-
der was heard in the distance. The sunKhiiic record waa
a |K><->r one, whilo ihe itirds wore blank only on three
days; the total return was but 106.9 Iwurs, on average of
3.4 hours per day and a peroenia^ of 23. The 1st wafl
the brighieM duy, witli twelve hours of smiahine. Ilie
moan Ixiroinetric prcsssoi'e was 29,635 iiK-Jiee, the highest
pressure of 30.124 inolies being recorded on the lyt, oaid
the lowejit of 28.739 inohes on the 28th. TempeJ-ature
was well up to the average with o mean of 58°. On the
6ih we ha:l Jbe hig1lc^t maximum of 73°, and on. 4ilio 1st
the lowest, minimum of 45°. Tiie lowest maximiun of
58° was on tJie 8tJi, and the highest minimum of 57°
on the 4tli. The meaiia for the maximum .ajid minimum
were 65° and 51° respe<:tively, givi^ng a mecm range of
14°. On tlie grass the mean miniinuni was 47°, with a
lowest of 38° on the 31st. For tihe dry bulb thermometer
we hiwl a mean of 58.5°, fljixl for Vhe wet bulb a mean
of 56.2°,givingaTeIalive bi'niidjtyof 86 pt-r rent. .\t 1 foot
depp the soil temperature lose from 59° to 61°, and then
fell to 56°, The wind waa very variivhU- in directio.n. A
goo<l display of aurora was observed on the evening of
the 2Lst. ' Jamex Mulloch, St, Andreas Provincial
Trainimj CtAleue Gardens, Kirkion of Unins, uear ■
I) under.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. T Waller, for n&arly 19 ye;ira Gardener to the
late A. €. HamueR8LE\', Esq., and his »on, Oaptain
H. C. Hammerslkv, Abney Hmis^, B<.»iiriic End.
Buckinghamshire, as Gardener to Lord Thedeoar,
Tredegar Park, Newport, Mon. [Thfliiks for Ss. 6d.
for R.(; O.K. Uo.\. KiiP.l

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

F. GiFPOKD, Ilornchnich. Essex.— Delphiniums.

G. G. \VHiTEr.Ki;ii, 'lite Xur.serie«, Oliislehurst. — Herba-
ceous and Alpiiio plants.

CUBUANS, AltniHilKiiri,— Fim't trees.
Stewart & Co., 13, Soutb St. Andww Street. Ediau
burgh.— BiJbb and roots.

SITUATIONS WANrED-(C«ntlnued from pa^e ill.)
^ARDENER (good Single-handed) ; life

^-^ experience gaint<l m ^ood establi^nente; highly
reoonmiended ; excellejit references ; Armv discharge ;
age 31 : married (1 Lihild). Please state wage<s.~
BUTC5HER, 41. Westbury Pvoad, Walthftimstow. Essex.

i?J.ARDENER (married) seeks situation ;

^^ single-handed; age A6 years; two sons (age 16 and
13i rears) ; used to all Outside work. — W.. 5, Lyme Ter-
race, Oamdeai Road, Oainden, Town.

SITUATION required as THIRD GAR-
DEN'EE, where one or two aj^e kept ; Kitchen Gard€*n
and Laiwus; age 47; single.— A. HOLLAMBY, 42. Well-
field Road, Str«at!ham. S.W.

"POREMAN (Inside), in good establish-

-^ ment ; a^E:e 42 ; single ; abstainer ; Army discharge ;
able-ibodJeJ ; life experience; thoroughly practical; good
Fruit and Plautaraan, Propagaitor, and Decorator ; at
liberty ; entire charge. State w;iges. — FOX, Ohildwicti-
bur\- Gaixien*, St. Albans.

¥ ADY GARDENER seeks post as Head,

^-^ where several are kept ; near London preferred ;
tir^^t-class diplomas; good references.— F. B. Box 8 41
Wellington Street, Covenl Garden. W.C. 2.

PXPERIENCED WOMAN GARDENER

■*-' seeks Post as FIRST, under good Forenuiii. in Glass
Department ; decorate if needed ; good references. Please
state wages.— .\.. Box 6, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden. W.C.

YyOMAN GARDENER, educated, strong,

J ' seeks Post (single-lianided) under experienced
Workingr Head ; Fruit and Vegetables ; accustome<l to
dig, &c.— Send full particulars to A. Z , 2, GomviUe Place,
Oambridge.

J ADY, some experience, college trained,

-■-^ wisQies work in Rock Garden.— G. M.. Box 16, 41,
Wellinglott Street, Oovent Garden. W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENER, partially trained, re-

-■-^ quires Post, Siiiglc-liauded, with some supervision,
or under good Head. — MISS L., Riverside, Pcrshore,

T ADY GARDENER, some experience, de-

-*^ sires re-engagement end of September. — E.,
Warter Priory Gaixlens, York.

J ADY, with some knowledge of Gardening,
•*^ wants Post whore good Head Gaixiener is kept ;
used to horses; live in; age JD.— F. K., Box 22, 41. Wel-
hngton Street. Oovent G.arden. W.C, 2.

T ADY, Six Months' Market Garden ex-

-'-^ prrience, desires Situation on private Garden
under Head ;i8 IMPROVER , 18s. in money or in kind.—
MISS N., Eythome Cottage, Charlton Road, Shepperton-
nn-Thames.

SITUATION required (Inside work) under
good Hpa«l G-urdiixiT, by vouog W0M.4N, witli some
practical kiiowiedg' — F. M.. Box 15, 41. Wellingion
Street. Oovent Gulden.. W.C. 2.

TRADE.

MANAGER or EOREMAN, used to con-
trolling labour and to producing everything re.
quired for upAiu-<hite> establishment: excellent refer-
ences.—A. LAWRENCE, 83, Warwick Avenue, Padding-

P'OREMAN or MANAGER, small Nur-

■'- serv, near London ; general experience ; age 45 ;
single. State wage if suitable —Write. R. E,. Box 17.
41, Wellingtool Street. Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

DUTCHMAN, age 30, single, who had
cliarge during the dust four years of one of the
largest Xurscries cuninecte<l with Lan<ll9cape Ga-rdening
in Holland, some experien<« in Seed Growing, seelts
situation as MANAGER of Nursery oi- Landscape Busi-
ne8».— B. 0.. Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, Coveiut
Geirden, W.C. 2.

WORKING FOREMAN ; age 35 ; 22 years
exiJerjfiici. Bu<lding, Grafting. Roses (Inside and
Out). Clematis, Fruit Trees, Geiier.al Nursery stock; final
discharge Army.— H. W. Railway Cottage, Morria Street,
Hook, Basingstoke. Hants.

FLORISTS. — Lady desires re-engagement
as M.\NAGERESS ; highest references. — Address,
FLORIST, 46, .Solway Road, )>rdship Lane. Wood
Green, N.

T ADY BOOK-KEEPER and CASHIER

■'-^ seeka situation ; Sc-otJand preferred ; 10 yeai-s' trade
experience; excellent references.— L. N., Box 23, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

vi THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [Septemer 15, 1917.

n«OTIGE TO SEEDSMEN, NURSERYMEN. MARKET^
GARDENERS, FRUIT-GROWERS, HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS, BOILER MAKERS, COAL MERCHANTS,

AND SUNDRIESMEN.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY have been posted to all the above whose names are already
in the Directary. In order to facilitate the early publication of the revised
edition for 1918, it is requested that the forms, with the necessary corrections,
be returned AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of all
interested in Horticulture that the new edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

Anyone in the above categories who has failed to receive a form should

send for one to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Name -■

Trade and Speciality ■
Address in Full-

ORDER FORM FOR ADVERTISEMENT.

Please insert my Advertisement, as copy herewith, in the HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY
FOR 1918, m the space named below :

(Strike out all lines not required).

Back Cover ... ... ... ... ... price £5 5 0

Inside Front or Back Cover ... ... ... ,, 4 4 0

Whole page, facmg matter ... ... ... ,, 3 3 0

Whole page, ordinary position ... ... „ 2 2 0

Half page „ „ 1 10 0

Quarter page „ „ ... ... „ 10 0

{Signed) Name

Address ■ -

Pnnied for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by I.ovb and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street. High Holborn, London, W.C. and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
r-hronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent lianli-ii. City of Westminster, Saturday, September 15, 1917. Agent for Maucihester, John Hbiwood.

1 15 1917

Al* f*l evil t\i r ?3
College

No. 1604. Vol. LXII.

{s^} SATUKDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 1917.

[Registered as a Newspaper. < "^''^•^ *U •
(POSTPIUE, 4Jd.

aVBSCBIPTIOS— Inland, 1916 ,■ Foreign, 22h per annum. Entered
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Oardeo, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address-

it \etc York J'oat Office na second-'
" QardciirOD, Rand, London.*'

'lass matter,

Teleplione— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS see pago 115

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisirs will phase note tlie jiages of t/ie
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach thin office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

XOW IS TILE TIME TO PLANT.

IZELWAY & SOX,

-••*■ The Roval Hortieultu'-i'r<s.

LAN'GPORT, SOSI£BSET,
are now boohing orders 'or th*ir C'boice Hardy Perennial
Plants, Plant a Colour Bortler tliis Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy its beauty for many years without
aay additional expense or trijublc.

Send measurements o( jour Borders.

Paconics, Delpbinmms, rhlojes, GaUlordias, and other
beautiful flowers, included in their Colour Schemee, which
provide blooms from earlv Spring to lote Autumn.

WRITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

QISHURST COMPOrXD has over half a
^-" century's reputation for cflcctiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider. Scale. Meal%' Bug.
Thrip, American Blight, Green and Brown Fly. ic.
Sold in boxes about lib.. 3Ib.. and 121b.. by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Baltersea, Ixindon, S.W. 11.

JJIVEUS'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, in
*' all the leading varieties, will l>e ready from
Augu.st onwards. Price list post free on application.—
THOMAS RIVERS 4 SON, The Nurseries. Sawbridge-
worth, Herts. *

•T • ^^■^Y, LTD., Builder of Conservatorie.s,
^^ ' Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineer*,
Danvcrs Street, Chelsea. London. S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Western, l,ondon. Telephone ; 201, Western.

PEEDS' BULBS. PEBUJS' SEEDS.

pEEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY.—
-■- Please apply for a copy to be posted by return.

JOHN PEED & SON, The Kinir's Seeils-
" men and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

B

B

ARR'S BULB CATALOGUE for the

best DalTodik, Tulips, &<■., lor po|« or bowls and
utdoors. Sent free on application.— BAIIK \- SONS,
wl 13. King Street, Oovent Garden; London, W.C. 2.

UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
wc i>ent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

CEO. BUNYARD & CO.. LTD., Royal Nurseriee,

Maidstone.

T? OSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
■^•' NORWICH ROSES.— Our new deecrjptive price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now r^idy,
[lost free.- Write to-day, A. J. & C. ALLEN, Rose
Growers, Norwich (for over 50 years).

irANTED, open ground plants of Straw-

' Nii-n.-^. Givoii's Lite Piiiliflc. Presi<ien», Water-

>. in<l Britisii QufuM,— Offers ami saniple«, witJi prii-e,

S. BIDE k SONS. LTD , Kingalev Nursery, Bordoni

^

pAPER-WHITE NARCISSI.
GUTTON & SONS

^^ can supply finest bulbs of

PAPER-WHITE NARCISSI
at 153. per 100.
SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GROWN BULB.S, containing p.-irtioulars of the most
popular Daffodils. Narcissi, May-flowering and Darwin
Tulips, 4c,, &.C., s«|it post free on application.

UTTON & SONS. The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

s

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS.
LTD.. Lawrence Road. South Tottenham, N. 16.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

B

UNYARD'S FRUIT TREES. —

New Price List now ready, and will be sent free
re<,uru of post.

GEORGE BUNYARD & 00., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

TJATH'S ROSES and PAEOXIES.— New

■'-' illustra'tecl catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of the beet new and standard varieties, is now ready,
and will be sent post freo on application.— (Dept. A),
R H. BATH, LTD.. The Floral Forms, Wisbech.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
W-oA, Hoses. CtiiTKitioras, Secdliiig' and Vegetable
Vh\l^/it>, &c., potit fr-nr— DOBBIE & CO., Royal Floristi--,
Minburgh.

IJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New
■■-' illustrated catalogue of the llnest Narcissi, Tulips,
■&c.. as supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, witii
full cultural directions, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms, Wisbecb.

DICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL
MANURE and other high class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
fi-ee on application to DICKSON'S. Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
■' Vitrolitc," superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON 4 SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

1 f\(\ i\(\(\ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

■•-"'-' ^yfyyyf ao^. lOO; IMlms, Begonuis. Orotons,
Ura.'a<Mia.s. Riwes. Ericjs, Gloxinias Lilies, H.vdrajigeas,
i;c. ; cat alo(rue*i frw. — J. E. SMini, Lojidoii Fern Nur-
senes, Loughborough Junction, I>ondon, S.W.

"TkAFFODILS and large Tnimpet Narcis-

-a-^ su-s for Grass. ShTUbberies, and Wild Gardening,
selei-tod. 15s. and. 2l8, 1.000 ; as dug, 12s, per bushel
(2,000), 3s. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).- J. H.\NDSCOMBE.
F.R.U.S., Feltham Nurseries, Middlesex.

w

ing.

ANTED, Geranium Stools, as taken
beds, Paul Crampel, Jacoby, and Koveleski.
100 and 1,000.— P. OHENNELL. NurserymaJi. Dork-

T TLIUM longiflorum giganteum for winter

'-' Hcvering.— MORLE i; CO. offer immciiBe bulbs, 10 '
a.nd 14 inches round, in splendid c'ondition. nt 10s., 12«. '
and 15s. doz. Bulb list frec.—MOKLE & 00., 150-156,
Finohiev Road, N.W.

For Advertisement Ch)u>Kes see Sept. I, page v.

w

w

EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

The finest varieties of Tuli]5s, Narcissi, DaHo-
dils. Snowdrops, Iris, &c. PRICE LIST post
free on apphcation.— WEBB i SONS LTD ,
The King's See<lsiiie]i. Stourbridge.

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

"WATERER'S BRITISH GROWN
' ' BULBS. — New Catalogue now ready.

'WATEBER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

" ' Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
choice varieties now ready.

w

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS— Catalogue free.

W ATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRBiSENT SOWING.- List post free.
All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post
free on receipt of name and address.

JOHN WATEalER, SONS 4 CRISP, LIMITED,
The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

JOHN McKERCHAR'S BRITISH-

CROWN Ut:LBS.— ll,i|i;i«UU, Tulips, Sno«xll-ops, &c,
Ketiaptlod Lily-of-WUlcy ;ukI LiJiuius. PiiCes on applii^ii-
tiun.— 55, Gioibach Road, I'tper Hollowny, London, N. It).

pHLOX. — Finest varieties in cultivation.

Send for list.— U. J. JONES, Ryecix^ft Nurseries,

I.e

sliam. S.E. 13.

CPORTSMEN, Fanners, Horsemen, try
^'-^ our splendid Yorkshire Wliipcord Tweed; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.- BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

IJANSTPJAD or WALTON HEATH
-^-^ 1/J.\M. — A splendid soil for Vines, Chrysantho-
mums. Carnations, and general use; fresh cut or rotited.
— Paiticular.>i of YOUNG BROS., Betohworth, Surrey,

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-
dendron I'cat. Iree from bracken, 16s. |>er yarn,
6 to 16 yar<i (rucks, kigs 50s. dozen; Loam. Leaf MuuUl,
Silver Siiml. in bags aawl truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre. 6 for 10s., sp^fial rates ; i-pecial Bulb C<tmpost for
bowLs, 53. bag.— J. IIANDSOOMBE, 'llie Nurseries, Felt-
ham, Middlesex,

"JT'OR SALE, excellent Turf Loam for Gar-

-^ dciung purposes; f o.r. Glendoiu and Rushtim
Station, M.K. — For fun-tlier particulars apply C. H.
KNOLLYS, Estate Office, Boughtoji, House, Kettering.

SPRING CABBAGE, Mein's No. 1.—
Stands fne severest wiiiter, 'Hie most niar\ellous
and eai-liest heading variety in existence, ready for cut-
ting in March, we.itiher favoui able, 100 for Is. 6d. — MISS
IIBNRY, Belved-iTe Road, Burton-on-Trent.

rpERNS ! FERNS I !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-*- Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and) Greenihouse FeTns,
Hamly Gar<len Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH,
Ijundori Femi Nuisery, Loughborough Junction,
Londoii, S.W.

IV'ARCISSUS.— Paper - white Grandifiora,

■^^ 5-i. ; White I'sar'., 4s. 6d. ; and double Incompoi-
able, at 4s. pe- luu. Eiilb list free— MORLE & CO., 160-
166. Finohiev Roa<l, N.W.

s

ANDERS. Orchid

St. Albana.

Growers,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 22, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are
holding Siles of Bulbs every Monday. Wednesday

eide. London. ____^ ■

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Nex', September 26th, at 1 o'c'OCK.

VpwaKls of 2,000,000 Bulbs to ofler, specially lotte-l

"including' 1,000,000 Narcissus, in all the best-known
vi"H.erfer forcing or plaatiug out; 500,000 Polyanttus
Narcissus of sorts, in sacks aS reiwived ; 260,000 Early.
Darwin (majw of which will foace) and May-flowermg
Tulips ; many' thousands of Snowxlrops, Freesias. bcillas,
Anemones, .\c«nites. English aiui Spanish Ins. early-
fiowering Gladioli. Bearded Iris, 21 cases Liiiom longi-
flonim (retarded), &c., &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell the above by Auction at their Central
Side Booms. 67 and &8, Oheapside, London, EC. 2.
Catalogues forwaidol on applmation. ^^

SUNMNGDALE NURSERIES,
WINDLESHAM, SURREY.

FORT\--THIHD ANNUAL SALE OF NIIRSEEY STOCK,
comprising aii eKtaia tine lot of Rhododendrons, in best
named varieties to colour, also seedling, Pomtica, Hima-
layan and other lUiododendroiia, Kalmias. Azaleas,
Portugal and otJier Laurels. Ornflmental. Evergreen, and
Flowering Shrubs amd Trees, a fine collection of Hardy
Hf^aths. and other stock

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
\\\\i SpII bv Auction at the above Nurseries (Suii-
niingxlalo Station) 'on
Tuesday and Wednesday. October 2nd and 3rd,

at 12 o'clock.
May I>e viewed. Catalogues at the Nurseries and of
the -Vuclaoiieers. 67. C'lieapside, London. E.G. 2.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5th.

IMPORTANT SALE of ORCHIDS.

A portion of the Glebe Collection, Seve*noaks, fonned
by C. J. Phillips, Esq., which has been carefully selected
for the purpose of raising the best hybrids in Cattleyas.
Sophro-Oaittleyas, Odont-oglossums and Odoiitiodps, and
the divisions now offered are from some of the choicest
forms obtainable. The following are ajiiongst fihe prin-
cipal plants included in the Sale; —

Gattle\a Mrs. M\ ra

Peeters
OdontoglosQum Uro-Skin-
neri alba. A.M.

BUSINESS WANTED.

Laelio - Oarttleya Walter
Gott. A.M.
,, amiabile

,. Epicasta Tlie Premier
,. G. S. Ball
,, Medina Excelsior.

F.0.0.
„ St. Goth^ird.
,, Baroness Scliroder
Brassc - Laelio - Cattkya

Joan
Oattleya DusseWorffei Un-
dine
,, >'^age:ie Raphael alba
„ BaaiJ. A.M.
„ Almata
., labiata Mrs. E. Ash-

orth

Glebe

„ Cere

,, orispimi Solum

„ Lindeni
„ „ Lucjanii
„ , Ivady Jane
,. WoodrotTeae. F.C.C.
,, Aurora

.. Theodora. F.C.C.
,. Halli King Edward

VII. FO.C.
,, grande aureum Pit-

,. Pesoaiorei alba
Odontioda Wilsoni Tlie
Presidenit. A.M

,, Eviterpe

„ Madeline. A.M.
Cymbiddum hybrids, &c.,

other Oullectioiifi and Orchids

„ liabiiiatii

variety
, Trianae Mrs. I>e B.

Crawsbay. F.C.C.
„ SuKainme Hye de

Crom

Also chodce plants

in flowe-r and bud.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell the above by Auction at their Central
Sale Rooms. 67 and 68, Olieapside. London, E.C. 2, on
Friday. October 5th at 1 o'doek.

C.itak^gues iiuiy now be oblaiuwl of the .Auctioneers,
as above
THE EST.A.TE OF THE L.VFE J. S. CHARLES, Es<i.

PELSALL, STAFFORDSHIRE.

THE PELS-\LL HALL ESTATE of 247 Acres, which will

be offere.l for Sale by Auction by

Messrs. WINTERTON & SONS

at tlie Stork Hotel. WaisiUl, on TUESDAY, October 2nd,
1917, at 6 o'clock, will include (Lot 43):

A VALUABLE MARKET
GARDEN,

kncuvTi as '■ RAILSWOOD GARXIENS," Pelsall. a Wood
with a Cottage and GREENHOUSES thereon, about 5
minutes from station, containing an area of about 7
Acres.

The Gaaxlens are in a high state of Cultivation, and the
Three Greenhouses measure (1) 88tt. long by 28ft. wide.
(2) 60ft. lorag bv 28ft. wide. (3) 88ft. long by 40ft, wide,
heated by two' oa»t-iron saddle boilers, which can be
seiparately or joinitly worked. The Houses aj* well built,
with extra i*rcng raftei-s. and are covered with 21oz.
glass.

Purchaser will be requiied to take to Stock-in-Trade,
Sheda, Trees. &o. Possession 1st November or earlier by
arramgement.

For further particulars, apply to t;he .Auctioneers. Lich-
field, and DarweU Street, Walsall, or Messrs. H. Russell
& .*on. Solicitous, Lichfield.

WANTED, to rent, Nursery, suitable for
Tomato Growimg ; with land and dweUing-house
pieferred ; .lo ingoing.— S,. Box 4. 41. Wellington Street,
Cuveiit Garden, W.C. 2.

BUSINESS FOR SALE.

A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY.

Ow ill" t" tlie rout inuedil-liealtli of Mr. CHARLES H.
Ill CK tlie wi-U knoun Mail Order Nursery Business,
BUCKS of IPSWICH is FOR SALE by Private Treaty.
" Conaiderjble success has attended efforts."

The Fruit urawrr. Sevt- 6th. 1917.

" The business has considerable reputation."

— Thf l/i,rtic^tflurat Advertlner, Aug. 20. 1917. ^

". . . bold enterprise brought to the front rank . .

— 77«- LJardin, Sept. isth. 1917.

". . . remarkable progress. The firm has steadily
won i^s way to an important position."

— "OnlooktT" in norlictdttiral Tmdf Journal, Sept. 5th, 1917.

"The goodwill . . . should yield handsome returns
in the hands of a capable and methodical man."

-The flnni-rgman „„.t Srejtmmi. Sept. Ist, 1917.

"... if the purchaser continues on the same lines
the araiuint necessary to aoiuire the goodwill should
prove a good investment." .,.,.,,,-

—Amnn-iir (! >rd''ithi{f. Sept. Inth. 1917.

BUCKS, Tresoo Nurseries, IPSWICH.

RH.S. EXAM. — Correspondence class,
• preparing Gardeners and students, start October ;
brilli-int past records; prospectus. — MEDALLIbl,
Pightle. Letheringselt, Holt, Norfolk.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

MR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all
friends that, although engaged on National Service
work he contanues Midland representative to John Peed
k Son Oixlers this season wiU be very muoh appre-
ciated and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to' Mr. B. GREENFIELD, 61, Radford Road,
Le<amington Spa.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED,

WANTED, Geranium Cuttings or old
plants single pimk bedding and tricolour, ond
VioJtts mauve or lavender.— KEMP, 232. Bristol Rood.

ingh

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plant.s. suitable for stoc.k ; cash Or exchange.
See other ■advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nurserj-. Loughborougih Junction. Londom,
S.W.

WANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and
Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
ic. sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted.—
MOBLE & CO., 150 156, Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

WANTED, Cuttings of Pentstemon CJeo.
Home, Mrs. Fulfoi-d, and Daydream.— Price. &(-■-,
F., Warter Priory Gardens, York.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE,

ORCHIDS FOR SALE.

ti-Mog to <le;i,th. All goiKl plant.s, purchased touii
Jaiiieii C.iplier e'v S-Ui-S, Obeltenliam, Spring, 1917.

Lot £50, or separate.

\ verv great sacrifice.

U L.ielia aiivejis. good; 6 Cvmbidiums ; 4 Laelia pur-

purata, good; 12 Oattleyas, in good variety; 4 Vanda,

good; 12 choice Dendrobiums; 3 doz. extra gowl

CaLintha, in \tMiety ; 2 Epfdenda-ums ; 12 good Cypri-

pediums, in variety ; 12 C^dontoglossunis.

-Apply, T. WHITWORTH.

tXik Lodge, Bristol Road.

Noiithfleld, near Birmingihara.

MISCELLANEOUS.

THEY NEVER FAIL TO
KEEP YOU DRY.

If you write to-day for the " Beacon Booklet," you
are on tbe wav to weat'her comfort. It shows nuany
difiereat styles in BEACON OILSKINS, and it will
show }ou the coa>t that you wiant. CJhildren.'s Ooat-s
10s. 6d, upwflixi'S, Menj'a fioin 10s. 6d., Ladies' Smart
Oilskiuis, 21-3. Long- Legging-s from 3s. Sou'-westers
from Is. 9d. IThey always keep out the wet. Send pc.
to-diay for our Free Booklet of "Weather Oomfort," de-
scribing mouev^baok guarantee — Send now — 'before you
fonget— to BARBOUR'S. LTD.. 66. BKACON BUILD-
INGS. SOUTH SHIELDS. (4)

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for eacli succeeding line.

PRIVATE.

DEPARTMENT OF .\GR1CULTUHE AND

TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION

FOR IRELAND.

INSTRUCTORS IN BUR.AL SCIENCE (including

SCHOOL GARDENING).

''PHE Department of Agriculture and Tech-
-'- nieal Instruction for Irekind are prepared to con-
sider the qualifications oi persons desiring recognition
as Instructors in. Rural Science (including School Gar-
dening) to special tiainin? cfaAses fo.r teachers. There
ore, duiing the present sess'Oiv, several va«incies tor sUch
InstiriK'toT'B, who will be required to tMjnduct classes in
sele.-ted centres under the direction of local Com-
mittees of Technical Instruction.

The salaries offered will be at the rate of £130 to
£150 per annum, occoixiing to qualifications and ex-
perience, togeither wiilth tmavelling and maintenance

Candidates must have had some training in science.
and possess a practical knowledge of Goixlendng, and
preferably sihouW have had experienoe in teaching.

Fonns 'of application, w,hich should be returned not
later than 3Cth September, ran be obtained from the
Secretin-. Department of Agricu'Iliire and Technical
Ipistruction, I'pi>er Merrion Btireet. Dublin'.

WANTED. — Can any gentleman recom-
mend experienced HEAD GARDENER : expert in
Lill branches; };ood oi^ganiser and worlier ; to take charge
of Glass Kitchen', -and Flouer Gardens ; 12 acres in all ;
five Under Gardeners kept ?—Applv. SIR -ARTHUR CEOS-
FIELD, 41. West Hill, Highgote, N.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DE.S'ER (two kept), thoroughl.v experienced vege-
tables. Outdoor Fruits, und Herbaceous; small Greem-
liouse and supervision of poidtrv' and pigs ; preference
to man with son to work with him ; house, coals, and
vegetables found.— Full particulars of exiKrience. w.^ges,
age, also iHimber in 'family and copies of testimonials
(if ani-), PRESCOTT, Highlands, WoOdiingham, Sm-rey.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
ING) ; mast have excellent chairacter in every
respect' from last situation ; also be either over milatarv
age or ijieligible for .\nnv. — .\pplv first bv letter to
SECRBTARV, Bnar Bank. Banstefld.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
OENER of tliree,~MR SIMPSON, Perton Grove,
Wolverhampton.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work
ING); ,Tlso two UNl'ER GARDENERS; meligibles.
or dis'Aarged soldiers ; Head Mam preferred marrie<i ■
occasional work in house for wife ; cottage, coal, and
electric light supplied.— RUSSELL REID, The Heimi-
lage. East Grin^ead

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (Surrey, 13 miles from London); must be
good worker ; wag^s 283, and cottage ; state experience
[iiKl ;,Ke ; no family ; voutn also kept.— B., Box 10, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C 2.

"WANTED, UPPER GARDENER, of two,

* ■ for small, compact Garden on Bristol Channel ;
must be over age or ineUgible and single. — Write to
H P., Box 5 41, Wellington Sii-eet, Covent Garden.
W.C. 2.

w

^NTED,

Kood

SINGLE

HANDED

GARDENEB

; chief

V Lawn

s and

Kitohen

Gar-

den ;

ive in lodge

-Apply

giving

experience, age.

&c..

W. B.

BA.XTER, S

jpelev

Manor,

Nantw

ich, Cheshire.

WANTED, a good SINGLE-HANDED
GARDENER, with good knowledge of Roses. b\
October 6t'h ; -.vages 25s. per week ond cottage. — Write,
stating full particulars, to CAPTAIN A. L. F. OOOK,
The Cedars, Iver. Bucks.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR
DENER (ineli'gible) ; bov kept and occawonal help
fiven; Gardens 2 acres; wa^ 30s.; c>cellent cottage;
small Vineiy aoil Conservatory.— Appl,\-, M. H. HUMBLE,
E^q., Waltii-n, House, near (jheste.i-fie.ld, Derb.vshire.

ANTED, • GARDENER (Single-

H.iNDED); help given.— Reply, stating wages and
aU particulars, MRS. STUART. St. Marg;Lrefs House.
near Marden, Kent.

WANTED. GARDENER (Single-

handed) for place in Liverpool ; good w^ages.—
Apph', in firs* instance, giving reference, to COWAN &
( i).,'lJateanve Nursenes, Liverpool

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-
HiNDEDl; go...l all-rou'iid exi>erience ; no cottage,
R. EVERETr, 125, CasteiiMu, Barnes.

W/'ANTED, good SINGLE-HANDED

' ' GARDENER ; d-isoharged soldier preferred ; must
be thoroughly trustworthy and oaipa'Wie of being left in
charge as.oaietaker in family's obsence.— MRS. CART-
WRIGHT, Wardington, Banburj'.

September 22, 131?.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

THOROUGHLY experienced GARDENER
wanted for situation, near Horsham; three Cnder
Gardeners kept; live at lodge; wages 30s.— Writ*, giving
hill particulars of eiperisnce, age, number in family,
&c., to V. A., c/o King & Ohasemore, Land Agents,
Horsham, Sussex^

GARDENER. — Wanted, experienced Man
for Vegetable growing , ineligible for Service ; age
say about 43 to 48; wages 30s. per week and good
modern cottage if jiarned ; must have first-lass charac-
l<.r._Apj>ly, HEAD GARDENER. Garston Manor, near
Watford, Herts.

XPERIENCED GARDENER required;

assistance given. State wages and qualifications.—
Apply, J. M. MASON, Beckington, Bath.

ANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) ; Hot-

house and Omside work. Lawns, amd Vegetables;
to live in.— REV. G. BAKER, HunUey Rectory, Glou-
oester. .

WANTED, GARDENER (ineligible) ;
good all-round man ; able to take duty and help
'vith generil routme of work. State wages, married or
single.— HUGHES, Grendon Hail, Ather.-tone.

ANTED, KITCHEN GARDENER,

with a fair knowledge of Wall Fruit; 203. and
lodging.— Apply, J. JUKES, Mells Park Gardens, Frome,
S<xmerset.

WANTED, for Outside work, two experi-
enced G.ARDENEKS (ineligible); to live together
in Bothv. — .\pplv, stating particulars, to ESTATE MAN-
AGER, "Slaughtu'n Place, Hand Cross, Sussex.

WANTED, for Inside work. Fruit and
Plants, two GARDENERS (first and second); if
maJTied cottage for first, if single, lodgings. —State wages
to J. CHILD, Porters Park, Shenley, Herts.

WANTED, practical SECOND GAR-
I>ENEK (single) ; e.vperienced Inside aud Out. —
Full particulars of age, wages, ic, HEAD GAKDENER,
Oherry Hinton Hall, Cambridge.

ANTED, good SECOND GARDENER ;

mostly Outside ; cottage provided. Also good
strong Lad for Gajdeii.— Full particulars, Oaklands, HU-
denborough, Kent

WANTED, a FOREMAN GARDENER,
tr) take ohiirge of Pleasure Grounds ; Itockery an<J
Rose Garden a specialKv; good wages to practical man;
cottage and coal suppUed.- Apply, HEAD GARDEN-ER,
Slaley HaJl, Ri.lmg Mill-on-Tyoe, South Northumberland.

ANTED, experienced FOREMAN, for

the Houses ; ex-Service or ineligible ; wages 30s.
per week ; Bothy, ic— C. MOORE, Wargrave Manor
Gardens, Wargrave, Berks

INSIDE FOREMAN wanted for a first-class
establishment nea,r London ; attractive wages offered
and Bothy ; an excellent opening for an ineligible or
dischargtd man.— Apply, iii the first place, to JOHN
PEED & SON, Tlio King's Seedsmen, West Norwood, S H.

ANTED, FOREMAN, for tbe Houses;

of good experience; wages 309., Bothy, &c. ; also
active LAD, (or Huii-ses, wages 173. ; Bothy, Suudaj- duty
extra.-J. HOWARD, Bcnham VUence CKirdens, Newhur)-.

ANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Inside ;

exS?rvi«e or ineligible; also IMPROVER. Wages
25a. and 209., with Bothy and vegetables; duty paid
extra. — F. J. FOSTER, Grimsthorpe Castle Gardens,
Bourne, Lioics,

WTANTED^ JOURNEYMEN and IM-

' ' PROVERS (Outside), with some exp«rienee ; good
Bothy, milk, and vegetables; duty and overtime paid —
Apply, stating wages requ'.ied and experience, to H.
TRI.VCE, The Gardens, Polesden Lacey, Dorking.

Tl/'ANTED, JOURNEYYiAN '(ineligible),

' ' for Houses ; wages 24s. per week. Bothy and vege-
tables; duty every third Sumday. — O. EARL, Somerhill
G.^pde«s, Tonhrid^, Kent. '

WTANTED, two JOURNEYMEN or IM-

' ' I'UOVER.S^ tor Inside and Out ; good wages lo
suitable men ; Bothy and vegetables ; 12 o'clock Satur-
days. — Apply, a H. WHEELER. Swinton Gardens,
Maahsjn, Ripon.

WT" ANTED, immediately, good MAN, to

" ' take charge of Fruit and Pkmit Houses ; ineligible
or discharged ; good wages to suitab^ man. — -App'y, with
testimonials and part iculai-s, to A. HARWOOD, Oaloot
I^rk Gardens, Reading.

TtTANTED. MAN for Houses ; ineligible or
' ' disoharg'id soldier; good wages, with Bothy, milk,
anrl vegetables. — Apply, v/ith all particulars; W. D.
GRBJIN. Milton Gardens, Peterborough.

TVANTED, two MEN, with some experi-
'" ence. for Fruit and Plant Houses; able to take
duty ; Bothy ; duty paid extra. St.ate wa^s, with re-
fereinees, T. NUTTJNQ, Childwickbury, St. Albans.

J ADY GARDENER (Single-handed) re-

"^"^ quired; Vegetables; Gairlen boy kept; room x>">-
Tided — BRISTOW, Broatl Oak, Suttoii-at-Hone^ Kent.

TITANTED,"" LADY GARDENER; must

" ■ undeJTitand Cireenhouse work arid have hfljd good
practical alt-round experience.— Apply, MES. LILLEY,
Holland House, CSacton-on-Sea.

WANTED, at once, LADY GARDENER
iHEiD WORKING); tiained; strong; practical; ex-
perienced ; mostly Vegetables, Herbaceous work, and
Outdoor Fruit ; one man and bov under. — .Address, stat-
ing salary and aU paiticulars, MRS. BRANDON. Red-
fields, Church Crookham, Fleet, Hants.

WANTED, one more LADY GARDENER
(Heiid of foiM) ; fully tnained and experienced in
private work, for range of Houses, and other work; own
i.-ott.age, coals, lights. Stale salary, age. experience. —
MRS. N., Park Place, Heulcy-on-Thames.

WANTED, GARDENERS (2^ Women;
must hjve experience ; furnished lodge for suit-
able applicants, — Apply, ' Lycaome," Nashleigh Hill,
Chesbaiu, Bucks,

EXPERIENCED LADY GARDENERS
required. — Apply to WILLS & SEGAR, Royal
Exotnc Nursery, Onflow Crescent, South Kensington.

WANTED, two young WOMEN for Plant
and Fruit Houses ; must have some experience ;
comfortable furnished cottage and attendance. — • State
particulars to JOHN PODMORE, Manor Gardens, Little
Berkhamsted, Hertford.

ANTED, an experienced FORE-

WOM-\X, age 30 to 35, over yoimg women on

Pleasure Grounds ; Hve in comfort:tbly fuxiii^ed cottage

with others — Please state experience and wages expected

to A. .T. COBB, Dullr.vn Gai-dens, Cardiff.

W- ANTED, JOURNEYMAN WOMAN

' ' GARDENER for general work ; wages 30s. per
week ; extra pay for duty and overtime.— Apply, THE
CURATOR, Clieisea Physic Gaiden, S.W 3.

\irANTED, IMPROVER or discharged sol-

' * <lier for the Houses. State experience and wages,
«ith Bothy, &c.. alternate duties.— D. ROBERTS, Prest-
wold Gardens, Loughborough.

WANTED, strong YOUTH for Inside;

' ' abl.? to take duty ; wages 20s. per week. Bothy
and vegetables ; duty and overtmie paid. — Particulars lo
W.M. PILGRIM, Bod'organ Gardens, Anglesey.

H

WANTED, strong LAD, for Garden
Wori— Apply, G.UIDGNER, St. Serio House,
Priory Lane, Rothomptoa.

W" ANTED, strong LAD for Kitchen Gar-
den ; about 16 ; 20s. per week. Bothy, milk, vege-
t-xblcs, aiKl attendance.— Apply, J. SHENNAN, Holdenby,
Northampton. ^^

TRADE.

ERBACEOUS PROPAGATOR and

ORDER LIPrER »ante<l.— Apply, stating wages
aiKl references, to BABR Ic SONS, Nurseries, Taplow.

ANTED, GROWER of Roses ami

iomatos: under Glass.- State experience and I'c-
terence, FR.WJK CANT & CO., Broiswick Rose (jordens,
Oolchester.

PALM GROWER, thoroughly experienced,
wanted for Lon«lon ; j-ieligible ; good wages- Write,
(J. P., c/o GouM's, 54, New Oxtold Slreeit, W.O.

/ ^ UCUMBER GROWER"wanted ; able look

^^ after several lauls ; work under Foreman. — Please
state age, experience, and wiagea required to G. W.
SCHROEDER, Basingstoke, Hants.

W/' ANTED, MUSHROOM GROWERTl^n-

' ' side Houses.— Please _state wages rcquiired to A.,
li-j.\_9,_41, Wellington Street, Oovent Gajdcn, W.O. 2.

VITANTED, on a Cucuniter and Tomato

' " Nursery, an experienced Man as FOREMAN.—
.Apply, witih copies of testimonials, stating age, experi-
i lice, and wage.i re<iuired, to B. T. A., 84 Oroesbrook
Street, Waltham Cross.

ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN,

email Nurser> ; rxrorieiu-e*! in Tomailos, Cucum-
bers, Roses, Oamatioiis ; good wogea— K., Box 11, 41,
VVollinuton Street, Oov&nt Garden, W.O 2.

w

ANTED, FOREMAN GROWER; well

ip in Cucumbers and Tomatos, for Essex Nut-
heries; lo commcnoo wo:k November.— LYONS. Eagle-
flioiic Lodge, Liiiiiidon, E«eex.

1X)D JOBBING GARDENERS wanted ;

rtgular work; good wages; 1 o*<-lot:k Saturdav's. — ,
Apply, WILLS i SEGAR, RoyiU Exotic Nurser)-, Onslow
Crescent, South Eonf,inf:t(m.

TITANTED, a MAN, with some knowledge

' ' of Trees, Shrubs, Rose«, &c., in small Nuirser.v,
near London. State experience and wiagee. — D., Box 18,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

ANTED, a MAN, used to Rock Build-
mi planting Hei-baceous Borders ; good wages
to a reliable man.— HINTON BROS., LTD., Warwick.

YYANTED, SEED FOREMAN, with

' ' speci.al experience of Ve^e^able Seeds. — .\pplv by
1. tter. BARR & SONS (Private), 12 and 13, King Stiwt,
Cnvent Garden, W.C. 2.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOPMAN, for
cmnter work m General, Retail, Garden Seed Trade.
— .V[jplv, wit.h referenoes, giving age and jKirticulars of
experience, salary re<juired, &c.., ROBBRT VEITCH &
S-ON, Exciter.

w

SEED ASSISTANTS wanted.— All particu-
kirs and >\ages required to DlOliSON & ROBINSQX.
Seed Warehouses, 17, 19, ojnd 21, Rot>ert Street, Cheet-
li.uii, Manchester.

SEED HAND wanted in Wholesale Seed
Woreliouise West of Lngland. Particulars, stating
wages re<juired, age, and experience, &c. Discharged
soldier preferred jf noit. inca.paoitated. — SEEDS, Box 24,
41, VVeUington Street, Covent Gamlen, W.O. 2.

ANTED, BULB WAREHOUSE AS-

SISTANT; well ar.-quainted with Bulbs and accus-
tomed to pubtimg up orders.- -.\pply by letter, B.\RR i:
SONS (Private), 12 and 13, Kmg Street, Oovent Gaiiden,
W.C. 2.

WANTED, experienced WAREHOUSE-
M.AN for wholesale London seed wareliouse. —
Applv, WATKINS & SLMPSON, LTD., 27, 28, 29, Drury
Liuie', Oovent Garden, London, W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced Man, accustomed
to i>acking Ffuit Trees, Roses, &c. — PvartJcuLars as
to age, experience, and wages required to KING'S ACRE
Nl RSERIBS, LTD., Hereford.

ACKER and WAREHOUSEMAN

wanted. — Appl.v, stating wages and references, to
B.\RR & SONS, Nu'rseiies, Taplow.

ANTED, INVOICE CLERK (typist);

eiblier sex, with Hooitacultural experience. — Apply,
stating full partioulajs, to R. WALLACE & OO., LTD.,
Ooidiester.

W^ANTED, an experienced LADY

' ' FLORIST, to take charge o! good class shop.
Stat*) wages required and reference. — W. H. SHARPE,
21, High Street, Hythe, Kent.

"PYLORI ST wanted, with good knowledge of

-*- trade, making-up, &c. ; able to do own buying in
market. — Please appU", stating wages required and pre-
vious e.xperionce. to JOHN PEED & SON. Tbe Nurseries,
West Norwood. S.E. 27.

TITANTED, young LADY FLORIST; good

^ ' maker up ; knowledge of Seed Trade an advantage.
— .Appl.v, stating experienco and wages i-equired, lo
EDW.VRDS & CO., Florists and Seedsmen, Kettering.

ANTED, young LADY as HEAD AS-

SISTANT for Florist's shop ; well up, in floral work,
with a knowledge of seeds preferred.- State wages re-
quired, wit.h reference, to HENRY PUT, Nurseryman,
.Abergavenny, Moo.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 8d. for eash
tueeeedlDK Bight wordi or less.

PRIVATE.

HEAD GARDENER and BAILIFF, age
46 ; advertiser seeks ;ui appointment where a
thoroughly competent and trustworthy man is required ;
15 years i,i oliarge of a gentleman's estate ; highest re-
coiiuiieiidation as to oliaracter and ability. — G. B., Box
1. 41, Wellington Stireet, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

EAD or GARDENER BAILIFF, where

several' are kept ; 7 rears' good character ; 2 years
Roj-al Gardens, Kew ; i-^fo 40; discharged.— HENDER-
SON, 'nie Gardens, Kownnam House, OUfton, Bristol.

HEAD GARDENER requires a permanent
situation in good e.'.tablishinent ; thoroughly ex-
perienced Inside ;md Out; ineligible— Please write par-
ticulars to S. JtJDD, The Lodge, Overslade Manor,
Bu^by.

HEAD GARDENER ; highly efficient in
every branch of Horticulture and Estate Maaitige-
■nent ; aeparaite or combined ; at liberty. — G. .ABBEY,
High Street, WaUington, Oxon, via Wallingfoid.

A LADY' highly recommends good all-round
HEAD O.ARDENER, wheae severiul others are
kept ; hge 44 ; last place 10 years as Hea<L State wages.
— S. H., Box 3, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.O 2 '

GARDENER (Head) ; life experience in
Gardening and Fortstry in good estabhshmeDts,
with large staffs. Please' •-fate wages.— T. A., Box 7, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER offers his
^rvices to lady or gentleman requiring a tho-
roughly practical and energetic man ; life experience in
the management and rcquiremet^ts of a large establish-
ment; personal reference.- CLEMENT, SomeriliJl Ga»-.
dens, TonbridKe.

ARDENER (Head WorkiSg) seeks situa-

liion ; lour under in last place ; versed in Landscape

Gardening ; ni.ai ricd (no family) ; over military age.—

BURNHAM, Stockton Oodtord St. Mary, Wilts.

ARDENER (Head Working), where two

or three are kept ; experienced Inside and Out ;
final discharge from Army ; age 31 ; 14 years' experiemce ;
good references.— .ipply, Stating wages, &c., A. HEiNLEY,
Portley Wood. Whyteleafe, Surrey.

SITUATIONS WANTED oortli ued on iB,ze v

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[September 22, 1917.

S^WEYS'^S^rPOTS

Bulwcll Po^^erlea. NOTTINCMAM.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We Btill hold certain small etocke of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., '"•''NSS;i',cT'''

FLOWERIP BULBS.

A large and comprehensive
Stock of

Choice Home Grown Bulbs

Descriptive Catalogue Free.

(Limited)

Bulb Growers and Me-chants,
CHESTE K .

BLACK GUERArT BUD MITE.

Arc your bushes irtc of this incurable pest 7 If not

Plant " SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant.

the only proved mite resister.

This variety has also every other good quality, being the

heaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

I erries

Youngs Bushes 6/- and •/- per dosen.

W. SKABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

ROSES FOR tUTUMNPHHTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including:—

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(Daily Mail Rose.)

12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUART LOW CO., ^'^'Siu^itksii''''-

Write
FREE

for this
BOOKLET

and avoid all drainage troubles

with pot plants. It ex-

plains also the porosily,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
lo all gardeners.
FREE SAMPLE
C K E T pot also on
Write lo-dny,
PETE"! BAILEY & SONS Lid

;2 Hea^on Mersey Pottery,
Manchesltr.

IMPORTANT • P'"" "'"' '" • C't'i""'.

■ ■ • «« the Paoer CommUilon only

allow ut to lend to those who apply—

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

FBUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root up tiseless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Speciall}' grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

STUART LOW CO., «^ir,D"i51:b£^!^''

BATH'S HOME-GROWN
JLBS^

BUY YOUR BULBS DIRECT FROM
BATH'S BULB FARMS.

We have for years been very large growers of
Bulbs, and can supply Tulips, Narcissi, Crocus,
etc., in first-class quality, and probably in
greater variety than any other firm. Write for
catalogue to-day. Awarded GOLD MEDAL
for Tulips by Royal Horticultural Society,
April, 1917.

'POPULAR EARLY FORCING TULIPS.

(These are very scarce).

Doz. 100
CRAMOISIE BRIIUNT. Dazzling vermilion-scarlet 1/6 10/6

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
-^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
A in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound In the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Glass, under the same
conditions,

Manufaoturera of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

Mised ready for use. In 141b.
tiui and 1 cwt. wide-neck cans.

AND

BEST

UNSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &e., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST 8MITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C
And Blaokfrlars Wharf, Upper Ground Street, 8.E.

Quote Gardeners' Chronicle.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Vnrietie..

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

1/9

16/-
12/6

KEIZERSKROON. Brilliant scarlet, edged yell

LA GRANDEUR. Brilliant scarlet

LI REINE. Viire white, flushed pink

MOUCHERON. Oeep slowing scarlet

PRESIDENT LINCOLN, llistinct light violet
PRINCE OF AUSTRIA. Siipeib orange-scarlet
PRINCE DE LIGNY. THtp golden yellow
PRINCESS HELENE. The flneet white tulips for

f.iivini;

ROSE ORIS OE LIN. White, shaded roe

ROSE OF HOLLAND. Wiite, flushed pink ...

THOS. MOORE. Dark terra-cotta

WHITE SWAN. Pure white

YELLOW PRINCE. Pure .-oft .vel low Z

EARLY DOUBLE TULIPS.

LADY PALMERSTON. Deep rose, flushed white ... I'Q 12/6
MURILLO. White, flushed pink _ 2/3 16/-

POPULAR COTTAGE (MAY-FLOWER-
ING) TULIPS.

BOUTON D'OR. Very deep yellow

OESNERIANA LUTEA. Rich yellow, egg shaped

GOLDEN CROWN. Deep yellow,' red edge ".'.'.
INGLESC0M8E PINK. Fink, shading to baft and

MACROSPILA. Intense crimson-scarlet !

PICOTEE. White, edged cerise

FINEST MIXED TULIPS all sections, an extra flne

2/3 16/-

2/3 16/-

1/6 lO/S

2/- 14/-

2/- 14/-

2/- 14/-

1/6 10/6

1/e 10/-

8/-

POPULAR DARWIN TULIPS.

ADOLPHE VAN DEN HEEDE. One of the best

biilli:

riets

BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE. Deep rose, maVgined

li^htpiiik ... 1/9 12/1

CLARA BUTT. Delicate salmon-rose, the most

|i,qmliir i.f all Darwiin. Top size 1/6 10/1

Gic'iil slri'iiM lloweiinit bulbsfor bedding i/. 7/1

G. DE COROOUS. Dazzling Turkey red, very early

ll'i"ci"it-' 1/6 10/1

LA PETITE BLONOINE. Lilac, shaded blue 1/6 10/1

LOVELINESS. I'.eautifal satiny-rose, 1/9 12/

MARGARET, silvnv white, interior ros -pink ... I/3 9/
MR. FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Rich cochineal-red,

"iiilc liasc ... 2/- IBA

MRS. POTTER PALMER. Glowing purple- violet ... 2/3 16/-

PRICE OF HAARLEM. Rich glossy cerise, early ... 1/9 1?/

REV. EWBANK Heliotrope and lilac, light edge... 2/6 17/1

SALMON KINQ. Dazzling soft scarlet, white base 1/8 10/(

THE SULTAN. Glossy maroon-black 1/9 12/.

WHITE OUEEN. White shadingto blush, a gnind

f'Tcer 2/3 -IS/.

WM. COPLAND (Sweet Lavender) Bluish-lilac, the

hrst of all for forcinj; 2/6 17/(

MIXED DARWINS, from all the best named varieties 1/2 8/-
POPULAR VARIETIES. DAFFODILS
(Narcissi).
BARRII CONSPICUUS. Primrose, orange cup edged

"'■ark-t — 4/5

C. J. BACKHOUSE. Yellow, orange-scarlet cup ... 1/6 10/6

EMPEROR Vi How trumpet. Top size 1/5 lo'f

00., ii'"icl strun» flowering bulbs 1/2 8/(

EMPRESS. White perianth, yellow trumpet.

T"l'size 1/10 12/6

DO., <;ood strong flowering bulbs 1/2 9/:

FAIRY OUEEN. Pare white, a lovely variety ... I/9 12/6

Deep yellow, grand forcer ... 1/8 12/6

ig bulbs 1/2 8/.

white, yellow trumpet j/l

Deep yellow trimipet, early forcer i/6 10/'

GOLDEN SPUR

DO.. Flower

GRANDEE. I'l

HENRY IRVING

MRS. LANGTRY. White, cup edged yellow. ... 1/. 7/.

ORNATUS. I'he early forcing Poet Narcissus ... 9d. B/6

DO , tiood flowering . yd 4/-

POETICUS (Pheasant Eye). The late variety ... — S/3

PRINCEPS. Yellow trumpet and sulphur perianth lOd. 6/-

SIR WATKIN. Bright yellow, very lai-ge fiower ... 1/6 10/6

00.. M nine II.. wering bulbs . 1/2 7/6

VICTORIA. \Miite with .vellow trumpet, extra flne 1/9 12/6

OLD ENGLISH DOUBLE OAFFOOIKTelemoniusPlenus) 1/9 12/6

DOUBLE WHITE POETICUS 7d. 4/6

CROCUS.

!iy flne mixed, all colours

60
2/9

100

Complete Illustrated Catalogue witfi Cultural
Notes free on application.

R. H. BATH, Ltd. (Dept. A.)

The Flower Farms, WISBECH, Cambs,

September 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CERONICLE.

Il5

N0.I6O4— SATURDAY, SEPTEMBERS2,1917.

CONTENTS.

Australasia —

Reminiscences of Rol-
lison's Nursery .. ]
Bordeaux mixture versus

lime sulphur for Potato

spraying 1

Bulbs, home-gTOw-n . . 1
Canada, export of nur-
sery stock to .. , . ]
Cory Cup for Dahlias, the 1
Farm, crops and stock

on the home . . ]

Food production, on in-
creased—

Cabbages, recuperatiTe
powers of . . . . '

Finger • and • toe in
Turnips .. .. '

Potato disease..

Potato yields ..
Friar Park, visit of the

King and Queen to ..
Grape -growing in New

Zealand ..
Hardy flower border —

Phlox Iris versicolor..
Lilium salsoloides var.

nanum

Market fruit garden, the

Nerines

Oi'ituary—

Phillips, John ..

Simpion, John A.
Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Bra sso-Cattleya Cathe-

115

Orciiid notes and glean-
ings contd. —
Oncidiodas
Orchid sales

Pineapples from Queens-
land

Potatos, degeneration in,
122 ; spraying ..

Kosa Moyesii

Rose season, the . . . .

Roses, novelties in
climbing

Slugs, control of.. ..

Societies-
Brentford Allotment
Glasgow and West of

Scotland Hort.
Manchester and North
of England Orchid..
Royal Horticultural . .
Scottish Horticultural
Southend Food Pro-
duction
United Hort. Benefit

and Provident
Woodford Hort.

Tortworth Court, trees at

Tylenchus or eel-worm
infection

War items

Week's work, the —
Flower garden, the ..
Fruits under glass ..
Hariiy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the . .
Orchid houses, the ..
Plants under glass ..

119

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Linum salsoloides var. nanum 116

Nerine Bowdenii 117

Nerine flexuoaa var. alba 118

Pear affected with scab diseas:- 124

Phillips, John. p<Ji-trait of the lat« 1'^

TREES AT TORTWORTH COURT.

ON the occajsion of a recent visit to
Tortworth Court, Gloucestershire,
I was glad to find that little
damage was done during the late severe
winter to the numerous rare trees there.
It is always a source of pleasure to me to
see there, in a flourisliing condition, many
trees which I have introduced during the
last fifteen years, but which will not thrive
at Colesbourne. However often I go to
Tortworth, I always find something new,
and learn something about trefes which I
did not know before, and Hie care with
which the trees are planted, staked,
pruned, and attended to for years after
planting makes the place a model to
arboriculturists. The lowest temperature
recorded during the last winter, according
to Mr. Banting, the head gardener, was
7°, and neitlier the heavy snow, which
did so much damage at Coleslx)urne In
March, 1916, nor the gales, seem to have
seriously injured the trees. One of the
newly planted species which has oome
through successfully, and which may now
be looked upon a.s hardy in the warmer
parts of England, is the Giant Cypre.ss of
Formosa, Cupressus formosensis, which
shows a remarkable peculiarity in the
swellings at the base of the branches, which
T did not notice in its native country.
My own plant at Colesbourne was killed by
frost C32°), and the,- -ji^v,' (') species of
Alder which grows wifh"' '■^^ Cypre.ss in
Formosa, and is probably the largest and
finest Alder in the world, shared the same
fate. A plant of Cupressus sempervirens

raised from seed sent to me from Cyprus,
which has the most narrowly fastigiate
habit of any that I have seen, is flourish-
ing just outside the kitchen garden at
Tortworth, while at Colesbourne it has
been killed, together with older plants of
the same species which I raised from seeds
gathered in the English cemetery at Rome.
A Ciyptomeria, raised by me from seed
sent from the Akita forest in North Japan,
which is illustrated on plate -38 of The
Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, is
thri^ang remarkably, and convinces me
that in the west of England, on suitable
soils with good shelter, this may prove a
valuable forest tree, as I had already sug-
gested on page 140 of our work, after see-
ing it mixed with Larch and C-orsican
Pine in a plantation at Tan-y-bwlch in
Merionethshire. I must add that the
Japane.se system of raising this tree from
cuttings has proved as successful at Coles-
bourne as it is in Japan. The large tree
of Fagus obliqua, which was raised from
the seed that I collected in Chile in 1902,
is now over 25 feet high, and is producing
seed freely. It may therefore be looked
on as a safe tree to plant in the south
and west of England, where the soil is
suitable. Tortworth is one of the few
places in England where the American
White Ash grows well, and Mr. Banting;
assures me that it is dioecious; but a tall,
well-shfiped tree of Fraxinus pubescens
has many d\'in? branches — this may be
due to its beine in too dry a situation.

I saw here for the first time a group
of three trees of Zolkova acuminata, the
Keaki tree of Japan, which are perhaps
the finest in Eni;lnnd. They gi'ow in a
grass field outside the park on the road
to the Example Farm, and are, 30-40 feet
high, with boles 5 feet 10 inches to 6 feet
2 inches in girth, dividing at 8-9 feet
into many spreading branches. One of
tliese trees was bearing plenty of seed,
which, though now unripe, looked as if
it would mature before winter. The North
American Beech, a rare tree in England.
was also bearing nutlets in which tlie so<m1
seemed mature, and Junipenis exceTsa,
also a very rare tree, had berries — which
I have not seen before. In 1906 I saw
on the Tsola Bella in Lasfo Maggiore what
I believe to be the finest Camphor tree in
Europe, which was planted in 1820.
When T STw this tree it wns alK>nt 75 feet
high bv 1.3 feet 8 inches in girth. From
its seeds I raised two or three plants, one
of which I gave to Ix>rd Ducie with-o'it
much hope of its proving hardy. It was cut
to the irround last winter, but i.s now throw-
ing up from the root strong shoots which
arc already three feet high. In 1911 I
sjivr a Camphor tree — the onlv one I know
of in England — about 30 feet hifrh, at Pen-
jerrick, in Cornwall, and shall bo glad to
know if this has survived the winter, or
if the tree exists anywhere else in England
or the south of Ireland. Aesculus indica
has borne fertile fruit at Tortworth, but
it seems a slow grower, and not so hapmy
here as it was at Barton, near Bury St.
Edmunds, though I am now told that that
fine tree has been cut down. Wilson's

Chinese Paulownia, which until it flowers
1 suppose we must call P. tomentosa, is
growing with great vigour at Tortworth,
and has been quite unhurt by the winter at
Colesbourne, where it is now over 29 feet
high by 3 feet in girth at only eight years
from seed).

Among the numerous rare Oaks is one
whicJi Prof. Sargent thought one of the
finest trees at Tortworth. This is Quercus
serrata of Thunberg, a Japanese species
also found in China and the eastern Hima-
layas. It is now 38 feet by 2 feet 2 inches.
Quercus libani is growing fast and pro-
duces acorns freely, but Q. conferta,
though it is a very fine and healthy tree,
produces few or none. Q. Aegilops, the
Valonia Oak, which I raised from acorns
sent from Patras in 1909. though l^rdy,
seems a veiy slow gro\yer. Quercus
grossesen'ata, from North Japan, is not
very thriving, as it has been planted iii
a rather exposed situation, but when
moved to a moiSter and more shaded soil
it will, I hope, recover.

Juglans cinerea. the North American
Butternut, is bearing fniit, but does not
seem able to make a fine tree in England,
as is also the case with ITlmus racemosa.
the Canadian Rock Elm. 77. J. Elurs.
Cnle/shoitrne, Glouce^ttrshire.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

BRA.SSO-C.\TTLEYA CATHERINE.

A FLOWER of this new hybrid, raised between
Brassavola Digbyana and Cattleya Mrs. Myra
Peelers (GaekelHana alba x Warneri alba) is
sent by Mr. J. E. Shill, ga.rdcner at The Dell.
Eiiglefield Green, whore it is now flowering for
the first lime. The flower is silvery whit«, with a
slight tinge and veiniiig of pale rose on the petal.s
and lip. The disc of the lip is greenish prim-
rose, and there are light purple markings at the
base. The front is finely fringed and tinged
with pale rose colour.

ORCHID SALES.

The first of the autumn Orchid sales will be
held at Messrs. Protheroe & Morris' Sale Rooms
on Friday, October 5. The catalogue will contain
a varied and choice selection of hybrids, and
some rare forme of O'dontoglossum crispum from
the collection of 0. J. Phillips, Esq., and other
raisers. During the war the importations from
abroad have been stopped, but efforts of the
livbridists have rendered the trade independent
of outside supplies, the accumulation of hybrids
in the country being equal to the requirements
of the present and near future.
ONCTDIOOAS.

In their groups of Orchids exhibited at the
It.H.S. meetings Messrs. Charleeworth and Co.
usually include their elegant hybrids of Oncidium
and Cochlioda, which, while not so, showy
n-i the Caltleyas and Laelio-t^attleyas, always at-
tract attention. The showiest is the/'large, dark
scarlet Oiicidioda Cooksoniae, raised between
Oncidium macranthum and Cochlio-da Noozliana;
iiiul the most graceful the pnifusely-dowering
Oncidioda Charlesworthii (0. incurvum x C.
Noezliana), with pretty light mauve-coloured
flowers. At the meeting on September 11 a fine
e.xample of Oncidioda Cybele (0. sarcodes X
C. Noezliana) was shown with an elegant spike
<if flowers larger than those of 0. sarcodes, but
with similar, though denser, markings. The
ground colour is light yellow, the blotching In-
dian red. Oncidiodas are very easy to cultivate,
and most floriferous.

116

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 22, 1917.

LINUM SALSOLOIDES VAR. NANUM.

The dwarf variety of Linum salsoloides illuR-
traled in fig. 40 is rarely met \»ith in gardens,
selected forms of the typical plant often doing
duty for it. It is quite prostrate in habit, cling-
ing closely to the stones, and producing a pro-
fusion of its charming white and purple striped
flowers in the spring. Planted between pieces
of rock in a sunny position, it will make a tuft
some Iff inches in diameter. During the past
winter the plant at Kew was killed, and the
species suffered a like fate, although they had
both been in the same position for several years.
They are somewhat difficult to propagate by
means of cuttings, although with care they may
be increased in this way if cuttings are taken
as soon as the^ young growths are long enough
to handle. Seeds do not ripen on the dwarf
variety, and even if they did it is very doubtful
if the seedlings would come true. W. I. (See
also Gard. Chron., July 19, 1913, fig. 22.)

out of the question to ' Use the finished
chemical products. Santonin itself is very spar-
ingly soluble in water (less than 300/00 in hot).
It is obtained from the flower-buds of Arte-
misia maritiraa, and possibly other species of the
genus ; not being volatile, it is not suitable for
soil fumigation, except by its accompanying
volatile oils, and would be effective only as a
contact poison when using a decoction of the
crude drug. Thymol and menthol offer the ad-
vantage of volatility, so that they might be of
service as fumigants. Menthol is obtained from
the fresh plants of Mentha arvensis and M.
piperita, ■ at first in solution of the volatile
oils ; thymol similarly from Thymus vulgaris,
Monarda punctata, and Carum copticum
(Squire's Companion). With the exception of
the last-named there is no difficulty in growing
these plants, but there would be objection to
growing them on the ground and digging them
in, especially in the case of the Mint, for it
would not easily be eradicated. It would be neces-

FlG. 40. — LINUM SALSOLOIDES VAR. NANUM : FLOWERS WHITE, WITH PURPLE VEINING.

TYLENCHUS OR EEL-WORM UNFECTION:
A SUGGESTION.

In The Gardeners' Chronicle for May 26, 1917,
p. 217, Mr. J. K. Ramsbottom sums up the
modes of remedy and prevention of eel-worm in-
fection in the four categories : 1, Rotation ; 2,
Treatment of infected ground ; 3, Treatment of
bulbs ; 4, Trap or crop curing.

With regard to treatment of ground, on the
lines of active attack rather than the passive
method of aiding the growth of the plants by
manure, there are some possibilities beyond the
use of the chemicals (formaldehyde, toluol, car-
bon bisulphide, and naphthaline) which are men-
tioned. In the treatment of man for asoarid
parasites, santonin for ascaris, and thymol or
menthol for ankylostoma seem to be the most
approved agents for directly affecting the worms,
and the question arises whether substances of
this nature may not be worthy of trial in the
case of eel-worm, I believe my garden is free
from infection, and so cannot try experiments.
Except for pot trial, it would be, of course,

sary to harvest and dry them before use. This
would add considerably to the expense of treating
large areas, even provided that a good result were
obtained on the worms, and no bad effect on the
plants to be cultivated. It is therefore desirable
to find some annual plant which will give the
desired products and not be liable to the dis-
advantage of the readily-rooting perennials. The
cenus Satureia appears to be a possible source,
though I have no analytical reference of their
constituents ; the scent of the plants is sug-
gestive. S. montana is an easily rooted per-
ennial, and therefore out of cotint ; on the con-
trary, S. horteneis is an annual which forms fine
little bushes when well spaced out. My sugges-
tion, then, would be to crop the latter
.plant and dig it in about blossoming time ;
this would hardly amount to fallowing for a
season, so far,, as concerns Daffodils, for
they are dormant during the cropping of the
Savory. Thjrmol is an active antiseptic,
and has considerable bactericidal power at a
dilution of 100/00, so that it may be anticipated
that a good many of the soil bacteria would
porieh in the process. H. E. Diirkam.

AUSTRALASIA.

A NEW ZEALANDER'S REMINISCENCES

OF MESSRS. ROLLISON'S NURSERY.

When one leaves the Old Country, and re-
moves to a most distant part of the earth, the,
pleasure derive*! from perusing the publications
from home connected with one's trade or pro-
fession is wonderful. The notes which appeared
in the Gardeners' Chronicle about the old-time
catalogues, and the references to RoUison's old
nursery, revived in my mind a flood of memo-
ries, for I worked in that nursery in lb72 and
again in 1875.

At Mr. Gardner's requeat I will give what
detaflls of ihe staff my memory still reltainis. In
1869-70 I worked for Mr. Liversage, florist and
landscape gardener, 'Selhurst, Croydon, who
rented the triangular piece of ground Bncloeed
by the rajlways from the L. B. & S.C. Bail-
way Company, and engaged a man named Dan
Bryant, from RoUison's nursery, as propagator.
Bryant was incensed at the low 'wages I was get-
ting, and told me to hold 07i during the winter,
and he would get me into RoUison's nursery in
the spring. Instead, however, he introduced
me to R. Neal and Sons' Nursery, Wandsworth
Common, where I stayed till autumn, aftepwardis
removnng into the Springfield grounds at RoUi-
son's nursery, under Mr. Dane — or Kane. I/ater
I was transferred to the hardrwood department
under glass, where I attracted the notice of Mr.
W. Buckley, the manager.

In the following spring I was sent to Battle.
Susisex, to take charge of the glass 'in Mr. B. W.
Knight's nursery. After eighteen months I re-
turned to RoU'son's nursery, and assisted to de-
corate Victoria Station on the occasion of the
return of the Prince of Wales — aftern-ards King
Ed'ward VII. — to London, to take part in a
Thankisgiving Service at St. Paul's for hiis re-
covery from a severe illness. Shortly afterwards
I was sent as foreman to Mr. H. Burnham, gar-
dener to .T. S. Walker, Esq., Hunedon . Bury,
Hertifordshire.

The following are the names of a few of the
principal men I remember : Mr. William Rolli-
son and his son.? George and Tom ; Mr. W. Buck-
ley, manager, and expert in aquatic plants ; Mr,
Van der Mersch, a Belgian, derk : Mr. Skelton,
ritove foreman ; Mr. Easton, hardwood foreman ;
Mr. Dane (or Kane), outdoor foreman; Mr.
Gould, expert budder and grafter; Mr. Tom
Gardner, head packer; Mr. Garvie. packer: Mr.
F. Ch^ttleburgh, carpenter: and the night fire-
man, known as " The General."

I have pleasant memories of the packing shed.
I volunteered to assist during busy seasons,
aa I could mike overtime, and the lessons I
learned in packing from the " Great Tom," as
Mr. Garvie called him, have been of great ser-
vice to me since. F. Fnller, New Zealand.

HARDY FLOWER BORDER.

PHLOX IRIS VERSICOLOR.
Some of the older variegated-leaved Phloxes
are of weak constitution and difficult to retain in
severe winters, but within the past few years new
varieties of better constitution have been raised.
One named Iris versicolor has variegated leaves,
and is of vigorous growth. The flowers are
violet-blue with a deeper centre, and the foliage
is beautifully variegated with silver and green.
S. Arnott.

FORESTRY.

STTIDEJ^T FORESTERS IN SCOTLAND.
In many of the Scottis* forests, students from
the various colleges are spending their vacation
in tree-felling. Tlia work done has been pro-
nniinced satisfactory, and the students them-
selves have derived much physical benefit from
the open-air life.

September 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

117

NERINES.

Nebines are among the most striking of all
the autumn bulbous flowers that require the
protection of a greenhouse. They are aU natives
of South Africa, and consist of about a dozen
species, with some well-marked varieties. Be-
side these there are numerous garden forms, of
which more than a couple of dozen have been
given Awards of Merit by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society within the past two decades.
It will, however, be a long time before some
of them are in general cultivation, as the bulbs
are slow of increase. The true species may be
divided iiito two groups; firstly, those in which
the segments of the flower are regularly dis-
posed, or nearly so ; secondly, those in which
there is a marked space between the two divi-
sions. While these last are very ornamental
they are in beauty surpassed by the more regular
flowers, one of which, Nerine curvifolia Fother-
gillii, is generally known as Nerine Fothergillii.
The production of flowers of this type has been
the aim of most raisers, hence the majority of
new varieties are of regular shape. The flowers
of Fothergillii are of a deep scarlet colour, while
in Nerine corusca, which is by some authorities
regarded as a variety of Nerine samiensis, they
are vermilion-scarlet. The beauty of this tone
is enhanced by the coruscations which over-
spread the entire bloom, and thus, when viewed
fron dieffrent standpoints, present the appear
ance of dew. All the forms of N. coruscii
are not of equal merit, and to the tiest forms
the varietal name of major has been applied
Nerine sarniensis (the Guernsey Lily), the
blossoms of which are of a carmine-roee tint,
was formerly sent over in considerable numbers
from Guernsey. Formerly, the bulbs were lifted
just as the flower-stems made their appearance,
potted and placed in the greenhouse for the
blossoms to develop without check. Of late,
however, this practice appears to have been
discontinued. N. Bowdenii (see fig. 41) is a
comparatively new specie* with large flowers
of rose-pink colour with a darker stripe down
the centre of each segment. Of this there
is a variety with blush-coloured blossoms. In
some, the divisions of the flower are extensively
crisped, notably in the pink-flowered N. flexuosa
and its pure white variety alba, as well as the
distinct N. undulata, or crispa, as it is often
called. This species has grass-like leaves, and
will often flower comparatively late in the sea-
son. The pale pink segments are exceedingly
narrow. From the fact that the original species
are all natives of South Africa it will he under-
stood that they do not require very much warmth ;
indeed, freedom from frost is all that is neces-
sary for their successful culture. They all very
much resent being disturbed at the roots, and re-
potting should not be done before it is abso-
lutely necessary. For th's reason the compost
employed should be of a lasting nature, and
consist mainly of loam and sand. Should the
loam be of a very heavy consistency a little
leaf-mould may be mi.xed with it. The leaf-
mould should be sterilised before use. Different
opinions prevail as to the best time to repot
the plants. I prefer to do the work as soon
as the flowers are over. An essential point to
litar in mind in ronnrction with the niltiiri' .if
Nerines is that they make their gi i.wth through-
out the winter and spring. At that time they
should be grown in a light position in the green-
house and regularly supplied with water. When
the plants are dormant the pots sliniild bi-
exposed fully to the sun. and water should
be withheld in order that the bulbs may ripen.
Towards the end- of August or in September the
flower-spikes develop, after which the .<;oil should
be kept moist. Sometimes the narrow-leaved
sorts will show leaves before the flowers, in
which case they may be watered. W. T.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

POTATO YIELDS.
The following results of part of a Potato-
growing competition arranged by the local horti-
cultural society for cottagers and allotment-
holders may be of interest to growers generally.
In one class prizes were offered for " the heaviest
crop of sound tubers obtained from 1 lb. of
seed cut into twelve sets." The variety selected
was Great Scot, and the seed was carefully
weighed by the secretary of the society and
myself, put into bags and handed to the com-
petitors early in spring. Where the growers
gave their sets every chance, the variety yielded

works out at nearly 40 lbs. per twelve sets,
clearly proving that the variety deserves all that
was claimed for it by your correspondent in the
issue for April 14, 1917, p. 152. When we
judged the early variety class in July we found
Midlothian Early and Sharpe's Express to be
favourite varieties. Growers, however, state
that the former sort since then has become badly
diseased. The 1st prize was won with a local
variety called Short Top. Perhaps a touch of
sentiment has induced me to still grow a few
Hyatt's Ashleaf, but it has done so badly the
past year or two that it is waste of ground to
grow it any longer. Colonist, in the spring,
gave a splendid crop in frames: First Crop was
good both uuider glass and in an earlv border.

'-^3f5ar(KyoU

Fli;. 41. NERINE BOWIIENII : idl.OUn OK Kl.OWEKS l'.\LE ROSE.

very heavily. The crop was lifteil and judged
on August 29. The winner of the 1st prize,
Mr. G. Powell, had 104 lbs. of sound tubers, and
5 lbs. small with just a trace of disease; the
twelve he;iviest tubers weighed' 15^ lbs., the
largest one 1 lb. 9^ oz. ; the winner of the 2nd
prize had 53 lbs. of sound tubers and 1 lb.
of small Potatos ; the third, 51 lbs. of sound and
Ij lb. of small tubers. As the day was wet
some allowance mu.st be made for the damp soil
aflhering to the tubers, but, even then, the re-
sults are remarkable, and I shall be interested
to know if the 1st prize result has been equalled
this season in similar competitions. The total
weight grown by the twenty-nine cottagers who
competed in this class is 1,107 lbs. of .sound
tubers, 44j lbs. of small and diseased ones, which

liut Sharpe's Express, for cooking qualities, is
Ktill hard to beat. The wet weather is
laving a serious effect on the Potato crop;
the rainfall for Augufst in these gardens was
7.10 inches. The varieties Up-to-Date, Factor,
and King Edward, seem to become yearly
less resistant to disease. Arran Chief is not
promising a heavy crop locally, though, as the
haulm is still quite green, if the weather im-
proves, the crop will benefit accordingly. The
unsettled weather in July interfered with spray-
ing so much that it hardly had a fair chance ;
suflficient spraying, however, was done to demon-
strate its value, except on Potato-sick ground.
In a fruit district like this crops suffer a goo<l
deal from the shade and drip of fruit trees,
which are a feature of cottage gardens in

118

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 22, 1917.

Worcestersliire, and for a long time I have ques-
tioned tlie wifidom of planting so many fruit
trees in gardens to the detriment of other crops.
Would it not be better to grow fewer trees in
the vegetable quarters in private est^ablishments,
and give the fruit trees a place to themselves,
especially those grown as bushes and pyramids ?
James J. Crrahnm, Hewell Gardens, BediJitch.

POTATO DISEASE PREVENTED BY
DEEP PLANTING.

As a practical gardener my experience is that
if Potatos are planted deeply late blight disease
does not iffect them. It ha.s only occurred
when the Potatos have been planted shallow. It
has been stated that if seed tubers planted near
the surface are afterwards covered by soil no
disease will hurt them, but it is much better to
plant deeply and prevent disease. That, at any
rate, has been my experience. A. Newson.

RECUPERATIVE POWER OF CABBAGES.

Being impresised with the value of every leaf

to any plant of the Cabbage tribe, I lifted and

a second period of hot, dry wea,ther, about the
third week of .lune, the land was manured,
ploughed, and rolled firm. Large plants of Cab
bages (9 to 12 inches long) were planted, and
during the day leaves and stems lay flat on the
ground. All but the youngest leaves turned
yellow and withered away, yet in the course of
a few weeks there was a splendid field of Cab-
bages, showing the wonderful. capacity of Cab-
bages to recover from this rough treatment. No
doubt the plants would have been much larger
if they had been prevented from flagging by
the private gardener's method. Nevertheless,
they were of large size, covering the ground, and
commencing to heart by September 15. /. F.

FINGER-AND-TOE IN TURNIPS.

This pest spreads rapidly if measures are not
promptly taken to suppress it. Finger and toe
i^ also known as Club Root. It is spread from
tlie first point of attack in various ways; it may
be borne in soil that sticks to the plough, to
wheels of carts or other agricultural implements,
o- to the feet of workers, horses or sheep. ,

Fig. 42. — nerine flexuosa vak. alba.
(See p 117,)

transplanted Cabbages, Cauliflowers and Brus-
sels Spi-outs, with a trowel, during the gi-eat heat
and drought of June. This was done during
tlje evening and each plant watered in only once.
Practically, not a leaf withered, and there was
very little flagging. If this care and time can
be given the Cabbage tribe in transplanting. I
consider the operator is far better repaid to do
It in dry, rather than wet, weather, because
the plants grow away immediately without
failure, whereas in dull, wet weather there are
many failures owing to slugs, especially in heavy
or rich soils, aftd blanks may have to be filled
up several times. Bearing these things in mind,
I was interested in the remarks of Mr. James
A. Paice, in the issue for July 21, p. 24, also
JMr. E. Beckett's remarks on p. 88. In contradis-
tinction to this care I may mi'ntinu an observa-
•ion I made on a market garden in our district
wh^re the large numbers and s< arcitv of laboi'"
make it impossible to transplant with a trowel.
A crop of Lettuces had just been cut. During

Finger-and-toe <Jan be checked by the applica-
tion of lime, preferably common burnt limestone,
applied at the rate of from two to four tons per
acre six months (or preferably eighteen months)
before the Turnip crop is sown. The lime
should be slaked, and either spread by a manure
distributor or shovelled direct from carts on to
the fields. Forms of lime other than burnt lime-
stone may be used ; but if gas lime be dressed
the land must -not be sown or planted for some
■nonths. Chalk has also a preventive influence,
but is not so effective as lime.

Bad drainage is a contributory cause of finger-
and-toe; so is the neglected growth of Charlock
and other cruciferous weeds ; and acid manures
ill wet climates seem to encourage the pest,
whereas basic slag, bone meal and precipitated
phosphate have an opposite tendency. All whose
crops suffer from finger-and-toe are advised to
obtain free Leaflet No. 77 from the Secretai-y
of the Board of Agriculture, 3, St. James's
Square, S.W. 1.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gard«D«, Windsor.

Lettuce.— Another sowing of hardy Lettuce
may be made on a sheltered border with a view
to obtain heads in spring. The border on which
the sowing is made should face s'outh and be well
raised at the back. Brown Cos, Stanstead Park,
and Maximum ate suitable varieties. The plants
should be ready for transplanting in early spring
in a sheltered position, or if cold frames are
available, good results may be obtained by grow-
ing them in frames in rich soil, placed to within
15 inches of the roof -glass.

French Beans.— The latest plants of French
Beans in the open should be afforded protection
from early frosts by a covering of light material,
to be drawn over them without touching the foli-
age, as often as required. Wires may be strained
over the border at a distance of 2 feet from the
plants to cany the protective covering.

French Beans in Pots.- If Beans were
sown in pots a month ago, they will now be
ready for top-di'essnig. Good, rich soil should
be used, pressed firm on the sui'face. A few
twigs should be placed round the plants, to
keep them in an upright position. Water
freely with weak liquid manure, and keep the
plants fully exposed to the light. No fire-heat
will be necessary until Ithe weather becomes
cold, but the house should be closed in the
afternoon. Ventilation may still be freely given
dui'ing sunny days. Another sowing should
be made in 7-inch pots at intervals of 8 or 10
days during the autumn, in order to mainltain
an unbroken supply of pods.

Leeks.— The soil between the rows of Leeks
should be broken lightly with a hoe, and a
liberal supply of manure-water given, espe-
cially on light soils. Leeks respond well to
liberal feeding during the autumn.

Cucumbers.— Plants from which Cucumbers
are expected in November and December should
now be making rapid progaess, and will re-
quire very careful treatment in order to pro-
mote stocky, short-jointed growth, capable of
carrying a crop during the winter. Stop the
shoots frequently, and tie them regularly over
the trellis, leaving sufficient space between them
to admit light to aU pajts of the house. Re-
move rough leaves as it becomes necessary,
to make room for young growth ; decaying
foliage is almost certain to become infested
with red spider. Overcrowding should be
prevented by frequent attention to stopping and
tying ; if neglected for a few days it becomes
necessary to remove large quantities of foliage
at one time, which causes a check to the plants.
Top-dressing is important during the autunm
and winter, and by frequentlj- applying a small
quantity of fresh soil to the roots they" are kept
in a healthy cond.itioji. Avoid strong heat, and
ventilate with great cai-e. Maintain a moisit
atmosphere by frequently damping the floor
and walls of the house ; the foliage may be
lightly syringed twice daily during sunny
weather. Another planting should be made as
soon as possible to produce a supply in January
and February. These plants must be grown
in a moderate temperature, exposed fully to the
light.

ToMATOS.— All unnecessary foliage should be
removed from Tomato plants in the open so
that the fruits may receive the full benefit of
the sun. Remove the fruits as they begin to
colour, and place them in a dry vinery until
they are ready, for use. Plants which are ripen-
ing their fruits indoors should be allowed plenty
. of ventilation and a good supply of manure
water. Do not trim the plants too severely ; it is
necessary to allow a little more freedom of
growth at this season in order to encourage root
action.

September 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

119

FBUITS UNDER GLASS.

By JAS, Hudson, Head Gardener at Guimersbury Hoxise,
Aoton, W.

FiQ» IN Pots.— The pot trees of Negro
Largo JFigs should be yielding a good supply
of fruits. For some weeks past we have been
gathering from pot plants, and I do not
think there is any other Fig at this season
to equal this variety. The fruits are of the
highest quality ; they keep well, and have
a fine appearance. \ ery rarely indeed do we
get a cracked fruit of this Fig. Close the houses
whilst there is still plenty of sunshine to raise
the temperature to 85° or even 90°. Do not, how-
ever, damp down after midday. Look closely to
the watering early in the day. Keep the night
temperature at least as high as 65° when bank-
ing up the fires. If the plants suffer a check
through low temperatures some leaves may fall
and the late fruits be delayed in ripening.

The Re- potting of Fruit Trees.—
Fruit trees in pots intended for first early
forcing should be re-potted or top-dressed as
early in October as possible. The loam used
should be from a stack that has stood at least
six months, calcareous, tough and fibrous. If
it seems retentive or close, some sandy grit
should be added. Two-thirds of the compost
should be loam, and the rest made up of well-
decomposed manure and mortar rubble. Turn
the compost over three or four times, taking the
precaution to cover it in case of heavy rains.

New Stock.— If the trees are plunged, it
will not be advisable to disturb them for
at least another fortnight. If not plunged,
continue to pay close attention to watering.
If it is desired to add to the stock of trees,
mark them now, and let them wait until
they can conveniently be moved. They
should he well established trees, grown in pots
from the beginning ; such trees will answer
better than trees from the outside quarters
Those in 9 to 10 inch pots will b© the best to
choose, as they are easy to move.

Pot Trees in Bearing. Fruits can be
left upon Plum trees in pots until they are re-
quired, and the flavour is enhanced thereby.
Late Nectarines also hang well, but very late
Peaches are disposed to become woolly if left
upon the trees too long. As soon as these trees
are all cleared of their crops, stand them out-
side, in full sunshine. If not plunged, see that
they are secured against damage by winds, and
do not let them suffer from want of water at
the roots.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J CoLUBR. Oard<>ner to Sir JiRmuH Colman,
Bart.. O»tton Park. R«ijate.

Tropical ORCHiot. -Owing to the damp,
unsettled weather during iSeptember and the
greater part of .'Vugust, the growth of most
tropical Orchids is softer in texture than
usual. Every effort should therefore be made
to induce the thorough ripening of Ithe growths
and pseudo-bulbs of the inmates of the East
Indian, Cattleya, and Mexican houses.

Shading and Watering.- It is impossible
to give precise directions at this season on the
subject of shading. There should in any case
be a gr.idual reduction, ito harden the foliage,
and little shade will be necessary after the first
two weeks of Oatober. If, in addition to
blinds, shading has been provided by stiiipling
the glass, it should be washed off alt once, first
stopping the pipes leading into the tanks so
as to prevent sediment from passing into the
rain-water. The permanent blinds should be
allowed to remain in position, as shading will
still be necessary during bright sunshine, but
they must be used with discretion ; the plants
should be exposed to all the sunlight possible
without causing damage by scorching. The
amount of moisture in the atmosphere must he
regulated with extra care until fire-heat is more
extensively employed. The cooler houses will
require damping the least, as there is less evapo-
ration in these structures. In the warmer divi-
sions sufficient atmospheric moisture must be
promoted to counteract Ithe effects of fire-heat.

The East Indian, Cattleya, and Mexican house
vxlII require to be damped morning and after-
noon, while the cool houses, in which very little
fire-heat is employed, should be damped only
in the mornings, except on bright days, when
the palths and stages should be sprinkled again
in the afternoon. Watering must be carried
out with due regard to the weather, the condi-
tions of the plants, and the compost used.
Plants with pseudo-bulbs nearly completed
should receive a gradually dimini^ing supply,
but water must not be w-ithheld to such an ex-
tent as to cause shrivelling. As the nights
become colder it will be necessary to provide
extra fire-heat ; on warm days the ventilators
should be opened sufficiently to prevent scorch-
ing, but retaining as much sun heat as practic-
able.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Abbots Wood, Godalming, Surre.v.

_ Gathering Fruits.- Continue to gather the
fruits as they become fit. Severiil varieties both of
Apples and Pears will now be ready. Among
Pears, Marguerite MarriUat, Souvenir du Con-
gres, Beurre d'Amanlis, and the later fruits of
Williams' Bon Chretien, will require watching, as
the fruits do not all ripen at once. The fruits
on walls should be carefully lifted to the hori-
zontal ; if they are ripe they will readily part
from the stem, and should be gathered. Early
ripening Apples should be treated in the same
manner. James Grieve requires very careful
handling or it will show bruises. When the fruit
is gathered, take it to the fruit-room and store it
carefully, arranging for plenty of ventilation.

Peaches and NECTARINES.-Late fruits of
Princess of Wales, Sea Eagle, and Victoria
• should be kept in full light, away from the
leaves. If the weather is wet or stormy, a
few lights placed over them will assist in ripen-
ing the fruits. Place a strong lope or wire across
the lights to keep them in position, and make
them safe against winds.

Planting Fruit Trees.— If a piece of
ground has been selected for planting it
should be trenched, and if young trees are to
be planted in the place of worn-out specimens,
or to replace worthless varieties, the old soil
should as far as possible be cleared away and
replaced by nerw. Use at least one third of new
loam and add to it old hot-bed refuse, or the
burnt earth and ashes from the garden bon-
fire. After the old trees are rooted out, trench
the soil to the depth of 2 feet 6 inches or 3 feet,
after which fill in with Ithe new §oil and mate-
rial as described. In preparing the ground for
Peaches, Nectarines, and all stone fruit, mortar
rubble should be incorporated. It is not a good
plan to use much manure at the time of plant-
ing, unless the ground is very poor, and then
the manure must be in a well-rotted condition.
.•\l)ple and Pear trees grafted on dwarfing stocks
are the best for small gardens. All fruit trees
should be ordered and planted as early as pos-
sible.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Raising Cyclamens from Seed.-H plants
of Cyclamen are required to bloom early in the
season the seed, if not already inserted, should
be sown at the earliest opportunity. Fill seed-
pans or seed-boxes to within half .in inch of the
top with porous soil. Give the soil a thorough
watering, and leave the pai^s for a time to drain
thoroughly. Sow the seeds thinly, and cover
them lightly with fine soil, pressing in the seed
with a flat piece of wood. Place the seed pans
in a house or frame, where a minimum tempera-
ture of 55° to 60° is maintained. Shade the
seed pans from sunshine; the best plan is to
lay sheets of paper, or moss, over the pans until
the seeds germinate. Be careful to keep the
soil alway.s moist, but do not make it .sodden by
fjver-watering.

ScHizANTHUS.-Sow seeds of Schizanthus
now to obtain plants for flowering next

spring. Sow thinly in pans or boxes, and keep
the pans well shaded until the seed germi-
nates. Gradually accustom the seedlings to full
light, and gi'ow them in cool conditions Prick
the seedlings out into 60-6ized pots when suf-
ficiently large to handle. S. Wisetonensis is
excellent for flowering in pots, and hybrids in
various shades are procurable. The same ap-
plies to S. retusus, of which seed is offered in
great variety, from pure white and yellow to
rosy pink. Schizanthuses are excellent plants
for the amateur grower, as they are kept quite
cool from the seedling to the flowering stage.
They are valuable for cutting, as well as for
decorative use in the conservatory.

Humea elegans.— Seeds of Humea elegans
should be sown now, to provide a succes-
sion of decorative plants. Young plants grown
on from seed sown earlier in the season
will now be growing freely, and should be
potted on as required. Pot firmly, using a
compost of three parts turfy loam to one each
of leaf-soil and manure from a spent Mushroom-
bed, adding a 6-inch potful of soot to a barrow-
ful of the compost. Be careful not to bury the
stem lower than it was in the jjrevious" pot.
Humeas resent over-watering more quickly Uian
most plants, often collapsing altogether if the
roots are allowed to become too moist. They
thrive best in a cool frame, standing on ashes,
and require very little water during the winter.
Fumigate mildly at intervals to keep the plants
free from aphis.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Gniss. Gardener to Mr*. Dimpstsr, K«ele
Hall, Staffordshire.

Hropagating Shhub... -Many varieties of
siiruDs may be propagaleu at the present time.
II name uccomiuouauon is limited, and spare
liguis are available, a temporaiv trame may be
erecteu in a pai-tially stiaded " position. The
trame should be about 2 feel deep; place a
thick layer of fine ashes in tlie bottom, and fill
up the space with a sandy compost to withui
U inches of the glass. The bed should be
made quite flat, aud the liaif-ripened shoots
(with a heel for preference) inserted very finnly
After watering the cuttings through a tiue rose
to settle the soil, tilt the lights a little for a
few hours to dry the toliage. Tlie frames must
be kept quite close, only admitting sufficient
au- to dry the moisture after the usual spray-
ings on- fine days. Apply a light shading
during very bright weather, and gradually
admit air directly root action commences.

Hardy Fuchsias.— Hardy Fuchsias are now
at their best. Thoy thrive in light, sandy
soil, but they are not exacting in this respect.
In cold districts a little protection is necessary
during winter, such as long litter or bracken
placed round the base of the plants. To increase
the stock, cuttings should be inserted at once in
a cold frame, using a sandy compost. Protec-
tion is necessary for the young plants in frosty
weather. The following is a s^Jfection of tho
best species and varieties : coralliiia, Hiccartonii,
Mme, CorneJlison, gracilis Thompsonii, and
sanguinea microphylla.

Helianthus.— The perennial Sunflowers are
useful for decorative pui-poses. The flowers
of tho variety Miss Mellish last a c«n-
.■liderable time in water. The variety Miss
WiUmott ig also very fine, the deep 'golden-
yellow flowers and nearly black centre showing
up well in the herbaceous borders. The small
double yellow flowering variety Soleil d'Or is
very free in flowering, and uskul for cutting.
The best results are obtained from this variety
when it is grown in rich soil. If the faded
flowers are continually removed a succession
can be obtained from the side-shoots. Keep
the plants neatly staked and tied to prevent
damage by wind.

Eremurus. -Plants of Eremurus should not
be lifted unless the young shoots are over-
crowd-d. In such cases the plants mu.st be
lifted, pulled apart, and replanted at once in
a rich, porous loam. Well-decaved manure or
leaf-mould mixed with the .soil is beneficia.1.

120

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE:

[September 22, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTiCE.

AD VEETI SEMEN TS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Out corresponderUs
would obviate delay in obtnining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, it they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the eflect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens o/
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
G-arden, London. Communications should be

WRITIBN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE P.VPER, Sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TURSDAY. SErXEMBEB 25—

Ko\al ilorticulf.irai Sol-. Ooms. meet and special
Vegretable Classes.

AVERAGE Mean Temperature for the ensuiiv "^^eek
dediuoed trom observations during the last fift.v
.vears at LJreenwich, 55.2.
.icTUAL Temperature ;—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, Lcndon. Thursday, Septembeir
20, 10 a.m. : Bar. 29.S ; temp. 60.5°. Weat-heir—
Fine.

The Rose Season.

MONDAY and FR1D.« —

NarcisL=us, Tulips, .Snowdr.;,ps, &o.. at 67 and 68,
Cheap^de, by Prothel-oo & Morris, at 1 o'clock.

WEDNESDAY-

Trad© Sale of Homegrown Bulbs ^ at 67 and 66,
Cheapside, by rrotheroe & Morris,' at 1 o'clock.

The Rose season of 1917
has been an extraordi-
nary one. The winter
was severe and pro-
longed. Only in May did tlie weather sud-
denly alter to something like summer.
June, however, was fine and warm, and
Roses, though very late in starting into
growth, developed vigorously, and, con-
trary to expectations, their flowering
season began decidedly earlier than in
most years. The blooms, when tliev
appeared, seemed both finer and cleaner
than usual, notwithstanding the fact
that most growers were obliged to re-
strict, or e:ven dispense with, the usual
spring dressing of manure. Even the
shows followed the usual character of the
year. There was no metropolitan sum-
mer show of the National Rose Society,
and very few exhibitions in the provinces.
The National Rose Society managed,
however, to get together a very fair
autumn exhibition on September 11,
as well as a display of seedlings at the
Roval Horticultural Society's meeting on
July 17.

The severity of the winter caused manv
Rose-growers to fear for the safety of their
plants, more especially of those which had
been transplanted, or newly purchased.
In the North and Midlands many losses
occurred, the most serious, because the
most noticeable, Ijeing among the ramblins:
Roses having a preponderance of Tea blood,
such as Francois Juranville and Joseph

Lamy. Some at least of these had most of
their top growth affected, and in some
i.'a.seti they were cut to the ground level,
though we believe few were killed outright.
In the London district and southwards
no serious casualties resulted.

' ' White Rose ' ' tells us that in his gar-
den, a few miles from London, only some
of the tips of the ramblers were afiected
by the frost, with the exception of a pillar
specimen of Silver Moon, which flowered
poorly, and has since died. Another pillar
of Ards Rover, though not so badly
affected, failed to make any new growth
from the branches, but is throwing up
good new growth from the base. Among
garden Roses other than climbers, the
chief suSerers have been standards, and
those, for the most part, plants which were
previously not in the best of health. With
these exceptions, even the standards came
through the ordeal of the severe winter
fairly well, and the only plants pre-viously
in good condition which have been injured
are a few standards of the variety Madame
Hoste, all upwards of ten j-ears old.

Among the dwarf Roses, it is only in
cases where there was some disease in the
previous summer that any serious disaster
has occurred. Thus a bed of Mine. Abel
Chatenay that had suffered from black
spot, and another of Dr Campbell Hall
that had been afEected with rust in the
summer of 1916, have both done so badly
that they will require to be replaced ; but
otherwise there is little to complain of.

It is most cheering to find that the
variety Mme. E. Herriot has proved so
hardy. We had felt doubts as to the hardi-
ness of M. Fernet Ducher's new varieties,
and feared that a very cold winter might
clear them out of our gardens. These
doubts have proved quite groundless in Che
case of Mme. E. Herriot, for not even the
tips of the shoots were touched, and Louise
Catherine Breslau seems equally satisfac-
tory. Rayon d'Or had all the last year's
wood de.stroyed, but shot up well from the
old wood, and is now none the worse.
Arthur R. Gk)odwin was rather cut by the
cold, but most of the plants are recoverinsr
fairly well : none was actually destroyed,
but a few have failed to grow as well as
could be wished, and may have to be re-
placed this autumn.

PruninET was certainly difficult this
year, and although it was carried out bv
cutting back rather harder than usual,
there were many instances in which later
in t"he summer shoots which had grown
to -some extent died back, indicating that
a piece of frosted wood had lx«n over-
looked.

The warm weather of ifay and June
broueht on the youns: growths with ereat
rapidity, and the early blooms of most of
the n.T.'s and Teas were exceptionallv
good. This illustrates an ob.servation of
the late Mr. Mawley, that, provided
June is fine, the weather during
the rest of the year is of comparatively
little importance to the summer blo.<5Som-
ino: of Roses. An exception to this satis-
factory state of things was the colour of
the crimson H.T.'s, which, save in thp

cases of Mrs, Edward Powell and Red Let-
ter Day, was extremely poor, and the old
Hybrid PerpetuaLs were the only kinds
which gave crimson flowers of any
tolerable colour. Richmond, General
McArthur, Liberty, Dora Van Tets, and
even Avoca, were all more or less affected
by the hot sun, and came with that un-
satisfactory tinge of bluish-pink in the
crimson which we are accustomed to
associate with the August flowers. Few
rosarians in hot countries have a good
word to say for Richmond, which in a
normal year is so charming in its first and
again in its autumnal flowering. To com-
pensate partly for 'this, there were lovely
flowers of Victor Hugo, Horace Vernet,
and Hugh Dickson, and twice in the year,
early July and again in Sept«mber, the
garden gave us beautiful flowers of Ed-
ward Bohane. This is undoubtedly a fine
Rose, but it is to be hoped that older plants
will prove more free in flowering than
young ones. National Emblem has given
good crimson flowers, but the habit is too
spreading to display them to advantage.
Augustus Hartmann has, on the whole,
done well as a liedding Rose ; the
colour is bright and attractive, an im-
portant point in a bedding Rose ; the
plants are generally in flower through the
season, and are vigorous growers. Some
of the plants of this variety, succumbed to
the severe winter, causing unfortunate
gaps in the bed. A bed of Edith Part.
however, planted at the same time,
showed no gaps. This is a bicolor Rose
of rose colour on the face and creamy flesh
on the reverse of the petals, which are char-
acteristically crimped at the edges. It is
free and continuous in flowering, but in
its first year has produced too many poorly
formed flowers to loe altogether satisfac-
tory, while its growth has not been quite
vigorous enough for a bedding Rose. It
will be allowed to remain for another year
to amend its ways. If it does not, it will
have to make way for a better variety.

Ophelia is altogether charminsr, and one
of the most free in flowering in the gar-
den. The erowth is good, the flowers are
carried well on their stalks, and nearly all
the blos,soms are well shaped.

Mrs. W. F. Va.nderbilt has proved satis-
factory. The colouring is pinki.sh-apricot,
resembling a flower of Lady Mary Ward,
but the growth is more vigorous, and seems
up to the present to be less subject to dis-
ease. The blooms are rather larger, but
not so prettily ,, shaped as those of Lady
Marv Ward, which is .so lovely a Rose.
when at its best-, that we cannot help re-
gretting that it is not more vigorous and
disease-resisting.

The flowering season of the Wichuraiana
and Multiflora Roses in 1917 may be
characterised as good while it lasted, but
it was rather .short. The heavy rains and
storms of August scattered the petals of all
the early flowering climbers and much in-
jured the blossoms of the later varieties.
It proved an unfavour.ible .sen.^on for the
sweet-scented Evaneeline. which may be
classed among the Inter climbf-rs. usually
scenting the garden in July and .\ugust.

Septembee 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

121

The last half of the Eose season has, in
fact, been a good test for Roses that will
stand rain in the garden. Mrs. Edward
Powell and Mrs. E. G. Hill have come
through the test better than most. Madame
Ravary and Red Letter Day have also done
well, so have Mr. Pemberton's Moonlight
aiffi Mrs. Herbert Stevens, while Mnie.
Leon Pain, though slightly affected by wet,
recovers so quickly and flowers so freely
that it may almost be classed with " rain-
proof " Roses

Alexander Hill Gray is still the best bed-
ding Tea of recent introduction, though
Lady Plymouth is a first-rate variety in
fine weather. A pretty little Rose some-
where between the Teas and the China.s,
called Rosomane Narcisse Thomas, mar
almost be added to this class. It has ad-
mirable foliage, and is a vigorous grower.
Tlie flowers are small, of a pleasing pinki.sh
apricot colour.

RovAL Visitor* at Fbiar Park. Their

Majesties the Kmo and Queen have recently
visited Friar Park, the beautiful estate of Sir
Feank and Lady Crisp, at Henley-on-Thames,
making a tour of the grounds, in which they
were much interested.

Dahlia "Rev. John Hamht."— M^.

Decinaid Cory writes us as follows in regard
to this charming new Dahlia : " You record in
youi last issue that an Award of Merit has been
awiirded to my Dahlia Rayon la Rouge, which,
indeed, was the case, and which happened through
the labels of the two varieties I sent up getting
changed. The nams of the one which received
the award is the Rev. John Hamlet. I .spoke
to the officials of .the Royal Horticultural Society
.■•n the matter, which was thereupon adjusted,
and the variety Rev. John Hamlet has been duly
entered in the books as having received the
Award of Merit."

Pari* Chrysanthemum Show. -The

Na.tional Horticultural Socifty of France will
hold an exhiliition nf Ctrvsanthemums on
November 8 ne.xt.

Canned Pineapple* from Queeneland.—
According to a Queensland journal a ship-
ment of 10,000 eases of canned Pineapples
has been despatched to this country from
Queensland. This is the second large ship-
ment during recent weeks, and it was de-
spatched from the various canm-ries in and
around Brisbane. The canned fruit is for
the use of troops in England and on the
Western Front. The cases were subjected
to a careful and close investigation by the
officers of the Queensland Department of Agri-
culture, and the fruit found to be of excellent
quality. Thousands of acres are available in
Queensland for the culture of Pineapples, and
ii big trade in them should be built up after tlic
war.

Export of Nureerv Stock to Canada.—

A number of the Regulations under the Cana-
dian Destructive Insect and Pest Act have been
recently amended and some of Ihe changes will
affect English nurserymen exporting trees and
plants to Canada. Regulation 4 requires that a
declaration of the nature of the contents of ship-
ments of nursery stock subject to fumigation or
inspection shall be attached to the container.
Nursery stock subject to fumigation or inspec-
tion shall not be included in cars, boxes, bales,
or other containers with plants that are exempt
from fumigation or inspection, but shall be
.shipped in separate containers. The port by
which it is intended that nursery stock subject
t(j fumigation or inspection shall enter Canada

shall be clearly stated on each car, box, bale, or
other container, which shall also bear a declara-
tion of the nature of the contents. All shipments
made in accordance witTi these regulations will
be entirely at the risk of tne shippers or con-
signees. Under Regulation 7, the importation of
all Currants and Gooseoerry plants, and European
Potatos, is prohibited. The importation of all
nursery stock, including trees, shrubs, plants,
vines, grafts, scions, cuttings or buds through
the mails, is prohibited, except greenhouse-grown
florists' stock, cut flowers, herbaceous perennials
and bedding plants, which will be admitted pro-
vided that a certified declaration of the contents
is attached to such parcels.

Cory Cup for Dahlia* at R.H.S. Show.—
We are informed by the Royal Horticultural
Society that at the meeting of the Society held
on September 11 the judges placed Messrs.
Carter Page & Co. first in the Dahlia Competi-
tion for the Cory Cup. Messrs. Carter Page
& Co. having, however, won the cup in 1916, and
the same winner being only eligible to compete
onci in three years, the cup was awarded to
Messrs. J. Cheal & Soxs, and a special award
of a Silver-gilt Flora Medal was granted by the
Council to Messrs. Caeter Page & Co.

War Items.- Captain Chables Digoy, of the
14th Regiment of French Infantry, who, we are
informed, has been killed in the war, lived for a
time in England, working in Kew Gardens. He
joined up as a sergeant on the outbreak of war,
was wounded several times, and mentioned five
time.s in Army Orders. Although only 27 years
of age Captain Digoy had been awarded the
Cross of St. Anne of Russia^ besides being a
n;<>mber of the Legion of Honour.

M. Alfred Nomblot. secretary of the

National Horticultural Society of France, who
has been at the Front since the beginning of
the war and has been wounded, has recently
beer, promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

M. Louis Pingttet, son of M. Pinouet-

GuiNDON, of Tours, after being incapacitated
for service in the infantry, joined the Air Ser-
vice, and has recently been mentioned in Army
Orders for bravery in face of enemy aviators.

Bordeaux Mixture vereu* Lime Sulphur
for Potato*.- The latest comiiarative tests* of
liordoaux mixture and lime-sulphur for Potato
.spraying show the marked superiority of the
former specific. Whereas Bordeaux mixture
gave an increased yield as compared with the
control plot of 68.6 bushels of marketable tubers
per acre, lime-sulphur resulted in a decreased
crof of 25.3 bushels.

New Zealand Qrape Industry.— It dppoar.'i
from n report by the TTnilod States Consul
General at Auckland that Grapes are not grown
very successfully in the open in New Zealand,
since the climate is too moist and cool to allow
the fruit fully to mature. There are about 390
ttcrea of vineyards under cultivation, located in
the most favourable spots of the Dominion,
where limited quantitie« of middle-quality
Grapes have been grown ; but the Grape is not
considered a very profitable crop. During the
vear 1915 ithere were 89.800 gallons of wine
manufactured in New Zealand. The vineyard
Grapes retail at from 4d. to 6d. per lb. Some
excellent table Grapes are grown in the
Dominion, but in vine houses instead of in the
open air. There are about 800 of these vine
houses, and all seem to be doini; a thriving busi-
ness, especially in the South Island, where prac-
ticnllv no Grapes are grown in the open. Grapes
grown under glass retail in New Zealand for
Is. 6d. Itn 2s. per lb., and find a ready market.

Publications Received.- Pie Keeping in
War Time. By C. J. Davies- H.ondon : Geo.
Newnes. Ltd.) Price 7d. net— The Effect of
One Plant on Another. By Sp»ncer Pickering.
fReprint from AnimU of Bntany, April, 1917.)

• Dull. No. 428, New York Agrlo. Bip. Station, Oenovn
N.I.

THE MABKET FKUIT CARBEN.

A Wet Summer.
In all but two divisions of the United King-
dom the rainfall of the three summer months,
as recorded by the Meteorological Office, was con-
siderably over average, the exceptions being
North and West Scotland. In the south-east,
my own division, the total was 11.63 inches, or
a .small fraction over 5 inches above average, the
greatest excess shown for any division. Only
in S.W. England and South Ireland were the
totals greater, and in them the excess over aver-
age was much less. At my own station the total
was 11.88 inches, nearly half of which, or 5.66
inches, was for August, when rain was measur-
able on 20 days. The effect of such a wet
month, in which urgent work in fruit picking
wai going on, was deplorable. Hoeing was
out of the question, even when other
work did not prevent it, as the land was con-
tinuously in very wet condition. Consequently,
weeds grew unchecked in orchards, which were
m a worse condition in this connection than tliey
had ever been before. As for the effects of the
two violent gales of August, reference has been
made to them previously. The sequel is a great
quantity of Apples rotting and shrivelling in
every place of shelter in which they could be
.stored. This refers not only to "the Apples
r.icked up off the ground, but also to a large pro-
portion of the gathered fruit, for the quick de-
spatch of which not a quarter enough of empties
were procurable. Moreover, tlie markets were
•so glutted with windfalls that prices fell to a
very low level. The wet weather of the latter
part of August, as well as the gales, caused a
S'-eat loss in Plums also, and the markets
tor tliat fruit too were overdone with supplies
nnich of which consisted of over^-ipe and partly
r-.tten fruit.- Altogether, the early part of the
tree-fruit season has been one of the most worry-
ing' limes that growers have known.

A Spot Disease of Apples.

In the annual report of the Research Station
at Long Ashton, Bristol, for 1916, recently re-
ceived, Mr. G. T. Spinks, returns to this subject,
first noticed in the report for 1914. The spots
appear around the " lenticel-like " structures
which occur in the skin of Apples. At first they
ai-c so minute that they can be seen only with
the aid of a lens ; but the spots grow, sometimes
before the fruit is gathered, but "more commonly
after it has been stored, until they become quite
large in some cases, and even meet each other.
Inoculations with cultures of seven different
fungi have caused the formation of spots, a re-
sult so curious that it seems to indicate that the
original cause of the rotting was a minute punc-
ture by an insect, followed by the introduction
of one of many fungi which cause, rotting. The
summing-up of the information acquired at pre-
sent is as follows: — "The .spots may be caused
by various fungi. The fungus enters the Apple
through a 'lenticel' some time before the first
sign of a spot appears, but the actual time of
entry is not known. It may be after the Apple
is gathered or before, or even when the ' lenticel '
IS first formed. The fungus for a time makes
very little growth, and only produces a notice-
able spot when the Apple has reached a suitable
state of ripeness. The spot then grows rapidly.
In November and December Apples, as a rule,
can only be infected through injuries, and not
thniugh uninjured ' lenticels.' "

As in some previous recent seasons, I have
found a good deal of this rot spotting among a
few varieties of Apples. In packing a remark -
(ibly (fine lot of Worcester Pearmains, many
hundreds, if not some thousands, of Apples,
including some of the finest, have had to
lie thrown out as unmarketable. In . a large
proportion of instances there was only one rot
,spot on an Apple, but even higglers who will
buy the smallest of dessert Apples readily

122

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 22, 1917.

enough at very low prices, do not care to take rot-
spotted fruit. In some cases the rot spot is
found in the eye of the Apple, but much less com-
monly than in some other part of the fruit. It
seems to me that the disease named " eye rot,"
first noticed extensively in Worcester Pearmain,
particularly two years ago, is the same as the
rot-spotting of otlier parts of an Apple. In some
cases there are rot spots in the eyes and on one
of the sides of the same fruits, and no difference
in the appearance of the spots is noticeable. In
the Loug Ashton Report for 1914, Professor
Barker suggested that the fungus causing rot
spots obtained entry through weak spots in the
skins of Apples, and such weak spots are as likely
to be found in or close to the eyes as in other
parts of the fruits. No preventive or remedy for
this wasteful malady has been even suggested
liithcrto. S'Wfliern Grower.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The Editort do not hold themtelvet Tetpontihlt let
the ojriniont expressed by correspondenta.)
Novelties in Climbing and PiLL»R Roses

(see p 95).— I note that Mr. Easlea is not yet
satisfied as to what is truly a chmbing Rose
In the same way the Iterms " bush Rose and
" pillar Roee " are somewhat confusing. As
no definite rule exists, I conclude that it is
a matter of personal opinion. In the case ot
climbers, I trust that varieties which run up
12 feet high and in a few years bear only a
few lolossoms on Ithe top of the support will
not be included. The Wichuraiana section .
Yields the best of climbing Roses, varieties that
produce growth in such a manner that the sup-
port is clothed from the base to summit with
foliage a,nd blossoms. The Rev. J. H, Pember-
ton describes ..Madame Alfred Carriere as a
bush. Here it grows as a climber, and it covers
a wall 20 feet high. After several years' trial
I find Dr. J. Van Fleet one of the best of
climbers. It flowers here profusely in clusters
of soft, pink, shapely Wossoms. E. Molynevx.
Swanmnre Farm, Bishops Waltham.

Rosa Moyesii. Instead of propagating the
best forms of this beautiful Chinese Rose by
budding, as suggested on p. 106, I would suggest
layering. With budded specimens a watch has
always to be kept for suckers, and while theii'
removal is comparatively easy in varieties that
are pruned each season, suckers are not so easy
to detect or remove in free, natural-grown bushes
of the Rose species. ..4. 0.

Control of Suuos.-In your last issue Dr.
Durham, writing, on p. 108, in respect of slugs,
states, " now that I know more about control-
ling this pest." I should- be grateful if he
would impart this knowledge through the
medium of your pages, and probably there are
others who would rejoice to hear of any success-
ful method of dealing with slugs. I caught
5.000 in my garden this spring by hand, or
rather with an iron spoon, and dropped them
into a small tin containing some paraffin. I
have tried various soil fumigants, but I confess
■ that up to now the slugs liave the upper hand.
.1. H. Pearson.

Degenbration in Potatos. (seep. 100). — I
am a doubting Thomas regarding this. I see no
reason why, given good treatment, a Potato should
not go on for ever. I have had the pleasure
recently of accompanying Mr. John Snell, of
the Board of Agriculture, in a visit to the
Lothians and Dumfries, and we had many oppor-
tunities of comi>aring notes. Mr. Snell told me
that in his work in Lancashire he luid this season
come across some fields of Potatos which behaved
very badly at the start. He mad'9 as full in-
(luiries as' posisible, and came to the conclusion
that this arose from the seed tubers having
been badly kept. In fact, he came to the con-
clusion that the sets had been chilled — i.e., had
been as nearly frozen as possible without being
actually frozen. He asked me if I had any simi-
lar e.\perience. I said yes. This spring the

slowest tubers to start were some pedigree seed-
lings which ought to have been the strongest of
all I found the boxes containing them had been
kept all tlu-ough the winter in a store, next to an
outside iiiorth wall, where they would several
timeis be on the verge of freezing. Thus our ex-
periences seemed to tally. At Dumfries
town on our torn- we met Mr. McAlister, of
Potato fame, and together drove out to
Terreglestown to see Sir Matthew Wallace, who
grows over 200 acres of Early Potatos for seed.
In the course of conversation Sir Matthew told
us he had been puzzled this last spring by the
behaviour of some of his fields of Potatos.
The plants in these fields began to gi'ow
very badly, and it looked for a few weeks as
though the crop would be a failure, but they
ultimately picked up. He made a searching in-
quiry, and found that the "seed" they were
planted with had been stored in a building
which was the least secure from frost of any ot
his buildings, and he had come to the conclusion
that the " seed " had been " chilled." This was
rather remarkable confinnation from so great an
authority. I think the Wisley authorities ought
to make a searching inquiry into the conditions
under which the tubers of Midlothian Early
were stored : and may I appeal to others to give
'^rowers, through your columns, the benefit ot
their observations "if they have had similar ex-
periences'? W. CuihbeTtson, Du(^dingston.

Bulbs— The prohibition of the importation
of bulbs during the war has caused gi'owers ait
lionie to give more attention to their cultivation.
The development of the Narcissus as now culti-
vated, in its endless variety of form and tint,
should encourage those taking up the cultiva-
tion of other classes of bulbs. Home-grown
bulbs of this class are better than imported
ones, and are said to force with gi-eater cer-
tainty. So great is the quantity now in
this country that the best decorative varie-
ties are sometimes offered in bags of 500
and 1,000, and find ready purchasers. Tulips
are now also grown well in the British
Isles. Cottage and Danvin Tulips are the
kinds principally grown. The garly forcing
varieties have yet to be successfully handled in
quantity by English growers. The British
Tulips "so far fail mainly in the appearance of
the bulb, but the rougher skin does not inter-
fere with the production of good flowers. The
Hyacinth seems to be the most difficult subject
fn'r home cultivation. Some large dealers de-
clare that we shall never approach the Dutch
product either in quality or price. It is pro-
bably a question of finding the right soil, situa-
t'on,' and mclthod, rather than of climatic con-
ditions. Gladioli can be grown well in the
British Isles and Channel Islands, and there
seems to be no renson why they should not be
nrndnced at home in sufficient quantities. The
question ot after-the-war trade is receiving much
attention, and it .should not be difficult to pro-
vide for an extensive development of the Briti.sh
bulb trade. James O'Brien. Harroio-on-the-HiU-

Potato Spraying.— Much useful informa-
tion might be gathered if growers would give the
results of spraying Potatos this year^ In this
neighbourhood no benefit is apparent. The local
society sprayed many of the allotments, yet the
disease spread rapidly through the plants, both
sprayed and unsprayed. In private gardens
where there were no unsprayed Potatos, the
effect was the same. One grower I know sprayed
his crop three times, yet his Potatos were as
badly affected with disease as others. I sprayed
twice, making the wash from fresh materials,
and doing the work myself. I also washed my
seed Potatos with clear water, then sprouted
them, and sprayed them with Bordeaux mixture
after sprouting and before planting. Yet it all
seems to have been in vain. The only green
haulm I have at this date, August 30, is on a
few rows of Supreme, whilst the foliage of Pro-
vost next to it has gone entirely. Both varie-
ties had precisely similar treatment, and were
fresh " seed " bought from the same source.
This strengthens the belief that relief from the
deadly blight is more likely to he found in re-
sistant varieties than in chemical washes. Tl'iV-
tiam .7. Hiirfonl. A.':!>in:^f Lodge Garden.'f. Siin^
Tiinghill.

SOCIJBTIfSS.

ROTAL HOKTICDLTUBAL.

Seientifle Committee.

September II.— I' re-^ent : Air. E. A. Bowles,
M.A. (in the chair), Messrs. W. Hales, W.
Eawcett, G. Baker, E. J. Allard and F. J.
Chittenden (hon. sec).

Trackycarpus excelsus fruiting. — Mr. Cory
sent from his garden at Duffryn a fruiting shoot
of this liardy Palm.

Rust on Black Currant. — Mrs. Shaw sent from
Kentchurch Court, Hereford, foliage of Red and
Black Currants bearing the teleutospores of the
rust fungus Cronartium ribicola. This fungus
is very prevalent this year and does great
damage to young plants of the five-leaved Pines,
and especially to Pinus Strobus.

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

September 4.— The monthly meeting of the
Scottish Horticultural Association was held on
the 4th inst. ; Mr. Phillips, the president, occu-
pied the chair.

A paper by Mr. Charles Webster, Gordon Castle
Gardens, Fochabers, on " Hardy Fruits," was
read by the secretary. Mr. Webster said that
there was no reason why we should not be self-
supporting in some of our home-grown fruits,
especially Apples. Although our uncertain cli-
mate might militate against the production of
the fine colour of the imported fruit, culinary
Apples could be grown superior to those which
were imported. The larger part of the paper
dealt with details of cultivation.

The exhibits were : CoUeotion of Apples,
Plume and Apricots, from Mr. Webster
(awarded a Silver Medal) ; collection of Apples,
Plums and Figs, from Mr. R. Staward, Pans-
hanger Gardens, Hertford (awarded a Cultural
l^eitificate) ; Tomatos, from Miss Burton,
New Saughton Hall, Polton (awarded a Cul-
tural Certificate) ; collection of Dahlias, from
Messrs. DOBBIE AND Co. ; seedling Single
Chrvsanthemum, from Mr. A. Innes, Dean Ceme-
tery, Edinburgh. A Certificate of Merit was
aw"arded to a new Peach, Lord Desborough, ex-
hibited by Mr. Staward; a First-class Certifi-
cate to dwarf Collerette Dahlia lona ; and f'er
tificate of Merit to CoUecette Dahlias Moun-
taineer and Gaillardia, exhibited "by Messrs.

!^.HBIE AND Co.

GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND
HORTICULTURAL.

September 5, 6.— The aimual show of the
Glasgow .and W-est of Scotland Horticultural
Association was held in the St. Andrew's
Halls Glasgow. The number of entries was
almost as large as last year, when a sum
of £750 was then raised in aid of the Red
Cross funds. A similar sale took place this
vear, .and it is hoped that the profits will exceed
tho.se of 1916. The quality of the exhibits was
fully equal to that of any previous year, and
the displays of fruit and vegetables— grown for
the most part by amateurs— were of the highest
excellence. .

FjitTiT. — For a collection of 12 dishes of fruit
the Isit Prize was awarded to the Rt. Hon. A. J.
Balfour, M.P., 'VVTiittinghame, EasT, Lothian
(gr. Mr. Geo. Anderson), for superbly grown
produce. 2nd. Ernest Bewley, Esq., Rathgar,
Co. DuMin (gr. Mr. D. M'Intoshl. The Thom-
son Challenge Trophy for eight bunches of
Grapes was won by Wm. Mapkay. Esq., Ascog,
Rothesay (gr, Mr! David TTolliday), Who was
saiccessfiil last year. John G. Thomson. Esq.,
Norwood. Allo'a (gr. Mr. .Tames Small) and
Lord Elphtnstone were the other successful
winners, iri the order named. Mr. Mackay was
also nlaced first for the beet exhiibit of four
bunches of Grape*. Ernest Bewley, Esq..
showed the best collections of Aoples and Pears.

VEnETABLES. — In the principal class for vese-
t<-.bles the Earl of Howe, K.T.. Bothwell OasiV.
Bothiwell (gr. Mr. W. P. Bell), w.as placed 1st.

September 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

l23

followed by Mr. Joseph Devoy, Straoinaex.
The enitries in the vegetable cla-sses were
unusually numerous, and so even was the pro-
duce that the judges experienced considerable
difficulty in plating their awards. The Earl of
Howe and Mr. Joseph Devoy were the prin-
cipal winners in the other classes. There were
numerous classes for pot plants and cut flowers.

The following awards were made to honorary
exhibits : Gold Medals — Messi-s. Austin and
McAsLAN, Messrs. Blackmore and Langdon.
Messrs. SnTTON and Sons. Mr. \Vm. Leighton.
Messrs. Stobrie and Storrie. Silver Medal —
Mr. John Forbes. A First-class Certificate was
awarded to Mr. John Smellie for a seedling
Sweet Pea named Private Jack Smellie. It is
an im,proved form of Eosabelle.

WOODFORD HORTICULTURAL.

August 25. — On Thursday, August 25, the
Woodford Horticultural Society held their forty -
fifth annual exhibition. There were numerous
exhibits, and the show was attended by many
visitors. As in the case of most shows this year,
prominence was given to exhibits of vegetables,
but there were also horticultural groups, in-
cluding a fine display of Roses (not for competi-
tion) sent by Messrs. Chaplin Bros., Waltham
Cross.

was Mr. G, F. Tinley, and the excellence
of the arrangements was due tj him.
During the afternoon of the opening day.
Mr. W. H. Divers gave a lecture on Food
Production, and a lady representative of the
Food Production Department gave demonstra-
tions on fruit-bottling during the two days. The
vegetables were first-rate, and there was an ab-
sence of the coarseness which su often character-
ises the produce at local shows. Owing to the
liberality of tradesmen and others the jirizes
were sufficient to a/ttract keen competition.
Many famous exhibitors would be proud to
liave grown some of the Potatos staged. One
dish of King Edward was especially fine in size,
form and colour. Beet, Parsnips, Carix)ts,
Tomatos and Marrows were splendid, but Onions
vfi-o a little below the average of exhibition
(luality, while, owing to the plague of cater-
fillars in the neighbourhood. Cabbages, Savoys,
an i other greens were sparingly shown.

VEGETABLE SHOW AT BRENTFORD.

September 15. — A somewhat unique exhibition
was held in the Rothschild Schools. Brentford,
on Saturday, the 15th inst., when the members
of the Brentford Allotment Association held
their first show of vegetables. A echedule of

MANCHESTER AND NOITH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

September 6. — Committee presr7tl : Rev. J.
Crombleholme (in the chair), Messrs. D. A.
Cowan, J. C. Cowan, J. Cypher, P. Foster,
A. R. Handley, J. Howes, A. Keeling, 1>
McLeod, F. K. Sander, W. Shackleton, 11
Thorp, and H. Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS.

First-class Ceetificates.
Calthya Venus var. Princess Mary, a large,
weIl-form«d flower of good colour and with a
brightly coloured lip; from W. R. Lee, Esq.

-Vw.uiDS OF Merit.

Cattleyu I'rince John var. Dorothy Sharp
[U)irdyuna var. x aurea), and C. I'hebe var.
Ucv. J. Crombtehnlme {.Idiila x uitnu), from
Metssrs. Sanoeh and Sons.

6'. Sybil var. Heine de Saba, from R. Ash
WORTH, Esq.

The Odontoglossum exhibited at the last meet-
ing by J. J. Bolton, Esq., and which received
an Award of Merit, should read Yvla, and not
Zulu, as was stated in the report.

Cultural Certificates.

A First-class Cultural Certificate was awarded
to Mr. E. Rogers, for three plants of Vanda
roerulea, each carrying two spikes of well-
coloured flowers, and to Mr. C. Branch, for
Odontoglossum crispum Etna, carrying three
spikes; (-'attleya Unrrisii alba, with seven large
(lowers; and C Venus rnr. I'rivress Mary.

A Second-claea Cultural Certificate was
awarded to Mr. Davenport, for Bulbophyllum
harbigermii and Mnsdevallia mu-^cosa.

VEGETABLE SHOW AT SOUTHEND.

September 14, 15. — An exhibition w:is held in
the High School, Southend, on the 14th and
15th inst., under the auspices of the local Food
Production Society. The show was a magnifi-
cent demonstration of the success of local efforts
to increase food production in and round
this well-known seaside resort. By far the
greater number of exhibits staged in the
classes consisted of vegetables from the allot-
ment gardens of Southend and its euburbs, and
the display was an exceptionally good one, show-
ing the result of skilful cultivation. There were
several domestic clas.ses, for bread, piee, war-
time rrLkes, non-intoxicating beverages, rabbits,
etc. The exhibits of vegetables fillc<l the greater
part of the space in the large School Hall and
two other rooms, as well as the lobby of the
building. The moving spirit of the show

I at LATE MR. .H1HN I'lllLLM'S, I'UtSUlENl Or
SCOTTISir lIORTICULTfRAL ASSOCIATION.

thirty-five classes was arranged, and in not one
of the classes was a prize offered. The lack of
encoui'agement in this direction did not, how-
ever, deter the members from staging their best
produce, with the result that a capital exhibi-
tion of food material, chiefly from war-time gar-
dens, was provided. This interesting and edu-
cational exhibition was due to the initiative of
Mr. Chas. H. Curtis, who recently became the
chairman of the Association, and his enthu-siaem
inspired the rest of the members to exhibit
without the incentive of prizes. The show was
judged by Mr. Bates, of Syon House Gardens,
and Mr. Pooley, formerly of Syon. Onions,
Potatos, Beet, Carrots, Runner Beans, Marrows
for table use and Marrows for winter use, were
shown in first-rate style.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

September 10. .\t lln' nici'lin;; on this date
three members were elected. Two nji'iTibera were
allowed to withdraw interest amounting to
£5 14e. 6d., and two members were allowed to
withdraw from their deposit sums amounting to
£3 9s. 5d. The Army forms were received of

the late Sergt. F. J. King, Lance-Corporal W. J.
Eagle. Privates W. L. Creek, F. Hills, C. Bow-
den, il. R. Castle and A. V. Waldock, and the
sum of £55 9s, 9d. was passed for payment to
tlieii- respective nominees. The sick pay for the
luouth was £43 16s. lid. (ordinary). The special
ncut'ral meeting respecting tJie proposed Juvenile
JM-'Ction will be held in the R.H.S. Hall <ni
tictober 8.

(S)bituar^,

John Phillips.— We learn with regret that
.\lr. .lolin Phillips, nurserynmn, Granton Road
Nurseries, Edinburgh, died on tlie 14th inst.,
after an illness of only five days' duration. Mr.
I'liLllips was born m 1859 at lloss Priory,
on the sicje of Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire,
where his father was head gardener, and it
was there that he commenced his gardeoiirig
career. After a time he moved soutliwards,
and for a time he served under the late Mr.
Barron at Chiswick, and while in the London
district he had ch:u'ge of the laying-out of the
grounds at the White Lodge, the residence of
the late' Duke of Teek. He afterwards spent
some time in Birmingham, and, retiu-nijig north-
wards, was given cliarge of the glass depart-
ment of the late firm of Ireland and Thomson,
at Edinburgh. About thirty years ago he tool<
over from this firm the glasshouses and adjoin-
ing ground at Granton Road, formerly pal't of
the area occupied by the Lawson Seed and Nur-
sery Company, Ltd., and there he carried on
an extensive market nursery business. Mr.
Phillips took nutch interest in the affairs of two
horticultural societies which have their head-
quarters in Edinburgh — the Royal Caledonian
Horticultural Society and the Scottish Horticul-
tural Association — in both of which ho held office
;m a councillor. In .Tanuary of this year he
was. with unanimous approval, elected president
of the Scottish Horticultural .'Vssociation, and
it may be mentioned that during the forty years
of its existence this is the first occasion on which
a presiednt of the Association has died whilst in
ofllco. Deceased was also a member nf the Royal
Scottish Arborieultural Society, the Nursery
Trades' Association, and the Edinburgh Market
Gardeners' Association. He was a frequent
visitor to the Ghent and other exhibitions, and
he was one of the parlv of the Nursery Trades
.\ssociation which vi.sitcd Gennnnv on the
eve of the ootbrenk of war. To the oliicrts of
the Association of which he was president he
was a liberal contributor, and to those of a
charitable kind he rarely resisted an appeal.
Mr. Phillii>8 leaves a widow, three sons, all of
ivhom are S(^rving in the .'Vrmy. and one daughter.
His second son, Mr. Malcolm Phillips, is fol-
lowing the business of his father. The funeral
took place at Comely Bank Cemetery, Edin-
burgh, and was attended by ofTlce-bcarers aiul
nu'mhers of the horticultural societies, and other
horticultural friends.

John 4. Simooi-in - Wo regret to announce
the death, from lie.irt failure, on the 10th inst.,
of Mr. .Tohii Alexander Simpson, for tliirty
vears in the service of Messrs. Dobbie and Co.,
Edinburgh. He was an apprentice when the
firm was at Rothesay, and became the manager
of the seed department at a compiiratively early
age. Deceased was in. his 44th year.

TRADE NOTE.

•Mr. C. II. Buck, tiurneryman, Ip.swich, Snf-
fcilk, is retiring from business owing to failing
health.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. T. Hunter, foi' 5 years Gtirdener to 0. O. W.
SlMi'SDN. Rs*!., lyOinjrliursit, W'ig:.aai', an Gju^Umkch- i>>
-\. iJ. TiNNE, Ks«i., Most} II, Aipburth Livurixxjl,

124

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 22, 1917.

CRSPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

I'RErAHING FOR WhEAT,

Directly the harvest is finished, next season's
crops have to be prepared for. The best prepara-
tion for Wheat by way of a previous crop is
Clover, not nii.xed with Italian Rye Grass or
Bents, but pure. If the Clover ci-op was not
eaten off by sheep, a good dressing of farmyard
manure at the rate of 20 tons per acre should be
applied.

Sheep-fed Rape, or Rape and Turnips, will pre-
)3are the way for excellent Wheat, perhaps of
higher quality than that from a Clover ley. In
thi.< case added manure is not necessary, especially
when cake is fed to the sheep. Mustard growing
at least 2 feet high, ploughed in and firmly
pressed, is another of the best of Wheat prepara-
tions, and an easy method to adopt where sheep
are not kept, and where manure is scarce. Some
feed off the Mustard to sheep, but it is not gener-
ally considered good food for sheep.

Potatos provide another excellent preparation
for Wheat, mainly owing to the manure left in
the soil after the cultivation necessary for that
crop.

Wheat also successfully follows Tares, Peas,
and Beans.

Mangolds are perhaps the least desirable of
crops to be followed by Wheat, owing to the
tjreedy nature of the Mangold, and to the late-
ness of the removal of the crop, which sometimes
delays the sowing of the Wheat until the middle
or even the end of November.

Rotation grass leys are good ; newly broken up
pastures, too, are used with success, although
wireworms are sometimes troublesome. Farm-
yard manure should be freely employed, or its
equivalent in artificial manures.

Of all details in the cultivation of Wheat, none
is more important than early sowing. From the
third week in September until the end of October
is the proper period to sow.

Push on as fast 'as possible all details for
getting the seed-bed ready. Wheat sown later
than the time above mentioned lies too long inert
in the ground, owing tc the cold conditions,
especially if there is much rain. E. Molijneux.

Fabming Scholarships for Women.
The Food Production Department is offer'ng
15 Scholarships, tenable at South Eastern Agri-
cuUural College, Wye. Kent, for a combined
practical and theoretical course in farming of
about 22 weeks' duration. The Scholarships will
cover the cost of maintenance and tuition. Pre-
ference will be given to candidates over 21 years
of age who will be suitable for the positions of
forewomen, under-bailiffs, and instructresses.
Only women who have had considerable praeitical
experience on the land and will undertake agri-
cultural work for the duration of the war will
be eligible. The course will commence early in
October.

payment is made legal proceedings will be
taken. With reference to your enquiry for
a society for you to join, you should apply
Ito the Secretary, War Agricultural Committee,
Hertford, for further information.

Celeriac : H. E. D. The first week in March
is the bedt time to sow Celeriac, and if it
suffers no check when yoiLng it should not
prematurely run to flower. Liberal treat-
ment should be given from the time the
yomig seedlings appear. Though the plant
is fairly hardy it is not improved by being
left in the ground aflter severe weather sets
in.

Classification of Fruits : II'. .1. Apples and
Pears are termed hard fruits ; soft fruits in-
clude Raspberries, Strawberries, Currants and
such like, whilst stone fruite— in relation to
jam-making — are Cherries, Plum^, Darnsoiis,
Bullaces and Apricots.

Club Root : /. N. C. See article on " Finger-
and-Toe" on p. 118.

Names of Fruits : /. M. You send more than
six fruits for naming, which is contrary to
our rules. No. 7, Scarlet Pearmain ; 8, not
fully grown ; 9, Scarlet Golden Pippin ; 10,
not fully grown ; 11, Cellini ; 12 and 13, Mal-
ster ; 14, Grenadier. The Plums were crushed ;
they should not be packed with hard fruits
like Apples and Pears. — W. B. and S. 30/1,
Pitmaston Duchess; 3, Cox's Orange Pippin;

8, 17 and 6, too small, do not recognise ; 7,
AUington Pippin; 10, Doyenne du Bossouch ;

9, Williams," Bon Chretien; 20, Warner's

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Bp.occoli Roots Curled : W. E. P. The trouble
is probably due to injuiy by an insect at the
root, which has set up a condition similar to
that of galling. In the winter, dress the ground
well with slaked lime, and do not plant
Brassicas on it for at least a year.

Butterfly : J. E. This is the small Tortoise-
shell Butterfly, Vanessa urticae, one of the
commonest in this country. The perfect in-
sect appears in June, and often lives through
the winter. With .the exception of the com-
mon white butterfly, it is the only one which

. penetrates into the heart of London.

Cattle Damaging an Allotment: II'. /. <'.
The owner of the cattle is liable to pay for
the damage done to your crops. The cattle
were trespassers, and the fact that they were
able to stray upon Ithe allotment shows negli-
gence on the part of their owner in not keep-
ing them under proper control or properly
fenced in. If you have not already informed
him that the damage has been done yon
should do so at once. As soon a;s the value
of the damaged crops has been ascertained

' an application should be made Ito the owner
of the cattle for payment of the amount, ac-
companied by an intimation that unless such •

FiG. 43. — PEAR affected with scab disease.

King ; 29, Tower of Glammis.— £. W. No. 1,
Mabbott's Pearmain ; 2, Dean's Codlin : 3,
Scarlet Nonpareil ; 4, Small's Admirable ;
5, English Codlin; 6, Belle de Pontoise; 7,
Northern Dumpling ; 8, Golden Pippin.—
F. G. Mackereth. No. 16, Pears Williams'
Bon Chretien; 14, Benrre Ranee.— 11'. E. J.
Leicester. Red fruit. Red Astrachan ; green
fruit. Duchess of Oldenburg.—/. Tf. H. 1,
Sandringham ; 2, Round Winter Nonesuch ;
3, James Grieve ; 4, King of the Pippins ; 5,
Bess Pool.
Names of Plants : A. G. The Purple-podded
Bean. — //. G. P. 1, Polygonum japonicum ;
2. Veronica salicifolia ; 3', Escallonia rubra ;
'1, Pemettva mucronata ; 5. Salicornia herba-
cea ; 6, Sedum album ; 7, Mesembryanthemum
mutabile.
(.)AKS Moss-grown : W. A. H. It is prob-
able that the raising of the ground to
such a considerable extent on one side of
the Oaks has led to the condition you de-
scribe, partly because the roots are now covered
to so great a depth, and partly because the
shut-in position prevenlts the air from circu-
lating round the stems of the trees and drying
the moisture resulting from rain and dew.
It would be well if you were to dig
away the bank for a distance of a few-

feet round the roolts of the Oaks, and en-
deavour to manage so that the moisture de-
scending the sloping bank passes into the
stream a little distance away from the roots,
inslltead of, as at present, being discharged
directly on to them. This will both enable
a little more air to circulate, and also do
away with the excess of moisture at t'he roots.

Ova on Currants : S. G. B. These are the ova
of one of the Lace Wmg Flies (Chrysopa, sp.).
The larvae, known as "aphis lions," do
much good by devouring aphides and scale
insect*.
Pears and Apples Diseased : W. H. P. Both
the Pears and Apples are badly affected by
Scab disease (see fig. 43). The first symptom
of the fungus is to be found in small, roundish,
dark-coloured spots on the upper surface of the
lea.ves ; the disease develops on the leaves and
stems, and attacks the fruits, with the results
you have observed. Cut away all diseased
shoots just below the point of the pre<vious
year's growth, and also older branches, if they
also show signs of being' affected. Gather all
diseased fruits and carefully bum tliem, to-
gether with the shoots you have removed, as
the fungus spreads very rapidly. This work
should be done during the winter; then, in
the spring, just when the leaf-buds begin to
swell, but before thev expand, snray the trees
with full streuigth Bordeaux mixture. Spray
again with half-strength Bordeaux mixture
after the leaves have opened, and once again
if there are signs of disease on the leaves.
Keep a keen watch for the brown spots, and
cut off and burn any shoots on whicb the leaves
are thus disfigured.

Pond Weed in Lily Pool : W. F. H. Drain
the pond, if nossible, and rake out all the weed
which can be got at without injuring the
Water Lilies. If you cut the weed frequently,
and drag out as much as possible, it can be
kept down. You can, however, use copper
sulphate at the rate of 1 lb. to 100,000 gallons
of water without fear of injuring the Lilies,
but do not break it into lumps smaller than a
marble, and be careful to cut out all the weed
possible before using it.

Preserving Edible-Podded Peas : /. N . C.
The pods of these Peas may be salted down in
the same manner as Runner Beans ; the pods
should not be too old when they are gathered,
or they will be tough.

Preserving Walnuts : A.,G. Dig holes in the
open ground, and sink Seakale pots up to
the rims. Place a piece of slate at the bot-
tom, to prevent worms getting inlto the pots.
Fill the pots with Walnuts, and put on the
lids. Another method is to keep the Walnuts
in tubs or boxes buried in whilte sand.

Rabbits and Fruit Trees : il/iss A. The most
effective, safest, and least expensive method
of preventing rabbits eating the bark of your
fruit trees is to thrust into the ground, a few
inches away from the stem, quite close to-
gether, short, twiggy Pea-stakes 1 foot high.
Quickset hedge-trimmings would also do if
the shoots were stiff enough. The twigs pre-
vent the rabbits from getting near to the stem,
and if they are occasionally sprinkledi -with
cold tar it will do much to prevent the rabbits
approaching the trees.

Vegetables under Glass : H. W. The most
profitable vegetables for growing in cool houses
during the winter and very early spring are as
follows. Cauliflowers. These should be sown
immediatelv. Suitable varieties are Early
Forcing. Magnum Bonum, and Walcheren,
coming into use in this order. Lettuce, both
Cos anid Cabbage, are useful ; Superb
White Cos, All-the-Year-Round, and Tom
Thumb are suitable varieties. Sow at in-
ter^-als of a fortnight during the next six
weeks. Parsley is often scarce during Ithe
winter, and finds a ready market ; seedling
plants should be pricked out where they are
to remain by the end of the present month.

Com'nunicntionR Beceived — W. .4 I! |Thn.nl,s
for 2s. for R.O.O.F. ho\.— EdS-I-J. P. C. [Thanks for
2s. 6d. for E.G.O.F. box.— Eds.]

September 22, 1917.]

TUE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

MARKETS.

COVENT GARDEX, September 19.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

. d. s. d.

Aralia Sieboldii,

per doz ... 5 0-60

Asparagus plumo-

SU8, per doz, ... 10 0-U2 0

— Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Cacti, various, per
tray of IS's ...

— per tiay of 12*8
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 s, per
doi.

— coloured,
per doz. ... 8 0-12 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

48a, per doz.... 18 0-30 0
— ' (iO's, per doz.... 8 0-10 0
Erica nivalis, tu's,

per doz. ... 4 0-60

— 48s 15 0-18 0

— gracilis 48 8 ... 12 0-15 0
72"s ... 3 0-40

I 0-36 0

4 0 —

12 0-24 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small

and large 60"s 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0- 8 o

— in 32's, per doz. lf> 0-lS 0

— choicer sorts,

48's, per doz . 10 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis,

60's, per do2«, 6 0-^0

— lai-ger, each ... 2 6-76
Keittia Belmoreana,

per doz. ... 15 0-18 0
larger . 30 u-00 0

— Forsteriana.OO's 7 0-80
Lilium longirtorum,

per doz.

— lancifoliui
brum ...

album

Marguerites,
per doz.

24 0-30 0

48's,

6 0-80
Remarks.— Erica {:racilis and E. nivalis are being
nffered at reduced prieei. Good quality plants we
being sold in 48's, 60 c, and thimib-i>ots. Chry-
sam;hemums tn pots are verTr' scarce, but Asters in
48's ©iHid boxes are at their best. Lilium longi-
florum tind L. lancifolium rubrum are also on saJe.
So'ununis are the lat-ecjt addition in this dejartnient. but
plants i.re only of medium size at present. Ferns and
Paima are more m denuuul, iind salesmen tind no <iiffl-
culty in clearing iheir fctockfi.

Cut Flowers. &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Asters, white, per

per, buu. ... 3 6- 5 0

— coloured ... 4 0-60

— single 3 0-40

Arums—

— (Rtchardias),

per doz. bi'ms. 3 0-40
Carnations, per doz

— blooms, best
American var. 2 *>- 3 0

ChryBanthenmms —

— "hitc, per doz.

blooms 2 (>- 3 0

— bronze 2 0- 2 6

— pink 2 0-30

— yellow . ... 2 0-3 0

— coloured, per

— doz. bunches ... 9 0-12 0

— while 6 0-10 0

Euoharis, per. doz.

blooms 2 6-30

Gladiolus lirench'

leyenaisperdoz 2 0-30

— America, per

doz. spikci ... 3 0-40
~ Ualley, salmon.

per doz. spikes 3 0 —

— Pink B<:autv.

per doz. spikes 0 0-10
Heather, white,

per doz. bun....
Lapagcria alba, per

doz. blooms ...
Lilium longitlorum,

long

— 1 ancif o Hum
album, long ... 2 0-3 0

rubrum, per

doz. long ... 2 0-30

short, par

doz blooms „. 2 0-30
Lily-of-thc-Valley,

4 0- 1

3 0-30

Marguerites, yellow
per doz. bun .

— Airs. Sander,
per duz. bun...

Michaelmas Daisies

per doz. bun...

Orchids, per daz;—

— Cattleya ... 15 0-18 0

— Odontoglossum
crispum

Pelargoniums, doa-
ble scarlet, per
doz. bunches...

Physalis. per doz.
bunches

Roses : per doz.
blooms, Frau
Karl Druschkl 16-20

— Liberty

— Melody

— Mnie. A. Chal-
enay

— Ophelia

— Buabursl

— White Molly
Sbamian Craw-
ford

Statics, white, per
doz. bunches., ,

— yellow

— incana

Stcphanotls, per

72 pips
Stock, mauve, per

doz. bunches ... u 0 12

— white 6 0-80

Sweet Sultan, white,

per doz. bun.... 4 0-60

— mauve 4 0-60

Tuberoses, per gross

blooms 6 0-80

Vlnlacornuta ... 10-16
Violets, per doz.biin. 3 i) Ti 0

2 6-40
6 0-10 0

2 6-30

6 0-10 0
6 0-80

16-26

10-26
10-26
16-20

16-20

S U 10 0
3 6-40

24 0 30
Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

,<l.

Aspi,

6-3 0

AitiaiiUim (Maideii-
halr Fern) best,
per doz. bun...
Asparagus plu-
niosus, long
trails, per half-
dozen

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0
KEMAKK8.— Ol»n.-«an<hemaun.s are the chi
the flower market, and bwt whit« blooms
demand. Some ^-ery fine bloinii.s of bron:
\-enow eorts ore <»ffered. Lrtliuni longifloru
price again.

Sprengeri
4 0 5 0 , Carnation foliage,
I doz. bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

I doz

Moss, gross bun...

Sniilax, per bun.

of 6 trails

if feature in

blooms on t<he market are Mnie, Abel Chateu>ay, Melody,
Liberty, S-unburst, and Ophelia. AAers and Camatione
ji-e faiu'ly plentiful. There is only a limited suppiy
of Tiuberoeeis, Stephanotii, and Lily-of-it he -Volley. Phy-
salis is arriving :n first-closs conxidtion. Seveiral varie-
ties of Miciiaelmas Daisies are on the market, includinig
the large blue variety, Aster Amellus King George, whicih
IS gelling freely. Violets are ajriving in excefient con-
ditaoui, but tiieie is not much demand at present.

Vegetables ; Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

per doz. ... 10-26

Beans : Runner

(scarlet), per

bus 2 0-30

Beetroot, per bus. 5 0-60
Brussels Sprouts,

per i bus. ... 3 0 —
Cabbage, per tally 4 0-60
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ... 2 0-30
Cauliflowers, per

tally 12 6-15 0

Cucumbers, per flat 6 0-90
Garlic, per lb. ... 0 8-09
Greens, per b^ „. 16-26
Herbs, per doz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, p r

bunch 5 0 —

lbs.
Spinach, per bushel
Turnips, per bag ...
— new, per dor.

bunches
Vegetable Marrows,

per tally
Watercress, perdoz.
Fruit: AveragetWbolesale Prices.

s. d. s.d.
Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0-40
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per doz. 0 4-10
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 10 —
Onions, per cwt. ... IS 0-21 0
— spring, per doz.

bun 4 6-50

Peas, per bushel ... 5 0-10 6
Radisher, per doz.

bunches ... 10-16

Shallots, per doz.

6 0-90

3 0-40

4 0-60

■ d.

Almonds, per cwt. SO 0 —
Apples : —

— cooking, per

bus 3 6-00

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per ^ bus 3 0-60

Aubergines. perdoz. 2 0-30

Blackberries (culti-
vated) per lb... 0 7-09

Corncobs, per doz. 2 0-30

Damsons, per i bus. 16-20

Figs (Worthing),

per doz. ... 10-30

Gages, per A bus... 5 0-70

Gmpes. Alicante,

black, per lb... 0 6- 1 G

— English (new
^easou) {Black
Hamburgh, per

lb.

0 6-20

Melons, Canteluupe

each 3 6-li

— English and
Guernsey, each 2 6-

Mushrooms (out-
door, per J bus 4 U-

— cultivated, per

b 2 3- !

Nectarines.perdoz. 2 0-1
Nuts, Brazils, new,

per. cwt. ...110 0

— cobs, per lb.... n i;-

— Filberts, per lb. 0 4-

— Coconuts, per
100

Peaches, per doz ..
Pears, per ^ bus....
Plums, per A bus.
Sloes, per skip ...
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs. or

peck

Walnuts. English,

per III

48 0-50 0

2 0-10 0

3 6-46
16-26

. tf- 6 I

— Gros. Colman,
per. lb. ... 16-26

— .Muscats, per lb. 0 6- 3 0
Lemons, per case... 13 0-18 0 per lb 0 10 —

KEUAltKS. — Apples, Vli.nrs, Ve&rs, Damsons, Black-
l*rri«, and Sloes are all plentifuL The market is well
supphed with Peaches, .ind with Grapes of all varieties.
Walnuts and Cobnuts are availnhle in increasing quan-
tities. English Tomatut* are not qnile so plentiful, but
Dutch and Channel Islojids outdoor varietiee are plen-
tiful. Melons airo limite«l in supi>lv All varieties uf
orxlinarv v.-g.^table.n ;ir.- lU-iildliil. K. H. R.. Coient
(i'lnUn' M'irket, Sei>tem>K-r I'J, VJIT

THE FLOWER-GROWER'S GUIDE.

By .Ions WlUOHT.
'HIS superb hook nhould be on the .shelves of everyone
■■'ho loves flowers and cultivates them. Not only Is it
a complete guide to the making of a perfect flower-
garden, but it is a work of art without which no garden
library Is ctmiplete It is In three volumes, beautifully
bound, each volume enriched with numerous illustrations,
many of them exquisite reproductinns in colour fr

T

HftiiiilViii's paintin^^s. Such a hwik mukt-H wiiite
ajdcliglit.

ninus

Price £3 38., postae* Is. Sd.

Send for it t<.

THE LIBRARIAN.
41, Wellington Street, London, W.C. 2.

TURF LOAM.

Very FIbrou* Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS. CAKJIATIONS,
ROSES, MELOKS, CHKYSANTHBMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

ility. The best

Quttaliana Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

SITUATIONS WAN I ED (Continued from paee lil.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; thorough
practical life expeneaioe a.U branohes stock, farm,
ic. ; wife poiiltiv if i-equired; highest testimonials; age
50.— H. GKIX, Chapmoo^e End, Ware. Herts.

GARDENER seeks situation (Head of two
or good Single-handed); life experience all
tranches; age 28; married (three children); Army dis-
chai-ge ; used to living in lodge. — O. BKOWN, Rose
\'LUas, Cheletield Valley, Orpington, Kent.

|[^ARDENER (Single-handed); single; in-

^^ eligible ; used to poult rj-.— Apply by letiter (no
eireulais), W. G. BAKEK, 10, Constanline Road, Hamp-
stead. X.W.

JOURNEYMAN (24) seeks sit.?.^tion as
FOREMAN or SBCOXD ; Insid<? or Inside and Out;
general experience ; disengaged wheal suited ; Surrey or
Sussex prefened ; state wages. — For reis. aiid particu-
lars, .ipply A. ISTEU. c/o Mrs. Hawkins, St. Jude's
Roa«l, Englelield (Jree-n, Surre3\

V\/"OMAN GARDENER, educated, strong,

' ' seeka Post (single-handed) under experienced
Working Head ; Fruit and Ve^tables ; accustomed to
dig, &:c.— Send full particulars to A. Z., 2, Gooville Place,
Oaju bridge.

T ADY GARDENER would like to work

-*-^ with another in Private or Market G-aodeU' ; two
\ ears' experience ; knowledge of poultry ; good refer-
ences.—MORTON, Nailsea Park, Nailsea, Somerset.

T ADY requires situation (under good, prac-
•*^ tioal He^id) ; lA months' Inside experience. — B.,
Manor Gardens, Little BerlJiamstead, Hertfoaxi, Herts.

TRADE.

MANAGER, Market or Retail Nursery ;
life expeji6iu>e ; Inside fliiil Out ; Ouoiunl)ers,
Tonuitos, Chrys-anthemunis, Plant Culture, Fruit, Vege-
tables, Saljwis, Floral Work ; married ; atre 45 ; abstaiuer ;
not eligible ; 17 years' good reference* as manager. —
State wages and particulars, M., Box 8. 41, Wellingion*
Street, Oovent Garden. W.C. 2.

lyrANAGER or FOREMAN seeks re-engage-
■^'-*- ment ; life txperifnce; good ref&rences ; coni*
potent to take entire oluj'ge ; diseng-.iged middJo of
Oclober.— A., Box 5, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Gar-
den, W.C. 2.

■jVTANAGER or FOREMAN ; over 30 years'

•^ -*■ experien^-e Market work ; prelei-eiK^e near large
Druvineial town-. I'lease *ite wages.—" FERNS," Box
2, 41, Wellington Stire«t, Oovent GoJxlen, W.O. 2.

A KNOWLEDGE of Garden and Farm

■*-^*- Seeds, Bulbs, and Nursery, over 20 years' experi-
ence, It.H.S. diploma, open oa Representative for Ire-
land with a ^(xkI house (wholesale prtfeored); previous
.xiKTienoe in trnvelldng. ^ " MYOSOTIS," Box 12, 41,
Wellinglon Sti-eet. Covent Gaiden. W.g 2.

SEED TRADE.— Responsible position re-
■ liiired by advertiser as M.\NAOEE. TR.WELLEB,
■or WHOLESALE AGENT. Partdculars, &c.. on appUca-
tioir.-A. E.. Box 23. 41. WelUn«t<m Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

r;;EXTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING

^-" MANAGK.Mf;XT, Gardens. Farmery, Small Estate,
l''iK>.l I'Midurtii'M, iniiMxjvin.?, ext-ondijig Fruit Plantatione,
.Mii.sh.r(>onis, Tonuitot^, Bullxs ; manfiigemejit dairy herd,
pig,'-: pi-olityilkle conversion waste produets ; correspond-
ence, iKH-O'jnla. Please address offers to B.. Box 27. 41,

WellinRto

Str

et, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

"TJUTCHMAN, age 30, single, who had

-*--^ charge durjng vbe Jost four years of one of tho
largest Nurseries co-nmected witb Lnndscape Gardening
in Holland, some experience in Seed Growing, seeks
Hituation a« M.\NAOEH of Nursery or Landscape Busi-
nesa.— B. C, Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, Covenit
gTwiem, W.C. 2.

LORIST.— As MANAGERESS or FIRST

HAND, in high-cla-«« business; 7 years' reference. —
C. U., 19, Biu-Iin|rton Terrace, Belle Vue, Biv^dford.

FLORIST. — Lady desires re-en ga,£;em en t ; 14
\e.nirs* ex]>erienoe Designs, Wreaths. Bouquets,
TLiTits, stindrif*. ible t-o taiUe charge. Kefs,— .Letter.s,
MISS v., ^-9, St'iucrlevton Rnnd, Brixtoni, London.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

cts there CI

' and makes the Garden T«.ri«AB«
gay all the year round -""£«£v'

■ "~ : II . '■'" -- '-- ---■-°°'>"^'=" » S E A LED ■■■■i

BAGS: 71bi.2«.ed. 14lb>.. «».•«•.. 2S lb»..T«. e<l. . i6 lbs. ia«.«d. "'"»-"9»,vOi
di/eci ( om iht Works C.rruf. pa.d in the Unltri Kiogdom »o. C.sb -ilh Order I. Kept e«l. TIN.S),

CLAY & SON, Manure Mfrs & Bone Crushers, STRATFORD, LONDON. E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Vi. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [September 22, 1917.

NOTICE TO

HEAD GARDENERS.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" HORTICUL-
TURAL DIRECTORY have been posted to Head Gardeners in
every county in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In order to
facilitate the early publication of the revised edition for 1918,
gardeners are asked to return the forms with the necessary correc-
tions AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of
all gardeners that the 1918 edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

ANY HEAD GARDENER who has FAILED TO RECEIVE
A FORM, should send for a form to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Name of Employer's Place

Name of Employer

Name of Head Gardener

Post Town

County

Nearest Railway Station

No. of Miles from StatioTi to Residence,

ORDER FORM FOR HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

Messrs. GARDENERS' CHRONICLE, LTD., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. 2.

P/ease send me copy {copies) of the HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY for 1918.

/ enclose remittance £ s. d. in payment. (Price, is. 4d. each, post free.)

[Signed) Name

Address '

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by I.OVB and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holbom, London, W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Stree*, Covent Gaitieiv, City of Westminster, Satfrdat, September 22, 1917. Agent for Manohester. Jons HEiWOOD.

No. 1605. YoL. LXII. \

SUBaCBlPTIOS— Inland, 19/6 f Foreign, 22!- per annum.

\ SATUEDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1917. (ReglstePed as a Newspaper.! PR'CE 4d.

' I I Post-free, 4 id.

PosUI Address— 41, WelllnetOD Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. a.

Entered at Sew York Past Office at seeoni-clasa matter.
Telegrapblc Address—" Qardctaron, Rand, Londoo." Telepboae— Qerrard 1543.

Fop contents fee page 125.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
W ednesday , otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

SOW IS THE TIME TO PLAHT.
rrELWAY & SON,

-■■"- Tlie Roval Horticultiiri«is,

LANGPORT, SOMKRSET,
are now bookingr orders Njr their Choice Hardv Perennial
Plants. Plant a Colour Border this Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy ite beauty (or many years without
any additional expense or trouble.

Sen/i measurements of your Borders.

Paeonies. Delphinmmy, Fhloxes, GailJardias, and other
beautiful flowers. Included in their Colour Schemee, whii-h
provide blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.

WHITE NOW to the RETAIL I'LANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price Li*.

"pHLOX. — Finest varieties in cultivation.

-■- Send for list.— H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nurseries,
Lewishnm. S.E. 13.

QREENHOUSE PATNTIXO c^- OLA/TXC

^-" ■■ Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Pla.ttine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS. Grove Works. Battersea. Agents

throughout the country.

WM. Dl'NCAN TUCrCER & SON.S,

*' LTD.. I.,awrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15
Conser\'atories. Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peaoh-houses.
Portable Buildings, &o. Catalogues gratis.

T) I f K S O K ' S H()RTI('lT,TrR.\f,

-•-^ MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

FRUIT TREES. —

V ready, and will be sent free

■nUNYARD'S

■-' Now Price List
by return of post.

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO., LTD..
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

■pjOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs. Sweet
-■-^ Peas, Roses, Carnations, Seedling and Vegfetable
Plan/ts, &c., poet free.— DOBBIE & CO., Eoyal Florists,
Bdimburgb.

gATH'S ROSES and PAEONTES.— New

-■-' illustrated catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of the bedt new and standard varieties, is now ready,
and will l« sent i>ost free on application.— (Dept. A).
R H. BATH, LTD., The Floral Farms. Wisbech.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS. — New

■■-• illustrated oat*lng'ue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
Ac. as supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, with
full cultural directions, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms. Wisbech.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St Albaos.

Growers,

pAPER-WHITE NARCISSI.
QUTTON & SONS

^^ can supply finest bulbs of

PAPER-WHITE "NARCISSI
at 15a. per 100.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GROWN BLT.BS. containing partioulars of the most
populor Daffodils. Narcissi. May-flowering and Darwin
Tulips, &c., &c., sent post free on application.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.

s

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new descriptive price
list, with Hint* on How t« Grow Roses, now ready,
post free.- Write to-day, A. J. & C. ALLEN. Rose
Grower*. Norwich (for over 50 years).

GISHURST COMPOUND. _ Inspftiei,!..
and Fungicide.— Over 60 years' reputation ; highly
Commended R.H.S. ScientiflcallycontroUed Trials at
Wisley. 191415. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
\Vholc<;ale : PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea. London, S.W. 11.

RIVERS'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, i-i
all the leading varieties, will be ready from
August onwards. Price list poet free on application.—
THOMAS RIVERS & SON, The Nurseries, Sawbridgc-
worih, Herts.

BUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.
Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO BUNYARD & CO.. LTD., Royal Nurseries,

Maidstone.

PEEDS' BULBS. FEEDS" SEEDS.

PEEDS' BULB LIST NOW HEADY.—
Plea.'ie apply for a cdpy to be posted by return.

JOHN PEED & SON, The Kinc's Seeds-
men and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

BARR'S BULB CATALOGUE for the
best Dallodils, Tulips, ie.. for pots or bowls and
tor <mt<lnors. Sent free on application.- BARB & SONS,
12 and 13 King Street, Covent Oaixlen, London, W.O. 2.

H

W
W

OBEXES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,
DKUKll.v.M.— Send for Rose Catalogue, post free.

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

BAOEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN
BULBS— New Catalogue now ready.

w

choice

W

ATEISER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.
Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
^'arieties now ready.

ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— Catalogue free.

W ATERER'S VEGETABLE SEEDS
for PRESENT SOWING.— List post free.
All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post
free on receipt of name and address.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED.
The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

w

For Advertisement Charges son pnge iv.
EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

The finest varieties of Tid1p.5. Narcissi. Daffo-
dils, Smowdrops, Iris, &e. PRICK LIST iiofi
free on application.— WEBB & SONS, LTD.,
Tlio King's Seedsmen, Stourbridge.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

^^ * Greejihouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
Dani-ers Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEaJ CO., 71, Bradford.

BANSTEAD or WALTON HEATH
LOAM.— A splendid soil for Vines, Chrysanthe-
mums, Carnations, and general use ; fresh cut or rotted.
—Partioulars of YOUNG BROS., Betohworth, Surrey.

ORCHID PEAT, 78. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-
den<lron Peat, tree fixmi bracken, 15s, per ya.r<l,
6 to 18 yard trucks, h.ags 30s. dozen ; Loam, Leaf Monkl.
Silver Sand, in bags aiwl truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre. 6 for lOs., spee.ial rates; .special Bulb Compost for
bowls, 5s. bog.— J. IIANDSOOMBE, The Nurseries, Felt-
h;im, Middlesex.

rpOR SALE, excellent Turf Loam for Gar-

-*- <i(:ning puriM>se8; f o.r. Olendon aaid Rushton
Station, M.R. — For further particulars apply 0. R.
K NOLLYS, Estate Offloe, Boiighton House, Kettering.

A LPINES. — Fine collection from Yorkshire
■^*' hillA ; 12, in b varieties, 68. dot. ; 50 varieties, 45s.
100. Wallflowers, stout seedlings. Blood Red, Vulcan,
Golden King, '3s. 100 ; transpilnnted, extra strong, 58. 100.
Canterbury Bells, white, blue, i-ose, strong, Ss. 100.
Hollvlioeks, 8 distinct colours, 3s. doz. Packed and car-
nage tree for twsll with order —BRO.VDI IE ADS, Wool-
dale Nurseries, Tlion^bridgc, Huddersfldd.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing
Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse Pcms,
Itei'dv Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH,
l>ondon Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

DAFFODILS and large Ti-umpet Narcis-
sus for Ur.ass, Shirubberies, and WdJd Gardening,
selected, 15s. and 2l3. 1,000 ; as dug, las. per bushel
(2,a00), 33. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).— J. HANDSCOMBE,
F.B.H.S.. Feliham Nurseries, Middlesex.

SPRING CABBAGE, Mein's No. 1.—
Stands tire severest winter. The most marvellous
imd earliest heading variety in existence, ready for cut-
ting in March, weatiher favmirable, 100 for Is. Cxi. — MISS
HENRY, Belvedere Road, Burton-on-Ti-ent.

1 nn fifit^ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

.i-\J\J *\J\J\J 2Qs. 100; Pahiis, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Ro«?es, Ericas, Gloxini.is Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.- J. E. SMITH. Lojidon Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

WT'ANTED. GERANIUM STOOLS, as

" ' lalicn from beds, Paul CKunpel, Jticoby (double
white); also lavers of Malmaisoii Cairnation«. Price
iwr IflO to W. F. IIE.ATH, The Lodge, Leydens House,
lidK in bridge, Kent.

■WANTED, offers of PAUL CRAMPEL

"' Oepaikium stools; r-ne season plants.—WILLIAM
DAY, Flioriftt, Orowborough, Sussex.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 29, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are
holding Sales of Bulbs every Monda.v, Wednesday,
and Friday. SixpenM in sbamps will ensure a supply of
twelve ontalogiies. Commissions e.\ecuf'ed.~AUCTION
ROOMS. 67 and M, rh.Miwi.lr. Loiidon^
N.B.— No s;>lf on rii.l;n, t''l"l'i--r 5tli.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Next, October Srd. at 1 o'clock.

tTpwviKlB of 2,000,000 Bulbs, iiirludmg Narcissus, m aU
the best-bnmv-n varieties for forcing or planting out;
Polyantb'UB Nercissus of sorfcs, in sa<:ks as received ;
fxirlv. Dacwijl (onany of which wiU force) and May-
fiowering TuUps ; many iliousands of Snowdrops, Free-
sias SciUas Anemones, Aconites, English and Spiuusli
Iris! early-flowering Gladioli, Beirded Iris, Kentia ami
Oocos Pa'taB, &c. ,,^T>T-.Tc.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
wiU Sell the above by Auction at their Central
Sale Booms. 67 amd 68, Olieapside, London, E.C. i.
Catalogues forwarded on lapphoation. _^_

SUNNINGDALE NURSERIES,
WINDLESHAM, SURREY.

FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL S.iLE OF NURSERY STOCK,
comprising an exlaia line lot of Rhododendrons, m best
named varieties to colour, also seedling, Pontica, Hima-
layan and other Rhododendrons, Kalmias, Azaleas,
Portugal and other Laurels. Ornameiital, Evergreen, and
Flowering Shrubs and Trees, a fine collection of Hardy
Heaths, and other etock

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell b\- .\iiction at the above Nurseries (Sun-
n.ingdale Station) ' on
Tuesday and Wednesdav. October 2nd and 3rd,

at 12 o'clock.
May be viewed. Catalogues at the Nurseries and of
the .Auctioneers, 67, Cheapside. London. E.C. 2.

FRIDAY NEXT, OCTOBER 5th.

IMPORTANT SALE of ORCHIDS.

A portion of fhe Gkbe Collection, Sevenoaks, forme<J
by C. J. rhillips, Esq., Avbich has been carefully selected
for the parpose of raising the best hybrids in Oattleyas.
Sapfir-o-Oaittleyas, Odnntog loss urns -and Odontiodiis. and
the divisiona now offered are from some of the choicest
in-rma obt aiiijable.

Also choice plants from othtr OoUections and Orchids
ill flower and bud.

"IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■'■'-■• will Sell the above by Auction at their Central

S;iie Rooms. 67 and 68, Oheapside, London, E.C. 2, on.

Friday. October 5th. at 1 o clock.

Catalogues nray be obtained of the .Auctioneers, as

N.B. — In oonsequeuce of above Sale there will be
11:1 sale of Bulbs this da}'.

THE WOOD LANE NURSERY,
ISLEWORTH, MIDDLESEX.

Cleal\TJice Sale of the mhnle of lli«- extemsive slock of

Mr. L. U. Russe-U, grown particularlr for town plaatuig,

Bv Onler of the Trustee.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
WiU Sell by Auction ..u Ibc premises as above.
On Monday snd Tuesday, October 15th and 16th, at
12 oelock eich day.

2, CM Euouvmus, goddi

pictii, 9iu. to 2if(
2,000 Golden PriveU
2,000 Box, in varietv.
2,000 Auoubajs, li-3ft.
1,000 Clematis.
1,000 P\-racantiias.
2,000 Daphne Mezereiim.
700 Gsiriya elliptioa.

-Also the tieneficiaJ interest in

Lease of the N-urseiy,

5 acre.*, with cottage, stabling, and b

held at £61 per annum, an<

numeroug Qi'eem.houses,

which are the property of the tenant, cuid

incliuded in the purchase.

May be viewed. Catalogues can be had on. tJie pi e-

niises, at Tlie Nursei'ies, Ricihmond ; of P. Mason, Es<|.,

I'.C.A., Tlie Trustee, M. Gresbam Stree't, E.C. ; O.

Biitcber, Esq., Solicitor, 32, Gresham Street, E.C. ; and

of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68. Oheap.side, London. E.C. 2.

N.B.— Tlie lease of the Home Nursery at Ricihmond

if also far sale, together with the goodwill. Particulars

of tihe AuctioiieeKi.

2,000 Tree Ivies, gold and

silver.
1,000 Jasmines and' other

climbers.
1,000 Osmiantihus.

700 I>ouble Ooree.
2,000 Climbing Roses, Teas

and others.

vhich

BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEE.
The Wood Lane Nursery. Isleworth.
The Sheen Road and Common Nurseries,

Richmond.
The Cedar Nursery, Ham.
The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.
The American Nurseries, Milford.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
bvve ri'cp.ivnl i.ii---tructions to Seill hy Auction
on the premises during the coming season, the wIc^lc ni
t'he extensive stock at the above Nurseries. In I be
raeaiitanie, they would lie pleased to a-eceive app!jcat(n>iis
from 'amyone who would care to entertain the purchase
of the lea«e of eitilier the Richmond or Lsleworfh Nur-
series, and the goo<lwill of the Business which has been
carried on for so manv vears by Mr. L. R. Russell.
Auction Offlces, 67 arid 58, Cheapside, Landon, E.C. 2.

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT,

THE NURSERIES. HIGH BEECH,
ESSEX.

Imijortaut .Sale, by oixler of Messrs. Paul & Sou
(Obeshunt), Limited, "who are ralinxiuisluing the business
in consemience of the letjrenient of Mr. George Paul.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS will
Sell by Auction on tlie iireniises at Cheshunt

On Wednesday and Thursday, October 17th
and 18th,

alld at lllgll Ueerh

On Friday, October 19th. at 12 o'clock
each day,

the flrst portion of the extensive Stocli, consisting of
Specimen Conifers, Golden and other Yews, OrnamenitaJ
Evergreens in various sizes, niew Cliioeee and' other
Slirubs oi re<*nt introduction, thousands of Oanamental
and Flowering Trees, one of the finest coUcctiojis in the
country, .Stamdiaid Liines and Planes, 10 to 14_ feet, for
street planting, many himdreds of Paeonies.

Starndaixl Pyramid 'and Dwaxf-traiJied Fruit Trees, 100

Sl..lndaml and Busii MulbeaTies. Privet in quantity-.
1,000 Kluidodendmn!?,

weil 'budded, b'--: i I '.iT ti'", in. 'n'ling- p..a:ul's new

Fortuinei -In bi i- 1 , I'in ^ l'' i : : : I • l" ) -

1 OOO naiic'cl ■■ I. 'i ■'■■■ ll'lJies, 2i to 8

feet. Creen- 11-! i i I ■'-■ •'' '■ ■ niol'lis, .'g'.nen-

sis, and iKUih'l .. ::-. ' . I ' ' , .'^0 Aii.Iinnieda

floribunda :ii.'! ,'| \ '■ '''"'^'

rare hardv si,: r. i . . , . • ' . . ih ' Muck.

May be viru-- 1, r.n.il 'l'!" . ' iti i'.' - M. -i .<i the

Nui.?.' ..nl "1 t'M' Aii.ti.iiieers and Valuers,

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER lOlh, 1917.
WEYHILL F.UR.

WOOLLEY & WALLIS will \vM tlieir
usiiial Sale of

SHEEP, C.VITLE, and HORSES
in the above Kair, on Wedinie-Klav-, Octolwr Ijtb, 1317.
Early eiutrics are respectfully solicited.

Re 9. J. Wyatt, under a Deed of Assigmuenl.

TlU'KSDA'i', OCTOBER lltli, 1917.

BRITFOR'D ROAD, SALISBURY.

WOOLLEY & WALLIS are favoured with
i'liisl ructions from the Trustee to SELL by AIX'-
TION at their .Sale Rooms, uhe Castle Auction .Mart,
l>alisljiir\', at 3 o'clo-jk. on Thursd-a.v, October lltih, 1917,
34 ACRES OF.
M-OST VALl'ABLE FREEHOLD
Bl:iLDIXG, ACOOM.MODATION, Ni:RSERY.
AND MEADOW LAND,
situated close to the city, togellier witili the Mcdeni
Residence, cumi: aiining ' diiun-g-room, drawing-i'O'um,
breakfast-room, six iK-diooms, box-xooni, liafh-rooni (h
and c. wal<:ir), ajid offices.

Nine spaii-i-oaf glas.< HothoU'Ses, iiamelv :— Four, lOOft.
bv 17tl.; iour, lOOtt. bv 10ft, ; "lie, lOOft. by 15ft. lOili. ;
ttiree-slall ^iit'!-, 1' :, up im h'li-c; large store sheds
and \vorkslH'|i .1 ':i: :i' .' I m'U; togeilier with the

goodwill of 111' ' i. : ■ I'l I I' I world-renowned Nur-
sery Busine.-.-^ ut .\U.--:ic. K^\:..-, Williams ^ Co., especi-
ally known tor Uuses, Daiihjs, and Vines, a'lid w.lidcai
has been e.>lablitihed in Salisbury for maJiy \eaa-s.

Printed particulars may be obtained of the Auc-
tioneers, The Castle Auction Mart, Salisbury, and at
Romscy, Rijigwood, and Fordingbridge ; or cm

MESSRS. ARTHl'R WHITEHEAD & SON,

Solicitors, Salisbury,

BUSINESS WANTEO,

WANTED, to rent, Nursery, suitable for
Tomato Growing ; with land and dwelling-house
preferred; no ingoing.— S.. Box 4. 41, Wellington Street,
Cnvent G.irden, W.C, 2.

Bl^SINESSES TO LET.

MYER'S NURSERY, Shrew-sbury, 'o be
Let or Sold, coiitaiiiing liouse, 4 extensive Greene
bouses, iar^f ti.niir- I iMiiifi;, potting tiheds, &o. ; total
area 1 aorc, : 1 "I-, 1. \'-''''-- "wtlh SS choice Fruit Trees,
ijnnn?diate p,. , -1 1 Itn^ is the Nuiser>- w^here Mr.
Myei^ bias gu \mi Mi c,.!-! Medal Pelargoniums; e;Lcel-
ieiit opportunity for cnlerprising hO'rticulturist, with a
little capital. Rent £55 p a., with an allowaiucc for go.ng
in,,— Apply, II. GROOOTT, Brook House. Shrewsbury.

TO MARKET GARDENEKS AND OTHERS.
SURBITON.

TO be Let on Agreement, a well-kept-up
Kitchen Garden of about 1 acre, im;ludiing Peach,
Nectarine and other ^kllll.^es; aHl ipa'rt of a gemtleman's
eitate. — Apph, DEACON S: ALLEN, 37. Oomnaught
Street, Hyde Park Square, W. 2.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

MR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind all
friends that, aliboiigh engaged on National Service
work he continues Midland representative to John Peed
& Son. Orders this .season will be very much appre-
ciated and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to Mr. R. GREEns'FIELD, 51, Radford Road,
Leamington Spa.

BUSINESS CARD,

RH.S. EXAM. — Correspondence class,
• preparing Gaideners and students, start October ;
brilliant past recoixis ; prospectus. — MEDALLIST,
Pightle, Letlieringsett, Holt, Norfolk.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

WANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and
Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
kc sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted. —
IIORJJ; & CO., 150166. Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

ANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old plants, suitable for stocJi ; cash or exchange.
See otlier advertisements ; catalogue® free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nursery. Loughborougih Junction, Londooi.
S.W.

WANTED, LAELIA SUPERBIENS and
smiilar Orchids— B. D., Box 25, 41, WeUington
Street, Ooveut Ganleii, W.C. 2.

MISCELLANEOUS.

BUY YOUR OILSKINS

DIRECT FEOM US.

We not oniy fsave you mcney, but we give you better
quality than olfered by any otiher firm. Beacon Oil-
sid'Urs aae made witii tile pO'tent finish, and are always
soft and iiiliable. Tliey never crack or stick, and tliey
never fail to keep out tihe hardest storms. Don't buy
inferior Oilskins. Send jour older to us, and if
>ou are not convinced that BEACON OILSKINS aire
the finest value you- have ever seen, you can send
them back and liave ^■our monej' returned in full.
C^Lildiien's Coats from 10s. 6d., Men's 10s, and upwards.
Ladies' Smart Oilskine 21is., Lcgigi;ng8 from 3s.. Sou'-
westers from Is. 9d. Send p.c. for the free Oilsltin
BooIiJet.— B.UIBOUR'S, LTD., 66, BEACON BUILD-
1NG.S. SOUTH .SHIELDS. (5)

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

iiiufit ijivc full ijarticulajs, othentusc no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

(rOrdeners writinij to Advertisers of Vacant
Sitiuitiaiis are recommended to send them.
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
onijiiuds. On no account shoidd they enter
into communication ivith unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers arc cautioned agaiiist having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letlers So addressed arc opened by tlie
Postal .-iuthorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVAIE.

WANTED immediately, HEAD GAR-
DENER for WiltsJiire ; excellent cottage .-md gar-
den, — P.aj^ticuliars of experieince and references to
.\NSTEE, Stowe House, Orpington.

WANTED^ HEAD ^WORKING GAR-
DENER (two kept); thoroughly exiierienoed vege-
t.ibles. Outdoor Fruits, and Herbaceous; sm-all Green-
binise and superviMon of i."iiltr\ and pigs; 'preference
to mian with ^"ii i " ."i'. >'ili liiin, Ii'mm", coals, and
vegetables foui : I ■' ■ '

age, also niun' 1

(if any), PRESCoi 1 , i 1 :^i,i.hi.I -, Ui'.-i

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

DKNEll (oii'e man, undier) ; 'tlhorcni©hly experi-
enced Fruit and Vegetables , wages 30s., c^ittage. 3 tons
„[ coal.— Full particulars and testimonials, COL. DOUG-
LAS PENNANT. Sholebiwke Lodge, Towcester, Northants.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

IJENER of three.— MR. SIMPSON. Perton Grove,
W ol V e rbam pton .

ANTED, UPPER GARDENER, of two,

for smaU, compact Garden on Bristol Obamnel ;
must be over age or ineligible and single.— Write to
H P., Box 5 41, Wellington Sti-eet, Oovent Garden.
W.C. "2.

ANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENER; help given: must be tHioroughly experi-
en -ed .md have good reference fiom last place ; ineli-
■j-ibte for service ; wages 303. per week and good cot-
tage.—Apply, MR. H. A MATTHEWS, Tormead, Noi-th-
wofxl, Middlesex.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED KIT-
' CHhlN" OARDEXBR; experienced; cottage.—
WILDING, Wexham Tlacf, Stoke Poges.

Tice, wages,
test imon mis
, SuJTev.

Septkmber 29, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

111.

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT.

Ill consequence of the retirement from business of Mr. GEORGE PAUL.
Bij order of MESSRS. PAUL & SON (Cheslmnt), Ltd.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are favoured with instructions to SELL these widely-known and old-established
Nurseries, together with the Goodwill and the extensive Stock of Roses. The list of customers is a large one, and the
opportunity is thus offered of obtaining as a going concern ihis well-known business, built up and extended during so many years
by the personal efforts of Mr. Paul. It should also commend itself to a provincial firm desirous of opening an establishment near London.
The propertj' is Freehold, with 25 Greenhouses, Packing Shed, and Offices.

The general Nursery Stock will be offered by auction, the first sale taking place in OCTOBER, when a purchaser could secure any
portion of this stock which he might desire at auction prices.

The High Beech Nursery, famed for its growth of Specimen Hollies and Rhododendrons, is also for sale.

There is a considerable area of Freehold Land at Clieshunt, in addition to the Home Nursery, which will be for sale (with possession)
when the stock has been cleared.

This land is particularly suitable for the erection of glasshouses.

Enquiries are solicited, and the Auctioneers will be pleased to furnish particulars on application to their Offices —

67 & 68, GHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G. 2.

w

WANTED, GAKDENER, thoroughly ex-
perienced in Vegetables, Fruit, and Flowers ;
about li acres ; no Giass ; Under Gardener kept. — Write
fuia pajticulars, wages, &e., to L. E. TUBBS. Slapleton,
Potters Bar.

THE Southgate District Council require an
experienced GARDENER (ineligible) ; capable of
lopping trees in public parks and roads. ^Appi\', giving
experience, age, wages req,Lured, D, S. SUTHEKL.VXD,
Bxi^ineer and SurTCyor, Council Offices, Palmers Creen,
N. 15.

ANTED immediately, good GAR-

DEXEH ; man or woman ;_ permanent on 3 days a
wet-k.— Apply, Hill View, Pirbright, Surrey.

WANTED, a Married Man as UNDER-
(JARDEN'EU; mehgible or over militar>- ag« ;
must Iiave a good practical knowledge of Kitchen Giir-
den work ; wages 27^. per week, with cottage, — Apply,
atating age and previous experience, to F. C. PUDDLE,
Soampston Ilall Gardens, RUlington, York.

CECOND GARDENER required for Hot

*^ Houses and Herba(*oua Borders ; good wa^es. —
Apply, SIR JOHN PRICHARDJONES. Bart.. Elstret-,
Herts.

WANTED, UNDER-GARDENER, as
SECOND ; experienced and aide to take otiarge ;
married or single ; no obje<tion to lady ; country bou^e.
— Stat© wages required, with cottage, and pmrtic'iilarj, to
HEAD GARDENER, The Court, St. CatheJ mcs, Ruh.

TVANTED, UNDER-GARDENER; mar-

» * ried ; experienced Ir-side and Out ; good cottage
and garden; 23s. peir week two loads of wood a \caj-;
half-day Satuwlays,— Apply, HEAD GARDENER, Courl-
flekl, Ross-on-Wye, llorefordahiro.

TNSTDE FOREMAN wanted for a first-class
■*" eatablishmont near Loiid<m ; attractive wages offered
anid Bothy ; an excellent, opeiuxig for an ineligible or
dis<jhargfc<l man. — Applv, in the first place, to JOHN
PEED & SOX, The Kiny'a Seedsmen, West Norwood, S E.

WTANTED, FOREMANT^for liiside; ex-

~ ' Service or ineJigiblo ; wages 30s., Bothy, ic. ; also
JOURNEYJL\N or IJU'ROVER ; good wages.— C. CAR-
RATI', Canwell lUll Ckirdcns, Sutton Ooldlleld, Biraung.
ham.

TyjANTED, experienced FOREMAN (In-

" ■ ' SIDE and OtJT) ; good wages. — Full partioiilars of
age kc, READ GARDENER, MiHord Manor, Milford,
Salisbury.

\17:ANTED, a good MAN, over military
'" age, OS FORE.MAS in Kitchen Gardens; must
have a knowledge ot Fruit Trees; wages 27s., wiUi Js.
per week war bonus ; excellent cottage and garden ; nil
extra duty and o\-ertime paid. — State age, lamily, fuU
particulars, to W. L. BASTIN, Buscot Gardens, Par-
ing^lon, Berks.

"WANTED, a JOURNEYMAN GAR-

• ' LEXER (Inside and Out), or discharged soldjer
with general ex|>erience ; Botliy and veget.ibles ; Sundtiy
duty paid extra ; 1 o'ctjck Satur<iav8. State_w-.'iges.~
Apply, HEAD GARDENER, The Gardens, Sundorne
Castle, Shrewsbury.

,T17;ANTED, MAN; ineligible; chiefly for

" ' - Kitchen Ga-rden ; mi:st thorouglilv understand his
work.— State wages, tc, to A. AYLIXG. The Cki.n<lon»,
Blotmifleld, Ontral HUl, Upper Xorwoo<], S.E. 19.

WANTED immediately, Temporary GAR-
DEXER-OHAUFFEUR (possibly pemianenl) ; must
have good retenemcc ; Peugeot car— TENNAXT, Orford
House, Ugley, Stansted, Essex.

1>EQUIRED, groom gardener, fOT

-*-*' one pony and to work in Garden ; good cottage. —
Apply, Sandhurat Lodge, Wellington OoUege Station,
Berks.

"Wanted, lady gardener, with ex-

" ^ periejice under Glass ; live in Bothy with Fore-
woman; vegetables, milk, &c,, foaind.— Apply, stating
wages and experience, W. H. ALLEN, Minley Manor
Garxlens, Farnborough, Hants.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, under
Head Gdixiener, in Glass department ; aJso to det-o-
i-ate ; Sunday duty paid; also WOMEN GARDENERS, for
Outeide work ; Bothy and vegetables.— Apply, FARWELL,
Gardeners' Lodge, Paina KiU, Cobhani, Surrey.

T ADY GARDENERS WANTED; all

■^-^ suited entirely free of charge. — Heads for (1)
Leicestershire; Vegetables, Fruit, Vines, not much Glass;
boy kept ; one keenr Under would do. (2) Sussex ; for
Glasshouse and Flou-er Garden ; another wanted for
Kitchen Garden, Planting, &c. ; man kept; would take
friends or sisters, (3) Wotcestershire ; cltarge of Glass,
20^ houses ; 6 or 7 men kept ; would take another
lady to assist if fricJids. Two e^iuals for (1) Petea--
borough ; small Garden. (2) York; exteinfiive Gardens;
experience under Glass; plenty of scope for improving.
(3) Warwickshire ; man kept for Vegetables ; must
understand Flowers uJid general routine; good cottage.
L'nders for (1) Berks (.36 miles from town) ; large estate ;
7 ladies, 4 men. and 2 boj^ kept ; Head Lady kept ;
must bo trained and understand Vines; Peaches, Carna-
tions; (2) Somerset; lady now in towu; Head; 2 men,
3 Vndcrs and 2 boys kept; must be ladv, but need
not be very experienced if strong and willing; Bot-liy,
attendaiice, ooal, vegetables, and milk.— 5LliS. HVNT,
LTD. . b6, High Street, Marylebone, W. 1.

WANTED, YOUNG WOMAN, with
knowledge of getneral work, with Glasshou«<5S
and House Decoratiig: ; work witth another.— Appli cation
to E. NORRIS, Elsliam Hall Gawlen*, Elsbom, Lincoln-
shire.

WANTED, YOUTH, for Inside; Bothy,
milk, and vegetables; overtime pakl.— State wages
re<iuire<l to H. C. DURSFORD, BroadUanger Gardens,

I'eloriheid.

WANTED, good GARDEN LABOURER,

» » i.vrr miJit;irv ngc ; v.ages 30s. to 32s. per week.—
H. WinrwqRrijJllALL, Krishna, Elatrce, Hcirls.

WANTED, Middle-aged LABOURER,
iis»>i to ll.inlon .and Stable work: wile attcn<l to
Rothy ; good i-ott;ig<--, co-ils. milk, vegetables ; joint w.Tge
268. pe' week.— IIEAU G.^RDE^■ER, Bayham. Lambcr-
hurst, Kent. ^

TRADE.

HERBACEOUS PRGPAGATGR and
ORDER LIFTER wanted.— Apply, stating wages
and reterences, to BARR & SO.NS, Xuraeriee, Taplow.

ANTED, GROWER of Roses and

lomatos. under Glass.— State experience and re-
ference, FRANK CANT & CO., Braiswigk Rose Gardens,
Oolchestcr^ __^ _^___

WANTED, experienced MAN, for Roses
and Fruit Trees, with a knowkxlge of general
Nurserv stock. -^tato experience ajid wages reuuired
to BARR & HUNTElR, Ntmserjmen, Slajtwelltown, l>um-
fries

PTSTLM grower, thoroughly experienced,
wanted for London; rieligible; good wages— Write,
G. P., c/o Gould's, 54, Xew Oxford Street. W.O.

UCUMBER GROWER wanted ; able look

after several lads; work under Foreman.— Please
state age. experience, and wages required to G. W.
SCH ROEDER, Biisingiitoke, Haats.

WANTED, MUSHROOM GROWER ; In-
•side lloiise.^. — i*!onse state wages required to A.,
Box 9, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

WANTED, experienced MAN, used to
Fern Growing and care of Palms; ineligible.—
Applv by letter, NEWMAN, 41, Benbow Road, Hammer,
smith.

WANTED, FOREMAN GROWER; well
up in Cucumbers ajid Tomatos, for Essex Nur-
series; to commence wo.-k November.— LYONS. Eagle-
sroiie Lwlge, Laindon, Essex.

"FOREMAN GROWER WANTED; ineli-

-^ gil)l<_*; well up in Chrysanthemums, Tomat-os,
Cu<-amber3, and Market Nurserv work. State wages re-
quired, refs., and experience.— A. H. & E. W. BATCIIE-
LOR, Nurseries, Kn^aresborougrh.

UEED TRADE.— Wanted, SHOPMAN, for

^^ counter work in General, Retail, Gaixlen Seed Trade.
— Apply, with references, giving age and particulars of
eipeiience, salary required, &ic., ROBERT VEITCH &
SOX, Eserter.

OEED HAND wanted in Wholesale Seed

^^ Wareliouse West of England. Piu-ticulars. stating
wages required, age, and experience, &c. Discharged
soldier preteiTed if not incapaoitated.— SEEDS, Box 24,
41, VVellmgton Street, Covent Gaixien, W.O. 2.

■WANTED, ASSISTANT (Male), experi-

» ▼ onced m tlie Uetail Garden Seed Trade, for coun-
ter and order departmen.'. — CARTER PAGE & CO.,
LTD., 52 and 53, London Wall, London, E.C. 2.

T\rANTED, experienced Man, accustomed

" " to p;ieking Fruit Trees, Roses. &c. — Particulars as
to age, experience, and wages required to KING'S .\CRE
XI fiSERIES, LTD.. Hereford.

PACKER and WAREHOUSEMAN

-*- wanteil. — Applv, stating wages and referemces to
BARR & SONS, Nurseries, Taplow. '

Tj^LORIST wanted, with good knowledge of

-*- trade, niaking-up, &c. ; jible to do own bu.ving in
market. — Please appl^', stating wages required and pre-
vious experience, to JOHN PEED & SON, The Nurseries,
West Norwood. S.E. 27.

■W-A-NTED, YOUNG LADY FLORIST;

' ■ good maier-up, with knowledge of Seed Trade.—
Apply, with particulars of experience and wages re-
quired, to BARR & HUNTER, Sec<lsnien, MaxweJltown,
Dumfries. ^

Tl/'ANTED, young LADY as HEAD AS-

' ' SISTANT for Florist's shop; well up in floral work,
with a knowledge of see^s preferred. — State wages re-
quired, with reference, to HENRY PITT, N-urserynian,
AhoTgav&nny, Mon.

TyANTED, YOUNG LADY for Green-

' ' lionj*c ; somp experipnce of Carnation growing.—
LAXTOX BUOTllEHS. Bedford.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for each
tueeeedlng Eight words or less.

PRIVATE.

IIEAD or GARDENER BAILIFF, where

-■--■- si'vcr.U are kept; 7 years' good charatter ; 2 years
Royal Gardens, Kew ; age 40 ; lin-.a discharge froan .\rniy.
-HENDERSON, Tho Gaixiens, Rownhani House, Clifton,
Bri.stol.

GARDENER (Head), from large garden;
exi>ert in all ■I'-ran'Cihes ; iiighly recommend'&d ; over
age ; desires new situatiooi, November term.— Apply first
to IIOWDENS, Seixlsmem, Inverness.

SIR HARRY NORTH, Lemon Well, Colt-
luLin, Kent, vcrv highlv recommends an/ acconi-
pjislii-d ltE.\D U.MtDENER; expert in every branch ot
Horticulture ; oiJcn to engagement where a lirst-tJass

A GENTLEMAN highly recommends

-'T- good all-round HEAD OAUDENER, where several
others ore kept; ago 44; last place 10 \ears as Head.
State wage>s. — S. H., Box 14, 41, Weiliiigton Street,
Covent Garden. W.O. 2.

SITUATION required as HEAD WORK-
ING GARDENER, where several others are kept;
permanent ; thoroughly effloient in all bramches of Hor-
ticulture; 16i years' practical exi>erieince ; caipablo of man-
aging small farm and bees ; married ; age 32 (one girJ,
school age) ; excellent references. — WHITE, Rathmines,
Bourne End, Bucks.

HEAD-WORKING GARDENER requires
situation; life experience Inside and Out; 8i years
laet situation; age 50; please state wages, &c. — JOHN
HILL, Ohesthom Gardens, Henfield, Sussex.

SITUATIONS WANTED Mntinued on pago v.

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 29, 1917.

V

Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instruotlong Free.

6d.& l/-TinS& IS/-perCwt.((.or. London)
of »11 Chemists, Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" GO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal al Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. iQii.

ROSES FOR tUTUMH PHHTINO

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including:—

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(,Dailj/ MaU Rose.)
12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request,

STUAfiT LOW CO., ^'"'^lu'Utksi^^''-

THOMSONS

CEL-EBRA-TEIO

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR

ALL GARDEN CROPS.

Wy THOMSON &SONS,Ld.
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We fltilt hold certain small stocki of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold. .

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^nSS^'icT"''''

** 6hs BEST ond Cheapcsh

miciiunnuty of CHCh siir r.:guirfd and h«ve ' r.^V.;*^, p«,d '

ffJCHARO SANHCVS SON. LT".

B«jlwe(IPo(>eries. NOTTIf^GMAM.

IMPORTANT • *■'"" "'"' '" • c«tai«iie.

llVirV^n. 1 /\1>I 1 . a, the Paper Commistlon only
allow Dt to Bend to those who apply —

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

A menace
to our
Food.

fpHE "nibbling" of the millions
-"• of Rats and Mice means in the
aggregate a huge food wastage.
It IS a patriotic duty to kill them.

^^EXTERMINATES ^

tvATs A,^oMlCC.

Harmless to hmnan beinpa

Safe and &v..^. ..o...i.t;a^ i.^ oumaii uciukb

and domestic animals No risk of unhealthy
disacreeable smells for the pests come out
of their holes to die.,

In tins re!idy prepared with bait ; for Rata
2 6-^' 6'- ; for Mice 1/6. Of all Chemists.
«».» Fxdl varitctilars fro^"
BVAN3 SONS LESCHER .V WEBB LIMITED.
66, Hanover St, Liverpool.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are your bushes Iree of this mcuralle pest 7 If not

Plant "SKABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only proved mite resister.

Thia variety has also every other good quality, being the

heaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

I erries

Young- Bushes 6/- and 8/- per dozen.

W. SKABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

FLOWERING BULBS.

A large and comprehensive
Stock of

Choice Home Grown Bulbs

Descriptive Catalogue Free.

OICIKSONTS

(Limitetl)

Bulb Growers and Merchants,
CHESTER.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-gjown and cheap ; alto
Many Rare and Choica Varieti...

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Eindly aend for Catalajue,

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Write for this
FREE BOOKLET

all drainage troubles

with pot plan's. 1 1 ex-
plains also ihe porosity,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
to all gardeners.
FREE SAMPLE
CRET pot also on
request. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY & SONS Ltd

Heaton Mersey Pottery,

Dear Mancheiltr.

FRUIT IN THE GABDEN.

Root up useless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherriei

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

STUABT LOW CO., '^^IH^'i^kksgl!^'^-
ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Oarden,

London, W.C.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10

Facing matter and Back Page ... „ ,, 12 12

Half and quarter rages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata.

£ s.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3

Per incli, single column 7

Per inch, across 2 columns 1 4

Per iuch, across 3 columns ... ._ 1 1

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space.
[Headline counted as two lines,]

For discounts apply to address below.
SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words
or fewer.

These AdTertitemeatt malt b< Drenald. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS, &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The United Kingdom 1 9,6 per annum.

Abkoad 22/- „ „

Cheqxiei atid P.O.s to lie tmade. payable tc " OAiiDENEUS'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Tclegrims: "Gardchron, Hand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Geeeaeb.

September 29, 1917.]

TKE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

125

Saritmrs' Cljrnnulr

jSTo 1605 —SA TURD A r, SEP T EMBER SO, 1917.

of

12S

pre-

notes
from t
Market iruit garden, the
Orchid notes and glean-
ings—
Brasso-Cattleya Vir-

OONTENT8.

Aris aemas, hardy ..127 Galloway gard"

Basic slag, suppUts of . . 131
Budde, iir. J. K. .. V.i'2

Colours of flowers, the . . 13u
Dahlia, origin of the

Pompon 132

Earwig, the .. .. 132

Eustomas 132

Kami, crops and stock

on iht; home .. .. 134
Food production, on in>
creased—

Bracken 12S

Onion crop, the .. 12S

Potatos, degeneration

Laelio-Cattleya Opal.. ]
Palm court for Swansea ]
Potatos, deterioration of ;
Ruhleben Horticultural

Society

Seeds for allotment hol-

Potatos, yield from

1 lb. of
Runner Beans
serving
Fruit notes—
Daniaons, baked
Fruit growers
military service

ILLUSTRATIONS.
Arisaema consanguineum

Arisaema Waliicbianum

Budde, portrait of M i'. J. K

Ceiery, the paper method of blanching

Societies—

Koyal Horticultural . . 1
Soldier-gardeners.lettera

from . . . . . . ]

War item -

Week's work, the —

Flower garden, the ..

Fruits under glass .. J

Hardyfruit garden, the :

Kitchen garden, the ..

Plants under glass . .

133

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN— XI.*

THE war has caiis<.(J liorticulture to take
such a utilitariau turn that one al-
most feels it frivolous to gossip about
merely ornamental plants. With the
tiower-lx.'(ls in front of Buckingham
Palace devoted to the cultivation of
Potatos, an apology seems due from any-
body who occupies a column with anything
less momentous than the treatment of
French Beans or the vicissitudes of the
Onion crop. Howbeit, such matter is too
liigh for me: and being unable to attaiif
unto it, I can but meander through the
September borders.

i'hey are very gay just now, and their
gaiety is enhanced by Bed Admiral butter-
flies in such flights as I never saw before.
Tlie chief attraction for them lies in the
purjile ta.ssels of Buildleia variabilis — the
late-flowering variety niagnifica. Be the
shrub in the near borders or far off in the
woodland rides, tliese splendid insects find
it out and revel on its sweets. The type
is out of flower iK'fore they get on the wing,
and it is a puzzle to know how they passed
tliese autumn days before the late-flower-
ing variety was first raised in the 'nineties.
The gardener may regard the presence of
these I)iitterflies witfi equanimity, for their
caterpilhirs, like those of their kinsnvn
the Peacock butterflies, feed exclusively on
Nettles.

Several years ago a plant arrived here
under the name of Aconitum volubile, ap-
propriate enough, for it is a vigorous
climber: but in the Kew 'llfiiifl-Iisl that
name appears as a synonym of A. uncina-
tnm. In the Kew list of new plants for
lOOS it is entered as A. volubile lati.sectuin,
l)iit in the li.st for 1000 it is stated that
the correct name is .i. Vilmorinii. It is a
decided acquisition, climbinc: to a height
of 10 feet and producing clusters of flowers
in autumn varying in colour from dark

• Prcvinns artli-lcii anpeared in th« itmett for Jan IS'
Feb 17. Mar. in. *pril 14. April 38, .Tune 2, June 30, July 21'
Aug. IS, »n(l Sept. 8, 1917,

to light blue. The stems are herbaceous ;
it is perfectly hardy, and ripens plenty of
seed. It possesses one peculiarity : It is
well known that the great majority of
climbing plants (as distinguished from
those which climb by tendrils, sensitive
petioles or rootlets) turn away from the
sun, that is, from left to right as you view
them. Of such are Convolvulus, Wistaria,
Berberidopsis, Stephanotis and Aristo-
lochia. The Hop, the Lapageria, and a
few others turn with the sun, from right
to left. In all these cases, the plant never
varies from the hereditary habit. Aconi-
tum Vilmorinii is one of the very few
climbers that twine both ways. I have to-
dav examined one of several plants that all
show the same indifierence to direction.
It has risen to the height of 8 feet on
climbing Caroline Testout Rose, and, as
that is the full height of its support, it
cannot get any higher, and is just coming
into profuse bloom. The first two turns of
the main stem a.re against the sun, from
right to left ; the next five are from left
to right, then follows a straiglit internode,
after which come two turns from right
to left, and the spiral finishes with one
turn from left to right.

Turning uj) Darwin's Climbing I'lanls,
I find he paid considerable attention to
this matter, and found only three plants
to beliave in this abnormal manner :

" Solanum dulcamara revolves and
twines in two directions; this plant, how-
ever, is a most feeble twiner. lyoasa
aurantiaca offers a much more curious
case. I raised seventeen plants ; of these,
eight revolved in opposition to the sun
and ascended from left to right, five fol-
lowed the sun and ascended from right to
left, and four revolved and twined first in
one direction, and then reversed their
course. . . . Another plant in the same
family, Scyphanthus elegans, habitually
twines in the same manner. I raised
many plants of it, and the stems all took
one turn, or occasionally two or even threo
turns, in one direction, and then, ascend-
ing for a short space straight, rever.sed
their cour,se and took one or two turns
in an opposite direction. The reversal of
the curvature occurred at any point in the
stem, even in the middle of an internode.
Had I not seen this case, I should have
thought its occurrence most improbable."
(CHmhinci PIririts, p. 34.)

Both the plants observed by Darwin Ix;-
longed to the order Loaseae ; it is inte-
resting to find a memlier of the Ranun-
culaceao beha\nng in the same manner.

Judging from the generality of gardens,
the merit of late-flowering species of Wolfs-
bane or Aconite for autumn display has
not been fully recognised. A. japonicum,
6 feet hi<rh, with deep blue flowers on
branching sprays, passes with August ; but
its place mav be taken by the Chinese A.
Wilsonii, wliereof the blue has a |)uriile
tinee. and the North American A. Fis-
cheri, briffht lifrht blue, contrasting admir-
ably with the gold of Hypericum
Honkerianum.

A problem in the effect of latitude on
vegetation presents itself. Eucryphia

cordifolia (see fig. 44) is a beautiful
object here just now (September 21),
sheeted with chalk-white blossoms, each
with a dense ring of terra-cottta anthers.
It is in exactly the same stage to-
day that I saw one in at Abbotsbury
on August 26 — just four weeks ago.
Similarly, Clerodeudron trichotomum was
in full bloom at Abbotsbury, whereas
here it opened its first fragrant flowers on
September 15. In normal seasons we are
content to lag far behind southerly lati-
tudes in the production of flowers and
fruit ; but th'is has been an abnormal sum-
mer. We in Scotland have enjoyed warmth
and sunshine while Midland >and Southern
Ena;land has been drenched with cold
rains ; yet vegetation has complied with
the floral calendar of the respective coun-
tries rather than with the climate.

Talking of Eucryphia cordifolia, it
flowers too late with us to ripen seed, so
we have had recourse to cuttings for
propagating it. Those we set some years
ago behaved in a singular manner. They
remained green as when put in, but it
was not till the third year that they struck,
after which they grew vigorously.

I have read somewhere that it is unusual
for Anemone japonica to set seed in this
country. We have, however, raised some
fine varieties from seed ripened here, some
of which are equal to, though varying in
colour from. Queen Charlotte, finest of
pinks, and Honorine Joubert, most perfect
of whites.

No 'autumnal flower is more greatly to be
prized than the Swiss Wood Gentian, G.
asclepiadea, not only for its beauty and
profusion, but for its long succession of
bloom, one plant taking up the running
as another fade«. It twgins to flower in
July, and some clumps have deferred their
display till mid-September. It sows it.self
freely in the woodland ; indeed, that is the
Ije.st place for it, rabbits leaving it .severely
alone. Seedlings vary a good deal in
colour, from deo)i, jmre blue to pure
white. Those witli a purplish tinge,
though very pretty, we extirpate, and the
Iiest of all are clear sky blue.

In a note on Morisia hypogaea on p. 105
Mr. Arnott remarks that he has never seen
seeds produced. Neither have I seen
them ; the plant is of such crouching
habit and such dense leafage that I have
never examined the fructification ; never-
theless, we have convincing evidence that
seeds are produced and ripened. A thriv-
ing plant of Morisia, now measuring 9
inches across, has grown for seven or eight
vears on a flat Iwrdor near the top of a
retaining wall. It has for a neighbour a
carpet of Raoulia australis, in the midst
of which seedlings of Morisia have ap-
peared. Unluckily, the first of these paid
the penalty of its resemblance to a .seedling
of the common Groundsel ; but we know
better now. Morisia is one of the brightest
and earliest of Alpines, and we have found
it to do best when the ground about it is
spread with old! mortar, which, if it does
not contribute to its nourishment, is more
comfortable as a couch th.Tn the c.n]f] soil,
Herhert. Mo.nwefl, Mnvrfith.

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Septembeb 29, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

LAELIO-CATTLEYA OPAL.

From the gardens of Sir Mervyn Buller,
Bart., Broomhill, Spratton, Mr. C. Kench
sends the first flower of a new cross between
Cattleya Ca4uceus (granulosa X Gaskelliana.^
and Laelio-Cattleya Wellsiana (Cattleya Trianae
X LaeLia. purpurata), taken, it is said, from a
very small plant. The flower, in size and form,
resembles Cattleya Percivaliana, and little trace
of the C. granulosa ancestor appears. The
flower is salmon-pink with a bronze shade and
slight tinge of rose ; the lip purple in front and
veined with yellow at the base.

THE MARKET FRUIT GARBEN.

Criticism of Lucerne Orcharp.s.
Some objections to my plan of sowing Lucerne
in mature Apple orchards after bottom fruit has
been grubbed up, appear to me to call for at-
tention. The first is that Lucerne, as a deep-
rooting plant, will draw water from the soil, and
thus lead to the injury of the trees in dry sea-
sons. .A.S to this, it is true that Lucerne will
absorb water from the subsoil, but this is de-
sirable where the subsoil is one to hold water.
It seems to me that the crop will draw water
from the subsoil, 'Where it is in superfluous
quantity, store it, and keep the surface soil

the worst the orchard will have been fertilised
by the growth of a nitrogen-accumulating crop
for a season or two, and this will prove
beneficial, even if the land has to be dug, or
allowed to grass itself over. It is suggested
that ordinary or wild White Clover would be
preferable to Lucerne, but the former is not per-
ennial, and the seed of the latter is extremely
e.xpensive, while neither is a weed-smothering
crop, as Lucerne is to a great extent. Further,
it is urged that, if Lucerne is grown, the cut
crops should be taken off the land and used as
food for live stock. This, however, would be im-
practicable, unless the stuff were all carried off
bv hand, as there is no room between trees with

Fig. 44. — eucryphia cordifolia.
Henbert Ma-xweil's " Notes from - a Galloway G.iixleni,'

p. 12S.)

BRASSO-CATTLEYA VIRGINIA.

Mr. Jas. Smith, Orchid grower to the Duke
of Marlboi'ough, Blenheim, Woodstock, sends a
large and handsome flower of a cross raise<l at
Blenheim between B.-C. Madame Cha.s. Maron
and a seedling Laelio-Cattleya recorded as
having a very dark lip, a character which does
not appear in the hybrid. The flower, which is
7 inches across, is clear silver-white tinged with
light mauve at the edges of the petals and front
of the fringed labellum, which has a chrome-
yellow disc. It is desirable to introduce deeper
shades of colour into the Brasso-Cattleyas.
In crosses between Cattleya Dowiana and varie-
ties in which rose and purple predominate it is
known that colour vanishes with the"cross made
ons way and is intensified by the reverse
cross.

moist in summer after the crop has been
cut and kft to rot on the ground as a mulch.
Although all my orchards are more or
less completely drained, trees suffer from exces-
sive moisture in wet seasons, particularly in con-
nection with attacks of fungous diseases, and I
greatly prefer drought to flood, if we must have
one extreme or the other. The second objection
is that if the cut crop is left to rot on the
ground it will be probably found that a fungous
disease, such as Botrytis cinerea, will attack it
and spread to the living plants, killing them.
Whether or not there is any risk of such results
experience alone can determine, but, seeing that a
Ijucerne crop grown for cutting when green
for horses must always leave a little on the
ground to rot, and no such results have been
noticed by me or reported, so far as I have seen,
the danger does not strike me as serious. At

overhanging branches for loaded carts or wagons.
Besides, the fertilising effect to be obtained by
growing the crops, and leaving them on the land,
would be mainly lost. It is to be admitted that
the plan is only an experiment, which, so far as
I know, has never been tried before. My critic
says that Lucerne is commonly grown in orchards
in the United States, but this, I believe, is an
error. I have read much about "cover crops,"
and the "sod and mulch" system in American
publications, but have never seen Lucerne men-
tioned. Cover crops are grown to be ploughed
up annually, and there would be no use in grow-
ing a perennial like Lucerne, which, moreover,
does not produce enough for the first cut in the
year of sowing to suit the plan ; while the " sod
.nnd mulch " system is that of allowing an orchard
to run down to grass and cutting the crop to use
as a mulch around the widely separated trees.

September 29. 1917.]

THE GAUDENERS' CHRONICLE.

127

other materials grown outside being sometimes
added. At present the chief difficulty in my
Lucerne orchards is that the crop gets trodden
down by workers engaged in spraying or pick-
ing fruit oft the trees or off the ground. Wind-
falls are preserved from injuiy by falling on to
the crop of Lucerne, but are more difficult to
find than where they fall on to cultivated ground.
The CI op of the first season had to be cut a
first time just as it was about to blossom, for
the benefit of the plants. Ne.Kt year this
necessity will not arise, and each cutting can
be arranged so as to prevent, as far as possible,
the objectionable circumstances just mentioned.
The expense of cutting the first crop by hand
and spreading it was only a little less than hoeing
all the ground would have been. That expense,
however, has been about halved by using a one-
horse imower, without the ewather, between the
rows of trees where there is room for it.
Sniitlirrn Ornirer.

HARDY ARISAEMAS.

I DO not think it is generally known to lovers
of rare and curiou* plants that several species
of the genus Arisaema from the. Himalayas are
perfectly hardy in England if planted in a
shaded bed of vegetable soil deep enough to pre-
vent the large, fleshy tubers from being frozen
in winter. Many of them have been introduced
ill the la&t 30 years by Mr. Ganimie and myself,
but they do not seem to remain healthy under
pot cultuie for long.

I have now in cultivatiou the following :
A. speciosum (Hot. Mar/., t. 5964). A very
beautiful plant with large spathes striped with
purple and a long filiform tail to the spadix.
This is one of the commonest and most orna-
mental in the forests around Darjeeling, but I
have not yet proved it to be hardy. It has,
however, ripened seed in a cold, shady
frame this season. A. galeatum [Unt. Mtii/.,
t. 6457). I have lost my plants of this
speciee. It is a handsome and curious species
well worth growing. A. tortuosum, Schott (Hot,
Mag., t. 5931 as A. curvatum, Kunth). Though
not so beautiful iis some others, this species is
curious, and bo hardy that it has ripejied its
seeds under a north wall «,nd seedlings have
come up naturally. A. flavnm, Schott [fiuf.
Mag., t. 7700). A species more curious than
beautiful, introduced from Hazara, N.W. Hima-
layas, by .\Ir. Duthie to Kew, where it flowered
in 1899. It also grows in the Trans-lndiws
Currum valley at 7-9.OC0 feet. Sir .Joseph
Hooker said that he could see no difference
whatever between Indian specimens tind the
plant discovered by Forskal in Arabia in 1763,
though it has been found in no intermediate
locality. The plant has proved perfectly hardy
at Colesbourne. A. nepenthoides. Mart, (fluf
Mag., t. 64461, A. utile. Hook {Bof. Mng..
t. 6474). and A. firiflit.hii {Hot. Mm,., t. 6491).
were all introduced by me more than thirty
years ago, and I believe will prove hardy, as
they come from high elevations in Sikkim, and
most of the plants of that region do not start
into growth here until all risk of summer frosts
is past. All of them have large and beautiful
leaves and flowers.

A. Wallichiannm. Hook., of which I send a
nhotogranh (fig. 451, was collected bv me in
Sikkim four years ago. I believe the plant will
prove hardy, though I have not vet established
it.

A. consangiiineum. Schott 'fie. 461. wh'ch is
now in flower, was described from the Him.nlayas,
bnt wag introduced from China recently, I think
by Wilson. Both the flower and foliage are
very ornamental, as may be seen in the illustra-
tion, an<l the plant seems as hardy as any of its
congeners. A. concinnum, Schott iRnf.. Mng..
t. 5914). has flowered in mv aarden for «e\'er.'il
years and has never been injured by cold.

I have also another species, -collected by For-
rest, with foliage quite distinct, but I have not
yet flowered it.

It must' be remembered that these plants are

{Photograph by J. Edicara^.
Fig. 45.— .\risaem.\ w.allichianum.

naturally found in shady forests on a deep bed
of leaf-mould, and need planting in cool, damp
soil. //. J. Ehva, Coleibourne.

Fii;

U'hotoffruph by .1 . Ediiards.
46. — AniS.AEM.\ CONSANGUINEUM.

Publications Received.— TAe Quince Borer
and its Control. By F. W. Pettey, B.A. (Union
of South Africa, Department of Agriculture,
Pretoria, Government Printing and Stationery
Oftice.) Bulletin No. 2 of \'J\7 .—Coccidiosis of
the Fowl. By H. H. Curson, M.R.C.V.S.
Bulletin No. 3 of 1917. Address as above.

LETTERS FROM SOLDIER-GARDENERS.

GARDENING IN NORTHERN EGYPT.

In the public gardens and open spaces of
Northern Egypt, very few ornamental foliage
plants, such as Codiaeums and Dracaenas, are
to be seen, although fine shrubs , of Acalypha
musaica, A. marginata, and A. rubra are well
established. A. musaica is used as a hedge,
forming a partition between one part of a gar-
den and the other. The specimen observed had
dropped a few of its bottom leaves, but it was in
an excellent setting, against the white, painted
fa(;ade of a private residence, which effectively
showed off the colour of the foliage. Strobilan-
thes Dyerianus did not look very striking, except
the coloured terminal growth, which is attractive.
Hibiscus is well suited to the Egyptian climate ;
the shrubs abound nearly everywhere, pl.anted
as single specimens, or grouped with other trees.
They appear to do equally well in the shade or
in full sun ; one has large scarlet flowers which
find a magnificent setting among the wealth of
<lark green, glossy leaves. Hibiscus grandiflorus
was at its best in August, unfolding its beautiful
white flowers early in the morning. These have
the peculiarity of changing to rose colour during
the day. The leaves of this variety are much
larger than those of its congener, but it does not
so readily form a symmetrical tree or shrub.
Laiitanas are numerous. L. delicatissima is
sonietimeis planted in beds and kept at a unifonn
height by clipping, sometimes allowed to grow
naturally. In one place, planted at the base of
a low building, it served the useful purpose of
masking the structure. Cestrium elegans, and a
species darker in colour which I took to be C.
.Vcwellii, were growing in association with Lan-
taiia and Hibiscus. They formed a screen in
front of the masonry of a roadside wall which
helns to encircle the Zoological Gardens at Giza,
each species trying to rival the other in a struggle
for supremacy, and both yielding a wealth of
flower. Duranta Phimieri makes a formidable
thorny hedge. I was disappointed at not seeing
it in flower. In the Palace Gardens of Bulac
P.icnnir the plants were studded with buds on
the current season's growth early in December.
F. Cloor.li, fnrmcThj at CnUiury House Gardeiia,
Tolton. Hants.

IN

'EDEN."

GARDENING

I AM working in the Agricultural Depjirtment,
Sheiks Siiad, Basra, where we have a Large vege-
table farm of 60 acres, and at present we are
very busy indeed. We hope to be able to grow
a lot of vegetables for the troops, as they are
very .scarce indeed here. It is interesting work
laying out the garden. Everything has to be
grown by the irrigation system, which I find
very different from the English style. Before
coming to this place I was in charge of a small
garden for supplies. They wanted a gardener,
and mine happened to be the only name sent in,
so that was my first attempt at gardening in this
p.nrt. The g.arden at first sight would have dis-
heartened almost anyone, being then a mass of
wee<i.s and bushes, and I was handicapped by
not knowing much about growing vegetables by
irrigation, but I learnt much from the Arab
cultivators. We managed to make a success
out of that small garden ; it was 1^ acre,
and I believe we grew the first Cabbages and
Cauliflowers in thi^ country. They were quite
good, many weighing 5 lbs. each. During the
months of January and February only, we sup-
plied 20,000 lbs. of vegetables, and I hope we
shall have greater success with the larger gar-
den we have at present. So far we .have sup-
plied daily about 200 lbs. of produce to the hos-
pitals, &c. Our crops are the following : Cabb.ige,
Cauliflower, Lettuce, Spiimch. Kale. Beans, and
Peas, and all are doing well. The Peas are first
favourites. I have never seen in England
healthiefr-looking crops. The soil is vei7 rich,

128

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 29, 1917.

and similar to the soil at Toiigswood ; v-evy
licavy. and there is not a stone to be found in
it, so it requires a lot of cultivating.

The liot weather crops, which consist of the
following kinds — ^Melons, Marrows, Cucumbers,
Bhendi, Brujals (?),and Tomatos — pronuse to be
very fine later. We sdmply isow the seed in a
channel at certain distances andi give water when
required. It is not necessa.ry to stop the plants,
nor to do many of the things which we find
useful in England. No doubt, with special culti-
vation, better specimens couH be obtained, but
this extra trouble seems unnecessary, as it is not
difficult to get Melon fruits weighing 7 to 10 lbs.
eacli. The Sugar Melon (Melon Battikh?) is the
best I have seen. The acreage of tiie crops here
is : (Melons 8 a«res. Marrows 3, Tomatos 5, Bru-
jals 5, Bhendi 2, and Cucumbers 3 acres. I find
this work very interesting indeed, and it will
no doubt seem strange to start again in the Eng-
lish style. Sert/eanf Edward Aldridrje, formerly
at Tongmtood Gardens, Hawkhurst, Kent.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

THE ONION CEOP.
In many parts of the countrj' I hear
poor accounts of this important vegetable,
and many beds which ha-ve come under my own
observation are distinctly poor where they have
not failed altogether. This is much to be re-
gretted, as we are not likely to get importa-
tions this year as in the past, and already
prices are unusually high. We place far too
much faith in merely doing as our grandfathers
did — sowing, the seed in the open and more or
less trusting to luck. We have much to learn
from our Continental friends in the art of
taking a little more trouble in relation to many
of our vegetable and fruit crops, but in no
case is it more necessary than in the cultivation
of Onions. The seed' should be sown in early
spring in boxes, raised in cold frames and
planted out immediately the young plants are
large enough ; work which can very well be done
by boys or women. Fortunately no cold will
hiirm the plants. This crop may he grown on the
same spot for a number of years. If well
plantedi one may rest assured of a hea'i'y yield
of early ripened bulbs which will keep much
lietter than later ones, and transplanted Onions
are seldlom injured by the Onion fly. Tliis
method is by no means a new one, but, liaving
proved its advantage over the system of sowing
in the open, I strongly advocate the practice for
general use. E. Beckett, Aldenham House Gar-
dens, EUtree.

DEGENERATION OF POTATOS.
(See also p. 132.)
Mr. Gtjthbertson says, on p. 122, " I am a
doubting Thomas regarding this." My experi-
ence leads me to the same conclusion. I have
this year grown some Snowdrop Potato* from
sets, the stock of which has been grown by me
continuously for thirty-three years, and it still
crops and grows as vigorously as it did when
I first had it. During this time it has had
one change of soil, viz., from oolite limestone,
%here it grew for the first ten years, to a soil
overlying lias clay, but no difference could be
seen in the crop, although the quality was not
so good on the clay soil, which is not surpris-
ing. I have also a form of the old Ashleaf
c;il]ed Empress Eugenie which I have had for
the same length of time ; this almost disap-
peared four years since, owing to severe and
successive attacks of the " curl " disease: it has
since recovered from that disea.^e bv seler'tion nnd
liberal manuring each season. The chief point
ivith early varieties is to sel''ct the seed sets
before they get overripe, green them, and store
them carefullv ; late varieties are not so liable

to suffer from overripeness, but they must be
given careful storage if they are' to retain their
vitality and vigour. JF. H. Divers, Wcsfdean,
Hijok, near Surbiton.

■ Mr. Ctjthbertson's conclusions (see

p. 122) are probably correct. Seed Potato tubers
are likely to be weakened by storage in too low
a temperature, but there is another aspect of the
subject which may be worthy of consideration.
Seed tubers which have failed to start into
growth after planting may have become heated
in the clamp to such an extent that the eyes
have been killed. Owing to the shortage of
labour all growers cannot start their seed tubS's
into growth in shallow trays. Secondary eyes
are often made, but these would not have the
same vigour as those of the first formation.
Over-heating in clamps may be guarded against
by the insertion of agricultural drain-piijes as
ventilating shafts, these being partly cl6sed in
severe weather by being filled with straw.
When Potatos are growing in a wild state
in their native habitats do they reproduce
themselves more readily from tubers than from
the seeds found in the berries ? A small point,
such as this, might be worth studying. But the
degeneration of Potatos cannot be wondered
at if the distribnlion of .seed tubers is under-
taken by District Councils, greengrocers and
oth-i<rs having little technical knowledge of the
professiion in which they are allowed to dabble
with indiscrimination. Frank James, Mitchnm.

PRESERVING RUNNER BEANS.

Sc-^RLET Runners may be preserved for winter
use. To preserve by salting, pick the Beans
when dry, or dry them before a fire. Clean
with a dry cloth, and put them raw into a stone
jar or wooden barrel — a layer of vegetables and
a layer of salt |-inch thick alternately until the
vessel is full. Cover with a cloth resting on the
vegetables, and on the cloth place a piece of
board or a plate, weighted so as to press down
the Beans. After a few days the vegetables will
have settled, and the vessel must be filled up
again. Every week it must be cleaned by lifting
the cloth and removing the scum which will rise
to the top. Keep in a cellar or other cool place.

BRACKEN.

It should be borne in mind by persons having
access to quantities of Bracken that the potash
yield of Bracken ash may be considerable, and
that in view of the present scarcity of fertilisers
this source of supply is well worth attention.
The best time for cutting Bracken for burning
is from mid-July to the end of October. The
ash from green Bracken is more valuable than
from the old and withered plant. Potash from
Bracken ash is very soluble and should not be
exposed to rain. The ashes should be collected
and kept dry until required for use. Tliey can
be mi.xed with superphosphate before distribu-
tion, and may be applied with the above at
the rate of 3 cwt. per acre to bare land ; they
.should not be applied to growing crops. Potash
is a valuable fertiliser for Potato land, especially
for light loams and gravels and sandy soils.

242 LBS. OF POTATOS FROM 1 LB. OF
SEED.

Last April the Lower Hardres Association
offered prizes for " the most Potatos grown
from 1 lb. of seed."

The rector distributed) to each of the 24 com-
petitors 1 lb. of small Potatos generally used for
seed.

At the end of April I an-anged mine in a
shallow tray — one layer only ; placed the tray
on a, stage in a greenhouse and syringed the
tubers two or three times daily till sprouted. I
took off these sprouts, leaving a small heel of
the tuber, say 5 inch cube, adhering to each ;
these I placed in trays containing 1^ inch of
light soil, until well rooted ; thence each plant
was moved into a 3-inch pot full of light soil.

In due course the plants were hardened off and
planted in the open in a row 15 inches apart. I
applied manure moderately, hoeing and earthing
as usual, and sprayed them three times with
Bordeaux mixture.

They were planted on May 1 and lifted on
August 29, the tubers weighing 242 lbs. The
crop was free from disease.

Weight. No. of Roots. Six Heaviest.

1st Prize ...242 lbs. ... 80 ... 4 lbs. 14 ozs.

2nd Prize ...126 lbs. ... 48 ... 3 lbs. 12 ozs.

3rd Prize ... 57 lbs. ... 17 ... 5 lbs. 4 ozs.

E. S. Pigg, Lower Hardres, Kent.

FRUIT NOTES.

FRUIT GROWERS AND MILITARY
SERVICE.

Consternation was caused recently in the
big fruir-growing districts by the statement
that, although an arrangement hadi been entered
into under which no man engaged whole-time
on a farm or on agricultural work could be
posted for service with the Colours, except with
the consent of the County Agricultural Execu-
tive Committee, this arrangement did not in-
clude men employed on a market garden for
the production of flowers or fruit

The matter was brought to the notice of
the Food Production Department, and the War
Office was approached at once. As a result an
explanatory instruction has been issued to the
local military authorities to the effect that the
intention of the War Office was only to exclude
from the arrangement mentioned above any
men engaged in the production of luxury fruit,
such as Grapes, Peaches, etc. Ordinary fruit-
growers' fears should be set at rest by the
knowledge that the Army Council recognises
the importance of the common home-grown
fruits and the jams made therefrom not only
for soldiers but for the civilian population as
well.

It should be clearly understood now by all
concerned that the War Office realises that a
man whole-time employed' on a large holding
in the production, of fruit iof jam is doing
work that warrants his being protected by his
County Agricultural Executive Comimiittee
from service with the Colours. Similarly, a
man engaged in prodaicing from a market gar-
den vegetables and other crops of an amount
and character to constitute " national import-
ance " will not be taken out of the arrangement
simply because a portion of the garden is de-
voted to jam fruit or because part of the hold-
ing is an orchard.

BAKED DAMSONS.
Baking Damsons to presei-A'e them is a very
old West Country practice, and. should be made
a great deal more use of in these times where
there is a plentiful supply of fruits. As I
have seen them preserved, the Damsons were
put in earthenware jars and small pans — chiefly
the latter, because they take more fruit. Stone-
made receptacles would likewise do, I was told.
No sugar is used. Enough room is left at
the top of the pan to take a plate in an in-
verted position, resting on the fruit just below
the rim of the pan. Put in the oven, bake
slowly until cooked, and then run some mutton
fat around the edge of the plate to effeot a seal.
The use of the plate is obvious — it saves a
great deal of fat. If desired — to prevent risk
of burning — a dash of water can be put with
the fruit, scarcely enough to cover the bottom
of the receptacle, but no water is needed' if
baking be slowly done. My parents, from whom
I learned the method, do not use water. Of
course, if jars are used, covering with plates
is out of the question, and sealing must be
done with fat alone in the usual wav. C. Turner.

September 29. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

129

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN (lAKUtN

By J. Dunn, Foreman Rojal G»rdein, Windsor.

Lettuce.— Voung Lettuce plants may still be
planted on a warm border with a view to obtain-
ing early spring supplies. The ground between
the rows of earlier plantations should be fre-
quently stirred with a Dutch hoe, and careful at-
tention given to the destruction of slugs. A very
light dusting of hot lime is the best remedy for
this pest. All available cold pits should be filled
with young Lettuce plants as quickly as pos-
sible ; the soil for this purpose should be light
and rich, and broughit up to within 18 inches
of the roof-glass.

Turnips.— Dust the crop of late-sown Tur-
nips with soot, and hoe the ground between the
driDs, as often as possible. Turnips which are
likely to become overgrown should be lifted at
once and placed behind a north wall, where
protection from bea\'y rains can be supplied.
These roots may be kept in good condition for
some time if lifted before they are too old.

Mushrooms.- Attend carefully to the water-
ing of Mushroom beds in bearing. Examine the
beds frequently, and if the material is found to
be too dry, water the surface with rainwater
through a fine rose. A light covering of clean
straw will serve to retain the moisture in the
soil and reduce the necessity for frequent water-
ing, which is .sometimes the means of destroy-
ing many of the young Mushrooms. If the atmo-
sphere of the house is kept cool and moist, and
currents of cold air prevented from reaching the
beds, very little watering should be necessary.
But it must also be remembered that a dry
atmosphere is very detrimental to this crop. In
order to maintain an unbroken supply of Mussh
rooms, prepare materials for the making of new
beds. If horse droppings are scarce, fallen tree
leaves may be mi.'ied with the dung to increase
the bulk by one-third. The dung and leaves
should be thoroughly mixed together and allowed
to remain for two or three days before turning
thini, which shoiild be done several times.

Potato*. -The whole of the Potato crop
should be lifted as soon as possible, and where
it is intended to save tubers for seed next season
these should be selected and placed on one side
at the time of lifting the crop. The sets should
be laid singly on shelves or trays and placed
in a well-ventilated structure, where they may
remain until frost is imminent. If the ware
tubers are quite dry when they are dug and free
from disease they mav be placed in store at once,
otherwise they should be placed under cover and
the light excluded from them until they can be
examined critically in order to remove all affected
tubers before they are arranged in the store for
the winter. It is good practice to sprinkle the
tubers with lime at this stage ; they must be
kept in perfect darkness.

be given a thorough watering on the previous
day When lifting, be ^areful to preserve
the balls of soil, and get them planted
again as quickly as possible, as the plants soon
flag. As space under glass in winter is always
valuable, the plants should be put in fairly closely
— that is, so that the outside leaves just touch
each other. A few of the older leaves are almost
sure to decay, and this will give a little extra
space round each plant. Work the soil nicely
round the roots, keeping the crowns well up above
the surface soil. When the planting is finished,
w'ater the plants, and if the weather is hot and
bright, the lights should be put on, and the plants
shaded for a day or two. Eemove the lights
again as soon as the sun sets to give the plants
the benefit of the night dews, and in a few days
the shading may be entirely dispensed with, and
the lights drawn off altogether for the present.
Li'.'ht showers are beneficial, but if cold weather
with a heavy rainfall is experienced for several
ilavs. as is often the case at, this season, the
liahts should be used and ample ventilation
given. The chief reauirements are abundance of
fresh air. with all the sunshine and light pos-
sible. The plants will not remain healthy in any-
thing approaching a close and stuffy atmosphere.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Violet* in Frames.- Preparations for lifting
and transplanting Violets to frames for the winter
should now be made. If the plants have been
given thoroughly good cultivation from the time
of planting out-of-doors in the spring, and the
runners kept pinched back, the strong crowns will
be already throwing up blooms, and if lifted care-
fully the plants will quickly recover from the dis-
turbance, and start flowering. Choose a frarne in
a sheltered position, facing due south if possible ;
one that has been utilised for growing Melons
during the summer will suit admirably — if on a
hotbed so much the better, as the gentle heat
still remaining in the material will stimulate root
action. Supposing such a frame is selected, some
leaf-soil and sand should be thoroughly mixed
with the loam, and some crushed charcoal if this
is at hand. Bring the soil up to a level 9 to 12
inches from the glass. If the weather is dry
when lifting is contempla-ted, the plant« should

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Gotsb. Gardener to Mm. DlMPSTIR. Keele
Hall, Staflordshire

LAVPNOifR.- To increase the stock of
Lavender, Rosemary, or Thyme, insert cutltings
at once in sandy soil under handlights, in boxes
or in shallow" frames. Short, well-ripened
shoots of the young growths, taken off with a
heel, are the best. Water the cuttings through
a fine rose Ito settle the soil, and keep the frame
close. The old plants may be trimm»d with
shears, cutting off all de.id flowers, stalks, and
straggling shoots. It is not advis.nble to prune
below the present season's growth.

Planting Border CAiiNATioN*.-By this
time the layers of border Carnations should be
well rooted. The soil will continue to keep warm
for several weeks, and if the layers are trans-
planted at once the young plants will become
established before cold weather sets in. Autumn
planting is much the best method except
in cold, retentive soils. Select a position
for the beds well exposed to the sun and air.
If the soil is of a light nature, apply a heavy
dressing of decayed manure, leaf-mould, and wood
ashes, and trench the ground to a reasonable
depth. Where heavy, retentive soil has to be
dealt with, leaf-mould, sand, mortar-rubble, or
any old potting soil may be mixed with the
staple, and the beds or borders well drained and
raised above the ordinary level. Beds made
about 8 feet wide to take six rows will be found
most suitable, as they are more convenient for
staking, feeding, andjayering. Plant firmly and
deep enough to cover the lowest pair of leaves.
.\ distance of 12 inches should be allowed between
the plants and the same space between the rows.
Examine the beds after frosts and press the soil
to the plants that have been loosened. It is ad-
visable to have a reserve slock to replace failures.
Place a number of plants in frames, boxes, or
singly in 3-inch pots, using a compost of loam,
leaf-mould, and sand. Keep the frame closed
and' shaded for a few days, then ventilate freely,
imitating outside cultivation as much .ts possible
except in frosty weather.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN

Bv W .\. Cook, Gardener to ttic II. .ii. ."Vktiiuh .1.
' Davbi, Aljhot.s Wmxl. (^xlnlliHiii,-. Surrey.

Insect Pests.— Trees i7ifested with Ameri-
can blight should be thoroughly cleaned after the
fruit liTis been gathered. Rub an insecticide on
the parts infested, using a rather stiff brush
for the purpose. If the trees are large, apply
a very strong mixture of paraflin and soap with
the gaixlen pump, and renew the operation
every few days. If the bark is infested _ with
Oyster Scale insects, remove them with a
scrubbing brush dipped in a mixture of car-
bolic soap and warm water. This pest spreitds
rapidly, so remedial measures should be applied
as soon as it is detected. The Pear-worm
appears at this season on Pears and Cherries,

and does much damage to the foliage. Dust the
leaves with tobacco-powder and afterwards
syringe with insecticide. If Pears are still
hanging use tobaeco-powder only.

The Storino op FRUiT.-CarefuUy attend
to the work of storing fruits as they become ready
for gathering. They are now ripening in large
numbers, and unless great care is exercised some
of them may be ro'ughly handled owing to the
pressure of work. In the case of Apples and
Pears, trays are useful for small lots, as these
can be stood on top of each other ; a label
with the name and date when gathered, and prob
able date of being ready for consumption, will
be useful, as so many inexperienced hands are
now employed in gardens. In storing the fruits
it will be convenient if those now coming into use
are placed in positions easy of access. The latest
ripening varieties can be put on the top and
bottom stages. Do not stock any specked or
bruised or very small fi'uits. Soft Pears should
be placed over a thin layeo" of wood wool, and
each fruit should be lifted out of the basket by
hand and carefully placed in position. I am
speaking now of selected fruits, which will be
used for dessert, and none but these should bo
given a place in the premier fruit room, and on
no account should any other matter than fruit be
stored in this room, which should be kept scru-
pulously clean and sweet. Do not gather all the
fruits from one tree at the same time unless they
are perfectly ready, because some will continue
to ripen and improve after others have been re-
moved, and the variety will be available for use
over a longer period. The dropping of fruits is
not always an indicjition that they are ripe. Open
these first, and it will probably be found that
they are diseased or infested with grubs. The
later varieties of both Apples and Pears will con-
tinue to increase in size and colour for some weeks
to come. From a west wall protected with nets
I have gathered good fruits of Glou Morceau,
.losephine de Malines, Passe Crassane, and Nee

Plus Meuris. in November, andi after bad frosts
have been on them.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

The Pruning of Peaches and Nec-
tarines.- In Peach houses, whore oarly, i>i-
nuidoratoly early forcing is carried out, it will
be advisable to give attention to this work early
in October. It is best to prune whilst some of
the leaves are still upon the trees, for their pre-
sence will give an idea of the amount of thinning
which is necessary. In some soils and districts
the leaves are somewhat larger than in other in-
stances. I have had my attention drawn afresh
to this fact just recently. Overcrowding is most
undesirable. Some Peaches are notoriously bad
croppers, such, for instance, as the American
varieties, Amsden Jane and Waterloo, therefore
do not thin these out too freely. Make a point of
securing short, stocky wood and any short, spur-
like growtlis. These growths often in early houses
will set more fruit than can be got from long
shoots. It is not essential to proceed at present
with cleansing operations, or with tieing in the
growths, by getting forward with the pruning
room will "be found for plants that have for a
time to be stored in cold houses, such, for in-
stance, as Chrysanthemums. Do not, however,
let any plants "be stood directly upon the soil;
pieces "of plate, tiles or bricks should be placed
under these temporary occupants of the house.
Watch the borders as to moisture, and if the
soil is at all dry give one good watering. Keep
the houses well ventilated at all times, and even
if plants are in them do not sacrifice the interests
of the permanent trees for the sake of such
plants.

gAiil_Y Vineries.- I'runing may now be com-
monced in the vineries. First proceed by cut-
ting away all sub-laterals and the ends of the
shoots that have not ripened. This will admit
more light and air. Leave the ripened wood and
all large leaf-growth until the leaves drop of
themselves. See that the indoor borders are not
permitted to become too dry. In neither Peach
hrvise, vinery, or other fruit house allow any
warmth in the pipes that will be detrimental to
the permanent occupants.

130

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 29, 1917.

HOirORIAL MOTiCE.

ADVEETISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Oar corTespondents
uduld obiiate delay in obtaining answers to
tlieir cowinunicutions and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the PuaUBHER ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or TeferHng
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
EditMS do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustratioiis unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
/lowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to <yur readers, or of
any matters uhnh it ^^ desirable to bring under
the notice of Imrtieultui isls.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants far nunung, should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
G-ardeu. Loudon. Coinmunications should be

WUlTTIi.N ON O.NE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent aS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature • will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
defluced from observations during tlie last fifty
,\-ears at IJreenwioh, 53.7.
.Actual Temperature: —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington, Street,
Oovent Garden, Lcndun. Thursday, September
27, 10 a.m. : Bar. 29.6 ; temp. 50.0°. VVeatlier—
Bright suiiLshiiie.

SALEO FOR TH£ EN8UINQ WEBK.

M.I.\D-\Y~

itiMHe-groun Bu,::bs at 67 and 68, Clieapside, at 1

u 'Iix/k, by Protheroe & Morris
■n i:SLi.iY and WEDXESD.W—

XiirstTv Stock at the Sunndngdale Nurseiries,

Windlei>hiam, at 12 o'dot*, by PraL(h«oe & Morris.
WEDSESD.kY—

Trade Sale of Bulte at 67 and 68, Cheapside, ai

1 o'dlock, by Pi^t>thei\>© & Morws.
[•"RIDAY—

Sale of a portion of the GJebe Collection and oUier

Orchids, at 67 a.nd 68, Cheapside, at 1 o'clock, by

Protheroe & Mora-is.

It is interesting to
The Colours of notice how rapidly re-
Flowers, cent work has cleared

up the uncertainties
that have so long existed concerning tlie
nature of the beautiful red, purple a.nd
blue flower and plant pigments — the
anthocyans — that contribute so much to
the splendour of Nature's summer dress.
Much has been done to capture these
secrets of the plant world, and a con-
siderable amount of matter of interest to
horticulturists has been collected.

In the first place, the relationship that
exists between the two chief series of sap
pigments^ — i., the yellow sap pigments
(flavones) ; and ii., the red, purple and blue
pigments (anthocyans) — has been satis-
factorily settled, and the colouring matters
of the latter series have actually been pre-
pared artificially from those of the former.
It is now known that the change from
yellow to red, purple or blue, is caused
by tilie addition of hydrogen to the mole-
cule of the yellow sap pigments (flavones).
Curiously enough, this quite reverses the
ideas previously held concerning the rela-
tionship that exists between these two
series of pigments. Thus science has suc-
ceeded— as the yellow sap colours had

been previously prepared artificially — in
producing these beautiful products of Na-
ture in the laboratory ; but there remain
many important points yet to be learned
concerning the manner in which these pig-
ments are produced in the living plant.
Like so many of the methods whereby the
more complex of natural products have
been axtificially prepared, the method used
for producing these colours in the labora-
tory is both long and wasteful, and con-
trasts greatly with the apparent ease with
which the Pansy (Viola tricolor) produces
up to 25 per cent, of its dry weight of the
purple colour which, in some varieties,
gives it its almost black appearance.

It has long been known that among the
yellow and white flowers, more than one
yellow sap pigment may be found in one
and the same flower, e.g., the Wallflower,
hence, the quesrtiion naturally arises, is
this equally true for the red, purple and
blue sap pigments, or does each plant, or
kind of plant, produce but one of these
colouring matters? At first it looked very
much as though " one flower one pigment "
were to hold good, but as the investiga-
tion of these flowers progressed it was first
found th.at one kind of flower could pro-
duce different pigments of this kind ; thus
the blue, deep purple Cornflowers contain
the same colouring matter (the colour
differing on account of different conditions
of cell sap) — cyanin — whilst the rose-
coloured Cornflower (the flowers investi-
gated were stray ones of this colour which
appeared in a large field of deep purple
ones sown for the investigation) contains
the pigment that occurs in the scarlet
Pelargonium zonale, viz., pelai'gonin.
Following upon this it has been discov-
ered that whilst the scarlet Pelargonium
zonale contains only the colouring matter,
nelargonin, the violet-red varieties of
Pelargonium contain both cyanin, the
Cornflower pigment (the larger portion of
the total colour in the flower), and pelar-
gonin (smaller portion) ; i.e., one flower
contains two of these pigments. Later
work has brought to light further instances
of the same kind. In view of this it ca.n
no longer be assumed that one kind of
flower can only produce a particular red,
purple or blue pigment, or, indeed, that
of necessity there is but one of these pig-
ments in any one flower. These dis-
coveries naturally make the problems con-
nected with the crossing of such species
lia.ble to much greater complication than
would have been the case had the relation.
.=.hip of plant to colouring matter produced
been less variable.

The investigations have shown that
these pigments all exist in the plant at-
tached to sugars', and, indeed, in nearly
all cases the whole of the pigment present
is in tills form of combination ; a few very
interesting exceptions have, however,
been found, of which particularly the
Grape mav be cited. In genpral. some
small percentaore ■ f the colouring matter
present in black Orapes (North Ttnlinn or
hot-house grown') is at present unattached
to susrars, and, indeed, in one case it was
observed that as much as 12 per cent, of
the total colour was in this condition.

V/ hen tlies3 compounds of the pigments
and sugars are boiled with acid, they yield
the true colouring matter, and the sugar
with which it was in combination. The
true sugar-free pigments of the Pelar-
gonium zonale (Meteor), of the Cornflower,
and of the Delphinium Consolida (pur-
ple), have been given the respective names
Pelargonidin, Cyanidin, and Delphinidin,
and it is interesting to note that thus far
these three compounds form the basis of
all the different red, purple and blue
flower colours examined (some 20 in num-
ber), and are very -widely distributed in
nature. The differences in the natural
pigments are due to t|he way in which
these three are attached to the sugars, to
the kind of sugiar, or to the addition of
chemical groups, other than sugars, to
them. It may be hoped that other funda-
mentally different anthocyan pigments
will be found, and there is some reason to
believe that further investigation of cer-
tain kinds of Poppy will give realisation
t-o these hopes.

When the question of the colours of
flowers in general comes to be considered,
there appear to be four chief causes of
variation, viz., (i.) presence of different
red, purple or blue pigments (antho-
cyans) ; (ii.) presence of various yellow
pigments (sap or plastid) ; (iii.) the re-
action of the cellsap (acid, alkaline, or
neutral) ; (iv.) variation in the amount of
each pigment that is present in the
(lower; and a few instances of the effect
of each of these factors may not be -with-
out interest.

Although the effect of the last of these
is often very ob-vious — thus the brig-ht
red and the deep red garden Roses contain
the same colouring matter, c^'anin, but
in different amounts — it is not always an
easy matter 'o iudge the effect of varia-
tions in quantity of pigment in flowers,
particularly in cases where sap conditions
are different ; thus, whilst the fine deep
blue Cornflower contains only some 0.7
per cent, of colouring matter, cvanin, the
deep purple-red flowers contain about 14
per cent, of the same piement. and Corn-
flowers of a deep violet-blue colour showed
on examination a cyanin content about
3.6 per cent.

In respect of (i.) above, it is a very
interesting fact that whilst such cases a«
the Dahlia — of which the deep brown-red
sorts contain cyanin, the scarlet-red kinds
pelargonln — show ho-w marked is the con-
trast of colour which the change from
one of these pigments to another may
cause, evidence has been collected which
shows that in suitable circumstances the
colours produced by the different colouring
matters of this series mav be so very
nearly alike that no casual observer can
differentiate between them.

The presence of yellow piffments when
alone give rise to yellow or white flowers ;
in combination with reds, purples or
blues, to scarlet, oransre-red, salmon,
orange, and green colours ; it should be
noted, however, that it is almost entirely
the plastids' — carrotin, kr. — that are the
active principles in giving rise to the
yellow portion of these effects, the yellow

Septembee 29, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

131

sap pigments being but very feebly
coloured unless they are present as alkali
salts. An instance of this may be given
in the case of the deep yellow Viola; in
a case examined it was found that the
petals contained no less than 25 per cent,
of their diy weight, of 3-ellow sap pig-
ment (Rutin), and only 0.6 per cent, of
yellow plastid (carrotin), yet, despite this
it was the plastid pigment to which the
flower owed its colour, for after complete
extraction of the sap pigment the petals
were still orange-yellow, differing but
very little from their original shade.

This brings us to the consideration of
the effect of condition of cell sap, which
is of great importance in view of the fact
that all the sap pigments are more or less
sharp indicators (i.e., substances which
change colour when their solution changes
from acid to alkali, or vice versa), but on
account of the fact, already mentioned,
that in most cases the yfellow effects in
flowers are due to plastid colours — ^which
are not changed by change in cell sap —
and that the sap yellows are but pale,
and become colourless if slightly acid, the
effect of change in acidity of the sap is
by far more striking in the red, purple,
and blue flowers. The scarlet of the
Pelargonium zonale (Meteor) results from
the presence in the sap of plant ati<ls,
in the violet flowers of the Larkspur the
sap is almost neutral, whereas the blue
of the Cornflower is due to the potash salt
nf the colouring matter cyanin — this same
pigment, cyanin, being responsible in acid
cell sap for the red of the Rosa gallica.
In general these colouring niatters are red
in the presence of acids, violet when neu-
tral, and purple or blue when present n--^
alkali salts.

Instances such as the above could be
multiplied, but suflficient has been said to
show the bearing that recent work in this
field has upon horticultural and botanical
prol>loins.

Seed* for Allotment Holders.— The

Food Department has issued the following table.

giving the apprcximate quantities of each kind
of seed .sufficient for the purposes of the average
allotment holder : —

Kind. To sow up Quanlity

to about, of seed.

Beet, long, say 2 rows 100 H. i oz.

(iUthe, say 2 rows 100 ft. | oz.

Spiiwc.h, say 2 ro»:3 100 ft. i oz.

Heaii, du^arf (double row) 50 ft. i pint.

Broad (double row) 50 ft J pint.

Kiinner (double row) 50 ft. i pint.

Cabbayp, &c.—

For tpriiif? use (say 125 pkuiU).. — i oz.

For autonin use (say 125 pUm*fl) — i oz.

Savoys (say 125 plants) — J oz.

Broccoli—

Early variety (say 60 'plante) . . — ,>„ oz.

Ixite variety (say 60 plants) . . — ,V oz.

Sprouting (say 125 pla.n<s) — J oz

Brus.sels Sprouts (fay 125 jilante).. — ,( oz.
C^iliflowers —

Early variety (say 60 plants) . . — ,ij oz.

I>ate variety (say 60 plants) — ,", ok.

K.ale —

Cottager's (aay 125 planto) — i oz.

O'urlfd (say 100 plants) — I oz.

Carrot —

Long 75 ft, i oz.

Injterniediate 75 ft. A oz.

Celery (sav 100 plants) — A oz

I*ek 90 ft. 1 oz.

Cabbage 60 ft. i oz

Cos 60 It. i oz.

Onions —

For spring or autumn sowing,

for harvesting 120 ft. i oz.

For pulling green or pickling 15 ft. i oz.

I'^nip 75 ft. i oz.

Dwarf (double row) 10 ft. ^ pint.

Taller (double row) 40 ft. J pmi-

Spinaoh 120 ft. J oz.

Ruhleben Horticultural Society.— An

interesting report on Ruhleben Camp Horticul-
tural Society has been received through the
Dutch Legation at Berlin. The Society was in-
augurated on September 25, 1916. A committee
was formed and permission was obtained to use
a piece of waste land containing 10 rods, which
was formed into a nurserj'. Public gardens were
fonned in various parts of the camp, and were
planted with bulbs. The subscription was fixed
at 1 mark, and by August 4, 1917, the member-
ship was 921. All the woodwork of the frame-
lights and greenhouse were made in the camp
joiner's shop by interned workmen, the glazing
and construction being carried out by members
of the society. Annuals were sown in large
quantities and pricked out for transplanting to
the gardens, besides about 20,000 Lettuces. Cab-
bages, and Cauliflowers, 1,500 Celery plants, 150

August 20, 1917, the total expenditure, includ-
ing rent, amounted to M5,700.80 ; less refund
from flower garden account, as per August 18,
M581.45; Making the net total M5.119.35; and
the total income from May 29 to August 20
amounted to M4,618.95, showing a balance to be
cleared amounting to M500.40.

Supplies of Basic Slaq.— The production
of ba.sic slag at the present time is being affected
by the production of eteel for munition purposes,
and th« supply of high-grade slag is much less
than formerly. As no export is now allowed,
however, the quantity available for home con-
sumption is larger, though still below the de-
mand. Growers should obtain their Bupplies
from the manure merchants, dealers, or co-
operative societies from whom they usually pur-
chase. They are recommended to place their
orders at once, and to take the earliest possible
delivery. The Food Production Department has
come to an arrangement with makers in regard
to the ma.ximum prices to be charged by them,
and the prices given below indicate the rate at

[I'hotogrnph h,j R. A Mallnj.
Vie. 47. — BLANCHING CELEHY AT ALDENHAM HOUSE, BLSTREE.
(Sliowing Mi. Bcckelfs use of paper collars for early and mid season crops.)

Marrow and 600 Tomato plants for outdoor culti-
vation. In addition to the spring flowers and
bulbs, 20,000 plants were supplied for the bar-
rack and public gardi'us. A flower and vegetable
show was held on August 3 and 4, at which about
2,000 plants were staged. Through the kindness
of the Rennbahn officials the society has been
able to procure a small quantity of .stable manure,
and the frames are utilised for the cultivation
of Melons and Cucumbers. The committee has
obtained permission from the military authori-
ties to rent half of the inner part of the racing
track for a vegetable garden, the rent firing
MlOO per month. Digging operations were com-
menced on March 29, and were carried cut under
the supervision of a permanent paid staff of
twelve men. About 250 men were employed.
The soil was covered with I'ough grass, and was
very sandy, streaked in places with a .-^andy
loam. As soon as digging was finished, lime and
artificial manures were hoed in, and isowing
operations commenced. Arrangements are being
made to procure seeds and manure, and as soon
as the crops are off the ground digging opera-
tions will be recommenced, thus ensuring the
prospects of still better crops next year. Up to

which growers should be able to purchase basic
slag, excluding cost of delivery : For lots of
4 ton.s and over, 5s. per ton ; for lots of 1 ton,
but less than 4 tons, 10s. per ton ; for lots of
2 cwt., but leas than 1 ton, Is. per cwt. ; for
lots of 1 cwt., but lesa than 2 cwt., 2s. per
cwt. ; for lots of 28 lb., but less than I cwt.,
3s. per cwt.

Palm Court for Swansea.- Swansea Cor-
poration Park-; ( 'omnnttce has accepted an offer
nf Baroness CrnnnsTROM (Madame Patti) tu
present the Corporation wit-h the Palm Court
iif Craig-y-Nos, erected, with heating apparatu.ss,
at a cost of £5,500. Madame Patti's gift will
form the nucleus of a winter garden, and it will
be erected' in the Victoria Park. The super-
intendent of Swansea public parks is Mr. D.
Bliss, an old Kew man.

War Item.— Private .Iohn Broadley, who
was wounded in the right aj-ni and chest 'ly
shrapnel on August 27, and is in hospital in
France, was formerly a gardener at the People's
Park, Skirbeck Quarter, of which his brother,
Mr. T. Broadley, is head gardener.

132

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[September 29, 1917.

Mr. J. K. BUDDE.— Among prominent repre-
siMilatives of Dutch horticulture well known to
many in our own country is Mr. J. K. BnDDB,
Curator of the Botanic Garden, Utrecht, who
ha-s just completed 25 years' service in that
capacity. Mr. Budde first entered the JSbtanic
Gaiiden at Groningen , in 1885. From there in
1888 he came to London, and was grower in the
nurseries of Messrs. Reeves and Son, of Acton,
cultivating Ferns and Poinsettias. Thence he
proceeded to Laird's Nursery at Edinburgh,
where among other plants he grew Codiaeums,
Cordylines, Orchids, and Aralias, and was the
winner of several first prizes and' a gold medal
for groups. At the same time he was an evening
student at the Heriot-Watt College, under Pro-
fessor P.ATRicK Geddes. Leaving this country.
Mi-. BtTDDE became " Chef de culture " to
Messrs. Ant. Roozen and Son, of Over\'een, near
Haarlem. The Botanic Garden at Utrecht is a
most interesting establishment, and during the
years of Mr. Budde's service it has conspicuously
reflected the care of its curator. In 1912 Mr.
Btjdde was President of one of the sections of
the International Exhibition at Chelsea. He
has been a member of the Juries at Ghent, Petro-
grad, Mannheim, Hamburg and Amsterdam, and
has been an official expert under the Phyllo.xera
T'ouvention, He is editor of the Gardeners^ Chro-
nicle, of Holland (Onze. Tuinen), and is head of
a school for young gardeners. Those who have
met Mr. Budde will remember his keen interest
and energy in all that pertains to horticulture.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

{The EdiioTt do not hold theviselvea regponiibU foi
the ojnniong txpressed by correspondents.)

The Origin of the Pompon Dahlia.— A

year ago I gave in these columns an account of
my investigations, which proved that the
Pompon Dahlia could not have been raised
from Dahlia coccinea by Hartweg of Carls-
ruhc in 1808, as stated by certain writers. An
eminent horticulturist in a neutral country
shortly afterwards wrote to me confirming my
contention that this section of the Dahlia was
raised in Germany about the middle of the
19th century. His communication contained
particulars of sShie researches he had made in
German periodical horticultural literature, which
he promised he would at a convenient oppor-
tunity still further extend, from many causes,
but no doubt directly or indirectly connected
with the war, he has not yet been able to attend
to. In the meantime, I think it is important to
place on record the information he has given
to me, that his researches show most conclu-
sively that the first Pompon Dahlia was raised
by the well-known Dahlia specialist, J. Sieck-
mann, of Kostritz. and distributed by him in 1851.
The dwarf plants were then known as Lilliputians,
and the first coloured figure of them appeared
in Gartenflora for 1852. C. Harman Payne.

The Earwig.— In the issue for September 1
your article dealing w-ith this garden pest finishes
with a reference to the old flowei-pot trap method
4if capture. Admittedly good as this trap is, I
think an old hollow stem of the Broad Bean is
equally effective. Certainly the Bean stems
are less unsightly and more easily managed. I
use lengths of 6 to 8 inches, placing them among
the lowest branches of bush fruit trees, on the
pots of Chrysanthemums, on the ground under
Dahlias, and among the growths of both if neces-
sary. The insects can be destroyed by tapping
the ends of the Bean lengths on a pail containing
a little water with a dash of paraffin.
Incidentally, the most up-to-date method (i.e.,
war-time method) is to use spent gun cart-
ridges instead of flowerpots. I saw a quantity
of cartridges so used in a large garden in Hert-
fordshire in 1915. C. T.. AmpthUl Park Gar-
dens.

EusTOMA.- The almost pure white variety of
Eustoma which W. T. mentions on p. Ill,
(lowered at Kew in 1913. and must be
identical with the one that flowered here
in 1912. I did not consider it a good white, and
marked it albescent, but it has the same maroon

zone as the roBe-coloured form Elisii. I did not
intend to increase the stock of this except for
crossing. It would be interesting to know
whether the one flowered at Kew has a maroon
zone in the centre. The beautiful colouring in
the rose forrh is maintained as long as the
flowers last, and it matters little whether
it is a hybrid or a sport. One thing is almost
certain, that I shall get double or semi-doiible
flowers on the blue or mauve Russellianum, as on
two plants I have already got almost a double
ring of petals, and the seed-pods are divided,
quite distinct from all the others. The rose-
coloured form is fixed, as all hare come true
from this batch except two small plants not yet
in bud. C. J. FJlis' Weston-svper-Mare.

Deterioration OF Potatob (see also p. 128).
— The following history of the Midlothian
Early Potatos at Wisley will answer Mr.
Cuthbertson's inquiiy in your issue of Sep-
tember 22. The seed tubers formed part
of the crop raised in 1916 from seed pur-
chased in Scotland. In 1916 the growth was ex-
cellent, clean, and vigorous, and the yield a very
satisfactory one, 28 lbs. of " seed " giving 389 lbs.
The seed tubers were selected when the crop was
lifted, greened on the ground, put into boxes.

MR. J. K. budde, for 25 YEARS CnRATOR OF THE

tTTRECHT BOTANIC GARDEN.

(Seo p. 131.)

and stored in a shed until December. They were
then stood on end in sprouting trays and put
into a glasshouse, where the minimum tem-
perature was 40° F. They sprouted well and
appeared in every way satisfactory when
they were planted on April 4. They never
grew well, and the weak, yellowish shoots
contrasted in a remarkable fashion with the
strong growth of nearly all the varieties (about
100) grown at Wisley this season. On lifting
some in early June to see whether any pest had
been at work upon them, it was found that in
no case had the seed tuber decayed ; it was,
whether it had been planted intact or cut before
planting, as solid to. the feel as on the day it
was put into the ground. It may be noted that
the soil temperature at one foot from the surface
on the day planting was done was 37.6° F., and
it gradually rose thereafter. Other Potatos
planted at the same time in similar conditions
grew away well. In contrast with this, in one
of the experimental plantings this .year twenty
well-sprouted tubers of Midlothian Early grown
in Scotland, near Edinburgh, in 1916, were
planted. They reached Wisley during the very

cold weather in the early part of the year, and
were partially frozen on the journey ; two or
three tubers had to be replaced on this account,
yet they grew away well, as the following notes,
made on June 30, show : — Height, 24 inches ;
spread of haulm, 40 inches, in full flower. The
yield was fairly good, 56 lbs. from twenty tubers,
when lifted on^August 8. The failure was appa-
rently due to the seed tubers being affected by
what is sometimes known as the " won't grow
disease." The cause of this trouble is uncertain.
It is, however, a trouble by no means confined to
this variety, but quite general in Potatos grown in
the south-east of England (although not often so
marked as in the present instance), and because
of it the Scotch and Irish trade in seed Potatos
flourishes exceedingly. It does not necessarily
mean deterioration of a variety, but it does mean
deterioration of a stock, as many know to their
cost. F. J. Chitteihden.

SOCIKTISS.

BOTAL HORTICDLTORAL.

September 25. — The fortnightly meeting held
in the Drill Hall, Westminster, on Tuesday
last, was the occasion of a special exhibition of
vegetables. There were classes for collections
and for single dishes, and the response was
fairly good. A large and praiseworthy exhibit
of vegetables was staged by Mr. E. R.
Janes, University College Gardens, R-eading,
for which a Gold Medal was awarded.
Messrs. Sutton and Sons showed a comprehen-
sive exhibit of Pumpkins, Gourds and Marrows.
A noteworthy exhibit of Potatos was staged by
Mesisrs. Dobbie and Co., for which a Gold
Medal was awarded. There were also several
cofiections of hardy fruits, the most important
being that of the Marquis of Ripon. The dried
vegetables shown by the Alliance Vegetable
I'o., Ltd., included every variety that can be
desiccated, and formed an interesting demon-
stration of the art of drying. On the whole, the
exhibition was more concerned with food pro-
duce than with flowers.

The exhibits before the Floral Committee
were mainly Roses and Dahlias. The National
Dahlia Society again adjudicated on Dahlia
novelties, and many new varieties were sub-
mitted for award. Eleven received the Award
of Merit of the R.H.S. and the P*rst-class Cer-
tificate of the National Dahlia Society. The
Floral Committee also conferred Awards of
Merit on Ceratostigma Willmottianum and a new
variety of Michaelmas Daisy.

Several groups of Orchids were staged, and
the Orchid Committee granted two Awards of
Merit to Novelties.

Floral CoDimltten.

/^resent: Messrs. H. B. May (chairman), R. C.
Notcutt, S. Morris, W. J. 'Bean, G. Harrow,
G. Reuthe, John Green, J. T. Bennett-Poe,
H. J. Jones, R. Hooper Pearson, W. Howe, J.
Jennings, E. F. Hazelton, C. E. Pearson, F.
Page Roberts, W. P. Thomson, John Heal, A.
Turner, E. H. Jenkins, J. Hudson, W. B. Cran-
field. J. W. Barr, E. A. Bowles, H. Cowley,
J. F. McLeod, J. Dickson, W. Cuthbertson, and
Thos. Stevenson.

A\V4RDS OF MERIT.

-Lster Joan Vaiig/ian.—Thh new variety of
Michaelmas Daisy belongs to the Novi Belgi
section. The flowers are double, and coloured
pale mauve; the individual blooms are 1^ to
2 inches across. The plant is said to grow 6 feet
high, and to have very rigid stems, needing
little support. Shown by Messrs. Baker's, Ltd.

Ceratostigma Willmottianum.— This plant,
which was shown by Miss E. Willmott, Warley
Place, Great Warley, closely resembles the well-
known species C. plumbaginoides, commonly
known in gardens as Plumbago Lai-pentjie. This
plant is figured in Gord. Chron.. Nov. 6, 1847,
under the name of " Lady Larpent's Lead'wort,''
sron after it had been shown at one of the
Horticultural Society's meetings. The flowera
of C. Willmottianum are of a rather paler blue
than those of C. plumbaginoides, the anthers
are very little exserted, and the leaves are hairy

September 29, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

133

on both surfaces as well as on the margin.
Fui-thei-more, the buds are protected by leathery
scales. Both species are hardy and easy to
propagate; Jliss Willmott, who has grown C.
Willmottianum at Great Warley, states that it
has grown into a shrub 5 feet high. The flcm-er-
ing time is particularly long, lasting from July
to December, and the blossoms are produced in
great profusion. The colour of the flowers is
plumbago blue, with rosy-red corolla tubes ; the
leaves are green and hairy, with reddish mar-
gins, and the stems are also reddish. Shown by
Sliss E. Willmott.

1 Dahlias.

Dahlia Transport. — A decorative variety of
large size, but lacking in refinement. The creamy-
yellow colour of the florets changes to a pale
blush at maturity.

Snow Cloud. — A pure white Collerette Dahlia
of medium size with very long quills. This and
the foregoing were shown by Messrs. J. Sthed-
wiCK AND Sons.

Mrs. Edward Moss. — A soft-pink-coloured,
Paeony-flowered variety of great value for gar-
den and house decoration.

Sinccriti/. — A handfiome Paeony-flowered
Dahlia. The vivid crimson colour of the florets
is enhanced by a golden centre.

Mark. — A scarlet Paeony-flowered variety of
unusual substance. Like the last variety, it is
well worthy of a place in any collection of this
decorative type.

Cambria. — An exceedingly large, well-formed
decorative bloom of soft-pink colouring which
passes to nearly white at the tips, and the centre
undeveloped florets are also almost whit«.

Planet. — A compactly formed Collerette
Dahlia of velvety-mapoon colouring. The quills
are straw-coloured, with streaks of maroon.
These five varieties were shown by Meesrs. J.

BuBRELL AND SoNS.

Fire King.—K somewhat star-shaped Coller-
atte Dahlia. The scarlet florets are lightly tipped
with golden yellow, and the quills are yellow
streaked with scarlet. Shown by Mr. C.

TUBNEE.

Autocrat. — A Collerette variety of almost simi-
lar colouring to the last, but a rounder, fuller
blocim, though equally valuable for garden deco-
ratioQ.

Mrs. J. A. Jnrrett.—A dull crimson Collerette
variety, the florets tipped with mauve. The
•luills are flushed with purple. Both were shown
by Mr. J. A. .Tarbett.

IJliith Star. — .\nother of the well-known Star
type of Dahlia, which is so valuable for decora-
tive purposes. This variety is rather larger than
the others, and is of a bright blush colour. Shown
by Mescrs. .1. Them. *nt) Sons.

The following medals were aw.irdcd t col-
lections : —

Silver Flora Medals to Messrs. F. Cant and
Co., for Roses, and Messrs. H. B. May axd
Sons, for Ferns. Silver Bonksian Mv.did.<? to
Messrs. B. R. Cant and Sons, for Roses ;
Messrs. .1. CiiEAL and Sons, for Dahlias and
autumn-tinted foliage; Messrs. Alex. DirnsoN
AND Sons, for Roses : Mr. E. .1. HifKS, for
Roses : Messrs. Piper's, for climb'^rs and orna-
mental shrubs ; and Mr. J. B. Ridino, for
Dahlias. Bronze Flora Mednls to Mi«sr3.
Allwood Bros., for Carnntinns; the Rev. .T. H.
Pemberton, for Rose.'^ : and Mr. .T. V. Allorove,
fir Ro.ia Movp.«ii. llmn-.r lioiil-.-'iori Mrdal to
Messrs. W. Wells, .Tnni-, , f<iT- liardy Mowcrp.

Orchid Committee.

present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
I hair), Sir Harry .J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas. O'Brien
(hon. secretary), .1. Wilson Potter. Arthur Dye,
William Bo'.tdn, Walter Cobb, Fred. K. Sander,
Frederick J. Hanbury, E. R. Asht(m. T. Ami-
strong, R. A. Rolfe,'j. E. Shill, H. G. Alex-
ander and J. Charlesworth.

.VwARDS OF Merit.
t'dttlci/ii Iris Orchidhtirst varicti/ (l>ieolur x
Dnwinnn aiiren), from Messrs. Armstrong and
iiHOWN, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A hand-
some variety, and the tenth of this favourite
cross to receive an award from the Orchid Com-
mittee. The small plant bore a large and well-
formed flower, the sepals and petals of which

were pale yellow tinged with a purplish-bronze
shade. The broad front lobe of the lip is deep
rosy-mauve, with a freckling of yellow at the
base.

BrassO'Cattleya llem The Bride (B.-C. Mme.
alias. Maron x C. Dowiana avrea), from Messrs.
Hass.^ll and Co., Southgate. A large and deli-
cately tinted flower, of a clear peacli -blossom
shade, with a deeper rose tint on the lip, the
sides of which bear oblong yellow patches on a
white ground, distinctly reminiscent of Cattleya
Warscewiczii, which, with Brassavola Digbyana,
produced B.C. Mme. Chas. Maron.

General Exhibits.
Messrs. Armstrong and Brown were awarded
a Silver Flora iledal for a gix^up of Laelio-Cat-
tleyas and other Orchids, 'the Laelio-Cattleyas
included fine white forms, the best of which was
C. Lady Veitch. A fine pure white, home-raised
Laelia primula alba was also shown, and novel-
ties included Laelio-Cattleya Maqueda Saturata
(C. Lord Rothschild x L.-C. Geo. Woodham), a
finely-coloured flower, the chief feature of which
was the distinct yellow blotches on the lip ;

McNabiana (M. Bleuana x 0. Edwardii), bore
a tall, many-flowered spike of rosy-mauve
flow ers.

Messrs. Flory and Black, Slough, showed a
fine form of their Laeiio-Gattleya Soulange (L.-C.
I.usire X C. Dowiana aurea) ; the rose-ooloured
(lower has a broad, rusby-purple lip.

Fruit and Vegetabla Committee.

Present.- Messrs. A. H. Pearson, vice-chair-
man), W. Pope, H. Markham, A. R. Allan, F.
Jordan, J. C. Allgrove, J. Harrison, W. Bates,
Owen Thomas, W. Poupart, W. Wilks, E. A.
Bunyard, A. Bullock, and A. W. Metcalfe.

A Gold Medal was awarded to the University
''oLLEGE, Reading, for a collection of vegetables,
rtpresentative of most kinds in season. All
the produce was of the best quality, but
the most notable sorts were New Red Inter-
mediate and Scarlet Intermed.iat'e CaiTots, Par-
snips, Cucumbers, Late Queen Peas, Eclipse
Tomatos, Black Beet, Prizetaker Leeks, and
Cranston's Excelsior, Exhibition, and Ailsa
Craig Onions.

Messrs. Dobbie and Co. showed fifty baskets

-PR:)Dl'CE OF ONE ROOT OF WINDSOR CASTLE POTATO, CULTIVATED BY MR. EDWIN
.MOL\NEl'X, STEWARD TO W, H. MYERS, ESQ., SVVANMORE PARK. BISHOP's WALTHAM.

i'lhf iiiheni iwunb«red flftj-eiglit and their weight wu» 12^ His.)

Odontoglossum W. E. Bissel (crispum Mossiae
X Mars), a large, blush-white variety, with
flosely-arrangcd puqilp blotches ; and 0. S. T.
Wright, two-thirds of the inner parts of the seg-
ments of which were reddish-violet, the margins
and tips white.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath, were awarded a Silver Flora Medal for
a group of showy hybrids ; novelties included
Brasso-Cattlcya Sofrano (B.-C. Mrs. J. Lee-
niiinn x f'- iridescens), with primrose-coloured
.sef^al8 and petals, and neatly-formed fringed
labellum with greenish-yellow disc ; and Cat-
lleya Sirius (Germania x Trianae), a great im-
|)rovement tm C. Germania (grandulosa x
Hardyana), the flower being large, bright rose
in colour, with ruby-purple front to the lip, the
shape of which indicates C. granulosa, but with
more ample proportions.

Messrs. Hassall and Co., Southgate, were
awarded a Silver Flora Medal for a group of
hybrids raised at Southgate. They had a fine
Cattleya .Sybil, several forms of Brasiso-Cattleya
llcne. fine varietie'i of Cattleya liegina, good
Laelio-Cattleya Roumania, and L.-C. Rhenus.

Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans, were awarded a
Silver Banksian Medal for a group in which the
coming season of the Cypripedium was well de-
monstrated by an excellent selection. Odontonia

of Potatos, all of first-rate quality, staged on a
ground of black velvet, with trails of Sni'lax for
decoration. Favorite, Prolific. Majestic, Witch
Hill, Express, The Provost, Admiral, and King
Eklward, were represented by excellent speci-
mens. At the back were seedling Potatos, many
of them of great promise. (Gold Medal.)

.Messrs. Sutton and Sons showed Marrows,
Gourds and Pumpkins, for which a Silver
Knightian Medal was awarded. The largest
specimen was Sutton's Mammoth Pumpkin, and
Long Green, Long White, and Long Yellow were
the largest of the Marrows. Ohio and Hubbard
Squashes — tlie former yellow and ihe latter deep
olive-green — were also of large size, with a
pointed apex.

Messrs. Dickson and Robinson showed thirty
bulbs of their Premier Onions, .many weighing
3i lbs. each. They showed also some fine bulbs
of the Royal Keeper variety, of a flatter shape.

The Marquis of Ripon, Coombe Wood, King-
ston Hill (gr. Mr. Smith), showed a fine exhibit
of hardy fruits, for which a Silver-gilt Kniglitian
Medal was awarded. Mr. J. C. Allgrove,
Langley, Slough, showed boxes of Plum foe's
Gdldi-n" Drop, Golden Transparent, and Presi-
dent, f(jr which he obtained a Silver Banksian
Mrdal Mr. H. Close, Orpington, also obliainod
a Silver Banksian Medal for Apples and Pears.

134

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Semembeb 29, 1917.

Competitive Vegetable Classes.
The most important class was for a collection
of 12 kinds, distinct, to be selected from a pub-
lished list. W. H. MyEKS, Esq., Swanmore Park,
Hants (gr. Mr. G. EUwood), won the 1st prize
and the Sutton Challenge Cup. His best speci-
men« were Carrot New Bed Intermediate, Ailsa
( ■lai'r Onion, and Best of All Tomato. The 2nd
prize was won by Mr. T. Jones, Bryn Penylan,
lUiabon; 3rd, Duke of Wellington, Strathfield-
saye House, Mortimer, Berkshire (gr. Mr. E.
Matthews).

Eustace E. Paljier, Esq., Sherfield-on-Lod-
don. Basingstoke (gr. H. E. Wallis), won the
1st prize in the class for 9 kinds, his exhibit in-
cluding fine specimens of Champion Horn Car-
rot. Best of All Tomato, Superlative Potato, and
Gladstone Pea; 2nd, Hon. Mrs. R. Greville,
Polesden Lacey, Dorking (gr. Mr. H. Prince).

In Class 3, for 6 kinds, the 1st prize was
awarded to Miss E. L. Bradshaw, Steeple
Aston, O.xon (gr. Mr. R. Wadham), with a good
e.xhibit including Ailsa Craig Onion, Best of All
Tomato, and New Red Intermediate Carrot.
The 2nd prize was won by G. Thorn, Esq. , Wel-
lingborough, Ashford; Kent.

J. B. "Fortescue, ' Esq., Dropmore, Maiden-
head (gr. Mr. C. Page), was placed 1st
in the class for a collection of 12 varieties
of Rotates. The 2nd prize was awarded
to Mrs. A. Smart, Llansanna, Abergele, Den-
bighshire (gr. Mr. R. Rogers). In Class 5, for 6
varieties of Rotates, there were three competi-
tors; G. Thorn, Esq., Willesborough, Kent (gr.
Mr. Hoad), and W. H. Myers, Esq., were
awarded the 1st and 2nd prizes respectively.
Ml-. Myers gained the 1st prize in Class 6, for i
collection of Onions, White Italian, Blood Red,
Ailsa Craig, and Brown Globe varieties being
exceedingly fine. The 2nd prize was awarded to
Eustace E. Palmer, Esq.

For a collection of salads, 6 distinct kinds. Mr.
Myers was again successful, showing fine speci-
men.'; of Ideale Cucumber, AU the Year Round
Lettuce, Batavian Endive, Perfection Tomatos,
and Superb Pink Celery; 2nd, Miss E. Brad-
shaw.

Single Dish Classes.
Classes 8 to 38 were all for single dishes, and
they were, on the whole, well contested, and gome
meritorious exhibits were shown, Miss E. Brad-
shaw was awarded the 1st prize in classes for (a)
Scarlet R,unner Beans, with the variety Prize-
winner, (b) Parsnip (Tender and True), (c)
I 'arrets (New Red Intermediate), (d) Purple Top
Turnips, (e) Tomatos (Perfection), and of any
other vegetable not enumerated in the schedule
M'ith fine heads of Silver Seakale Beet. The
Duke of Wellington obtained first prizes for (a)
Climbing French Bean, (b) Peas (Gladstone),
and (c) Curled Kale. Mrs. Jenner was placed
1st among ten competitors for Globe Beet, and
for Onions with splendid bulbs of Premier
variety. Sir Montague Turner. Bedfords,
Havering, Romford (gr. Mr. A. J. Barrett),
gained the 1st prize for Long Beet with good
roots of Sutton's Black variety. Mr. Tom J^ones,
Brvn Penylan, Ruabon, was successful in a num-
ber of classes, gaining 1st prizes for (a) Brussels
Snrouts (Exhibition), (b) Cauliflowers (Autumn
Mammoth), (c) White Celerv (Giant White), (d)
Red Celery (Aldenham Pink), (e) Leeks (Inter-
national), (f) Vegetable Marrows, (g) Stump-
rooted Carrots (Model), (h) White Turnips
(Model), (i) Yellow-fleshed Turnips, and (j)
Yellow Tomatos.

Lady Cowper. Panshanger, Hertford (gr. Mr,
R. Staward), showed the best three plants of
Brussels Sprouts with the variety Silverton. The
Hon. Mrs. R. Greville obtained the first place
among seven competitors for Cabbage with
Wheeler's Imperial. Mr. Eustace Palmer ob-
tained the 1st prize in the class for Savoys with
the variety Perfection, and he showed the best
("'ucumbers with the variety Delicacy. Mr. W. H.
Myers was awarded the 1st prizes for Celeriac
;nid for coloured Potatos (King Edward). Mr.
G. Thorn was awarded the 1st prize in the class
for white Potatos, with the variety Factor.

Ilie Champion Challenge Cup, which was
ofi'ered to the winner of the greatest number of
1st prize points throughout the exhibition (the
winner in Class 1 excluded), was awarded to
Miss E. Bradshaw.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Poultry in the Orchard,
Another season's experience has given further
proof of the value of poultry in the orcliard,
whether the ground is under grass or cultivated.
In my case the poultry run over the orchard all
the year round. The trees show a marked im-
provement in appearance, especially in the
colour of the leaves. In a Nut orchard, which
was run over for several years by tui'keys and
ducks, the crops of Lord Grosvenor Apples
planted among the Nut bushes gave this year
an unusually heavy crop of huge, higlily coloured
fruits. The trees have not had manui'e in any
other form since they were planted six years
ago.

Apart from the manurial value of poultry,
they aid considerably in keeping the trees free
from Winter Moth caterpillars, especially when
the surface is cultivated. They destroy many
moths and caterpillars as they fall off the trees
in June and July.

Pruning Orchard Trees.

A STANDARD trained Apple tree thirty yeara
old should give full crops of fruit from the tips
of the branches to the centre of the tree, and
should have a diameter of 30 to 40 feet. All
branches should be trained on the cordon prin-
ciple. Trees properly managed from the begin-
ning do not require very much pruning to keep
them in a thriving condition. Directly the fruit
is gathered remove useless brandies, cutting
away all weakling growths to admit air, sunshine
and light to the centre of the tree. Before the
leaves fall a better idea can be obtained of the
space required for the main branches. The final
pruning of the cun-ent season's shoots can be
done later.

Make arrangements for the pl.onting of new
orchards or for renovating old ones by graft-
ing improved varieties upon them. Trees
under thirty years old can be regrafted,
and will make larger trees in less time
tliar newly planted ones. The early part
of .4pril is the season for grafting. Order
the trees early to ensure good results by planting
in October, before the soil becomes chilled. In
a commercial orchard it is unwise to plant many
varieties. Ascertain the local requirements, and
plant accordingly. Tlie trees sliould' be stan-
dards, in view of the future utilisation of the
grass for cattle. Of kitchen varieties the follow-
ing are desirable : Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor,
Norfolk Beauty, Lane's Prince Albert. Bram-
ley's Seedling, and Newton Wonder. Dessert :
Beauty of Bath, Devonshire Quarrendon, Wor-
cester Pearniain, James Grieve. Allington Pip-
pin, Blenheim Pippin, and Cox's Orange Pippin,
They are placed in their order of ripening.
The' stations sliould be deeply trenched wliere
the subsoil is stiff and of an impervious nature,
to ensure good drainage. An inert, close subsoil
is a cause of canker, Lichen infested wood, and
silvei leaf disease. E. Mohjneux.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Box Edging : Constant Reader. The best time
to plant Box edging is in February or March,
provided the weather is favourable. Care
should be taken that the plants do not suffer
from drought afterwards, frequent waterings
being necessary in dry weather. If a few
plants are put in an odd comer at the same
time they will be useful for filling gaps that
may occur in the hedge during the first year
of planting.

Cooking Kohl Rabi : W. O. D. The common
method is to peel the roots, cut them into four
parts, and boil them tor twenty minutes or
half an hour, according to their age. A better
method is to select the roots of the size of a
cricket ball, boil them first, and then peel
them. Wlien cut into quarters or slices, the
boiling in that condition washes out most of
the flavour from the roots. We have never
known any injury caused by eating Kohl Rabi
cooked in the maimer described.

Names ok Fruits.— /« the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
hut the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents shc'uld observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VARIETIES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification ivill be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, atid carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to retitrn
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants mtist not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.
D. McRae and Co. Emperor Alexander. —
(j. C, Ltd. 1, Marie Louise; 2 and
3, over-ripe ; 4, General Todleben ; 5, Pit-
niaston Duchess ; 6, Emile d'Heyst. — TK. H.
Reinette du Canada. — P. B. Waldy. 1,
Flower of Kent ; 2, Alf riston ; 3, Annie
Elizabeth — Che'eseman. Bielo Borodawka.
— G. B. 1, Cellini ; 2, Lane's Prince
Albert.— ir. D. 1, The Queen ; 2, Cellini ; 3,
King of the Pippins. — /. P. C. 3, Deans' Cod-
lin; 5, Scarlet Nonpareil; 5, Margil ; 10, Cox's
Orange Pippin ; 11, Ribston Pippin ; 13, King
of the Pippins ; 14, Lemon Pippin ; A, Fearn's
Pippin; D, Ribston Pippin. — .1. /'. M. 1 and
2, Williams' Bon Chretien '; 3, Huyshe's Vic-
toria ; 4, Durondeau ; round bronze Pear,
Comte de Lamy ; green Pear. Beurre Diel ; 7,
Apple Northern Greening ; 8, Winter Greening.
— C. B. Sheep's Nose,— />. H. D. 1, Not re-
cognised ; 2, too small to recognise ; 3, Beauty
of Bath ; 4, decayed ; 5, King of the Pippins ;
6, Hanwell Souring ; 7, Irish Peach, — Essex.

1, Dumelow's Seedling (syn. Wellington) ; 2,
Ribston Pippin ; 3, decayed ; 4. Duke of Devon-
shire ; 5, Alfriston ; 6, Scarlet Golden Pippin, —
ir. D. and S. 1, Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance;

2, Granger's Pearmain ; 3, Beurre d'Amanlis, —
.4 . S. Pear Williams' Bon Chretien ; the fruits
will not keep long after they are gathered. —
/. ir. M. 1, Lane's Prince Albert; 2, Dume-
low's Seedling (syn. Wellington) ; 3, Cockle
Pippin ; 4, HoUaridbury ; 5. Sturmer Pippin ;
6, Tower of Glammis ; 8, iiot recognised ; 3,
Cox's Orange Pippin ; 10, Woodcock. —
A. F. H. 1, Apple Hoarv Morning (late Sep-
tember) ; 3, Lord Sufiiel'd ; 4. Pear Catillac
(October) ; 5, Apple Dumelow's Seedling (syn.
Wellington) ; 6. Apple Gascoyne's Scarlet (late
September or October) ; 7, Apple Warner's
King (late September) ; 8. Apple Worcester
Pearniain (early September) ; 9, Sturmer Pip-
pin (late October or November) ; 10. Pear, de-
cayed ; 11, Anple Cox's Orange Pippin (late
September) ; 2 and 12, Apple Lane's Prince
.•Albert (late September).

Names of Plants.— Correspondents not answered in
this issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
Mi.?s L. Ceropegia Woodii.

Scale Insects on Peach Trees : Constant
Render. Wdtnn. Scrub the main branches
wien the plants are defoliated with soft soap
and paraffin, taking care to dislodge the scales.
Afterwards deal with the smaller branches.
This methods takes more time than syringing,
but a thorough scrubbing will remove the scale
entirely. Give the woodwork of the house a
thorough cleansing after the trees liave been
dealt with.

Tomatos Attacked ; P. H. The fly is the
" White Fly," or Aleyrodes. Fumigate the
house in which the plants are growing with
a nicotine x'aporising compound. Full direc-
tions for use are issued with the compound,
wJiich you can purchase from any horticul-
tural sundriesman. Keep the Tomato house
well ventilated.

Communications Keceived,,— O M. L.— J, L,—
A L — W \V.— W. C— W, S.— E. B,— ,1, P,— E. H, M,—
— W. S,— L.— T, W, B,— W. P.— C. G. A,— C. H. W.—
E. II L.— Eiiquirer— A. W, G.— J. K.— A. K,— J, T. M,
O. R,, Meophiam— W. H. P.— J. 0, B,— A. O.— Sir
H. M,— W, H, Y,— F, W. F.— D. Rodger- W. H. D.
— GuiMier T. Oliver— A. J. O,— Arthur W, S,

September 29, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1M[ JBL R ^ JB T S.

COVKNT (GARDEN, September i6.

We cannot accepi any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. Tbey are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day.
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which tney are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pols, &c. : Average Wholesale hrlces.
s. d. a. d.

Aralia Sieboldii

per doz ... 5 0-60

Asparagos plunio-

Vegetables ; Average Wholesale Prices.

sua, per doz. ... 10 0-12 0

Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 Q
Aspidistra, green,

per doz. ... 30 0-3G 0

Cacti, various, per

tray of Ids ...

— per tiay of 12'8
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 4S a, per
doz.

— coloured, 4S'8,

. d. 8. d.
Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small
and large 60s 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0- 8 »

— in 32's, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,
48's, per doz .. 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis,

60's, per doz... 0 0-80

— larger, each ... 2 6-76
12 0-24 0 KentiaBelmoreana,

per doz. ... l.'j 0-18 0

per doz ... 8 0-12 0 ia,ger .. SO u-60 0

CocosWeddelliana, _ Forsteriaiia.60"s 7 0-80

48 s. per doz.... la 0-30 0 Lilium longiHoram,

— 60S, per doz.... 8 0-10 0 i per doz. ... 24 0-30 0
Erica nivalis, tu's, | — lancifolium ru-

per doz ... 4 0-60 brum 24 0-30 0

— 48's 15 0-18 0 I album ... 24 0-30 0

— gracilis 48'8 ... li 0-15 0 iMarguentes. 48'8,

72 8 ... 3 6- 4 0 I per doz. ... fl 0- S 0

Remarks.— There is ouly a moderate supply of pt>t
plants, ymoll Ericas are improving in quality KuL-bias
departjuem

the latest nid<U\

Cut Flowers, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, white, per
per. bun.

— coloured

— single

Aruma—

— (Kichardias),
per doz. Iji nis.

CainuttuUH, peruoz

— blooma, b^at
American vur.

Chrysanthemums—

— "bite, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yellow

— coloured, per

— doz- buuchta ...

— white

Kucnaria, p^r. doz.

blooms

Gladiolus Brench*
leyenais Iter doz

— America, per
doz. aplkes ...

— Hailey, salmon,
per doz. hpikf a

— Pink Beuutv.
I>ur doz, spikes

Heather, while,
per doz. bun....

Lapageria alba, pur
doz. blooms ,„

Liitum longitlorum,

lOBg

— lancifolium
alDum, long ...

rubrum, per

doz. long
abort, per

doz blooms ...
I.ily-of-thc-Valley,

SO-SO
4 0-60
3 0-40

3 0-40

2 0-30

2 0-40
2 0-26
2 0-30
2 0-30

2 6-30

2 0-30

3 0-40
3 0 —
0 9-10
6 0-00

2 0-26

3 6-40
2 6-30
2 6-30
2 0-30
M 0-30 0

Marguerites, yellow a
per doz. onn 3

— Mrs. Sander,
per doz. bun... 2

Michaelmas Daisies

per doz. bun... 6
Orchids, per doz;—

— Cattleya ... 15

— Cypripediuras 2

— Oduiiioglobsum
crispum ... 2

Pelargoniums, dou-
ble acarlet, per
• doz, bunches... 6

Pliyaulis. per aoz.
bunches ... 6

Roses : per doz.
blooms, Frau
Karl Druschki 1

— Liberty ... 1
■— Melody ... 1

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay 1

— Ophelia ... 1

— liuubursl ... 1

— White Molly
Sbarmau Claw-
ford 1

Statice, white, per
doz. bunches... 6

.d. 8.d.
6-4 0

t- 4 0

0-10 0

0-18 0

O-IO 0
0-8 0

per

— yellow ...

— iDcana...
Stephanotls,

72 pips

StocK, mauve, per

doz. bunches ...

— white

■Sweet Sultau, white,

per doz. buu. ..

-r mauve

Tuberoses, per gross

blooms

Vtola coruhta ...
Violets.perdo/.lmn.

0-6 0

0 —

0-10 0

Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantum (Maiden-
hair Fern) best,
per doz. bun...

Asparagus piu-

mosus, long
trails, per hall-

Asparagus con.—
— Sprengeri
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

dcz

Moas. gross bun...
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails

16-20

HEMAKK8. — yuotationa and supplies 'ai-e similar to
those given lost week. Rrtsea oaxi gradually dccrc6U>ing,
ulttliough soiine fliiie blooms ol the following isorts are ob-
tainable: — Mme. A. Chatciuiy, MeJody, Molly Sliaa-mtu*
CVawfoaxi, Ijadylove, Liberty,' Siuiburst, and Weilingtoni.
Violets asa more plentiful. A few bandies of double
Marie Louise aie arriving, but they soon show tlie effect
of the'niUd weather. White Asters are finishing. A few
Iwxes of double W-hite Stocks are still being received
in excellent coiuiition. Some very fine sijikes of Nerinea
are being received; wluicli aire effective for deooralive
purpoRes. There nre only very limited mipplies of
Orohid blooms, but a few good Cypnixxliums are re.ioh-
ing the market.

a.d. s.d.
Artichokes, Globe,

per doz. ... 4 0- .i 0

Beans : Runner

(scarlet), per

bus. ...40-60

Beetroot, per bus. 6 0-70
Brussels Sprouts,

per ^ bus. ... 3 0 3 6
Cabbage, per tally 5 0-60
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ... 3 0-40
Cauliflowers, per

tally

Cucumbers, per flat
Garlic, per lb.
Greens, per bag ...
Herbs, per doz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, p r

bunch 5 0 —

8 0-12 6
» 0-10 0
0 8-09
2 0-30

s.d. s
Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0- ■
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per doz. 1 0- :
Mustard and Cress,

per doz. punnets 10
Oniuns, per cwt, ... 17 0-2

Peas, per bushel ... 4 0-80
Radiaher, per doz.

bunches ... 1 0- 1 C
Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 6 0-90

Spinach, per bushel 3 0-40

Turnips, per bag ... 4 0-50
— new, per doz.

bunches ... 3 0-40
Vegetable Marrows,

per tally ... 10 0-12 6

Watercress, per doz. 0 4-06

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Lemons, per case... 13 0-18 0
Melons, English and

Guernsey, each 2 6-50
M ushrooms (out-
door, per i bus 4 0-50
— cultivated, per

b 2 3-26

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per. cwt. ...110 0 —

— cobs, per lb....

or- rj

— Filberts.perll).

0 7 —

— Coconuts, per

100

4S 0-50 U

Peaches, per doz ..

2 0-10 0

Pears, per i bus. ..

2 0- S 0

Plunis, per i bus.

3 0- S 0

Sloes, per skip ...

1 0 —

Tomatos, English

per i2 lbs. or

peck

r, 0- 6 0

Walnuts, English,

per lb

0 S-0 10

Almonds, per cwt. isO 0 —
Apples :-

— cooking.perbua. 3 0-70

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per i bus 3 6-10 0

Aubergines. perdoz. 2 0-30

Blackberries (culti-
vated) per lb... 0 7-09

Corncobs, per doz. 2 6-30

Damsons, per ( bus. 2 0-26

Figs (Italian), per

bo.x 2 0-26

— Worthing, pev
doz 16-30

Gages, per * bus... 9 0-12 0
Grapes, AJicante,

black, per lb... 0 8-10

— English (new
reason) Black
Hamburgh, per
lb 0 6-20

— Gros. Colnian,
per. lb. ... 10-26

— Muscats, per lb. 0 6-30

Remarks. —The market is well supplied with Applet,
both <le(«ert and cooking varieties. The t)ulk of Pern's
conaist^ of tlie foUowang varieties, Bexirre Hardy, Louise
Bonno of Jersey, Oabbasb, Pitmastuu Duchess, and Fer-
tility. Supplies o! Pliuiis are decreasing ; those on olfvr
consist principally of Monai-cJi. D;unfoais coirtinue jilen-
tiful. There are large arrivals of Gitipes from the OIkui-
nel lakuids, prmciiKilly Biluck Alii'iau'tc. Tliere luos ako
been a good supply ol honie-gpowoi varieties. Xectarineo
are now scarce, but Peaches are plonlifuiL Italian Figy
are on offer in bo.xeia containing oiie dozen (ruit», Kng-
iish Oobnuts, Filberts, and WaJaioits are on sale. A
consignment of Oraiiges from Januiioa is due to ivtich
t^e market. Valen<^ia Onioois are on offer. t^igJi^h
Tomatos have not been ao pleu'tiful, but outdoor
Tomaitos from the Cluiiuicl L^tinds are a lau^^ supply.
The second crop of Oicumbers is arriving. Mush-
rooms, both outdoor ajid cultivated, are on offer. Tlicre
iire a lew Veam stiU on offer. Sujiplies of Marrows ai-e
decreasing, but otlier vegetables are fturlrv* plentaful.
E. U. R., Coretit Gardtn Market, .Scpteviber i6, VJl7.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH Q^RDSNERS'.— The nicrtiii^: of this societv.
lu-Id in tJie Foiw^tcrs- Hall on the lOtb ijnst.. was de-
voted to a discussion on the weather. Mr. T. Porrott
(cliairman of tlie cocie'y) |>rcsided. A inembor Mat-gd
thot " om the liiEl " he bad registered 12 inches of rain
— ^1,200 tons per acre — from June 29 to August 29.
Another obi*erve<l that in August aJone lie registcrc<l
8 24 in<-iies, or 824 tons 1o the aore.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Kpso

Mr. J. Irvine, late of Nork Park (iardens.
Downs, Surrey-, sis (lardener 'at Bradley C
Grimsby, LinoolnBhire. [Thanks for 28. b<l. for Ga
denera' KoyaJ Benevolent Institution.— EDS.]

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Ohahlks T'urneh, Uoyal Nurseries, Slough. — Iloaes.
D. G. PURDIK. 6, Waterloo Street, GLai^ow.— Bulbs.
John McKerchab, 35, Giesbach Uoad, Upper Hollowi

^Retordcd Buibs.
JamI':3 Carter & Go,, Raynes Park, London..— BuJbs.

SCHEDULE RECEIVED.

National Chrysanthemum Societv — Fxbihi
tion to he hfld in the London ScotUsh Drill Hall, BucU
Highani Gate, Westmmster. on Tne><.lav. NovcnilK-r t
1917.

SITUATIONS WAN lED -(Continued from page lU.
OARDENER (Head AVorking) ; thor-

^-^ oughly expeiiuiiced , nuiiried ; guod references ;
exempt nimtiiiiy servaee ; wife useful; plciise state wages.
—GAKDENKK, 1V3. London Road, Ea^t Gainstead.

/?JARDENER (Head Working), where one

^-'^ or more aje kept ; thoroughjlr experieiK-ed all
roujid; In-aide and Out; married; age 4i (no f-.unilv) ;
good references. State wages. — T. W. SU'lTON, Hild
Lodge, I'llffl-iiu's Way, Wegterham. Kent.

13 OST under Head Gardener; Yorkshire

-■- pi^ten^.— W. L., Box 21, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

SITUATION required for Kitchen Garden
^^-^ and Pleasure Ga'ouiids ; iige 48 ; gjiiijgle ; well recojii-
meiuled.— A. H., 4, Keiiihaw Street, Waadsvvortii Koad,
Claphtun. S.W.

QARDENER seeks Situation, Single-

^-^ luinded ; iniuiied ; 46 ; one bov (12 yeao^) ; exjioa-i-
ejioed Kitclieu G;irden. Fiuit, Flowers, &c. ; good refer-
euoe— (J. KING, 11, St. Leooiai-da Road, Horshoni,
Sussex.

l^OREMAN, life experience ; Inside or

-*- Inside and Out ; laig^ establdslinient ; ineligibif ;
highest l-eferencos ; good wages I'equired. — J. H.\KR1S,
12, Beaulieu Villus, Finsbur.v Piirk, Londoii.

POREMAN or good SECOND GAR-

-*- DENLR seeks sitfuatieai, chiefly In.side ; good refer-
ences frojn previous emploj-ers ; age 50 ; final discharge ;
life experience Liside and Out ; mannied (oaie child, 3
nionths).— Apply, W OOOK, 35. The Green, Cholsey, n'etu-
A\',iIlnig'foid. EeJkg.

JOURNEYMAN seeks Situation, Inside,
where 2 or 3 aio kept; age 22; ditiohairged ; Sussex
or Surrey preferred.— State wages, &c., to W. GATES,
Laurel Cotiage, Colgate, near Horshiim.

itUATION^i^mred^loT'l MPROVER,

(15) ; Inside- m\A Out ; Botihv. Please stat* wages. —
FKEXCH, Lower H;iiv Park Gnivlens, Newmarket.

s

As LADY GARDENER, with Others.—
MR. JONES, Baa-K.w Court Gar<len»-, \i\:g\fn- ira-om-
nit-nds MISS P.AUKKli. Guod experience in Fruit an<l
PkiJiib Houses; thoriMifthlv reliable; good worker. — .\iiph ,
illSS PARKER, 31. St. Mnj-y's Street, Stjmlord, Liaifa.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Re-engagement ;

-■-^ 4 ■\-e.'irs' experience ; college ta-ained. — J. W.
BEEOHFfeLD, StonJe.v. Wakefield, Yorka.

T ADY GARDENER, trained Swaniey,
^-^ praoticftil eAi>erioii'je, seelts Post ; parents would
tnko charge I'.ouee during: owner's (il>senit'e. — K,. Box 17,
41, WeUington Street. Covent GnKkn.. V[CJL

SITUATION required (Inside work) under

^' gotxl Head Gaitlcner bv \-oung WOMAN, with »>iue
l.ractifol Icnow,le<lKe. — P. "M,, Bo.v 15, 41, WeMiiiglon
Street, Covent G.tixlen, W.O. 2.

K

ITCHEN G.VRDEN LABOURER

¥.. I. V'IIMi:U, Til- Cn.l- n..

■Mr.

id Park,

TRAD£.

GENTLEMAN (50) (ksiies WORKING
MANAGEMENT, Gai-uein-, I win. i,, Sin.ill INuite,
Food Proviuetion, improving. extriii;ii- liuit rl mi ii luiis.
Mushrooms, ToanoJos, Bulbs; mu.:,.i:.i nn m .Imv iioid,
pigs; iM-oflt-able oonvorsionj waste juvvliu.^, Luuc^iHjiid-
eiu-e, accounts.— 4PIevi.se lUldlcss olleJ's to It.. Bo.'C '^1, 41.
WclliaiglonStrcet, Ctovent Gaixlen, W.C. 2.

RKING^FOREMAN or MANAGER;

W^

ago 39 :

■iod ; 24

branches as 0iuiiati<
Toniatios, or au.v i>olt-\vootled
good decoivltor or u\aking-iip
WIO.MAN, lii, Wi<le.v View, I

PIlllHUltb.

MANAGER or FOREMAN desires Re-en-
gagcnunt ; lile experience in llli to-dale London
ami provincial Nurseries; good reference.— B. A., Box
18. 41, Welliiigtou Slrcft, Covent Goideii, W.C. 2.

FOREMAN I'ROrAGATOR, GROWER,
age 51; hi. . -|"- " ' !■' '1' % 1'' 'I' . Ti.n.ilo^,

Cucumt^rs, It m , -ii 1.11:1 , I;. 1 u 1 1 niis,

Fenis, Bulbs, I'l'i 1 n-, I'-i ■'!"! •"Let.

stuff, beddi.ng sliili. m .|iii! - t M;rllt;i.', rii niic-

tar, iKiwer Road, ImiiIcv. Surre.v^

CEED TRADE.— MANAGER requires En-

^ ga.geinejit; .a.ge 43; many .tears' cxperien-e in niati-
a,geinent, buving. and itontrncting. Full particulars on
application,— J.. Box 23, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

ISCHARGED Soldier, 28, exempt from

further .sen-ice ; good api)earance and education :
jgh Icnowledge eonimeiroial Horticulture; desires
ion as TRAVELLER or any position where his sue-

ml ,,n..=lic.l« wniiVI driicnd piitirciVv n,Hin his owil

■ .,,1.1 i,'.l|.., 1,1,, 111, ■ .l,.i,,i,.... ,,,. ..i.ii...|. H. G. O.

D

rpwo EDUL'ATiCD WO.MKX, vmIIi truiii-

^ iiig tuid experi.ftii*», desire respoirsible woi-k in
Fruit or VegeUibles ; a<-ou9to.ined to orgajiise labour.—
H. J., Box 19, 41, Wellingtom, Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2.

FLORIST.— LADY desires Re-«ng.-igement ;
14 years' experience Designs, Wreiiths, Bouquets,
Pliiiits, Sundries; able to take charge.— Letters, MISS
F., 49, Somerlo».ton Road. Brixton, London.

vi TRE GARhSNERS' CHRONICLE. [September 29, 1917.

By Special Appointment to ,^^^1^. ^'* Majesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGeW-121, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegram! : "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

NOTICE TO SEEDSMEN, NURSERYMEN, MARKET
GARDENERS, FRUIT-GROWERS, HORTICULTURAL
BUILDERS, BOILER MAKERS, COAL MERCHANTS,

AND SUNDRIESMEN.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" HORTICULTURAL
DIRECTORY have been posted to all the above whose names are already
in the Directory. In order to facilitate the early publication of the revised
edition for 1918, it is requested that the forms, with the necessary corrections,
be returned AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of all
interested in Horticulture that the new edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be m^ide perfect.

Anyone in the above categories who has failed to receive a form should
send for one to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lovb and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holbom, London, VI.C, and PuMiahed weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ivtd., 41, Wellinfton Street, Covont Garden, City of Westminster, Satiibday, September 29, 1917. Agent tor Manohester. Johh Heywood.

. ^'^'^ -u ]9"

■Jk^

fi r' 1 t >

Established 1841

No. 4006

No. 1606. Vol. LXII. {^^bSs} SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1917.

( Registered as a Newspaper.-! ""'CE ^3.
(Post-free, 4id.

SUBSCRIPTION— Inland, 19i6 ; Foreign, 221- per annum. Entered at JVew Tork Post Office as seeond-elass matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. 2. Telegraphic Address—" Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS >ee page 135

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

AdvertiseTs will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wedneadaif evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for. insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLAST.

IZ'ELWAY & SON,

-•■*■ Tlie Rov.aI Horticulturio's,

LANGPORT, SOltEK-SET,
are now booking orders f'fr their Ohoice Hardy Perennial
Plants. Plant 0 Colnuj Border this Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy its beauty for many years without
any additional expense or trouble.

Send measurements of your BordeTS.

Paeonies^ Delphiniums, Phloxes, GaiLlardias, and other
beautiful flowers, included in their Colour Schemes, whieh
provide blooms frt>m early Spring to late Autumn.

WHITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
tor Reduced Price Li*.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
** " Greenhouses ic. and Heating Engineers,
Damers Street, Chelsea, London. S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

ROSE.S. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new descriptive price
list, with Hints on How t« Grow Roses, now ready,
poet free.- Write to-day. A. J. & C. ALLEN. Roee
Growers. Norwich (for over 50 years).

"T) I 0 K S O N ' 8 HORTIC['LTrR.\L
-■-' MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over h;ilf a
^-" century's reiiutation for cflootiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Rerj Spider. Scale. Mcalv Bug,
Thrip. American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, dc.
Sold in boxes about lib.. Jib., and 121b., by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICES' PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD., Battersea, Ixindon, S.W. 11.

■piVERS'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS, in

-■•*' all the leading varietios, will be ready from
August onwards. Price list post free on' application.—
THOMAS RIVERS & SON, The Nurseries, Sawbridgc-
wortb, Herta.

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

w
w

w

choice variet

ATERER'S BRITISH GRO^VN

BULBS.— New Catalogue now ready.

ATER:ER'S WARGRAVE ROSES
Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
ready.

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
'' CHOICE SHRUBS— Catalogue free.
All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post

free on receipt of name and addre,"*.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED.

The Nurseries. Bagshol, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

SUTTON'S DAFFODILS and NAR-
CISSl for n:itiir.Ji.sation. by the banks of sii-eiuus
and poiid^, under tree^, in woodUmd gardens, orchnrdd,
slirubbenies, Ixoxlers. and among gross.
1,000, in 10 najned \-uxietie8, 5te.
500, iuj 10 named varieties, 26s.
250, in 10 named varieties, 133.
100, in 10 named varieties. 6s. 6d.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GHOWX Bl'LBS, containing paruculars of the most
|iopuJ.ir Dallodils, >arcis5i, May-flowering and Darwin
Tuli|>s, SCJ.-., ic., sent post tree on application.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DEREHAM.— Send for Rose Catalogue, post free.

s

H

BUNYARD'S STRAAVBERRIES.
Our new descriptive li.st is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO BUNYARD & CO., LTD.. Royal Nureeriet,

Maidstone.

PBIEDS' BULBS. FEEDS' SEEDS.

FEEDS' BULB LIST NOW READY.—
Please apply for a copy to bo posted by return.

JOHN PEED & SON, The King's Seeds-
men and Nurserymen, WEST NORWOOD.

BARR'S BULB CATALOGUE for the
beat Daffodils, Tulips, &c., for pots or bowls and
lor outdoors. Sent free on application.— BARR & SONS,
12 aiul 13, King Street, Oovent Garden. London, W.C. 2.

PHLOX. — Finest varieties in cultivation.
Senid for list — H. J. JONES, Ryecroft Nurseries,
Lewishani, S.E. 13.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & OLAZINi;
" Vitrolito." superior to White Lead Paint.
■' Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout tile country.

M. DUNCAN TUCKER ct SONS,

LTD.. I.Ji.wr€nce Road. South Tottenham. N. 15.
Con.servatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

ANDINAS; 50 Plants, strong, hardy, at-
tractive foliJKe, 1^. each; also 24 ,\9l>idi?tra-<, 6d.
(virh,— GARDEXKR, Biirley, Woolton Hill, Newbur.v.

■tfi(\ (\(\(\ LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

iV/l/tvfVVf 20*. 100; Palms, Begonias, CrotonK,
Drouaena.s, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias Lilies, H.vdran«teas,
&c. ; catalogues tree. — J. E. SMI'ni. London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

N

ORCHID PEA'T, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-
deniirou Peat, free from bracken, 15s, per y'jx<l,
6 to 18 yard to-ucks, bags 50s. dozen; Loam, Lonf Moul<I,
Silver Sand, in bags aaid truck loads; hag^ of C.N.
Fibre 6 for 10s,, spetual rat«s ; special Bulb O^mpovst f'^r
bowls, ba. hag.— J. HANDSOOMBE, TIic Nurseries, Felt-
liajn. Middleaex.

(^ALLA GODFREY'S LITTLE GEM.--

^ Strong cliunpH, from. oj>en gro-umd, wiM (lirow fram
8 to 12 blofjms each, 12s. per doz.— K. TUC'KKU & SONS,
Tlio Nurseries, Farinigdooi, Berks.

Fop Advertisement Charges see page v.

W

B

EBBS' BRITISH - GROW N I'.riHS.

The finest varieties of Tuli|.., N n :■- , n.illn-
dils. Snowdrops, Iris, &(.'. PUIll- 1. 1.^1 povt.
free on application.— WEBB ,\ mj.NS, UTll.,
The King's Seedsmen, Stoiubridge.

UNYARD'S FRUIT TREES. —

New Price List now ready, and will be sent frcL-
bv return of post.

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO., LTD..
Ro.val Kurseries, MAIDSTONE.

T)OBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
-*-^ Peas, Roses, Oiu^iations, Seedling and' Vegetable
Phuiils, &c., post free.-^DOBBIE & CX)., Eoyal' Floj-ists,
Edinburgh.

JJATH'S ROSES and PA EON I ES.— Now

-*-^ illu.strated catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of the best new and standard varieties, is now ready,
and will be sent post free on application.— (Dept. A),
R. H. BATH. LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS. — New
■*-' illustrated catalogue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
•kc. as supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, with
full cultural directions, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Growers,

KING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-
^lueed the finest aiul most reniarlc^'ible Apples and
"ears on recoid. ftO acres of Choice Fruits to select
irom. Please see our IMiwtralLXl Catalogue, free l)\- post,
before oidering elsewhere.— KING'S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., Ilerefoixi,

K

ING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and

liHXA.MKNTAL TRUES and teURUBS, of fliiest
Iv Cal.alinKUcs tree by poSt.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
KS. LTD., llerefoKl.

Iil'OR SAI-E, GLASSHOUSE, 50 feet long
141t bi-oa<l, and 8fH. lugli, 3i!i. bars, 21oii. gliK<«,
lioiiler, 200fb. run pilies, staging, and brickwork ; gotxl
condition, Inil no use for it.— Apjily to Mil. TIIOS.
IIOUCIIIN, St. M'lry's Cemetery, Kciisal Gi«en, IT.W. 10.

ALPINES. — Fine collection from Yorkshire
liilL-; 12, in 6 varieties, 6s. dor..; 60 varieties, 4Ss,
100. Wallllowers, stout seedlings, Hloo.1 Red, Vulcan,
(Joldon King, 2a. 100; transplantcl, .■vtri -Iroiia, 5s. 100.
laiilerhiirv Bells, wliite. blu.-, m.- , -imhi-: 8s. 100.
llollvlio-lis, 8 distinct colours, .'-. -i / r. 1...I mid cai-
riag'. free for cash with onk-i l;Kc i \ hi 1 l,.\liS, Wool-
dale .Nurseries, 'I'hongsbiidge, IIikI.U ^^li. I.I.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus lor Grass, Shrubberies, and Wild Gardening,
.sck-c;«l, 15s. and 21s. 1,000; as dug, 12s. per bushel
(2,000), 3s. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).— J. HANDSCOMBE,
K.li.U.S., Fellbam Nurseries, Mi<ldlesex.

rpwo NEW CHINESE SHRUBS;

Wi

her 25tll, gclit,lan-l.

biisiliwi, from .1 .ii\

Sa.i-geiitl. Both I'l -''
witiioiit any pn.ir i h
<|Uiirrd. — Apply, IliiAl
Oreaib Warley.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

SALES BY AUOTIOM.'

BULBS.

IVf ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are

■^'-■- holding Sales of Bulbs every Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday. Sixpence in stamps will ensure a supply ol
twelve oatalogues. Commissions e.Kecut«i.— AUCTION
EOOMS, 67 and 58, ClieajMide, Louden.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Nexi, October 10th, at 1 o'clock,

Dpw-ards of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including Narcissus, in all
the best-liiliowii varieties ior forcing or planttnig out ;
Polyanthiie Narcissus of sort®, in s.acks as received ;
liarly, Dairwin (many of which will force) and May-
flowering Tulips; many thousands of Snowdrops, Free-
sias, Scillas, Anemones, Aconites, English and Spanish
Iris, earh'-IloMcring GUtidJoli, Bearded Ins.

IVrESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'•'•*■ will Sell the above by Auction at their Central
Sale Rooms. 67 and 68, dheapside, London, E.C. 2.
Catalogues forwai'ded on application.

DUTCH BULBS.

TO BE SOLD BV ri'BIJC AUCTION,

by Order aand foa- Acooimt of 'r.Iie Marslial of the

AdiiiiTaltv, bv

ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

at tlieir Central &.i]e Roi.ma, 67 amd 68, Ohcap-
le, Londiom, E.G.,

On Wednesday, October 17th, at 3 o'eloek,

5 bags Vegetable Seeds, tx ss. ■• Poeldijk,- pea-

imes Dickson."

202 CASES & BASKETS DUTCH BULB£,

c^ .ss, ■■ Ohif Wijl, ••

Cympnsing Hranirli , TmIi|,. \,n, i -iw ill! virietv &c

■fte goods u,l: I.. ,, 1 -„.,,, ;,, rtorewunent re-

stractioajs as tt. .-.y , I ,i , , ,. . , ,1,,^ ;„ calaJiogue

to 'be obitomed iii ilr \ u, i , ,i,,.ri - ,. .hove

M

THE WOOD LANE NURSERY
ISLEWORTH, MIDDLESEX, '

Cleamn«. SaJ« of the wihole of the extensive stock of

ilr. L. R. Russ^i, grown particularly for town planting

By Order of the Trustee

M^^"'^,^^-„ PROTHEROE & MORRIS

wiU Sell by Auction on Ibe premises as above
On Monday and Tuesday, October 15th and t6th, at
'2 o'clock each day,

2,000 Euonymus,goiIdBn and 2,000 Tree Ivies odd ant

1,000 Jasmmes ami other

climbers
1,000 Osmmthus.

700 Double Gorse.
2,000 Climbing Boseji. Teas

and others.

piota, 9in.. to 2itt
2,00p Golden Privet.
2,000 Bos, in variety
2,000 Aucubais, li-3ft
1,000 Clematis
1,000 P.vracanthas.
2,000 Daphne -Vlezer^mn
700 Garrya elliptioa.

Also the bejieflciaj interest in the
Le,ise of the Nursen-
5 acres, ';\"li «ttage, staMing, and buildings,
JieW at £61 per annum, and
numerous GreeDihouses,
ire the property of the tenant, and which will be
inidiuded in the purchase
f J^^^tJ*- C.atalogues can be had on the nre.
"nrJ ®J'"''*'''*^' RiAmond; of P. Mason, Esq.,
n VT ■ ^^ Trus(«j, 54_ Greshani Street, E.C ■ o
Buteller, Esq., Solicitor, 32, Gresham Street, E C ■ iii.l
of the Auctaomeers, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London 15 V 2
. N.B.— -The lease of tie Home Nnrserv at Richmond
IS also foi- sale, together with tihc goodwill Particulars
of the Auctioneers. ■ ,

which

F.C.A..

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT,

A.Nh

THE NURSERIES. HIGH BEECH,
ESSEX.

Im.portant Sale, by order of Messrs. Paul k. Son
(Cheshunt), Limited, who are relinquishing the business
in consequence of tlie retirement of Mr. George Paul

jyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS will

Selll In- -\iu-tion on the premi.ses as above.

On Wednesday. October 17th, and two
tollowing days,

the first, poa-timi of the extensive Stock, .Si>eciineai Coni-
fers, Ornamental Evergie«iis, New Chinese, and other
Shrubs of recent initjoduotion, thousands of Ornamental
and Hbwering Trees, one of the finest collections in
the country, Stiandaird Limes and Planes, many Jinndreds
of Paeondes.

Standoird Pyrainid .and Dwarf-tirained Fi-udt Ti-ees
Standard and Busli Mulberries. Priveit. in qiuimtity. '

1,000 Rhododendrons,
well budded, best named varieties, including Paul's new
Fortune! hybrids, Pin'k Pearl, and others.

1,000 named gxild. silver, and other Hollies, 2i to 8
feet. Gi-een HoOlies for 'hedges, Azalea Mollis.

May be viewed. Catalogues can be obtained at the
respective Niuist'ries, and of the .\uctioneei-s and Valuers,
67 and 58, Cheapsade, London, E.G. 2.

X.B.— The Freehold Nursei-ies and Land are foa- salle.

100

R

MESSRS. WALTERS' RUSTIC WORKS,
AMBERLEY GROVE, CROYDON.

OBT. W. FULLER, MOON & FULIiER

11 Sell by Auctdwi on the premises.

On Tuesday, October 9th, at 12 o'clock,

(he whole of the valuable STOCIv - IN - TRADE,
MACHIXEBV, and PLANT, by Order ol tlie Executors.

C'aUlogues at the Auctioneers' OfHces, 83, High Street,
Croydon, and at Pilriey and Epsom.

NOTICE.
Sale by Auction on October I9th,

.\T

THE BULB FARM, TERRINGTON
ST. CLEMENT, KING'S LYNN,

commencing at 11 o'clock
'I'o meet the requirements of the War Agricultural
Committee of this district, and on accxiunt of shorta.ge
of laboni-, Mr. Frank Law wia.l be compelled to sell, at
his l.arin at Terringlon St. Clement, without resei-ve,
about

1,500,000 to 2,000,000 BULBS

uf fi>rcing .and planiting size, in the following varieties: —
Oriiatus. Double White, Grandee, Barri, Horsfleldi, Vic-
toria, CainperneU's Regulosus, Empi-ess. Watkin, Sulphur
PhoenLx, Tulips, Murillllo, Grisedeline, Oronoise Brilliant.,
Prance of Austria, L.i Reine, Picotee, D:irwini, Clara Butt,
Farnoomihe, Sandei-. Bur de la 'I'onniage. and others, in
qiLontities to suit all buyers.

Also will be- offered at the same time a few tons of
tying material, in llengths suitable for tree tying, from
2-4ft. long, and in the originoll hanks of perfect yaa-n,
aaid 10.000 squares glass, 14^ .x 12i, and about the "same
quantity in 12 x 12 x 12. 'by ahnost any length up to 24.

No catalogues, but varieties will he labelled on the
flekls where the\' liave been Mftedi, and ,«,okl th.eie a:t per
cwt, or 1,000.

F'jli.a.ge disease is unlvaiown on this fal^n.

BUSINESS FOR SALE,

SPECIAL REGISTER OF NURSERIES, MARKET GAR-
DENS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published by

lifESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'•'-■■ every month. Copies may be obtained poet free
on application.— Estate Offices, 67 and 68. Oheapside,
London, E.C.

BUSINESS CARD.

T? H.S. EXAM. — Correspondence class.
-*-*" preparing Gardeners and students, start October;
brillianit past records; prospectus. — MEDALLLST,
Pightle, Letheringselt, Holt, Norfolk.

PROPERTY TO LET.

THE BARLEY EST.WE, E.\J?1'EE.
Xui'sin\inen, .Market Gardener*, and Others wlhom

'"ro be LET, from Christmas, 1917,

-*■ all those wellJsnown GARDENS, Icnown as
" The Bowhill Nurseries," for many ^eLtrs past in the
occupation of the late Mr. Geo. Keiswill, situate in the
parish of St. Thomas the .\iK>stle, amd within one mUe of
the centre of tlie City of Exeter, comprising : —

a. r. p.

House, Buildings, an<l Yards 0 1 30

Gardens 13 0 14

Pasture Land 5 1 8

18 3 12

The Buildiings ci,nsi,st of an historiiNally intai-esting and
conimiodjous Dweflling-hou.'*.wit.h ajnple aecommodajtioii
for storing and lacking fruit, &c. ; Cai-pemtei-'s Shop,
Stable, VanJhouse, Coxraheitls, Piggeries, Cart, and other
Sheds.

Til. li.idn. II.- fully stocked with the choicest sorts
of -1 Iii.l \|ii. . Pe.1T, Plum, and Cherrj' Trees, Goose-
bcri iii I I ii , i|. Bushes, and R,aspberri- Oa.nes. Tliere
are i^ -i 1. . h, llum, and Cherry Ti-ees on about 400
yards of wall.

Tlie whole Stock consists of about 7,000 Trees and 24,000
Bushes. The greater part of it was plomted by Mr. Kers-
wiDl, who was an exceUenC judge of the most profitable
and mai-ketable sorts of Fruit to grow. The whole is now
the property of the Laaidlopd, and will be ancltideid in the
Letting.

Further particullars, with i)ermiss.ioni to view, may he
obtained, and the form of tenancv Agreement inspected,
at the offices of MESSRS. J. & 'h. DREW, 16, Queem
Street, ExeW, Land -\gents and Sprveyors.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

lyrR. R. GREENFIELD begs to remind aJl

friends that, although engaged on National Service
work he continues Midland representative to .lohn ree<I
& Son. Orders this season will be very much appre-
ciated, and may be directed either to the firm at West
Norwood, or to Mr. E. GREENFIELD, 61, Radford Road,
Leamington Spa.

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

VyANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

old pLantis, suif atjle for stoeJc ; ca.sli or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogue© free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nurserj', Loughborougih Junction, Londom'

Yl/'ANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and

Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes,
&o.. sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted.—
MORM; & CO., 150-156, Finohley Road, N.W. 3.

■ANTED, PAUL CRAMPEL Geranium

stools; one season plants. — WILUAM DAY,
•t, Crowiborougli, Sussex,

w

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALt..

LIVERPOOL (CORPORATION.

NURSERY STOCK.

FARM AREA, nen.r G-4.TEACRE.

OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET.
Special offer of the 'oUowing lots, all in grand condition

Two yeai^s, strong and weil i-ooted 10s. per 1,000,

90s. per 10,000,

800s. per 100,000
^eiy busli\- tranisplaiited cut backs, 18-

24 inches 20s. per 1,000.

Very bushy, ■ transplanted, cut backs.. 30s. per 1,000.

250s. per 10,000,

Very bushy, tnansplaipted, cut hacks, 2^-

3 feet 40s. per 1,000.

350s. per 10,000

Very ato'Ong and husli.v. 3-4, feet 6s. per

50s. pel- 1,000,

Very strong and liitsbv, 4-5 feet 10s. per

80s. per 1,000,

ALSO THE FOLLOWING, ALL FINE:
-Vuciiba j^iponica, bushy plants, 15-18 inches,

3s. 6d. per doz. ; 2Ss. per 100.

Ditto, 24 inches 89. per doz. ; 60s. per 100.

Sycamores, fine well-funi.ii.^he<l trees, 12-16 feet,

2s. and 3s. each ; 20s. a-nd 50s, per doz.
Laurel rotundifolia, 4-4ift., 9s. per doz. ; 60.-;. per 100.
Thorns, Crimson and Pink, 5-7 feet. Is. each ; 9^ per doz.
Fruit 'Trees, in a number of leading varieties, 3 and 4
years old, 10s, per doz. ; 70s. per 100.
Pear Trees, Oh.erry Trees, large fruiting size,

2s. and 3s. each.
I'l lines Pissandii Bushes, 3-4 feet 7s. 6d. per doz.

Apph- to THE CITY ENGINEER,

Munici'p.Tl Buildings, Date Street., Liverpool;

or his Representative, ME. J. H.\IGH,

Public Offices, Giange Lane, Gateacre.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing
Ferns, Rasket Ferns, Stove and "Greenhouse Feras,
Hatvly Garden Ferns; catalojrues free. — J. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nui-serr, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

ORCHIDS for QUICK SALE owing to Death.

PURCHASED CY'PHERS, 1917.

ALL GOOD PLANTS. £ g ^

12 Calanthas in variety 3 0 0

12 choice Cypripediums 3 10 0

4 Vandas 1 10 0

2 Laelia purpurata 1 10 0

12 choice Dendrohiums 4 15 0

i2 Odontojilossuma 3 0 0

12 choice Laelia anceps 4 0 0

6 Cattleya L. O 3 0 0

6 Oncidiums 1 10 0

3 Sophronitis Veitchii ... 1 10 0

Also 4 dor. mixed Cyps. and Orchids, to clear... 7 0 0

Apply—

T\iruiTwm>TU OAK lodge, Bristol Rd ,
. W ni 1 W UK 1 n, NOHTHFIELD, Mr. BIRHINCHAH

MISCELLANEOUS.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, tr.v
our splendid Y'ork-shire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

IF YOU'VE NEVER WORN

BEACON OILSKINS

You've .^■e^. to leaa-n the bodily comfort tlhat they afford
in wet .ajid stormy weather- They are proof agiainst
the hardest stonnis, flnd have no disagieeable etieldness.
We sell! them on t'he iinderst-i^ndiTig that you may
have wufiir jnoiiey i-etunie<l if BEACON OILSKINS don't
satisfy vou— there's no rislc in dealing with us. We
speciaJise in OUskins. Mem's Black Coats from 10s.,
Lrvng Leggings from 33., Sou -westers from Is. 9d., Chil-
dren's Oilsldne 10s. 6d. upv/ards^ Ladies' Smart Oilskins
fi"om 21s. Send p.c. for Free^ Beacon Booklet, ond
choose the 6t.vle that suits your purpose. — BARBOUR'S,
LTD., 66, BEACON BUILDINGS. SOUTH SHIELDS. (6)

October 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. tor each succeeding ilne.

fRIVA . E.

GLAMORGAN OOUSTY COUNCIL.
HORTIOULTUKAL DEMONSTRATORS and ADVISERS.

THE GLAMORGAN COUNTY COUN-
CIL uiTUfs avjiyufiticms for the Appoiminenl oi
two Hc'i-ticuUural Demonstrators and Advisers for assist-
ing the occupiers of Cottage Gardens, Allotments, and
Sn.all HoklLiigs in such areas as will, from year to year,
be selected within, Bhe Administrative Oounty of
Glamorg-an.

Applicants must, have served as apprentices to Gai-
deners, and have heid situations m which they were
in cluirge of and responsible as Foremen or Head
Gardeners for Flowers, Fruit, Vegetables, and Hothouse

Eipe.rieJice a« Journevmeai in Vegetable or Market
Gardens will be deemed an additional qualification.

Preleienoe will be given to apphcants who possess an
Examination Certificate of the Royal Horticultuiol
Society. * J f 1

Applicants must provide and l>e able to TVie a bicrj'cie.

Saklry, 50b. per week, with an allowajMie at the rate
of £5 per aiuiura in addition for the upkeep of a bicycle

The appointment wiU be for one year, subject to one
month's iiotice an eitliej: side, and will be renewame
amiualiiy. " ■ .t.

The persons appointed will be required to give their
whole time to the service of the County, aind to reside
w4iere from time to time directed.

Applications, stating previous experience and age, with
copies of three recent, testimonials, must be i-eceived
by the Chief Education Offlcial. GUmorgan C«^lnty Hall,
Camlill, on or before 10 a.m. on Saturday, the 20tli dtiy
0( October. 1917.

Canvassing, whether personal or wntten> woM be a dis-
qualification ol any oajididate.

T. MASSEL FRAKKLES.
Clerk of the Oounty Council.

Glaonorgaia County Hall, Cardiff.

28th September, 1917.

WANTED, GARDENER BAILIFF, for
XorttlwliJill's place, WUIsiliire ; prime grass lands :
.■ilostly let; not less than 3 years' reference; good »age«
to thorouglily comiietent man; good house. — Apply, with
full di'.oils. but no originals, to S., Box 9, 41. Welluigton
Street, W.C. 2.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER, Male or
FemaJo (period of the war), for large Garden,
Kent ; usu;U experien^-e required ; Fruit. Indttor aii<l
Outdoor : wages 35s. per week and cottage ; ailowance
for ooaL— B. T., Box 10, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Ganleil, W.a 2.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DBNER for BayiKon House, We-stbiiry, Wilts;
iri.uTiefl man preferrt-d ; good cottage, but live in hour^
in winter; knowledge ol cows a consideration.— Apply,
sltfvting wages and qualifications, to WARD SOAMKS,
Hilpeitoii, Trowbridge.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Wobk-
INK) for [lermanent aituaiion in Cheshii*, where
three kept; must be thoroughly experienced and well
i"ecoiiunended ; good cottage and garden found ; ScotcJi-
man preferred,— Apply, giving fullest particulars, wages,
&c., W. W., Box J, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden,
W.C. 2.

WANTED, Exptrienced HEAD WORK-
ING GARDBNKll; ineligible; 323., cottage, and
coal.— Write fuU panjculara to THE AGENT, Ufflngtoii
House, Stamford.

TTEAD WORKING GARDENER

-*--*- wanted (lady or man); three kept; cottage,-
Write, W. McC.ALL. Woodlands, WaJtbamstow.

ANTED, UPPER GARDENER, of

two, lor small, compiict Gard«v on Bristol Clraii-
nel ; must be over age or ineligible and single. — Write
to H. P., Box 5, 41. Welliugton atreot. Coieait Garden,
W.C. 2.

SINGLE-HANDED thoroughly competent
(JAUDBXEK wanted; garden J acre; would pre-
fer man with wife w^o would ant as servant ; boUli to
lave in ; good wages. — Applv. stating age. wivges, &e.,
" BETA," Box 2, 41, Weiliington ijtreet, Oovent Gar
d.vn, W.C. 2.

ANTED, GARDENER (Single

HANIJKL); good all-round experieiw;e ; no cottage.
U. KVKUIOTT. 125. Oasteliiau. Barnes. S.W. 13.

T^ANTED, Exp<srienc«<I GARDENER, foi

'" Mllall Garden; abou* 3 aero; comitry. near Lon-
d'nii ; discharged »>ldier preferred or man about 50 3'ears
oUI ; wages 30s. — Reply, G. 203, c/o Deacons, 7, Loaden-
hall Street, B.C. 3.

ANTED immediately, good GAR-
DENER ; man or woman ; permanent on 3 days a
■jk.— Apply, HiU View, Pirbright, Surrey.

w

w

WANTED, GARDENER (non-eligible),
Head and Under ; wit.h knowledge of Urapts,
rearlK'tf. &i-.— Apply in writing to MOORE, c/o Potter's,
Pen Corner House, Kinjfswa.''', W.O. 2.

ANTED, WORKING GARDENER, for

Kitchen Garden ; one man irndta- ; cottage ajid
g-aiden aiid 25s. per week.— POWELL, Wilverlej', Lynd-
J I ui-st .

WANTED^ good KITCHEN GAR-
DEXER ; -strong aiid active ; ineJigible ; 24s. per
week, with h.riLse and giuxien. — 'ApplT, The Gardens, Sels-
don Park, ixiear Ci-oydogi.

W TINTED, MAN or WOMAA^ as
SECON'D ; experience preferred ; gcod references
re<iuircd ; state wages. — G. W.. The Ledge', Brockle)*
Hall, Brocktey, S.E. 4.

i^ORXELIA LADY AVIMBORNE, Can-

^ ford Manor, Wimbome, Dorset, requires UNDER
GARDENER for Inside ; must hav,; a good knowledge
of Fruit and Flower Growing ; one with special know-
ledge of Peach culture preferred. — Apply as above, stat-
ing experiemoe, age, and wages i-equired.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; wages
30s. per week; houns 7 to 5 ; 1 o'clock Saturdnys.
—Apply, FAULKNER, The Giidem, Shawford Place,
Shawford, Hani«.

T^^^E D, TWO FRIENDS, to wm-k to-

" ' gether luider Head Gaidener, in. Houses and Rock
Gardou/: ro<jms, with board if preferred.— Replv, Y. Z.,
Box 1, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gaiden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, ~ GENERAL ""FOREMAN;
married ; over militsiry age or ineligible ; good cot-
loge, firing, milk, ond vegetables. — Stjile age ajid wages
to S. POPE, Hakne\\oi,d GaixlenL-, Langton Green, Tun-
britlge Wolla

TNSIDE FOREMAN wanted for a first-class
■*■ establishment near London ; attractive wages offered
and Bothy ; an excellent opening for an ineligible or
diwhargtd man.— Apply, \ii ihe first place, to JOHN
PKED \ SOX, The Kmg's Seedsmen, West Norwoo<l, S E.

TITANTED, an E"xperienced FOREMAN,

'* for Fnm. Houses; must have references f)x>m gixd
ostahli.'sliiinents: wages 30s. a week, wiih milk and vtge-
tiihles and Botliy.— Write, B. a, B<ix 27. 41, WeHangion
Stnet, CoTcnt Ganden, W.C. 2.

TY^^'^r^^' FOREMAN, married; must

" ' he well rt'comnien<led ; gocd house ajul gaixlen
provided. —Apply, with testimonials and wages requiK-il,
to WM. BACK, Coombe L^xlge Gardens. Blftgdon, irear
Brisldl.

WTANTED, a JOURNEYMAN GAR-

" ' LEXER tinside and Out), or dif*oliargod soldJer
with general exi)eriem'e ; Bothy and vegetablt.-s ; Sunday
dutv paid extra; 1 o'clock Saturdays. State wages. -
Apply, HE.\D GARDENER, The GardeJis, Sundorne
Castle. Shrewsbury.

"^Y'^^'TED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;

' ' go(xl generai exixrience. State w.igea requi»e<l,
witih Ik>ihy, \c — F. r>.*.OK, The Gaixlens, Rooksnest
Park, Gfjdstone, Surrey.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, uiid-r
llnul (;.-Hxlciicr, in GUlss Dip.irnii<jit. :il.-o to d.'.
coTOl*; Sunday duty l>!ud. Also WOMKN (lAKDENliUS
for Ou'sido work. Bot.lu' aii-l vejtwablc.i.— Apjih , FAK-
HELL, CamWnera' Lwlgc, Pains Hill, Cobhani, Siirrci.

ANTED, Young LADY GARDENER,

(or sjiwll country estiito. SUto qu jlilleat ions,
saiary.— MISS D., c/o .Manager, Berkeley Hotel, Picca-
dilly, London.

TYANTED^ TWO WOMEN GAR-

' " DBN'tlLS for PLuit Houses, Oamation«. 4c. ; must
lie '>xi)encnct>d ; nXtT* one for Inside and Flower Boideis;
Bothv, &c. ; dutv paid.— State w^ages ajid particmhirs to
P. J.FOSTKK, The Ganl<;n.<. Oriinstliorpe Castle. liournc.

ANTED, GARDENER CHAUFKEU R ;

incliigil.le ; run utectric light eJigine ami be useful;
rottcige. .State ago, wagos, fcmiily, reffrent-en, tfcc—
HK.MINC; JOHNSOX. Oixxs&ways, Littleluirnpton. _

W~ ANTED, for Cheshire, TWO WOMEN
to work 111 fiardiii; (fo<-<l cottage iwi*l (garden ]iro.
vi<le<I.— -Vpply, (riving parti<-ullars of experienec, wax^w
re«juir<>d, &i'., W. F,, Bo.\ 4, 41, WoIlinKtoii Strem,
(lovenl t;ar«leM, W.C. 2.

WANTED, YOUNG MAN, Single, aa
GUOOM-li.UtUBXER; good wages and comfort-
able phu:e to suitable m.ui.—AppLv, in first instance, to
MR. MOCRIDOE, Hnle Farm, Basing, B;wiiigstol(e.

W~ ANTED, APPRENTICE or IM-
PBOVFR; age 15 or 16 years; Bolbv-att«iidaiuc :
state wage re.|uire«i. — Apply,' JOHN YliuNtl, Estate
Office, St.. Bride's, Little Haven, rembroke.<hire.

WANTED, a well-experienced IM-
r'ROVBR for Inside; age about 17; wages £1
weekly ; Botliy, &c. ; 6<L per hour overtime ; 69. 6*J-
dut\- every third week ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.— Apjily,
H. LLOYD', Tcwin Water Gardgns, WeJwyn. Herts.

"WTANTED, TWO STRONG YOUTHS,

^7 16-17 years of age; tajl ami strong; for Outside
work; state experience: Bothy; wo^^s 22s. — W. W.-\ItD,
Ken Wood Gard«ii«, Haonpstciad, London, N.W. 3.

WANTED, middle-aged LABOURER,
used to Gaiden luid little stable work ; wiie attend
to Bothy ; good cottage, oo;Uis, milk, vegetables free ;
good wages.— KEAD GABDEXEE, Bayhjini. I^ambeith-ui-st,
IveJlit.

WANTED, a HANDY MANT^^lTsome
knowliidge of Gapcieming, in a high-dass school ;
work would include atten'ding to heating apparatus; gocd
wages.— Apply, HEAD'MASTER, 12, 0;istIebai- Road. Etvl-
mg, W.

rRAit£.

w

ANTED, FOREMAN GROWER; well

Cucumbers and Tomatos, for Esaex Nur-
series.; lo eommence work November,— LYONS. Eagle-
si one Lo<lge, Laindon, Esses.

\\r-^-^TED, a FOREMAN, inmcipally for

' ' l-'iLlit Trees ; iiuut possess a goo,l knowledge ; gocd
wages ottered,.— Apply, .n tirst case, to A. B., Box 23
41, WeitingtQn Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

"W/'ANTED, experienced Man, accustomed

' ' to paoking Fruit Trees, iloses, &c. — Fajtdciiiars as
to a^e, experience, and wages required to KING'S ACRE
SUKSElllES, LTD., Hereford.

VyANTED," TRAVELLER^ fo7 Nursery
' ' and Seed I'r.ide ; must have a good general know-
leilge; permanent progi-esiuve position. — rlease state
ags, experience, silaiy, and full partitnilars, in confi-
dence, to ■■ INTEGIilTV," Bo.\ 5, 41, Wciaingtoa Street,
Oovent Gafden, W.C. 2.

Z"'* LERKS, for Correspondence; must have

^-^ good general knowledge of Seed aii<l Nursery
trade ; commencing ssihu-y £100.— O. D., Box 26, 41, Wel-
fcigton, Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

^LERK WANTED; discharged or in

^-^ eligible . must be experieJiced and have flrst-olass
references ; good wages to reiliable and competent olerk.
KLSOMS, Seeilsillen, Spalding.

W^ANTED, LEDGER and INVOICING

» » CLERK, ail.-o tjENERAL CLERK ; ineiligihle.- TOO-
f.OOD A SON.Sj The King's See<lsmen, Soultompton.

TITANTED, CLERK for Ledgers and

' ' general office work. — .\pp'y, stating age, expei'i-
ci:ce, wages i-equired, to H. P. Wood & Ingram. Tlie
OUl Nurseries. Huntingdon.

CEED'tRADE.— Wanted, SHOPMAN, for

^^ counter work in General, Retail, Garden Seed Trade.
— Apply, witli references, giving age and particulars of
ejperief.ce, salary required, &c., ROBEBT VEITCH &
SOX, Enetar.

'p'LORIST wanted, with good knowledge of

■*- trA.le, nmking-up, &c. ; able to do own buying m
market.— Please applv, stating wages required and pre-
vious e.xpcrionce. to JOHN PEED & SON. Th« Nurseries,
West Norwood, S.E. 27.

TirANTED, Experienced"LADY' FLORIST

"' with knowle<lge,of See«U and Bulbs.- Applv,
slaving wages and full particulars, to R. TUCKER '&
jiOXS. 16, George Street. Oxford.

lyURSERY STOKERS WANTED; good

■■■^ wagc-«i to snitahlu men.— Applv, LOWE 4 SHAW-
YHR, LTD., The Nurserie.", Uxbridgc.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 8d for eagh
lueeeedlng Eight words or less.

PRIVA TE.

HEAD GARDENER or PARK SUPER-
INTENDENT; 29 years' llrst-cJass twperiemce ; li
yoaa's Head, in previous place; leiaving through peduc-
tioii of staff : excelilent references ; age 42 ; niurried (2
diildi-en) ; free Oct.. Zl.—J. WILUAMS, The Lodge,
llillJlleld, Hampstcad, N.W. 3.

OIR HARRY NORTH, Lemon "Well,

'^ Eltliaiu, Keuit. very highlv recomnieJids ain aecom-
pliishcd HK.Vl) tJARDENER; expert in every branch of
lloitii'i^It'Ure ; oi>en to engagement whero a tirst-claes
iiKiu iH wanted.

(^RdITnER (Head Working) offers his

^-' sfcrvioefl io a Jady or gentleanan requirimig a tho-
roughly pnaoticall man; used to producing Vegetables ami
Kniit in Jiarg© quantjtiea. State wages and particulars.—
W., Hox 22, 41, Wellington Stiwt, Oovent GaMen, W.O. 2.

G

ARDENER (Head Working, where 4

.ire kcjit) ; 18 yo;ixs' experience. Inside and Out ;
good references; age 34; mmiried ; ineligible. — R.
HilDl'KR. GanJeners' Cottage, Barfoivl House, Warwick.

rj ARDENER (Head Working, where

^-^ others kept) ; thoixjughly experienced a/lil brpinches ;
over militKiry nige; .10 fjimily. I'le-as© ■state wages. —
S. A., Box 2, 41, Wolliinigton St.reet, Ooveni G-arilen,

Q.ARDENER (Heab. Working) seeks Sit-

^-^ lull ion. : married: over military age; disemgagcd
ISlh of October. — BLAND, Woodc'ote Grove, Bpsom,

SITUATIONS WANTED gODtlaued on pace v.

TRE GARVENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

onr selection from th« finest sorts including :—

The Brilliant Coloured

"MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT »

iDaily Mail Koae.)
12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUART LOW CO., ^'"'^i^^thi^'"''-

CHEALS' NURSERIES.

ORNAMKNTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES. FRUIT TREES, &c., in
immense quantities and in the pink
of condition.

Send for Catalogue to —

J. CHEAL & SONS, Ltd.,

The Nurseries, CraWley.

^,^^hc,^BEST^ond Cheapesh

■l.liot. ('■t.rrl.,,- (rruurniiy .m"«ru'»o 'hlrr'V.l''J't"'.r

, f.J.). "r wni. u, Price Li,l. >rc..

M Pnl.-, „f .ti d,,tripii,iin. Dulh Dawr, .nd Ftrn

RfCHAftp SANHC^"jt SON, LTP

Write for this
FREE BOOKLET

and avoid all drainage troubles

with pot planls. It ex-
plains also the porosity,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
to all gardeners.
FREE SAMPLE

CRET pot also on
request. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY& SONS Ltd

~ HeatOD Mersey Pottery,

n-ar Manchester.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are yoor bushes tree of this incurable pest? If sot

Plant "SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only proved mite resister.

Thli variety has also every other good quality, being the

heaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

tierries

Youne: Bushes 6/- And S/- per dozen.

W. SHABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown and cheap ; alao
Many Rars and Choica Varietiea.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalague.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

ExoUc Narseries, CHELTENHAM.

IMPORTANT : Hir. vl^,\ i°oV

allow 01 to lend to those who apply —

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

FBUITINTHEGABDEW.

Root np useless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Alio

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherriei
for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

STUART LOW CO., ^^IT.D^iihksIl!'^

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinaj-y 21 oz. glass, which is now
■"- so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
^(f in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. Britlah Sheet Qlass, under the same
conditions.

Manufacturer* of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."
Mixed ready for use. In 141b.
tin^ and 1 cwt. wide-neck cans.

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c.. on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C
«nd Blaokfriara Wharf, Upper Clround Street, 8.E.

Quota Gardenekb' Chroniolk.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Tupf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CAEKATIONS,
ROSES, MKLOWS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quttatiens Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

BATH'S HOME-GROWN
BULBS.

BUY YOUR BULBS DIRECT FROM
BATH'S BULB FARMS.

We have for years been very large growers of
Bulbs, and can supply Tulips, Narcissi, Crocus,
etc., in first-class quality, end probably iu
greater variety than any other firm. Write for
catalogue to-day. Awarded GOLD MEDAL
for Tulips by Royal Horticultural Society,
April, 1917.

POPULAR EARLY FORCING TULIPS.

(These are very scarce).

Doz. II n

CRAMOISIE BRILLANT. Dazzling vermilion-scarlet 1/6 10/6

KEIZERSKROON. Brilliant scarlet, edged yellow... 2/3 16/.

14 GRANDEUR. Brilliant scarlet 1/9 12/6

LA REINE. PuvL. white, flushed pink 2/1 16/-

MOUCHERON. I itipglowing scarlet 1/9 12/8

PRESIDENT LINCOLN. Distinct light violet ... 2/- 14/-

PRINCE OF AUSTRIA. Superb orange-scarlet ... 2/3 16/-

PRINCE DE LIGNY. Deep golden yellow ... I/9 12/6
PRINCESS HELENE. The finest white tulips for

f'ucins 2/3 16/-

ROSE ORIS DE LIN. White, shaded rose 2/3 16/-

ROSE OF HOLLAND. White, Hushed pink 1/6 10/6

THOS. MOORE. Dark terracotta 2/- 14/-

WHITE SWAN. Pure white 2/- 14/-

YEILOW PRINCE. Pure ioft yellow 2/- U/-

EARLY DOUBLE TULIPS.

POPULAR COTTAGE (MAY-FLOWER-
ING) TULIPS.

BOUTON D'OR. Very deep yellow 1/6 10/6

GESNERIANA LUTEA. Rich yellow, egg shaped

flowers 1/6 10/-

GOLDEN CROWN. Deep yellow, red edge I/3 8/-

INGLESCOMBE PINK. Pink, shading to baff and

siilnion 1/6 10/6

MACROSPIIA. Intense crimson-scarlet 1/- 8/-

PICOTEE. White, edged cerise 1/3 8/6

FINEST MIXED TULIPS all sections, an extra fine

n)i.vturf ... — 6/.

POPULAR DARWIN TULIPS.

ADOLPHE VAN DEN HEEDE. One of the best

brilliant scarlets I/9 12/6

BARONNE DE LA TONNAYE. Deep rose, margined

liKbtpink 1/9 12/6

CLARA BUTT. Delicate salmon-rose, the most

I)opular of all Darwins. Top size 1/6 10/6

Good strnnp flowering bulbs for bedding 1/- 7/6

G DE CORDOUS. Dazzling Turkey red, very early

llowering 1/6 10/6

LA PETITE BIONDINE. Lilac, shaded blue «. ... 1/6 10/6

LOVELINESS. Beautiful satiny-rose I/9 12/-

MARGARET. Silvery white, interior ros^ -pink ... 1/3 9/-
MR. FARNCOMBE SANDERS. Rich cochineal-red,

wliitiO.ase 2/- 16/-

MRS. POTTER PALMER. Glowing purple-violet ... 2/3 16/-

PRIDE OF HAARLEM. Rich glossy cerise, eiirly ... I/9 IV-

REV. EWBANK Heliotrope and lilac, light edge... 2/8 17/6

SALMON KING. Dazzling soft scarlet, white base 1/6 10/6

THE SULTAN. Glossy maroon-black I/9 12/-

WHITE OUEEN. White shading to blush, a grand

f-iner J/3 16/-

WM, COPLAND (Sweet Lavender) Bluiih-lilac, the

best of all for forcing 2/8 17/8

MIXED OARWINS, from all the best named varieties 1/2 8/_

POPULAR VARIETIES, DAFFODILS

(Narcissi).
BARRII CONSPICUUS. Primrose, orange cup edged

SL-arlet — 4/6

C. J. BACKHOUSE. Yellow, orange-scarlet cup ... 1/6 10/6

EMPEROR. Yellow trumpet. Top size 1/6 10/8

DO., Good strong flowering bulbs 1/2 8/6

EMPRESS. White perianth, yellow trumpet.

Top-size 1/10 12/6

DO.. Good strong flowerinj: bulbs 1/2 9/-

FAIRY OUEEN. Pure white, a lovely variety ... 1/9 12/6

GOLDEN SPUR. Deep yellow, grand forcer ... 1/8 12/6

00., Flowering bulbs , 1/2 8/-

GRANDEE. lure white, yellow trumpet 1/1 7/6

HENRY IRVING. Deep yellow tnmipet, early forcer 1/6 10/-

MRS. lANGTRY. White, cup edged .yellow. ... 1/- 7/-

ORNATUS. Tlie early forcing Poet Narcissus ... 9d. 6/8

DO . Good flowering 7d 4/-

POETICUS (Plicisant Eye). The late variety ... — f/S

PRINCEPS. Yellow trumpet and sulphur perianth lOd. 6/-

SIR WATKIN. Bright yellow, very large flower ... 1/6 10/6

00.. str. ing flowering bulbs 1/2 7/6

VICTORIA. White with yellow trumpet, extra line 1/9 12/8

OLD ENGLISH DOUBLE DAFF0DIL(TelemoniusPlenu3) 1/9 12/6

DOUBLE WHITE POETICUS 7d. 4/6

CROCUS.

\'ery fine mixed, all colour! .

.'■.0

100

2/9 5/-

Complete Illustrated Catalogue with Cultural
Notes free on application.

R. H. BATH, Ltd. (Dept. A.)

The Flower Farms, WISBECH, Cambs.

OCTOBEE 6, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

135

No 160G.~SATURDA7, OCTOBER G. 1917

OONTENT8.

Acetic acid as an insecti-
cide

Apiary, The

Apples in East Lothian

Aqui'egia Stiiartii

Austin \ McAslan, Messrs
bicentenar>' of

Basic slag supplies of,.

Bulbs. Dutch .. :

Catalogues, seedsmen's..

Crisp, Sir Frank . . . . '

Crops and stock on the
home farm

Eighteenth-century cata-
luguc, an . . . ,

Food production, on iu-
cf ased —
Broad Beans ..

Potato Snowdrop
Potato 81. raying
Potatos, degeneration
of ....

Gardeners, four veteran

Indian Azalea in a Derby-

• shire garden

Japan, lettere from —
Juniperus ta.vifolia ..

Kinver Edge, Wordsley

Medlar teeds as pouliry

Moiisia. seedlings of
Nyniphaea steliata

U2 Collins. .T.C

1-14 Till, E. D

143 I Orchid notes and glean-
137

141

142

Phuenii canarieusis in
Australia .. .. 13S

Pieea pungens glauca, a
flne tree of .. .. 142

Popu]u3 X generosa .. 137

Potato dealers register,
the .. .." ..no

Societies-
Royal Hortlcaltural .. 143

.Soil bacteria . . . . 141

Sweet Peas. SpencerCupid 14U

Trees and shrubs—
Ceratostigma Will'
mottianum .. .. 137

Timber measuring .. 144

Town planning and allot-
ments 142

Vegetable seed supplies 140

Weeds in Australia .. 137

Week's work, the —
Flower garden, the .. 139
Fruiti under glass .. 139
Hardy fruit garden, the 13ft
Kitchen garden, the .. 13S
Orchid houses, the .. XZH
Plants under glass . . 139

ILLUSTRATIONS

Aquilegia Stuartii 137

Azal-a indica flowerirg in a Oerbyghire garden .. .. 142

Cypripedium Sir Redvers Buller 136

Gardeners, four veteran -..141

Picea puD^ens glauca 142

AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
DURHAM CATALOGUE.

MY articlfs on '' Some Olil Scud ami
Plant Catalogues " in the issues
of the ddrdeiiers' C/iroiiirlf for
December 23 and 30 last produced so
many interesting reminiscences (wiiicli,
owing to a visit of several months to tiie
United States, 1 have only recently seen),
that I am induced to send some notes on
a much earlier cafalogui; winch has just
come into my possession. Its title is " A
Catalogue of Kitchen-Garden, Flower,
Grass, Forest, Tree Seeds, and Flower-
Roots; with their Season of Sowing, Plant-
ing, and Culture: Chiefly adapted to the
Northern Climates," &c., by James
Clarke, Seedsman, at Houghton-le-Spring,
near Durham, 1779. I can find no trace
of any other co|iy of this catalogue. There
is none in the IJrifish Museum nor the
Bodleian ; it is not even recorded in tliat
monumental work. Watt's liihliothic'i
Britnnniro, nor is it in G. W. Johnson's
Ilisttonj of T'jnijlixli Garilriiinfi, and it is
unmentioncil in the li.st of printed books
appended t(j Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil's
lli^torij of (riirdenliiii in En(ihnu1. The
rarity, therefore, of James Clarke's cata-
logue may be taken as proved.

But who was James Clarke? Unfor-
tunately, on tlii.s point tlioro is no infor-
mation available. Evon the date of liis
death has not been fotind, nor does his
name appear in tlip E.rtrtirl!; from the
Hour/hton-le-Spniir/ ReriiaterK. 1581-1812,
printed in 1910. There are there recorded
several Clarks and Clarkes, but none that
can be associated with the seedsman in
whom we are just now intere.sted. Tt,

of eour.se, may be that James Clarke was
living- after 1812. Hutchinson, in his
llistury luid Aiitn^uities of the Couiitij
Pa/atiiie uf Durluim, 1785-94, deals ex-
haustively with the parish of Houghton-le-
Spriug, and particularly with its greatest
celebrity, "'the Apostle of the North,"
Bernard Gilpin, but there is no reference
to Clarke or to his nursery, of which even
the site is not now known. The present
rector very kindly made inquiries for me,
and the oldest inhabitant of his parish
told him that when she was a girl a man
named Hutchinson had a very large gar-
den in a position now covered with houses,
but she scarcely remembered the character
of the garden. With this faint clue, and
the possibility that Hutehin.son may —
lo7ir/o intervallo — have succeeded Clarke
as a nurseryman, we must for the moment
rest content.

Another point of inquiry concerns the
typography of the catalogue. It extends
to 52 pages octavo, and is admiriibly
jjrinted. It was certainly not printed at
Houghton-le-Spring. Durham or Sunder-
land would have been the most likely place
at which to find a good printer at that
time. We know from Cotton's 'fi/jio-
r/rajihlriil Gazit/err that ]irinting was in
use in Durham in 1733, and in Sunderland
during the latter half of the eighteenth
century. But this catalogue is .so well
printed, and the title-page set up with so
much taste that one would I)e inclined to
sugirest that it was done in Tx)ndon. But
the point is one of local rather than
general interest, and the printer might be
identifieil by comparing the typography of
the pamphlet with books locally printed at
about the same time, some of which are
probably now to Ix' found in the libraries
of Durham and other larjre centres in the
county.

The catalogue itself is (pute an uncon-
ventional one, tlw author at the outset ad-
mitting that ■' I have taken the Lil>erty
in the following Sheets to deviate from the
Common Metliods of Seed Catalogues," his
wish being, not to supplant those who have
written more copiously on the subject, but
to " render the general Knowledge of Gar-
dening more easily atttinablo to the young
and unexperienced in this Branch." In-
stead of the usual lists now familiar, the
author roughly classifies his subjects, the
first of which is: "Seeds of E.sculents,
with their season of Sowing and Culture."
EacJi vegetable Is dealt with in a jiara-
graph, with very brief directions for sow-
ing, and the varieties named in the mar-
gin arc doubtle.'is those of which Mr. Clarke
had seeds to sell. These lists are especiallv
interestinsr to us as showiiitr the kinds
in cultivation in 1779. Of Onions, for in-
stance, there were the Portuffal, Stras-
burg. White and Red Spanish, English,
Silver-skinned, and Welch. Eight varie-
ties of Cabbage appear to have sati.sfied all
npods — Dwarf, Batter.sea and Snsrarloaf
anions the early ones, Russian, Flat or
Scotch, 'tnd I/one, which were late, and
the Dutch and Turnip. Of Broccoli there
were onlv the Purple and White: there
were nine kinds of " lattice," the White-

Green, and Red Cos, the Silesia, Brown
Dutch, Capuchin, Imperial, Cabbage and
curled.

Among the salad seeds we tind Sorrel,
Burnet, Orach, Finochia (Italian Fennel),
and Tarragon. Only four sorts of Cu-
cumljers are mentioned, the Early Short
and Long Prickly, and the Ixuig Green
and White Turkey, but this "esculent"
was evidently regarded as an important
crop, for two pages are devoted to its cul-
tural directions. So, also, " Mellons "
and " Pompions " (gourds) receive two
pages. Among the "Medicinal Seeds"
are enumerated Cardus, Scurvy-grass, An-
gelioo, Loveage (perhaps Achillea ligus-
tica), Smallage (this I cannot identify).
Wormwood, Gromwell (Lithospermiun offi-
cinale, at one time administered for the
cure of gravel), Dill and Brown Mustard.
Poppies, Carraway, Fenugreek (Trigo-
nella). Coriander, Annise, and Cunmiin
(Cuminum Cyminum), also occur among
the sweet and pot-herb seeds.

Beans and Peas occupy a page and a half,
the former headed by the Mazagan and fol-
lowed by tlie Portugal, Small and Broad
Spanish, and Windsor, and also with two
other varieties, Toker and Bog Dwarf,
which are not familiar to me. There are
fifteen varieties of Peas, with, of course,
various Marrow (or " Marrowfat " of later
times), and one called the Reading, which
suggests that it was raised at Reading, but
long before the advent of Messrs. Sutton's
business. There are also Tall end Dwarf
Crooked Sugar Peas, which " are com-
monly gathered when young, and, when
boiled, eat as Kidney Beans." Of these
latter there are six varieties of tlie dwarf
and four of tlie runners.

J'he pages devoted to flower seeds, re-
spectively grouped as Tender and Hardy
annuals, and biennials and perennials,
are divided into thi-ee columns, the first
with cultural directions, the second with
the name of the plant, and thirdly, " their
colours." The Amaranthus appears to
have been a popular plant, for there are
six varieties. The Sensitive Plant, we are
told, " closes by a touch," and the Humble
Plant "falls by a touch." It is interest-
ing to note that the Tobacco Plant was
cultivated for decorative purposes: 'if
the Season prove favourable, it may be
brought to great Perfection : If in the
Autumn it Ik; properly cured or dried, it
will be equally good as that brought from
Abroad." Bulbous and tulierous flower-
roots are dealt with liriefly, but no
named varieties — perhaps becatjse even in
those days they were legion — are specified.
The list of iierennial flower-roots calls up
visions of tlie old English gardens which
were such attractions to our coiintry homes
during the eighteenth century. There are
Wallflowers, Sweet Williams, the double
Bachelor's Button, the double Ragged
Robin, Pinks, Rockets, Soapwort,
Paeonics, Sunflowers, and others.

Mr. Clarke catered for agricult\ire as
well as for horticulture. We have succinct
directions concerning grass and Clover
seeds, Spurry, Buckwheat (which sounds
.Vmericaii rather than English), T/entils,

136

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

Flax, Hemp, and Canary. There are also
directions for the sowing and culture of
Fir and Pine seeds, and of trees and slu'ubs
of all sorts, evergreen and deciduous. Fruit trees
occupy eleven pages. Of Apples there are 27
varieties, including Codlings, various kinds of
Pippins, Russets, and Pearmains, "with many
other sorts." Among Apricots there were the
Masculine, the Transparent, the Brussels, and
Anson's, " a kind lately introduced into English
garfens, probably by Lord Anson, an exceed*-
ingly large fruit, and a good bearer." Tbe
May Duke and the White and Black "Harts,"

Is. each, dwarfs on Paradise stocks, lOd., and
those on crab stocks, 8d. Apricots, standards,
fi'om Is. 4d. to 2s., and dwarfs from Is. to
Is. 6d. ; Currants, Filberts, and Gooseberries were
2d. per plant; Pears, standards Is. 2di., and
dwarfs Is. ; Plums, Is. 2d. and Is. ; Nectarines
and Peaches, 2s. and Is. 6d. ; and Quinces, 8d.
Like all other nurserymen, Mr. Clarke dealt in
sundries, such as " aU soi-ts of gai-den tools and
bass mats." Altogether his catalogue forms a
very interesting c'ocument in the history of
tr.idening during the last quarter of the
eighteenth century. IT''. Roberts.

Fig.

-CYPRIPEDIUM sm REDVERS BULLER.

the Kentish and Harrison's Duke, figure among
the Cherries. Familiar varieties of Grapes
occur, such as the Black, White, and Red Ham
burgh and various Frontiniacs ; there are
also the Tokay, the Lombardy, and the Bur-
gundy, the special features of which are briefly
noted. Peaches, Plums, Pears, and Gooseberries
and Nectarines are represented by what were the
best sorts in cultivation at the time.

It is not until the last page of the catalogue is
reached that we come to prices, and these are
very modest indeed. Standard Apple trees were

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS FROM CHELTENHAM.
Messrs. J. Cypher and Sons send us flowers
of a selection of seedling Laelio-Cattleyas and
Cattleyas recently in bloom in their nurseries.
They show great variety in form and colour, the
sepals and petals varying from white to rose, and
the labellums from rose-purple to dark crimson.
One of the latter tj^pe is very distinct, with a
small, brigM-yellow blotch on each side of the
labelhtm. A very dark L.-C. Dominiana, taken

from a fine-flowered spike, well represents that
showy hybrid, and a large and finely-formed
Cattleya Wavriniana (granulosa x Warscewiczii)
is included.

Masdevallia Booking Hybrid and its parent M.
Veitchiana grandaflora are also sent, Mr. Cypher
remarking that he is seldom without flowers of
these two handsome Masdevallias, which, like
the M. Harryana, M. ignea and other showy
species, thrive so well at Cheltenham.

Cypripedium Sir Redvers BuUer (insigne X
SmitWi) (see fig. 49), taken from a part of the
original, which received a First-class Certificate
on January 9, 1900, shows it to be stiU the best
of a very variable cross. The
consignment includes C. Rossetti,
one of the freest of the yellowish
Cypripediums, and some C. Roth-
schildiana crosses.

ORCHIDS FROM
BLENHEIM.

Mr. James Smith sends us
floweiis of hybrid Orchids raised
in the Duke of Marlborough's
gardens at Blenheim ; the plants
have been previously recorded,
and being now matured, show
their true characters. The finest
is Cattleya Veiris, raised from
C. Venus X C. Iris. The second
use of C. Iris (bieolor x Dowi-
ana aurea) in the parentage of
this hybrid, has given marked
results, the form of C. Iris
being retained, but the colour-
of the lip, which is blood-red
with orange and rose shades, is
intensified. The sepals and
petals are pale yellow, veined
and tinged with buff colour.
Cattleya Rexful, of which a
tlrree-flowered inflorescence is
sent, is the progeny of C. Rex
find C. fulvescens (Dowiana aurea
X Forbesii). and adheres
closely to C. Rex, the sepals and
petals being light yellow and the
lip rosy-mauve with gold lines
from the base.

Cattleya Guillsmont, raised
from C. Gaskelliana and C.
Pittiana, is a large flower with
silver-white sepals and petals
tinged and veined with pale
lilac, of which the lip has a
number of purple lines in front
of the yeUow disc. Laelio-
Cattleya Fazeana, obtained by
crossing C. Fabia (labiata x
Dowiana aurea) and L.-C.
Schiilzeana (C. labiata x L.-C.
elegans), is an interesting in-
stance of intensified colour de-
velopment, the cause of which is
imperfectly understood, for its
deep mauve flower with claret-
red lip is darker than any of the
parents. The question of colour
in flowers is a very complicated
problem, but it is known tbat
there may be more than on© pig-
ment in any one flower, as staited
in the leading article in the last
130. In certain conditions C. Dowiana
aurea has been kno^vn to develop initensified
colours inherited from other parents but not
present in itself, and probably that has been
the agent in the present case.

Laelio-Cattleya Ingralaw, Cattleya Law-
renceana X Laelio-Cattleya Ingraniii (C. Dowi-,
ana aurea x L. Dayana) has flowers of the C.
Lawrenceana class, but with a more expanded
lin. The colour is mauve ; the lip has a purple
front and ' deep orange base, with pui-ple
lines.

issue, p.

October 6, 1917.]

TREES AND SHRUBS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

137

CEKATOSTIG.MA WILLMOTTIANU.M.

Amongst the plants at the meeting of the
R.H.S. on September 25 last was a specimen of
this new species of C-ei-atostigma, shown by Miss
Willmott. It is one of Mr. E. H. Wilson's
discoveries in Western China when he travelled
for the Arnold' Arboretum in 1908. He describes
it as abundant in the semi-arid regions of the
Miu River valley, in Szechuen, which was the
only place in which he found it. Miss Willmott
raised it at Warley from seeds collected by him,
and it flowered with her in 1911.

In a wild state it grows from 1 to 3^ feet
high, but under cultivation at Warley it has
reached 5 feet in height. Its half-woody stems
are angled, purplish, and clothed with bristles.
The leaves, 1| to 2^ inches long, and often mM'e
or less diamond-shaped, are also bristly. .le
flowers are borne successively in a large head
terminating each twig, also in smaller ones in
the uppermost leaf-axils. They are bright blue
(Wilson says "cobalt-blue") and about 1 inch
wide. Miss Willmott informs me that flowers
have api>eared with her as early as May, but
its proper flowering season is probably from July
to November. Few hardy plants have so long a
blossoming season, and to this quality is added
the beautiful and, among hardy shrubs, rare
colour of its flowers. At Kew last winter it died
back to the ground, but sprang up again freely
and flowered well during the summer. It is a
most attractive plant, and evidently capable of
bearing our hardest winters. W. J. B.
POPULUS X OEXEROSA.

I DO not suppose my old friend Dr. Augustine
Ileniy will object to my givmg a gratuitous ad-
vertisement of one of his new hybrid Poplars.
Popnius generosa, which he has been successful
in raising. The tree, three years old from th"
cutting, has already made a growth of 12 feet
8 inches in height during this year, and the me«-
Rurement of the leaf which I enclose herewith.
9i inches across the middle and 17 inches from
base of stalk to tip, together with its intense
dark green colour, wU give you some idea of
the amazing vigour of this new addition to our
botanical trea.sures. If the tree should keen
up anything approaching to this rate of growth
it ought to prove a most valuable acquisition
from the economic staiidpo-'nt. \'lrnn/ f,'il)h>\

arable, it is vei-j- hard indeed to get rid of from
pasture-laud'. As is the case with so many
perennial weeds, worrying to death by frequent
cutting is in the long run the cheapest way of
e.xterminating it. In southern parts of Victoria
the Blackberry is becoming a serious pest, chok-
ing everything else — except St. John's Wort.
Like many another pestilent weed, it is an in-
truder— in this case from Europe. Two or three
cuttings, together with applications of salt, are
required to exterminate it. Rosa rugosa is
qualifying as a pest in Victoria, and so are
African Boxthorn (Lycium horridum), lai'gely
planted for hedges in Victoria, and Echium vio-
laceum, known picturesquely as Paterson's
Curse. It makes its attack, like so many weeds,
by way of the railway line. Bracken, too, is a
bad weed, ousting grass from steep hillsides.
Cutting and salting are the remedies, and it
may be remarked in parenthesis that this com-
bined method might well be tried here. The
cutting should be done not t-oo early nor too late.
In Victoria it is best done just before the plants
spore, and two cuttings a year are necessary.

WEEDS INjAUSTRALIA.

Valuabi.k hints on the destructir)n of weeds
are given by Mr. H. W. Davey, Orchard Super-
visor, Victoria, Australia, in a paper* read at
the annual convention of the Chamber of Com-
meife. Mr. Davey concludes from his experi-
ments that arsenical weed-killei-s, useful though
they bo for destroying weeds on gr.avel paths,
are usele.^s on'cultivatod land. Unless employed
in great strength and large quantities the.v only
kill the tops, and if so employed they render the
ground unfit for cultivation for several years.

For young plants crude petroleum or kerosene
is much better.

Salt is effective, and in many cases also im-
proves the fertility of the soil.

Mr. Davey comments on the fact that the
"Thistle Act" is administered very laxly in
parts of Victoria, and that Thistles may be seen
growing in the yards of many public buildings.
This testimony is valuable, inasmuch as demands
for similar "noxious weeds" Acts are fre-
quently urged in this country. We all wish to
get rid of weeds, but most of us are tired of
.^ct^ which cannot be rigorouslv enforced, at
all events until we all become Government in-
spectors. The worst weed in Victoria appears
to be St. .John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum).
Though eradicable withgut great difficulty on
Victoria, Atittralia.

sepals, while the white-tipped petals are also
deep violet-blue at the base. Seeds are produced
freely, and plants Paised fi'om them show less
sariation than in tlie case of many species — that
is, if care be taken to prevent cro-ss-fertilisation
by insects. A. Stuartii grows best in a moist,
iiartly shaded situation, in strong loamy soil, with
manure buried somewhat deeplv during the dig-
ging, ir. /.

LETTERS FROM JAPAN. III.

JUNIPERUS TAXIFO'LdA ON BONIX
ISLAND.

The only Conifer on Boiiin Island is the en-
demic Juniperus taxifolia, and why a Jundperus
should be there is a mystery. But there it is, a.
perfectly 'diistinct species, with small, polished
chestnut-brown fruits, the edges of the confluent
scales glaucous. At one time this Juniper was
a common tree on the island, and in the sheltered
gullies, alongside of Palms and Tree Ferns, grew
■^0 feet high, with a trunk 6 fret in uiiUi Such

50.- \yrn

.Seiiecio Jac'obaea, introduced from Euroi>e, is
giving tivuble in Victoria, aiwl. as wclJ as
monopolising ground, causes disease in cattle.
As a result of a Ragwort competition in one
district of Victoria school children pulled
up and burnt over two million plants and earned
£367 by their beneficent work,

Mr. Davey, in conclusion, makes the wise sug-
gestion that a knowledge of noxious • weeds
should be inculcated in .school-children by
means of Nature Study lejs.sons.

AQUILEGIA STUARTII.

AqiriLEOi.v Stuaktii (see fig. 50) is one of
the most attractive plants in this jxjpiilar
genus. It was raised by Dr. Stuart, of Chim-
side, Scotland, in 1880, and first flowered with
him in May, 1881. The re.sult of a cro.ss be-
tween A. glandulosa and A. Witmannii, it may
be described as a much-improved form of the
fii-st-named species. It has proved to be a good
perennial, improving each year with deep culti-
vation in rich soil. The flowers are large and
handsome, with wide-spreading, violet-blue

Si;PAI.S AND PETALS \10I.ET EiLI'E.

trees no longer exist. Tlio wuod lasts in *he
ground and out longer than that of any other
tree on the island, and in consequence all the
larger trees have been felled and used for build-
ing purposes. The largest tree (and, indeed, the
iinly large tree) tliat I could find was 45 feeti
tall X 4i feet in girth of trunk. On the wind-
swept hilltops this Juniper is reduced to a. low,
broad mat, and in this form aod as a bush it is
still abundant. As a tree, J. taxifolia is singu-
larly handsome ; old specimens would appear to
be flat- topped, but the usual habit is loosely
pyramidal with ascending, spreading branches:
the branchlets are relatively long, slender, and
always pendent, the leaves a light green,
flattened-subulate, obtuse, and have two stomatic
lines. I gathered many specimens of this little-
known plant, ahso ripe fruits, and took three
photographs. Tlie seeds I send under separate
cover. TlTifortunately, there is no likelihood of
this Juniper proving hardy in the Arboretum,
but in and around New Orleans it may grow,
also ,in the warmer parts of California, and pos-
sibly in Cornwall and other favoured places. It
is so beautiful a tree that it deserves a thorough
trial. E. H. Wilson.

138

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

PHOENIX CANARIENSIS IN AUSTRALIA.

With reference to Mr. Turner's comment in
till' issue of ll'arcli 3 hist, p. 95, on my note in
Card. Chron., Vol. LX., p. 122, on a tree of
Phoenix canariensis in the Garden Palace
(irouncis, Sydney, I may say that my statement
w .s as follows : " Its history is not very clear, but
it i<i over thirty years old, and where it originally
came from I cannot ascertain." I have since ascer-
tained that the seed came from Kew during the
rdirectorship of Sir J. D. Hooker. Mr. Turner,
however, writes that the seed came out during
the directorship of Sir William Jackson Hooker
(written at full length so that there shall be no
Tiiifitake). Sir William, however, died in 1865.

Mr. Turner was employed on the gardening
staff here for fourteen months in 1880-1, and Mr.
,luliu6 Camfield succeeded him, after an interval,
as overseer of the Garden Palace Grounds (an
integral part of the Botanic Gardens) at the
beginning of 1882. Mr. Camiield continued in
his duties until his death, on November 26 kft.

It was my official duty for twenty years to in-
spect the grounds with Mr. Camfield, and this
was done every week, and in some weeks much
oftener. As I take a special interest in Palms,
I usually included the Palm bed refeiTed to in
my inepeobion. Mr. Camfield told me that he
planted most of the Palms, including this
P. oanariensis, and added that at the time its
name was doubtful, which is borne out by the
Kew Bulletin; (1916), which states that the name
•vas not used til' 1882.

Tlie name of the gardener (Mr. Camfield, and
not Mr. Turner) who actually put the Phoenix in
the ground out of tiie Botanic Gardens nursery
can have no interest for your readers, but I
never raised the question.

Mr. Turner states that Mr. Charles Moore (my
predecessor) gave him a free hand. Tliis is
another instance of a defective memory, for Mr.
Moore was the most autocratic of men, and never
was known to give anyone a free hand in any-
tliing. Mr. Tui-ner, however, does himself lees
than jus'ice by omitting to mention the assist-
ance he gave Mrs. Macquarie in planting the
Widiing-tree (Araucaria excelsa). J. TI.
Maiden.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

DEGENERATION OF POTATOS.
I HAVE been greatly interested in this discus-
sion (pp. 100, 122 and 132), but nothing has
struck me more forcibly than the sentence : "I
see no reason why, given good treatment, a
Potato should not go on for ever " (p. 122). The
late blight, or Phytophthora infestans, has been
carried all over the world by means of mycelium
hibeiTiating in the tubers. Macrosporium Solani
(Potato Leaf -curl) has been carried about in a
similar way. Once infested, the old tubers com-
municate these diseases to their offspring, and
no one can see what is inside tubers when plant-
ing them. When old varieties of Potatos are said
to be improved, selected, or the tendency to dis-
ease eliminated, this can only mean tliat some-
one has worked up a fresh stock in which no dis-
ease is present. Except in the case of a possible
sport, none of these improved Potatos can be
anything else than a healthy stock of the old
orisinal. Just how many years a Potato may be
considered w'orth growing depends upon how long
it can be kept healthy and productive. It may,
of course, get superseded by a modem and more
productive one of a similar type. The point of
the sentence quoted above is whether or npt a
given variety of Potato could be grown on inde-
finitely. That hias not been proved, but science
and praotice might contrive to do it. There are
some very old ones still in existence, of which I
would like to mention a few. The Old Ashleaf

is still ciffered true in a seed-list. Myatt's Pro-
lilir .\shlfaf was raised a little earlier than 1847.
I had .Magnum Bonum in 1876. Extra Early
Vermont had a First-class Certificate in 1873 ;
Snowfiake had a similar award in 1874; School-
master likewise in 1876 : and Scotch Champion in
1879 (it was extensively cultivated in the North
before then). Vicar of Laleham and White Ele-
phant had awards in 1881, and many others in
cultivation then are still grown. /. F.

POTATO SNOWDROP.

I H.WE found this variety quite one of the
best on this dry, sandy soil, both for cropping
and its edible qualities. I well remember grow-
ing it in Wiltshire some years ago, when it was
considered the best Potato for exhibition, but I
had to discard it on account of its susceptibility
to disease, especially in a wet season. This sea-
son we have had a rare crop on some woodland
that has been cut and grubbed for kitchen garden
crops. Last year it was fair though small, but
its eating quality was good, and it lasted until
January. I exhibited a dish some time since at
an allotment show held in the town; and though
there were some hundreds of dishes, none looked
so beautiful as Snowdrop. W. .i. Cool:, Abbot's
Wood, Godalming.

POTATO SPRAYING.

I WAS surprised to read the unfavourable ex-
pei-ience of Mr. Hurford on Potato spraying
(see p. 122). Surely his experience is ex-
ceptional. Can anything have been wrong
with the mixture used, and did the local
Society spray with the Bordeaux mixture or the
Burgundy mixture, as recommended by the Board
of Agriculture. I am afraid much disappointment
v.'ill be felt where the work was not done well.
Growers are not altogether to blame, as in many
ii'stances spraying machines and chemicals came
to hand late in the season, when the haulm had
completely covered the ground, and in many cases
was entangled. Rather than risk doing damage,
in many cases the haulm merely was given a top
spray, which was almost useless. When the
growths get up to this size they must be care-
fully turned on one side, and after being well
s'orayed, turned back, and the other side treated
similarly.

My experience is in direct contrast to your
correspondent. I gave spraying a thorough trial
by leaving two plots of separate varieties un-
sprayed and growing side by side with those
sprayed. Only one spraying was given — a
thorough one — with the Burgundy mixture,
during the third and last weeks in July. The
foliage of the unsprayed varieties was attacked
bv disease and it completely died down at the
end of August, while the others were as green
as a bed of Parsnips. The same thing happened
on the farni, the difference being that only one
variety — Arran Chief — was grown. There 1
also had a poi'tion left unsprayed, and the divid-
ing line could be seen a long way off.

The crops on the sprayed plots were splendid,
with hardly a diseased tuber, and some individual
roots weighed lOJ lbs. The unsprayed had quite
a third of diseased tubers, and the loss would
have been serious had it not been counterbalanced
by the heavy crop alreadv mentioned. Arthur
.J. Cobb, The Gardens, Duffnjn, near Cardiff.

BROAD BEANS.

To secure an early supply of Beans in the
coming spring, make a sowing of Early Mazagan
at the end of October. Select a site that is well
drained and with a s^outh aspect ; sow in drills
3 indies deep and 3 feet apart. Protect the
plants with litter if frosts are severe. Last year
I sowed Early Longpod and Early Mazagan, but
the former variety succiunbed to the severe
winter, whilst the latter, with protection, with-
stood the winter well. C. Davis, Holy Welh
Purl- Gardens, Ipswich.

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn, Foreman Royal Oardeni, Windaor,

Bbet.— Nothing will be gained by leaving this
crop in the ground after the roots are of suffi-
cient size for use. Lift the roots carefully,
'taking care not to break or injure them in any
way, or tney will be of inferior quality when
cooked. If stored in pits, a covering must be
provided to ward off heavy rains: di-y Fern will
answer this purpose well. If shed room is avail-
able, they should be stored in sand.

Cabbage.— A good plantation of CabTSge
should be made to form the principal batch for
spring and early summer supplies, for although the
earlier plantations will prove useful, this plant-
ing must be regarded as the most important.
Ground which has been occupied by spring-sown
Onions or njid-season Potatos is suitable. If
planted where Onicns have been grown it will
be necessary to fork the surface a few inches
deep in order to destroy seedling weeds. The
plants may be put out in rows 18 inchps apart.
As soon as growth commences, the hoe should
be freely used during dry days, to keep the bed
free from weeds during the winter. Slugs are
very troublesome this season, and will require
a good deal of attention during the autumn.
There is no better deterrent to slugs than dust-
ing the bed freely with lime in the early morn-
ing. Plants which remain in the seed bed after
planting is finished should be transplanted on
a sheltered border, as some may be required
in spring to make good any that have failed or
for making new plantations.

RAD11HE8.— A sowing of early Turnip-rooted
Radish may be made thinly in a pit in rich soil
that should be raised to within 15 inches of the
roof-glass.

Celery.- Earthing-up should be proceeded
with whenever the foliage is dry. Tie the leaves
cai'efully together with some soft material and
break the soil as finely as possible before placing
it round the istems.. After this work has been
done the ties may be removed and used for the
same purpose on successional beds. The latest
batch of plants should be carefully.examined at
the roots, and if the soil is dry a good soaking
of clear water may be given at least 24 hours
before any soil is a.pplied to the plants, and
as this work is being done care must be taken
that no soil reaches the heart of the plants, or
df foi-med growth will result. In giving the final
ajiplication of soil to early plants it should never
be applied in sufficient quantities to have a
clioking effect on them.

Endive.— Continue to plant Endive until
every available pit is filled. The bed should be
enriched by mixing some decayed manure with
the soil so that quick, clean growth may result.
Allow 9 inches between the plants each way and
stir the .surface soil as often as possible when
once the phints have become established. The
1-ghts should be left off the pit until severe
fi-osts or heavy rains are expected.

Lettuce.— Plants of Lettuce should be lifted
carefully from the open garden and iplaced in
cold pits to make certain of a supply during
the winter. Those which are not too far ad-
vanced should be selected, and the lights left
off the pit until protection from frost or rains'
ii, required. Ventilation must be freely applied
in favourable weather during winter.

THE ORCHID HODSES.

By J COLUBR. Gardener to Sir JlRBMUH Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park. Reigat^.

Odontoglossums have been benefited by
the cool, damp nights, and the plants should be
developing vigorous growths. The houses in
which they are grown should be ventilated care-
fully at tliis season, air being admitted through
the bottom ventilators 'at all times, according
to the outside temperaiture. During warm

October 6, 1917,]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

139

nights the top ventilators may be opened slightly
to admit the dew, which is very beneficia.1 to
Odonioglossums. especially those that have been
lately re-potted.

Cattleva AND Laelia.— Repot plants of C.
gigas and C. Hardyana that have passed out of
Hower, together with such Laelias as L. tene-
brosa, L. purpurata. and its hybrid, L.-C. Can-
hamiana, and othere that have commenced to
make their young growths, and are pushing forth
roots from their base. In repotting, after re-
moving the plant from the pot, the old, useless
pseudo-bulbs, especially those that have no
leaves, should be cut away, also the decayed
roots. The plants should then be placed in re-
ceptacles of sufficient size to accommodate them
for the next two seasons. Pots whicii are to
contain moderate-sized plants should be filled to
about one-halt their depth with clean crocks,
whilst for larger specimens a greater depth of
drainage should be used, and less potting
material. Keep the rhizome of the plant just
below the rim of the pot, and press the compost
firmly among the roots. Plants of Laelia elegans
which have recently passed out of bloom should
be dealt with in a similar manner. Such Cat-
tleyas as C. Mendelii, C. Mossiae, C. Trianae
and C. Schroderae that have grown too large for
their pots, and are producing roots from the
base of the youngest psendo-bulbs, may be
afforded more rooting space, but care must be
taken not to disturb the roots any more than
is unavoidable ; do not pull the plants from their
pots, but break these latter and carefully re-
move the pieces, and without disturbing the
drainage or roots place the whole into a pot
of suitable size, fill in the drainage space with
clean crocks, and fill in round the ball of the
plant with new compost. A suitable rooting
medium for all the above-named plants will be
found in equal parts of A 1 fibre and O.smunda-
fibre, cut up rather roughly, a little chopped
.Sphagnum-moss, and crushed crocks. .\fter
they are repotted, the plants should be
afforded only sufficient water at the roots
to prevent shrivelling, for if the compost
is not continually damp at this period the plants
will commence to grow instead of taking their
proper season of rest. 1 do not advocate any re-
potting of the general collection of Tattleyas,
Laelias, and hybrids at this time of the year,
but where many of these plants are grown they
are not all ready to he dealt with at the same
time. Kepotting should be done when it is seen
that new roots are emerging from the base of
the pseudo-bulbs or leading growths. It often
happens thai at this season of the year the outer
covering of the pseudo-bulbs becomes damp and
discoloured, and may cause the bulb to decay.
When this is observed increase the ventilation
of the house, even if it becomes necessary to
employ more artificial heat. Give as much
light as possible for a few days, and keep snch
plants rather drv at the roots; also reduce the
atmospheric moisture. Two agencies, light and
air. when properly balanced, are the best means
wo have to produce pnliditv in t^e nseudo-biilb"
The Caltleyas which flower in the autumn, such
as Cattleva Bowrin<tiann and such r^f its hvbrids
ns r. Mantinii. f. Mrs. .7. W, ^Vhitelev. C.
TJrowniae, (', Wendlandii and C. Portia, should
lie kept rather dry at the roots. nnt\\ the flower-
snikes are observed pushing up at the base of
the sheaths, when a slicht increase of water may
be allowed, the supply to be again reduced when
the flowers have expanded.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN

liv W .\. ToAK, OnrHoner I" tlii' II. in. Anrntm .T.
Datet. Ahhota Woo.1. (;f>.lnlmin<r. Snrrov,
O<<QHAR0 Tre^' — Large, highly - coloured
fniits are generally obtained from the tops
nf large standard trees, and they should
be left as long as possible to thoroughly
ripen. The finest specimens of Blenheim
Pippin, Kibston Pippin, King of the Pip-
pins, and Cox's Orange Pippin, are to be
found usually in these positions. Any that are
now being gathered should be selected, and for
convenience of storing may be placed in boxes
or tubs and stored in dry places. Small, badly
formed fruits should be disposed of in some other
wav, and small, worthless varieties should be dis-
carded, the roots grubbed up. and good varieties

substituted, or the old trees re-grafted. Be care-
ful to select varieties that succeed best in
the district. Newton Wonder is a large and
weighty fruit that should be given extended culti-
vation, being good in colour and capable of being
kept in excellent condition for a long period.
Rev, W. Wilks should be added to the list.
Dumelow's Seedling (Wellington) is still one of
the very best, and is, moreover, a great bearer,
and second to none for culinary uses from De-
cember to April. Annie Elizabeth is a great
bearer, and keeps in condition till May when
well ripened and stored.

Ripe STRAWBERiiiES.-These should be
covered wit;h hand lights or given other protec-
tion, as with the showery weather they soon
suffer.

Lifting and Root Pruning of Fruit
Trees.— Proceed with these operations as oppor-
tunities occur. The earlier they are accomplished
the better chance will the trees be given to make
fibrous roots quickly.

Hardy Vines Covering Buildings.— Any

loose or growing laterals on hardy vines should
be removed, and where there are CJ rapes ripen-
ing it is the more essential in order to allow tlie
sun's ravs to reach the bundles.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By Jas. Hcdsos. Head Gwdener at Gunnersburj' H»use,
AoUm, W.

The Potting of Fruit Trees.- No time
should now be lost before repotting or thoroughly
top-dressing the trees. With the exception of one
autiunn only, I have always repotted them annu-
ally, which is a ^ufiicient indication of my belief
in this method of cultivation during a period
of more than twenty years. The potting
should be done under cover, so that there
will be no hindrance to the work. I used
to erect a temporary- shelter with a tai-paulin.
but in recent years have had an oii|X)rtunitv
of doing this work under glass, which is mucli
better. Prepare a sufficient number of pots
beforehand. Allow for a few trees being put into
larger pots, but only those that actually need
them. As the work of knocking out proceeds,
let the empty pots be washed and well dried
before they are again used.

The Potting Process.- When c

knocked out of the pot, an idea can be formed
by the state of the roots and of the growth of
the tree if a larger pot is required, but do not
be tcjo geiierou.s in this extension of root room.
When the tree is free of its pot, proceed by re-
ducing the ball all round in an equal degree,
removing also the surface or top soil, and the
top-dressing, as well as the bottom next to the
crocks in a sufficient measure to allow of a good
amount of rough, turfy soil to be put over the
crocks. Let this be well rammed down, and then
add just a little soil and place the tree thereon,
making allowance for a fairly good surface
dressing, and for sufficient depth for watering.
As a rule, my plan is to reduce the ball suffi-
ciently for the hand to be worked easily around
the ball when the tree is put into its fresh pot ;
this is a good guide to follow as to the amount
of old ball to be removed. When the roots are
very plentiful, and it is not an easy matter to
reduce the ball, then a larger pot may be used.
Tf the trees have been plunged since they wore
taken inside after fruiting, a good number of
surface roots will have developed. These should
be preserved, spread out evenly, and just covered
with soil. While potting is in process, let the
soil be well rammed, only adding a little at a
time. I fii-mly believe in hard or solid potting.

After Treatment.— After potting, keep the
trees under cover if possible, and use the syringe
freely for a few weeks. Give the roots one or
two good soakings at once, and never let the
soil get dry. In only a few instances have I ob-
served any .shriveiling of the wood after potting.
For reducing the ball we used scratchers made
like a fork with two points ; these are bent at
right angles with about 2 inches turned over.
Three rammers are needed, one of obtuse shape,
one fairly thick, and one thin for tight places.
As to the soil, I described its preparation in the
notes published in these pages on September 22.

Violets in Pots.- These are usually great
favourites, as good jjlaiits may be taken in tile
dw-elling-house for a few days. When lifting the
plants from the border a batch should be selected
for potting up. Choose healthy and compact
plants, with good, firm crowns, and pot up in
t)^ or 8-inch pots, according to the size 'and
variety preferred. The treatment advised is ex-
actly the same as for those planted in a frame,
Ijut as the weather gets colder the pot plants
may be brought in and placed on a shelf or stage
in the greenhouse. A few plants will perfume
the house or conservatory, and their fragrance
Is always appreciated. Tlie best varieties are La
France, Princess of Wales, and Admiral Avellan
for singles, whilst Marie Louise, Lady Hume
Campbell. Mrs. Astor, and Mrs. Arthur are
first-class double varieties.

Late Fuchsias.- Fuchsia plants in full bloom
must be kept well supplied with water and liquid
luanure. or be given a pinch of artificial plant-
food occasionally. Pinch off the old blooms be-
fore seed forms. Fuchsias grown as standards
Hre particularly well adapted for greenhouse and
con.^ervatory decoration, supplying the requisite
height for artistic gi"ouping.

Propagating Young Stock.— To ensure a
batch of young Fuchsias for flowering early next
season, cuttings may be taken now. and in-
serted in pots or pans of light, sandy soil, which
should be placed in the propagating pit. When
nicely rooted, pot them into 3-inch pots, and
keep them on a shelf near the glass in an inter- '
mediate house all winter

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Transplanting Violets. -Transfer Violets
from the open ground to frames with a south
aspect. Some surplus plants were planted in a
vegetable frame last year in these gardens, and
beyond giving them a light dusting of fertiliser
forked into the soil they gave us no further
trouble. The plants flowered profusely.
Frames that have been used for Melons or
Cucumbers are quite suitable for Violets.
Pomove the old soil, thoroughly wash the
glass and woodwork inside and out, and lime-
wash the walls. Prejiare a fresh bed 12 inches
deep of stable litter and leaves, covering it to a
depth of 8 inches wWl a compost of loam, leaf-
mould, manure, sand, and a little soot, mixing tlie
ingredients thoroughly ttigether. The bed should
be brought up as near to the glass as will just
allow room for the foliage. Give the plants a
liberal watering before lifting them if the soil is
at all dry, and syringe the foliage with an in-
secticide. Lift each plant with a good ball of
soil, pick off all runners, and plant firmly
9 inches to 12 inches apart. Apidy water freely
through a coarse rose to settle the soil directly
the frame is planted. Keep the frame closed for
a week or ten days, and apply a light shading
during bright weather. When the plants are
established air must be admitted on favour-
able occasions, for any attempt at forcing will
result merely in leaf growth. Mats or other pro-
tecting material should be in readiness to place
over The glass during frosty weather.

Sweet Peas.— In favourable districts a
sowing of Sweet Peas may be made for flowering
out-of-doors in June. In other districts the
best method is to raise the plants in a cold
fitame or greenhouse. Sow the seeds very thinly
in pots, .boxes, or tun'es. Water very carefully
during the winter months, and admit air in
favourable weather. If the plants are given
cool treatment it should not be necessary to
pinch the leading shoots.

Pinks.- Transfer Pinks that were rooted in
frames into their permanent positions or reserve
quarters. Prepare the beds at once, make the
soil firm, and plant about 6 inches apart each
way. They should be firmly planted and
watered through a rose to settle the soil. It is
well to plant some in the herbaceous or mixed
borders, in groups of five.

140

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
ivoiild obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their cunnuunuation^ aiui save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters a7id to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
wheji letters are misdirected.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Illustrations. — The Editors will he glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc.-, bid they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

liocal News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for najning, should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRirrEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TI'ESDAY, OCTOBER 9—

R.H.S. Oompet.it.ive E.\.hibitian/ of British-g-rowra
Fruits, at the DriM. HaU., Buckingham Gate. West-

Aterage Mean TEMPERAirRE for the ensuing week
dediueed from observations during the last fiftv
}e^-s .at Greenwich, 51.6.
Actual Temperature : —

Uardenem' Chronicle Office, 41, Wellington Street,
Oovellt Gauxlen, Lonickwi- Thursday, October 4,
10 a.m. : Bar. 29.0; teanp. 62.0°. Weia.thei^Raiin

MONDAY—

Bullba at 67 lamdl 68; Oheapside, at 1 o'clock, hv

Pratheroe & Mon^s.
WEOXBSDAY—

Trade Sale of Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at

1 o'dlock, by Piiothea>>e & Moriiis.
FRIDAY—

Bulbs, ajt Protheroe & Morris' rooms at 1 o'clock.

The latest reports* from

Vegetable Seed America indicate that,

Supplies. taken as a whole, the

present year has not
been favourable to seed production, owing
to the weather having been too wet.
Naturally, in so large an area the seed
crops show large variations. California,
which is, of course, one of the greatest
seed-producing regions, has suffered
from hot winds, and the embarrass-
ments of seed growers there have been in-
creased— as has been the case in this
country — by the difficulty experienced in
obtaining sufficient acreage for seed grow-
ing. The high prices obtaining for cereals
and the requirements of the canning fac-
tories have introduced new competition,
and have naturally made seed raising
more expensive. It is noteworthy, also,
that our own special difficulty — shortage
of labour — has already been felt severely
by American seed growers. According to
the preliminary reports received by the
Seed World, Californian Onions will yield

• Tht Sud World, Chicago, Sept. 6, 1917.

a 60-75 per cent, crop (the report of this
crop from the Canary Islands is, however,
favourable, and a full harvest is ex-
pected) ; Californian-grown Lettuce, 80-90
per cent., and Spinach, from 10 to 20 per
cent.

The reports from seed growers in Wash-
ington are dismal reading. Over 40,000
acres of Peas were grown, but the crop is
extremely poor. Better prospects are re-
ported from the Colorado district, where
Beans, Spinach, Onions, and Turnips are
grown for seed. Beans in Michigan are
not expected to give more than 10 bushels
per acre, and reports of the Pea crop indi-
cate half to three-quarters of a crop.

The reports received from Denmark
show that the severe winter and un-
favourable spring weather have affected
adversely the biennials grown for seed
in that country. Cabbage is far below
the average, and so also are Mangels and
Turnips. It is said that it is doubtful
whether any CalJb'age seed will be ex-
ported. Cauliflower is about 60 per cent,
of the average, and prices generally are
high. The Seed World concludes from its
investigations that the seed supply of the
United States will be tlie shortest ever ex-
perienced.

So far as this country is concerned,
there will be need for the strictest economy
in the use of vegetable seeds. The whole-
sale trade may be relied upon to do every-
thing that is possible to provide adequate
supplies. Their industry is one that at
all times demands the largest measure of
prevision, but present circumstances are
extraordinarily difficult, and it behoves
everyone to exercise the greatest economy
in the use of vegetable seeds, for otherwise
it will not be possible to provide the seed
for tTie sowing of the yet larger acre-
ages of garden vegetables which should be
grown during the coming year. The Food
Production Department is issuing a leaflet
on economy in the iise of vegetable seeds,
and it is greatly to be hoped that everyone
who cultivates garden ground will see to
it that the seeds which he sows are made
to go as far as possilile.

An interesting and suc-
Spencer Cupid cessful application of
Sweet Peas. Mendelian principles
to a specific prac-
tical problem was recently laid before the
Scientilic Committee of the R.H.S. by
Mr. George T. Dickson, of Newtownards.
Mr. Dickson's object was to produce a
race of Sweet Peas combining the dwarf-
ness of the Cupid grandiflora type with
the Spencer flower as borne by a tall
parent. Instead of contenting himself
witli the old-fashioned Rit-and miss
method, Mr. Dickson worked out for him-
self a scheme of probabilities, based on
what is known as Mendelian expectation.
Assuming — as he had good reason for
doing — that tallness would prove domi-
nant to dwarfness and the grandiflora type
of flower would Ee dominant to the Spencer
type, Mr. Dickson was prepared to expect
that by crossing a tall Spencer with a
dwarf (Cupid) grandiflora-flowered plant

he would obtain an F^ hybrid of the osten-
sible form of a tall grandiflora. The cross
was effected witli some difficulty — only one
in 130 pollinations proving successful.
The Fj hybrid fulflUed expectations in
manifesting the two dominant characters
of " tallness " and " grandiflora-flowered-
ness." But instead of giving up his ex-
periment because of its apparent lack of
success in the first generation, Mr. Dickson
was encouraged by his knowledge of Men-
delism to continue it for another genera-
tion. Reasoning that the F^ hybrid, al-
though resembling only one df its two
parents in each of the characters under
consideration, must also be carrying in
its germ cells the opposing characters (of
dwarfness and Spencer-flower), Mr. Dick-
son was able to predict that by crossing
the F, hybrids together he would obtain on
the average in one of every sixteen mem-
bers of the F^ generation a plant of dwarf
stature and witli flowers of Spencer form.
Experiment verified the prediction, and
thus Mr. Dickson succeeded not only in
demonstrating the usefulness of Mendelism
as an aid to practical plant-breeding, but
also in raising a charming and dainty race
of Sweet Peas — the Spencer Cupids.

In recognition of the value of this work
tlie Scientific Committee has awarded a
Certificate of Appreciation to Mr. Dickson.

8iR Frank Cri*p, Bart.- It is announced

that the Borough Council of Henley-on-Thames
has decided to confer the freedom of the borough
on Sir Frank Crisp, whose residence, Friar
Park, is situated close to the town.

R.H.S. Fruit 8How.-The Royal Horticul-

tura.1 Society's annual competitive fruit show
will be held on Tuesday next, the 9th inst. , in
the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminster.
Members of the Fruit and Vegetable Committee
will meet at 12.30 p.m. to a<ljudi<^A6 on novel-
ties. None of the other committees will meet on
this oc<'asion.

Supplies of Basic Slag.- We regret that
in the paragraph on the fixed prices of basic slag
published in our last issue (see p. 131), a portion
of the letterpress was accidentally omitted, the
result being that the additional charges for
smaller quantities than 4 tons were given as full
prices. It should be understood that these latter
vary according to the percentage of phosphates
contained in the samples, the lowest being 44s.
:ind the highest 80s. per ton.

Dutch Bulbs.— According to statements in
the U.S. Horticultural Press an embargo hos
been placed on the export of Dutch bulbs. The
Florists' Exchange computes the average yearly
importation of Dutch bulbs at 35,000 to 40.000
cases. One consignment of 12,000 cases is appa-
rently all that is likely to reach the United
States.

The Potato-Dealers' Register.- The

Food Controller announces that the laet day on
which wholesale dealers and retail dealers in
Potatos may apply for registration has been
postponed from October 1 to October 8. Forms
of application may be obtained from the local
food office for the area in which the dealer's
premises are situated.

KiNVER Edge, Wordslby.— Those who have
visited the seed trial grounds of Messrs.
Edward Webb and Sons, which are situated at
Wordisley, in vStaffordshire, will remember the
beautiful eminence known as Kinver Edge, a
short distance from the nurseries. It is always
a surprise to visitors to find such a beautiful

October 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

141

spilt within so short a distance of the heart of
the Black Country. Kinver Edge has now been
presented by the family of the late Mr. Thom.4S
Grosvenor Lee, of Birmingham, to the National
Trust, to be held for the use of the public.
This munificent gift comprises some two hun-
dred acres of heatherj- moor, which will be much
appreciated, and will seiTe to keep green the
memory of the famous naturalist. At a public
celebration of the gift on September 28. Canon
Eawnsley, the chaii-man of the Trust, formally
'accepted the gift, and Lord D.^rtmouth and the
'Mayor of Stottrbridge made speeches congratu-
lating the Trust on the acquisition of its first
piece of property in the heart of the Midlajwis.

Four Veteran Gardeners.— We reproduce
in fig. 51 an interesting photograph of four
veteran gardeners, Messrs.- H. Ballantent;, T.
K0BIN.SON, J. Jemmett, and A. Sinclaib, taken
recently in the garden of Mr. Ballantixe at
Westwood. Egham, where he now resides. Each
of these four gardeners" is over eighty years of
age, and their combined ages amount to 335
years. Mr. BALLANirsE was born in 1833, and
began his gardening career in Scotland. While
still a young man he was appointed gardener and
bailiff at " The Dell," Baron Schroder's resi-
dence at Englefield Green. Here he stayed for
nearly half a century, and the late Baron, who
esteemed Eim very highly, on his death left
Ballantine a legacy of one thousand pounds,
He was a keen and successful Orchid grower,
a.nd wa« for twenty-five years 'a member of
the E.H.S. Orchid Committee. In 1907 he was
presented with the Victoria Medal of Honour,
aind in 1911 he retired from "The Dell" ap-
pointment. Some particulars of his career, and
a portrait, were published in Gard. Chron.,
Sept. _ 14, 1907, and his retirement is men-
tioned in the issue for April 1, 1911. Mr. T.
Robinson was born in 1835. His experience was
chiefly gained in the south of England, but his
first post as head gardener was at Maryborough
Park, Cork. Later he was for twenty-nine years
gardener and bailiff at the Royal Indian Engi-
neering College. Cooper's Hill, and retired in
1899. Mr. J. jEMnreiT is the eldest of the little
group, having been born in 1831. He is still
in harness and has never been absent from work
for a day through illness, being hale and
liearty. For the last fifty-six years he has held
Uie post of gardener at Mjlton Park, Egham,
where he has served three generations of Barons
nE Worms. Mr. A. Sinci-air is two years
\ounger than Mr. .Temmett. He began work at
nine years of age, and has had a verj' varied
experience, having served in gardens as far north
as Banff. His last position was that of head
gardener to R. CnARiNOTON, Esq.. at Hunsdon
House, Ware, where he remained for fifteen
years, retiring in 1909.

Potato Grower Fined £300.— At Wisbech
Police Court recently George Tanslev, a
Potato grower, was fined £300 on twelve counts
of having sold seed Potatos at prices above the
maximum. The excess profit was £<iil. He
pleaded that the Government had commandeered
157 tons of his Potatos at £8 a ton, while his
neighbours had obt.ained £11 a ton on the
market.

Medlar Seeds as Poultry Food -It is

not generally known (states the Joiiniril of the
Roynl Snrietii of AtU) that the seeds of the
Japanese Medlar (Eriobotrya japonica), a tree
which is grown for its fruit on the French
Riviera, can be used for feeding poultry, rab-
bits, and other domestic animals. They can
also be used for distilling a. .spirit resembling
Kirwhwasser Food for poultry can be prepared
by .simply boiling the fresh or dried seeds in
water for thirty to forty-five minutes, and then
crushing them or using them whole, as may be
desirod ; or, instead r>f being boiled, they mav be
roasted like coffee. Another plan, which haa
the advantage of not requiring heat, is to
crush the seeds, then moisten them with suffi-

cient water, and allow them to remain in this
state for twelve hours. The mass is spread out
in a thin layei' to dry in the sun, in order to
remove any traces of the bitter flavour. This
poulta'V food can be used dry or wet as pre-
ferred.

Soil Bacteria.— During the past eight years
Mr. H. Joel Coxn has been engaged in the very
difficult and important work of studying the
bacterial flora of the soil.* Our knowledge of
the bacterial content of the soil progresses very
slowly, and this because of the fact that it is
a new branch of science. The organisms have
to be isolated and cultivated. Many of them are
new and not easy of cultivation under artificial
conditions. The soil bacteria are of two types ;
those which form spores and those which do
not. The former are relatively few in number,
and are probably not of agricultural importance,
since they appear to occur in the soil only in
their spore — or resting — stage. The non-sporers,
on the other hand, occur in great number and
variety, increase amazinglv when the- soil is

HISTORIC FIRM.

With some notable exceptions British seed
firnxs have been more or less short-lived. They
have flourished for periods of vai'ying brevity,
but few have continued successful for more than
a century. That being the case, it is cheering
to find an exception in the case of a firm which
is known, not only throughout Scotland, but
also thi-oughout the whole of the United King-
dom— that of Messrs. Austin and McAslan, of
Glasgow. The bicentenary of the firm was cele-
brated on the 28th ult. by a dinner in the Trades
Hall, Glassford Street, Glasgow, at which a
numerous and representative company was pre-
sent. The chair was occupied by Mr. Alexander
N. Hunter, the present head of the firm, and
the guests nimibered about one liundred and fifty.
The Loi-d Provost and other important towns-
people were present, and Sir Robert Wright,
the chairman of the Board of Agriculture for
Scotland. Representing the staff of Messrs.

Fig. 51.— KouB veteran gardeners.
ItKidiig from left to ri*l.t:-H. Ballantine. T. I!obins.«i, J, Jeimnett. and A. Sint-l;

manured, and also wthen it is aei'aAed. Some of
them are known to be ammoniafiers — that is,
producers of ammonia. As an example of the
effect of aeraiion on the bacterial population of
the soil, Mr. Conn mentions that whereas
1 gram (about 15 grain.s) of dry soil yielded about
15 million colonies, a similar amount of the same
soil yielded after aeration about 28 million
colonies. If will evidently be a long while before
wo shall be able to purchase soil fertility bacte-
rial starters, which, added to soil, will infallibly
set going those beneficent processes of,corrup-
timi — and those only— whereby the food and
stimulant necessary for perfect vegetable growth
are produced. Yet it does not require much
vision to see the agriculture and horticulture of
the future employing the bacteria of the soil in
as sure and beneficent a manJicr as the dairyman
now employs cultures of micro-organisms to act
.as sitarteirs in producLng the kind of cheese he
wants.

• noil Flora Sivdie: Bulls. No. 67, 58, and 69, New York
Agrlo. Exp. .Station, Geneva, N.Y.

Austin and McAslan wei'e Messrs. John Cairns,
R. M. Young, S. G. Smith and J. J. Robertson.
The following represented the garden and agri-
cultural seed trade and nursery trade : W.
Cuthbcrtson (Dobbie and Co., Edinburgh),
J. M. Bridgeford (Watkins and Simpson, Ltd.,
Loudon), A. W. Johnson (Hurst and Son, Lon-
don), Andrew Aitken (Chas. Sharpe and Co.,
Ltd., Sleaford), T. S. Findlay (Findlay Bros.,
Baillisston), Joseph Dobson (Wm. Leighton,
Glasgow), T. B. B. Kerr (KeiT and Co., Glas-
gow), James Gray (Glasgow), W. P. Maltman
(Alex. Cross and Sons, Glasgow), James McKen-
zie (Glasgow), Andrew Motherwell (Gfasgow),
T. C. Meldmra (Smith and Meldrum, Forfar),
•John Sutherland (Lenzie), John Smellie (Busby),
Tiios. Jeffrey (Edinburgh), Chas. Y'oung (Ken-
iii.-iliead), Thos. Thomson (John Donaldson and
Co., Edinburgh), J. D. Alexander (Pringle and
Alexander, Glasgow), R. W. Todd (Dunlop and
Todd. Glasgow), Robt. Howie (Glasgow), W.
Gilchrist (W. Gilchrist and Sons, Glasgow),
P. M. Hamilton (Aroh. Hamilton and Sons,

142

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEB 6, 1917.

Glasgow), Andrew Giffen (Glasgow), John
Highef (Dunlop), Wm. White (James (iray and
Co., Stirling), John Gray (.james Gray and Co..
Stirling), James Ranisay (Helensburgh), Andrew
Dewar (Cartshore and Sons, Stirling), J. W.
Cook (Cook and Blair, Greenock), W. S. New-
ton (Saynor, Cooke and Ridal, Sheffield), J. S.
Soutar (Ransonies, Sims and Jeffries, Ipswich) ;
M. S. Brunton (HorticnltuTal Trade Journal).
John Yuille {Glaxijow Citizen), James Cameron
{Glasgow Herald) ; G. W. HcHattie (represent-
ing the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Societyl,
H. M. Mackie (representing the Glasgow and
West of Scotland Horticultural Society), Wm.
Strang (representing the Glasgow Agricultural
Society).

The toast of the evening was " Austin and
McAslan," which was proposed by the Lord
Provost and replied to by the host. There were
a number of other toasts, and the evening con-
cluded by the singing of " Auld Lang Syne."

This event is full of interest, in that, as we
have hinted ahove, it is practically unique in
tne history of the British seed trade. It seems
a pity that there is extant no historical record
of this most absorbing of trades, and of all the
vicissitudes through which it has passed. We
fear that, at this late date, anyone who took
up such a task would find '* overwhelminglv
difficult, owing to the scattered nature, or in-
deed, in many cases, the total absence of mate-
rial.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(Tha SditoTt do not hold themtelvet T0tpo7itibU fof
the lypiniont txpretted hy comsponderiti.)

PicEA puNOEN* GL*uc».— I Buclose a photo
gvaph (see fip;. 52) of a veiy fine specimen fif
Picea pimgens glauca in the gardens of this col
lege! The tree originally came from the nur-
'series of Messrs. Dickson's, Ltd. ; it is 35 feet
high, and the spread of branches at base has a
circumference of 44 feet. {Miss) Eveli/n Lucas,
Horticultural College, Chester.

Acetic Acid a* an Insecticide.— A distin-
guLshed chemist of my acquaintance tells me that
acetic acid or vinegar is a powerful insecticide,
and that it will get rid of white fly and aphis
generally from greenhouses. The acid is put in
a small enamelled kitchen pan, and is volatilised
by means of a spirit lamp — the house, of course,
being kept closed during the fumigation. I write
to inquire whether this apparently simple remedy
is generally known, and whether, it it has been
tried, it has proved as efficacious as my in-
formant believes it to be? .1. .V.

Indian Azalka in Derbyshire.— The accom
panying photograph (see fig. 53) of my white
single-flowered Azalea (Rhododendron indicum)
in flower was taken on June 8 last. This plant
has been ont-of-doors in this garden for seven
.v.ears, with no protection at all in winter, yet e\en
last winter it looked green and happy all the
time. I moved it from its original east border
three years ago, but it has thriven equally in
either situation. Derbyshire is supposed to be a
cold county, and here we are over 500 feet above
the sea, so I think the single-flowered Azalea has
fairly earned a place among hardy plants^especi-
ally as I have several others also out-of-doors, but
not so big and old. W. Arkioright, Sutton Srars-
(lale, Chesterfield.

Town-Planning and Allotments —Mainlv

through the practical assistance of the Food
Production Department great help has. been
given to allotment holders, and their holdings
have been rendered more secure, at all events
until after the war. But the advantages in manv
cases only extend until the owners of the land
lo be used for building pui-poses require the sites
to carry out their plans. The use of allotments,
with their pleasures and profits in food produc-
tion during the war, has made the holders keen on
getting more permanent arrangements whereby
they would get as a right the advantages which
they now enjoy as concessions. Groups of local
authorities around London and in other parts
are now busy in preparing town-planning
scl pmes under which all the property owners

iu their district are concerneil, and it should now
pass into law that no scheme for the develop
ment of groups of dwelling-houses should be
passed by the superior authorities to whom they
have to be submitted unless a proportionate area
for allotment gardens be embodied. The portion
so assigned should be purchasable by the local
authority at a price based on its value as agri-
cultural land as shown by the assessment, or
the original cost to the owner, and not at its

FtG. 52. PlCEA PUNGENS GLAUCA AT CHESTER

HOBTICDLTUH.VL COLLEGE.

estimated value as building land. It may be
said that this would press heavily on the owner
on whose property the selected land for allot-
ments was situated, but that might easily be
met, for all the owners included in a town-plan-
ning scheme to which they have consented have
a common interest, and could contribute pro rata
the difference between the lower price coming
to the owner of the ground taken for allotment

Fig. 53. — azalea indica tn the gardens aj'

SUTTON SCAESDALE, DERBYSHIRE.

gardens and its value as building land, which
they were about to test. Furthermore, as
a concession to the interests of the estate
owners for land set aside for open spaces
and allotments, the local authorities should
be empowered to relax some of the more
or less non-essential building byelaws, and
especially clauses relating to the open spaces in
front and rear of domestic buildings which,
under town-planning schemes, with their broad

main roads and other sanitary aiTangements,
might well be modified with advantage. But to
get back to the land. The (allotment gardener
and smallholder lias now got something of the
gardening facilities which he has been craving
for for a long time, and it will be his own fault
if he does not get still better things by law and
right. The local authorities are always anxious
to do their pai-t, but the laws under which they
may acquire land only by showing that they can
make it pay as allotments render them power-
less. The higher authorities must see to it.
.fames O'Brien, Hnrrow-on-the'Hill.

SsEDLiNQS OF MoRisiA —Sir Herbert Max-
well's experience of the seeding propensities of
ilorisia hypogaea quite accords with my own.
The plants, which are growing in full sun on a
south-facing bed of granite chippings and soil
of a cqnsiderable depth, seed vei-y freely every
year, and amongst the older plants there are
now, as in previous years, a large number of
seedlings, which, as hs observes, may easily be
mistaken by the unwary for Groundsel.
Wherever I have grown the plants under what
might be described as hard and superficially dry
conditions seedlings in rather large numbers are
to be found at the beginning of the autumn. I
am convinced that many people grow this plant
in too rich a soil, when it either fails to ripen
seed, or the seedlings damp off. /, li. F.

Nymphaea btellata.- a pot of this blue
Water Lily ("Berlin" variety) was left out in
a lead tank here last winter. The tank has about
3 feet of water in it, and was fi-ozen over to a
depth of about 6 inches for several weeks.
During the summer leaves appeared, and now
(September) it is in flower. The plant has not been
disturbed since it was placed in the tank about
18 months ago. I am informed that this Lily
has not usually been considered hardy enough
to withstand a winte:.- in this countrv! Gerald
Lrdrr. Wal-rhurst Place, Susse.r.

Orders of the Royal Commission on
Paper and Seedsmen's Cataloqufh. — In

March last the Royal Commission on Paper issued
an Order under the terms of which tradesmen's
catalogues, price lists, or advertising circulars
could be sent out only in response to direct appli-
cations for such ca^logues, etc. On March 12
a representative meeting of members of the seed
trade was held, and a committee appointed, of
which I was asked to act as chairman. As a
result of several meetings of the committee, and
correspondence and interviews with the Paper
Commission, a very valuable concession was macJe
on Jlay 15, by which the distribution of seeds-
men's catalogues was permitted by the Commis-
sion during the present year on condition that
not more than SO per cent., whether in number
or in weight, of the catalogues distributed in the
year 1914 were sent out, and that the catalogues
contained the offer of " Food Product " seeds
only. Subsequently, on August 20, a further
Order, which revoked the earlier Order, was
issued by the Paper Commission, granting licence
for the issue and despatch of tradesmen's cata-
logues, price lists, and advertising circulars, be-
tween the date of this licence and January 31.
1918, to the extent of one-third of the weight of
paper used for such cataloarues, etc., between
August 1, 1916. and January 31, 1917. The situa-
tioTi thus raised was so serious that an interview
was at once arranged with the Paper Commission.
As a result of subsequent interviews and corre-
spondence, the Commission has now definitely de-
clared that seed merchants may still avail them-
selves of the special concession granted in May
last for the issue, without application, of 50 per
cent, of the weight of catalogues sent out in the
season 1913-14, provided that such catalogues
refer exclusively to "Food Product" seeds, and
has asked me, as chairman of the Trade Com-
mittee, to communicate this decision to the mem-
bers of the seed trade. It is therefore now open
to seedsmen either to send out combined cata
logues of vegetable seeds, flower seeds, etc., as
formerly, but using only one-third of the paper
utilised between August 1, 1916, .nnd January 31,
1917. or else to divide their catalogues into two
parts, and thus make use of the 50 per cent,
concession for catalogues of " Food Product "
seeds, in addition to the one-third allowance for
other catalogues. The Paper Commission, iii
response to my appeal, will not now place a limit

October 5. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

14o

on the number of catalogues issued, provided that
tha weight of paper does not exceed 50 per cent,
of that used in the year 1913-14 in the ease of
catalogue's of " Food Product " seeds, or 33^ per
cent, of the weight of paper used between August
1, 1916, and January 31, 1917, in the case tif
all other catalogues. But it is definitely laid
down that catalogues issued under these conces-
sions must include the total number sent out.
whether in response to applications or without
application. The Commission has agreed that
catalogues of " Food Product " seeds may include
the offer of grass seeds, and also of garden sun-
dries.

P.S. — The chairman of the Royal Commis-
sion on Paper received a deputation from the
Seed Trade Committee on September 28, and,
after very full and sympathetic consideration
given to points raised by the deputation, the fol-
lowing official ruling was given ; — The recent
Order of the Paper Commission relating to all
catalogues issued betw^een August 20, 1917, ajid
January 31, 1918, shall not be deemed to apply
to any catalogues for bulbs, nursery stock, seeds.
etc., which had been printed before the date of
the Order— August 20, 1917— but had been sent
out since that date. Any balance of the cata-
logues so prepared and printed w'liich may have
been reserved for issue to customers, and which
have not yet been sent out, must now be deemed
as coming within the recent Order of the Paper
Commission dated August 20, 1917, and the
weight of such catalogues must consequently be
included in the weight specified in the recent
Order affecting all catalogues issued between
Augu.st 20. 1917, and January 31, 1918. Cata-
logues containing the offer of " Food Product "
seeds exclusively are still covered by the conces-
sion of May 15 last as explained in my letter to
you of September 25. I may also mention that
the secretary of the Paper Commission, when
writing to the secretary of the Horticultural
Trades' Association on September 20, 1917.
stated :— " Catalogues of ffntvr seeds fall within
the conditions of the general licence of -■Vugust
20, 1917. a copy of which is enclo.'^ed herewith,
and in the case of catalogues combinifig both
food and flower seeds, thf j/rojuirlion uf wrii/fil
jti'Tiiii"i'rl miirt ho arrived at hi/ ralnilution."
Arthur It'. Sutton.

Applfs in E*st Lothun (see P- 111).—
When I stated, on p. 32, that the Apple
crop in East Lolhiau was under th« ave-
rage, that, of course, referred to the crop
as a whole, some trees being heavily cropped,
though in a neighbouring garden, 1 am told,
there is no fruit at all. A feature of some trees
which is lather unc<jmmon are the <'lusl^rs of
fruit, every blossom having set instead of only
one or two, which is usual. Red Astrachan is
very fine here, as well ae in Mr. Taylor's gar-
den, the fruits measuring 9^ inches round and
beautifully coloured, but this variety crops only
once in ten years, and then gives insipid fruits.
Xeither is Uuclicss of Oldenburg worth a place
in any save large oollecbions. Mr. Taylor is cor-
rect in assuming the e.xisteuce and cultivation of
more than one variety of .Tames Grieve. Our
trees came from the raiser, and the variety is a
consistent cropjicr. giving tin" Apples. I have
grown Cardross Green some 35 years, but would
not est«'em it equal to Slirling Castle. It has,
perhaps, carried two full crops in that period,
and it keeps much longer than the variety last-
named. The Apple trees heie, though in bush
form, are really etpial to cordons, the number of
blanches being limited to oiilv as many as leaves
them fullv exposed. Reaardin:' the vexed ques-
tion of ti-ees on grass. I do not find, as I have bo-
fore stilted, that fruit is smaller fnim' trees on
grass than on trees on cultivated land. Red
Astrachan is a case in point. Our largest fruits
are from trees on grass, also in the case of
Warner's King, Ribston Pippin. King of the
Pippins, and others. Since Apricots had grass
grown on the border in which they are rooted
the trees have been much healthier, and there
hr« been no deterioration in the fruit. The same
is true of Pears. Is it not remarkable, notwith-
standing the quantities of Apples grown in
(Ireat Hritain and Ireland, that dealers should
anticin.'ite a famine two months. hence? I have
had hitherto no difficulty in maintaining a regu-
lar supply up to May. li has been explained that

orchaadists in the past have rushed early and
late varieties on the market previous to sup-
plies from America arriving, and I Tiave fre-
quently seen in September and Octobei- varieties
that are at their best in Maixli and April ex-
posed for sale. Cannot these be kept back this
season? N. I'. Brothcrstvn.

Absence of Biros and WAbPs.-Iu my

Surrey garden it is impossible in nomial year's
to have any fruit — Peaches, Plums, and even
Apples and Pears — unless it is protected from
attack by birds and wasps. Shortage of labour
prevented this precaution from being taken this
year, and even the Peaches and Nectarines, of
which there has been a wonderful crop, were
left uncovered. Nevertheless the fruit crops
have survived, scarcely a Peach or Nectarine,
and, so far as my obsei-\'ation goes, not a Plum,
Apple or Pear, has been attacked either by bird
or wasp. The birds seem to have deserted us —
not one of my nesting-boxes was occupied, and
wasps are all but absent. Am I particularly
lucky with my fruit, or is this immunity from
attack f airlv general ? .1 .

SOCIETISB.

ROYAL HORTICULTDRAL

Trials at Wisley, 1918.
The Royal Horticultural Society will hold
trials ol Achilleas (all kinds). Candytufts (peren-
nial Varieties), and Chrysantliemum maximum
and its allies at Wisley in 1918. Three plants of
each variety to be tried together with the neces-
sary entry forms (one for each variety), should
reach the Director, R.H.S. Gardens, by Novem-
be- 30, 1917.

TRIAL OF LATE PEAS AT WISLEY.

The following awards have been made to
Late Peas by the Coiuicil of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society after trial at Wisley : —

Award of Merit. — Latest of All, sent by
• Messrs. Barr and Sons ; Longstander, sent by
Messrs. Sutton and Sons and Messrs. Barr and
Sons; Rearguard, sent by Messrs. Hurst and Co.

Highly Commended. — Autocrat, sent by
Messrs. Simpson ; Perpetual Bearer, sent by
Messrs. Ban- and Sons ; Reliable, sent by Messrs.
Harrison and Co. ; The Gladstone, .sent by
Messrs. Simpson and Me.s«rs. Barr and Sons.

Commended. — Anticipation, sent by Messrs.
J. Carter and Co. ; Late Queen, sent by Messrs.
N'utting and Sons ; Michaelmas, sent by Messrs.
Barr and Sons ; Ne Plus Ultra Selected, sent by
Messrs. Barr and Sons.

0bttuar)e,

J. C. Collins. --Messrs. W. Culbush and
.Son, of Highgate and Barnet Nurseries, inform
us with der]i regret of the death of their traveller,
Mr. J. C. Collins, who passed away on the 30th
lilt., at the age of 68 years. He was greatly
esteemed by all who knew him, and had worked
conscientiously for the finn for the ])ast thirty
years.

' E. D. Till.— The death has occurred of Mr.
E. D. Till, of Eynsford, Kent. Mr. Till, who
was 83 years of age, was a keen naturalist, being
especially enthusiastic on the subject of tree
planting. He worked for many years towards
the establishment of Arbor Day in the country,
and his own district contains many evidences uf
bis energetic planting. He upheld the necessity
for the establishment of trees, not only in towns,
but also in villages and along country lanes. He
was an occasional contributor in former days to
the Gardener.^' Chronicle, and his letters on his
favourite subject will be recalled with j)li'asure
bv our older renders.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Oi,.(HK Bros. ,>; Co., Ltd., 66, Scotch Street, Oairlisle.-

FdiT.it ta-pt'S.
\'. tiKMOlNB & Son, Riw <lu Mi>n«<>t., 136142. NiinK-.\

Kr;Liw«. — Greenhr)Use, &tT., ]>loiirta,
J. C'liEAL & Sons. Ltd., Lowflpkl Nmseries, Orawle.\-

Sussex. — Fruit 'JVees, Ti'ees, Shnibs, and Hoees.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Wages fou AGKicrLiuKAL Workeks.

The 'Corn Production Act, \passe<i on August
21, whicli guarantees minimum prices of Wheat
and Oats, also makes provision for fixing mini-
mum rates of wages.

All farm workers, and >also workers m market
gardens, nursery grounds, orchards, woods and
osier beds, are included under the Act, which
applies to boys, women and' girls as well as men.

For tHie purpose of settling, mider the Act,
the lowest rates of wii.ges which may be paid to
workers in agriculture, a Central Agricultural
W.ages Board is about to be formed, consisting
of sixteen members re,presenting employers, six-
teen members representing workers, and seven
impartial persons appointed by the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries. The Wages Board
will be established by the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries, after consultation with the
Minister of Labour,

The Wages Baai-d will have power to issue
permits to enable workers who are infirm, or
physically injured, to obtain employment at less
than the minimum rates. Nothing in the Act
prevents the payment of wages at rates higher
than the minimum rates.

District Wages Committees will be set up
throughout England and Wales, each comprising
an equal number of representatives of employers
and workers, respectively, and also one or more
impartial pei-sons appointed, by the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries. These Committees
will have to make recommendations to the Cen-
tral Board as to the rates of wages applicable
to their disitricte.

The representative members on the Central
Board will be partly elected by organisations
representing farmers and labourers, respectively,
and partlv nominated by the Board of Agricul
ture and Fisheries. The President will be glad
to receive and consider suggested names or re-
presentatives of employers, submitted by
farmers' organisations, or by groups of at least
ten farmers, and of representatives of workers,
submitted by labourers' organisations, or by
groups of at least ten agricultural labourers.
From among the persons so suggested nominated
representative friembers of the Cenitral Board
and of the llistrict Committees will be selected.
.'Vll ^suggestions of names, together with the full
jMistal addresses of the persons suggested,
should be forwarded at an early date to The
Secretarv. Bonrd of Agriculture and Fisheries,
80 Pall" Mall. S.W. 1. Members of the Cen-
tral Board and of Di.strict Committees will be
entitled to an allowance in respect of out-of-
pocket expenses.

Maize for Cattle.
This season is most favourable for the growth
of Maize, and alth(nigh milk cows have a quan-
tity of grass available, a daily feed of Maize is
a "good change, and it improves the milk,
which, owing to the gross, soft growth of the
grass, is not quite of the same quality as during
drier weather. As there is likely to be a sur-
plus of Maize this season it .should be given to
young stock on the pastures, thus saving the
'gr;iss for autumn and winter feed, as well as
providing a change of food. Maize cannot with-
stand fi-ost, a few degrees being sufficient to
injure the succulent leaves. Breeding sows, too.
appreciate this green food given in the yard.

The Cabbage Crop.

Especially promising is the Cabbage crop in-
tended for the cows and sheep during October
and onwards. Some plots are infested badly with
caterpillars from the Cabbage Butterfly, which
will quickly do much harm to a valuable crop •
unless the " plants are syringed with a strong
srliition of salt and water, which will cleanse
I he plants from the caterpillars. As the gr.-iss
lU-iIines in the autumn in quantity and quality
rHl)bage, given either on the gras« or in the
cowhouse, assists milk production, and, coii-
tiiuied later with Mangolds, it is equally valu-
able. For sheej), too. Cabbage is a favourite food,
especially for fattening lambs, which thrive in
some cases amazingly. A,'. Mnh/neinr.

144

THE GARUKNERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

THE APIARY.

By Chloris.

WiNTKRiNQ Bees.— It is necessary that each
colony should have a sufficiency of sealed stores
t-o carry the bees through the winter and early
spring. To be quite safe the amount should be
30 lbs. As sugar is unobtainable for feed-
ing it would be wise to sacrifice a stock in
order to increase the food available for other
colonies, and utilise the bees for strengthening
any weak hives. Spacing combs that cannot be
covered on both sides with«bees should be re-
mc\ed, and the brood chamber reduced by the
use of the division boards placed on each side
the remaining frames. A strong hive is one that
has 8 frames crowded with bees. The distance
between frames should be reduced to a minimum,
so that the distance from centre to centre of the
frames should be 1^ inches, and this may be at-
tained by using a wide and a narrow metal end
alternately- Naturally the full combs of food
will be on the outside of those containing brood.
To prevent the bees from going under the frames
to get their food, two pieces of wood about J
inch square should be placed on top of the
frames. When bees are compelled to use the
lower part of the frames they are liable to be
chilled during cold weather. It is surprising
how many bee-keepers fail to realise how well
every colony should be -wrapped up. Over the
frames place a piece of woollen carpet, or similar
non-conducting material, that will exactly coyer
the whole of the frames, so as to leave no gaping
holes, which only create a draught, which is
harmful. Over this lay a good piece of folded
brown paper, and on this another strip of carpet.
Then provide yourself with a- lightly-packed
cuthion, filling it with chaff, cork dust, leaves,
torn paper, shavings, or some similar non-con-
ductinp Tiiaterial. and the Dees should be in no
danger of suffering darins any severe weather.
In the case of " W. B. C."' hives, and these
are undonbtedlv the best, the space between the
brood chamber and the outside wall should
te filled with chaff, as in the case of the
cushion. See that the roofs are watertight. If
there be any doubt, stretch tightly over the roof
a piece of ca.lico, tack firmly down, and give 't
several coats of paint. Sometimes the roofs are
a considerable source of worry to those whose
bee:, are some distance from home. They need
cause no worry if a peg be driven into the
grrund on one side of the hive and a rope
fixed to this long enough to nearly reach the
ground on the other side, on the free end attach-
I'lg a brick. The entrances should be closed
so that one bee only can pass at a time, .and
where the strips of wood regulating the entrances
are not like a " V " in shape, as imder

th'' entrances should be shaded from direct ravs
of sunlight, for when snow has fallen and the
sun shines brightly, bees are tempted to take a
iliglil. which usually enls in death. ,.,',..

Clearing Weeds.— This is an ' excellent
time of the year to make the ground around the
hives free of weeds. It is essential that bees
have unimpeded access in front, and it is de-
cidedly good that the whole hive stand on a
clear piece of ground, so that the air may circu-
late freely, and thus help to keep the hives
quite dry, for damn hire walls are the cause of
dysentery. To facilitate keeping the space free of
weeds a good coating of coal ashes mav be an-
plied to the whole space freed, and this will
make hoeing verv easv during the comine year.
By this means the apiary will present a. tidy ap-
pearance and render any work necessary in winter
nmch easier and more comfortable, for weeds,
including grass, ret.iin much moisture from rains
and dew, and soon make the strongest boots wet
through.

Weak Stocks.- Wherever the colonies are
weak, or are headed by unproductive queens, do
not hesitate to unite such stocks to others that
would benefit by a little addition, utilising all
the brood as far as possible and destroying use-
less or worn out queens.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

CoEEECTiON. Mr. Molyueux informs us that an
error crept in in regard to the name of the
prolific Potato illustrated last week; the cor-
rect name is Warwick Castle.
Elms as Forest Trees : If. Wilson. The Com-
mon Elm (Ulmus campestrisl is the only
species of XJlinus used on a large scale as a
forest-tree in this coiuitry, though U. strdcta
(cornubiensis), the Cornish Elm, and U.
Wheatleyi are also used to a certain extent.
The two latter are more in demand as street-
trees, the branches being more ascending than
those of most Elms of quick growth, and
therefore less liable to be broken by wind or
snow. There ar-^ two trees known as the
Dutch Elm : IT. belgica, a hybrid between U.
montana and U. nitens, which is chiefly used
on the Continent as -a street-tree, and U.
major, a hybrid of the same parentage, which
is of the same, or somewhat less, value than
M. campestris as a forest tree. Superficially
there is a strong resemblance between the two,
but the latter is a much larger and stronger
grower.
Names a? Fruits.— /n the naming oj jTuits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not moeb
THAN SIX VARIETIES be sertt at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf 'or shoot of each
variety is helpful:, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
lohich the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send ansioers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-.
avoidable.
J. C. 1, decayed ; 2, Beurre Diel ; 3,
Beurre Bosc ; 4," Fondante d'Automne; 5,
Gilou Morceau; 6, Duchesse d'Angouleme ;
7. Aston Town ; 8, Doyenne du Comice. —
W. T. W. 1, Beurre Superfine ; 2, Doyenne du
Comice; 3, Durondeau; 4, Baronne de Mello ;
5, Beurre d'Amanlis ; 6, Easter Beurre ; 7.
Beurre Clairgeau.— /^. B. 8. Cellini; 9,
.lubilee ; 10, Deformed fruit, cannot name ; 12.
Cat's Head.— .v. S. P. 1, Potta's Seedling ; 2,
Cellini Pippin.— 7. J. S. 1, Not recognised ;
2, New Hawthornden ; 3, The Queen ; 4, Dutch
Codlin ; 5, Franklin's Golden Pippin ; 6. Wash-
ington ; 7, Annie Elizabeth. — Shropshire. 1,
G raven stein ; 2, Royal Russet; 3, Bramley's
Seedling ; 4, Reinette de Caux ; 5, Golden
Noble; 6, Lady Henniker ; 7. Herefordshire
Pearmain ; 8, Mabbott's Pearmain ; 9, The
Queen; 10, Annie Elizabeth; 11, Green Blen-
heim ; 12, Grenadier ; 13, Dnmelow's Seedling
(Wellington); 14 and 15. decayed.— il/. D..
Xorwlrh. 1 (from pyramid tree), Williams'
Bon Chretien; 2 (from espalier), Beurre
d'Amanlis.

Names of Vt\^rs.— Correspondents not answered in
this issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
F. Smith, HvU. 1, Saxifraga lingulata
var. lantoscana ; 2, S. cuneifolia var. sub-
integra ; 3, Saintpaulia ionantha (not
hardy; requires a wann, moist greenhouse). —
.4. IF. Gray. Clematis President.-^. H. W.
Quercus Ilex (Evergreen Oak). — /. E., Read-
ing. 1, Viburnum Opulus; 2, Symphoricarpus
racemosus ; 3, Pyrus Aria ; 4, Euonymus euro
paeus ; 5, specimen insufficient.

Timber Measuring : T. IF. B. The timber-
measurer's equipment consists of a 66-feet
Chestemian's tape-line, or, instead of this,
a 5-feet wooden rod, standaixl girt-strap, scribe
knife, and a bent piece of iron with eye at
end for drawing the girt-strap beneath such
trees as the arm cannot readily pass under. A
piece of thin whipcord or string is frequently
used for girthing timber, but as the elasticity
of this varies greatly and has in many
instances led to dispute, a much fairer plan,

and one that is liable to no abuse, is to use
the 12-feet girt-strap, upon which every inch
in length is reckoned one-quarter. The proper
quarter-girth can, on this strap, be seen at a
glance, and by adopting it the usual trickery
to which the string and rule is liable is done
away with. For entering the measurements
the most convenient book is that 9 indies by
4 inches, with stiff pasteboard covers, ruled
with horizontal lines, and divided into four
vertical columns. To measure proceed as fol-
lows : Mark a number with the scribe on the
butt end of the tree, and enter a similar num-
ber in the first column of the book, which will
serve not only to identify the particular log,
but prevent any risk of measuring twice.
Should the taper throughout the whole length
of the tree be tolerably gradual, set down the
length in the second column of the book,
apposite the number already entered. At
exactly one-half of the length of the portion
measured take the girth by passing the girt-
strap, tightly around the stem. Put this down
in the third column on the same horizontal line
as the number and length. Sliould, however,
as frequently happens, the trunk taper not be
fairly uniform throughout the entire length,
several measurements may require to be taken.
For example, a tree may be 36 feet in length,
running of regular taper to perhaps 12 feet,
after which it branches out, reducing the size
of the remaining part very considerably for,
say, another 12 feet, where it again branches
and leaves the last 12 feet of a relatively small
size. With such a tree it would be im-
possible to obtain anything like a correct mea-
surement by taking only one length and girth.
The difficulty is, however, readily got over by
first measuring the lower 12 feet, then the
second and third, giving the respective lengUis
and girths in the same vertical columns as
already described. The measurement of these
trees, in so far at least as the field work is
concerned, is now completed, the contents
being made up at leisure, by referring, to
" Hoppus's Measurer " — a book with which
every forester should be supplied. By squar-'
ing the quarter-girth in inches, multiplying by
the length in feet and dividing by 144, the
same result will be obtained. This is, however,
a tedious method, especially where a large
number of trees have to be dealt with, and
should only be adopted when Hoppus is not at
hand". Measuring the height of trees : The
most simple way is as follows : Take thij^ee
laths, such as bricklayers use for tiling, and
nail them in the shape of the frame ; a a must
be of equal length ; a and h being placed on
the ground, the eye must follow up the larger
lath rl (J until it is in a line with c, the top
nf the tree or object you wish to measure.
The frame must be placed as level with the
bottom of the tree as possible. Should the
ground be very uneven you must give and .take
accordingly. It will be seen that 6 to c ic
the same length as c to ''. Kav's Dendro-
meter is also useful for obtaining heights of
trees ; it may be obtained from Dicksons and
Co., Edinburgh. Averacre price of homo-
grown timber : Apple and Pear, from 2s. 6d.
tn 3s. 6d. ner cube foot; Aish. from Is. 6d. tn
4s. per cube foot: Alder, from 5d. to lOd.
per cube foot; Beech, from lOd. to Is. 4d. per
cube foot; Birch, from 5d. to lOd. per cube
foot: Chestnut (Spanish), from Is. 3d. to
Is. 8d. per cube foot; Chestnut (Horse), from
8d. per cube foot ; Cherry, from 9d. to Is. 3d.
per cube foot; Elm, from 7d. to Is. 5d. per
cube foot ; Larch, from 9d. to Is. 6d. per cube
foot; Oak. from Is. 3d. to 2s. 6d. per cube
foot; Poplar, from 9d. to Is. 4d. per cube
foot : Scotch Pine, from 4d. to Is. per cube
foot ; Snnice Fir, from 7d. to Is. 4d. ner cube
foot : Willow, from Is. to lis. per cube foot ;
Walnut, from Is. to 3s. 6d. per cube foot;
Sycamore, from Is. to 2s. 5d. per cube foot.

Comniunications Received — H. W.— .T, H.—
V R —A. C— P. W. O.— D, W.— E. F.— T. B—
fl M T.— A, L — W. B. S.— .T. Mc'G.— P. .S. H.—
F. H. W— Mis* H.— 0. R.— J. M,.— K. D.— W. L. B.—
.T. B.— W S. N.— E. G. H.— .i. H. F.— D. B.— E. B.—
W. C— 0. M. L.— W. B.— O. H. W.— .T. B. E.— C. D. M.
— E. H. "i\f.— W. O.— S. A,— A. L.— M. R. H.— E.
Bro.',liers— .\. W. B.— A Brnthei-s— M. S.. Romelei-— L.—
J. P.— J. T. M. (next weeliKS. A.— W. I.— H. & Son.

UCTOBER 6, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

y.

IML A R K: JS T S.

COVENT GARDEN, October S,

We cannot accepc any responsibility for the subjoined
reports- They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

Plants In Pots, &e. : Avepage Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldii,

per duz
Asparagus plumo-

pus, per doz. ...

— Sprengeri
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Cacti, various, per

liay of 15's ...
~ per tray uf 12'a
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 8, per
doz

— coloured, 48'8,
per doz.

CocoH Weddelliana,
48 B, per doz....

— WJ"8, per doz. ...
Erica nivalis, ou's,

per doz.

— 488

— gractlia 488 ...

72'8...

s. d. s. d.
5 0-60

30 0-36 0

4 0 —

5 0 —

8 0-24 0

8 0-1-2 0

18 0-30 0
8 0-lu u

4 0-60
12 0-15 0
10 0-15 0

2 ft- 3 0

Ferns, in thumbs,
per loo

— per 100, in small
and large 60' s

— in 48's, per doz.

— in 32's, per doz.

— choicer sorts,
48's, per doz .

Geonoma gracilis,
ttO's, per doz„.

— larger, each ...
Kentia Belnioreana,

per doz.
laiger

— Forsteriana,(30's
Lilium lougitloruu),

per doz.

— lancifolium ru*
brum

album

Marguerites. 48'3,
per duz.

. d. a. d.

12 0-15 0

24 0-30 0
7 0-80
15 0-18 0

0 0-80
2 6-7

15 0-18 0
30 0-<iO 0
7 0-80

Cut Flowers, fte. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Asters, white, per
per. bun.

— coloured

— single

Arums—

— (Hichardlas).
per doz. bi'nis.

Carnations, per uuz

— blooms, beat
American var.

Chrysanthemums—

— white, per doz,
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yoUoir

— coloured, per

— doz. bunches ...

— while

Gladiolus Brench-

leyetisieperdoz

— America, per
doz. spikes ...

~ Ualtey, salmon.
per doz. Hpikcs

— Pink Beaulv.
per doz. spikes

Heather, white,
per doz. bun,...

Lapa^e^ia alba, per
doz. blcM>ms ...

Liliutn longiHorum,
loag

— lancifolium
aloum, long ...

rubrum, per

doz. long

short, per

doz blooms ...
Lily-of-the-Valley,

s.d. s.d.

; 0- 4 0

; 0- 2 6
0-3 0
,0-30

10-40
\ 0 —
19-10

; 0- 9 0

; 0- 2 6

e- 4 0

6-3 0
6-3 0

per do

, bun

s.d. s.d.
Marguerites, yellow,

per doz. unn . 3 6-40

— Mrs. Sander,

per doz, bun... 2 6-40
Michaelmas Daisies

per doz. bun... 4 0-80
Orchids, per doz: —

— Cattleya ... 15 0-13 0

— Cypripediume 2 6-30

— OduniugJossum
crispum

Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet, per
doz. bundles .

Physalis. per aoz
bunches

Kosea : pur doz.
blooms, Frau
Karl Druschki 1 6-

— Liberty ... 16-:

— Melody ... 1 6-

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay

- — Ophdiia

— 8uut>urst

— White Molly
Sliarmao Craw-
ford .,

Statico, white, per

doz. bunches... 6 0 —

— mauve 6 0-60

— yellow 6 0 —

StocK, white, per

doz. bunches ...
Tuberoses, per gross

blooms

Viola cornuta

Violets, per doz.bun. 4 0-60

— Double, per.

doz. bun. ... 4 0-60

16-30

6 0-10 0

6 0-80

1 fr- 2 6
16-26
1 t^- 2 6

16-20

6 0-8 0

6 0-80
10-16

Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

8.d. s.d.

Adiautum (Maiden-
hair. Fern) beat,
per doz. bun... 5 0-60

AaparagUB plu-
inoHUS, long
trails, per hall-
dozen 2 6-30

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

Asparagus con.—
— Sprengeri
Caniation foliage,

doz. bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Moss, gross bun...
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails

16-20

Hkmarks.— Cuit flowers are onJy in moderate demimd ;

no tioubt tihe trade is aifected by the recent air rai<ie,
;iiwi there is cUi*o some delay iai ^che early morning ar-
rnr-aJfl. Piiicts ge'neraliy are unchanged, ajwi there are
i\*f new subjects on offer, tlirmiticms ore aulTii-ient for the
flenmml, aJid KuiteH are being offered in excellemt con-
<irititjaii. C^irytmiutiheinujiiw ciae gettioig nioi-e plentd-
Itil. Yelilow varieties are the most scarce. Among the
I'.iige bloonw there iaan iJU'-reiise m> buruilies of t>otli white
luuj ooloured WLrieties. Seveaul boxes of Violets (Prin-
cess of Wales) are arriving in better condition'. GioudioJi,
Kricbairiw, and Htephaaiotis 'are almost, over for the season.
Ttiere in abti>n<hint 8uppl\- of Mdchacfianas Daisies of

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichokes, Globe,

per doz. ... 4 6-00
Beans : Runner

(scarlet), per

bus 4 0-50

Beetroot, per bus. 4 0-50
Brussels Sprouts,

per k bus, ... 3 u 4 0
Cabbage, per tally 4 0-50
Carrots, new, per

doz. bimches .. 3 0-40
Cauliflowers. per

tally 7 0-10 0

Celery, p r bundle 13- ! 0
Cucumbers, per ttat 10 0-12 6
Garlic, perlo. ... 0 S- 0 9
Greens, per bag ... 16-26
Herbs, perdoz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, per

bunch 3 0-60

3. d. s.d.
Leeks, per doz. bun. 4 0-00
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 0 6-10
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 10 l 0
Oniuns, per cwo. 15 0-20 0
— spring, per doz.

bun. ... 4 6-50

Peas, per bushel ... s 0-10 0
Radisher, per doz.

buuches .,. 10-16

Shallots, per doz.

lbs.

6 0-90
10-20
3 0-40

Spinach, per bushel
Turnips, per bag ...
— new, per doz.

bunches
Vegetable Marrows

per tally ... 10 0-12 6
Watercress, perdoz. 0 4-00

3 0-40

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

Almonds, per cwt. 80 0
Apples : -

— cooking, perbus. 3 0-

— desscVL (Bing-
llsh), per $ bus

Aubergines, per doz.
Blackberries (culti-

vatedj per lb...
Corncobs, per doz.
Damsons, per ^ bus. 2 6-30
Figs (.Italian), per

box ;

— Worthing, per
doz

Grapes, Alicante,

bmck. per lb... 0 8-10

— Canun aall, per

3 6-10 0
2 0-30

0 7-09
2 6-30

10-30
10-26

10.

English Ham-
burgh, per lb.
Gros. colman,
per. lb.

... 2 0- 5 0

1 U- 2 U

s.d. s.d.

Lemons, per case... 13 0-lS y

Melons, English and

Guernsey, each 2 6-50

Mushrooms (out-
door, per \ bus 4 0-00

— cultivated, per

b 2 iJ- 2 6

Nuts, Brazils, new.

per. owl. ...110 0 —

— cobs, per lb..., o 7i- 8

— Filberts, per lb. 0 7 —

— Coconuts, per

100 36 0-40 0

Peaches, per doz .. 4 0-12 0
Pears, per i bus. .. 2 0- 8 u
Plums, per A bus. 3 0-80
Sloes, per skip
Tomatos, English

per i2 los. or

peck

Walnuts, Knglish,

per lb. .. ... 0 (i~0 10

1 0 —

0-6 0

— .Muscats, per lb. I 3- 3 o

Kbsiakks.— The market eontiaues lo be weU supplied
With Apples. 'lliere is a deman<l ior ^oud oo<>king
\iarietiee. Pears oonsi:^' principally of tlie foBowing
varieties:— Beurre Hand}-, Calabash, aiwl Pitmustoji
Duvhe^s. Plimis are praoticaljy flnishe<l, but Damsons
ix>ntinue jtlcntifiU. Chanaiel Islands Grapes are plenti-
ful, iUiid bnglis4i Gra|>es are ^juiiil to the deJUiind. Hie
ivn&igiuuenti* of Melons mv <le*Teasing m t-uiiply ; Eur-
Lish and luilijiii Ftg^ are plentiful. Sujipliect <>f Peacbe*
oie liniitB<i, and Xectaiines «re over. T">nuit«s l\\m\
tiie Ghiuwiel L^ilamLs (ourtdootr) sire pllenitiful, but Eiiglii>h
Tonisitos QTp frtlwrter in sii|>ply this week. 'lliere arc
pleiUifull tiipplJes of Cobnuti> -.ukI Wahiut«. AU oitlianar)
vegeni'bles aie eijual to tHie demand, E. H. H., Covent
(warden Market, October 3. VJ17.

THE WEATHER.

THE WE.\THEH IX SCOTLAXD.

A t\pKMj September
suiith-wejHerlv winds.
«lf fii.l of llK
wl Si-ptclnber.

wett<?»t <kiv w
vicld for tllc
iill 113.J lioiin

Mil

, nuld ;iini tivy, with ueiJt«rl\
The faU ol leJiiiKTikture tow:i:iidB
iDOnf^i wtw not so lunrked ac> it Ufiu-ally is
Jiiiin fell oil nineteen days, of whitili teok
IS, " with -.1 fail of 0.04 inch or over. The
Xiihe lith, with 0.4J in.-h. und the loilal
llioiit.h; 1.28 inch. Of siiiisliirne we had in
. beinif ml (LveriiRe of 3.8 hoiM's jier <ku',
;itiMi ft i>eri'entiigo ()f 30. Th« nieiui baronn-trie pressuie
WM8 29.884 iiK-lies, iJie highwt pressure of 30.323 in<<he«
being obtained on the 29tli, and the lowest of 29.496
ilH'hes on the 17th. 'ilie highest ina.xinnnn tenijM'ratiiix'
was 69° oil IW 7th. and Hie li.wetsi niimminn 38°, on
the 18th iUiJ 29tli. On Uie 25tih an<t 29t.li the lowest
in-.uiinuuii of 55° was recoixled, and on the 25lh the
hi^liej*t niinlnuun also of 55°. l'\>r the month the luwin
niaxinuun wn« 62° and the mean miiunium 46°. Fj-oni
these dsita wc* obtain 'A mean* teanperature of 54°. a
mean range of 16°, and aiai abgohlte ranffe of 31°. On
tihe grwA the ineaii mi-niiwum wtjis 41°, the lowest mini-
mum of 31° oi-niTing on the 29tih. At 1 toot deep the
soil temiicrature fell from 56° to 62°. There was dew
almost eveiv morninjf— from tlie 1st to the 19th. Jamen
Mnlhirh, si. Aiidrrn, Vrocinrial Trainmu Collir/e Gar-
d«n», Kirklini uf Minii^, umr Dinidee.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Charles Oakford. Gai^lener ic. Ih.- lute Cii.iiKr.T
■r. IIATKS. .Mills I'.irk. KpHiie, aN (iar.lwur al Dunon
Oi.iirl. IjtNiniin.-^ter, Hereford.

Mr T Barclay, for the past- 24 years Gardener tit
LlTaiil. Mall. .St. Helena, and lntel.v of Holly Mount,
.\i-.Miiii,'li.n, as (kiiixlener to Colonel C. W. WILSOK,
KignKwien r.iiK, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Mr. J. H. Saunders, for 9 I'ears Gardener to Miss
ClllilSTUN, MaitvT Wnrtitiv ' I'laee. Winchester, as
i: inl.-i,.T I.. F. s. Watts, Es.i., at tlir- same pla.-c

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

IV, Bedford Chambers, Covent Oarden,

London, W.C.

SITUATIONS WANTED-CContinued from page iii.)
Q.OOD SINGLE-HANDED GARDENER;

^-" Ivainidiiiiuin ; aw be well leoommendtd ; miuaied ;
over mUitaiy age ; good referenoes.— G.U111E.\ER, 'live
Spi-ing Lodge, Ohuidi Road, HajvweJl, W. 7.

T W. HARRIS, Bevendean Gardens, Ox-

^^ • sivott, Sm-roi, hig-lily leconunelKls a ^jod. ex-
perienced, aJl-romid G.\1;DEXER, witli two or tliree
men; age 46; two diildren, grown up; exjeUtnt cJiarai.'-
ter ; II yein.i-s ijl pi-esem't situation.

ITUATION required as JOURNEYMAN

(Inside), by disobarged soldier ; a^ 22 ; Eastern
Ooiiiities preferied.— E. CWKTEH, The Gardens, HoUne
Hide HaU. Ihettord, Xorfclk.

L^ADY GARD,ENER seeks Situation,
within 50 miles of L^ ndon ; 12 niomhs' experience ;
6 in Nurser}' aiiJ Gaiidens and 6 iai Garden ojid Orchard.
— E. M. bL'LLARD, The Buaigalow, Spai-epenny Lane,
K^irninghiun, Rent.

ANTED^ b^^ TWO LADY GART-

DKNKKS, Post together: liitJe or no GlaKs ; pi-e-
vituiis experience ; Souit-li or Weist Country preferred ;
state wages, — Apply, MRS. HAV, Heini>s!one, Louigli-
t ore ugh, Leicester.

TRAD£.

I 'ENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKIivu

^~^ MANAGEMENT, Fiuniery. Gardeais, sniali Estate.
Food Troduotion, improving, extending Fniit I'Lamjtatioais,
Toimitos, M u^ftuxioiiis. IXaiiy Herd, Pigs,' Aocounte, Oor-
respondeince. — B., Box 6. 41, \Velliiigtan Stireet, Covent
Gtii-de.n, W.C. 2. ;

MANAGER, Market or Retail Nursei-y;
life expeiuence in all ibiTaiiclies ; 17 years' good
leferences; abstainer; nuuried; nge 45; not eligible. —
J., Box 8, 41, WeUiiiigton Street, Oovent Gai\leii. W.O. 2.

M~ ANAGER or FOREMAN (Wobking)
requires Post oit good established Nureerj" ; com-
petent to take entire ohaiige ; good organiser of daboui":
Chiefly Forest., Fruit, Rose Trees, and general Nursery
stock'; energetic. — Box 7, 41, Wellington Street; Covent
Gstrden, W.O. 2. "

ANAGER or FOREMAN seeks Re-en-

g.-igeniMit end of October ; life experience m
Grapes, Tomsitoa, Oiicoimliers, and Chrysantheimiuns ;
married; over military age; good lefel-ences. — T. S., 74,
Ea^t Street, Barkiaig.

"POREMAN PROPAGATOR, Grower, aiid

-*■ Sallesnifiux ; life experience Bedfliing and Soft-
w^KHled atuff ; nll-l^und Market Grower ; we.ll known
in Coveot Gardeni.-JOHN SOLOMON, Uayleigh, Ease-x.

SITUATION Want<.>d immediately, as
CH.VUtiE HAND; life experieaice with Ciu-iunbcrs,
Tomalcw, Cliri-.^anlihanums, imd OamKitioiiis ; also Vege-
ta.blcs; please state wages; rejecte<l through deaf ntsss ;
.!!,-.• 31 ; 10 ye;«i-s' reference.— WHITE, 123, .Albury Road,

.Soul

1 Merstham.

Surrey.

F

LORISTS.

-LADY

desi

■es

re

engage-

nient; expe

rienced in

all

bran

•hes

; hi'gihest. refer-

enci

s.-.Wdress,

FLORIST,

4b,

Solw

iy

ROiKl,

Lordehip

l.ajli

, Wi..«l Crec

1, London,

N.

The Gardeners' Chronicie

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion it
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not la

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Back Page 12 12 0

Half and ciuarter pages, column and half column
spaces, pro rata.

£ fl. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 worda 3 0

Per inch, single coIVimn 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns 14 0

Per inch, across 3 columns ... ,» ... 1 1 0

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space.

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

Thtsc AdvtrtUtmentt msit be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SOBSCRIPTIONS.

THE Uhitkd Kingdom 19 6 per annum.

ABROAD ^ ... .^. 22/- ,, „

Cheques ami P.0.8 to be made payable to "GAiatENKRS'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Gaiujchkon, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Okrrard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 6, 1917.

W. RIGHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of cost.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom to advise
and take |)articiilars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photographic views of Horticultural
BuilcHngs free on application.

GARDEN FRAMES, GARDEN SEATS, &c., supplied from
stock .

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

NOTICE TO

HEAD GARDENERS.

Revision forms for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" HORTICUL-
TURAL DIRECTORY have been posted to Head Gardeners in
every county in England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. In order to
facilitate the early publication of the revised edition for 1918,
gardeners are asked to return the forms with the necessary correc-
tions AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. It is only by the co-operation of
all gardeners that the 1918 edition of this invaluable work of
reference can be made perfect.

ANY HEAD GARDENER who has FAILED TO RECEIVE
A FORM, should send for a form to

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory,

41, Wellington St., Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lovb and Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holbom, London, W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Corcnt Cliiiivjeii', City of WestmLnstea-, Saturday, Ootobea- 6, 1917. Agenft for Mamohester, John Hbywood.

Established 1841.

No. 1607. Vol. LXII.

{sS^} SATURDAY, OCTOBER 13. 1917. (Registered as a Newspaper-jPRICE^-Jd.

SVBSCSIPTION-Inland, 1910 1 Foreigr., 221- per mnnum. Entered at Xew York Pest Offiee a, second-class matter.
P05UI Addre».-4.. Weliineton Street. Covent Qarden, W.C. 3. Telegraphic Address-" Qardchron, Rand. London." Telephone-Oerrard .543.

For CONTENTS lae page 145

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each, week. AH advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

sow IS TILE TIME TO PLAST.

"K'ELWAY & SON,

-*■*• The Roval HortJciilturi«'s,

LANGPORT, SOMER-SET,
are now booking orders few their Choice Hardy Perennial
l*laiit«. Plant a Ck»loiir Border this Autumn, and you
v\ill be able to enjoy its beauty (or many years without
uity additional expense or trouble.

Send measurements of your Borders.

Paeonies, Delphiniums, Phloxes, GaiUardias, and other
beautiful flowers, included in their Colour Schemes, which
provide blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.

WHITE NOW to ibe RETAIL PLANT DEPART5IENT
(or Reduced Price List.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
^ • Greenhouses, &c., and Heating Engineers,
nanters Street, CheJsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new descriptive price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
IHMt free.- Write to-day. A. J, & C. ALUIN, Rose
(Jrowers, Norwich (for over 60 years).

T) I C K S O N ' S HORTICULTURAL
^-^ MANURE and other high-class Fertilisers ; also
Dickson's Improved Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house and Nurseries, Chester.

QISHURST COMPOUND. — Tnsecticifle
^-^ and Fungicide.— Over 50 years' reputation; highly
Commended R.H..S. Soientifloallycontrolled Trials at
Wisley, 1914-16. Sold by dealers in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : PRICE'.S PATENT CANDLE CO., LTD.,
Battersea. I<ondon, S.W. H.

w
w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

BULBS. — New Catalogue now ready.

\YATEI6ERS WARGRAVE ROSES.

' ' C.-ita-loffue and Supplementary List of new and
choice varieties now ready.

W ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS —Catalogue free.
All or any of iho above Catalogues forwarded post
free on receipt of name and address.

.JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LIMITED.
The Nurseries. Bagithot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

n

ARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the

ri'-liest colomv«l (lowers of spring; pliant now. De-
Mat free.— BARR & SONS. King .Street, Coi'ent

G.u-dcn, W.C. Z.

SUTTON'S GOLD MEDAL COLLEC-
TIONS of DARWIN TUUPS.
D.i.rwiii Tulips are easj- to grow. exquisiJe in coloiiiiiii;.
admirable for decoration,, and not e-xpeneive.
260. in 25 naimed varieties, 36s.
100, in 10 named varieties. 14s.
50', in 10 n.Tined varieties, 7s. 6d.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GKOWN BLLBS,. containing particuLars of the most
popular Daffodils, Nai-cissi. Miu-aowcring and Darwin
Tulips, *.c-, ic., stnt post- free on application,

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

RE.\DING.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DEREHAM.— Send for Rose Catalogue, post free.

s

H

BUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.
Our new descriptive list is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,

Maidstone.

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

-"- .AND YEAR BOOK is liow being corrected, en-
larged, and brought up to date. This work, the copy-
rigiit of wliioh was piircbased l^LSt year by the " Gar-
<leners' Clironicle," Ltd., w:i« then tlhoroiiglily purKe<l
of all outof-date and uitless names ; but during the
p.i»t vciir there have, no doubt, been many changes.
ei?i>cci'allv among Gardeners, many of whom have been
ohlige<l io join the Army. It is tJierefore again being
siihjeitc<l to a tliorough revision, besides whioh a large
number oS (resli names are being added. Its reliabiiliity
is Onus assured, and all those who desire a really up
t<).<late guide U> the horticultural world will do wc'I
to wrilo to 41, Wellington Street, W.C, for a copy. The
new edition will bo iieady in December, price la. 4d.
post firee.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
I'eiis Roses. Oarnulioiis. Seedling and Vegetable
Plants. &c'., iJost frw.— DOBBIE & CO., Royal Florists,
E.I in burgh.

PHLOX. — Finest varieties in cultivation.
Send for lisit.- H. J. JONES, Ryeoroft Nurseries,
Lewisham, S.E. 13.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
" Vitrolite." superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. Lawrence Road, South Tottenham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

MAPKEXZIE AND MONCUR, Limited.
Hollmuso Builders and Heating Engineers.
London. Edinburgh and Glasgow. By 5^'cial Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London Office. 8. Camden
Uoad. N.W.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-
"lendroii Peat, free from bracken, 16s. per yard,
6 to 18 yard trucks, bags 50s. dozen ; Loam. Leaf Mould,
Silver -Sand, in bags and truck loads; bags of C.N.
Pibre 6 for 10s.. special rates; spec'ial Bulb Compost for
bowls, 5s. bag.-J. HANDSOOMBE, The Nurseries, Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

For Advertisement Charges see Oct. 6, page v.

w

EBBS' BRITISH - GROWN BULBS.

The finest varieties of Tulips, Narcissi, Daffo-
dils, Snowdrops, Iris, &c. PRICK LIST posti
free on application.— WEBB & SONS, LTD.,
The King's Seedfinien, Stourbridge.

TJUNYARD'S FRUIT TREES. —

'-' New Price List now ready, and will be sent free
bv return of post.

GEORGE BUNYARD & CO.. LTD..
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

"QATH'S ROSES and PAEONTES.— New

-*-* illustrated catalogue, containing full cultural notes
of tlve best new and standard varieties, is now ready,
and will be sent post free on application. — (Dept. A),
R. H. B.\TH, LTD., The Floral Farms, Wisbech.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

-'-' lUu'^trat/pd catalogue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
^c aa supplied in the Royal Parks and Gardens, witJi
full cultural directions, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
The Floral Farmi, Wisbech.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

Growers,

KING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-
<luoed the finest and most, remarkable Apples aaid
Pears on record. fiO a<-res of Choice Fruits to select
from. Please see our Illuatrated Catalogue, free bv post,
befoi-e oi>dering elsewhere.— KING'S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., Uereford.

KING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and
ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, of finest
quality. Oabaljogues tree by posb.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
SF.RIES, LTD.. Hereford.

AI;PINES.^Fine collection from Yorkshire
hiUs ; 12, in 6 varieties, 6s. doE. ; 50 varieties, 45s.
100. Wallflowers, stout seedlings. Blood Red, Vulcan,
Gokten King, ?s. 100; transplaiite<l, extra strong, 5s. 100.
Caiitcrbiirv Bells, white, blue, rose, strong, 8s. 100.
lloUvlioiks, 8 distinct colours, 3s. doz. Packed and ciir-
liiigo free f.ir o.ish with order.— BROADHEADS, Wooi-
<lalo Nurseries, Thongsbridge, Huddersfleld.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus for Grass, Shrubberies, and Wild Gardening,
selected, 153. and 21s. 1,000 ; as dug, 12s. per bushel
(2,000), Js. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).— J. HANDS(X)MBE,
F.'u.H.S., Feltham Nurseries. Middlesex.

WANTED, PAUL CRAMPEL Geranium
stools; one season plants. — WILLIAM DAY,
Flnrist. Orowboo-ough, Sussex.

MALMAISONS, Princess of Wales, for
sale, strong, healthy layers, 4s. per dozen.— J.
.MUHIIAY, Sopley Park (iardens, Ohiristoliui-oh, Hants.

NANDINAS, strong plants, Japanese;
evergreen, liaKlv, attractive foBinge, lOO at Is.
each; suitable for borders.— GARDENER, Btiirtley. Woot-
tool Hilll, Newbury.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Clinilun^
Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greemhoiise Fcnus.
Hamlv Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH.
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Juiicljoii.
London, S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTIOM.

BULBS.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are
holding Sales of Bulbs every Monday, W.;dne8<ia.y,
and Friday. Sixpence in stamps will ensure a supply oJ
twelve L-atalogues. Commissions executed.— .\UIjUU.>
ROOMS, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wedneslay Nex . October 17th. at 1 o'clock.

rpw.mls of 2,000,000 Bulbs, induding Nardssiis, in all
ihe best-knmvii varielics for forcing or planting out ;
rolvanthus Narcissus of sorts, in sacks as received ;
Birlr Daiwin (manv of which vvUl force) and Miay-
tlouennc Tulips; manv thousands of Snowdrops, tree-
sias, SciUas, Anemones, .aconites. English and Spanish
Iris,' early-llowering Gladioli, Bearded Ins.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell the above bv Auction at their Central
&ile Eooms. 67 and 68, Cheapside. London, EC. 2.
Catalogues forwarded on applioation.

DUTCH BULBS.

TO HE SOLD BV I'UBLIC AUCTIO.V,

bv Order and for Account of the Ma«hal of the

.\dmiiralty, by

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
at theii' Ccntra.l Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, London, E.C.,

On Wednesday, October 17th. at 3 o'clock,

5. Ixigs Vegetable Seeds, ex ss. ■' roeklijk," per

■■ Betsy .\nna.''

202 CASES & BASKETS DUTCH BULBS

ex ss. '■ Olaf Wijk."

Comprising H\iaciinith8, Tulips, Narciseius in varietj', &c.

Tlie goods wili bi- so'd subject to Government re-

^trictir.ns as to export. Fullest particulars i'n oabalogTie.

to be obtained of the Auctioneers, as a'-ove.

THE WOOD LANE NURSERY,
ISLEWORTH, MIDDLESEX.

Sa.le of the whole of the extensive stock of

Mr. L. K.

Russeli, grown particularly

By Order of the Trustee.

planting.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by .\ufHon on the premises as above.

On M.nday nd Tuesday, October l£>thand 16th, at
\ 12 0 Clock ench day.

2,000 Tree Ivies, gold and

silver.
l.OOO Jasmines and other

climbers,
1,000 Osmaiithus.

700 Double Gocse.
2,000 Climbing Hoses. Teas

and others.

2,000 Euonymus, golden an
piota, 9in. to 2itt.
2,000 Golden Trivet.
2,000 Box. in variety.
2,000 Aucubas. li-Jft.
1,000 Clematis.
1,000 Pyracantiias.
2 000 Daphne .Wezereuni.
700 Gan-ya elliptica.

.\lso the beneficial interest in the
Lease of the Nnrserv',
5 acres, with cottage, stabling, and builduigs.
held at £61 per amnuin, and
numerous Greeaihouses.
which are the property of the t-enant. aaid which will be
imclfuded in the purchase.
May be viewed. Catalogues can be had on the pre-
mises, at The Nurseries, Riohmond ; of P. Mason, Esu..
F C A. The Trustee, 64. Gresham Street, E.C, ; C
Butcher, Esq., Solicitor. 32, Gresham Street, E.C. ; ami
of the .\uctioneers, 67 and 68. Cheapside, London. B.C. 2.
S.B.— The le.ase of the Home Nm-sery at Riahmnml
is also for sale, together with the goodwill. Particulars
of the Auctioneeiis.

THE OLD NURSERIES. CHESHUNT,

AND

THE NURSERIES, HIGH BEECH,
ESSEX.

IniiKJitant Sale, by order of Messrs. Paul & Son
(Ch*?shunt), Limited,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS will
Selll by .Auction on the premises as above.
On We'nesday, October 17th. and two
following days, at 12 each day,

the first ]iortion of the extensive Stock, Specinieoi Coni-
fers, Ornnment.al Evergreens, thousands of Ornamental
and Plmwring Trees, Standard Limes and Planes.
Standard Pyramid and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees.
Privet in quantity.
1,000 Rhododendrons,
best named varieties.
l.OOO ji.iiiitd gold, silver, and other Hollies, 2i to 8 feet.
Oatal-igues oan be obtained at the respective Xurseries,
aod of tlw -Vuctioneei^ and Valuers. 67 and 68, Oheapmde,
Lomdotn. E.C. 2.
N.B.— 'ITie Freehold Nurseries and Land are for sale.

HAWKENBURY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

a;.c;uaiK-e Sale of the whole of tlie Xiu-serj' Stock, by
order of the Tpusteei, without reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS, in
conjunetiom with Mr. 0. E. Westbrook. will Sell
by .Auction on the premises,

DANE'S NURSERIES, HAWKENBURY,

TUNBRIDGE WELLS,

On Tuesday and Wednesday, October 23rd

and 24th. at 12 o'clock each day,

2,000 Thuja Lohbii, 2,000 Aucubas, 3,000 Laurels, tihou-

sands of Privet, 500 Japanese MapSes, including many

specimens, 1,000 dwarf Roses, Speoimeai Border Shrubs

in variety, and other Stock.

Marv be viewed. Catalogues had' on the premises; of
E. Lester, Esq., the Trustee, 4, Dudley Road, l\inbridge
Wells ; Mr. E. C. Westbrook, Auctioneer, Bank BuUdings,
Tunbridge Wells; and o{ the -^.uotioneers, 67 and 68.
Cheapside, London, E.C. 2.

NOTICE.
Sale by Auction on Friday, October 19th,

.\T

THE BULB FARM. TERRINGTON
ST. CLEMENT, KING'S LYNN,

commencing at 11 o'clock
To meet tlie requirements of the Waj Agricultural
Committee of this district, and on account of shortage
of labour. Mr. Frank Law will be compelled to sell, at
his larni at Terrington St. dement, without reserve,
about

1,500,000 to 2,000,000 BULBS

of forcing and planiting size, in the following varieties: —
Oniatus, Double White,, Grandee. Barri, Horsfieldi, Vic
toria, Campernell's Regulosus, Fjiipi-ess. Watkin, Sulphur
Phoenix, Tulips, Murililo. GrisedeHne, Oronoise Brilliant,
Prance of Austria. L.i Reine, Picotee, D-arwim, Clara Butt,
Faiuiicombe, S,ander, Bar de la Tonnage, and ciliers, im
qua.ntities to suit all huyei-a.

Also will br offered at the same time a few tons ol
tying material, in lengths suitable for tree tying, fi-om
2'-4ft. long, and in the origiaioJl hanks of perfect yofc^,
and 10,000 squares glass, 144 -'' l^i, and about the same
quantity in 12 x 12 and 12 by almost any length up to
24 ineh.

No catalogues, but varieties w^U .be labelled on the
fields where thev liave been lifted, alld sold there at jier
cwt. or 1,000.

Foliage disease is vmknown on this farm.

NOTICE.

TO OWXJillS OF ORCHARDS AND GARDENS.

T^HE Invalid Children's Aid Association
-^ will be esti'emely gmteful for any surplus
Apples or oUier Fruits or Vej^etables for fhe use
of Ihe chiikJren lin any erf theii- fuux homes for dliildren
i-etj ui ring 9i>eoial tre-atmen^t .

1. Home foa- Invalid Boys, Olev&doai., Broadstiaiirs.

2. Floreaice Enuna Ho.me, Kearsney, nieOT Dover,
3 Ayba-idge Home, Hudafiall, Bei-lalimnsted.

4. Stnindei-tun, near High Wycomibe.
Where tiiey should be sent direct, ond willl be aclaiow-
lediged bv the Miati-on, CiiiTioige widil be paid if neces-
siirv. Mrs. ML'NRO, Se-jetary, I O.A.A., 69, Deniisoii
House, Vauxhall Bridge Road, London S.W. 1. wild be
gidd to siijiply iriiy furtJier 111^0^1,111011 thiit may be
desdrexl.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

A NEW 1/- EDITION OF

THE PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNATION.

By MoNTAiju C. AllwiiuI), i'.R.H.S.
A practical book by a practical man, containing
all neces-sary information for the good cultivation
01 Carnations. Post free 1/2 tVom

ALLWOOD BROS., SrvwARc^l" 'Iath-
PLANTS, Ao., WANSaO.

VlT'ANTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and

' * Vegetables ; best market prices returned ; boxes.

&c. . sent. Surplus stock from Gardens accepted.—

MOBIJS& CO., 150-156. Finchley Road, N.W. 3.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants, suitable for stock ; cash or excbaiige.
See other advei-tisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, London,
S.W.

WANTED, YELLOW and BRONZE
U.VLCEUL.^RI.A CUTTINGS, also Mrs. Sanders
double white Marguerite, in exdiange for PrimuUi sinen-
sis, ready for 2i.ijii. pots. — STEVENS' NURSERIEIS,
Ooventry. ^^

ANTED, a few thousand GOLDEN

GEM C.\LCEUL.\RI.\ CLTfreGS, true.— T. DOWES
SON, Blackstock Road, Finsbury Park, N.

ANTED, several thousands YELLOW

and D-^RK CALCEOLARIA CUTTINGS. — Statf

w

w

.(uantitv and price per 1,000 to W. D., Box 20, 41, Wel-
I lington" Street, Covemt Garden, W.O. 2.

PLANTS, Ao., FOR SALE,

J^IVERPOOL (CORPORATION.

NURSERY STOCK,

FARM AREA,

GATEACRE.

OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET.
Special offer of the following lots, all in grand condition :

Two vears, strong and well rooted 10s. per 1,000.

90s. per 10,000.

800s. per 100,000
Vem- buslw tranieplanted cut backs, 18-

'24 inches 20s. per 1,000.

Verv bushy, transplanted, cut backs.. 30s. per 1,000.

2508. per 10,000.
Verv bushv. transplainted, cut backs, 2i-

■3 feet" 40s. per 1,000.

350s. per 10,000.

Ven- strong and biishv, 3-4 feet ...... 6s. per 100.

50s. per 1,000.

Ver\ strong and bushv. 4-5 feet 10s. per 100.

80s. per 1,000.

ALSO THE FOLLOWING, ALL FINE:
Auiuba jiaponica, bu^hy plants, 16-18 inches,

3s. 6d. per doz. ; 25s.

Ditto, 24 inches 8s. per doz.; 50s.

S\camor6S, flue weU-fumiiBhed trees, 12-15 feet,

2s. and 3s. each ; 20s. and 30s.

Laurel rotundifolia, 4-4ift.., 9s. per doz. ; OOs.

Thorns, Crimson and Pink, 6-7 feet. Is. each ; 9s,

Fruit Trees in a number of leading varieties,

years old, lOs. per doz. ; 70s.

Pear Trees. Oheirj' Trees, large fruiting size,

2s. and

Prunes Pissardii Bushes, 3-4 feet 7s. 6d.

per 100.
. per 100.

, per doz.
per 100.

, per doz.
3 and 4
per 100.

5s. each,
per doz.

These prices are free on rail at Gatesicre
Garston Station..

Apply to THE CITY ENGINEER,
unicipal Buildings, Dale Street, Liverpoott ;
or his Representative, MR. J. HAIGH,
Public Offices, Giange Lane. Gateacre.

1 AA AAA LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

JLlil/»\/i/Vf 20s 100:Pahns, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, R^ses, Ericas. Gloxinias Lilies. Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.-J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction, London. S.W. ^

4 TROPA BELLADONNA PLANTS.

Jr\ p,,|,.g 9, |,er :oO, carriage paid —JOHN CARLISLK,
Bilrbon, Kirkliv Lonsdale.

MISCELLA NEOUS.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try
our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 yards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.—BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

t"wYll keep you dry]7

BEACON OILSKINS never fail to keep out the wet.
That's whv they are worn by hundreds of farmers,
gamekeepers, and othea- outdoor men, women, and
oliildren. You should wear them if you want weather
comfort. They aren't sticky like ordinary o'lslj!™-
Vie return your money at onoe if they don't satisfy
vou. Tlie Beacon Booklet will show the style whaoh
suits vou best. 'Men's Ooats from 10s. up; OhUidTen's,
10s. 6d. up; Ladies' Smart Oilskins, 21s.; Sou'-westers,
from Is 9d. Long Leggings, from 5s. Send postcard
to.dav for this Free Booklet of " Weather Comfort.
Send" now— before lou forget-to BARBOUR'S. LTD.
66. BEACON BUILDINGS. SOUTH SHIKLIXS. (1)

FOR SALE.— Medium Vanner ROA,N
GELDINt; ; can be seen at work.-SAYEES & COX,
LTD., -Alton, Hants.

OR SALE, the GLASSHOUSES, in good

condition, standing dn the Gardens of Peimnark
Farm near Bairv, Glamorgaufghire. and comprising a.p-
proxinratflv 2,530ft. of glass.— .\pply. E. U. DAVID.
4, Park Place, CardiU.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

PRIVATE,

GARDENER (Head).— AYANTED, an ex-
perienced man; .st.ate age and w^ages required;
Under G.iirdener kept. — .\pply by letter to E. J.
.\LLOAKD, Holmesdale, Teddington. ^__

WANTED, experienced HEAD GAR-
DENEB, without children; wages 36s. per
week and small lodge.— Apply, giving all particulais,
GEO. COOPER, Ruffocrd Hall, near Onnskirk, Lanes.

ANTED^ UPPER GARDENER, of

wo, for small, comnoct Gaixlen on Bristol Ohain-
ist be over age or ineligible. — Write to H. P.,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

w

OcTOBEa 13, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEiNER for Bajaton House,, VVeabury. Wilts;
married man preferred ; gtx)d rattoge, but live in house
in winter ; knowledge of cows a consideration. — Appi\",
stating wages and qualifications, to WARD SOAMES,
Hilperton, Tro-vbridge.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER Wanted
at once; single or married (no famUy) ; thoroughlr
understanding eaily and late forcing ail kinds Fruit,
Ve^et-ibles, Oamations ; 12 large Houses ; 2 men and 2
bovs under ; Pleasure Grounds, not mown ; state fullest
particulars; 359.. house, coal, and vegetables.— ESTATE
OFFICE, Packiingt«n,_Coventr}\

working" HEAD GARDENER re-

' ^ quired at once; three under; good wages and cot-
t^ge.—C'ROPPER, Portskeweir . Monmouthshire.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-
handed); ohiefly Fruit and Vegetables; and to
make himseU useful; good wages; references ojid ex-
perience re«iuired with opplicaiion. — Apply, BALDWIN",
Springfield, Rosemont Road, Act-on, W, 3.

WANTED inmiediately, experienced
SINGLE-HANDED G-ARDEN'ER. some help given,
for about 1 acre. Lr.vns, Flowers, and Kitciien Garden;
giingle man preferred ; wages 273. to 30s. — Reply, S.
PICKERING, Kentfoid. near Newmarket.

WT^ANTED^ GARDENER (Single-

'* HAXDED) ; ineligible; good references indispen-
sable ; cottage provided, adjoining Garden, — Apply, stat-
ing wages required and experience, HODGSKIN, Hors-
mondep, Kent.

WANTED, GARDENER (Singlk-

' HANDED) ; Kitchen and Flower Garden, 5m.''^*l
GreenihoTise ; no cottage. State wages required.— PEIICY
C03IPT0N, Highams. Burgh Healh, Surrey (near Kings-
wood Station).

"W-^NTED, GARDENER (ineligible), to

' ' work under He.id Gardener, where others kept ;
good wages and cottogp ; Tw-m.^nent plai.-e if satisfactory.

-ttrite, btabiu^ wages, witk foH particuJara and refer
enoes, to HF.An G.vKOEN£,K, iiunce Oourt, Favereham,
Kentv

WANTED, GARDENER; chiefly Kit-
chen Gaid-n ; m.uried ; ineligible; duty even
thii-d ueek ; teim^ 50.-. weekly, house, garden, and cwi!
found.— .Vpplv, P. HLKST, Stapletord Park, Melton Mow-
bray.

"l^ANTED, GARDENER ; two kept ; good

* ' wages. — .Vpplv b\ I'-ltor. wiUi reference©, to S-\ML.
OSBOHXE, Grindlff'urd", near Shelliekl.

•WANTED, a GARDENER (ineligible),

' ' with some knowledge of Inside work, under Glase ;
good reference*. —.M>ply, MRS. HOLLOWAY, Manor, Wret
Lavin^toa, Wilts.

WANTED, GARDENER; good know-

' ' ledge Inside and Out . tsvo oUier men kept ; single
preferred.— MRS. TVXO.\LE, Meadoworoft, Ohisleliur->it.

WANTED, GARDENER (Outsii.f.) ; ptr-
manency to siiiiablo man.— Apply, MR. GOLEMAN,
Oolley Manor, Rcrigate, Surre.v.

Tl/' ANTED, SECOND GARDENER, for

' ' ItiFide and Unt ; p^id wages; single; lodgings noiir
GaMeiL. — S. .MITCHELL. Bolconibe Houwc, Balconibe,
Hiaywar<te Heath.

YyANTED, UNDER GARDENER, to run

* ' paraffin engine, eleci-ric lighting, and help gener-
ally house or gpoiimLs ; live out. ; wage«i 35h. — OWSBli,
Bakaham House, Englcfleld Green, Surrej.

W"ANl'EI)rFOREMAN and TWO JOUR-

" • .NEY.MEX ; PkiiM and Fruit Houses, House Deco-
rations; disohaj-ged or ineligible men, wit-h good ex-
perience: excellent waKer^, with Bothv and vegetables;
duty paid extra.- WILLIAM LLOYD, liuehton Hall Gar-
dens, Kettering^

"WANTED, FOREMAN or good capable

" ' M.^^N, to Uike charge of Glims ; 3>. per week ;
Bothv. &c. ; duty and overtime paid.— BENNETT, Snel-
Bton HaU Gardenis, A.^hliourne, Di-rbysliia-e^

W^ANTEDT^OURNEYMAN* (ineligible-)

' ' or strong IMPROVER, for Inside and Out; wages
25s. per week and Bothy ■ duty anjtl overtime paid, —
Apply, H. \. P.iGE, Tile Gardens, Belsize Court, Hajnp-
staad, y.W. 5. _^

'W'ANTED, journeyman, for Inside;

' " ineligible or diU^-^harged ; Bobhy, milk, nnd Tege-
tables : dutv paiil. — ^Stnt^j wages and full particulars to
II. CHANDLElt. Ooombe Abbey Gardene. Ooventrr.

V\rANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Insidi.) ;

" grjod general experience ; wages 258. per week ;
Bot,h\-, i:c. ; d/uty paid extra.— .^pply, J. MILLIOHAP,
Apley Oistle Gardens, Wellington, Sliropshire.

"W'ANTED, a MAN, for the Houses; in-

' ' eligible or di.s(Tliarged soldier; write, stating ex-
perience and wages leMuire*! ; good Botliy and vegetable*;
1 o'oktok SatuTxluy.s.— Applr\-, H. NAYLOR, The Pleosaunce
Garden, Overstrand, Norfolk.

"Vl/'ANTED, a thorough good, experienced
^ ^ MAX Unr Fruit ami Plant Houses; man-ied, or one
ulio inlenda to be marri';d ; ineldgible ; excelilent cottage,
coals ; 30s- per week to commence with. — Particulars aa
to experience, &c., HEAD GARDENER, Hindrefoilaii,
Sketty, Glamorgan, Wales.

F. .V.

w

("■< ROOM-GARDENER required to drive

^-^ young horse and help m Garden ; good reference.
— XEXX.\NT, Orford House. Ugley, moar Stansted, Eisc.x

W'ANTED, GROOM-GARDENER, to take

care of pony and help in Gai-den ; good cottage ,
25s. a week and coal —Apply, Sandhurst Lodge, WeUing-
ton College Station., Berks

TVTANTED, good MAN, to take charge of

■ ' Fruit and Plant Houses; ineligible; good wiiget
to suitable maa. — Apply, with tesbijnonials, to WAi.
LEWIS, Idenj Mamor Qavdens, Staplehuxst, Kent.

^^ANTED, good all-round MAN, for
Garden work, with knowledge of oil eoigine pre
ferred ; ineligible; single; good wages. — -\ppl\-, G-^R-
DEXER, Gamst«n House, Retford.

W'ANTED, two IMPROVERS; also two

' ^ Al'PRE.NTICa:S for Inside ; Bothy, vegetables, and.
attend-ance.— State wage to W. PATTISOX, Thorp Perrow
Gardens, Bedale, Yorks.

TIT^^'TED, a YOUTH ^leT?" years of

age, to work in the Houses; 17s. ; Bothy and vege-
tables ; Sunday duty paid extra.— W. L. BASTIN, Buscot
Gardens, Fajingdon, Berks.

W"ANT'ED, TWO STRONG YOUTHS,

"' 16-17 years of age; tall and strong; for Outsidt
work; state experience; Bothy; wiuges 22s.— AV. WARD,
Ken Wood Gardens, Hampstead, London, N.W. 3.

^^ACANCY for PUPIL; Fruit, Vege-

' tables, poultry, rabbits, and goats ; higher, reier
ences ; premium ; near London— CHUKOHIIX, " Avuii-
dale," Coiinty Oak, Orawley, Sussex.

ti7antei5; ^handyman; o^ ^[Ku

' ' estate; cai i>ciitering, painting, &c.^.\pply, bating
full particuhirs aJid wages required, without cottage,
HORXE, Oolley Manor, Reigale.

ANTED, TWO good GARDEN

LABOl'KERS; inelig-ible or disdiarged soldieis.
Please state wages required ; comfortable rooms and
att«ndunca— S. T. M.-UITIN. Stitsted Hall. Braintree.

"WANfED7~lrOREWOMAN7~with~girl

' fi-iond, as leanier ; to live together in cottage.—
App'\, giving 'lualilioataons and slodng wages, to S. E
TD.MALIX. Iktt-barough. Piitown, P.. KUkenny.

Vy ANTED, "LADY GARDENER, under

Head Gardener, ill Gla^ dt.partjnent ; also to
decorate; Sunday duty paid; also WOMEN GARDENERS
for tJiitside work; Rothv and vegeliihles.- -\|)ph-, F.\K-
WELL, Uaixlener*' Lodge, Pjiiiii HiU, Cobhiiin, ' Surrey.

"WANTED, LADY GARDENER, for thj

Hou->^es. PleM>e st.ntc what experience and wages
reiiujred; ohers kept— MR. PREWETr, Tile GaixJens,
DuuliJjn MaAscy HaU, Al'.rinohani, Uiesiiire

W"ANTED7 YOUNG LADY GARDENER

' ' ( O.MP.\.N10X ; some training; as one of the family.
— -M., Raymond Hou.se, Bramloy, Surrey.

A^T'ANTED, several experienced LADY

' ~ GARDENERS, fur Inside work and Pleasure
Grounds; Bothy, milk, ond vegetables allowed. State
wagiw reiuired.— Apply, HONBLE. MRS. ROS-U.I)
G !i KVII.LE. I'oleMlen Lacey, Dorking.

WANTED "immediately, TWO WORKING

"' WOMEN riAliilENERS, for general Outside work;
experience iie"(---,-arv.— Applv, with reference«, wageji rt>
quired, with llotliy, inilU, &!■ , HEAD OAUDEXER, Kent
Cottage, Cliiswick House, Chiswick, W.

W'ANTED, TWO YOUNG ^WOMEN,

'^ * pmncipally for Inside work; furnished cottage and
attendance ; three in cottage. — Particulars to JOHN
POD.MORE, Manor Gaxdens, Little Berkhamsted, llon-
foivl.

TRAOE.

RW. WALLACE & CO., LTD., require
• the services of exi)en LANDSOAi'E FOREMEN
(ineligible). — Api>ly, with fulil particulars as to past ex-
perience and wagrS i^iuiied, Kihifield Gar<lens, Odlche^-
ter.

WANTED, PROPAGATOR and

GROWKR ^o oater for a flr^^t-cJass sliop trade.
Carnations, Chr>.sainthcmums, Lily-of-tlic-Valley and
Bulb Forcing, FoMage and Flowering Plants, Clemati*.
Rose.s, Herbaceous anil Alpines, oaid the usual routine of
an up-to-date retail tra<le ; management wild be left to a
first-class man under supervirion. — Applications, with full
ixirticulapa as to age, experience, and wages required, to
X.. Box 18, n, Wellington Street, Cove<n,t Garden, W.C. 2.

T^T'ANTED, GROAVER of Roses and

' ' Tomato.?, under Glass. — State experiience and re-
ference, FRAN'K OANT Jt. 00.. Braiswick Rose Gandcns,
Colchester^

"WANTED, a FOREMAN, principally for

* ' Fruit Trees ; must possess a gowl know ledge ; gof d
wages offf-red,.— .\pply, .n first case, to \. B., Box 23,
41, Wellington Stret-t, OveJit Gai-dcn, W.C. 2.

W^ ANTED, FOREMAN to actually work
with and supelintend men on Landscape work. —
Applv, stating age, wa^es required, and previous oxpeii-
eiK-e; B. D., Box 11, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gar-
den, W.O. 2.

WANTED, a MAN quick at Potting and '
Watciriiig, and used to Ferns ; good wages. — Write,
A. S., Box U, 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Garden,
W.C. 2.

TljrANTED, respectable MAN, for General

" " Nursery (Outside) ; well up in biKldtng, gi-afting,
&c. ; good wages; peim^uitnt; state age, wage. refs. —
W. BYRON & SONS, Nnrserymen, Bold, Widines.

Tl/ANTED, a MAN (ineligible) to assist

' ' m Glass Department ajid help with fires. — Apply,
stating wages, &c., to JOHN O0W-\N & 00., Nurseries,
Gateacre, LiverpocJ.

CHOP MANAGER WANTED ; smart, up

^^ to date, and good window dresser; knowledge of
Agricultiuial Seeds preferred ; permanency. — Write, stat-
ing age, references, and saloi-v required, to B. T., Box
19, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

CEED TRADE.— Wanted, VEGETABLE

^^ SEED FORE.MAN tor retail trade.— .Apply by letter,
stating age, saJary requii-ed. ajid particulars of previous
experiemcc, B-\RR & SONS (Private), 12 and 13. King
Street, Oovent (?vinxlefn, Lcndon.

TITANTED, SHOPMAN ; pennanent and

' » pixigresJiive situation to suitable man ; ineligible,
-.ipply, J. C. WHEELER & SON, LTD.. Sesd Merchants,
Gloucester.

ANTED, ASSISTANT (Male or

Female), for Seed and Florist's sliop. State ex-
ce ami wages expected.— W. THOUGHTON. Seeds-
Preston.

w

WANTED, LEDGER and INVOICING
OLERK, also GENERAL CLERK ; ineligible.— TOO-
GOOD « SONS, The King's Seedsmen. Southampton.

T ADY FLORIST wanted, with good know-

-^^ ledge of trade, making-iip, &c. ; able to do own
buying in market. — I'lea^c apply, stating wages required
and previous experience, to JOHN PEED & SON, The
v.irseHes. West No.rwoo<l, S.E. 27.

X^rANTED, LADY, smart, capable, to as-
sist with counter tiade; willing to leam or with
'mowletige of Gar<len Seeti tmde preferred. — Apply, stat-
ing .age and snlarv required, to T. B. LOCK & SON,
Seed,=.men, Yeovil.

IVURSERY STOKERS WANTED; good

-'■' w;iKes to suitable men.— Apply, LOWE & SHAW-
YER. LTD., The Nurseries, Uxbridge.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words fop 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
sueeeedlng Eight words or less.

PRtVATE.

UEAD or GARDENER BAILIFF, where

-*--*- sc\eral are kepi; 7 yeais' good ch-iracter ; 2 years
Ro.val Gardens, Kew ; age 40 ; final disaharge from .\nny.
—HENDERSON, The Gaixlens. Rovvnham House, Clifton,
Bristol.

TJEAD GARDENER or PARK SUPER-

-*■■*- IXTEXlil'.NI , .:'i .' II-' tirst-class experience; 13
years' Head iii ii-- n i ; leaving through reduc-
tion of staff; .% i I ,!. .iK-es, age 42; married (2
children).— J. Willi SM^, I l.< Lodge, Hillflcld, Htunp-
stead, N.W. 3.

/ "GARDENER (Head), where several are

^■^ kept ; K'i ,vcai>' practical expeiience in all
hram-his, cMp^il>l.- uf iii,iii.iKiiig small farm; married; age
32; .\rni\- di-ch.irir--l ; mic girl, school age; excellent re-
ferences."—WIHTi;. " liallimmrs," BoUTine End, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman "very
higlilv ic.'ominen<U his HE.\D GARDENER, where
several otliors are kept; thoroughly expei-ienced in all
bran^^hes ; 11 years prcsH^nt situation ; leaving through
place being sold ; disengaged November 12 ; married ; age
49; near London preferred.— C. BAULK, The Gardens,
Astiley .\bbotts House. BridgTiorth.

DISCHARGED Soldier requires Situation
as HEAD GARDENER, where more are kept ; life
experience in all branches, inoludiing Vines, Peaches,
Melons, Oaxnations, Sweet Peas, and Ohrysanthemiuns,
kc. ; age 31; marriixl (one child); well recommended. —
JOHN HE.N'DEBSON, Milton-undcr-WycJiwocd, Oxford.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER; 29
years' expcjiicncc, Inside and Out ; age 44 ; wife
ejp'-r.ienced laundress if required; highest references.-
H\LL1DAY, Park House Laiundry, Rhiwderin, Newport,
Mon-

GARDENER (Head Working or good
SixGLE-nANDED, with help); pp.i<'tical life experi-
ence in private Ga-r^lens ; married ; age 41 ; ineligible ;
higlilv recommended; reliable and trustworthy.— B.VR-
liF.'I'T, Hatfiekl Heath, Harlow.

SITUATIONS WANTED continued op pace v.

IV.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

OHCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown anl cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varietiei

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send toi Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exptlc Narserles, CHELTENHAM.

CHEALS' NURSERIES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, FRUIT TREES. &c., in
immense quantities and in the pink
of condition.

Send for Catalogue to—

J. CHEAL & SONS, Ltd.,

The Nurseries, CraWley.

T h e M 6 d e r n P i e d P i p e v

"LIVER^Ws

RATS

Rats and Micecc...
out of their holes, not
to dance lo the pipes
of the charmer, but to
die — a less poetic but far
better way of exterminating
these pests.

Apart from the desira-
bility of getting nd of
the vermilion the grounds
of health^ think of the
tremendous wastage of food
due to their raiding of
our granaries, corn fields and
gardens. It is a patriotic
duty to destroy them.

In tins ready prepared with

bait ; for Rats 2/6 and 6/- ;

forMicel/fi Of all Chemists.

PaXl particulars from
EVANS SONS LESCHER i- WEBB, Ltd.
56, Hanover Street, Liverpool.

SALE OF SURPLU!» .STOCK.

We still hold certain small stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, al-o

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on "implication,

BOSE LANE WORKS
NORWICH.

ROSES FOR iUTOMN PUTJiiG

ORBER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including :—

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

[Dailii Mail Rose.)

12A per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUABT LOW CO., ^^I^.d^dV^M^.^'^'

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT: ^1^

allow DB to leod to those who appi

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

^ Slugs
Slugs

"SANITAS" POWDER

II rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d.& l/-Tins& 1 5/- per Cwt, ([.or. London)
of all Chtmi^ts. Stores ami Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticultural
Exhibitto'i. IQII.

, 1

THOMSONS

CEI-EBRXVTED

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR
ALL GARDEN CROPS.

WM THOMSON ASONS.La
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

FBUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root np useless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. AUq

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries
for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing ej:act requirements.

STUART LOW CO., ^^ITi^^tfesIx!'''

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are yonr bashes tree of this iocorable pest 7 If met

Plant "SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant.

the only proved mite resister.

Thii variety has also every other good quality, being the

heaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

berries

Young Buehes 6/. and S/> per dozen.

W. SKABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

Write for this
FREE BOOKLET

and avoid all drainage troubles

pot plan'!. It ex-
plains also ihe porosity,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
lo all gardeners.
FREE SAMPLE
|C K E T pol also on
reque't. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEY& SONS Ltd

~ Heaton Mersey Pottery,

n?ar IManchesler.

|SANKEYS^^^;^>POTS

fflCMARD^ SANK£r* SOA/. LT9

FRUIT TREES.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Exceedingly well grown Fruit-bearing

Apples and Pears.

Each. Dozen.

Standards, stout stem, fine bead 3/- & 3/8 33/- A 40/-

Dwirf Trained very line ... 3/6 42 -

Pyramid, very fine 3/- & 3/6 33 - A; 40/-

ALSO A VKRY FINE STOCK OF

Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Cherries,

Currants, Gooseberries, Loganberries,

Extra Strong Fruiting Vines in variety, 7/6 each.

Calnl ,,iies Host Free.

ROSES in all the leailiii<; varieties. Climbers,

Standards and Dwarfs. ^

<.'iitalu<)ite free.

ALFRED A. WALTERS & SON,

NlfiSERVMEN and Fru t Tree Growers, BATH.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges.

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE OIM
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgeworth, Herts.

STATION: H.A.RU)\V, G.E.R.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FIND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Garden,

London, W.C.

October 13. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

145

THE

No.1607.— SATURDAY. OCTOBER 13. 1917.;

CONTENTS.

Austin and McAslan, Obituary —

Messi-s 117 I Brown, R. C 152

Bouquet, a novel . . 160 ' Orchid notes and glean-

^'cenry'Dlir'iim'''""" 152 ' ^aUllya Venus .. 148

the home ,.„, Orchids, new hyprid ..148
tnenome .. ■■ i^-^ i Potato spraying in 1917 .. l.W
Food production on in- Rosa setipoda .. i.'ii
creased— Societies-
Cabbage Excelsior ..141) xSational Chrrsanthe-

Carrot Champion ."^car- mum I.*i4

let Hum .. ..146 National Sweet Pea .. 15»

Oclenac.. ..146 Royal Horticultural .. l.iS

E.HS. Jood campaign 145 Scottish Horticultural 1.'.4

Seasonable notes . . 146 United Hort. BeneBt

Formosa, tile flora of . 150 and Pr()vident l.')4

French nursery products, .Superphosphate, the

eiports of .. .. l.'iO prices of l.-.l

Fruit, storing late .. 1.^1 War items I'.n

Fruits, new or note- Week's work, tlie—

worthy l.W Klower gardo.i, the .. 14!l

Gardeners, bequests to 16« !','''"?',"'"■'.'""'''?"' .,;• if.

'. " „ ^. ,., Maidyfruitganlen.the 14S

Gunneras in the North . . 1;>2 Kitchen garden, ti.e 14s

Lilium Martagon album Orchid iifxiaes, the .. 14;t

at Monieith .. 15-.; , Plants under gla«s .. 140

ILLUBTRATIOM8

Austin, .Fames, portrait of .. .. ; U7

Austin, Robert, poi-trait of U7

Austin, William, portrait of 147

Carrot (,'hainpi(m Scarlet Horn 145

Hunter, Alex. N.. portrait of 147

Hunter, .lames, portrait of 147

McAslaii, John, portrait of 147

Rosa setipoda, fruits if 1.51

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION

TlIK KoYAI, IloilTICUI.TUHAI. SuCIKTYS

Vegetable Cami-akix.

WIII'^X war broke out in AugiLst,
1914, no one knew how long hos-
tilities would continue, but nianv
reiilis<^il that a great Kuropean conflict
would bo bound to caufe extraordinary
demands l)y the hghting services upon,
capital and lalionr for a considerable
period. Furtiier, tiiat some restriction of
food imports would follow the coniinandeei-
ing of sliipping for military transport,
and that the witlidrawal of labour from
the land to supply the Army and Navy
would inevitably reduce the amount of
foodstuffs produced at home. The increa.se
of allotment holdings throughout the
country, and improved methods of culti-
vation, were obvious methods wliereby
additional food could be produced at
home, in spare time, by those too old to
fight, and by women ; and the Council of
the Royal Horticultural Society jirdinptly
iidvoeated tjiese metliods. Within a f<'w
lioiirs of the declaration of war the Coun-
cil commenced a Vegetable Food Produc-
tion Campaign, and it has been developeil
since in many ways, chiefly liv the distri-
bution of pamphlets, and by practical
advice given by itinerant lecturers and
advisers, and panels of gardeners who
have voluntarily taken up this work in the
various districts. In furtherance of this
campaign the Council recently. invited the
lecturers and advisers to attend a Confer-
ence at the Society's Gardens, Wisley, for
tlic inirpr>cp of securing uniformitv of in-

struction and a better system of organisa-
tion, so that the allotment movement might
lie developed on sound lines. The Confer-
ence commenced on September 24 and
closed on October 5; Mr. F. J. Chittenden
presided over the Conference, and was
assisted by Mr. A. S. Gait, Leeds Uni-
versity, and Mr. C. Wakely, Instructor
in Horticulture to the Essex County
Education Committee. Lectures were
given and demonstrations held on eleven
days, followed in every case by discus-
sions which brought out the best methods
of teaching, of practice, and of organi-
sation. Some idea of the scope and
value of the Conference may be gathered
from the Syllabus of the subjects con-
sidered, the latter including: — The Soil:

a.bout an hour and a half wae added during

the second week. The utmost enthusiasm
prevailed throughout the Conference, and
tlie desire was e.xpressed that such a gather-
ing should be held annually. The Rev.
W. Willvs attended when the question of
organisation was discussed, and it then
transpired that three thousand lettei\s had
teen sent to Allotment Associations with
reference to the"' lectures and demonstra-
tions on Food Production, and that the
R.H.S. is working in close touch with the
Food Production Department of the Board
of Agriculture. Associations desirous of
having lectures and demonstrations should
apply to the secretary of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, who will notify the
representative for the di.striot: the Societv

Fi<;. 54

Its Nature and Structure; The Soil and
the Plant — Air Supply, Water Suppl}-,
Nitrogen Supply, and Earth Salts; Seed
Sowing, Spacing, Food Values, Spraying,
afid Soil Pe.sts ; Value of Allotments, Lay-
ing-out Allotments, Cultivation, Arrange-
ment of Crops, Seed Economy, Succession al
and Inter-cropping; Potatos, Onions,
liCeks, Parsnips, Carrots, Beet, and other
Root Crops ; Beans and Green Vegetables :
Hardy Fruits, Tree Forms, and Pruning;
Storage of Fruits and Vegetables ; Dispos.il
of Surplius Produce : Organisation of Allot-
ment Associations; Methods of Teaching;
and Definition of Gardening Terms. The
Conference hours were 9. .30 a.m. to 12. .30,
■md 2.30 p.m. to 5 o'clock ; but at the wish
of those attending, an after-tea session of

ON SErTEMBEK 25.

will pay ilie lecturer's fees and tlie Associa-
tion any out-of-pocket expenses incurred.
In addition to Messrs. F. J. Chittenden,
A. S. Gait, and C. Wakely, those present
at the Conference included Mr. T. A. Law-
renson (Newcastle), Mr. .T. Glavin (Bingley),
Mr. G. Corbett (Bolton), Mr A. C. Lehane
(Mansfield), Mr. W. Stewart (Whitchurch),
■\[r. C. H. Starling (Norwich), Mr. W. H.
.Morter (Birmingham), Mr. W. H. Turner
(Tenbury Wells), Mr. E. R. Janes (Read-
ing), Mr. C. R. Fielder (Wimbledon), Mr.
W, H. Divers (Surbiton), Mr. Chas. H.
Curtis (Brentford), Mr. ,1. G. Weston (Ash-
ford, Kent), Mr. A. E. Usher (Blandford),
Mr. C. E. J. Walkey (Taunton), Mr. A.
Andrews (Plymouth), and Mr. ,T. Ijloyd
(Denbigh).

146

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

SEASONABLE NOTES.
A SUPPLY of wholesome, well-flavoiu-ed Cab-
l.>ages in spring is worth considerable trouble in
procuring, and home-grown plants are usually
prefeiTed. The young plants may now be re-
moved from the seed bed. At this season of the
year a sharp frost may come at any time, and
tender young plants crowded together are liable
to suffer very severely. Plant them out, there-
fore, at once, so that they may be as strong as
possible before frost is experienced. They should
be planted 18 inches apart in their final quar-
ters, the rows being 2 feet asunder. Plants with
stems of a hard, woody texture will stand any
amount of frost ; in fact, the more exposed they
are, the better they thrive.

Now is the time for ensuring the blanching of
the heart and stems of Celery by .earthing the
plants — i.e., drawing soil round them and bank-
ing it. The roots of the plants should receive a
good soaking of water previously to earthing
them ; but it must not fall ujjon the stems, other-
wise they will decay when the soil has been
drawn round them. All suckers should be re-
moved, and also any small, yellow, outer leaves,
but no healthy green leaves ought to be taken
off. The stems sliould be first drawn round the
heart of the plant and tied with matting, or the
plant must be held together with one hand while
the earth is placed around it with the other. No
particles of soil must be allowed to fall into
the centres of the plants during the operation.
Water should be given to the Celery copiously,
and occasional doses of liquid manure will be
followed by beneficial results. Liquid prepared
from f/armyard' manure is best ; failing this,
soot dusted on the soil and watered in will
stimulate the plant.s and be distasteful to worms
and slugs.

Onions having been removed from the ground,
should be put in a shed or empty room. When
dry, the loose, rough outer skin and long, coarse
roots may be removed, and the bulbs stored in
any dry place to be kept for use; or they may
be tied in bunches and strung on sticks, which
may be suspended from holdfasts until the
bulbs are needed. Decaying bulbs must be care-
fully excluded, otherwise they wiJl contaminate
the rest.

A supply of Radishes can be procured through-
out the w*nter by sowing seeds of the varieties
Black Spanish and China Eose. The latter is
an excellently-flavoured, oval-shaped root, which
is largely grown for market during winter. Seeds
of both varieties may be sown thinly at once on
a wanm, sheltered border, or, better still, in a
frame. Thin the seedlings out as they attain
size, finally lea.ving them 3 inches apart.

Spinach is a favourite vegetable with many
persons, and if seeds have not yet been sown
there is just time to repair the neglect. Choose
the prickly-seeded, for it is the best. Sow thinly
in drills 18 inches apart, and when the seedlings
appear thin them out, leaving those remaining
about 6 inches asunder in the rows. If allowed
plenty of room they will become sturdy and
nardy plants.

Carrots of all varieties that are fully grown
should be lifted and stored .without delay. If
they are allowed to remain in the ground and
much rain comes the roots will produce numerous
fine rootlets, and when this happens the flavour
is impaired ; furthennore, if left in the ground
many split and are rendered useless.

Beetroots should now be lifted from the soil
with a fork, so that none of the rootlets is
broken, as this causes them to bleed and lo«e
colour. For the same reason, the leaves should
never be cut close to the crown. The roots
must be dried for a day or two in the open
before storing them in a cool shed or cellar ; to
preserve them properly and prevent shriveUing
they should be stacked and covered with mode-
rately moist leaf-soil or sand.

Parsnips are much better left in their grow-
ing quarters until spring, a quantity being lifted

from time to time for use before severe frosty
weather.

Potato stems have mostly died, and lifting of
maincrop and late Potatos is being proceeded
with. If the object is to store the tubers out-
doors in pits they should be allowed to dry
first; choose a dry position and well line the
ground with straw. The tubers should, as they
are picked up, be separated, and those to be
reserved for seed stored in a dry, airy shed.
Carefully exclude all those that are diseased,
and handle the sound ones with care. Pile the
tubers on the straw in a ridge as high as con-
venient, cover -witli straw, and over the straw
pTace 9 inches or t foot of soil and beat flat
with a spade. Slope the surrounding soil away
from the pit to enable all water to run away. The
better and more convenient plan is to stoa'e the
Potatos in a shed, covering the tubers lightly
with straw ; this makes access easy for picking
them over. Take note of the cropping capia-
fjilities, appearance, comparative immunity from
disease; and, further, which are the best eating
•^-arieties. By strict note-taking the most ser-
viceable vajieties for any soil and purpose may
b? selected.

Give every attention to the winter greens.
Make Brussels Sprouts firm in the ground by
treading, or the autumn winds may displace
them. Go over the plants and remove a.ll decay-
ing foliage and superfluous growths. Aftei'wai'ds
give the rows a dusting with superphosphate.
This fertiliser is best applied in the autumn,
for it is slow in acting. Basic slag, another
good phosphatic manure, should also be applied
in the autumn. Tie up the foliage of Endive to
blanch the centres. Do this when the leaves are
dry. Another method is to lift the plants and
blanch them in a dark building, and it is par-
t-cu'.arly suitable for low-lying gardens.

Take advantage of fine, dry weather to trans
plant strong Lettuce plants into open, but partly
sheltered, borders, where the soil is fairly dry
and will remain so all the winter. These plants
will prove of much value next spring.

Cauliflower plants should be examined daily
that exposed heads may have the leaves broken
and laid over them for protection against frost.
Young plants for spring use should be planted
in threes in rich soil in a sunny position, so
that protection may be given by handlights.
Attention must be directed to ventilation each
day, the lights being removed during mild and
sunny weather.

Leeks rank amongst the hardiest of vegetables,
and with a scarcity of others would be appre-
ciated more than usual. In order to have extra
fine, well-blanched stems, numbers of plants
ought to have been put out in trenches, Celery
fashion, or dibbled in rich ground, several weeks
ago, but Leeks keep growing whenever the
weather is mild, and if planted now on rich,
freshly dug ground, may yet attain to a service-
able size. Make holes 8 inches deep and
12 inches apart with a stout dibber, drop a
strong plant into each, and fix with water poured
into the holes.

Turnips. — ^There is a likelihood of these being
in great demand during the winter. Plants
ou^ht now to be growing strongly, and there
should be no undue delay in thinning out the
later breadths, doing this lightly at first, and
eventually leaving the plants about 8 inches
apart. Where possible, water freely after thin-
ning, that is, if the ground is dry: a surfacing
of soot prior to the watering will do good.

Globe Artichokes. — Remove all the lower
leaves that are the least seared, and dig the soil
between the plants, ridging it in the rows to
form little gullies between the lines of plants.
Where the soil is of a retentive nature this
ridging will prove beneficial. Later in the year
leaves and other suitable material may be placed
round the plants in northern counties as a pro-
tection from frosts.

Vegetable Marrows. — Gather all large fruits,
and place them in an airy house to ripen ; they

can then be preserved if cut into small squa-res
about the size of lump sugar.

Tomatos. — Where the plants are heavily
clothed with leaves some foliage must be
entirely removed, and other partly cut away.
However well favoured the plants may be in
regard to position outside, few Tomatos will
swell from the green stage now and mature pro-
perly if left on the plants. The removal of the
leaves has a beneficial effect, and fruits that
are commencing to colour will finish well. Many
cultivators gather the green fruits and ripen
them on shelves ; this course will answer, but
I prefer to pull up the plants, strip off all leaves,
and then suspend the stems from the wires in an
airy glass s-tructure or on the back wall. Many
of the fruits so treated will ripen sufliciently,
and are firmer.

AU Asparagus ripe enough should be cut down
and the " grass " burned. The surface of the
bed must tlieu receive a thorough cleaning, and
the weeds removed to the heap for burning.
It is not beneficial to put on a heavy dressing
of manure immediately. A light mulch may be
given later.

Parsley. — Plantations of Parsley should have
all leaves which are not fresh and green
removed. In many cases when this is done there
will be a few large leaves left, but if there are
plenty of young ones these will soon spring up
and afford a useful winter supply. I prefer a
thin row of fresh, young leaves to a bushy one
of old foliage at the ^beginning of winter.

Finish the drying and storing of all herbs.
/. A. P.

CARROT CHAMPION SCARLET HORN.

One of the best exhibits in the competitive
vegetable classes at the R.H.S. fe!iow on the
25th ult. was a diish of Champion Scarlet Horn
Carrots, exhibited by Mr. H. E. Wallis, gar-
dener to Eustace Palmer, Esq. The class was for
a collection of nine kinds of vegetables, to be
selected from a given list. The Carrots, whdoh
are illustrated in fig. 54, were perfect specimens,
of regular shape, well coloured, and with-
out a trace of blemish. Stump-rooted Carrots of
this kind are exceedingly economical, as no waste
occurs in preparing them for the table.

CABBAGE EXCELSIOR.

The merits of this wonderful cabbage are all
that one could desire. It should be sown under
a south wall to be planted out early in the New
Year to follow the Spring Cabbage. One foot
apart each way is ample room, since it is a small
variety, but it produces a firm head and has
excellent flavour. C. Davis, Holy ]>■ ells Park
(Tardcn.<!, Ipswich.

CELERIA'C.

Never do I remember this vegetable looking
more satisfactory than it does at present. It
is one of the most useful of winter crops, and
if the roots are lifted and stored in sand, or
finely sifted ashes, early next month, they can
be used, as required, until next March.

The culture of Celeriac is easy on land deeply
cultivated and well enriched, but the plant needs
plenty of water during dry weather. We have
this year made an experiment of intercropping
a long border devoted to Shallots, and I am more
thai, pleased with the results. The latter have
been harvested some time, and the border is now
fully occupied with the Celeriac.

In this particular oa-se t£e variety is a new
\ariegated form which much impressed me at
tiip trials last year at Wisley. It was sent
by 'Messrs. Barr and Sons. It has proved to
be perfectly true, with a pleasing silver variega-
tion and refined growth, and will, I feel sure,
become a general favourite, and the plant is both
ornamental and useful. Another very fine variety
sent by the same firm, named Apple Shaped, is
ver> promising. Edwin Beckett,

October 13. 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

147

MESSRS. AUSTIN AND McASLAN.

In our last issue we gave part-iculars of the
commemoration dinner which took place at
Glasgow to celebrate the bi-centenary anniver-
sary' of the estabUslmient of Messrs. Austin
and JlcAslan's business. We now give some
particulars of the history of this firm, together
with portraits of some of the more notable pro-
prietors during the two centuries.

The business was founded 'In 1717 by John
McAfilan, who, in that year, rented ground
from Hutcheson's Hospit.al as a nursery, situated
behind the hospital buildings at the foot of what
is now known as Hutcheson Street. Hi« brother
Duncan was associated with him in the con-
cern, and there is a record in 1727 showing that
.part of the lands of Deanside were let to Dun-
can MoAslan. When John died is not known,
but Duncan died in 1741. His widow succeeded
him and carried on the business for some time.
The first printed mention of the seed shop is
in the form of an advertisement in the Glogrjntv
Journal of January 17, 1760, when the business
had passed into the hands of John McAslan,
Duncan's son, and consequently a nephew of the
founder.

In 1788 he gave up the ground at Deanside
and' also that on lease from Hutcheson's Hos-
pital and removed his nursei'^' to his own pro-
perty, called The Hill There lie built a f.Tmi1y

Vir., 55. — MR. M-i:x.\Nnf:R n. nrxiEU, present

PBOPRIETOn OF THE FIRM OF MESSRS. .^t'STIN

mansion, which was the first house erected in
that part of the city. This property was
bounded by Rottenrow, Dobbie's Loan, property
belonging to the Heirs of Patrick Bell, and what
is known as Parliamentary Road. McAslan
Street is on the site.

John McAslan was Trades Councillor, Trades
Bailie, Treasm-er of the City, Treasurer for 30
years of the Buchanan Society, and afterwards
President, Deacon of the Incorporation of Gar-
deners and Deacon Convenor of the Trades
House, and he laid the foundation-stone of the
present building in 1791.

Robert Austin, who was foreman in the nur-
sery, was made a partner in 1782, and the busi-
nes.., was then styled McAslan and Austin. He
was born at Craigton, Wilngavie, in 1754, auu
served his apprenticeship in the gardens of Mr.
(ilassford of Dougalston. He then went to Lon-
<lon, and w.is for a time in the nursery of
-Mr. Grimmond at Chelsea, also at Hunt's Nur-
sery at Putney, and with Mr. Chamber at Ep-
som, returning to Glasgow in 1779 to enter the
employment of Mr. McAslan, whose daughter
.Margaret he married in 1786. He sat in the
Town Council for 25 years, paj-t of that time
with Mr. McAsl.Tn ; he was Bailie of Gorbals.
r.ailie of the City, Treasurer of the City,
t-cacon Convenor of the Trades House, Presi-
dent of Anderson's College, and was elected a
CO) responding member of the Horticultural
Society of London in 1817. He was also .i

.i.\MEs AUSTIN, 1812-lci4y.

JOHN MCASL,\N, 17591815.

WILLIAM AI'STIN, 1856-187.5. r—T'^'^-

Fig. 56. — some former I'RorRiETons of the firm of messrs. austin anh

HoHKnr ,»isi[N, lTb2-looil.

.TAMES ill-NTER, 1860 1904.
MCASLAN.

148

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

.Second Lieutenant in the Association of the in-
Jiabitants of the city of Glasgow — his commis-
sion bears the signatiu-e of King George III.
and the Bulie of Portland ; Captain in the 1st
Glasgow Volunteer Infantry in 1803, com-
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence
Craigie ; and he became Lieutenant-Colonel of
the regiment in 1807.

The nui'sery was removed to Little Govan in
1798, the ground there belonging to Xvir. Rae,
lying between Rutherglen Itoad and the Clyde,
opposite the Fleshers Haugh on the Green. Sil-
ver Fir Street, Lime Street andi Orchard Street
ai-e on or near the site. The next move took
place in 1828 to Coplawhill, on PoUokshaws
Jload, but when the Glasgow, Barrliead and ICil-
maniock Railway passed through it another re-
moval became necessary in 1868 to TJtwood, on
the Pollok Estate.

James Austin (grandfather of the present pro-
prietor of the business) was brother of Robert,
although 20 years his junior. He was bom at
Craigton in 1775, served his apprenticeship with
John McAslan, subsequently went. to London to
.gain furt.her experience in the nurseries of
.Messrs. Ronald at Brentfoi-d, and also with Mr.
Alton in the Royal Gardens, Kew. He returaed
to the nursery as foreman about IBOO.

In 1803 John M.cAslan retiredi from business,
and his son Alexander was then made a part-
ner by Robert Austin, and the designation of
the finn was changed to Austin and McAslan.
James Austin was admitted a partner in 1812.
Jolin McAslan died in 1815, Robert Austin in
1830, and Alexander McAslan in 1841. James
Austin wias then joinedi by his ison ±iugh, and
Robert Thomson ; the latter had been in the em-
ployment of the firm for a number of years.
•James and his son Hugh both died in 1849, and
Mr. Thomson then assumed John Lowe as a
partner. Mr. Lowe had been gardener to the
Duke of Hamilton at Hamilton Palace. He died
in 1854. Mr. Thomson then secured the seri-ices
of William Austin, a nephew of Robert and
James, as manager. He had been in business
as a nurseryman at Partick, his fii-m being
known as Brown and Austin. He was made
partner in 1859, but the following year Mr.
Thomson died. Mr. Austin was then joined by
.Tames Hunter, and under their joint manage-
ment the business was much extended.

The seed shop, in 1750, was in Trongate (oppo-
site the New Guard), at the corner of King
.Street ; next, in 1759, it was in Hutcheson's
Hospital Buildings, on a 19-years le.nse at £12
per annum. Jonrs' Directory of 1788 gives the
.address as McAslan and Austin in Company,
Shop 79, Trongate ; from there it was removed
to Numbei- 114, John McAsla.n's own property
(the present number of this shop is 168) ; then

to 185, premises now occupied by Mr. Robert
Miller, stationer. In 1864 Mr. Hunter and Mr.
Austin removed to 15, Buchanan Street, and, as
already stated, the nui'sery was transferred to
Titwood in 1868, where it remained till 1886,
when another removal became necessai'y to its
present site at Cathcart. The shop at 16.
Buchanan Street, was burned down in 1888 ;
new premises were, however, found at 89.
Mitchell Street, the present headquarters.

William Au.st^n died in 1873, and his son
Hugh was admitted in 187'7. Alexander Niel-
son Hunter, the present proprietor, was assumed
in 1892. Hugh Au.stin died in 1894, and James
Hunter in 1904.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CATTLEYA VENUS.
A FLOWER of a very remarkable variety of
this cross between C. Dowiana aurea and C.
Iris (Dowiana (aurea x bicolor) isi sent us by
Mr. R. Windsor Rickards. In this, and in most
other C. ibicolor crosses, that decided and dis-
tiU'Ct species asserts itself in the formation of
the lip, with its front lobe on a narrowed' ex-
tension from the base, the side lobes being
small and closely approaching the fleshy column.
In the variety now received' the form is of C.
Dowiana aurea, and' C. Iris does not appear
except in the thickened substance of the sepals,
which also shows its bronzy-greenish colour,
and the thick, white column. The sepals and
petals have a pale bronze-green ground, tinged
and veined with rosy-mauve. The openly ex-
panded, crimped and fringed lip is purplish-
mauve with a network of gold veining extend-
ing from the base to the centre.

CYPRIPEDIUM ETNA.
Mr. J. E. Shill sends a flower of a very large
and handsome hybrid between C. Dreadnought
(insigne Harefield HaU x Troilus) and C. Lee-
anum Clinka.beiTyanum (insigne x Spiceri-
anum). C. Dreadnought was a fine develop-
nrent of the best fomis of C. insigne, especially
in size, but still retaining itis colour and mark-
ings. The introduction of C. Leeanum in the
present hybrid has further .increased the size and
shape and introduced showier colouring. The
broad dorsal sepal is apple-grsen on the lower
ha.lf and pure white above, and bears numerous,
spotted lines of rose-purple, the broader and
darker lines being in the middle. The petals
and lip are yellow tinged with mahogany red.

NEW HYBRID ORCHIDS.
(Continued from Septemher 1, p. S'i.)

Hybrid.

Brasso-Cattleya Catherine ..
Brasso-Cattleya Delicia
Brasso-Cattleya Lady Veiteli
Brasso-Cattleya Lotos
Brasso-Cattleya Sofrana
Brasso-Cattleya Virginia
Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya virgiiialis .

Cattleya Aeneas

Cattleya Damaras

Catt'eya Zonnebeke

Cypripedium Etna

Cypripediuni Ro'.in Hood . .
Laelio-Cattleya Breburne . .
Laelio-CaM.leya Bronze King
Laelio-Cattleya Commander-in-Chi
Laelio-Cattleya Dominican . .
Laelio-Cattleya H^lene
Laelio-Cattleya Ingralaw ..
Laelio-Cattleya Luminomend ,

Laelio-Cattleya Opal

Laelio-Cattleya Hajah
Odontioda Bacheham

Od'.ntioda Knltnne

Oflonti'ifla Borne

Odontoelossuni Badelsmere
Odontoglotsum Berewic
Oilontoglossuni Borowart ..
Odontoijlossum Penelope
(IdontoKlossum S. T. Wright
Odont.igl..ssum W. E. Blsset
Sophro.CattK-ya Enidoria ..

Parentage.

B.-C. Oighyano-Mossiae x C. Mrs. Myra Teeters . .
C. Mendelii x B.-C. Dighyano-Schroderae

B.-C. Ilene X unrecorded

B -C. Digbiano-Mossiae X C. Rex

B.-C Mrs. .T. Leemann x C iridescens
B..C. Mme. Chas Maron x L.-C. unrecorded
B -0. Mm.>. Chas Maron x L.-C. Phryne

Venus X Dowiana aurea

Lord Rothschild x Artemis

Adula X Mrs. Pitt

Dreadnought x Leeanum Clinkaberryaiuira . .

bingleyense X Gaston Bultel

Geo. Woodhams x Thyone

Anaconda X luminosa

C. Iris X L.-C. Mrs. Evelyn Norrie

L -C Dominiana X C. Rex

C. Adula X L.-C hietchleyensis

L.-C. Ingramii x C. Lawrenceana

L.-C Imninosa X C. Mendelii

L.-C. Wellsiai'a x C- Caduceus

L -C. Ettrick x C. Dowiana Rosita

Oda rosefleldiensis x 0dm. Thais v.ir. Georgius Rex
0dm. Aireworth x Oda Charlesworthii

Oda Bradshawia« x 0dm. Louise

Jasper x hybrid Vuylsteke

crispum Florii x Her Majesty

lanthe X Kilburnianum

Rolteae x Olympta

amabite x Armstrongiae ..

crispum Mossiae x Mars

C. Enid x .S.-C. Doris

Baron Schroder.
Duke of Marlborough.
Flory and Black.
Flory and Black.
Charlesworth and Co.
Duke of Marlborough,
Sir J. Colman.
Charlesworth and Co.
Sir Geo. L. Holford.
Sir J. Colman,
Baron Schroder.
Sander and Sons.
C. .T. Phillips, Es(|.
Armstrong and Brown.
Armstrong and Brown.
Duke of Marlborough.
Sir J. Colman.
Duke of Marlborough.
Duke of Marlborough.
Sir Mervyn Buller.
Flory and Black.

rC. J.;.Phillips, Esq.

Charle8worth.and Co.
Armstrong and Brown.
Armstrong and Brown.
P. Smith, Esq.

TheWcek'sWofk.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Mint and other Herbs.— In order to
have a supply of green Mint in winter a gentle
hotbed should be made up as soon as possible,
so that by the time the roots are ready for
lifting a gentle bottom-heat may be available.
The bed may consist of new leaves and manure
from the stable in equal parts, and should be
made tight by treading. A covering of sifted
leaf-soil should be placed over the bed to the
depth of 4 inches, so that the Mint roots may
be lifted, and placed closely together on the sur-
face of the bed and covered with 1 inch. of the
sifted soil. Water should be applied at a tem-
pei-ature of 70° to settle the soil .about the roots,
and care must be taken to prevent the bed be-
coming overheated, or the roots may be scalded.
When young growth appears the pit should be
freely ventilated. Tarragon roots may be lifted
and placed on the same bed as soon as the
foliage dies down. Marjoram plants which have
been growing in the open border should be lifted
and potted into 6-inch or 7-inch pots and placed
in a slightly heated pit, which may be kept
close until the roots are active. A temperature
of 50° will suit this herb during winter, and
the plants should be quite near the glass. Sweet
Basil for winter use may be r.aisedi from seeds
which, should be sown at once in a temperiature
of 65°. Prick off the seedlings as soon as large
enough and grow them quite near to the roof-
glass. Chervil should be sown at once in a cold
pit to make certain of a supply in rough weather.
After the seedlings are through the soil the lights
m.ay be removed until frosty weather sets in.

PAR8LEV.-If this crop seems likely to become
overgrown some of the plants miay be cut down
close to the ground, so that short, stocky growth
m.ay be produced ; this will stand the winter
much better than if left uncut during the
autumn. Hoe the groimd between the rows and
sprinkle them freely with soot.

ToMATOS.— For a supply of Tomatos in early
spring, sow seeds at once, germinate them in a
temperature of 60°, and when large enough care-
fully pot the seedlings into small pots, pla«=
in^ them quite close to the roof -glass. Water
carefully until the pots are well filled with roots,
then shift the plants into 5-inch pots, making
the fresh soil moderately firm. Admit sufficient
air to keep the plants stocky and short-jointed.
The temperature may range from 55° to 60°.
Liberty and Dwarf Red are free setting varieties
producing fruits of medium size. Tomato plants
now swelling their fruits may receive a plentiful
supply of weak manure water. Ventilate freely,
and do not allow the foliage to become over-
crowded. Plants now yielding supplies require
a little fire-heat, so that the lights may be left
slightly open at night. Gather the fruits as they
become fit and place them in a cool, dry store-
room, where they will keep in good condition for
some time.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN

By W. K. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Abbots Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

Fruit-qatherinq —In some cases the fruit
trees must be visited more than once, as the
fruit for storing will not be all ready at one
time. Pears require careful handling if the
bloom is required intact for the exhibition table.
A little wocxiwool of the finest texture should
be put at the bottom of the baskets or trays in
which the fruits are to be placed, so that in
transit from the tree to the fruit-room they wUl
not be shaken or bruised, and if Pears are
grown for show purposes several trees of each
variety selected for the purpose must be grown
in order to obtain a selection. Louise Bonne of
Jersey is still a popular and good vajiety, being
wonderfully nice when in prime condition.
Beurre Superfin, on most soils, produces fine-
flavoured fruits; Comte de Lamy, though small.

I), TOBER 13. 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

149

is a fruit of great excellence. Marie Louise still
takes some beating in its season — there are some
people who still think that there is no Pear
like it, as others think nf Williams' Bon Chre-
tien, but, of course, in its season Doyenne du
Cornice is the best of all. Knight's Monaich,
Ne Plus Meuris, and Olivier des Serres are
finely flavoured, late varieties, and should be left
some time yet before gathering. Many of the
October varieties are useful for cooking or pre-
serving.

Root-pruning.— The work of root-pruning
may be started as soon as the crops are gathered,
keeping the roots as near the surface as practic-
able, except trees on the Quince stock, which
should be planted more deeply to allow the
union between stock and scion to be just below
the surface of the soil. In commencing root-
pruning open out a trench 5 or 6 feet
from the tree ; for cordon trees a less
distance will suffice. Carefully fork away
the soil and examine the roots, and it
may be necessary to lift the tree altogether
in order to ascertain that no roots strike sitraight
down into the soil from the centre of the root
sy.'?tem. Thi.s done, cut away any long and
useless or damaged roots and replace the soil.
If the ground appears impoverished add a small
quantity of new loam, mortar rubble, and bone-
meal. Cover the roots and well ram the soil
with a wooden rammer, and if it is dry give
a good watering. Add sufficient earth to allow
for a slight sinking. Large trees are often much
improved by this treatment — Apples, Pears,
Plums, can all be successfully root-pruned in
this manner. In the oase of old trees it is
essential to apply plenty of new loam.

Old Fruit W«ll8.— Some of the older fruit
walls may require attention after the fruit is
gathered, in order to make good the holes that
afford harbours for insect pests. The best thing
is to repoint them, but if this is impracticable
in present circumstances, give them a thick
limewash. The wasTi may consist of 1 peck of
lime, ^ peck of soot, and ^ peck of sulphur, mixed
in petroleum and skim milk in equal proportions.
This is an inexpensive but effectual wash when
mixed well together to the consistency of paint
and put on with a stiff brush.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Cherries.— For repotting Cherries use a
little more finely broken up mortar rubble with tlie
soil mentioned last week, but make no other
difference. If the Cherries are not quite so
well rooted a.s one would de.sire, be veiy careful
to preserve all the roots possible, or do not repot
for one sea.son. The early trees should be the
first to receive attention. Those that have only
just been relieved of their fruits can afford to
wait for a few weeks until well ripened.

FlO Hou«E«.-VVhen the fruit is all gathered
from planted-out trees let the house be thoroughly
well ventilated, and continue in this instance to
use the .syringe on fine days. If the wood has not
been fairly well thinned out, it should be done
at once. Do not leave any long, thin, attenuated
shoots, but clear them right away, thus making
more room for young growths. In the case of
Figs, keep the borders rather on the dry
side for some time yet ; no risk will be run in
doing this, it will rather assist in the ripening
process.

Pot Strawberries for Forcing.- Straw-
berry plants in pots should be examined as to
the state of the drainage after the heavy
rains, for it often happens that when standing
upon ash beds the drainage becomes choked.
Take off any runners, turn the plants round, and
rearrange them, raking over the ashes at the
same time. In the case of the earliest varieties
it is a good plan to stand them upon the top
of a low wall or upon boards, so that the plants
may not receive quite so much water as forrfterly.
If any of the later varieties were not potted
up sufficiently early for the growth to be well
advanced, place the plants in frames to fini.sh off
the growth. The lights can be left off on fine
days, but put on at night, leaving them partly
open. This will be a much better course than
leaving them fully exposed during heavy rains.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Richardia AFRic*NA.-If Richardias (C'allas)
are required for early winter flowering, some
plants are usually kept in the pots all the sea-
son. Having been given a good rest by completely
drying them off in the summer, they are potted
up or top-dressed as found necessary, and watered
to start them into growth. This is now develop-
ing rapidly, and the plants should be placed in-
doors. Give them plenty of ventilation for the
present, and sufficient room so that the foliage
will not get drawn. Those plants which were
planted out-of-doors for the summer should be
potted up without delay, as the foliage is very
susceptible to injury by frost. Reduce the ball
slightly and pot up in sizes according to the
strength of the plant. Give a good watering,
and stand the plants in a frame, or failing this,
place them beliind a wall for a few days. As
soon as they have recovered from the check, take
them indoors and treat as recommended for those
grown in pots.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.-Practically all plants,
with the exception of the batch of bush plants
for late blooming, will be best indoors after this
date. In any case, all plants with well-developed
budd must be got inside, or the florets will be
damaged by the heavy night dews or showers.
The plants should be carefully examined, and if
signs of mildew are found, a dressing with a re-
liable mildew specific should be given. I have
found " Seride " efficacious. Arrange the plants
as thinly as is possible, with the space at com-
mand. Ventilate in favourable weather. Do not
have high night temperatures ; 55° is a safe tem-
perature to aim at. If green or black fly is
noticed, fumigate the plants as soon as housed,
rejjeating this in a few days if any doubt exists
r.s to their clearance. Water fairly early in the
day, and as suon as the pots have drained, have
the floors mopped as dr\- as possible.. Keep the
atmosphere from getting close and stagnant.

THE .ORCHID HOUSES.

By ,1 rorl.lKR, Gardener to Sir JlRlMUB Colman,
Bart., Gstton Park. Reigat«.

DiSA. — The jjresent is a suitable time for the
repotting of Disas, commencing with D. Luna
and other hybrids, while the species D. grandi
flora may be given attention at a rather
later period. Ordinary flower pots or deep
pans form the most suitable receptacles, and
for well-rooted plants they should be at least
two sizes larger than those the plants now
occupy, so that very little root disturbance will
be necessary. Good drainage is essential. Let
the rooting medium be composed of fibrous loam
with the small particles removed, a little peat
and Sphagnum-moss cut rather short, and a fair
sprinkling of crushed crocks and silver sand.
The coinpcst should be pressed moderately firm,
and the receptacle filled to just below trie rim
cf the pot. Place some living heads of Sphag-
num-moss over the surface of the compost; this
will help to keep the roots in a moist condition,
and at no time should Disas be allowed to suffer
from drought, as they are perpetual growers,, and
have no decided season of rest. Place them in
the coolest and shadiest part of the Odonto-
glossura house, and admit fresh air at all seasons.
Vhen vaporising the house, remove the plants
to another structure until the fumes have
escaped, or the leaves will become disfigured.
After the repotting is finished, one watering
should be given to settle the compost, and then
for some time spraying once or twice each day,
or oftcner, according to the outside conditions,
will he sufficient to keep them moist. The plants
should be given occasional overhead sprayings
with a liquid insecticide, or the leaves may be
immersed in a similar solution to destroy thrips.
The stock may be increased by breaking up any
large specimens, taking care that each portion has
.T tuber attachctl ; they may be potted up in rather
small receptacles.

MiLTONIA ROEZLM AND OTHER SPECIES.—

I!( th "M. Ttoezlii and the variety alba are now
making growth, and forming fresh roots. If
repotting is necessary, be sure to arrange for
ample drainage, and use a compost similar to

that recommended for Miltonia vexillaria in a
ioi-mer calendar ; the plants should be given a
light position near tlie roof-glass in the inter-
mediate house. Any plants of M. vexillaria
which have been cultivated in the cool house
during the summer should now be removed to
the Cattleya oi' intermediate house. During
dull, damp weather the immediate surroundings
of the plants should not be kept too moist, or
the foliage will decay. Brazilian ililtonias, such
;s M. Regnelii, M. Binotii, M. spectabilis, and
.\I. Moreliana, having flowered, should only be
given sufficient water at the roots to prevent
s!iii veiling. M. cmieata, M. Clowesii, and M.
Candida grandiflora, as they pass the flowering
period, should also receive similar treatment.

Deciduous Calanthes of the Veitchii and
Vestita types are now finishing their growth.
The plants should be placed near the roof-glass,
and given plenty of space, so that the foliage
may not shade the bulbs ; a brisk temperature
should be maintained in the house, with a good
circulation of air. Plenty of water w'ill be re-
quired at the roots until after the foliage begins
to decay.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Naturalising Bulbs.- Recent rains have
left the tuif in good condition for planting
bulbs. Where forced Daffodil bulbs were care-
fully harvested they sliould be planted at once.
The bulbs will flower well in two years. If
the soil V below the turf is of poor" quality it
is advisable to replace it with a rich sandy com-
post. Woodlland walks, grass banks, shrub-
berries, and positions under trees are all suitable
places for bulbs. British-grown bulbs are now
available of most kinds, including Snowdrops,
Winter Aconites, Scillas, Crocuses, Muscari,
.Anemones, Chionodoxas, Erythroniums, Narcissi,
and late-flowering Tulips. Jlost of these give
the finest effects when planted in bold, irregular
m'asses. If beds or borders are to be planted
the ground must be prepared at once and a
liberal dressing of decayed manure, leaf-mould,
or old potting-soil, well incorporated witli the
staple.

Seedling Perennials.- Tnansplant seedling
perennials in their permanent or reserve quar-
ters. Plant njoderately finn, and- beyond water-
ing through a fine rose to settle the soil nothing
more is required. .

Various Bedding Plants. Lift, and place
in pots or boxes, fjobelias, Alyssums, Altei-nan-
theras, and similar plants required for stock
purposes. Shallow frames are suitable for the
Lobelias and Alyssums. Keep the frames close,
shade from sunshine for a few days, and spray
them overhead occasionally. Air must be ad-
mitted gradually, audi just sufficient heat re-
tained to exclude frost. Keep Alteniantheras in
a gentle heat and spray them lightly during
bright weather.

Propagating Pits and Frames.— Pelar-
goniums that were rooted in boxes outside should
now be removed to pits or frames, keeping them
near the glass. Admit air on all favourable
occasions. Cuttings rooted in frames should have
the soil stirred Hghtly with a pointed stick. Pick
off dead leaves and all flowers. The lights must
now be placed in position. Cuttings in the propa-
gating frame should be removed to cooler quar-
ters directly they are rooted, for in a close atmo-
sphere they grow weak and tender. Place the
best of the old plants from the beds in pots or
boxes for stock purposes next spring. The young
shoots of Verbenas and Iresines are liable to
attack by aphis, wliich can easily be kept in
check by light fumigations or syringings with an
insecticide.

Climbers.- Wall plants and climbers growing
in narrow borders get very dry at the roots, and
occasionally a plant will collapse during a spell
of dry weather, so examine the borders, and if
any are dry, give sufficient water to reach all
the roots. Complete the thinning and tying of
the .shoots, keeping them naturally disposed.
Thin the shoots freely, only retaining those
needed to fill bare spaces.

150

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEETISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. - Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time ana
trouble, H they would kindly observe the notice
vrintei weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the PniLBHER ; and that all com-
munications intended for vublication or refernrig
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The tw<>
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Special Notice to Correspondents. - The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Illustrations.— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
lor reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
/towers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimem of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

Ateraqe Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
decluced from cbservatioos duiung tlie last fifty
years at Greenwich, 49.9.
.Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Street,
Oovent Garden, Looldon. Thursday, October 11,
10 a.m : Bar. 29.5 ; temp. 48.0°. Weather-
Bright sunshine.

•ALES FOR THB BHSUINS WCBK.

MONDAY—

Bulba at 67 laad 68, Chrapside, at 1 o'clocls, by

PiKvIheroe & Morris.
WBa)S£SDAY—

Trade Sale of Bulbs at I'rotheroe & Mon-is's rooms

at 1 p.m.
FRIDAY—

Bullbs, at-Prothero© & Morris' rooms at 1 o'clock.

It is to be hoped that

Potato Spraying Steps will be taken to

in 1917. collect material for a

comprehensive report
oil the results of spraying Potatos during
the past season. Such a report would be
particularly valuable, for although the
effect of spraying with Burgundy or Bor-
deaux mixture in preventing outbreaks of
late blight is not to be gainsaid, there are
many points on which further informa-
tion is urgently required. One of these
points relates to the conditions under
which the spray fluid appears to produce
damage to the foliage. Although, having
regard to the large extent to which spray-
ing was practised, tlxe number of cases of
damage does not appear to have been
large, there appears to be little doubt but
that in some instances the foliage of
sprayed plants took on a sorry appear-
ance after being treated with Burgundy
mixture, and this result was not un-
naturally attributed to the spray fluid.

In some cases there is evidence which
points to the conclusion that if Potatos
have been subjected to severe attacks of
aphis, spraying with copper sulphate
results in damage to the leaves. The
Potatos grown in the beds outside Buck^
ingliam Palace are a case in point. Those
who had an opportunity of watching the
plants noted that the foliage was subjected

to a particularly severe attack by aphis.
Nor is it surprising that leaves so attacked
should be adversely aSected by copper
sulphate, for the innumerable punctures
of the leaf mean so many wounds whereby
the copper solution may gain access to
the tissues of the leaf. The experiments
carried out by Professor Barker and his
colleagues at Long Ashton have shown that
whereas intact foliage is impervious to the
entrance of copper, foliage punctured by
aphis does not oppose a like resistance to
the entry of soluble poisons.

Hence it is quite possible that spraying
foliage after aphis attacks may do more
harm than good. It would be interesting
.t'l know whether in such oases a dry spray
might not be used with better effect. It
seems fairly clear that in general the wet
spray is superior to the dry, although even
here it must be admitted that further ex-
periment is required.

Another point which appears to be worth
further investigation is the apparently
greater susceptibility to injury by spray-
ing of Potato foliage growing in the neigh-
bourhood of manufacturing towns. This
possibility is again in accordance with
what is known of the effects of town smoke
and its contained impurities on leaf
growth in general. Mr. Crowther's ex-
periments have shown that the normal pro-
cesses of leaves grown under those condi-
tions are impaired, the vitality of the
tissues is lowered, and in these circum-
stances it is not difficult to imagine that
a fluid which may be spread with im-
punity on a vigorous leaf may do real
damage when brought in contact with a
leaf in a poor condition.

It is only natural, albeit entirely un-
scientific, for us to draw a general con-
clusion from a special case, and it is there-
fore to be hoped that the broad results of
this 3-ear's spraying may be published.
For our part, we have seen enough to be
confirmed in our previous view that spray-
ing is an indispensable method of insur-
ance against loss of crops, and we hope
that the practice will be followed yet more
generally during the coming season than
it has been during the past year.

A NoviL Bouquet. — On the occasion of
Queen Marv's visit, on September 19, to a large
vcpe^able growing establishment in Coventry, a
novel bouquet was presented to Her Majesty,
composed entirely of vegetables. It contained
red and yellow Tomatos, young Carrots, Dwarf
Beans, Potatos, and Onions, while the necessary
foliage was supplied by Parsley and Thyme.

Bequests to Gahdeners.— The late Mr
George F. Insole, of The Court, Llandaff,
Glamorganshire, left the sum of £100 to his
form-er gardener, Mr. John, and £50 to his pre-
sent gardener, Mr. Arthur Fry.

Export of French Nursery Products
TO THE United Kingdom.— The Board nf
Trade Journal f<jr the 4th inst. .states that the
French Journal Officiel for September 18 con-
tains a Ministerial 'Decree, dated September 17,
which provides that by way of exception to
the export prohibition imposed by the Decree
of August 24, trees, ishi'ubs, ajid all other nur-
sery products may be expoi'ted or re-exported
from T'raJi'Oe, without special authorisation,

when consigned to the United Kingdom, tilie
British Dominions, Colonies and Protectoi-ates,
Belgium (uninvaded territory), .Japan, Russia,
or American coimtries.

War Items.- We regret to record the death of
Robert Leigh Keh, aged 19, who was killed in
action on September 20 last; Deceased was the
eldest son of Mr. Robert B. Ker, Livei-pool,
and grandson of the late Mr. R. Wilson Kee.

News has reached us of the death of

Private W. Hedges, who was formerly employed
in the gardens at Shipton Court, Oxfordshire.
He was wounded and taken prisoner on April 27,
and died on June 27.

We regret to leai'n that Lieutenant

Henry George Michie, fourth son of Mr.
Andrew Michie, nurseryman, AJnwick, di&d of
voiinds received in action in France, on Sep-
tember 26 kst.

New OR Notlworthy Fruits.* -In this
bulletin Mr. U. P. Hedrick continues his account
of promising varieties of fruit. The Peach J. H.
Hale, a chance seedling, probably from Alberta,
continues to justify its high reputation with
American growers. The fruit is perfectly
spherical and of fine colour, a little hardier in
wood and bud than its putative- parent, and
ripening a few days sooner. A newcomer is
Pearson, a mid-season, white-fleshed Peach of a
quaUty similar to Champion, though perhaps not
so we'll flavoured. It is, however, freer in- the
stone and ripens ten days earlier. A new red
Raspberry which gives promise is Empire.. The
berries are larger than those of Cuthbert, but
of similar colour. The texture is firm, and Mr.
Hfdrick thinks that it will prove a good
" shipper "—a specially important thing in the
Raspberry. Empire is the result of a cross be-
tween Ruby and Coutant. A new Strawberry,
Good Luck,' is among the best late berries in the
station. Of firm flesh, it stands transportation
well, and is very little susceptible to leaf-spot.
The wedge-shaped fruits are large and handsome.
It is, however, somewhat acid for a dessert fruit.
TH£ Flora of Formosa.— The Government
of Formosa has issued the sixth volume of Dr.
BuNZO H.\yAT.4's Iconts Plantarum For-
niosanarum, dated December 25, 1916, and the
seventh (and last?) volume is promised for Sep'-
teraber, 1917. Previous volumes have been
noticed in these columns, and Volume V. some-
what fully on July 29, 1916, p. 55. Volume VI.
of the Icones contains descriptions of 126 new
species, arranged after Bentham and Hooker,
and comprising new members of various families,
from the Berberidaceae to the Gramineae, and
a few additional ferns, illustrated by twenty
plates and sixty-one figures in the text. Ten
genera are added to the flora, including a new
one, named Parasitipomoea. The others are : —
Nuphar, Picrasma, Gerbera, Gardneria, Acan-
thephippium, Vrydagzyina, Myrmechis, Gymna-
denia, and Woodsia. All of these genera, except,
perhaps, Acanthephippium, are represented in
China. Parasitipomoea, as the name suggests,
is a parasite, and belongs to the Convolvu-
laceae. It is a leafless plant with foHform stems,
about 3 feet long and cymose flowers with
funnel-shaped corollas, 1^ inch long. Dr.
H.4YATA gives no particulars of the nature of
the parasitism, nor of the hosts, of this interest-
ing novelty, which has the habit of a C«scuta,
associated with flowers "nearly the same as
those of Ipomoea." Among the new plants
figured are : — Corylopsis stenopetala, Carpinus
rankanensis. Vanilla Somai, and Archangiopteris
Somai. The Carpinus is remarkable in having
slender, pendulous female catkins 4 to 5 inches
long. There are few plants described in this
volume of special horticultural interest, so far
as one can judge from a cursory examination,
though perhaps there may be something good
among the fifteen new Bambusae. Accepting
* Ball. No. 4'27, New York Agric. Ex;'. Station, Geneva'

October 13, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

151

Dr. Hatata's estimate, the total number of
species of flowering plants and ferns now re-
corded as inhabiting Formosa is 3,446, belonging
to 954 genera and 160 families.

The Prioes of Superphosphate.— The
War Cabinet has fixed maximum prices for the
sale of superphosphate in the United Kingdom
on the basis of a delivered price of £6 56. for
28 per cent, grade if delivered in Decemiber,
with a reduction of Is. per month before De-
cember and Is. per month rise from January
until May, 1918. Thirty per cent, superphos-
phate costs £6 10s. From 30 per c^nt down-
wards there is a reduction of 2s. 5d. per ton for
each complete unit ; from 30 per cent, upwards
an extra of 4s. for each complete unit. The
prices are for net ptompt cash, in maters' or
vendors' bags, delivered by rail or water to con-
sumer's nearest railway station or wharf. An
Order to this effect has been issued by the
Ministry of .Munitions, and a circular explaining
the provisions of the Order can be obtained
from the Food Production Department. The
principal provisions of the Order are sum-
marised as follow : (1) Superphosphate is to be
sold by makers in lots of 2 tons and upwards
delivered by rail or water at consumer's nearest
railway station or wharf at the prices specified
in the schedule given below; (2) manure
mixers, agricultural merchants and dealers, and
Co-operative Societies registered under the
Friendly Societies Acts are to be allowed a dis-
count on the scheduled prices of 2s. 6d. per t<in
on purchases of 2 tons and upwards ; (3) where
the consumer takes delivery from maker's works
into his own carts or wagons for conveyance
direct by road to his premises in lots of 2 tons
and upwards, a deduction of 10s. per ton is to
be made from the schedul"d prices. Tt must
be understood that makers are under no obliga-
tion to sell on these terms, as their ability t<?
deliver into farmers' carts necesi<arily depends
on the orders in hand for delivery by rail, the
stocks available for the fulfilment of orders for
future delivery, and the loading facilities at th»
works. Makers are not required to incur any
expense or to provide labour for loading; (4) in
the case of sales of lots of 2 tons and upwards
for shipment to the Channel Islands, superphos-
phate is to be delivered f.o.b. at port of ship-
ment at the scheduled prices ; (5V where super-
phosphate is sold for delivery ex vendor's st<ire
or shop (but not ex maker's worksl, or ex ware-
house, railway goods yard or public wharf, the
following additional amounts may be charged :
4 tons and over, 5s. per ton additional to the
prices shown in the schedule ; 1 ton and over
but less than 4 tons, IDs. per ton ; 2 cwt. and
ovei but less than 1 t"n. Is. per rwt. : less than
2 cwt., 2s. per cwt. These additional prices do
not anply to sales of more than 1 ton for
delivery ex railway goods yard or public
wharf ; (6) in the case of sales for delivery by
road to consumer's premises .from maker's
works or vendor's store or shop, or from ware-
li'^nsc. r.iilwav (Tmuls vnrd rir public wharf cart-
age or haulage at local rates may be charged
in addition to the prices specified in para-
graph 5 ; (7) the prices referred to above are
in all cases net prompt cash prices for super- •
phosphate in maker's or vendor's bags. Where
credit is given to the purchaser a reasonable
extra charge may be made, provided that a price
for net prompt cash is quoted on the invoice
and does not. exceed the maximum price autho-
r-B^d. If purchaser's bag.t are used, a reason-
able allowance is to be made ; (8) the .^bove
prices apply to superphosphate of lime manu-
factured from mineral phosphate, but do not
applv to basic superphn.sphate, bone superphos-
phate, di.ssolved bonos, bone meal, or bone com-
pound, guanos, or compound manure.

Rosa setipooa, Hem«lev and Wilson.—
In flower and fruit, this new Chinese Tiose is
a distinct and plea.sing addition to the wild Roses
cultivated in pleasure grounds and shrubbery

I orders. Tlie plant first flowered in this country
in Messrs. James Veitch and Son's Coombe
Wood nursery in 1909, raised from seeds
collected by Mr. E. H. Wilson in the
Hupeh district of Central China. At Kew alarge
bush IS conspicuous in the Kose collection. In
habit Rosa setipoda forms a large spreading bush
8 feet or more in height and as much in diameter.
Unlike most Roses, it has few spines, but these
are a large size and Dome on the main stems.
Most of the leaves consist of five or seven leaf-
lets. The purplish-rose coloured blossoms, about

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The EditoTt do not hold themtelvea retpontiblt for
the oyiniont expreased by correspondenta.)

Storing Late Fruit. — More or less fre-
quently it is necessary to challenge opinion and
set forth evidence in favour of new methods.
The storing of fruit is very imperfectly under-
stood. Few fruit rooms are of proper construc-
tion, and the influence of air, moisture and the
emanations from fruit are not discerned so fully
a.5 to lead to good results. It is commonly stated
that fruit — Apples and Pears — should be

\nutn:irai<h l>LI "■- •'■ "■""'

Fig. 57. — fruits of rosa setipoda.

2 inches in diameter, are freely produced during
June and followed in autumn by quantities of
richly coloured, dark red, bottle-shaped fruits,
each exceeding an inch in length, and copiously
fumishcd with glandular bristles and large, per-
sistent sepals. Fruiting sprays were shown by
Mr. J. Allgkovb at the Drill Hall on Septem-
ber 11. The elegant and graceful habit
of this species forms a pleasing contrast or foil
to the stately and handsome bushes of R.
Moyesii both in flower and fruit.

gathered wnen perfectly dry. As a fact, a wet
if clean water surface is more an advantage than
otherwise. Fruit should not be taken direct from
the tree to the store room. To develop the full
flavour, colour, aroma and keeping quality in
fruit, it requires to be sweated — a process
whereby carbon dioxide escapes through the skin
and deposits an oily or grease-like coating,
which ensures a continuance of movement
.•ind perfect development of the fruit. The
larger the body of fruit the better and
more evenly it will sweat, but to avoid bruising'

152

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

by pressure it is best to gather into boxes or
baskets holding four or five layers, or, say, half
a bushel of fruit. The boxes or other receptacles
should be stacked close and compact in a dark
or confined chamber beyond the reach of sun
heat and air in motion. A barn, shed or disused
stable, if free from strong odours, serves very
well. Sacks or mats should be placed over the
fruit in order to confine escaping gas, and
thereby induce a mild rise in temperature and
proper deposit on the skin of the fruit. The
sweating process occupies from two to four
weeks^the greener and harder the fruit, the
longer it should remain in sweat-boxes. Pears
do not call for as much sweating as do Apples,
and, taken as a whole, they require a drier
chamber and drier air than do Apples, but sweat-
ing should always be resorted to excepting where
fruit is taken from the tree perfectly ripe, in
which case sweating would cause rapid decom-
position and decay. It may here be said that
fruit, to keep well, should be gathered whilst
still firm and unripe. This applies more to
Apples than to Pears, though some varieties
prove exceptions to this rule. The fruit which
comes to us from Australasia is taken from the
trees fully two months before it may be regarded
as ripe. It is not necessary for the pips to be
brown, iov fruit when properly sweated and
stored in a cool chamber holding plenty of
moisture will go on developing from the time
tlie pips are only slightly coloured. The
ideal temperature for storing fruit is between
40 ' and 50° F. During transit in cool chambers
a temperature of 41° is aimed at, but this is
rather too low, and has a retarding effect on
most fruit stored on land. Moreover, if a fruit
room is very cool, fruit is incapable of change
for the better, and it is owing to irregular tem-
])eratures that much late fruit is either woolly
or tough, or too acid, or crude in flavour.
The average fruit room is kept too dry, ami
that is why fruit shrivels and perishes. AVhen
fruit is properly sweated and placed in a cham
ber containing moist air it is virtually impossible
for it to shrivel or fail to keep well. The way
to control moisture in the fruit room is to place
pans or buckets of water on the shelves or the
most draughty parts of the i^oor. Such water
should hold lumps of sulphur, and in the event
of the air becoming very thick the pans- or
buckets of water mav be removed. "Water should
not be thrown on tlie floor. There is no better
way of judging the condition of the air of the
fruit room than by noting the influence it
exerts on the human body. When it seems a
death-tran — a chilling, damp, catch-cold place —
it is in ideal condition to preserve fruit. Very
bard and extra late fruits should be stored in
the coolest and dampest positions. These will
always be near the floor and in the least venti-
lated corners. Late fruit should never be stored
with early or ripe fruit. The chamber should
be made clean by whitewashing and by spreading
fresh quicklime on the floor. Also a few ounces
nf sulphur should be burnt. Four ounces of sulphur
reduced to fumes will serve for an area equal
to a square of 20 by 20 feet. When the fruit
is brought in it should be graded according to
size, density and degrees of ripeness, and arranged
accordinijly. This saves a lot of labour and en-
sures a larger profit in every way. Fruit should
not be laid the best side uppermost, or on its
broadest base or side, but always with the most
mature side downwards. The moisture and
movement within the fruit is always upwards,
and where the influence of this law is
understood it will be noted that the ripen-
ing is evened and the fruit develops a mellow
and attractive flavour in all its parts. For this
reason it is sometimes necessary to turn fruit.
Soft-skinned fruit keeps best on a be<l of hay
or rushes. Leaves and straw are liable to de-
velop such wounds as seize on any weakness in
the skin of fruit. Sulphur should never be
burned in a chamber containing fruit, as it
virtually kills the skin and leads to shrivel-
ling and loss of flavour, but slaked lime
should be used to prevent mould on the floor or
shelves. Air should be cciven onlv in the early
mornintr and during the night. Ventilators
should bo in the roof — or near it — and on all
walls. If fruit does not mature fast enough, it
should be placed on the highest shelves, the air
reduced by closing vents, and more water brought

in. These are but a few hints for the proper con-
struction of a f niit-room ; the preparation and
management of fruit is a business in itself, and
not to be easily acquired or made plain. A. C.

The White Martagon Lily (Lilium Mar-
TAQON ALBUM).- In 1913 We raised a large
number of this beautiful variety of the common
Martagon from seed saved from our own plants.
About 60 per cent, came true, 15 per cent, re-
verted to the normal dull red, and 5 per cent,
showed intermediate hues of pink. A few-
flowered in their second year ; in the third year
there was a fine display. I shall be happy to
send seed of this year's crop to anyone who will
forward a stamped, directed envelope. Herbert
Maxwell, Monreith, Whaujyhill, Wigtownshire.

An Eiqhteenth-Centurv Durham Cata-
logue (see Gard. Chron., pp. 135-6). — Largely
through the kindness of Mr. H. M. Wood, of
Durham, a well-known authority on local
genealogy, I am able to answer, in part, my
own query, "Who was James Clarke? " Among
his volumes of Durham marriage licences Mr.
Wood found one dated October 22, 1770, concern-
ing James Clarke, of Houghton-le-Spring, aged
25, gardener, and Elizabeth Purdy, of Cornhill,
aged 25, the bondsman being Thomas Clarke, of
Durham, gent. They were not married at
Houghton-le-Spring, and Mr. Wood suggested my
writing to the rector of Cornhill-on-Tweed. This
I did, with the result that I have obtained a
copy of the marriage certificate, from which it
appears that James Clarke and Elizabeth Purdie
(another form of Purdy) were married at St.
Helen's Chapel, in the parish of Cornhill.
Durham, on October 28, 1770, by the Rev. W.
Whinfield, the witnesses being Samuel Purdie
and James Foubiton. Neither the Christian
names, surnames, nor ranks of the respective
parents is given in the certificate, nor the rank
or profession of the contracting parties. The
bondsman Thomas Clarke was probably the
father of the bridegroom, and the witness,
Samuel Purdie, the father of the bride. Since
Mr Wood could not find in the Houghton-le-
Spring registers any baptism of a James Clarke,
1744-6, and assuming that Thomas Clarke was
the father, the natural inference is that James
Clarke was a native of Durham, and had settled
in business on his own accourit at Houghton-le-
Spring. His designation as " gardener" was in
those days and long after applied generally to
those who had to do with gardens, master or
servant. It may be interesting to point out,
though there may have been no connection what-
ever between the two Thomas Clarkes, that the
European Magazine records the death in
February, 1792, at Jamaica, of a botanist of that
name — a botanist, by the way, who seems to have
escaped the notice of Messrs. Britten and Boulger.
Mr. Wood very kindly searched the Houghton
le-Spring registers and found the baptism records
of four of James Clarke's children ; the eldest,
James, was baptised on December 26, 1771, and
the youngest, Samuel, on April 27. 1778. As
suggested in my article, James Clarke, the seeds
man, may have been living after 1812, for there
is no record of his death up to that year among
the Houghton-le-Spring burials ; or, on the other
hand, he may have gone to another parish. At
all events, I "think these few supplementary facts
are worth recording in print. Perhaps the most
remarkable feature about this catalogue is that
it was issued by a tradesman in a remote parish
of England, and not from a big centre such as
London, Edinbursh, or Dublin. W. Tinherts. ;,<;.
Kirtg'x Avevve. Clnphnm Pnrl\ S.W.

Gunnerab in the North.— Of the larger
Gunneras which have been tested in the colder
parts of the country, the two calling for special
remark are Gunnera scabra and G. manicata.
The first is not absolutely reliable, although, if
given a sheltered place, its success for at least a.
term of years may be anticipated. It appears,
however, to be greatly harmed by strong winds.
There are, however, places in the midlands of
Scotland where it stands the winter quite well,
and in Perthshire and on the west coast of Scot-
land it is apparently hardy, and attains large di-
mfiisions, its rugged, ornamental leaves being
large and healthy. In other places, again, even
where one might anticipate success, G. scabra may
die in some severe winter, unless protected with

drj' straw or other loose material. It also suffers
from di-ought, and may be greatly weakened by
a long spell of dry weather just before winter
sets in. G. scabra major is a glorified form of
the type, with larger and bolder foliage and
taller stature. It originated, I believe, with Mr.
T. Smith, Newry, and it does not appear
to have found its way into many gardens.
Although not so rugged -looking as G. scabra,
G. manicata is the most majestic of the race in
our gardens. It grows specially well in Ireland,
where the humidity of the climate suits it per-
fectly. Some huge plants receive as many as
three loads of manure every year, and the
leaves have in some oases reached the almost
incredible size of 10 feet in diameter-. 1 have
measured leaves at Narrowwater Castle 9 feet
aci^oss. So far as I can ascertain, this has not
found its way so far north as G. scabra, but I
believe that it is as hardy. In the south of
Scotland there are some fine examples, probably
the finest being that at St. Mary's Isle, Kirkcud-
bright. In one garden not far from there, ho-w-
ever, G. manicata refuses to grow well, although
it has proved hardy there for more than a decade.
Of the other Gunnei-as the only specimens I have
seen tried in the north are the miniatures, G.
magellanica and G. monoica. The former seems
to be the hardier of the two, but they have not
beer widely tried, as they appeal mainly to the
tsoi.eric cultivator of Aljiine plants. G. magel-
lanica has lived for the past twelve or thirteen
years in a Kirkcudbrightshire garden, but in
auulher in the same county is only survived for a
cou]>lr nf yi',-irs, dying in one of the severe
wiiiti-is. wiih whicii even this favoured shire is
,,(r,-isiunallv alHicted. S. irnotl.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Weeds in Pastures.

Weeps have flourished abnormally owing to
the showery weather. Quite one of the worst of
pastui'e weeds is the Yellow Ragwort (Senecio
.Jac-obaea), occupying much space if allowed to
establish itself. The bitterness of the flower-stems
is liable to taint the milk of cows eating them.
Merely the cutting of the flower-stems is not
sufficient remedy, as the plants increase rapidly
by root extension. With the flower-stems
attached the roots are easily pulled , up during
wet weather. If this be done now the grass will
quickly grow over the spot. Thistles, too, are
numerous, but if these are repeatedly cut oft' tliey
weaken and perish.-. *

Hedges and the Harvest.

The showery weather experienced during the
late harvest was a convincing proof, if any were
needed, that high hedges around arable fields
are a mistake, owing to the difficulty of drying
the soil quickly after showers or heavy dews.
In arranging the crops in the future, especially
of Wheat, Oats and Barley, there should be no
unnecessary high hedges around these fields. In
the ordinary course of cropping with roots or
other sheep food which usually follows some
'/f these cereal crops hedges are not so
hannful. In the case of pasture fields high
hedges provide valuaible shelter for the animals.
But in the case of Wheat high he-dges should on
no account be permitted, as they harbour spar-
rows, which were so troublesome this season that
in some fields they were responsible for a loss
of 25 per cent, of the grain. This is a serious
loss at a time when the crop is of a moderate
character. E. Molyneux.

©bituar^.

R. C. Brown.— Mr. Richard Chapman
Brown, of the firm of Messrs. W. and J. Brown,
died at Peterborough on September 18. De-
ceased had been confined to his house for the
past four months. He was only 43 years of age,
and had resided in Peterborough for the past
twenty years, where he controlled the firm's
establishment in Narrow Street, and supervised
the nurseries at Star Road, New Road, and Eaat-
field, Peterborough. He was a keen horticul-
turist, and took an especial interest in Rose grow-
inu. He leaves a -widow but no children.

October 13, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

153

MOYAL MOMTHCULTUISAL SOCH

t,xhibition o/ 'British=GroWn Fruits.

UciOBER 9. — The e.xliibition uf Briuish-giown
fruits in the Drill Hall of the London Scottish,
Buckingham Gate, Westminstea-, on Tuesday
last, "was one of tlie most successful functions
of the R.H.S. during the present year. The
quality of the exhibits, both from out-of-doors
and under glass, wa« exceedingly good, and we
doubt if finer Apples and Pears have been shown
at any previous exhibition. Choice dessert
fruits from under glass were staged weU by
numerous exhibitors ; Grapes were of choice
quality, but the bunches were not so large as
they are sometimes seen at exhibitions. The
collections of hardy fruits staged by nursery-
men were deserving of the highest praise,
and competition in these classes was un-
usually keen. Messrs. Spooner and Son's
highly coloured fruits were the subject of
general comment, whilst Mr. Allgeove's fine
exhibit in the larger of the nurserymen's
classes was of the highest perfection, and
the same may be said of Messrs. G. Bcn-
VABD AND (,'o.'s and Messrs. J. ('heal and
Son's colleotions. We missed the pot fruit trees
usually staged by Messrs. T. Rivers and Son
•and Messrs. Bun yard and Co.. it being a dif-
ficult matter to tr»ns]K>rt such bulky subjects by
rail in these abnomia-l times.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee met at
12.30 p.m. to consider novelties. An Award uf
Merit was recommended for a new late Plum of
the Monarch type.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee

I'regint : Messrs. A. H. Pearson |in the chair),
A. R. Allan, G. P. Berry, J. Basham, F. Per-
kiiLs, J. G. Weston, H. Markham, A. Bullock,
.1. C. AUgrove, E. A. Bunyard, F. Jordan, T.
Coomber, G. Reynolds, Owen Thomas, P. C. M
Veitch, W. H. Divers, J. HaJiison, W. Bates,
A. W. Metciilfe, Edwin B.-.kett, G. Woodward,
E. Harris, Gvn. Keif and \V. Cramp.
AWARD OF MERIT.

Piiim Victor Chrintion. — The great merit of
this new Plum is its late date of ripening.
Fruits were shown on a previous occasion, and
a s»b-committ«?e was appointed to inspect the
tree on Seiptember 25 last in Mr. Vizard's fruit
grounds. The reixirt was favoai-able, the "tree,
growiijig as an isolated specimen, being found
to be a vigorous grower ai>d fruiting abundantly.
It is either a seedling or sucker sport, probably
from Monarch, which it resembles, but is a
fortnigh't later. The colour is deep pui-ple,
almost black, with a lighter bloom. The flavour
is poor. Branches exhibited were cjowded with
fruits. Shown by Mr. Vizard, Churchdown.
Gloucestershire.

Messrs. Veitch and Son, Exeter, showed
spi-avs of the pui7>le leaved Peach bearing num-
bers of small, dull red fruits, also a form of
Euonymus europ.ieus named fructo coccinea.
with fruits of a richer scjirlet than the type.

Mrs. Berkeiey, Sjietchley Park, Worre.stcr.
showed fine fruiting .sprays of Vilis betulifolia.
with bunches of small, dark blue Grapes.

Mr. Close, Orpingtf)n, exhiliited a new Prune
Plum. The king, narrow, dark red fruits are of
good flavour.

COMPETITIVE classes"

DIVISION I.

Fruits Grown Under Glass.

There were four entrants in the cla.'s for 9
dishes of ripe dessert fruits, and the 1st Prize,
consisting of a Silver Hogg Medal and £5, w;is
won by Lord Somers, Eastnor Castle, Ledburv
(gr. Mr. G. Mnllins), with fine bniielies of Black
Alicante and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes, a
seedling Melon, Cox's Orange Pippin and Horn
blow Apples, Marguerite Marrillat Pears, Hum-
boldt Neot^mnes. and B.irrJMgton and Gladstone
Peaches: 2nd, the Duke of Xkwcasti.e, Clumber.
Worksop (gr. Mr. S. B;irkei), with good bunches
of Muscat Hamburgh and Mu.sc»t <if Alexandria
Grapes, and extra fine Thompson and Doyenne

du Cornice Pears; oid, E. A. I'ai.n, Esq., .I.P.,
The Node, Welwyn, Herts (gr. My. 'i. I'ate-
man).

For a collection of 6 dishes of ripe dessert
fruits Lord Hlllingdun, Wilderness, Sevenoaks
(gr. Mr. J. Shelton), was awarded the 1st Prize.
He showed Black Hamburgh and Muscat of
-■Vlexandria Grapes, Lord PaUnerston Peaches,
rtibston Pippin and Cox's Orange Pippin Apples,
and a fine dish of Marguerite Marrillat Peai-s ;
2nd, the Duke of Wellington, Strathfieldsaye,
Mortimer, Berks (gr. Mr. E. Matthews) ; and 3rd,
F, R. Rood. Esq., Trebartha Hall, Launceston
(gr. Mr. F. A. Billings).

Grapes.

There was a fairly good competition in these
classes. For 6 varieties, 2 bunches of each, four
competed. The Duke of Newcastle led with
giant bunches of Gros Guillaurae, and Chasselas
Napoleon (the latter wonderfully fine), and Mus-
cat of Alexandria, Mrs. Pearson, Gros Colman,
and Canon Hall Muscat. The 2nd prize was won
by G. Miller, Esq., Newberries, Radlett,
Herts (gr. Mr. J, Kidd), who had fair sized,
nicely finished bunches of Madresfield Court,
Muscat of Alexandria, Alnwick Seedling, Black
Alicante, Appley Towers, and Lady Hutt ; 3rd,
Lord Hastings, Melton Constable, Norfolk (gr.
Mr. J. G. Besant), who had very large berried
bunches of Gros Maroc, Muscat of Alexandria,
and Madresfield Court.

Lord Hillingdon, Sevenoaks, was placed 1st
for two bunches of Black Hamburgh, followed
in order by the Duke of Newcastle and E.
Matthews, Esq. There were five entries in this
class. For 2 bunches of Mrs. Pince Lord HiL-
iiNGDON (Sevenoaks) and the Duke of New-
castle won 1st and 2nd Prizes respectively, with
v.ell-coloured bunches. Ixird Hillingdon also
excelled in th-; class for Black -Alicante, in which
Lord Somers w.ts 2nd among eight competi-
tors. Lord Hastings w;us the only exhibitor of
Madresfield Court-, and was awarded the 2nd
prize. There was only one exhibit of Prince of
Wales variety, and this, from G, Mayer, Esq.,
VVif tiers Wood, Woldingham (gr Mr. F. Nor-
wood), was awarded the 2nd prize. In the any
other Black Grape class the Duke of Newcastle
scired with neat bunches of Muscat Hamburgh,
Lord Hastings being placed 2nd with Alnwick
Seedling.

The best pair of bunches of Muscat of Alex-
andria, of eight exhibits, came from the Duke
of Newcastle's garden, and they were brightly
coloured specimens: 2nd, S. P, Emanuel, Esq.,
»)atlands Lodge. Weybridge (gr. Mr Hock). Tn
the class for any other variety of White Grape
Lord Somers led with Mrs. Pearson, followed
by the Duke of Newcastle with Canon HiiU
.Mu9C.it; there were six competitors.

Collection of Hardy Fruits.

For a collection of hardy fruits arranged on
a space of 12 feet by 3 feet, two corape'ted, and
the 1st Prize was awarded to Mr. R. Stawabd,
Pan.shanger Gardens, Hertford. This excellent
exhibit comprised fijie dishes of Emperor Alex-
ander, Rev. W. Wilks, Gascoyne's Scarlet Seed
Tug, The Houblon, Coronation, and other
Apples : Pears Le LecH.ier, Doyenne du Cornice ;
Peaches Princess of Wales. Sea Eagle, and I^at"
DevoniiUi ; Plums Late Orange, Coe',s Golden
Drop: Red Currants, Hailsham BeiTy, and Fig.s.
2nd. Lord .Somers, with excellent Apples, Pears,
Peaches. Cherries, Nectarines and Plums,

DIVISION 11,

Nurserymen's Classes.
Two classes were provided for collections, tlie
■larger being for an exhibit occupying a space of
30 feet by 6 feet, in which five competed. The
Ist Prize was worthily won by Mr. J. C.
-Allgrove, Middle Green, Langley, Slough. The
fraits, including Apples, Pears, and Plums,
.were highly coloured, large, and excellent in
•every other respect. A conspicuous place wtas

given to thirty large fruits of Rev. W. Wilks
•a.pple. Fruits of Peasgood's Nonesuch were
equally big and of splendid colour. Other ex-
ceptionally fine Apiples were Chai-les Ross, Bis-
marck, Blenheim Pippin, Emperor Alexaudei',
AUington Pippin, James Grieve, Tower of Glam-
mis, and Cox's Orange Pippin ; whilst the finest
l^ears weie Conference, Doyenne Boussoch, Mar-
guerite Marrillat, and Doyenne du I'omice; 2nd,
Messrs. G. Bunyard, Ltd., Jlaidstone, whose
iruits were of. high merit, es,pecially such culi-
nary Apples as Bismarck, Nort'olk Beauty, Mere
de Menage, Lord Derby, Royal Jubilee, Lane's
Prince Albert, Waniex's King, and Ecklinville
Seedling ; Peare Beurre Diel (of excejptionially
large size), Emile d'Heyst, Doyeimje Boussoch,
JBelle des Arbres, and Beui-re Jean Van Geert
were all good ; 3ixl, Messrs. H. Cannbll
and Co., Eynsford ; 4th, Mr. R. C. Notcutt,
Woodbridge, Suffolk.

The smaller class, for a. collection occupying
a space of 20 feet by 6 feet, attracted five ex-
hibits, all of good quality. The 1st Prize was
won by Messrs. S. Spooner and Sons, Houn
iSlow, for large fruits of exceptionally high
oolonr. Fruits of Blenheim Pippin Apple were a
dee.p red, and the specimens were nearly as large
as Peasgood's Nonesuich, of which a supepb dish
v/as staged. Others of exti-a merit were Rival,
Eibston Pippin (of marvellous colouring). Em-
peror Alexander, Gloria Mundi, Cox's Pomona,
Bismarck, Withington Fillbasket, William
iCrump, and Mother; 2nd, Messrs. J. Cheal and
-Sons, Crawley, for fruits of refined quality,
not so highly coloured as in the 1st Prize ex-
hibit, but of sterling merit: St. Edmund's Rus-
set, King of the Pippins (a glorious dish),
Charles Ross, Crawley Beauty, Ribston Pippin,
'Royal ,TubiIee and Rival are a selection ; ZvA,
The Barham Nursery Company, Barham,
■Sussex.

DIVISION III.
Market Growers.

The single class in this section was for 20
baskets of Apples of distinct varieties, suitable
for market. The only exhibitor was Lt.-Col.
H. LcMi.EY Webb, Ham Green, Upchurch, Sit-
tingbourne, whose magnificent exhibit was
awarded the l.st Prize. The very excellent
-fruits of Egremont Russet, Peasgood's None-
such, King of the Pippins, Warner's King,
Gloria Mundi, Paroquet, Ben's Red, Allinglon
Pippin and Lord I>erby were deserving of high
praise

DIVISION IV.

C. A. Cain, Esq., The Node, Welwyn, Hert
fordshire, had the be.st exfiibit of four in the
class for 24 varieties of Apples, 15 culinary and
8 dessert sorts. The fruits were of very large
size, the more notable being Tower of Glamniis,
Brainley's Secflling, Lor<l Derby, Tyler's Kernel,
'C\ias. Ross, We.althy, and Rival; 2nd, Lord
Somers; 3rd, John Liddell, Esq. (gr. Mr. R.
Learmouth), Shcriield Manor, Basingstoke. For
12 varieties of Apples, distinct, 8 culinary and
4 dessert sorts, Mr. G. Miller, Newberries,
Hadlett, Hartfordsliire, was placed 1st, his best
fniits being Rival, Gascoyne's Scarlet Seed-
ling, Rev, W. Wilks, and Peasgood's Nonesuch ;
2nd, Mr. F. G. Gerrish. Mr. Cain excelled in
the class for six culinary Apples, distinct, with
magjiificent fruits of The Queen. Emperor Alex
.inder, Rev. W. Wilks, and others; 2nd, Mr.
Gerrish. The la-st-named exhibitor led in the
cl.a.ss for 6 varieties of dessert Apples, showing
highly colouredi fniits of Rival, Chas. Ross,
Jamp's Grieve, Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange
Pippin, and King of the Pippins; 2nd, Lord
Somers.

Mr. .John Liddkll had the fine.st 18 varieties
of dessert Pears, the best being Durondeau, Con-
ference. Beurre Bachelier, and Marie Louise.

In the smaller class, for 9 varieties, Lord
Somers excelled, followed by Lord Hillingdon.

Four competed in the class for 3 dishes of
des.sert Plums, and the 1st Prize was awarded

154

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBBE 13, 1917.

to C. H. Bebners, Esq., Woolverstone Park,
Ipswich {gr. Mr. W. Messenger), the varieties
ibeing Coe's Golden Drop, Reine Claude de
.Bavay, and President ; Mr. Liddell, wlio won
the 2nd Prize, had remarkably good fruits of
nivers' Late Orange. Mr. Gerrisii showed the
best Damsons, Lord Somers the best Morello
(Cherries, and E. Palmer, Esq., Drayton House,
ghei-field-on-Loddon, the best Raspberries.
[To be concluded.)

SCOTTISH HORTICULTURAL.

October 2.— The monthly meeting of this As-
sociation was held at 5, St. Andrew Square,
Edinburgh, on this date, Mr. J. Highgate, vice-
president, in the ohair.

The Chairman made sympathetic reference to
the sudden dea,th of the President, Mr. John
Phdlips. A letter of condolence had been sent
to Mrs. Phillips.

A paper on "Michaelmas Daisies" was read
by Mr. Alex. Porter, Davidson's Mains.

The exhibits were : Collection of Michaelmas
Daisies from Mr. Porter (Silver Medal) ; collec-
tion of Collerette Dahlias, Chrysanthemum
Harry Thorpe, and Potatos, from Messrs.
DoBBiE AND Co., Edinburgh (Cultural Certifi-
cate) ; Stevia paniculata, from Mr. M. Todd,
Musselburgh ; Montbretia Star of the East, from
Mr. W. G. PiRiE, Dalhousie (Cultural Certifi-
cate) ; new single Chiysanthemum Mrs. A.
Innes, from Mr. A. Innes, Dean Cemetery,
Edinburgh; tuber of Potato Duke of York,
weighing 2 lbs., from Mr. F. Low, CuUen House,
Banffshire.

NATIONAL SWEET PEA.

October 9.— The Annual General Meeting of
tha National Sweet Pea Society was held on
Tue.-^day last at the offices of the British Whole-
sah Florists' Federation, 35, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden. Mr. E. W. King, the president,
presided.

The report and financial stat^ient were pre-
sented. Both the Society's trials of novelties
and the exhibition were abandoned in 1917. The
Swiet Pea Annual was published, and a small
exhibition was held at Westminster in conjunc-
tioi. with the Royal Horticultural Society's meet-
ing on Jidy 3. The financial statement showed
a balanc" in hand of £3 14s. 5d.

The standing orders were suspended to permit
the re-election en bloc of the president, officers
and committee. Mr. C. H. Curtis was appointed
to fill a vacancy on the committee caused by
the resignation of Mr. Gee. It was decided not
to conduct a trial of novelties in 1918, but it is
hoped^ to hold a small exhibition at one of the
R.H.S. meetings in July next.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMUM.

Cctober 8.— Not a solitary flower came before
the members of the N.C.S. Floral Committee on
Monday, October 8, at Essex Hall. The business
conducted consisted in adopting the minutes cf
the previous meeting and passing a vote of con-
dolence to the relatives of the late Mr. Eric
Such, formerly a member of the Committee.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

October 8.— Two special general meetings have
been held on previous dates for the purpose of
adopting the necessary additional and amended
rules relative to juvenile members, but on neither
date could a quorimi be obtained. At a third
nireting held on Monday last, sufficient members
attended at the R.H.S. Hall, and the juvenile
section was formally constituted.

ENQUIRIES

Addresses Required.— Can anyone give me the
name and address of a firm in England or abroad
which manufactures woad ? 2. Where can Dip-
sacus fullonum (Fuller's Teazel) be obtained ?
/. B. Hurry, M.D., Westfield, Readint,.

Tomato Crimson King. — Where cari I obtain
leeds of Crimson King Tomato? Jay Ess.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Asparagus : S. A. As soon as the foliage has
died down it should be removed, and the sur-
face of the bed carefully pricked over. If
the soil is sour a considerable portion should
be drawn off the bed. and a dressing of sliarp,
sandy soil placed over the crowns to a depth
of 2 inches. After this, add 2 inches of de-
cayed horse manure to the bed and allow it
to remain throughout the winter. At the end
of February lightly break up the manure and
place over it a covering of fine soil. A dress-
ing of agricultural salt may be applied in
March, and again a month later. In the mean-
time, trench and prepare a piece of ground, so
that a new bed may be made up in spring. If
two-year-old crowns are planted so much the
better.
Celery Diseased : E. H. M. From your de-
scription the diisease attacking the Celery
would appear to be the Celery rust fungus.
Tlie first symptoms of this disease are swollen,
pale spots on the leaves ; soon afterwards the
cuticle over these spots breaks, and' liberates
the brown, powdery spores, which spread ovej
the leaves like snuff. You should pull up amd
burn all. plants which display any of these
symptoms, as the disease ds very contagious,
and spray the healthy plants occasionally with
diluted Bordieaux mixture if the condition of
the plants are not past remedy.
Cubic Contents of Tijiber: J. B. Procure

Webster's Forestry Diary, price 2s. 6d. net.
Food Crops for Greenhouse : J no. Fish. See
reply to H. W. printed in the issue for Sep-
tember 22, 1917.
Formal CiARDEN : C. M. L. The spaces between
the flagstones were undoubtedly left for the
accommodation of suitable plants of dwarf
growth, and it sihould not be difficult to keep
them clear of weeds. We do not think you
could satisfactorily decrease the spaces except
by taking up and re-laying the whole of the
flags. You might try the use of cement, but
it would probably crack, as you suggest.
" Fungus " on Lawn : J . B. The growth is that
of a foliose Lichen. Its presence on the lawn
shows that the site is damp and ill-drained. If
you remedy this by good draining, the Lichen
will disaxjpear.
Lime- washing Fruit Walls : F. A. F. Follow
the directions given on p. 148 in the calendar
on the "Hardy Fruit Garden."
Muscat Grapes : W. U. The reason why
\'a'ponising with niooitdne compounds is in-
jurious to Muscat Grapes is that they have
particularly thin, delicate skins. In order to
get rid of aphides in the house you can try
painting a mixture of flowers of sulphur and
water on to the pipes when they are hot,
closing all ventilators during the operation.
Names of Fruits.— In the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre.
spondents should observe the rule that not uoeb
THIN SIX VARIETIES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the 'post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of iricreased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable,
n. a. p. Franklin's Golden Pippin.—
Vf. B. S. Broad-eyed Pippin and Bram-
ley's Seedling — both good keeping Apples.
—H. W. Pears: 1, Pitmaston Duchess; 2,
Emile d'Heyst; 3, Beurre d'Amanlis ; 4,
Fondante d'Automne; 5, Glou Morceau.
Apples: 1, Red Astrachan ; 2, Scarlet Non-
pareil ; 3, Stirling Castle.— .4. F. M. A. Hor-
niead's Pearmain ; B, not recognised ; C, White
Nonpareil ; D, Golden Harvey ; E, King of
the Pippins ; F, Ribston Pippin ; G, Green

FuUwood; H, Lane's Prince Albert; J, Prince
Bismarck; K, Lord Burghley; L, not recog-
nised.—Z3. W. 1, Lord Burghley; 2, Potts's
Seedling ; 3, Cox's Pomona ; 4, Stirling Castle ;
6, Pear Doyenne Boussoch. — 0. E., Meopham.
1, Cox's Orange Pippin; 2, Lord Suffield ; 3,
The Queen ; 4, Peasgood's Nonesuch ; 5, New
Hawthornden; 6, Warner's King; 7, deformed
fruit — not recognisable; 8, Cox's Pomona.
Pears : 1, Nouveau Poiteau ; 2, Doyenne du
Comice. — F. S. H. Pears : 1. Decayed ; 2,
Beurre Hardy. Apples : 3, Tyler's Kernel ; 4,
Cockle Pippin; 5, not recognised, probably too
small to be representative. — IT'. Svdbury.
Pears : 3, Catillac ; 4, Beurre Eance — the rest
too undeveloped to recognise. Apple : Norfolk
Beefing. — C. G. A. Your Pears are not nearly
ripe, and they were gathered before they had
finished growing. They cannot be identified. —
J. F. S. 1, Gascoyne's Scarlet; 2, Potts's
Seedling ; 3, Allington Pippin ; 4, Prince Bis-
marck; 5, Cornish Mother; 6, Peasgood's
Nonesuch. — /. A'. 1, Yellow Ingestire; 2,
Thompson's ; 3, Fearn's Pippin ; 4, Haoon's In-
comparable ; 5, Brockworth Park ; 6, Cox's
Orange Pippin, 7, Sickle.— C. H. W., Bead-
inq. King of the Pippins. — C. W . P. Mira-
belle. — Sussex. 1, Louise Bonne of Jersey; 2,
Marie Louise d'Uccle; 3, "Vicar of Winkfield ;
4, Winter Queening; 5, Striped Beefing; 6,
Beurre d'Anjou. — Pomme. 1, Hormead Pear-
main; 2, Nanny; 3, Alfriston ; 4, Cheshunt
Pippin ; 5, Stirling Castle ; 5, not recognised. —
A. K. Apple JoUy Beggar; Pear Colmar
d'Ete.

Names of Plants.— Correspondents not answered in
this issue are requested to be so food as to consult
the following number.
H . L. B. Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas ^. —
E. O. H. 1, Crataegus punctata var. ; 2, Pyrus
betulifolia. — A. H. Frame. Red Oak (Quercus
ruibra.— J/. IT. 1, Crataegus crtis-galli
(Cockspur Thorn) ; 2, Spiraea Douglasii.

Pelargonium Cuttings : E. B. You need not
apply water to the cuttings until they appear
ready to flag. They should be removed in-
doors almost at once, as frost may occur.
They can be potted singly at any time during
the winter, when outside work is difficult ; no
harm will result if the potting be left until
February.

Plum Trees : C. U. W. That the fruits fiall
from the trees when about the sJze of Peas
is probably due to a deficiency of lime in the
soil, which interferes with the proper stoniiig
of the fruits. Basic slag, applied to the soil
at the roots of the trees in the proportion of
three oi- four ounces to each tree, would pro-
bably be beneficial : it shoidd be applied at
once, as, it aets slowly.

Potamogeton, or Zannichellia : Pond-weed.
The weed is Potamogeton pusillus. It bears a
considerable resemblance to Zannichellia, but
the stipules are free and fall away after a time,
so that in autumn you can find them only on
the terminal buds enclosing the young leaves.
Ill Zannichellia the stipules are attached to the
edges of the leaves, and may be found at all
times until they decay. When labour can be
found, this weed can be kept down or largely
destroyed by dragging the pond with some
form of rake. The most effective way of clear-
ing the pond is to dry it, preferably in spring
or summer, and shovel out the mud in which
the weed finds a suitable roothold. The mud,
when laid in a heap, limed and allowed to
sweeten for a year, turning it once or twice
during that period, makes an excellent top-
dressing for grass.

Worm-Casts on Lawn : 0. D. M. Dissolve
half aji ounce of corrosive sublimate in 15 gal-
lons of water, and sprinkle it over the lawn.
When the worms oome to the surface sweep
them up, and do not let fowls ©at them, as
the sublimate is poisonous.

Communications Keceived-— R. D. (Thania for
2s. 6d. for R.G.O.F. box.]— J. H.— R. D., Dublin— F H.
— F. S.— W. E. A.— D. McO.^I. E. S.— S. E. W. (Fruit
for naming over-ripe; send two fresh specimens)— A.
Nix— J. W.— W. R. A.— G. W.~3. B.— R. W. T.^J. M.
— W. P.— P. R. Price— Sir W. O. G.— Dr H. E. D.—
T. H., Btemingiiaai— W. 0.— H. W. T.-^. M.— F. G.,
Palestine— J. Apsey— W. S.— L.— Allwood Bros.— Geo. L.

October 13, 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

m A R k: £: 1? s.

COVEyi OARDEX, October 10.
Plants In Pots, &c. ; Average Wholesale Prices.

s. d. s.d. -. d. s. d

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prices.

AralJa Sieboldii,

per doz
Asparf^iis plumo-

SU3, per doz. . 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri S 0-10 0
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Cacti, various, per
tray of 15's ...

— per tray of 12'b
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 8, per
doz.

— coloured, 48's,
per doz.

Cocos Wed dell iana,
4a'3, per doz.

eo's

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small
and large 60s 24 0-30 0

— in 4S's, per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32's, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,
48's, per doz .. 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis,

60's, per doz... 6 0-80

— larger, each ... 2 6-70
Kentia Belmoreana,

per doz. ... 15 0-lS 0
larger ... 30 O-GO o

— Forsteriana,60's 7 0- S 0
per doz 8 0-10 0 j^^^^^^^ longiflorum,
■'"''" ""^'' per del ... 24 0-30 0

— lancifolium ru-
brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

5 0-60

I 0-36 0 1

8 (>-24 0 I
8 0-12 0 ;
18 0-30 0

Erica nivalis, bo's,

per doz ... 4 0-60

— 48's 12 0-15 0

— gracilis 48s ... 10 0-15 0
72"8... 2 6- 3 ti

Remarks. — Consignmetats of pat plants a-i^e vei-j- uncer-
tain ; growers are sending their plants to the market
oremigiit, ' amd several stands are empty. Ericas oon-
tinue to make -a goofi *ho\v. E. hyejiialis is already
offered for sa'iv, a verv earlv <late for this variet>'.
Kochiaa are now at their best'.

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices

Arums -

3 0-36

2 0- 5 0
2 0-26
:i 0- 3 0
2 6-36

— (Richardias),

per doz. bi'ms. 3 0-40
Camellias, white,

per. doz.
CarnaLiuns, per doz

— blooms, best
American var. 2 0-30

Chrysanthemums—

— nhite, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz bunches ... 10 0-15 0

— white 10 0-15 0

Gardenias, per box 2 6-40
Heather, wbiie,

per doz. bun....
Liipageria alba, per

doz. bloijius ...
Lilium longiflorum,

long

— 1 aucif o I ium
alDuni, long ...

rubrum, per

doz. long

short, per

doz blooms ...
Lily-of-thc-Valiey,
per doz. bun ...

6 0-90
2 0-26
4 0-46

2 6-30
2 6-30

2 C- 3 0

Michaelmas Daisies

per doz. bun... 4 0-
Orchids. per doz:—

— Cattleya ... 15 0-18 0

— Cypripediums 2 6-30

— Odonioglossum
crispum

Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet per
doz. bunches... 6 0-10 0

Physalis. per doz.

bunches ... 6 0-8 D

Roses : per doz.
blooms. Frau
Karl Druschki 16-20

— Liberty ... 2 0- 3 u

— Melody ... 2 0-26

— Mnie. A. Chat-

nay

— Ophelia

— ^^unbu^8t

— White Molly
Shamiau Craw-
ford

Stallce, white, per
doz. bunches...

— mauve ..
Tuberoses, pergioss

bluonis ..

Viola cornuta

24 0-30 0 Violets.perdoz.bun.

Douiilu

16-26
2 (>- 3 0
2 0-30

6 0-80
10-16
4 0-60

Adiantum (Maiden
hair Fern) best,
per doz.*buu-..

Asparagus plu-
musus, long
trails, per half-
dozen

medium,

4 0-60
Cut Foliage. &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. 8,d. s.d.

Asparagus con. —
- Sprengeri ... 8 0 10 0
Carnation fulia^ju,

doz. bunches ,. 4 0-50
Cycas leaves, per

diz 3 0- C 0

Moss, gross bun... 4 6-50
Smilax, per bun.
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0 i of 6 trails . 16-20
Rkmakks.— There \va« a eborter supjWy of cut flowers
this nigrnJng, the cold, stormy we^iihor of the pa«t few
days having practicaliy spoiled all bloomy out- of -floors.
Asrers and Sto-ks -ire finis^Jiwi. Prii^-s are e.vp;vtt:<l to
advance during the next fe^v day:*; e.^lJcri<iIly for bun<-hed
white and colonreil Oln^santheniunis. A sliort KUpply of
whnte flowers itt a^iiicipatod for the next ffw wctks.
Hoses and Liliuin longiflorum are again dearor. The
nuijority of Carnaip'ns are arriving in much boUei con-
dition; and there aro larg« supplies of Mit^haehnas
Dairies .uid Phy.saili!<. Violet.s aiv more numerous, and
are arriving in excelbont condition., tJie coM'pr weatiher
being moie suitable for thorn. ,\ few blooma ui OiimelJliiaa
are sent by growers, «iid are soon «ild. Lily-of-the-
Vflll-ley is also sent in Inrgnr i|uaiitities, but pric«;*^ii ffff
this flower remarn firm.

Vegetables ; Average Wholesale Prices.
i.d. 8.d.

Artichokes. Globe,

per doz.
Bean a : Runner

{scarlet), per

bus.
Beetroot, per bus.
Brussels Sprouts,

per i bus.
Cabbage, per tally
Carrots, new, per

doz. Ininches ...
Cauliflowers, per

tally

Celery, p r bundle
Cucumbers, per flat 10 0-12 6
Garlic, per lb. ... 0 «- 0 9
Greens, per bag ... 2 0-30
Herbs, per doz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, per

bunch 3 0-60

4 O- .

3 0-41
7 0-10 (

Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0-40
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per doz. 0 4-20
Mustard and Cress,

per doz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, porcwt ... 18 0-22 0

— spring, per doz.

bun. ... 4 0-60

Radishes, per doz.

bunches ... 2 0—'

Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 6 0-00

Spinach, per bushel 1 0- 1 (i
Turnips, per bag ... 3 0-40

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 3 0-40

Vegetable Marrows,

per tally ... 5 0-6
Watercress, per doz. 0 4-0

Almonds, per cwt. SO 0 —
Apples :-

— cookiiig.perbus. 3 0-70

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per i bus 3 6-12 0

Aubergines, per doz. 4 0-60

Blackberries (culti-
vated) per lb...

Corncobs, per doz.

Damsons, per ^ bus.

Figs (Italian) per
box

— Worthing, per
doz

Grapes, Alicante,

Black, per lb... 0 S- 1 0

— Canon Hall, per

0 7-09
2 0-26
2 6-30

10-30

10-21

...2 0-5 0

lb.

Black Ham-

bui^h, per lb.

Gros. Colman,

per. lb.

Muscats, per lb. 1 3- 3 0

s.d. s.d.

Lemons, per case... 15 0-lS 0

Melons, English and

Guernsey, each 2 0-40

Mushrooms (out-
door, per k bus 8 0-10 0

— cultivated, per

b 2 6-20

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per. cwt. ...110 0 —

— cobs, per lb.... 0 8-0 8i
Coconuts,

100

1 0-

Peaches, per doz ..
Pears, per i bus. ..
Plums, per k bus.
Tomatus, English
per 1 2 lbs. or

peck

0 ! Walnuts, English,

per lb.

36 0-40 0
6 0-10 0

3 0-10 0

4 6-50

0 8-10

Remarks. — Supplies of English cooking and deseei't
Apples are well nid-intained- Pears are plentiful, in-
oloiding some fine exani-ples of Doyenne du Oomice from
France. Grapes ai-e plentafuJ, botih EnglieJj and Channel
Islands, bui Peaches Are almost over. Italian Figs are
verv plentifaL There are still some Donist^ns and Plums
on offer. Tomatos ave decreasiaog, but good Cucamibers
of the new crop are availsble. The market is well sup-
plied witOi outdoor vegetables. E. H. R., Corent Garden
Market, October 10, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Arthur J. Park, as G;irdeJier t<i Mr. Cbisholm.
Vann Hous«'. Ookiey. near Dorking, Surrey.

Mr. F. E- Brinicombe, for 10 years Gajdener at
Bucklaud C-ourt, .Vshhurton, Devon, as Gaixlener to
the Duke and Du<^be*s of Wellington. Ewhurst
Park, Ba^ngstoke. [Thanks for 2s. 6d, for E.G.O.F.
bos.^-EDS.j

SITUATIONS WANrED-^(C«ntlnued from pase lil.)

GARDENER (Head Working or good
SiSGLE-HAKDKD) seeks situ.itiou ; life experit-'nce ;
age 36: marnwl (no (amilv) ; ineligible; gocxl reference*.
— E. J. GARDNER, *' Encombe." Sandgate, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working, where
two or three are kept); 6 veora Head last situa-
tion ; good refs. ; exemption certificate.— W. GHEEX, Bel
mont Oottagea, Ooekfosters. New Bamet, Herts.

COLONEL WHITMORE highly reconi-
menda E. NBUillBOLR as HEAD WORKING
GARDENER; thorouglnly experieaiced in all bumches ; 11
>ear3 i>resent place ; age 47 ; married (no familr).--
NEIGHBOUlt, Ursett HaU Giudons, Grays, Eesex.

C GARDENER (Head Working) seeks situa-
^ tion, where two or more are kept; tiioroiiglily ex-
perienced; good references; married; age 40; ineligible
— GIBBS, CJliarlton A<Iani, Taunton, Somerset.

(GARDENER (Head Working) ; thor-
^-^ oughly experienced; goud reft-renocs; exempt mili-
tary Bervioe ; wife UBcful; please sftate wage-s.— GAU-
DENER, c/o Mrs. Cook, Ilopvine Cottage, Uornians,
Surrey.

rjARDENER (Head AVohking) requires

^^ re-engagcmcnt, where several are kept ; practical
ilife experience in ndl branches, ijicluding (>rchids ; mar-
ried ; age 38 ; totally reje<^ted ; obstaaner ; excellent ireier-
eiioe*.— STEDMAX, Gwrjo»> Oafitle Gardens, Abergeae, N.
WaLefi.

TTEAD WOKKING GARDENER requires

■■■ permanent situ.ition wiwTC three or more are kept;
20 years' thor(»ugb experience Friut, Flowers, and V'ege-
tablos; ineliKiblo ; disengaged 27tlh. — Particulars, S.
JUDD, The IxKlge, Overslade Manor, Rugby.

XJEAD WORKING GARDENER requires

Situo-tioii ; Life exjierience ; 8^ yeairs laflt pll^ce ;
married (2 children) ; age 50. Please et-ate wages. — JOHN
HILL. Oliestbam Gardens, llenfield. Sussex.

GARDENER or GARDENER and MAN-
.\GE small Faun ; 30 years' experience ; 18 years
Head in weldkc.pt Goiviejis ; highest references; at libertv
end of October. G. GMMSIBK, Dauivteey Park, Chippeni-
ham, Wilts.

T WT HARRIS, Bevendean Gardens, Ox-

" • stiott, Siirrex-. hi^hh- recommends a good, ex-
perien<-«l, a.U-ronnd G.^EDEN'ER, with two or three
men; age 46; two (children, growTi up; excellent charac-
ter; 11 3*ears_j.n pi-eaeflit sit un tion.

GARDENER; nea^London preferred; 28
years' experience ; well up in all branches ; expert
llfwe grower ; age 16 ; excellent references ; married. —
M.VIISIULL, 25, Cliureh Road, WiUesden.

SITT'ATION required, Kitchen Garden
.111.1 Flciu-nrc Grounds; oge 4S ; .single; can be well
recomniiMidc'l.— A. H., 4. Renshaw Street, Wandsworth
Roiul, Olapfemi, S.W.

Tp HUXFORD, Andover Cottage, New

-*- • Road, Ascot, Berks, discharged soldier, seeks
situation as FOREMAN (Inside); 9^ years' experience in
good estublislimenits ; age 26 ; esceUent references.

T\7'ANTED, by Lady with experience in
' ' Oiuiada and one vear'i^, training at English Garden-
ing CoUege. posiUou as ASSISTA^■T GARDENER, under
fi!"st-clas3 Head Gaaxlener, on gemtleman's large estate ;
would like to rent good lui-nished cottage on estate or iii
neighbouring village.— Addi ess, MRS. HOUSTON, Hunts-
mo(.«r, Iver, Bucks.

QARDENER (Lady), with some experi-

^^ ence, i-equii-es Post where good Head Gtirdener is
kept ; live in or out ; used to hoases and carts; near Lon-
don preferred.— A. H., Bos 21, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Gai^en, W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Post in Novem-
-'-^ ber, under ^ood Head. Glass Department; 18
months' experience; Home Counties prefen-ed. — J-
FOWI^ER, The G;irdens, 'Ouniiara Massey Hail. Altrino-
ham, Chesliiro.

rjARDENER'S Daughter seeks Situation,

^-^ where other ladies or hidy Head ai-e kept ; some
experience; able .to t aire duty; well i^e*--oram ended. — Staite
particulars, M. F., Box 26, 41, Wellington! Sti-eet, Oovent
G.u-den, W.C. 2.

'PWO WOMEN GARDENERS require

-^ Posr together ; good practical experience in aJl In-
side work ; under gwxi Head Gaixlener ; good references.
— JIISS SPEXCBR. The Gardens. Coombe Abbey,

Covento-v.

CTRONG LAD, 15^, requires Situation in

^^ Kitcheoi G^irden ; 2 rears' experience Inside and Out ;
Bnih\- preferre<t.— M. MBLTOK, The Gaidcns. Docking
ilill, King's U-rnn.

TRADE.

lyrANAGER, Market or Retail Nursery;

•^ -*- life experience : Inside and Out ; OncuJilbers,
Tonutos, Cha-y.sivntlieiniUTis, Pkmt Cultui-e, Fruit. Vege-
tiibl^. Salads, FloraJ Work ; married ; age 46 ; abstainer ;
not eligible ; 17 ye;irs' good references as manager. —
State wages and particulars, W. FOSTER, 3. Woodiainds
Ooltages, St. Monica's Rood. Burgh He;itli, Tadworth,
Surrey.

GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
M.\N.\GEMENT, G.irdens, FarmeiT. SinaJl Estate,
Food Production, Improvuv Orchards, Frnii. Wantations,
Mushrooms, Tomatos, Dairv Hend, Pigs, Forage Croi>s.—
B., Boi 25, 41, Wellington Street, Ooveut Garden, W.C. 2.

'T'RAVELLER or- MANAGER.— Adv'ert.iser

'*- witih long praclioiil experience ill the Fiarni a.ud
Garden Seed arwi Nurser.\' Trade, desire.s engagemeait with
high-cias.s retaiil or wliolosailc firm. — Write, G. W., Box
14, 41. Wellington Street, Covent Chirdeii, WO. 2.

lyjANAGER or FOREMAN (Working), in

Market Nurse r.v ; over 25 yeai-s' expcrien<^ in
Tomaios, Ououmbers, Chrysan them inns. Grapes, Mush-
rooms, Mint Forcing, Bedding Stuff ; moiTied ; age 45 ;
good references. — W., 10, Olark's Oottagea, WooHJarfl
Street, Walt-ham 'Abbey.

"lyTANAGER or FOREMAN desires Re-

•^^-■- en^geiment ; life experience in up-to-date London
and pi-ovincijil Nmveries; good referenees. — B. A., Box 1,
41, Wellington StreeJ, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

IVf ANAGER, SHOPMAN, or CLERK ; life

^'■^ experience in Retail Seed Trwide, buying and exe-
cuting orders ; used to brisk coimter trade ; ineligible.
— C., Box 24, 41, Wellington Sti'eel, Oovent Garden,
W.C.^^

T^UTCHMAN, aged 30, single, who had

-'-' charge during the last four years nf one ot the
largest Nurseries coiinecte<l wiil.h Landscape Gaivlening
in Hollaaid some exi>erionce in Seed Growing, seeks
situation as MANAGER of Nursery or Landscape Busi-
ness.—B. 0., Box 11, 41, WeJUingtojii Street, Oovent
Gaixien, W.O. 2.

■pERN RAISER and GROWER, age 46;

-*- life experic'iK'e in London Mairket Nurseries ; ooni-
pplent tn. tialie e<titire charge; good references.—
"FKKXS," Bmx 17, 41, Wellington .Street, Oovent Gar.

l^^KRX RAISER

-■- iiKuicncv ; mavriwl

requires Situation ; per-

iiieligible ; well up ; take full

charge— Write, A. U..

Box 12, 41, Wellington Street.,

Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

SITUATION Wanted immediately, as
OHAKGE HAND ; life experience with Cucumbers,
Tomatos. Chrysanthemums, and Oamatione ; aJlso Vege-
tables ; plea.se state wagea ; rejected through deaitness ;
age 31 ; 10 yea.rs' rpfcrenoe— WHITE, 123, Albury Road,
South iVIergtham, SuiTcy.

SITUATION Required as SHOPMAN; 7
vc:ir-,' r\|i.iiri, . Wli..|.-;ile and Retail Seeds, also
Floral aii^ Niii-. , .. I ■!: Inigfd; age 24; good re
fcrence.s Wm. t.i , • j - offered, E., Box 22, 41,
Wetliiigti.il Slir, ! . r.Hi :il i: irden, W.O. 2.

WO experienced WOMEN GARDENERS

seek situation in iiiarliet or retndl Nuirseiy ; well np
in General, Insid.e„ and Out work; oges 23 and 18. ~1';..
Box 9, 41, Wellington Streot, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 13, 1917.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book, 1918.

(PRICE Is. 4d. POST FREE.)

This Directory is

NOW BEING THOROUGHLY REVISED

in preparation for the new issue, which will be published early in December.
Revision Forms have been sent to those whose names appear in

ANY LIST

and every page is being corrected to date. Besides this, many new names
are being added. Will those who have not yet sent back their forms kindly
do so AT ONCE, otherwise it will be too late to make any emendations.

This Directory forms a

FIRST-CLASS MEDIUM FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

and the charges are extraordinarily low. Those who have not yet booked a
page in this widely-read publication should send at once for a list of prices.

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory, 41, Wellington Street, W.C. 2

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle.'

1/6

net
per
Vohime.

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 *^ols.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Nozv

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S. :: :: Ready.

ORCH;DS. By JAMES Q-BRIEN, V.M.H.,
Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.
Fruil Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M H.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB,
Chairman of Committee of the Midland
Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.
W. WILKS. M.A.
CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK. Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H., and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE. F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.
PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with mtroduction by WM, ROBINSON.

Author of "The English Flower Garden,"

(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
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Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love and MALCO^rSl)N, Ltd., D:ijh;. Stject, High HckUjott, London. W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
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-41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address— " Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543,

Fop contents see page 155.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

AtlvertiseTs will plecue note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

PATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.— New

^-^ illnatr;i.t.ed out^Ioj^rno, i-oiilainiiig full cailuiral notes
tif the bewt new <iin<l staiidani varieties, is noi*- ready,
and ttilJ l»e wefit. post free on appUcation.— (Deiit. A).
It. H. BATH. LTD.. The Flonfl Fanns, VViebeoh.

I^ATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

■*^ illust.rat.i^ catalogue of the tUicat Naroisa, Tuliiw,
&e.. as suppliwl irt tlhe Ro>'al Parks :*nd Gardens, witit
full t-ultniral direct ion», is now iread.v, and will be sent
|>ust free on appluation.— (Dept. A), U. H. BATH, LTD.,
Tbe FlnraH Farms, Wisbech.

NOW IS THE TIMiE TO PLANT.

K'ELWAY & SON,

•*•* The Roval H<M*icultniri«te.

LAN'GP'ORT. SOMERSET,
ore now Ixioking aiders for tlieir Clioice Hardy Por«miol
Ptairttf. PUint «i CWloiir Border t.hia Aut-unin, and yon
will be al)Li> to enjoy itts be-iuty for many years without
;rnv a<lditioiKil exi>en9e or ta-ouble.

Send meainiremonta of your Borders.

Paeonios, Delirtiininms, Pliloxcs, ClAillardias. aiwl other
lieantifirf flowers. in.Ind«l in t^ujir Colour S^vhemes, wliirji
piovide blooms from early Spinng to late Autumn.

WlirrE NOW to tile KETAIL PLANT DBPAUTMEXT
fcir Hedu(»d I'rioo List.

JTING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-

-■-*• dncwl the lln«*.-t anj most r<3markable Apples and
IV.ira im reooixl. 60 acres of Choice Pniiits to select
(iiini. I'lesise see onr lllustnate<l Cal.ab<rne. free h\- j>ost.
lieforo or<l.-riiig eJsowliere.— KING'S ACRE NURSEHIES.
LTD.. Hereford.

ICING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and

-^»- OBNAMENTAL TRIJES ami SHRUBS, of ftnost
quality. Catali^ues free by iHwt.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, LTD., Hereford.

"TIOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

*- Peas. Ro«e», Oamations, Seedliiist arid Ve(rc*able
I'laiit.^, \e., post free.— DOBBIE & CO.. Koi al Florists,
• Kb.

■RUN YARD'S FRUIT TREES.—

New Prieo List ik>w ready, and will be sent Iree
by return lA ptwt.

GEORGE BUNY.\BD ic CO., I/TD.,
Eoyal Nurseries, MAICSTONE.

Kdii

JJHLOX. — Finest varieties in cultivation.

•■- Si^M.l fnr list.— H. J. JONES. Rvecroft Nuirseries.
I.«wwhani. S E. U

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

'-" •• Viirol>t<<." suijierior to White Lead Paint.
" PlnjUine " superaedea putt>'. Full partieulara fj«n
W. 0AIR80K & 80NS, Groye Works, Battersea. Ageotts
throughout the eoimtry. *

SUTTON'S DAFFODILS and NAR-
CISSl for natiiraliSBlion by the banks of etre;uns
and pon.lH, under trees, in woodland gardens, oroh.ii'ds,
slu-ubberifs. boi-dws, and among gross.

1,000, in 10 TiQjiied varieties, 50s.
500. in 10 numed varieties. 26s.
250. iu 10 nam<yi varieties, 13s.
100, iu 10 n.Tmed raneties, 6s. 6d.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GUOWN BULBS, containing particulars of the most
popular Daffodils, Narcissi, May-flowering and Danvin
Tulips, ic, kc, sent post free on application.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

s

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Uuvremxi Road, SouUi Totienhojii, N. 15.
OoiiserTatori<s. Wintex Gardens, Vineries, Peadi -houses.
Portable Buildings. &c. CutologTies eratis.

'T'HE DIFFERENCE between a good adver-

-^ ttsin^ medium and a had one is a frequerat subject
of discusaion among ti)o«e who are determined to
get the beet tiso out of the money tJiey 8i>eaid on pub-
hcity ; but. in the end, it resolves itself into tho diffeo--
ence between weoJihy readers and poor ones. Those
who are advertising cheap goods naturaily turn to a
journal with an enormoua circulation, even though it
i?iay be ooDii)08ed of people of indiff<Tent means. But
«>iher8 who supply iiie thcuaand and ono nocessitics oi
ft largo garden ItTiow that such a garden presupposes a
man or woman of means as th« owner, who «an afford
not ori'y the garden itself, but a etufT of permanent
giiwlemTS to tend it. To such a salestnani, a joumuJl
which goes into the hiands of tliouaftmlfl, or even million*,
of small people, is next to useless. Ho should turn rather
to a journal, 8u<di as the " Gardeners' Chronicle," which
reat-Jiea the right people; the keen profeaaioufll gar-
dener and the weoJtJiy air.sUcur. IThe response of such
readers to a woU-written advertisement is immediate
and satisfactory.

"DARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the
richest coloined flowers of spring; plant now. De-
8<-.riptive list free.— BARiR & SONS, King Street. CovciU
Gorden. W.O. 2.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

^^ • Gr.«>nhou«», &c., and Heating Engineers,

Danvera Sti-eeit. CJiclsem, lyon.loii, S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Wosteiu, Lcuuloii. Telephone : 201, Western.

w
w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

BAOBOUS PLANTS.-New Catalogue i\<m ready.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

Bl'LH.S.— New Catalogue now a'oody.

"WATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

' ' Catalogue anrd Siipplemetifciry List of now lUid
nlioice \i:tri©ta.-s now ready.

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND

' r CHOICE SHRUBS.— Catalogue tree.'
All or any of the above Gat,alognes forwarded poet
free on receipt, of ntunc an I address.

JOHN W-\TBRER, ,SONS & CRISP. LIMI'liHai,
The Nui-scries. Bagshot. Surrey, and Twjford. Bea'ks.

"DOSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL

-■-*' NORWICH ROSES.— Oui- new deMiAptive price
list, with Bints on, How to Gro^v Roees, now ready,
post free. — Write to-<lay, A. J. i O. ALLEN, Rose
Growers, Norwich (for over 50 years).

For Advertisement Charges lee page v.

H

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DHREHAM.— Sentl for Rose Catalos'ue, post tree.

B

UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our now descriptive list is now ready, and
ent on receipt of oaird.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO. BUNYARD k CO., LTD., Eoyal Nnrseries,

M-aidsbone.

ft A N D E R S, Orchid

^ St. .UbaJie.

Growers,

"niCKSON'S HORTICULTURAL

•*- MANURE and other Iwigh-daes Fertilisei® ; ailso
Dicfcsfm'a Improved Mushixxini Spawn. Priced circulars
free on applicatdon to DICKSON'S, Royal Seed Ware-
house aawi Noipseries, Chester.

rjISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ <-eiitury's repatation for- effeotivene«9 in preveint-
in^ and destroving Red Spider, Soale. Mealy Bug,
Tlirip, .iimerican Blight. Green end Brown Fly, &c.
.Sold in 'bo-xes about lib., 31b., and 121b., bv Dealers
in Ganleii Simdpics. WliolesiaJe : I'lMOE's' PATENT
CANDLE 00.,' LTD., B;itter8««, London, S.W. 11.

SURPLUS FRUIT.— Have you any? If
so, write H. J. JONES, Kyeci-oft Nurseries,
U-wislnun, S.E. 13.

ftPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try

^ our splciidi.l \orkshirc WhiiK-oM Tweed; wears
l^ke leat^ier; (^huuripniof ; 7 \ard.s for 17is. 6d. Pattewis
free.— BR.VUFOHU WOOLLE.N CO., 71. Bradford.

C)RCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-

^-^ deiidti-oii IV-U', free tfrnm bracken, 16r. pei- yaaxi,
5 to 18 .«u'd tnniks. bags 308. dojiem; Loant. Leaf Mould,
Silver Sand, in bags and truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre, 6 for lOs., siwcial ra*es; special Bulb Compost for
bowls, 6s. bag.-^. HANDSCOMBE, The NurserieB. Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

FERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, CUmbing
Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse Feme,
Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH,
London Fern Nursery. Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

■piAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

-*-- ails for Gra.ss, Shrublieiits, and Wild G:ia-doii)ing,
15s. an<l 21». 1,000; selected for forcing, 258. 1,000; <is
dug, 12s. IKS- bualiel (2,000), 3a. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).
—.1. HANU.SOOMBE, F.R.H.8., Feltham Nuiisoi:ies,
Middlesex.

1 no CiCiCi LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

i-yjyf fyfyyyj 20s. 100 ; Pabns, Uegonias, Orolons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias Lilies, Hydrangeas,
Ace. ; catalogues free. — J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nuf-
seriea, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

Tl/'-A^NTED, choice Fruit, Flowers, and

"' Vei^etables ; liest market prices j'etumed; boxes
&c., sent. Surplus stock from Gardenis accepted. —
MORLE & CO.. 160-156, Fincbley Road, N.W. 3.

W^-ANTED, good LAYERS of "Cecilia,"

" " " Kinig Artfcir," " Eabj- Oast.le," " Duchess of
BMfe," and " Mrs. Nicholson''; must be absolutely the
best stock.— Stale price to ALLWOOD BROS.. Carnation
Specialists, Haywards Heath.

THE GARDENERS' CHRuNWLE.

[OolOBER 20, 1917.

SAL£S BY AUCTION.

HAWKENBURY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

Olear

•e S;ile of the whole of the Xurserv Stocli, hy
order of the Troii^eft, without reserve.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,
in oonj unction mth Mr. O. E. WeJstbrook will Sell
by .^uctdoin on the premises,

DANE'S NURSERIES, HAWKENBURY,
TUNBRIDGE WELLS,
On Tuesday and Wednesday, October 23Pd
and 24th, at 12 o'clocK each day,
2,000 Thuja Lobbii, 2,000 Auxlubas, 3,000 Laurels, thou-
sands of Trivet, 50O Japanese MapOes, including many
specimens, 1,000 dwarf Bnses, Specimen Border Shrubs
in varLety, and other Stock.

May be viewed. Catalogues had on the premises; of
E. Lester, Esq., the Trustee, 4, Dudley Road, Tunbridge
Wells: Mr. E. O. Westhrook, Bank Buildings. Tunbridge
Wells ; and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68. Clheapside, Lon-
don, E.G. 2.

HAMPTON HILL, MIDDLESEX.

0!e,u-an^'e Sole, by Or.ler of Mr. G. Uzzell, who is
relinnuishing the Nurserv.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

^^-*- will Sell hy Auotion on the piemises,

46, WINDMILL ROAD, HAMPTOW HILL,

On Monday, Oetobep 29th, 1917, at 12 o'clock,

4,000 .^spaLivig:us pluinosus nantis,
600 CallflB, 1,200 Adiiantunis,

200 Ch-pripedium dnsigne, 450 Stocks of Paeonies,
8.000 Flower Pots.

Herbaceous Stock, Bamboo St-akes, and Suoidiies.
May be viewed. Catalogues can be obt,ained on pre-
mises, .and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68,
C^heapside, E.O. 2.

BURNT ASH HILL NURSERIES,

LEE, S.E.,

ASH

BICKLEY HILL NURSERIES,

BICKLEY, KENT.

Sale of weJl-growii surplus stock; suitable for immediate
planting.

TYfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-■- will Sell by .^.uction on the pvemises a,« above
On Thursday, November ist (Leet nd Friday,
November i!nd (BIckley), at 12 o clock each day,
5,000 Standard and Trained Fruit Trees.
2,500 Oupressus Lawsondana..
1,200 Planes.
1,500 Limes.
1,700 Thorns.
Quantity of Yews, Thujas, Laburnums, Ebns, and other
ornamental Trees, and Standard and Blisli Roses, and
Laurels, &c.

May be viewed. Catalogues can. be obtained on pre-
mises, ol.so at Burnt. Ash Road Nurseries, 61, High Street,
LewLsham ; and of the Auctioneei's and Valuers, 67 and
£8, Oheapside, E.C. 2.

BULBS.

lifESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are

-^ holding Sales of Bulbs every Monday, Wednesdav,
and Friday. Sixpence in stamps will ensure a supply of
twelve tvatalogues. Commissions e.\ecuted — iUCTIOX
ROOMS. 67 and 58, Cheapside, London.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Nox', October 24th, at 1 o'clock.

Upwards of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including Narcissus, in all
the best-lunown varieties for forcing or planting out ;
Polyanthus Narcissus of sorts, in sacks as received ;
Early, Darwin (many of which will force) and Ma.\--
flowering Tulips; many thousands of Snowdrops, Free-
sias, SciUas, Anemones, Aconites, English and Spanish
Iris, earlv-Uowering Gliaddoli, Bearded Iris

lifESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-■• will Sell the above by Auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Cheapside. London, EC. 2.
Catalogues forwarded oa applaoation.

Wetherby Holme, Branksome Avenue,

STANFORD-LE-HOPE.

About one mile from the Raihv;n- .Station.

IVfESSRS. OFFIN & RUMSEY are in-

-'■'-■• stiuct«l to Sell by Auotion on

Tuesday, October 23rd, 1917,

precisely at ha'f-past three o'clock,
about 6,400 feet nm SOUND TIMBEK, comprising quar-
tering, boards, posts, &c.. of various dimensions.
180ft. of 5in. by 4in.. Pitch Pine.

1,200 ft. of 3-in. Hot-Water Pipes,
BISSON BOILER

(to heat 1,250 feet), in good order
650 Frames, oontajning 550 sheets ol 21oz. Glass, each

5ft. by 2ft. 6in,, fixed in grooves to slide out intact, if

required.
Catalt^ues may be obtained at tlie place of sale, and

of the AUCTI0NI3E1RS, E0(3HF0RI>. ESSEX.

austmess for sale.

PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul-
tural, Market Garden, and Estate Auctioneers
A.\D Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC, and
at Leytonstone. E. Monthly Hortioultura:! Register had
on application.

GARDENER'S and FLORIST'S Busi-
ness; no premium.— £225 would be accepted for-
four Greenhouses (135 feetj. Garden Lights, Barrows,
and Accessories ; good opportunity for discharged sol-
dier.—Apply, FRANK N. BATBMAN, 53. The Broadway,
Wimibledon.

BUSINESS WANTED.

WANTED, NURSERY, suitable for
Tomato growing; 1,000 to 2,000 feet rmi ; Worth-
ing district preferred..— State price amd full pai-ticulars
to S. J., Box 9, 41, Wellingtonj Street, Oovent Garden,
W.C. 2.

BUSINESS CARD.

15 R I T I S H CORRESPONDENCE

-*-' SCHOOL OF HORTlCL'LTUltE, PE.NNINGTO.NS,
254, Oxford Road, Manchester. — Complete courses for
R.H.S. Senior, Jtmior, TeTLChers', and National Diploma
of HorticultLLrai Examinations. Fees moderate. — Write,
SBCE^TARy.

PROPERTY TO LET.

THE BARLEY ESTATE, EXETER.

To Nurserymen, Market Gardeners, and Others whom

it maj'- ocmicerai.

TO be LET, from Christmas, 1917,
.all those well-known GARDEXS, known as
" The BowhUl Nurseries," for many rears past in the
occupation of the late Mr. Geo. KerswiU, situate in the
parish of St. Thomas the Apostle^ and wdthin one mile of
the centre of the City of Exeter, comprising : —

a. r. p.

House, Baildings, and Yards 0 130

Gardens 13 0 14

Pasture Land 5 18

le 3 12

The Buildings consist of an. historically intea^sting and
commodious Dweiling- -house, with ample accommodation
for storing and i>acking fruit, &c. ; Carpeoter's Shop,
Stable, Vaii4iouse, Cow^eds, Piggeries, Cart, and other
Sheds.

The Gardens are fully stocked with the choicest sorts
of stajudard Apple, Pear, Pliun, and Cherry Trees, Goose-
berry and Currant Bushesi, and Raspbern.' Oanes. There
aj-e also Pe>ach, Plum, and Cherry Trees on about 400
yards of wall.

The whale Stock consists of about 7,000 Trees and 24,000
Bushes. The greateir part of it was plaatod by Mr. Kers-
wiU, who was an e^celleml, judge of the most profitable
and marketable sorts of Fruit to grow. The whole is now
the property of the Landlord, and will be included in the
Letting.

Further particuilars, with permissionj to view, may be
obtained, and the form of tenancr Agreement inspected,
at the offices of MESSRS. J. & 'h. DREW, 15, Queen
Street, Exeter, Land Agents and Surveyors.

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

A NEW 1/- EDITION OF

THE PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNATION.

By Mo-N-TAGU C. Allwood, F.R. H.S.
A practical book by a practical man, containing
all necessary information for the good cultivation
of Carnations. Post free 1/2 from

ALLWOOD BROS., S^yward?I^hIat*4:

PLANTS, Ao., WANTED.

TITANTED, the GARDENERS' CHRON-

■ ' ICLE, bound oi- unbound, clean, for the last few
years ; also Nidholson's Dictionary of Gardening, com-
plete, in good condition.— Offers to G. HODGSON, Henis-
wortih Grange, neai- Wakefield.

TITANTED, LILIUMS ; Croceum, Spe-

" ' ciosum, Tigrinum, Umbellatum, Elegans, and
other liordy varieties. — BAKERS, Codsall, Wolverhamp-

XyANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' ' old plants, suitably for stock ; casli or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Lougliborou£ih Junction, London,

s.w.

T^yANTED, a large quantity of CALCEO-
' ' L.^EIA CUTTINGS, Golden Geni. — W. GROUT,
Folly Farm Nursery, Montague Road, iKiwer Edmonton.

PLANTS, &0., FOR SALE.

LIVERPOOL rjORPORATION.

NURSERY STOCK.

FARM AREA, near GATEACRE.

OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET.
Special offer of the following lots, all in grand condition ;

Two years, strong and well rooted 10s. per 1,000.

90s. per 10,000.

800s. per 100,000.
Very, bushy traneplanted cut backs, 18-

24 inches 20s. per 1,000.

Very bushy, tiransplanted, cut backs. . 50s. per 1,000.

2508. per 10,000.
Very bushy, transplainted. cut backs, 2i-

3 feet 40s. per 1,000.

350s. per 10,000.

Very strong and bushv, 3-4 feet 6s. per 100.

50s. per 1,000.

Very strong and biLshy, 4-5 feet lOs. per 100.

80s. per 1,000.

ALSO THE FOLLOWING, ALL FINE:
Aucuba japonica, bushv pdants, 15-18 inches,

3s. 6d. per doz. ; 25s. per 100.

Ditto, 24 inches 8s. per doz. ; 50s. per 100.

Sycamores, fine well-furniished trees, 12-16 feet,

2s. and 3s. each ; 20s. and 30s. per doz.
Ltilirel rotundifolia, 4-4ift, 9s. per doz. ; 60b. per 100.
Thorns, Crimson and Pink, 6-7 feet. Is. each ; 9s. per doz.
Fruit Trees, in a number of leading varieties, 3 and 4
years old, 10s. per doz. ; 70e. per 100.
Pear Trees, Olierry Trees, large fruiting size,

2s. and 3s. each.
Prunes Pissardii Bushes, 3-4 feet 7s. 6d. per doz.

These prices are free on rail at Gateacre or
Garston Station..

Apply to THE CITY ENGINBaM,

Municipal Buildings, Dale Street, Liverpood ;

or his Representative, MR. J. HAIGH,

Public OflBces, Grange Lane, Gateacre.

MISCELLANEOUS.

THEY'RE NOT STICKY.

Beacom Oilsltins are quite free from any stickiness,
and, what is more important, they never fail to keep
out the hardest rain or 8le«t. Hundreds of faamers,
gamekeepers, and other outdooor men, women, and chil-
dren wear tiiem because the.v bring weather comfort.
You ought to wear them i'. .iou want to keep dry in
any deluge. The Beacon Booklet will help you to
choose the style vou need. Ohildren's Cceta from
10a. 6d., Men's from lOs., Ladies' Smart Oilskins, 21s.
Long Leggings from 3s. Sou'-westers, from Is. 9d.
Your money back if they don't satisfy you entirely.
Send a jjostoard to-day for our Free Booklet of
" 'Weafiher Comfort."— Send now— before you forget— to
BARBOUR'S, LTD., 56, BEACON BUILDINGS, SOUTH
SHIELDS. (2)

LANG'S " IDEAL " MANURE, for Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables; 12s. 6d. per owt., £10 10s.
per ton, cjirriage paid. — G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

'"PESTITE" destroys all soil pests

ireworms, club-i-oot, wiart disease. &:c.),
and promotes vigiuoiis growth. Price 10s. 6d. per cut.,
£8 per ton, carri.ige paid— G. LANG & SONS. LTD.,
Hofuuiislow, Middlesex.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

PRIVATE.

WORKING HEAD GARDENER re-
quired at once; tlhree under; good wages and cot-
tage.— CROPPER, Poi-t?ke\vetfc, Monnioutlhsihire.

WANTED, UPPER GARDENER, cf
two, for 'Simill, comiM-ct Garden on Bristol Olian-
nel ; must be over ag-e or ineligible. — Writ* to II. P.,
Box 5, 41, Wellingtoai Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-
tNG) ; fii'st-class niim ; two kept ; thoroughly ex-
perienced Vegetables, Outdoor Fruits, and Herbaceous ;
small Greenhouse and supervision of poultry and pigs ;
house (4 good rooms and scuLleiry), coals, and vegetables.
Full particukins of experience, wages, age, and family;
also copies of testimonial's (itf any).— PRESOOTT, Higth-
kinds, Woldingtham, Surrey

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENEl! for morlerate-siz.ed G.irden ; must ha;ve
knowledge of eleotJic light engine; good wages, cottage,
coals. — Apply, S, H. A., Avon Oarrow, Avon I>assett, War-
wioksQiire.

OCTOBEB 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
Uli.NKK; tairee Kept; toUage, — Wr.te. statins
wages, OOLOXEL CRO.MPaOX-ROBERTS. Drybridge,
Moiuuouth.

ANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

UES tiK ; goixl jiiiuw Itdye lii^ide aiiul Out ; two
other nieu kept; sing'le prefeiued. — MES. TYNDAUi,
Meadoworoft, Ohislehurst.

WANTED^ SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
l)E.Ni/K ; aneligible ; sjigi* man ; Fruit, Vege-
tables, Glass. — Reply to LEUHAM. Woodliam Koad,
Woking.

WANTED immediately, competent

.MNUUi-llA-VDELl GARDENER. — Apph , ilK£.
F0,\, Wuyiide, Chipst^ad, tiurrey.

\\7'ANTED,^GARDENER (ineligible), to

'^ • work under Htad Gardeiiei, wiieie otuers kei-. ;
good wxiges and cottage ; pemiainent place it '^aatisfactor.v .
— ^Write, stating wages, with full particulars and refer-
ences, to HEAD GARDENER, Bunce Conn., Faverdiani,
Kent.

WANTED, GARDENER; chiefly Kitchen
Gjixlen; married; ineligible; duty everj- thiixl
week; terms 30s. weekly; house, coal, and garden.—
T. HCRST. Head Gardener. Stapleford Park, Melton
Mowbray.

WANTED, GARDENER; one man
under ; no Gla^ duiring war ; wiiges 253., cottage
and garden^— Apply, H. M. POWELL, Wilyerley Park,
Lynd'lvurst.

GARDENER required, either sex; room
ln>.vKli-.l , Gaiden boj kept.— .\pply, full particu-
lars, BRISTOW, Broad Oak. Sutton-at-Hone. Kent.

WANTED, GARDENER, for HampUm
11.111. Slate wages and reielcnces.— Apply,
l.T COL. AN'DBKSOX, 2, Bramhani Gardens. S.W.

VITANTED, . GARDEN ER, thoroughly «x-

' ' penenced in Vegetables, Fruit, and Flowers; no
Hot-lKwuie« ; Under Gardener kept. --Apply to L. E.
Tl'liBS, Slapleton, Potters Bar.

WANTED at onc«, a good GARDENER,
single, fcjr Kitt-hen Garden (with help) ; ineligible.
Stfiite wages an<t recommendations for character. — A. F.
CHARKIXGTON, Kast Hill House, Cited.

GARDENERS WANTED; all suited free
(wiietlier marriwl or single) ; valuable i>rescnt«
given.— <1) Berks ; good cottage and garden provide*! :
mail and boy under ; run small electipic plant if pos-
sible. (2) Gloa. ; one under ; good wages ; very goud cot-
tage, vegetables and milk, and allowance for coals. (3)
Vieni : good cott.age ; fair-sized kitchen garden and lot
of Fruit treefl ; prefer wile who understands poultry.
(4) Kent; boy kept; 27s. ond excellent cottage; prescjil
man 3J years. (5) Monmouth; 35.s.. live out; practically
all Outside work ; itteiid pouatrj'. (5) Rutland ; 30s and
cottage; about 2 aores ; no Glass; pump water for house;
if wife would caretake would be paid extra. (7) Somer-
set; one man under. (8) Surrey; 35e. and lodge. (9)
Warwick ; oot-tage provided ; 30s, weekly and 40s. if can
run electric plant. — Call or writ* full part'icularss. .MRS.
HUNT, LTD., 86. High Street, Marvlebonc, W. 1. TeJc-
phone, Mayfair 6200. Oloso 6 ; .Satuidiays, 1.

WANTED, FOREMAN or SECOND
GARDKXEK (In.'ide and Out); four to Hve kept;
if m.irri»l, w-itboiit oliiklren preferred ; oiio UXUFR
GARDENER, help generally house and Garden ; able to
run, or willing to learn to run, paraffin engine, elei'trii-
lighting; cottage provided, with coaJs, electric light, and
vegelablcB. — .*.|rply, HEAD G.^RDEN'ER, Oreat Host,
Hy.le, Hatfield, Herts.

WANTED, FOREMAN, single; must un-
dcratand Flower an.l VcKCLiblc nilruie; a.^o h.«<<1
l<i Inaide and Out ; tJirec others in the Gardens ; Sunday
dutv every other week; good Icdgings; wages Sis.—
Apply, MRS. ALFRED SWINOLKR, Similley Hall,
Siiiailcy, Deirbyfihire.

WANTED, ORCHID FOREMAN; large
<^oI]crtloIl ; single; inoligible. — Write, atate ag>-.
c.\tM iicncc, wages rerjuired, copies of reierenccs. io
C. II., Box 2, 41, Wellington Street. Oovent Garden,
W.C 2.

YyANTED, experienced FOREMAN, to

' ' take charge of Vineries and PeachJliou.-e ; iixJi-
giblc or discharged soldier; Bolhy. milk, an 1 vtgetahlee.
— Apply, stating wages and references, to GOUGH. Estsito
ofTi-e, CVundover, Salop.

WAN TED, FOREMAN (Inside) ; ex-
Servn-e or ineligible : wages 30s.. Bothv, &c. ;
mu«t bo good Fruit and Pl;int.™an. — C. GARKAIT,
Canwell Hiill Gaivlens. Sutton Coldflcld. Birmingham.

ANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-

.NEV.MAN. to takB ohaig= ot Glass; oxceUeni

wagc« to good' man. State ago and lull particulars. — A.

BENNETT. Snelston Hall Gartlena, Ashbourne. Derby-
t*hirc,

WANTED, a thorough good, experienced
l.HADIXi; MAN for Fruit and Plomt Houses;
married or Mingle; ineligible; excellent cottage andt
(vxils ; 30s. i>er week to commence with — P-iirticiilars as
to CTiperience, &c., apjfly HEAD GARDBNER, The Gar-
dens, Hendrefoilan, Skett>y, Glamorgan, WaJos.

V\7'ANTED, JOURNEYMAN (ineligible)

" ' or strong l.\ll»KO\EK, for Inside ,-.nd Out; wages
26s. per week and Bothy ; outy and overtime p.iid. — -^'PP'.\ ,
H. A. PAGE, Tlie Giirdens, Belsize Oourt, Hamjwtead,
N.W^3^

WANTED, TWO JOURNEYMEN (In-
side and Out), with gOL.d general experience—
-^PP'.>', suiting wages, with Bothy. &c., S. H.VND, The
Gaixlens, Wixinford. Woking-ham.

w

WANTED, TWO STRONG YOUTHS,
16-17 years oi age; tajl and strong; for Outside
work : state experience ; Bothy ; w.i.ges 22s.— W. WARD,
Ken Wo':Ki Gaideiis, H.unpsre-ad. Lon^lon. N.W, 3.

W^ANTED, YOUTHS, 16-17; wages, 18s.

' ' Lotuy, ice; .luty .ind overiime extra; 1 o'e.ock
&itunluvs— C. GARRATi', Oamwell Hodl Gaadens. Sut.
Ion Ojldlield. Birmingham.

ANTED, HANDY GARDEN

L.A.B01 UtH f-.r Holland House, Kensington, W 8
—Apply to O. DIXON.

TTyANTED, middle-aged LABOURER,

" ' used to Garden and little stable work ; wife attend
to liotlu' ; good cottage, coals, milk, vegetables free ;
gooi wages.— HEAD G.AJJDENER, Eiiyhimi. Lanibcrhui-st.
Kent.

\VANTED, FOREWOMAN, under Head

' ^ Gajxie:icr in Gikisis Department ; also to decorate ;
Sunday duty and stoking paid. Also WOMEN G.\ll-
DENERS for Outside work ; Bothv and vegetables.—
PARWELL, Pains Hill, Cobham. SuJrey.

ANTED, FOREWOMAN and TWO

.lOCKXh.YMKN (women), to work under Head
Gaidensr; Fruit and Plant Hou^-es ; house de^-oration^ ;
exjierience necessary ; Bothy and vegetables ; duty each
tliird week. — Particulars as to experience and wages re-
quired. WILUAJI LLOYD. Rusliton IIM Gardens. Kot-
tering.

^TITANTED, experienced LADY GAR-

'»» DKNBH for Clsler; help given. Slate religion,
wage* oxpiMted, references.- .\1. G.. Box 7. 41. Welling
tin Srett. Cov.nt Garden, W.C. 2.

TITANTED, WOMAN GARDENER, to

»' work in GLi.i.^-hoiise< ; must have previous know-
ledge and experience; ISs. a week and boaid, Icdging,
and Uiuniln-.— Ai>ply to MRS. INGHAM WHITAKER,
Gravshott Hall, Hindhead, near Haslemere, Siiney

TRADE.

WANTED, a Competent
Man to Superintend
SEED TESTING
DEPARTMENT.
Must have had good expe:i-

ence of such work.
Good wages paid to suitable

man.

Write " B.," Box 8, 41, WKLLiNtiTON

Strebt, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

R WALLACE & CO., LTD., require the
• service of I'ROl'AGATOHS (ineligible) for Hardy
I'lant and Slirub De|iart:nent ; eilJier sex.— Apply, wiUi
full particulars as to experience and wages ivquilred,
Kilnfleld Gordenn. Oolchester.

WANTED, GROWER of Roses and
lomato.t, under Olass.- S:at« experience and re-
feren<;e, FRANK CANT & CO.. Braiswick Rose Gardens,
Colchester.

WANTED, MAN for Tomatos, Cucum-
ber.-, rot Slintf ; house on place.— Applj-, T. KEW-
STEll & SON.S, Ragwortii Nuirseries, Nortoivoii-Tees.

RW. WALLACE & CO., LTD., require
• tllo services of expert LANDSCAPE FOREMEN
(ineligible). — .^pply, with fulil particulars as to past ex-
I>ericnee and wages J^uired, KilnfieM Gar<tcns, Oolclie^-

W ANTED, good JOBBING GAR-
DKNBItS; goo^l wages.— Apply. WILLS & SKGAR,
Royal Bxoti<^ N.urserv. Onslow Orescent, South hcii
mngitm.

WANTED, ONE or MORE CLERKS, for
corrc?pon.leiwc, &e —State speed at slinrtliaiid
iiin. 1 typing, age. saliarj' rcquiired. and w/hen disengagt>l,
to .lOHN K. KING & 80N1S, Seed Growers. Ooggefliall.

ANTED, LEDGER and INVOICING

CLERK, ailso GENERAL CLERK ; inelligible.-TOO-
OOOD & SONS. The King's Seedsmen. Southampton.

TITANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in

" ^ viur V(.iic[able Seed Del>aitjiient ; good wages to
competent men.— .\pply, giving tun |»avticukuiB. to TOO.
uOUD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Soutliiunpton.

J ADY FLORIST wanted, with good know-

■'-^ iiedge oS trjide. nuiking-itp. ic. ; able to do own
buying m market. — 1'iea.se apply, stating wages required
and previous experience, to JOHN PEED & SON, Tlie
Nuisei'ies , West Norwood, S.E. 27.

T ADY FLORIST required; must be a good

-•-* niaU6i--up of Moral Designs. &«.— .\ip;ily bj- letter,
s:,itdng age, expeiience, and wages reqiiired,' to' WILLS
i: SBG.\R, Royal Exotic Nurtery, OneJow Orescent, .Soiilli
Kensington.

"YVANTED, experienced LADY FLORIST,

^ * to take c'liorge of good class shop. Slate age,
wages required, and reference. — W. H. SH.\RPE, 21,
High Street, H.Fthe, Kent.

■yi/'ANTED, LADY, smart, capable, to as-

" " sist with counter trade ; w ilUng to leant or with
knowIe<lge of Garden- Seed trade preferred.— .^jipjy. stat-
ing age and salary required, to T. B. LOOK & SON,
Se-dsmen, YeoviL

WANTED, YOUNG LADY ASSISTANT,
well up m all Florai work, k«iowle<lge of Seeds.
Slate age, experience, and w-age.s itiinired. — E. ,T.
liATCHBLQR S: SONS, 19. St,ili.iii s,|iiaie. Harr"gate.

"lyURSERY STOKERS WANTED; good

■'■' wages to suitable men.— Apply. LOWE & SHAW-
YER, LTD., The Nurseries. Uxbridge.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for eaeh
sueeeedlngr Elgnt words or less.

PRIVATE.

TJEAD or GARDENER BAILIFF, where

-^-'- several are kept ; 7 years' gtxKl character ; 2 years
Itoyol Giuidenfi, Kew ; age 40 ; final disciiarge from .\niiy.
— HR'NDERSON, The Gardens. Rownham Hou*c, Clifton,
Bristol.

ADVERTISER seeks Re-engagement as
t;AllUE.\EK (He.nl) or liARDEXFR and HAILIFF;
accui*toincd to the niainageinent of kind, Rt<x"k. tniilicr.
and general estate work ; life ex^ierience in noblemen'w
and gentlemen's estjahli^liments ; 5i years with tJie Rt.
Hon. Vlsoount Hardinge.— 0. J. DICKER, Tork Place
Gaivlens, Heniley.on-Thames^

t'^ARDENER (Head); life experience in
* all bra.iM-lies ; well rceoinnicnded. State terms.— W.
.MAGILL, Warren House. Stanniore.

H

H

cniiil

EAD WORKING GARDENER seeks

rc-engagement, where .levcral arc employed : 34
-' practicvil experience gained at Urst-chihs establish
» and well versed in all deixirtincllts of the profes-
49 years old ; mariicd.— Apply, J. SCOTNEY. Fotiiiu
D:iie, near Mansfield, Nott-s.

EAD WORKING GARDENER,, with

d fri

Apply to L.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER requires
situation; life experieiK-e; age 44; married; two
cihildren ; exiierieirced iiiy Vines, Peaches. Stove, and
Grecn'honse Plants.— A. WALKLING, Boxgrove House
Gardens. Guildford.

H

EAD WORKING GARDENER desires

towni

28

Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, an<l Pleasure Grounds ; niaa--
iiied ; over inilitarv age.— Particulars, G. J., Box 10. 41,
Welliiiglon Strcet.'Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

C^ARDENER (Head Working) requires

^^ ituiation where others kept; 15 moii'ths pi-esent.
6 years [xrcvious; Head of six; mairried ; <ige 56; twn
cliiildien ; discharged from milibu^ service ; 21 years'
cvpericnco in all brandhes ; go«i itefereiK'cs. Please
^tato wages.— GRIFFIN, Bucltliold Gai-deiis. Pangboume,
Berks.

C "Gardener (Head Working or Single-
^ iiANDEUj seelos permanent .situation ; life experi-
ence ; age 36 ; married (no family) ; ineligible ; good
refen-ni-es; disengaged October 56.— GARDNER, En-
combe, Sandgate, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working) ; others
kept; flrst-class exiierii nix' all branches; over
military age; majnied (no family). Pleai^c slate wages.
-STBW.\RT, Downside Lodge, Sloke Bishop, Bristol.

G'<ARDENER"(Head Working), where
' olhei-s are kept ; life experience in- all brandies ;
giKxl references; 6i ycoirs pre-sent plai-e ; ape 50. -G.
DEALE, The Knowle, Virginria Watei-, .Surrey.

G 'GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
f MANAGEMENT, Fa,rmery. Gardens, Small Estate,
Food Pi-oduction, Improving, Extending Pruit Planta-
tions, Forage Crops, Seed Production, Dairj- Miutwge-
nient, Accoumta — B., Box 5. 41, Wellington Strcel, Ommi
(luivlt-n, W.C. 2.

SITUATIONS WANTED continued OD pas* v.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE 20, 1917.

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including: —

The Brilliant Coloured

" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(.Dailn Mail Kose, )

12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request,

STUART LOW CO.. '^^I^ip^p'^r^sl^.'^'^-

Write for this
FREE BOOKLET

and avoid all drainage troubles

with pot planls. It ex-
plains also the porosity,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
lo all gardeners.

FREE SAMPLE
CRET pot also on
request. Write to-day

PETER BAILEYS SONS Ltd

HeatoD Mersey Pottery,

near Manchester.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which is now
^^ so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
i^fl in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) la thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also olfer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet QIass, under the same
conditions.

Ma

I of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Varnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST 8MITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Blaokfriars Wharf, Upper Ground Street, 8.E.

Quota Gardeners' Chronicle.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT • ■"'"" *"■"• '""■ ' CaUlo.ue.
llVir V-H\ 1 /\1X 1 . „ H,, Paper Commiulon ooly
allow 01 to lead to those who apply —

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.
SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We Btill hold certain email stocks of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being unsold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., ""^^No^w^cr""'

FRUIT TREES.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Exceedingly well grown Fruit-bearing

Apples and Pears.

Each. Dozen.

Standards, stout stem, fine head 3/- & 3/6 33;- &, 40 -

Dwarf Trained, very tine 3/8 42/-

Pyramld, very line 3/- & 3/6 33/- ■ii 40/-

ALSIJ A \ERY FINE STOCK OF

Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Cherries,

Currants, Gooseberries, Loganberries,

Extra Stroner Fruiting Vines in \ariety, 7;6 taLh.

Catal (lues Post Free.

ROSES ill all the leading varieties, Climbers,

Standards and Dwarfs.

ALFRED A. WALTERS & SON,

NUfiSERYMEN and Fruit Tree Growers, BATH.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibrous Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CAHKATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., etc.

Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

SANKEYS^^^^^POTS

ltrn!rTJmf^'1l1!lfflflflJ^-^ft"^^*^^^

*^f >'l»P,/Myv>KffK^ sew, /.TP.

Pulwcll Pohhgries. NOTTmOMAM.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown an 1 cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalague.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE OIM
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgeworth, Herts.

STATION; HARLOW, G.E.R.

FRUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root up useless shade tree,s and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

•B-hen food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of tine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARP TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing e.xact requirements.

STUART LOW CO., ''^^"„?,'>}:es^<^"'''

CHEALS' NURSERIES.

OKNAMENTAL TREES. SHRUBS,
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, &o.. in
immense qnantlties and in the pink
of condition.

Send for Catalogue to —

J. CHEAL & SONS, Ltd.,

The Nurseries, CraWley.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

OcTOBEn 20. 1917.]

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

155

No.lGOS,— SATURDAY, OCTOBER :'i\ 1917,

CONTENTS.

Agricultural machinery

in Palestine . . 161

Bhendi aud Brinjals . . 16-2
Dutch seed prosjietts . . 161
Farm, crops and stock on

the home . . . , 163

Flowers in season . . IflO

Food production on in-
creased—
Allotments in 1917 .. 158
Ueet, a good crop of . . loS

Celeriac 158

Fruit and corn crops.. 158
Kohl rabi, cooking .. 158
Potato competition . . 153
Potato crops, succes-

sion of..

Potato trial . ,

Futatos and Onions at
Kilmarnock ..
Galloway garden, notes

from a . .
Germination, speeding-

up.

Gunneras in the North. . 162
Market truit garden, the 166
Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Cattleya Zonnebeke .. 156
Laelio-CattleyaGatton
Princess . . . . 156

Paradise Apple Stocks . .

Plum Victor Christian ..

Scale insects and Ameri-
can blight . . . . :

Seedlings, damping of ..

Slugs, control of..

Societies-
Manchester and North
of England Orchid..
Royal Horticultural . . ]
United Hort. Benefit
and Provident

Surveyors' Institution .. :

Tillage programme in
1918 ]

Trees and shrubs-
Fruits of trees and

shrubs ]

Hibiscus syriacus .. ]

Ulmus puniila .. .. ]

War Items. . . . , . 3

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. ]
Fruits under glass .. J
Hardy fruitgarden, the ]
Kitchen garden, ihe .. ]
Orchid liouses, the .. ]
Plants under glass .. ]

ILLUBTRATIONS.

Hemerocallis anrantiaca var. major 156

Plum Victor Christian 157

Potato, stem tuber of 164

Xanthoceras sorbifolia, fruits of .. 161

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-XIL*

ALAS 1 for the wealth of lilackberries
that has gone to waste this season
for want of sugar to preserve them
withal. Moreover, the dye-works, whither
in former years the " bhick-ljoyds," as
they are called in Ayrshire and Galloway,
went sent by rail in hundredweights, have
ceased to take them, being concerned, I
suppose, mainly with the production of
khaki goods. This is the occjisiou of loss
to villagers and cottars, who have become
accustomed of late years to draw a very
fair profit from the hedges and seaside
banks. Berries of nearly all kinds abound
this year. A notable e.\ception is Coton-
easter frigida, of which there are many
trees here 30 to 40 feet high. They were
loaded with scarlet fruits after the wet
summer of 191G; this autumn they bear
hardly any. As for Rowans, a correspon-
dent writes to me, "What would we not
eagerly disburse for a Rowan tree if it
came from ssome remote valley in China? ''
The golden-fruited variety, as I saw it
lately at Pollok, in Renfrewshire, and
again in a grimy colliery village in
Lanarkshire, is a desirable variety. Xan-
thoceras sorbifolia (see fig. 60) has had
a hard fight to retain its great nuts^
bigger than a Horse Chestnut's— during
the equinoctial gales. Thev withhold
their beauty till they open, when they
disclose rows of orange-tawny seeds
reposing on a couch of sleekest, whitest
satin. The flowers of Lonicera nitida,
introduced by Wilson in 1908, are
fragrant, but inconspicuous. Thoy are
followed, however, by shining berries
of an unnsal colour — bright violet,

• Prevloas articles anpeared in the Uanes for Jan 13,
Feb. 17, Mar. 10, April 14. April 28, June 2, June 30, .Inly 21,
Aug. IS, .Sept. 8, and Sept. 29, 1917,

like beads of amethyst, and very attrac-
tive. The fruits of Magnolia parvi-
fiora are of extraordinary beauty, and,
being borne on longish footst-alks, render
this charming shrub or small tree almost
as conspicuous as when flowering in sum-
mer. The carpel is about 2 inches long,
in colour a rich carmine; when ripe, it
opens and discloses rows of scarlet seeds.
I have never seen the scarlet-fruited
Elder (Sambucus racemosa) fruiting so
freely in the United Kingdom as it did
last year in Mr. F. R. S. Balfour's
grounds at Dawyck, Peeblesshire. The
trees, whereof there were many, were
loaded with the brilliant berries, which
struck me as remarkable after a miserably
wet and cold summer. Mr. Balfour pre-
sented me with fifty seedlings, now 4 and
5 feet high. We shall await their be-
haviour next year with such patience as
may bo at command.

The handsomest of all the Day-lilies is
Hemerocallis aurantiaca major (see fig.
58), not less to be esteemed because it
delays display till late in the season. Last
year it opened its first bloom on Septem-
ber 23 : this season it started a day earlier.
It is somewhat chary of flowers ; a clump
which has stood here for ten years or so
is bearing but three flower-stems ; but it
atones in quality for lack of quantity,
each head carrying about a dozen blos-
.som.s, opening in succession, the ooroJhi
being of great substance, of a rich and
peculiarly luminous apricot colour.

Another autumnal flower of distinction
is Rudbeckia maxima, from Texas, which
must have received its specific name lx>fore
its C^ilifornian congener, R. laciniata,
was classified, for it has neither the
stature nor the coarseness of that species.
From a tuft of fleshy, glaucous, hinceolato
leaves measuring with their stalks 14 to
16 inches long, rises a flower stem to a
height of 4 or 5 feet, with a few clasping
leaves. The flowers are solitary or two on
a stem, with clear-yellow, ray florets and
a cone of brownish-purple fertile florets
li inch high. Full exposure to the sun
and a rich loam two the requirements of
this most desirable plant, which is .seldom
seen in cultivation.

I am not greatly enamoured of the Sun-
flower family, but there is one — Helian-
thus mollis — which I first saw in the Cam-
bridge Botanic Garden many years ago,
and have never since been without. It
wins favour by its moderate -stature —
4 feet or so— by the oontra.st between its
soft, grey-green Qeaves and the rich golden
flowers which it produces in a long suc-
cession from early in Augu.st till far into
autumn.

In a former paper I drew heavily upon
the vocabulary of vituperation in dis-
coursing about the Knotweeds (Poly-
gonum). Howbeit, there are two of this
most protean genus which are devoid of
the vice of their rampant kindred and
are greatly to be prized at this soa.son.
One is P. vaccinifolium, which spreads
a clo.se mantle over the stones of a retain-
ing wain, and decks that mantle in Sep-
teinbi-v with crowds of erect, henth-like

flower-spikes of lively pink. When the
bloom is past, the plant is grateful for a
liberal top-dressing of peat. Very dif-
ferent in habit and appearance is the
other species, P. equisetiforme. It sends
up a sheaf of slender, rush-like stems,
3 feet high, which become studded in
autumn with small white flowers along
two-thirds of their (length. A graceful
plant and desirable, which I owe to the
liberality of Kew Gardens. As it does not
appear in the Hand List for 1902, it may
be presumed that it is of recent introduc-
tion. It seems not so hardy as could be
wished. Of two strong plants here, one
succumbed to last winter's cold, and the
other, though green and vigorous, shows
no sign of flowering, whereas it ought
to begin in August. The same is the
case with Agapanthus umbellatus, of
which several clumps came through the
winter without protection and apparently
unluirl, but only one is flowering. A.
Moorei, on the contrary, was never more
prodigal of bloom.

What we have known as Montbretia, but
are bidden in the Kew Hand List to call

nia, IS
of Its

many of Its varieties, but it is embarrass-
ing in its fecundity, springing up in
]>laoes where it is not wanted, and
smothering less robust growtlis with a
cataract of leafage. It is too bright and
friendly for utter banishment from the
borders, though it lightens the woodland
waysides finely, so we liave readily adopted
a course suggested by its own behavioyr.
A large, round bod, 25 feet across, filled
with dark and Sight blue Delphiniums,
was a very satisfying sight at midsummer,
and the plants, having been cut over
Ixjfore going to seed, are now quite gay
with a .second bloom. Some vagrant bulbs
of a Montbretia known by the sinister name
" Germania " are flaunting their flames
among the blue Larkspurs, with telling
effect ; so with a view to autumn, 1918, we
intend to dot them all over the bed.

Much of the charm of a border depends
on the juxtaposition of flowering plants,
and it is profitable to take note of such
chance combinations as occur in such a
disorderly, informal collection as we have
here. For October effect the following are
very gratifying: — A bevy of blue-purple
Crocus speciosus pushing up through n
silvery carpet of Cerastium tomentosum ;
a tangle of pink Polygonum aflfine (P. hru-
nonis) and light blue Geranium Walli-
chianum; a furnace of Kniphofia aloides
in a sea of snowy Anemone japonica
Honorine Joubert ; a crimson cascade of
Berboridopsis corolHna over Crinum
Powellii album at the foot of the wall ; the
pink Aster St. Egwin alongside of sky-blue
Aconitum Fischeri ; lastly, a group oom-
po.sed of Cimicifuga simplex, latest and
he.st of Bugworts, a sheaf of hybrid
Lobelia of a rich carmine hue, and a
cliimp of pale yellow Kirengeshoma pal-
mata 4 feet High.

The first snow on our hill-tops on Octo-
ber 5 warns ns that the flush of the year
is drawing to an end. Herbert Maxvell,
Monm'fh, Wtfftnwnnliire.

156

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

LAELTO CATTLEYA GATTON PRINCESS.
Me. J. Collier, gardener to Sir Jeremiah
Colman, Bart., Gattoii Park, Surrey, sendiS us a
flower of this very pr«tty and brightly-coloured
hybrid between Laelia pumila and Cattleya
Mantinii (Bowringiana x Dowiana aurea). The
flower is 6 inches across, the sepals and petals

(Dowiana aurea x Harrisoniana) is also from
Gatton Park, and presents another interesting
instance of the domination of C. bicolor, for in
size, shape, and most other particulars it closely
approaches that species, notwithstanding the
several larger and moa-e ample species coming
into its composition. The sepals and petals are of
light lilac colour; the short, side lobes of the lip
and the base are tinged with yellow and show

THE MARKET FRUIT GARBEN.

In September the rainfall was moderate, but
sufficient, with the frequent morning fogs, to
keep the land somewhat wet. Bain fell at my
station on nine days, amounting to 1:50 inch.
Urgent work in gathering and carting fruit pre-
vented attention to tlie cultivation and hoeing of

of la light mauve shade, and' the lip, which
plainly shows L. pumila, redddsh-violet. with
Indian-red base and yellow lines, the apex bear-
ing a light lavender blotch. It is a very accept-
able addition to the late-flowering Laelio-
Cattleyas.

CATTLEYA ZONNEBEKE.
C. ZoNNEBEKE, a n©w hybrid between C.
Adula (bicolor x Hardyana) and C. Mrs. Pitt

Fig. 58. — hemerocallis auhantiaca var. major.

(See " Notes fnmi a Gallowaj- Cirdan," p. 165.)

some raised orange-coloured lines tracea;ble fco
C. Harrisoniana, the front being light mauve.
It ie probable that other plants of the batch will
show more of the larger CaM,leya form.

Publication* Received. -On Fruit Bottling
and Storing and on Vegetable Bottling and
Storing. Revised edition. By Royal Horticul-
tural Society. (Wesley & Son.) 3d.

orchards almost entirely, and the growth of grass
and other weeds, particularly Chiokweed, was
rampant. In the spring my orchards were re-
markably clean, when most others were foul, as
hoeing had been carried on up to a late date in
last autumn. Now they are in worse condition
than they have ever been before at any period of
the year, except where there is a good plant of
Lucerne. Hoeing done since July has only
checked weeds without killing many.

OCTOBEB 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

157

WoBK Caused by Gales.
The work caused by the two great gales of the
latter part of August, and subsequent strong
v;ind, has been tiresome and expensive. The
picking up of windfalls alone consumed a great
deal of time, and selection for marketing in ad-
dition. In order to release trays for the gather-
ing of mid-season Apples, the windfalls to a
great extent had to be placed in heaps wherever
there was room for them under cover. After-
wards, when time was available, the heaps had
to be tiresomely gone over to have rotting fruits
taken out, and saleable Apples graded and
packed. This work is not yet finished.

Apples in Heaps.

The necessity of storing most of the windfall
Apples in heaps has shown that they keep better
i<o than in trays. There has been much less
shrivelling of immature fruit in heaps than in
trays, and no more rotting. The temperature
during the gi eater part of September was too
high to allow of even gathered Apples keeping
well, and great quantities of mid-season varie-
ties, kept for a few weeks in consequence of lack
of empties, became over-ripe, ajid therefore de-
preciated in value. Some t-ons of wind'falls and
githered fruit together rotted entirely, or to an
extent rendering them unsaleable, excepting a
limited quantity sold at Is. per cwt. for cider.
By-the-way, the few makere of cider in my dis-
trict, makers only for home consumption, say
that Apples rotted cormplelely, if brown, but
not black, make the best beverage. An agree-
able surprise is the condition of Cox's Orange
Pippins, blown down when not nearly mature,
and stored in heaps. The best of them are firm,
though they have lost their brightness, and are
saleable at remunerative prices. Even thirds
have made as much as the best of culinary varie-
ties.

Specked Apples.

In addition to the rot spote alluded to in the
Oardeners' Chrnnirle, September 22 (p. 121),
numerous small s[)ecka have appeared on
Domino andi Duchess of Oldenberg. These
specks, which developed entirely in store,
though the cause of them api)arently acted while
the fruit was on the trees, are sunken, but do
not cause any corky degeneration of the cells
under the skin as either Bi'ter Pit or Fruit
Pit does. They do not look at all like 6ca.b,
and there are hardly any typical scab
marks and no cracks on Domino. They occur
chiefly on shrivelled Apples. After a time a
white mould shows on the specks. This, Mr.
Salmon says, is " the Hyphomycetous fungus
Cephalothecinm roseum." and is a vcrv- frequent
cause of rotting. In all cases, he adds, it at-
tacks the Apple where a spot of scab is or has
been. This seems to assume that the specks are
scab marks, in which case it is curious that
there should be no large scab scars or cracks.
Moreover, the specks did not .show before the
Domino Apples were stored, the fruit being re-
markably clean when gathered. By-the-way,
evidence as to the development of fungous at-
tacks upon Apples in store being strictly develop-
ment an3 not originative in store, is pfforded by
the fact that the specking is almo.st entirely con-
fined to Domino and Duche.ss of Oldenberg, other
varieties stored clo.w to the two sorts named
being quite free from specking, and almost free
from rot spots.

Impkoveh Prices.
The creat glut of windfall and mid-season
Apples had subsided by the end of Septejnber,
and a considerable advance in prices has since
taken place. Hitherto they have been much
lower than they were last season, but scarcity
will soon cause a great improvement, and pro-
bably late Apples, which are not generally a
great crop, will become very dear before Christ-
mas. Cobnuts also have gone up in price to a
small extent, though still much below last sea-
pon's valne.

Cobnuts and Filberts.
Why do market growers ever grow Filberts?
These Nuts yield much less than Cobs, and sell
regularly at Id. per pound less money. In this
we have one of the numerous instances of size
affecting price more than quality, for Filberts
are greatly superior 4o Cobnuts in flavour, and
embody much less .woody fibre. Although the
foliage of Cobnuts was badly infestedi with
caterpilliars, the fruit is exceptionaUy fine and
sound. The size is probably due to tJie wetness
of the summer. Apparently the cateiiJillars in-
cluded very few of the maggots whidi infest the
kernels ai nuts. Southern Grower.

PLUM VICTOR CHRISTIAN.

This new variety of Plum, which received the
R.H.S. Award of Merit on the 9th in.«t., is a
prolific bearer, as may be seen from the small
brajich illustrated in fig. 59. The fruits are
dark purple, and resemble somewhat those of
Monarch, of which the variety is probably a
seminal or sucker sport. The fruits are only

of the moiie beautiful, which were recently at
their best : —

H. syriacus Totus albus — an exceptionally fine,
pure white single flower; coelestris — a splendid
single variety, blue, with crimson base to petals ;
it maizes a fine standard ; flore roseo striatus —
possibly the finest and largest pink variety,
flower blotched with crimson ; Hamiiabo — gene-
tally one of the best, but not so good tliis j-ear ;
pale pink with crimson base, single ; elegantissi-
mus — a semi-double variety, blush, blotched
with crimson ; monstrosus — a fine, vei"y pale
pink, single form ; albo plenus — semi-double,
white, with blotched base: itimakes a good stan-
dard or half-standard : coccinea plenus — ^single,
pinkish-purple ; Lady Stanley — one of the best
doubles ; pink, with base blotches ; rubis — single,
colour ruby-red ; forms fine bushes ; Admiral
Dewey — double white; violet claire double — pale
violet, excellent as a standard ; Compte de Flan-
ders— double, rose-pink; Due de Braba.nt — rich
double rose-pink ; very effective as a half -stan-
dard ; paeony-floi'us — paeony-pink, double; a
good half -standard ; hyttridus' — single ; pinkish-
white blotched with crimson ; bicolor hybridus—

of moderate navour, but they ripen later than
most Plums, and' the variety will be valuable for
the late markets.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

HIBISCUS SYRIACUS.

In spite of a dull, sunless summer, rarely, if
ever, have I seen Hibiscus syriacus more
beautiful than it is this year. Having been
grown in this country for hundreds of years,
and known as Althaea frutex, it is sur-
prising that the shrub is not grown much more
extensively than is the case. The plants will
succeed in almost any soil or locality, are per-
fectly hardy, and they give a wealth of flowers
when most flowering shrubs are over.

They make ideal plants for small gardens, a«
well as large, as they are somewhat .slow-growing
and arc easily kept within suitable bounds.
Either as bushes, standards, or half-.standards,
they ;ire equally beautiful, and there are one or
two v.arieties with variegated foliage which are
wonderfully effective. I append a list, of some

double pinU, iilntched ; rubra flore pleno— a
pinkish-purple double; puniceus plenus— semi-
double red ; ranunculi-florus plenusi — deep rose-
pink, double; Boule de Feu—deep crimson,
double ; makes a good bush ; Amaranthus —
double ; deep purplish pink ; albo luteolus plenus
— double; creamy-white; variegatus — variegated
foliage; flowers double; purple. Edwin Beckett.

THE FRUITING OF TREES AND SHRUBS.
In very few years is it possible to record such
an abundant and very varied harvest of tree
and shrub seeds. This is no doubt largely due
to the weather conditions. In the first three
months of the year, and notably during Feb-
ruary, the conditions were colder and retarded
growth ; coupled with this there was an abeence
of late spring frosts, so that in the spring of
1917 the early-flowering trees and shrubs de-
veloped in suitable conditions. A few examples
are worth placing on record, notably Erica ar-
borea and E. lusitanica (codonodes), Nyisea syl-
vitic.a, Xanthoceras sorbifolia, numerous species
of Lonicera, Prunus oerasifera, and P. divari-
cata, also many of the newer trees and shrub.s
introdiuccd from Ghana.

158

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1917.

ON INCREASED JOOp PRODUCTION.

POTATO TKIAL.

A TiuAL iif four different varieties of I'utatos
iiaa betu caiTied out at est. Osytli's Priory Gar-
(ieais, Colcliester. I received two pecks each
of tlie following vad-ieties fi-oni Messrs. Austin
and McAslau on March 3 : What's Wanted,
LJreat Scot and Scottish Triumph. I planted
(UHJ rod of the following varieties on March 19 :
Scottish Triumph, Great Scot, What's Wanted,
and Piiik Blossom. This is the thiixi yeaj- that
Pink Bloesom Jias been growing at the Priory;
it i.a a splendid cropper and a good keeper when
tlie seed ia changed evei'y second year. The re-
sultis from the trial of one rod of each, planted
with a, space of 2 feet between each row and ]5
indies between each set, all unsprouted, set
1^ oz., are as follows : —

ter rod. Per ai'ie.

Scottish Triumph . . 303 lbs. 26 toDo IS cwt. 64^ lbs.

Ureal scot .. .. 310 ibs. '.i-.! tuns 17 c»-t.

What's Wanttd .. aeOibs. l» tou« 11 c»t.

Pink WoBiom .. 24.0 lbs. 17 tons 17 cwt.

Scottish Triumph 10 cut 8<!tb=461b3; lOuucut sels = 401bB.
Great &cot ,, ^41 ,, „ =31 „

What's Wanted.. „ =24 „ „ =22J„

Pink bluBsom .. ,, =22i„ „ =28 „

I may state that all cut sets were dipped in air-
slaked lime. The plUnts were sprayed twice
tlirougbout the season, and all were free from
diseiuse. The only aj^ificial manure they re-
ceived was J oz. of sulphate of ammonia per
lineal yaJ'd. Twelve people were present at the
lifting and weighing. Peter Murphy, Gardener,
St. OsytU's Priory.

POTATOS AND ONIONS AT
KILMARNOCK.
Mr. Dewar, a plot-holder at Dankeith, near
KilniaiTiock, has grown a remaikably good
Clop of Cranston's Excelsior Onions. i*'our
thousand seedlings were plaJited on a epace
mejisuring 33 yards by 14 yards, about the
middle of April. The crop was lifted during
the last week in September, ajid weighed 2 tons
5 cwts. ; twelve of the largest bulbs together
turned the scale at 28^ lbs. He also planted
whole one tuber of Conquering Hero Potato
weighing 18 ozs., in a mound of mixed soil and
leaf-mouldi. When lifted there were 75 tubers,
weighing together 26 lbs. A.

A SUCCESSION OF POTATO CROPS.

A CORRESPONDENT Sends us an extract from
the Journal 4e Geneve, according to which it is
possible to obtain a second or even a thii'd crop
of Potatos from the same plant. To achieve this
the Journal states that it is only necessary bo dig
the plant carefully, and after removing the fully
developed Potatos to replace it, when it will
yield lis large a crop as before. Although it does
not do to be too sceptical, we feel a certain
difficulty in accqiting these statements if only
becau.se to obtain a second crop the plant must
be dug whilst the haulm is still vigorous, ajid
liem'e before the "first" crop h.is reached its
full size.

ALLOTMENTS IN 1917.

Thk Food Department has just issued details
of the allotments in cultivalion this season. ITp
to tlie 28th ult. tlie Department had re-
ceived reports from 1,085 districts, in which
allotments have been provided under the
Cultivation of Landis Order. The number of
" war-time " plots is stated to be 180,066, repre-
senting a total area of 13,263 acres. In addition
to these allotments, provided under special
powers granted during the present year, many
of the authorities concerned have been able to
arrange on amicable terms with owners of land
for large numbers of permanent allotments, and
are proposing to lay out still further areas.

POTATO COMPETITION ON
ALLOTMENTS.
The Dumfries and District Horticultural
Sr>ci<>ity institutred a competition among allotiment

holders for the heaviest crop of Potatos as
lifted from a space of five lineal yards. The
Potatos were raised on the same day, anjd the
lifting and weighing supervised by members
of the Horticultural Society's Committee. The
[jrizes were awarded as follows : —

Dumfries Allotments.

1. S. Thom, Barkerland Allotment*, 4 st. 4 lbs.

2. J. Ross, Annan Road Allotme>nts, 3 st. Ijlb.

3. Constable Killop, Johnstone Park, 3st. 5ozs.

Maxwelltown Allotments.

1. W. M'Adam. Palmerston Allotments,

3 St. llilbs.

2. J. Carruthers, Palmerston AllotmeBts.

3 St. 7 lbs.

3. W. Currie, Portland Allotments, 3 st. 5 lbs.

Correspondent-

A GOOD CROP OF BEET.

.\t the end of the first week of May last, agree-
ably to the desire of a new allotment holder, I
bored holes for two lines of Beet, and sowed the
seed. The allotment holder was not desirous of
very large roots, though quality was a desidera-
tum. Accordingly I allowed only a space of 18
by 12 inches for each root. A little manure had
been placed over the gravel at a depth of 16
inches (the full depth of the soil), and one or
two light dressings of sulphate of ammonia were
given during the early period of growth. Fear-
ing tliat the roots were getting too large, the
holder dug them up on September 10. The
largest root weighed 3 lbs., and 78 roots weighed
100 lbs. He found them of most excellent quality,
but thought he would not require such a
quantity, as his family had never used so many
during the season they were in use. I replied
that he might not use so much if he had to buy
them He had not seen it in that light before,
and felt more than satisfied. /. F.

CELERIAC.
Being interested in Mr. Edwin Beckett's re-
marks on Celeriac (se« p. 146), I may say that I
planted a batch on a plot of ground whicli had
grown .Shallots, harvested in the first week of
July. The ground was simply hoed over and the
Celeriac planted and well watered. I have
pulled to-day .some nice roots, a little larger
than a cricket ball. I may say the ground was
bastard trenched and given a little manure for
the Shallots, and I am very pleased with the
results. IF. Griffiths, Wild Wood Gardma.
Clan Hill, Enfield.

FRUIT AND CORN CROPS.

The Shropshire and Staffordshire report \fi
the Food Production Department for the week
ending October 6 mentions that although the
pulping station at Newport handled 35' tons of
Damsons daily, the local crop was so heavy that
much fniit was left to waste on the trees as not
worth picking. Home-grown corn is coming
steadily on the market in Lincoln, Rutland, and
Nottingham ; the condition is good, but the
qu.ility variable. Damsons here are abundant,
the Pear crop is large, and the Apple cro)i.
thouirh less bulky, is of excellent quality.

In Somerset the Apple crop was a record

COOKING CHOU RAVE (KOHL RABI).

1. Peel and cut in slices about i inch tliiclc.
and cook till tender. Meanwhile, chop up all the
young -leaves, boil them slightly, strain off the
water, and put them to stew with a white sauce.
Drain the cooked slices, pour on the sauce, keep
warm to compose a bit. and serve. 2. This
may be used for older stems, which are be-
coming fibrous, if, after cooking, they are passed
through a sieve. Fry a little sliced onion till
nicely browned, add some stock or gravy suit-
ably seasoned, and then stew the cooked (sliced
or mashed) vegeta.ble gently till well coimposed.
A large, maincroip variety, giathei-ed early, is
perhaps best. We find it stores well thirongli
the winter. H. E. D.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. DuKN, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Winter Spinach.- Thin out the plants of
Whiter Spinach to 3 or 4 inches apart. The
leaves will then grow much larger and the plants
will stand the winter better. Hoe the surface of
the bed frequently, and if slugs are troublesome
dust freely with soot in the early morning.

Bket.— The main crop Beet should be lifted as
soon as possible and stored in some frost-proof
shed where a good covering of sand can be placed
over the roots. Great care should be taken to
lift this crop without injuring the roots.

Winter Greens.— Keep the hoe at work
amongst all green crops while the weather is
favourable. Remove decaying leaves from Brus-
sels Sprouts as these plants will benefit greatly
by full exposure to sun and air. Cauliflowers
which are forming heads will require to have the
leaves bent over the curds in case of early frost,
but should not be severed from the plant, as
they soon begin to decay, and may discolour the
curd before they are noticed.

Globe Artichokes.— As soon as this crop
has been cut, the stems should be cut to the
ground and all rough foliage removed. The
ground between the rows should then be dug
and allowed to remain lough and fully exposed
to the weather until sharp frost sets in, when
protection must be afforded.

Mustard and Chess.- Small sowings of
these salads should be made weekly in some
sligntly heated pit. Cover the seeds witti paper
for a "lew days, and when growth commences
admit air freely, or the plants may be injured by
the damp.

Seakale.- All decaying foliage should be re-
moved from plants which are inieaided for eai'ly
forcing, so that the crowns may be fully exposed
to early frosts. When all the leaves liave died
down a few ciowus may be lifted.

Rhubarb.- Lift a few strong roots of Rhu-
barb and expose them to the weather for a
week or two before placing them in heat. »

Celery.— Continue to earth up late planta-
tions of Celei-y,. observing the directions already
given for carrying out the work.

French Beans in Pots.- There should be
iiu difficulty in producing French Beans in win-
ter provided a light, weli-veutilated structui'e is
available where a temperatiu'e of 60° can be
maintained. The soil may consist of three parts
loam from a used iielon bed and one pan de-
cayed horse-ra;uiure, mixed thorouglily together.
Use 7-inch pots, aaid after crocking them, three
paits fill them with the compost, which should
be .pressed moderately firm. About seven Beans
may be placed in each pot and covered 1 inch
deep. Place the pots in the structui-e already
described, and as soon as the plants are weU
through the soil place them neai' to the glass to
ensure stocky growth. Later on weak liquid
manure may be given freely, and the foliage
sliuuld be syringed twice daily.

Cabbaqe.- Continue to plant out Cabbage as
the plants become large enough. Examine the
bedis cai-efuUy and make up at once all blanks
with plants from the seed bed. Dust the plants
freely with lime if slugs are present, and prick
out all seedling plants remaining in the seed bed.

Carrots.— Spring-sown CaiTots should be
lifted, or many of them will become too large
audi rough; these roots may be stored in a cool,
dry shed until required for use. Later Carrots
may be allowed to remain in the ground for
some time longer. At Frogmore all late-sown
Carrots remiaiTi in the ground until spring, and
are pulled as required.

Lettuce.— Plants in the open which are
likely to be injured by frost may be lifted ajid
pl.ired in cold pits for use in early winter. 'Very

October 20, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

159

careful afcteotion is necessary in order to retain
a, sufficient quantity of soil on the roots to keep
the plants from flagging, an^i a good watering
should be given to each Light after the plants
are put in position to t^ettle the soil about the
roots. The pit should never be closed unless
a frost likely to injure the plants is expected.
Young Lettuce plants of ha.rdy varieties, such
as Maximan, may still be planted on a warm
boi-der for spring supplies. The border should
be well raised at the back, so that no water may
remain on the surface during the winter.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J COLUBR, Gardener to Sir JlRIHua CouilH,
B»rt.. G»tton Park. Eeijate.

Shading.— The roof -blinds may now be re-
moved from the divisions containing such Orchids
as Cattleyas, Laelio-Cattleyae, Dendrobiums, and
the Alexican Laelias. The Laelias are now pro-
ducing their flower spikes, and need all the sun-
light possible. The blinds may be allowed to
remain for a week or two later on houses con-
taining Odontoglossums, Masdevallias. and
Phalaenopsis, as they may still be required for
an hour or so in the middle of bright day*.
Canvas blinds that are no longer needed should
be stored in a dry shed, and in spare time in
winter be given any small repairs that may be
necessary. If lath blinds are used they may re-
main, and be let down over the roof-glass on cold
nights ; it will economise fuel.

Tempbratureb.— For the next few weeks the
temperature of the East Indian or warmest house,
at niaht. sliould be about 70° ; that of the Cattleya
house about 65° ; the Mexican or intermediate
house a few degrees less, and the Odcntoglossuni
house about 55° or 57°., These readings
.should be maintained only when the out-
side temperature does not fall below 45° ;
in the event of very cold nights a few
degrees lower may be permitted. Frost may
occur suddenly in the early mornings, caus-
ing the temperature of the various houses to
fall a little below the proper degree. On such
occasions no water should be afforded the plants,
neither should damping be done until the hou.ses
are sufficiently warm again, as a cold, moist atmo-
sphere causes spot and disease in the foliage.

(several layers) on top of each other. Plenty
of ail- should be kept on the fruit stores to allow
the moisture arising from the fruits to escape.

Stakes for Younq Trees.— Any replanted
trees should be given strong stakes to keep them
steady during the gales which are usual in
autumn ; if this be done it is surprising how
quickly the trees in new positions will take hold
of the soil, especially if the work is done early.

Cuttings of Currants and Goose-
berries.—Cuttings may be put in now. Choose
straight shoots, and in Red and White Currante
strip off the buds to within 3 inches of the top,
but not so with Black, as these should be encou-
raged to grow from the base. Make a small
trench with a spade, and if the soil is wet and
pasty put in some old potting shed soil which
has been passed through a. fine-meshed' sieve.
Put the cuttings at about 8 or 9 niches apart
and well tread them in ; firm planting is essential.

Strawberry Quarters. -Keep Strawberry
beds free from runners and gross weeds.

Plant the crowns about 2 inches below the sur-
face, and make the soil moderately firm about
the roots.

The Rose Garden.— Cut out all old and
exhausted wood from Rose plants, and complete
the final tying in of the young shoots.

THE HAROY FRUIT GARDEN

By W .\. Cook. Gordener to th- Hon. ARTHtm J.
Davet, .Abbots Wo<xl, (!o<l,-ilmin(ir, Surrey.

Peach and Nectarine Trei-* -fiather anv
fruits .still upon the trees, and put them to
ripen in a box with some wood-wool in the
bottom, and place the box on a warm and drv
shelf. Cut away any laterals or supei-fluous
shoots. Should the ground close to the wall be
dry give it a good soaking, and at the same time
syringe the trees with an insecticide. The
earlier trees should have a light twiggy birch
.broom dtawn lightly over the foliage to dislodge
any loose leaves, so that the sun may shine on
every portion of the tree. Any tre«e to be
shifted should be transplanted at once.

Fruit Qathepinq and Storino — If Apples
and Pears are gathered and selected with ca/Te
the work in the fruit -room will be reduced to a
minimum. At the present time several varieties
of Pears and Apples are ready for use. They
should be kept in a cool room, although Pears
are nicer when eaten with the chill off. esipecially
in the cold months. The varietiefl BeurriS
Hardy, Beurr*? Superfin, Oansel's Bergamot,
Triomphe de Vienne and others all ripen and
are at their best in October. In Apples James
Grieve and St. Edmund's Pippin— the latter a
very agreeably flavoured variety — American
Mother, Lord Rosebery, .1 fine, highly coloured
fruit, are also ready in October. All these do
well when grown as 'bu.«h or pyramid trees.
Later Apples, when gathered, should be plaH'ed
in backward position.s — that is. on the floor and
on the top shelv<"9, which are the coldest, leav-
ing the middle stages for those which are to be
consumed first, and as these stages are cleared
the tops and bottoms can be thinned to continue
to make a show, <i« AppleR will hear being laid

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bush Chrysanthemums -Late varieties,
grown for blooming about Cbri-stmas-time, may
be kept outside a few weeks longer, but mea-
sures must be taken to protect them in case of
bad weather. If wooden supports are provided.
cAnvas covers or old blinds can be used at
night, or, failing either of the.se. a double thick-
ness of fish-n«tting. Water the pknts before
midday, so that thev will not be saturated at
nightfall.

Freesias.— The light material placed on the
surface, when the bulbs were potted, to keep
the soil in a unifoi-m condition, shouldi be re-
moved as soon as new growth can be .«een. Give
thejn all the light and air possible during mild
weather to ensure a sturdy growth. When the
weath-er turns cold, those required to flower
early in the winter shouTd be placed in the
greenhouiae on a shelf or stage near the glass.
Be careful not to over-water the plants in the
early stages of growth. Later, when the pots
are full of roots, plenty of water may be given,
and a little weak manure-water and soot-water
about twice weekly. Support the plants with
n»at -stakes before they bejin *n fall about. A
temperature of 50° to 55° at night will be
ample, with an increase of 10° in the day by
sun-heat.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J. Guise, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall, Staffordshire.

Paeon I ES. -The planting of herbaceous
I'aeonics should no longer be delayed, and if the
scarcity of labour prevents the work being done
now it should be 7)ostponed for another year
rather than be done in the spring, when the roots
produce a mass of young fibres, making it im
nossible to lift and replant them without injury.
When dealing with a number of large roots in
these gardens last year, the positions for planting
were well trenched and a liberal quantity of dp"
rayed manure and leaf mould incorporated with
the soil. Tlie roots were carefully lifted, and
parted with the aid of two small "border forks.
the crowns being .split into sections of four or
five eyes. The eyes were planted just below the
surface, and a mulching of manure and decayed
leaves placed over them. The weather during the
spring was certainly in their favour, for rarely
have I seen herbaceous Paeonies give so good an
account of themselves.

Pfrennial Larkspurs. -Although Dol-

ohmnims are not so exacting as Paeonies, plants
lifted, ilivided, and replanted at once will cer-
tainly have the advantage over those planted in
spring. As the soil is still warm, the plants will
get well rooted and established before severe
weather .sets in. Young plants in reserve quar-
ters should be transplanted to their permanent
nositions ; they like a rich, light soil, and a
fairly open situation, sheltered from high winds.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By JAS. Hudson, Head Gardener at Gunnersburv House,
Acton. W.

The Top-Dressing of Pot Fruit Trees.—

For top-dressing pot fruit trees it is advisable
to use a little more manure with the soil than
would be used in repotting. Let it be well de-
composed, so as to encourage I'oot-action as
quickly as possible. Proceed first by removing the
top-dressing of the past siunmer, and then with
the sera teller, alluded to in my recent notes, care-
fully work amongst the older roots and endeavour
to get down at least 3 inches into the old ball. In
doing this preserve intact as many of the roots
as possible, not only those in the top-dressing
but also those in the lower part of the soU, and
carefully lay them out after a little fresh soil
has been added ; then incorporate the roots with
this as equally as possible. Press the soil down
quite firmly and apply at the least one good
Nvatering. Look closely to the drainage holes and
see that they are free. If there aa'e any indi-
cations of worms in the pot add some linie to
the water and watch for tlie appearance of the
worms on the surface.

Early Fig Trees in Pots.— There is no

better plan for securing an early crop of Figs
tlian by growing a good batch of trees in pots,
sticcting the variety St. John's or Pingo de Mel ;
it i.s inmiaterial which of these be chosen, for
the fruits are similar, and both crop equally
well. Later on the fruits of the second crop are
not alike in this respect, for the last-named
variety has then more conical fruits than the
former. If any forcing is to be attempted of
these Figs no time should now be lost in paying
attt-ntion to their needs at the roots. Every
a'ternate year is ample for repotting, or every
tliird year even, if they are grown in pots of
large size. WTien potting them, however, do not
he afraid to reduce the balls freely, whilst care-
fully preserving the roots. If larger pots are
deemed advisable use them by all meams, but be
moderate in providing for fresh root extension.
After repotting, or top-dro-ssing, as the case may
be, keep the stock in a cold house, but one tliat
is absolutely proof against frost. These Figs, if
stood fairly close together, may be protected from
any risk of draught by covering them with
leaves, but not sufficient to cause any fennenta-
tion. Should insect pests be troublesome, take
an early opportunity of cleansinn; the wood down
to the base, and use the insecticide fairly strong ;
a soap lather is a good penetrating insecticide
after an application of water as hot as the fingers
can bear without discomfort.

Late Fiob Now Bearing.- Make the most
of the late Figs, for they are a most valuable
acquisition to the dessert. Keep the stock in a
temperature of 60° to 65° Fahr. Guard against
any superfluous atmospheric moisture, but sec
that the plants do not suffer for want of water
at the roots. At the time of writing we are
picking both Negro Largo and Bourjassotte
Orise in quantity, and they have never been
better in quality. These two late Figs cannot
be surpassed for October consumption if given a
fairly warm treatment to mature the fruits.

Young Fio TREES.-Those who may have a
stock of Fig plants propagated from cuttings last
January will now do well to let them go to
lest, even if a few fruits should still remain
upon them. Gradually reduce the watering and
the heat and remove them to a cooler house.
Later on do not lose sight of these young plants,
and on no account let them stand outside. Bo
not attempt any repotting of these until growth
commences again. For the present do not do
anv pruning, but let them first go quite to rest.
.\fter another season's growth in pots a selec-
tion of these may be made, and be trained ac-
crrdingly. for planting out in borders of limited
dimensions. These Avill be better than starved
or stunted plants.

160

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1917.

eOlTOftlAL NOTICE.

ADVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHEB, 41, Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.C. ^ ,

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondenU
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much lime and
trouble, tf they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the eiect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary departmtnt, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Illustrations.— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for luiitiiug, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS, 41, Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRiriEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the ixiritcr. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

AvEiiAGE Mean Temperature for the ensuan^ week
deducted from observaiioos during tlie last fifty
years tut Greenwich, 48.1.
.Actual Temperature :—

Oardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. Wellington Std>eet,
Covent Garden, London. Thursday, October Itt,
10 a.m.: Bar. 29.2; temp. 48.6'>. Weatliei —
Bright sunshine.

•ALBS FON THK BNaUINQ WEEK.

MOND.\Y—

Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 1 o'clock, by

rrotlieroe & Morris.
VVEDNESU.\Y—

Trade S-ile of Bulbs .it l'rotheix)e & Monis's rooms

at 1 p.m.
FRIDAY—

Bulbs, at Protheroe & Morris' rooms at 1 o'clock.

All who grow Apples,

Paradise Apple whether for protit or

stocks. pleasure — and most of

us grow them for both —
will tiiid in Mr. 11. G. Hatton's account*
of his investigations into the different
kinds of Paradise stock much valuable in-
formation and much to stimulate observa-
tion and reflection.

That there is pressing need for a tho-
rough investigation into this subject would,
we think, be immediately conceded by
fruit growers; but if any there be who are
satisfied with the present state of our
knowledge on the variety and character-
istics of " Paradise stocks," w© commend
to their attention Table I. in Mr. Hatton's
paper. In that table is set out first the
names under which some 35 British and
foreign nurserymen sent in collections of
stocks. Examination of these stocks
showed the looseness with which the names
are used. Thus, the name Broad-leaved
English Paradise was used 21 times — 18
wrongly and three rightly. English Para-
dise was used five times — in each case
wrongly, and generally for Doucin. The
Broad-leaved English Paradise wa.s in
some cases used for the most vigorous of
Paradise stocks and sometimes for the
most dwarfing. If these things are done
in the "green tree" of knowledge by
■some of the most expert nurserymen, it is
evidently high time that our knowledge

• Journal of the R.H.S., Sept., 1917.

of Paradise stocks shoidd be set on a
securer basis than that on which it re.sts
at present. . For as Thomas Hitt saga-
ciously observed more than 150 years ago,
" stocks are in some measure a sort of
soil to the kinds of trees raised on them,"
and, needless to say, the value of an Apple
plantation depen.ds not only on the varie-
ties of scion, but also on the kinds of
stocks on which these varieties are
grafted.

The exiperiments at East Mailing, the
fruit station of Wye College, were begun
by Mr. Wellington in 1912, and have been
continued since 1914 by Mr. Hatton.
Throughout the whole period of the experi-
ments Mr. J. Amos has acted as foreman
assistant and recorder. The objects of the
experiment were to isolate the different
kinds of Paradise stock, to define their
several characters, to work up stoclts of
each kind sufficient for testing their vallues
on a large scale, and to determine which
stocks are the best for different purposes.

Needless to . say, the carrying out of
such a programme must inevitably be a
task of many j^ears' duration, and hence
we must look on the present contribution
as an interim report, and hope that the
importance of the advance made will lead
to the recognition that much larger re-
sources should be placed at the disposal
of the East Mailing station.

The first step in the carrying out of
the programme ju.st referred to consisted
in determining the distinguishing char-
acters of the types. For this purpose de-
tained comparative examination of the
stocks in the dormant as well as in the
growing season was made. As a result,
eight distinct types of Paradise .stocks
may be recognised. They are: — The
Broad-leaved English Paradise, the Dou-
cin, Rivers' Nonsuch Paradise, the Im-
proved Doucin (Doucin Ameliore), the
French Paradise, and three others un-
named, of as yet unknown origin. In
addition to these, the collections included
two uncommon and uncertain types and a
new French type — the Paradise Jaune de
Metz, recently introduced into this coun-
try. Collections from Germany contained
also several new unnamed sorts ; so that in
all 15 types of Paradi.se have been isolated.

Omitting the types which appear to be-
long to hitherto undescrilaed forms of
Paradise, there remain nine which may
be easily recognised. They are: — 1,
Broad-leaved English ; 2, Doucin ; 3, a
stock identified by Mr. E. A. Bunyard
as Malus pumila ; 4, unnamed ; 5, Im-
proved Doucin ; 6, Rivers' Nonsuch Para-
dise : 7, unnamed : 8, French Paradise ; 9,
Paradise Jaune de Metz. Each of these
types is illustrated in Mr. Hatton's paper
both by means of photographs of shoots
showing .summer characters, by figures
giving the relative size, and general leaf
characters and by pictures of the root sys-
tems. With this excellent series of illus-
trations before him the nurseryman
■should have no difficultv in determining
the true tvpe to which the majority of his
Paradise stocks iDelong. In this he is as-
sisted by Table III., which gives the

winter characters of each of the nine types,
and by Table IV., which records the sum-
mer cliaracters.

Verj' full and careful records luive bteii
made of the essential cliaracters of the
root-system; for the value of a stock for
a particular purpose mu.st depend more
on the nature of the root-system than on
any other single character. A useful sum-
mary of the characters of the nine types
brings out the striking dift'ereuces between
them and raises a number of interesting
questions, among which «one of the most
important is whether the Doucin so widely
used is worthy of an important place
among Paradise stoclis, and if so, whether
it is suitable only for some soils.

In commending thi.s valuable report to
the attention of fruit growers we venture
to support the author's suggestion that the
work on which he is engaged will receive
the co-operation of nurserymen and
growers. We are sure that the investiga-
tions at East Mailing deserve that co-
operation, and we believe that if it is
given there will be a general improvement
in the Paradise stocks of the country.
This, of course, is but one of the many
subjects of economic importance which re-
quire investigation. The fruit growers
of the country have a unique opportunity
for pressing for fuller recognition and
iissistance of their industry by the State.
In the present and prospective food short-
age the importance of home-grown fruit
lias become of great importance to the
community, and it can only be by sys-
tematised research in a suflScient number
of wel'l-equipped fruit stations that out-
standing problems, the solution of which
would increase the fertility of our
orchards, can l>e solved — and then only if
growers and nurserymen co-operate in the
planning and carrying out the necessary
investigations.

Flower* in Season.— Messrs. Allwood
Bros, send us flowers of their hybrid Dian-
thuses, which they state are from a cross be-
tween perpetual-flowering Carnations and the
gandfen Pink. Flowers were shown at the
R.H.S. meetings in the spring, when the ques-
tion of the perpetual-flowering habit of the
hybrids was discussed. I'he present flowers
prove that the plants bloom well into the
autumn, and specimens have beeji exhibited at
the R.H.S. Shows almost continuously since
the early part of the year. Some unnamed seed-
lings e.xhibited prettier tints than we have pre-
viously seen in the cross.

TiLLAoe Prooramme for Enoland and
Wales in 191 8.- The Board of Agriculture
appeals to farmers to increase, as compared with
1916, (1) the area under corn by 2,600,000 acres,
(2) the area under Potatos and Mangolds by
400,000 acnes, (3) arable land by 2,000,000 acres.

The Surveyors' Institution.- The first
ordinary general meeting of the Session 1917-18
wiU be held on Monday, November 12, at 5
p.m., when the presidejit, Mr. Ahthxtr Lyon
Rtde, will deliver an opening address.

Damping-off of Seedlinos.— Experiments
madte by Messrs. C. Hartley and R. G. Pierce*
indicate that beside the methods of sioil sterilisa-
tion by heat or by formalin the addition to the

tt.S. Dept. of Agric, Bull. 453.

October 20, 1917.}

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

161

soil of oonmiercial sulpburic acid, at the rate of

1 fluid ounce to the square yard, is useful, at
all events, in soils not containing too much lime.
If the soil is dry the acid should be added to

2 pints of water, and the mixture watered in,
and^ if wet 1 pint of water is sufficient.

Speeding -UP Germination.- Experiments

made by Professors Mooke and H.\yes at the
School of Agricultuj-e, University of Minnesota,
flrppear to indicate tliat the fumes of nitre-
benzine accelerate germination of Maize seed
and lead to ihe production of more vigorous
seedlings. The seed is placed in a closed box
in which is suspended a cloth which has been
soaked in nitro-benzine.

tiLMUS PUMILA. -Among the notable "plant-
immigrants " described by Mr. David Fair-
child* is Ulrnus pumila, the Chinese Dry Land
Elm. The figua-e of Ibis Elm represente a

Except for a few vaa-ieties, all killed by frost.
Swedes and Kohl Rabi. — Nearly all lost, and
crop will be almost negligiEle. Mangel-wurzels
and Sugar Beets. — Much injured by frost, and
the remainder, which escaped the frost, damaged
by storms. Radishes. — Condition generally
good ; crop will probably be fairly good, in
spite of Government restrictions in planting.
Winter Radishes. — Almost a total failure.
Onions. — Crop fair, although some damage was
done by storms. The main varieties available
will be Dutch Red and Yellow, and Strasburg.
Parsley. — Much damaged by frost, and yield
will be poor. Chervil. — Almost all destroyed,;
drop will be very small. Spinach. — The seed is
not yet all collected, but it is evident tbat the
crop will be small. The quality of the seed also
has Buffered f mm continuous rains. Cucumber. —
Both forced and in the open promise a rather
good crop. Peas. — Damaged by drought, and

German plough. British ploughs are said to be
too heavy and of unsuitable shape. In the
orangeries and other plantations America.n
ploughs are exclusively used. The use of the
American disc harrow is common, and Amerdcaji
harvesters are in fairly general use even among
the Arabs, whilst the Jews employ American
binders. In the Jaffa Orange district the irriga-
tion of the new groves is effeoted by means of
pumps operated by oil engines. Most of these
are of British make (3 to 8 h.p.), and it as esti-
mated that there are about three hundred of
them.

War Items -An exhibition of Chrysanthe-
mums was held under the auspices of the Elgin
District Horticultural Society on October 10 in
aid of the Red . Cross Fund. There were also
numerous classes for fruit and vegetables. The
exhibition, which was organised by Mr. i. L.
Mann, the secretary, and other local helpers.

specimen 27 feet high .grown from a cutting five
years ago. The species has shown itself remark-
ably resistant to cold and drought, and with-
stands the rigx)urs of the climate of loiwa and
the DiakotaB. It is no less at home in " the rainy
wintei's amd cool summers of the Puget S<)und,
the ijitense dry heat of the interioir valleys of
Northern California, and the humid sub-ti'oi)ieal
summer climate of the Gulf States." Troily a
most accommodating tree.

Dutch Seed Prospects.- Messrs. Slots
AND .GnooT send us from their .seed grounds at
Enkhuizen. Holland, a report on the prospects
of the harvest in various vegetable seeds, as fol-
lows : Cauliflower. — Attacked by disease and
spoilt by rain ; small crop expected. Cabbages.
— Adversely affected by the severity of the
winter; crop very small. Turnips and Beets. —

* Plant Immigrantt.
Agric, Washini^oD,

No. 126, Sept., 1916, V.S. Dept. of

OF XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIA.
GaMow-aiy Garden," p. 155.)

aftei-wards by excessive rains; the crop will b(
scarcely average. Dwarf and Runner Beans. —
Crop promises to be good. Broad Beans. — In
jured by drought; crop will probably bo small
Scor/.onera. — Very little seed. Com Salad. —
Almost destroyed by frost. Celery. — The con
dition of this crop leaves much to be desired
and the crop will probably be negligible.

Agricultural Machinery in Palestine.—
The Journal of the Boyal Society of Arm states
that a memorandum prepared by the Arab
Bureau in Egypt contains gome interesting in-
formation on the subject of agriculture and sup-
plies in Palestine. A good deal of dry scientific
farming is carried' on in the neighbourhood of
Jerusalem, the ground being kept loose by con-
tinual tillage The Arabs do not use harrows,
but the Jewish colonists have introduced the
harrow and American pulverisers with bene-
ficial Tesnite. The ploughs chiefly in use in
Palestine are the primitive Arab plough and the

was highly successful, the sum of £110 being
realised.

With regi'et wo leam of Uie death

of Private W. Easlea, son of Mr. W. Easlea,
Daneci-oft Nursery, Eastwood, Essex. He was
kiUed instan'taneously 'by a. shell whilst per-
fomiing the duties of st-retcher-beali-er during
heavy shell-fire. H.is offioea' writes : " A finer
man I never met ; he was absolutely upright
and brave." Private Easlea was a keen lover
of Roses, and assisted his father in his nursery.
lie leaves a widow a.nd one child.

— ■ — Private Gilbert Errey, of the Austra-
liait Forces, now in Bethnal Green Military Hos-
pital, suffering from a broken arm and leg sus-
tained in the fighting on the Ypres front, is
well known to readers of the Gardeners' C/iro-
nicle by his occasional notes on Lilies aaid othej'
plants contributed ,prdor to the war. He lie a
keen gardesner, and his garden, mear Melbo«ni«,
is full of interesting plants.

162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

ITht Sdit0T$ do not hold themMtlvei rtrpontihU ft
th$ opinioni txpretied ftj/ corrttpondtntt.)

Eighteenth - Century Catalogue. ~ Will
Mr. Roberts give a list of the varieties of Apples
anil other fruit mentioned in his rare old cata-
logue, including any descriptive efforts that there
niuy be ? Besides being of interest to many, it
wc.iild be worth while recording more details
f rimi so unique a cataiogue. D.

GUNNERAS IN THE NORTH (see p. 152).— I
have reason for believing that Gunnera scabra
could be grown all round the eastern and northern
seaboard of Scotland from Aberdeen to Wick.
Even on the northern coast of several counties
to the south of the Morra Firth the climate is
relatively mild, and snow seldom lies long.
There was a plant of 6. scabra in a private estab-
lisliment in the early seventies, and during three
years, while under my observation, it got no
special treatment beyond a small heap of leaves
over the crown during winter. It was grown in
one of the herbaceous borders, and had no feed-
ing whatever, but was sheltered from the north
by a Beech hedge. The plant grew robustly
every year, and was about 3 feet high, with the
characteristic erect leaf-stalks. In those days it
was more the plant of the specialist than the
general cultivator who grew plants^ for their
flowers or the fragrance of their foliage. This
garden was about nine miles as the crow flies
from the nearest seaboard, in a river valley, and
the winter was mostly always severe. J. F.

Bhendi and Brinjals.-I am sure your
numeiuus readers have been interested iu Ser-
geant AWridge's notes on " Gardening in Eden,"
but many ot Uiem may aiot be a.ble to identify
lire fruits by their Oriental names, alithough they
are often seen in Covent Garden. The foiiner
name, Bhendi, is Okro, okra Gombo, Gombaud
(various spellings of all these words). Hibiscus,
esculentus (Malvacae), growing about 5 feet and
with cut foliage, producing pods 4 to 8 inches long,
something like the foim of a long red Capsicum,
but mure sharply pointed and rather angular ; they
are used in the green state, and held in much
esteem by the natives of Indiia in makuig Bendi
Kai and by imiparting a mucilaginous thickening
to soups ; but it is considered heating, and leads
to dyspepsia and constipation; the leaves
ai'e sometimes used as poultices. It is a. native
of the West Indies, and long naturalised in
India. The plant yields a strong and pliant
filire, and is well suited for the manufacture .if
ropes, string, and paper. It would probably
not succeed in the open ground nearer to Eng-
land than a climate like Proveiice. Some niem-
bers of the .^ame genns produce good nore
plants ; one is tlie .soun'ce of Cuba B.aist, which
wnis .much used in English gardens befoa'e fJie
introduction of Raphia. Mnhaut, H. arboreus,
AnAasi Hemp, H. oannabinum. Blue Mahoe, H.
elatus. Rozelle Hemp, H. Sabdariff^, Brinjal,
"Aubergine," "Egg Plant," Solanum Melon-
(geiia. The Garden E'gg is of various sliajpes
and colours, but usually the above niames
nre applied to the long and. round pua-ple
vairieties. The scprlet, white, striped ajid
.black are grown as ornamental, .pot plants
in this country, the white variety being the
most tj'pical of the name. The pui-ple
varieties are generally cultivated in Oriental
countries from Turkey to China and India, also
in the United States, and' are common fruits in
baskets in the markets of New York and other
cities. Mr. W. Roberts, in the Qarfhiicrs' Cfno-
Tii'rh. September 22, 1900, gave an interesting
description, quoting, niter alio, from OariL Mng..
1826, as follows: "They are generally used in
the East Indies in curries and made dishes, but
the usual and best mode of dressing them is,
first, to parboil them, and then, dividing them
lengthways, to score them across and acro.ss with
a knife, to dress them with butter, salt, and pep-
per, and to broil them on a gridiron." TRe
Tomato seems to have become more nonnlar than
the \nbergine in French and English cuisines.
./. M Ifri^nn.

8oAL« Insect* and Amerioan Blight on
PRUIT Trep».-A6 frequent mention of these
pests IB made in all ga.rdening papers, it may

interest readers to know of a very simple and
effective method I have employed to destroy
them. Some years ago, noticing during Juno
that an Apple tree did not thrive as I thought
it should, I closely investigated it to discover
the cause. The leaves and ends of the branches
sho'wed ruo sign of insect oii' fungous attack,
but I found' the lower part of the branches
and the whole of the trunk iso thickly co.vered
with brown sc&le insects as to toucli one
another. As they were of the same colour aa
the bark, I had not previously noticed them.
Thinking I had a tough propusition before me
to exterminate them, I determined upon a kill-
or cure experiment. So I made 'up a verj'
str.^ng mixture of crude Sanitas and water, and
thoroughly scrubbed every part from the ground
upwards to beyond where I could detect a
'Scale insect. Allowing the epecific to dry upon
the tree, I then thoroughly painted the trunk
and branches with linseed oil. The result of
this treatment was that during that year the
tree showed no signs of injury, nor any
apparent improvement, but the next year it
entered upon its vegetative periorl with great
vigour, began to throw off the old. bark, and
ever since has increased in vigour of growth
and fruit production. The one application
of the remedy was quite sufficient, for the
scale insects seem to have .been exterminated.
Patches of the WooUy Aphis or American blight
appeared upon another tree d'uring tli.e .same
year. Know.ing how very deadly oil is to all
insedt-s, I soaked the colonies of American 'olight
with linseed oil. This completely destroyed the
ipe^ fo'r the season, but in subsequent yefire it
has .sometimes .reappeared, when a dose of oil at
once destroys it, without appearing to harm the
tree 'in a.ny'way. I think it very p.roba-ble that if
I had painted the scale-infected tree merely with
oil it would have been quite as effective. How-
( ver, the fact remains that the remedy was per-
fectly effectual, without in any way injuring the
t:ee.' A^. E- Brown.

Sweet Pea Spike with Seven Blooms.—

I seU'd you .a photogrciph (not reproduced) O'f .a
Sweet Pea with seven 'blooms, grown by Mr.
Cooper in the garden of the Horton Re<! Cross
Hospital. Goweir, Glamorgan. .4. E. F. Benson.
Fair 11 IJill. lieynM(htnm,R.S.O.. Qlamwrgan.

Control of Slugs.— In reply to Mr. Pear-
son. I hope to put an article together on the
suljject. When I used to collect them actually,
I soon gave up counting, and estimated by the
pint a.nd quart. H. E. Dnrlmm.

SOCI1STISS.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

British Fruit Show.

(Concluded from p. 154.)

DIVISION V.

Special County Classes.

There were eleven classes in this section, open
to Kent (a county by itself), groups of other
counties, and Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands, respectively. In each case prizes were
offered for 6 Apples, 4 culinary and 2 dessert
^■ariet^es, also for 6 dessert Pears, of distinct
varieties.

KniiT.—Apjiles.—The only exhibitor was the
Rev. J. R. Leigh, Yalding Vicarage, and he
wias a'warded the Lst Prize. Pears. — The Rev.
H. A. Bull, Wellington House, Westgate (gr.
:Mr. F. King), had the better of two .exhibits,
and was awarded the 1st Prize. His fruits of
Beurre Bachelier, President Roosevelt, Beurre
Alexander Lucas, a.nd Princess, were excellent.

Surrey, Sussex, H\nts. — .ipple/i. Mr.

W. H. Smith, West Dean Gardens. Chichester,
had the best of eight exhibits with highly
coloured fruits of Peasgood's Nonesuch, Gloria
Mundi, Warner's King, Lord Derbv, Rival (very
fine), and Chas. Ross; 2nd, Rev'. McMurdie,
W<..burn Park, Wevbridge (gr. Mr. A. Basile).
Penr.i.— The Rev. AToMuRBlE excelled, beating

four others, with splendid fruits of L« Brim,
Souvenii- du Cougres, Pitmaston Duchess,
DuiHindeau, and huge specimens of Marguei-ite
Mamllat; 2nd, Lady .Mary Morbison, Tis-
bui-y (gr. Mr. H. H. Mills), whose finest dish
was Duroaideau.

Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Corn-
wall.—.4p/jZes.— Major F. J. B. WiNGFIELD
DiGBY, Sherborne Castle, Doi-set (gr. Mr. T.
Turton), was placed 1st for immense fniits of
Gloria Mundi, finely coloured HoUandbui-y, The
Hou'blon, Cox's Orange Pippin, and others; 2nd,
.John Copp, Esq., Teignmouth. Pears. — Major
WiNGFiELD-DiGEY aLso' showed 'best in the Pear
class, in which Lady Mary Morrison was placed
2nd.

Gloucester, Oxford, Bucks, Berks, Beds,
Herts .and Middlesex — Apples. — Sir Edward
Pearson, Brickendonbury, Hertford (gr. Mi.
W. Stephenson), won the 1st Prize, Emperor
Alexander, Ribston Pippin, Peasgood's None-
such and Bramley's Seedling being unusually
good. Pears. — Sir Edward Pearson also showed
the best Pears, and was awarded the 1st Prize.

Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge,
Hunts and Rutland. — Apples. — Only two com-
peted, the 1st Prize being awarded to C. ti.
Berners, Esq., Ipswich (gr. Mr. W. Messenger);
his best varieties were Chas. Ross and The Hou-
blun ; 2nd, Sir R. Shatto Adair, Bart., Flix-
ton Hall, Suffolk. Pears. — Tliese competitors
were reversed in the class for Pears.

Lincoln, Northampton, Warwick, Leices.
ter, Notts, Derby, Staffs, Shropshire and
Cheshire. — Apples. — Only one competed in this
section — Mark Firth, Esq., Carlton Park, Mar-
ket Harboro' (gr. Mr. R. W. Th-ateher).

Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth, and
W»LEs. — .ipjiles. — W. J. Gresson, Esq., Severn
Stoke, Worcester (gr. Mr. T. Parry), had the
better of two exhibits, his fruits of Chas. R.osB
being highly coloured and those of Peasgood's
Nonesuch very large; 2nd, Mrs. Smart, Aber-
gele (gr. Mr. R. Rogers). Pears. — Mr. Gresson
als.) showed the best Pears.

Six Northern Counties and the Isle of
]\fAN. — .Apple<!. — Only two comneted, and the
1st Prize was awarded to Mr. W. Orr, Silveir-
'dale, Lancashire, whose fruits of Chas. Ross.
Red Victoria and Lodddngton were well coloured
for such a northern district.

Scotland. — A nples. — Capt. Gordon. Threave
House. Castle Douglas igr. Mr. ,1, Duff), was
the only representative from Scotland. His ■
fruits were very good, and, as showing how
much later the season is for Apples in Scot-
land, those of Lady Sudeley, Worcester Pear-
main. Castle Major and British Queen were in
the pink of condition.

Ireland. — Apnles. — Ireland was represented by
two rood collections, the best from the Rt. Hon.
the Earl of Bessborough. Piltown, Co. Kil-
kenny (gr. M.r. S. E. Tomlin) ; 2nd. Earl of
Droc.heda. Pears. — Mr. Hugh Innes, Stewart
Institute Gardens, Palmerston, Co. Dublin,
showed simall but good quality fruits of Pit-
maston DuchesiS, St. Luke. Doyenne du Comice.
anid Duromdeau; 2nd. Earl of Bessborough.

Affiliated Societies.
As at last year's exhibition, the only exhibitor
in this cla.ss. which called' for six varieties of
culinarv Apnles, six of dessert Apples, and six
of cuil'narv Peans, w.as the Ipswich and District
Gardeners'" Association, and the lat Prize was
well merited.

Single Dish Classes.
The number of exhibits in each class is given
in brackets. Th':- 1st prize winners were as fol-

Dessert Apples.
.idnm.->'s Pearmaiti (10) : Duke of Wellington.
Stiathfieldsaye, Mortimer, Berkshire (gr. Mr. C.
Matthews). ' Allint/fan Pi-npin fl?) : A. E.
Cttmrerbatch, Esq.. Ware Park. Herts (gr. Mr.
F. W. Miles). Awerienn Mnf/ier (9) : Duke of
Wi.ilington. Barnael- Beantii (8) : Duke of
Wiiltngton (finely coloured!. ' Ben's Bed (5) :
C. H. Berners, Esq.. Woolverstone P.ark,
Ipswich (gr. W. Messenger). Blenheim Pippin
ilT,) : E. E. Palmer. Esq. (the best coloured and
niosf regular of the fniits shown, though not the

OCTOBEB 20, 1917.]

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1G3

largest). Charles Bum (19) : W. J. Gbesson,
tsq. (the best Biatched fruits, and of high
quality, but not very large). Claijijutc Pearmain
(5) ; F. J. Landsell, Esq., West Moors, near
\\ imborne, Dorset. Coronation (9) : F. J. Land-
.-iEiL, Esq. (a superb dish of fruit). Cox's Oranije
I'ippin (24) : Major Wingfield-Digby. Bgre-
iioont Susset (4) : Major Winofield-Digby.
James Grieve (10) : John Copp, Esq. Lord
Hindlip (5) : Lady Mary Morrison (the largest
and best fruits). Margil (5) : F. C. Sroop, Esq.,
West Hall, Byfleet, Surrey (gr. 6. Carpenter).
I'ihston Pippin (19) : Marquis of Rn-ON, Coombe
Court, Kingston Hill (gr. T. Smith.) (A superb
dish of this old favourite, red all over.) Biral (16) :
Lady Mary Morrison ^the largest and best fruits
shown in this class, and of high colonr). St.
Edmund's Pippin (4) : Major WxNGFrELD-DiGBY.
Wealthy (15) : E. E. Palmer, Esq. (there was a
great divergence of colour among the exhibits,
some being all red, others only striped. The
fruits in the winning dish were very pretty).

Any Early Variety Not Named Abo\'B,
Fit for Use.

(24) 1st, F. C. Stoop, Esq. {Gravenstein).
Any Late Variety Not Named Above.

(25) 1st. C. H. Berners. Esq. (Winter Uib-
ston); 2nd, F. ('. .Stoop. Esq. {Brownlees'is l/u^-
«■<).

Cooking Apples.
Beauty of Kent (5) : Rev. T. McMubdie. Bis-
marck (6) : Sir Ed. Pearson. Blenheim Pippin

(7) ; F. West, Esq., Hackwood Park, Basing-
stoke. Bramleii's Hecdling (10) : Uuke of Wel-
lington. Cellini (5) : Mrs. C. M. Nohden,
Lcpgfield, Loughton, Essex (g^. CJ. Gilbert).
Very highly coloured. Dumelow's Seedling (8) :
Dnke of Wellington. Ecklinville (3) Duke of
Wr.LLiNGTON. Emperor Alexander (9) : Sir R.
Shafto .\daih. Bt. Gascoyne's Scarlet (10) :
Mr. R. Staward, Panshanger Gardens (one of
the finest dishes in the show). Golden
Xoble (3) : Sir Ed. Pearson. Grenadier (1) :
Capt. Gordon, Threave House, Castle Douglas
(gr. J. Duff). Hormcad Pearmain f3) ; Duke of
Wfllington. Lane's Prince Albert (15) : A. E.
CiMBERBATCH, Es:). Lord Derby (8) : Rev. ,T. H.
LcTGH, Yalding, Kent (gr. G. Johnson). Mere,
de M(nage (10) : Sir Ed. Pearson (large, fruits
of fine quality). Newton Wonder (4) : Duke of
U ELLINGTON. Peasgood's Nonesuch (9) : Mark
FiBTH. Esq., Carlton Park. Market Harborough
(gr. R. W. Thatcher). Potts' s Seedling (4) :
Major WiNOFiELD-DrcBV. Boyal Jubilee (5| :
W. H. Smith, We.=t Dean Garde.ns, Chichester.
Stirling Castle (3) : jMarquis of RipoN. The
Queen (9) : Sir Ed. Pearson. Warner's King
(9) : F. West, Esq. (an excellently coiiteate<l
class) .

Any Variety Not Named Above.
(15) 1st, E. E. Palmer, Esq. (huge fruits of
r'hiirlrs lioss); 2nd, Ladv Mary Moruison, with
Brv. W. WiU-s.

Dessert Pears.
Bcurri d'Amanlis (4) : F. West, Es(i. Beurre
d'Aujou (2) : C. H. Combe. Esc,., Cobh.im Park.
Surrey (gr. G. A. Kember). Beurre Bosc (5) :
Major WiNGFiELD-DiGBY. Benrrf Uardy (8) :
Major Winofteld-Dioby. Beurre Siiperjin
(5) : C. H. Bkrners, Esq. Charles Ernest

(8) ■ C. H. Berners, Esq. (smaller but
beautifully coloured fruits were shown by
F R. Rood, Esq.). Conference (12) : G. F.
Marsh, Esq., Wallington (very large fruits).
Doyennf du Cornice (17) : Harry Shipley. Esq.,
Downside, Cobham, Surrey. Diirondeau (7) :
Rev. Thos. McMurdie. Easter Beurre (4) : F
Wk.'^t, Esq. Emile d'TIeyst (5) : C. H. Beknehs.
Esq. Fondante d'Automne (5) : C. H. Berners,
Esq. Fondante de Thirriot (6) : Rev. Thos.
MnMiiRDiE. Ghiu Morceau (6) : Rev. Thos.
TJcMtiRDiE (large and well-coloured fruits).
Josephine de Malines (8) : Sir Ed. Pearsom.
f.ouise Bonne of Jersey (8) : G. F. Marsh, Esq.
Marie Benoist (S) : Major WiNGFiELn-DioBY.
Marie Louise (8) : Rev. T. MrMnRDiE. Nouveile
Fi.lrie (3) : M.ajor WiNOFrBLD-DiOBY. Pitmaston
D'ohess (13) : ('. H. Berners, Esq. (very large
I'init* of good quality). Souvenir du Congri'S
(2) Rev. T. McMtTRDiE. Thompson (no entries).
Triomphe de Vienne (2) : C. H. Berners, Esq.
Winter Nelis (3) : Major Wingfield-Digby.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

September 20.— At the meeting held on Thure-
d(ay, the 20Dh ult. , the members of the Com-
mittee present were :— The Kev. J. Cromble-
holme (in the chair), Messrs. D. A. Cowan, J.
Cypher, A. G. EUwood, J. Evans, A. R.
Handley, J. Howes, A. Keeling, D. McLeod, W.
Shackleton, H. Thoi-pe, and H. Arthur (secre-
taiy).

First-class Certificates were awarded to the fol-
lowing novelties : —

Odontoglossum crispum Xanthotes Nadine and
O President Poincari, from W. R. Lee, Esq.

Caltleya Doreen (aurea x Pittiana). from Mrs.
S. Gratrix.

Sophro-Cattleya Faboris {S.-C. Doris x C.
Fabia), from S. Gratrix. Esq.

Laelio-Cattleya G. G. Whitelegge magnifica.
^ron- J. J. Bolton, Esq.

Catfleya Venus The Knowh car., from John
H.4BTLEY, Esq.

Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya The Belle (S.-L -C
Marathon x C. Fabia). from P. Smith, Esq.'

Cattleya Thora magnifica (Empress Frederick
X Mrs. Pitt), from J. Walker, Esq.
Awards of Merit.

Brnsso-Cattleya Ilene The Knowle car. (li -C
Maroni x C. aurea), and 0dm. Henry Thomn-
son. from J. Hartley, Esq.

Odontoglossum amahih var. Royal Geonie
from J. J. Bolton, Esq.

Caltleya Mrs. Pitt var. Leeana. from W 1!
Lee, Esq.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

October 8.— The nmnthlv meeting of this
Society wa.s iheJd in the R.H.S. Hall on the
8th inst., Mr. C. H. Curtis presiding. Two new
members were elected. Two members withdrew
from tiheir deposit accounts the sum of £54.
The sick ii)ay for the month on the oHinarv side
amounted to ,£42 lis., ajid on the State section
£16 15s. 4d., and maternity benefits to £3. The
meevting j-osolved itself into a spe<'.ial general
meeting for the purpose of considering the
amended rules of the Juvenile section, and theisc
were .idoptod unanimously. The monthly meet-
ings will take pliace at 6 p.m. during the" winter
months, instead of 7 p.m.

CROPS AND STOCKJN^THE HOME FARM.

HaRVT-STING the M,lNOOLD.

Now that we have had the first taste of frost
more may be expected at any time, and as many
Mangolds were spoiled by frost last year, notonly
during the winter months, but also before the
roots were pulled, it will not be wise to risk the
loss of a part of the present crop. Some siiy that
frost does not injure Mangolds in a heap even
though they are frozen, provided they are allowed
to thaw without interference. I have never seen
frozen roots recover, but they always come out
in a rotten mass. The Mangold crop this year
is a heavy one; probably it has never been' ex
ceeded, although the season of growth has not
been ideal owing to a lack of sunshine ; at any
rate, in the Southern Counties. One cau.se of the
heavy crop is no doubt the energy put into the
matter, and early sowing.. After" the dearth of
food during last spring, many farmers realised
that the Mangold crop would be especially valu-
able, and thus devoted an extra share of manure
to the land.

Mangold roots are easy to pull; they leave the
ground readily, gcner.-illy without soil attached.
The most expeditious method of pulling the root.'!
is to seize the tops some 3 inches from the crown
with the left hand, and with a large knife .sever
the leaves within an inch or so of the crown ;
with the same action throw the roots into a heap
of about two wheelbarrowsful, working round the
heap, dropping the leaves close to the heap. The
roots are piled up cone-shape, and by nightf.iU
they are covered securely with the leaves, which
are sufficient to ward off several degrees of frost.
Fsually the heaps are allowed to remain several
days, or a week at the most, where they dry
somewhat, and are in a better condition for stor-
ing than when put straight into a heap as pulled.

There are various ways of storing Mangolds.
Where frost-proof sheds or barns are available,
no method is more economical in labour and in
no way do the roots keep better, if tliey are freely
ventilated for some time after storing, to dissi"-
pate water vapour arising from slight fermenta-
Lion. I have seen Mangolds stored in barns 30 feet
wide and as much as 10 feet high, and which came
out quite sound in April. Where, however, such
conveniences do not exist, the old-fashioned
method of clamp-building can be utilised, and
there is none better when properly carried out.
I'sually the clamps are made in the field where
the roots are grown, to save cartage. Select a
site as near the gate as possible, and if at tlie
side which is sheltered from north winds all
the better, as this necessitates less protection
from that quarter. The width of the'clamp at
the base may be 6 feet or more up to 9 feet, build-
ing up in cone shape to a point, using, of course,
the larger roots for the walls. The most expe-
ditious method is to tip the cai-t up in the middle
ot the heap, working from the middle in two
gangs to the opposite ends.

W^hen the heap is complete, cover with straw',
or, what is better. Barley or Oat caving, which
lies closer together, and naturally wards off more
frost. A covering of straw will tend to keep the
covering dry, which is not so liable to frost pene-
tration as when wet. If there is danger from
rain, a coating of soil 1 foot thick, dug from a
trench around the clamp, should be put on three-
parts of the way up the clamp, leaving the apex
open for the escape of moisture for at least two
or three weeks, when the whole may be covered
n-ith straw and soil, introducing ventilators on the
top of the ridge at evei-y 6 feet, made either of
straw bundles through which the steam will arise,
or, what is better still, 4-inch drain pipes fitted
in the top of the ridge. As long as the steam
cin escape. Mangolds will keep sound until
August, provided, of course, the covering is suffi-
i:ient to keep out frost. A good plan is to thatch
the soil, especiiilly on the north side, which keeps
it dry. and the clamp is then absolutely secure
from frost. E. Molyneux.

Women Workers on the Land.

A practical test of efficiency for women farm
workers, organised under Government auspices,
was carried out at the Metchley Park Farm of
Messrs. A. J. Follows" and Son," Edgbaston, Bir-
ii.ingham, on the 4th inst. The test was intended
'-II be an examination, and not in any sense a
competition, match, or demonstration. The
I arm on which the tests were made is situated
on high land about three miles to the west of
Birmingham, ,and consists of upwards of 260
acres, 40-50 of which were placed at the dis-
posal of the Committee.

The weather was most unsuitable for land
operations, rain falling almost continuously
throughout the day. and at times the downpour
was unusually heavy, but tlie women stuck to
their work in a thoroughly businesslike w.ay.
The general arrangements were in the hands iif
a Committee, of which the Lord Mayor of Bir-
n-.ingham is chairman, whose interestin the suc-
cess of the scheme was very pronounced. The
actual tests were arranged by practical farmers,
whi also acted as judges. About 250 workers —
strong, healthy, active, and keen at their wiU'k —
were drawn from a dozen Midland counties. The
largest number of candidates from any one
county was 62, from Warwickshire. The women
were attired in trousers, leggings, loose coats
reaching to the knees, and soft felt hats, and
were grouped according to their skill and length
of training. In order to gain the Board of Agri-
culture certificate of efficiency, it was necessary
to get 75 pir cent, marks, while candidates who
obtained 70 per cent, received the Highly Com-
mended certificate.

In the general labourers' tests 160 candidates
entered for the pulling, cleaning, and piling
Mangolds ; 100 or so, in the hoeing and singling
mots; 16 hay trussing; 20 Uiatching; 70 load-
ing' and unloading straw ; and 40 mowing by
luind, including whetting scythe. The women
handled the implements deftly, and carried out
the work expeditiously.

Ill the tesU for wagoners, which included
grooming, harnessing, and driving single-horse
wagon, backing it into position between pegs,

164

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OoTOBEE 20, 1917.

there were 35 entries; 20 for ploughing (pair of
hurses abreast) ; 15 for ridging ; and 15 for drill-
ing The tests for cowmen were very popu-
lar, about 150 women entering for the milking
by hand and by madiinery, which included strip-
pin;; cows and cleansing machines, etc. Milking
com'menced at 5.30 a.m., and all the 60 candi-
dates satisfied the judges, who awarded the
maximum number of marks to two women, and
over 90 per cent, to 22 others. In the tractor
ploughing test, candidates were required to drive
the tractor and ride the plough alternately, two
bouts for each operation. They also had to set
the plough, which was a by no means easy task
under such tiying weather conditions, but the
opinions of the judges were quite favourable to
the workers.' It is proposed to continue these
tests in other counties.

ENQUIRY.

Market Tomato.— Will someone please tell
(ne what variety of Tomato is most grown for the
London market ? L.

Reply.— Many growersare cultivating the new
Kondine Red variety, which gives excellent re-
sults as a market sort. Others still rely on such
older varieties as Comet and Sunrise, whilst many
have selections of their own from the older types
of market varieties. A good market fruit should
be of moderate size, possess a smooth skin and
solid flesh, with few seeds, thus weighing well.
If it is of better flavour than the gemeriality of
Tomatos so much the better. 7'.

•There are few gardeners, and still lewer ama.eurs. who d-
rot on occasion require immediate information upon various pomt
?' practice. But either Irom an unwillingness to inqu re. or from
rot knowing of whom to make the inquiry, they too often fail to
obtain the information they are in want of. And let no one be
alarmed lest his questions should appear trifling, or those o( a
person ignorant of that winch he ought to know. He is the
wisest man who is conscious of his ignorance : for how little do
(he wisest really know '—except that they know little. If one
man is unacquainted with a lact. however common, it is probaSle
ihat hundreds o! others in the same position as himself are
equally in want of similar m'crmatioa To ask a question, then
s to consult lh<. goo-J ol others as well as of one's self."-
Gariinvrs' Ckronidc. A'o. 1. Vol. 1.. Jamiaru ?. JSil.

Careots : E. L. Carrot-roots are apt to split
when cultivated in soil containing much ani-
mal manure in a state more or less fresh.
Again, if they are left in the ground after
attaining full size and wet weather ensues they
are also liable to split. We cannot tell which
is the cause in your case, but would advise you
to select for this crop next season soil that is
sufl^ciently rich to need no fresh application.
A free sandy soil is suitable, rather than a
clayey medium, or one containing rough gravel.

Earth Worms in Pots and Grubs on Luiums :
Amateur. The worms may be introduced with
the fresh top-dressings of soil, or, as you sug-
gest, in the water. Worms are frequent in the
material, such as gravel and shell, used on
greenhouse stages, after it has remained undis-
turbed for some time. Send a specimen of the
Lily bulb for examination.

Fruit Bottling : J. E. C. Provided the rubber
rimgs are sound they may be used' a second
time or oftener, but they should be thoroughly
cleansed and sterilised in hot water.

Fungus on a Lawn : W. J. C. The specimen
was too old and out of character when it reached
us to determine the name of the fungus.

Lettuce Roots Affected with Insects : II'. S.
Send a specimen for examination.

Lilac and Plum Diseased : /. E. C. The fujigus
Cepha.lothecium roseum and a Botrytis are
present om the Lilac leaves, but these fungi
are not likely to cause whole baiamches ito die.
Thei-e is no fungus present on the bark gent ;

the maj-kinig6 on it are the lentdcels. The
Plum tree attacked with " silver leaf should
be upa-ooted and burned.
Lisr of Apples ; M. H. H. There is nothing
but Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual, now out of
print, and costing, second-hand, 25s. to 30s.,
but not easy to find. We could get you a
copy of Leroy's Dictionnaire de Pomologit,
section " Apples," but, of course, the text is
in French, and the lists include mostly French
varieties.
Names of Fruits.— 7n the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VARIETIES bc sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send ansivers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.
Pro Bono Publico. Pear over-rip>e. — A. H.,
Wokingham. 1, 2 and) 4, Apple Cox's Orange
Pippin ; 3, Pear Louise Bonne of Jersey ; 5,

Fig. 61. — stem tuberation in potato.

King of tlie Pippins ; 5, Beurre Clairgeau ;
7, smail fruit of BeaiTe d'Amanlis. — A. L.
Apples; 1, Peasgood's Nonesuch; 2, Sops-iai-
Wine. The Pears were over-ripe. — P. L. 1,
Keiiiy Pippin ; Ciiab not recognised. — /. McG.
1, American Mother; 2, Old Nonesuch; 3 and
7, Hormead Pearmain ; 4, Hoary Morning
(ettriped) ; 5, Dutch Codilin; 6, Norfolk iBeauty.
— H. W. 1, Wadhurst Pippin ; 2, Ross Non-
pareil ; 3, Annie Elizabeth ; 4, Lady Henniker ;
5, Melrose ; 6, Dutch Miguonne. — Mrs. H.
Pear Beurre die Capiaumont. — G. E. 1, Annie
Elizabeth; 2, Beauty of Kent; 3, small, not
recognised ; 4, Waltham Abbey Seedling ; 5,
Royal Ettsset ; 6, Herefordshire Pearmain ; 7,
Cullen. — Shropshire. 1, Domino ; 2, not recog-
nised ; 3. Tower of Glammis ; 4, St. Edmund's
Pippin; 5, Hanwell Souring; 6, Winiter Haw-
thonnden. — /. Mills. 1, Miargil ; 2, iDominio ;
3, Potts's Seedling ; 4, Old Hawthornden ; 6,
Newton Wonder; 6, Beautv of Kent; 7.
Small's Admirable.— ^'. G. M. 1, Tower of
Glammis: 6, Cox's Orange Pippin: 11, Lord
Derby ; Peaa-s : 20, Beurre Bosc ; 17, Louise
Bonne of Jersey. — 0. W. 1, Allington Pip-
i]>in ; 2, Yorkshire Beaoity ; 3, Woirceslter Pear-
miain ; 4, Potts's Seedling. — /. E. Conilsih
Mother.—/. G. B. 1. Lady Sudeley : 2.
Small's Admirable; 5, Woodcock ; no number.
Tower of Glammis. — F. W. 0. You have not
obsein'ed the rules in sending so maiiy fruits.
Those not named are either over-ripe or too
immature to show the chanacters. 34, 25,
Williams' Bon Chretien ; 4, Piifamaston

Duchess; 17, small, fruit of Doyenne du
Comice. — R. B. 1, Vineu,se; 2, Colmard'Ete;
3, Beurre Diel.— i!'. R. 2, Cornish Gilliflower ;
3, Ribston Pippin; 4, Nonesuch; 5, Loaxl
Derby ; 6, Wyken Pijppin. Pears decayed. —
/. B. E. Rival.

Names of Pvkmi.— Correspondents not answered in

this issue are requested to be so good as to consult

the following number.

M. C. Salvia Horminum.— TF. M. Cotoneaster

frigida. — A. K. Rhamnus oatharticus (common

Buckthorn.

Pears Deformed and Diseased : By. D. The
Pears are attacked by "ripe rot." A species
of PenJoillium is present, and this or some
other fungus is tlie cause of the decay. In all
cases the disease enters the fruit th'TOUgh some
wound, such as punctures made by wasps and
cracks due to scab disease.

Plants for Carpeting Brick Bubble : Amateur.
Besides Sedum acre, you could employ Ceras-
tium tomentosum, Arabis, Aubrietias, and
mossy Saxifragas.

Potato Crop : A. L. The fault was not in the
soil, or the plants of Midlothian Early would
have failed. "The Factor" tubers may have
got chilled before you put them into the
ground. If this was not the case then they
suffered some other kind of check that had the
effect of destroying fertility whilst leiaving
them with lextj-aordinary capacities for growth.

PoT.\TO with Stem Tubers : E. Bros. The
specimen you send is not uncomimon. Trhfi
underground tuber of a Potato is nothing
more than a modified' stem or shoot, and it is
not surpi-ising that these thickened shoots
should sometimes be .produced above ground.
The illustration in fig. 61 shows one of these
aeria.! tubers in the axil of a leaf.

Seakale : E. B. The blancliing of Seakale out-
of-doors is done by means of special pots, in-
verted over the roots. These are usually
covered witlh fermenting material, which gives
rise to sufficient heat to cause the plant bo
grow more quickly than it otherwise would.
As a rule, the earliest Seakale is produced from
crowns lifted and forced indoors, the outdoor
plants coming into use just as the indoor sup-
ply is exhausted.

Seedling Apple : /. T. Mason. We have cooked
the specimens you sent us, and find that their
culinary qualities are very good. Moreover,
being fairly sweet, they needed less sugat
than many Apples usually employed for cook-
ino- : the variety is sufficiently attractive to be
considered by some people good enough for
dessert. It might be worth your while to
submit specimens to the Fruit and Vegetable
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society
at their next meetin.g, on October 23. The
address of the secretary is Vincent Square,
Westminster, S.W. 1.

Spraying Potatos : C. Your Arnan Chief
Potatos should not have been injured by ordd-
naiy spraying, and the injury must have been
primarily due to some circumstances which it
is not possible to deteiTnine except by some-
one on the spot. Perhaps the ingi-edients of
the spray fluid were too strong, or the haulms
of the Potatos may have been injured in turn-
ing them fix)m side to side for the purpose of
spraying. It was quite correct to spray them,
although they had shown no signs of disease.

Violet Leaves Diseased : W. S. N. The plants
are infested with the disease known as Asco-
chyta violae. Burn all plants which show the
symptoms, sterilise the soil, disinfect the
frames, and plant fresh stock. When the new
plants are well established, spray them about
every fortnight with potassium sulphide, at
the rate of one ounce to three gallons of water.

Conimunications Beceived — Mrs. W. —
G H. H W.— C. H. B.— E M.— F. F. H.— J. C—

V. V. H.— >t. S. P.-J. H. B.— E. F.— \V. F. & Co.—
— H S. K — H. O.— P. B.— .A. W., Rvburgii (tiext week)
—H. J El«es (wibh thainlts)— W. R., B.E.F.. .Fromce—
N.^G. M. T— H. & Sotl— W. W.— E. B.— G E.— A. L.—
-^ T M.— E M. Boiirnemouth— R. B.— Sir H. J. V.—
Amateur— M. J. G.— W. T.— N. E. B.— J. A. P.— F. G.,
Palestine— J. G. D.

OCTOBEB 20, 1917.]

TEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

▼.

NL A :r JL je: T s.

COVEXT GARDEX. October 17.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished t« us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

. d. 8. d.
Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— perlOO, in small
and large 60's 24 0-30 0

— in 48"9, perdoz. 7 0-80

— in 328, perdoz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,
48'3, per doz . 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis,

60's, per doz„. 6 0-80
larger, each ... 2 6-70

Kentia Belmoreana,

per doz. ... 15 0-18 0
larger ... 30 0-60 0

— Forsteriana,60*s S 0-10 0
Lilium longillonim,

per doz. ... 30 0-36 0

— lancifolium ru-
brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

Remarks.— There is a fairly good supply of Asp-^ragns
pliiiniofma ajid A. Spren^eri. Adiantum Fern is decreas-
ing in quantity, and the supply of Smilai is very irregai-
Vw. The main supply of t^he latter is imported from
Guemaey. Autumn foHoge is plentiful.

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

Grapes, con.-

Aralia Sieboldii,

perdoz.

5 0-60

Asparagus plumo-

8UB, per doz. ...

10 0-12 0

— SpreDgeri
Aspidistra, green,

8 0-10 0

per doz.

30 0-S6 0

Cacti, various, per

tray of 16 s ...

4 0 —

— per tray of 12 e

6 0 —

Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 s, per

doz.

8 0-24 0

— coloured, 48'8,

per doz.

8 0-12 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

48'8, perdoz....

18 0-30 0

— 60'b, per doz....

8 0-10 0

Erica nivalis, flO's,

per doz.

4 0-60

— 48'8

12 0-1.5 0 ;

— gracUli 48» ...

10 0-16 0

72'B...

2 6-36

s.d. B d

s.d. s.d.

Arums—

Lily.of-the.-\alley,

- (Klchardias),

per doz. bun ...

24 0-30 0

per doz. til'ms.

:> 0-8 0

Michaelmas Daisies

Camellias, white.

per doz. bun ...

4 0-60

per. doz.

3 0-36

Orchids, per doz;—

Carnations, per doz

— Cattleya

16 0-18 0

— blooms, best

— Cypripediums

2 6-30

American var.

2 8-36

— Odontoglossum

Chrysanthemums-

crispum

2 ft- 3 0

— white, per doc.

Pelargoniums, dou-

blofjms

30-6 0

ble scarlet per

— bronze

doz. bunches...

6 0-10 0

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. bunches ...

3 0-40
12 0-24 0

PhysaliB. per doz.

bunches
Roses : per doz.

6 0-80

— white

IS 0-24 0

Karl Druschkl

2 0-26

Gardenias, per box

3 0-46

— Liberty

2 0-30

Heather, white.

— Melody

2 0-30

per doz. bun....

6 0-90

- Mme. A. Chat-

Lnpagerla alba, per

enay

2 0-30

doz. blooms ...

2 0-26

— Ophelia

2 0-36

Lilium longlflorum,

- White Molly

long

4 0-50

ShannanCi-aw-

— lancifolium

ford

2 0-30

album, long ...

3 0-36

Tuberoses, per gross

rubrum, per

blooms...

6 0-80

doz. long

3 0-36

Vlolet8,perdoz.buiL

4 0-60

short, p»r

— Double, per.

doz blooms ...

2 0-30

doz. bun.

4 0-60

Cut Foliage, ftc: Aver

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

sd. s.d.

Adiantum (Maiden.

Asparagus con.—

hair Kern) best.

— .Sprengeli

8 0-10 0

perdoz. bun...

6 0-70

Carnation foliage.

Asparagus plu-

doz. bunches...

4 0-50

mosus, long

Cycas leaves, per

trails, per half-

doz.

3 0-60

dozen

2 6-30

Moss, gross bun...

6 0-60

— — medium.

Smilax, per bun.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

of 6 trails

16-20

Rbmaiiks. — niere ic im

*'xre]>( loiml shortifl^ of cut

flowers, a/nd certain colour*

d varieties o( Clli^'sMitlw-

nnuus are unobtaimible. In <-*»nseiiueiH-e Miero Ims
be<^n a (jreat (ulv;inc<< in prices throuffhout (h"
market, rhe aujjply l>eiinp ir;*(ufflcient to mtt^t the deninitid.
OarmitionB, Roses and LiJiuni** are still fairly plentiful,
but Hoses are _ gradually lessening, and ii further i\'\-
vum-c in ppioee is ex|)e(it*d mnuediateily. Phy-^alis a'Kl
Stativ-e are pmrticiHy Ihiighed for the sea«<^n.

Vegetables: Average Wholesale Prices-
a.d. B.d.

Artichokea, Globe,

per doz. ... r» 0- 8 0
Hean 8 : Runner

(scarlet).

bus.
— Kreinh(Channel

iBlands), pern>. 0 It- 1 :i
Beetr(K>t, per bus. 4 0-50
Brussels Sprouts,

IHT i bus. ... 3 6-40
CahbaKc, i)er tally 4 0-60
Carrots, new. per

(Itiz. bunches .. 3 0- 4 0
Cauliflowers per

pad 3 6-60

Celery, per Imndte 2 0- 2 t(
Cucumbers, per flat 12 0-14 0
Garlic, per lb. ... 0 K- 0 9
Greens, per bag ... 2 0- 3 0
Herbs, perdoz bun. 4 0-80
llfffseradish, per

bunch 3 0-60

ft tl- 6 0

Leeks, per doz. bun. 4 0- ri 0
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 0 s- 2 0
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, per cwt 20 0-22 0

— spring, perdoz.

bun. ... 4 0-60

Parsnips, per bag .. 6 0-80
Radishes, per duz.

bunches ... 16-20

HavovH, per tally... !) 0-12 0
.Shallots, per duz.

Iba. 6 0-90

Spinach per bushel 3 S- .'i 0
Turnips, per bag ... 7 0-80

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 3 0-40

Turnip tops, pcrbus. 2 0 —
Vegetable Marrows,

per doz. ... 2 0-26
Watercress, perdoz. 0 4-06

4 0-46
0 9-10

. . s.d. B.d.

— Gros. Colnian,
per. lb. ... 10-20

— Muscats, per lb. 13-30
Lemons, per case... 16 0-18 0
Melons, English and

Guernsey, each 2 0-40
Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 6-30
Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...110 0 —

cobs, per lb.... 10- lOj
Coconuts, per

100 36 0-40 0

Peaches, per doz .. 8 0-18 0
Pears, per i bus....
Prunes, per \ bus.
Quinces, per j bus.
Tomatos, English
per J2 lbs. or

peck

Walnuts, English,

per lb

KfiMARES. — Supplies of Apples and Pears are well
inaintaiined, but ^elected dessert and lai^e cooking
fruits are in dejiiand. The only vairiety of Plums now
available are Prunes, but I>amsoiis continue to yield a
good supply. Crops of Peaches are finiishmg. All Tii^rie-
ties of Grapes are plentiful ; tlie first coneagnnient of
Almeiria Grapes are to hand. Melons are a limited supply.
Cobnuts aire in demand, and tiiere is an increase in
px-ioes. There are some good samples of English and
Frt^i-Ji Walnuts on offer. Supplies of Toniatos axe veiy
limited, and high prices are ruldng. J»i jshroonis ai-e
scar>?e. Cauhflowers are not so plentilul as usual at this
season of the year, but Pnissels Sprouts are coming dn.
RrtMimer Beans ai-e still obta/mable. E. H. R„ Covent
Garden Market. October 17, 1917.

Almonds, per cwt. 80 0 -
Apples :-

— cooking.perbus. 5 0- '

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per ^ bus 4 0-1!

Aubergines, per doz.

Blackberries (culti-
vated) per lb...

Corncobs, per doz.

Damsons, per J bus. 3 0-36

Figs (Italian), per

box 0 8-20

— Worthing, per

doz 10-26

Grapes, Alicante,

Black, per lb... 0 10- 1 6

— Almerias, per
' arrel (3^ doz.

lbs.) — —

— Canon Hall, per

lb 2 0-50

— Black Ham-
burgh, per lb. 0 9- t

6 0-80

4 0-46

5 0 —

9 0-11 6

0 8-10

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

READIAIQ AND DISTRICT GARDENER 8.-1 he

first meriting of ih.- aucunin session was held in the
Abbey Hall on Monday, the 1st int-t. ; Mr. Alderman
F. B. Parfitt pj^esided. The evening wocj otx^upied b\-
Che weighing of the tubers entered lor the coanpttition
for the he<avie«t crop of Pot'itos produced fircwu three sets.
Thirty extiibitfi were staged, and the results were as fol-
low :— 1st, Mr. H. Wiltwn, Weasex Hall Gardens. Rea<l-
in«r, 461bs. ; 2nd. .Mr. A. F. Baiky, "Smxh Court G^rd'Mis,
Fm(-hamp.^ead, 381bs. 9ozs. ; 3td. Mr. A. H. Fulkpr, Ehn-
hui«t Gardens, Reading, 54-lbs. 13i<>^s.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Charles Jamieson, tiard*iier f..r die p;wt 64
Vf<\TS to J. A. BkoWN, Moredun, Pai»le>', ft.s Gar-
dener to Honourable G. T. O. C. Hastings, Glenlce
Park. New G:»llo\vai-. Kirk'nidbrightsbire. [Thanks
for 2c. 6-1 i^ent for "R.G.O. Fimd box.— Eds.]

Mr G- J. Piatt, ns Gard.-ner fo Sir Artuuu CnoSS-
KiKi i>, W-'.'-i- Hill, Higbg.ate.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are your bu%hes tree of this incarabic pest? If not
Plant " SEABROOK'S BLACK " Currant,

the only proved mite resister.
Tbii variety linn nls.. ev.ry ether g".i.l i|iinlity, being the
heaviest cropiier nnd 8t'.>utfSt grower, pruducing large, firm

Voung Bushes e/- and •/• par dozen.

W. SKABKOOK & .SONS.

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

Vegetable Garden.

This 13 an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous giowers,

IMESSRS. VILMORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Pains. There are no market growers to equal
the French, and in this work English readers
will find placed at their disposal, in readable and
interesting form, all the e.xperience and know-
ledge of centuries of successful cultivation. All
the principal vegetables, including many which
are at present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and in-
formative illu.strations give point to the instruc-
tions contained in the te.xt.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtam a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal.

PRICE 15s. 7d. POST FREE.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINQTON ST., STRAND, W.O 2.

SITUATIONS WANTED -(Continued from page HI.)
/?J.ARDENER (Single-handed, or where

^^ iheLp IS giveJi) ; 35 years' experience ; tirst-t'lass all-
rouiwi : highly reiOniniended ; maJiried (no iaauily) ;
Ohuivh of England— J. IRESON, Steeple Koad, Sou'th-
nunjster, E^sex.

I^XPERIENCED LADY GARDENER

-*-^ u-aiits Post ; South Devon or Coa'ii>\vian ; good
wages. Ktii.Jh- state all particulai-s. — Write, MISS
BOWEX, 6, Nouingham I'l.Ke, Msrylebone, London, W. 1.

T^DY "gardener desires Post~as

■'-^ HEAD or JOtNT HEAD ; trained ; long experi-
ence England and Scotland ; some of largest Gaixlene in
Britain ; used to organising laboLU' and contrcllijig large
starf: small Garden not objected to— MISS FRASER,
Tlie Gardens, BiirmtieJds, Haslemere, Sui-i-ey.

T ADY GARDENER requires post under

-"-^ H&id Giiidener ; good piacuctil experience. Inside .
and Out : Yorkshire preferred. — M. T., Box 4, 41, Wel-
lington Street. Covent (iarden, W.O. 2.

/^ARDENER (Lady) requires post ; Green-

'-^ house work ; under Head GaixleneJ' ; Decorator if
retiuiied ; expeaientwl ; good references.— MISS MOORE,
64. Prince's Squag-e. Ba.vswater, W.

Xs COMPANION GARDENER or

-^ * GROOM — Geirtlewoman seeks post ; iiad till-round
experience; understands pruning trees. &c. ; excellent
testimooals.— S G.. Box 6, 41, Wellington Sta-eet, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

TRADE.

\flANAGER or FOREMAN (Working),

•^ -■« in Market Nursery ; ever 25 jears' experieikxa in,
Toniatos, Oucuiniers, Ctln-siatliemums, Grapes, Mu.sh-
rooins. Mint Forcing, Bedding Stuff ; married ; age 45 ;
good references. — W.. 10. aark's Cottages, WooUajxl
Street, Walth;un Abbey.

jtfANAGER or FOREMAN seeks Re-

engagement as above ; life exi>erience ; Girapes,
Toniatos, Cuciuivbers, ixnd OhrvsantJiemimis; good refer-
emoes. State 'wages. — S., Bo.x 14, 41, ■Wellington Street,
Covent Gaivlen, W.C. 2. ■

SITUATION WANTED immediately as

*^ CHARGE tlAUD ; life experience with OiK-uinber»,
Toir-atos. Ohr.\*isanthenvums, .a,nd Carnations'; also Vege-
tables; jiletxse .Slate wages; rejected tlu-ough d&ifness ;
ago 31 ; 10 yKirs' reference.— WHITE, 125. Albiiry Road,
S(mtili_Merstliam._SuiTe}% '^

lyjAN (43) seeks good permanent Situa-

-■• t.ion; many .rears' experience with Clirjisantlie-
mums, Tomatos. and Vines; total abstuiiiea-; Iduidlv state
wiagcs offered. — WINGHAM, 54, FiitJi Ra;vd. Levton,
Gt<8ex,

"PERN RAISER requires Situation; per-

■■- inanency ; married ; ineligible ; well up ; take full
charge.— Write, A R.. Box 12, 41, Wellington Street,
Covent Garden,, W.C. 2.

'T'HREE Foreigners require Situation in

-" N'ursory. not far away from Manchester; good
oxiierienoe in Flowers, Ouciunbers, and Tonuitos ; rtate
wages; 25 years of ag>e.— JULIAN RASMU.SSON. Hoinc-
Ifidrh, .\rulix.w's L;mc, Ohcshunt, Herts.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the next
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 8. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing mat^r and Back Pag6 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column and half colnniu
spaces, pro rata.

£ s. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 wordi 3 0

Pur inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across "2 columns 14 0

Per inch, aciosa 3 columns „. .« 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/. per line space.

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITDATIONS 'WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

Thtse AdTtrlltemcDti mait bi prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SDBSGRIPTIONS.

The United Kingdom 19,'6 per annum.

ABKOAD 22/- „ „

Cheques and P.O.n to be made payable to *' Gardeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Oardchkon, Kand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Oerkard.

TRE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 20, ll)^(.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book, 1918.

This Directory is

NOW BEING THOROUGHLY REVISED

in preparation for the new issue, which will be published early in December.
Revision Forms have been sent to those whose names appear in

ANY LIST

and every page is being corrected to date. Besides this, many new names
are being added. Will those who have not yet sent back their forms kindly
do so AT ONCE, otherwise it will be too late to make any emendations.

This Directory forms a

FIRST-CLASS MEDIUM FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Those who have not yet booked a page in this widely-read publication should

send at once for a list of prices.

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory, 41, Wellington Street, W.C. 2

I

Prcscnt-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor. " Gardeners' Chronicle."

M. I x) net Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 l^ols.

j)gy with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

Volui

graphs by T. ERNEST WALTHAM, F.R.H.S.

Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES O'BRIEN. V.M.H..

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD, V.M.H.. late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruit Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec of the National
Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.
DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB.
Chaiiman of Committee of the Midland
Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.
W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.
COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham ;

JAMES DOUGLAS, V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON.with Chapters by CH A RLES
SHEA and C. HARM.AN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S.. with
preface by H. J. ELWES. F R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD

FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES, M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS nnd VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H.. and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON,

Author of "The English Flower Garden."

(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Pnntotl for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love .ujd M.ilcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High H.ilborn, London. W.C. and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gaixledi, City of Westminster, Saturd-iy, October 20, Agent for Manchester, John Heywood.

m}\

Ai

Established 1841

No. 4009

No. 1609. Vol. LXH.

SATUKDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1917. JReglsteped as a Newspaper./ PR'CE 4rd

I I Post-free, 4jd.

gVBSCBIPTION— Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 221- per annum. Entered at A'eic Tork Peat Office at seeond-clasa matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qartfen, W.C. a. Telesraphic Address— " Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS lee page 165

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertiserg will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same, week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

w
w

BlilTlSH-GROWX Bt'LBS.

EBBS' MAY-FLOWERTX(; TULIPS.

Finest mixed. Is. 3(1, <lozen, 8s. 6(1. per 100.

EBBS' DARWIN TULIPS.— Mixe<l,

choice variety. In. doz., 7«. 6d. per 100.

W^

BBS' NARCISSI or DAFFODILS.

tlhoi<e irasture of rlouble varieties.

l*j. i»er dozen, 7s. per 100.

Mixed, all rJasse*>, 3s. fri. i>cr 100.

w

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's

.Seedsmen, STOLBBWIDGK.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

" • (Jreenhoiiaes, ^-c, .ind Heading KnKmeers.

Uinvera Slree4, 01ieti*<i, Lon.lon, .S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Tclejilione : 201. Western.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

' ' B.\OKOt!S PLA.VTS.— Xew Catnlogiie ivk.' ready.

■^ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' ' BIJLB.S.— New r<Ual<vuc now read.v.

TyATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

' ' Oatalofoie nnd SiipplemenUn- List of new arid
flioioe v^rietiies alow ready

WATEREll'S RHODODENDRONS AND

» ' CIKHOE .SUFtUiJS.— Catalogue tree.
All or any ol the ib'tve Ca^alugues iorwardcd p'jst.
tree on receipt (rf name anl oddres.«.

JOH.V W.ITKRER, .SO.VS & CBISr, LIMITED,
The Surseriea. Baguliot, Shirrey, a«id Twyford. Berks.

CURPLUS FRUIT.— Have you any? If

*^ 00, write II. .J. JONES. Itviciott Nurseries,
Uwwham, S.E. IJ.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-" ■■ Vitrolite." superior to Wliite Lead Paint.
■' Pkfrtine " «upcrscde8 puttv. Full partnuilars from
W. OAR.SON & SONS. GroTe Works. Battcrnca. Agents
'liroiighuut the country.

"DOSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL

-^^ NOKWIOH HOSES.— Our new- descriptive price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
post free. — Write t<«iay, A. J. & 0. ALLEN, Hose
Growers, Korwich (for over 50 years).

■R UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

■■-' Clur new descriiilive li>l is now readv. cuid will
lie sent on receipt of (mrd.

ALPISJB STRAWBWiRlES a speci,-llity.

GKO. BL'.YYARD '& CX)., LTD., Koyal Nurseries,

Maidstone.

SUTTON'S GOLD MEDAL COLLEC-
TIONS of DARWIN TUUPS.
Darwin Tulips axe easy to grow, exquiisite in colouring,
a^iniiroble for decoration, and not escpen^ve.
250, iu 25 niamed voirieties. 3&s.
100, in 10 named varieties, 14s.
50, in 10 niune<l varieties, 7s. 6d.

SUTTON'S CATALOGUE of ENGLISH-
GKOWX BULBS, ooutaining particulars of the most
popular DaHodils, Narcissi. May-flowering and Darwin
Tulips, &0., &c., sent post free on appJication.

UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

RE.\X>ING.

For Advertisement Charges see p»ge v.

s

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
Peas, Roses. Oaniatioiis, Seedling aiid Vegetable
Plants, &c., past free.— DOBBIE & OO.. Royal Florists,
Edinburgh.

THE DIFFERENCE between a good adver-
tising niediiun aiwl a ha<l one is a frequent subject
of <l]9cua9ion among tJioee who are determined to
get the best ii5*o out of the money tJiey spend on pub-
Ii<3(iy ; but. in the en«l, it resolves iteeU into tlie differ-
entxj between woaJthy readers and poor ones. Those
who are a^lvcrtising cheap goods not'iirally tiim to a
journal with an enormous circulation, even though it
may bo oompo^iMl of people of indifferent means. But
oUiera who supply Uie Uicusaiui aiKj one necessities oi
a large garden know ttvat such a garden presuppodes a
man or woman of means as the owner, who can affprd
ntit on'y tJie gar<len itself, but a staff of permanent
garriencrs to t<?nd it. To sucli a salesman, a joumftl
whidi goes into the hands of thousamlfl, or even millioiw,
of small people, is next to useless. He should turn rather
to a journal, such as the " Gardeners' Chronicle," which
readies tho riyht people; the keen profeesional gar-
dener and the weoltJiy amateur. Tho response of sucii

ft A N. D E R S, Orchid

*~- St. Albums.

Growers,

PHLOX; — Finest varieties in cultivation.
. Send lor list.— H. J. JONES. Ryecroft Nurseries,
Lewi«hani, S E. 13

"IJATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.-^New

-*-' illustrated catalogue, containing full nultural notes
of the beast new oaid standai-d varietaes. is now ready.
Olid will be sent post free on application. — (Dent. A),
K. H, BATH, LTD., The Floroll' Farms, Wisbecih.

"DATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

-*-' illuet.rat«?.l catalogue of the finest Narcissi, Tulips,
&c., as suiiplied in the Royal Parks and G.iTdcins. with
full cultural dire<-fions, is now readv. and will be sent
post free on appliaition.— (Dept. A), R. H. BATH, LTD.,
Tile Horjll Farms, Wisbech.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,'

DEREH.\M.— Send for Ho-^c CaUilogue, post free.

H

■jgARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the

riiihest coloured flowers of spring ; plant now. De-
8<3ript.ive list free.— BARK & SONS. King Stmset, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

r;'ISHURST COMPOUND.— Insecticide

^-" :ii](l Piiiiciride. -Over .'» years' repiit„-»tion ; highly
Ooiniiiwidecl. R.H.S. Scicntifleallv-controlled Trialls a*
Wisle%-, 1914-15, .Sold In- deiders in Garden Sundries.
Wholestile: PRICE'S P.WENT CANDLE CO., LIT).,
Batters-^i, London, S.W. 11.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

X^ELWAY& SON,

The Royal Horticulturists,
LANGPORT, SOMERSET,
ore now booking aiders for their Choice Hardy Perennial
Pfants. Plant a Colour Border this Autumn, and j'Ou
will be able to enjoy its beauty for many years wittliout
anv a<Iditiioual expense or trouble.
Seiiid measuremem'ts of your Bonders.
Paeonies, Delphiniums, Phloxes, Gaillardias, and other
beautiful flower's, included in tlteflr Colooir Schemes, which
provide blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to t<hc RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
tor Reduced Prioe List.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

^ ' LTD., Lawi-encc lioad. South Tottenhiom. N. 15.
Oonservatoaies, Winter Gardens, Vineries, Peaoh-houses,
Portable Buililings. &c. Cat^xlogues gi^atJS.

|Z"ING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and

-■•*■ ORNAMJ'lNTAL TRUES and SHRUB.S, of flmest
.|ii.ality. Catalogues free by post.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, LTD., Hereford.

IZING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have'pro-

■*■*• (luc«xl the finest ami mo.it ir(<markable Apples and
Peara on record. 50 a<ires of Ohoiice Fruits to select
from. Please see our lUustnaled Catjilojriie, free by \Kei,
before cuticring elsewhere.- KING'S ACRE KURSisRIES.
LTD.. Hereford.

r)ICKSON'S HORTICULTURAL

-■-' M.\Nl'HE and otiher high-class Fei-tiltseiw ; also
Dickson's lmprove<l Mushroom Spawn. Priced circulars
free on application to DICKSON'S, Eoyal Seed Ware
h'tuse a?id Nur9(jries, Chester.

FRUIT TREES.-,

' ready, and will be seot free

|3 UNYARD'S

■■-' New iVice List
by return of post.

OBOBOE BUNYAllD & CO., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

A SH, Common, 4-5 ft., 40s. ; Beech, Com-

-^*- iiH.n, li-2 ft., 22s.; Larch. Common, 2 3 ft., 20s.;
Larch, (onimoa, 3-4 ft., 25s. ; Larch, Japanese, 4-5 ft.,
45s. ; Blm, Wycli, 4-5 ft., 28s. ; Sycamore, Common,
4 5 ft., 40s.; Scotch Fir. Native, li-2 ft., 24s.; Scotch
Fir, Native, 2-3 ft., 30s. ; Scotch Fir, Native. 3-4 ft.,
40s. ; .Spruoe Fir, Norway, 14-2 ft., 30s. ; Hazel, Com-
mon, 3-4 ft.. 35s.; Oak, English, 2-3 ft., 358.; Rhodo.
dendrons, 2-3 ft., 140s. ; Haixlv Heaths in 20 var.. our
.election. £5 10s. The above all per 1,000. Other Nur-
sery Stock. Catalogues on application.— HENRY
DERBYSHIRE & SONS, Darley Hillside Nurseries, near
.Matlock.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbin.i;

-*- Ferns, Bcisket Ferns, Stove and Greenhouse Firn.-^,
Hardy Garden, Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. S.MlTll,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Juncttioii.
London. S.W.

l^'IAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

-■-- SUB tor Grass, Shrubherdcs, and Wild Gardeaiiimg,
168. and 21s. 1,000; selected for forcing, 25s. 1,000; as
dug, las. per buuliel (2,000), Ss. 6d. pejr peclt (500 bulbs),
—3. HAND.SOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Felthiun Nursemes,
Middlesex.

"r)UTCH BULBS.— MORLE & CO. can

-■-' now offer firs' nametl Hiaoi.n*h8. early TiiliiK,
S<'iQla sibi-ricia:, &c, ; sto<!k limited ; early application re-
(liieste<l.— 150.1S6, Finohlev Road N.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 27, lOlT-

SALES BY AUCTION.

HAMPTON HILL, MIDDLESEX

Clearance Salo, b\- Older of Mr. G, Uzzell, \ilii> is
relinquishing the Nursery.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
ttill Si'H by AurJion on the inemise.^,

46, WINDMILL ROAD. HAMPTON HILL,

On Monday, Ootobep 29th. 1917, at 12 o'cloek,

4,000 A?p;i,raigvis pliiniosius nanus,
600 Callias, 1,200 Adtamtums,

2O0 Oypriiwditim insigne, 450 Stocks of Paecnies,
8,000 Flower Pots.

Herbaeeous Stock, Bamboo Stakes, ami Sivndnes.
May l>e viewed. Catalogues can, be obtained on pre-
mises. smA of the Auctlioneers and Valuers, 67 and 68,
Cheapside, E.O. 2.

SHORTLANDS, KENT.

18th Annual Sale

Of exceptioniiilv clean and well-grown Xiiisei>' Sttick.

be oixier of MJ'. J. B. Bryant, who requires the land

for replanting.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by Auction at
The Shortlands Nursery, Ravensbourne
Avenue, Shortlands, Kent,

On Wednesday, November 7th, 1917.
al II o'clock,

2,000 Borfer Shrubs.
2 000 Fruit Trees and Bushes.
2,000 Golden Privet.
500 Standard and Bush Ruses.
1,000 Omameii'ta'l 'frees.
And qucuitities of Climbers, Shrabs in Pots, Flowering
Shj-ubs, Alpines, &c.
On view. Catalogues 'bad on premises: at Mr. Br\-ant's
Home Nurserv {opposite .station), and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68, dheajiside, E.C. 2.

BURNT ASH HILL NURSERIES,
LEE, S.E.,

ANll

BICKLEY HILL NURSERIES.
BICKLEY, KENT.

S;ile of well-grnwn surplus -stock, su'itahlt- for immediate
Jilairting.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by Auction on the premises as ahn-ve
On Thursday, Novfmbep 1st (Lee), nnd Friday,
November 2nd (Biekley), at 12 o'clock each day,

5.000 .Standard .^nd Trained Fruit Trees.

2,500 Cupressus Laweoniana.

1,200 Planes.

1,500 Limes.

1,700 Thorns.
Quantity of Yews, Thujas, Labni-nums, Elms, and other
ornamental Trees, and Standard and Bush Roses, and
Laurels, &c.

May be viewed. Oal-alogues caai be- obtained on pre-
mises, eilso at Biu-nti Ash Road Nurseries, 61, High Street,
Lewisliam ; and of the Anctioneei-s and Valneii-s, 67 and
66, Cheapside, E.O. 2.

THE COAL EXCHANGE.
MARKET PLACE, MANCHESTER.

Opposite Victoria H.;ill, Fiitraiicp Market Place

IVTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-■■ have been instruclerl by the Revd. J. Cromble.
holme to Sell by Auction -at the a.bove place.
On Friday, November 16th, 1917,

ABot'T

1,200 CHOICE CYPRIPEDIUMS,

embracinig a choice selection of certificated aflid dupli-
cate iJlants, from this well-known collection. The whole
ore in a fine healthy condition, mamy being either In
flower or bud, pving purchasers a profusion of flowers
for inmiediate effect.

On view morning of sale. Catalogues can be had at
t'he Coal Exchange; also of tjie Auctioneers and Valuers
67 and 68, Cheapside, London,, E.O. 1.

BULBS.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are

-■• holding Sales of Bulbs every Mondav, Wednesday,
and Friday. Sixpence in stamps will ensure a supply of
twelve catalogue.*. Commissions executed.— AUCTION
POOMS, 67 and 58, Cheapside, London.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Nex'. October 31st. at 1 o'clock.

Upwards of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including Narcissus, in aU
tile best-known varieties for forcing or planting out ;
Polyanthus Narcissus of sorts, in sacks os received ;
Fxirly, Dairwin (many of which will force) and- May-
flowering Tulips ; many thousands of Snowdrops, Free-
sias, Scillas, Anemones, Aconites, English and Spanish
Iris, early-tlowering Gladioli. Bearded Iris.

\TESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

"^ will Sell the above bv Auction at their Central
S,il6 Eooma. 57 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. 2.
Catalogues forwarded on a-ppkoation.

SALES BY AULTION OF

ROSES ROSES ROSES

Commencing
Thursday, October 25th. 1917,

and subsequent lliuisdavs.

By Mesf.rs. PROTHEiROB & MORRIS,

67 and 68, Cheapside, Londoji, E.C. 2.

Threepence in stamps wall ensure Six Cata.lDgues,

TO MARKET GARDENERS AND OTHEES.

Ideal EMate for Inteaisivo Cultivation.

Four miles fiMMn Qiaiing Cross.

The Freehold Estate known as

SOUTHAMPTON LODGE, FiTZROY

PARK, WEST HILL, HIGHGATE, N.

Orrupyi'iit^ the finest position at Highgiite, in a per-
fectl}' ruaial spot on tlie westeirn elope, adjacent to and
vnih charming views over Ke-nwood aind Harapstead
Heater, within 20 miitutes' motor ride to City and West
End. The proiierty comprises a det^iched house, with
10 hedix>oins, 3 dressiiDg rooms, 2 batUi rooms, 3 hand-
some reception rooms, winter garden, excellent offices,
gas, water, and teJe-plion© laid on, stabling. 2 cott-ages,
matured Flower a-nd Kitolreai Gairdens. The total area
lieing aboait 6^ acres, wnth valuable Building Frontages
of nearly 1.000 feet. With poseesision.

IVfESSRS. PRICKETT & ELLIS, in con-

-'-'-*- junction witli Messrs. Esrritt & Barrell; of Grant-
luam, Lines., will st-U the above Pr-operty by Auction

AT THE MART, EC.

On Thursday, November 8th, 1917, at 2 p m,

Messrs. W. Cuilm-Ji \ S-.n have an opportunitv of
tira-nsferring the I'l.irjt rr-.«lnciiig Dep.ia-f.ment of their
well-known and o!d-i.^t^il.»li.^licd Business to another dis-
trict. There are 14 modern Greenihoufes, from lift, to
20ft. m width, and mostly Ih.eated ; in lail, a tot-al lemglili
of about 1,580ft. nwii. .^rraaiigements can be made for
the Purchaser of t.he Estate to take over the trade, build-
ings, and GreeivhoU'Ses, at a fai-r valuation,

lUiustrated Particulai^ and Plans can be obtained from
Messrs. Hubbaivl, Son & Eve, Solicitors, 110, Camnon
Street, E.C. ; Messrs. Escritt & Barrell, Auctioners,
Grantham, Lin.-s. ; and Messrs. Piickett & EUis, Auc-
tioneers, 4, High Street, Highgate Hill, N. 6; High-
gate Station (G>N.I!.), N. 6; and 57, Chancery Laiie
W.O. 2. ■'

BUSINESS WANTED,

"WANTED, NURSERY, suitable for

' ▼ Tomato growing; 1.000 to 2,000 feet run; Worth-
ing district preferred.— State price and full paaticulars
tn s. .T., Box 9. *1, Welitngtom Street, Covent Garden,
W.C. 2.

T^TANTED tn Rpiit, about 200 feet run

' » Glas.. - I - " 1-1..,,, " ;-i, small plot of ground:
Jittle or n.. - •. l. Mi.,i,,,,i- i- ■ t.rred.— W., Box 26, 41,
WelUngtou .^i,, , i, i ,^,.,,1 i. i,,!,,,, w.C. 2,

PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.

A NEW 1/- EDITION OF

THE PERPETUAL FLOWERING CARNATION.

By MoNTAtJU C. Allwood, E.R.H.S.
A practical book by a practical man, containing
all necessary information for the good cultivation
of Ciirnatioiis. Post free 1/2 from

ALLWOOD BROS., ^%y^THon'ti'B'i\'^:
APOLOGY,

17, TRANQUIL VALE,
BLACKHEATH,

October 14, 1917.
HEAR SIRS,

TN answer to your letter of the ^3th refer-

-■- ring to misuse of your flats, I am very sorry that
such a mistake should occur, but I told ray man to
look up some empties to return to market, and also
send some of my empties down to Essex to bring some
fruit up for me, hut, in mistake, he sent some of your
flats, which, of course, I shall see that it does" not
occur again.

I am.

Yours respectfully,

(Signed) MR. NOBLE.
MESSRS. GEO. MONRO, LTD.,
Covent Garden, London,

DOVER ROAD,

FOLKESTONE.

October 16, 1917.
MESSRS. GEO. MONJIO. LTD.,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON.
DEAR SIRS,

TJl/'E hereby acknowledge using your Cucum-
" " ber flats to send them to growers for purposes
of our own business, and now acknowledge that this
was misuse of j-our empties, and also an infringement
of your trade mark.

We; therefore, consent to have this letter published
in the Fri«( Trade Jourval and the Gardeners' Chro-
nicle, at our expense, and will guarantee not to make
any such use of your empties in future.
Yours faithfuJly,

(Signed) SWOFFER & (X.

BOOKS WANTED.
WANTED TO PURCHASE

second-hand copies of

Dr. HOGG'S " FRUIT MANUAL,"

(Fifth Edition.)

WHAT OFFERS ?

"Amateur," Box 27, 41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

TENDER.

SURREY EDUCATION COMMITTEE.
TENDERS FOR GARDEN SEEDS.

TENDERS are invited for the supply of
Seeds for School Gardens for the period ending
July 31, 1918.

Copies of Tender Forms, with Schedules, may be ob-
tained from the undersigned, to whom the Tenders,
on the prescribed forms, must be delivered not later
than 10 a.m. on Thursday, November 1st, 1917, endorsed
in accordance with the instructions contained ia Para-
graph 1 of the Conditions of the Contract.

The Committee do not bind themselves to accept the
lowest or any tender.

W. VF. FINNEY,
Seoreftary.
County Education Oflice,
Penrhvn Road, Kingston-on-Thames,
October 17, 1917.

PLANTS, Ac WANTED.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants, suitable for stock ; cash or exchange.
See other advertisements ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction, Londom,
S.W^ _^___

WANTED, CALCEOLARIA CUTTINGS,
Golden Ge-m and Brown Sultnn.-^Ti'LER BROS.,
XuiBei-ymen, MontaffU Road, Edmonton, N. 18, Middlesex.

WANTED, COI;LERETTE and CACTUS
DAHLIA TUBERS. State qriantity amd price.— W.
DOWNES, Lane Ends. Pack Moor, Stoke-oii-TTent.

W/7THERED Chrysanthemum and Asters

» ' blooms. Rose petals'and the like, wanted, im laiige

or small quaiititievs.— Write, J. S., Box 25, 41, Welling-

ton Street, Covent Gajden, W.C. 2.

BEST Prices given for consignments of
Chr^■sallthemuIns and other flowers of good quality.
— O. J. ELLIS, F.R.H.S.. Westftn-aiper-Mare.

PLANTS, Ac, FOR SALE.

20s. IDO ; Palnis, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracjienas, Roses, Eneas, Gloxinias Lilies, Hydrangea^
&o. ; catalogTjes free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Urn-
series, Loug-hboroug-h Junction, London, S.W.

MISCELLANEOUS.

QRCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-

^-^ deiKlron Peat, free from bravken, 16s. per yaid,
6 to 18 \iaird trucks, bags 30s. dozen; Loam. Leaf Mould,
Silven- Sand, in bags and truck loads; bags of C.N.
Fibre. 6 for 10s., special rates ; special Bul.b Compost for
bowls, 5s. bag.— J. HANDSOOMBE. The Nnnserieis. Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

SPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try

^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; weairs
like leather; showerproof; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Patterns
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO.. 71, Br.adford.

ANG'S "IDEAL" MANURE, for Fruit,

Flowers, and Vegetables ; 12.s. 5d. per cwt., £10 10s.
per ton, can-iage paid. — G. LANG & SONS. LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

"PESTITE" destroys all soil pests

(wireworms, club-root, w^art diisease, &C.J,
and promotes vigorous growth. Price 10s. 6d. per cwt.,
£B per ton, carriage paid.— G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

T IGHT, Strong, Wooden FRAMES, suit-

-■-^ able for Fruit Trays, Plant Shelters, Temporary
Buildings, Summerhouses, Garden TroMe.vs, Hand Bar-
rows Fencing, Trellis. &c. A large quantity for sale
at bargain prices to clear. — Full particulars from
RE.\DING WOOD CO., Crane Wharf, Reading.

OILSKINS THAT DO NOT^
STICK.

Oiilsking that wiUl g-ive yooi igood service and stand
haj'd wear. Oilsldnis thiat never fail to keep out the
hardest rain or aleei^BEAOON OILSKINS. Men's
Ooats from 10s., Leggings from 3s. Sou'-westers la. 9d.
skins 21s. Deal direct with -us and save money. Send
a posfcoand to-diay for our Free Booklet of " Weather
Comfort," describing inoneT-baek guarantee.- Send
now— liefore vou forget^-to BARBOUR'S. LTD , 66,
BEUOON BUILDINGS, SOUTH SHIELDS. (3)

October 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal .lulhorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, a MAN to take charge of a
amaU Garden and electric plant at Sandwit*.
Kent ; wages 555., house, coals, and garden. — Apply, with
copies of reference, to WM. OAUM, The Gardees, Clive-
den, Taplow, Bucks.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENER (ineligible for Army) for a HaU in
Shropshire; seven other hands kept. — Apply, JAS.
JL\Knx fc CO., 8, Bank Street, Lincoln.

WANTED, good WORKING PLEASURE
GHOUSD GARDENER ; second of two at present. ;
wci^e« 353. weekly and lodging, or cottage if married
(cottage not on estate).— ft rite or applj', MR. CAMP-
BE3LL, Ipiwr Galton Turk, Redhill, Suirey.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DEXER (boy under) ; must thoroughly under^taJld
Herbaceous Bordeis, Uos. s, Vcgetililes, Wall Fruit ; prj'-
tiically no Glass ; niiurie^l man ; wages 30s., good oottuge
and garden ; no light or fuel ; good references indispen-
sable.—A. ARGEStI, E»i , Picta Hill, Turve.v, Beds.

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
HAXDICI) (lAltUEXEU for Somerset; must be in-
eligible.—Write, I). A., Box 5, 41, Wellington Street,
Ooveut Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-
UAXURD) ; asaistanco given,; permanency to com-
petent man ; Flowers. Vegetables, OrtdKiKJ. Poultry ; one
warui, two oold houses; \n all about li acres; uniquely
beaiutiful pheltered pioilurtive Ciarden on river. —
Write, stating wages, MOBEItLY, RavetL&buxy Gaixlenis,
Mitt'lwjn, Surrey.

TVANTED, -GARDENER (ineligible), to

" • work under Heofl Gaixlener, where others kept;
goo<l wages and cottage; jK-rmaJient place if "satisfactory.
— Write, stating wages, wiUi full particulars and refer-
ences, to HEAD GARDENER, Bume Court, Favershain.
Kent.

WANTED, good aU-round WORKING
GARDEXER for Private Garden ; 12 miles from
lyondon ; one able to milk a cow ; lad kept for help ia
Garden, &c. — Apply, stating age, experience, when dis-
cngiiged, and wages renuired to A., 84, Oroesbrook
Street, Wlaltham Cross, Herts.

TITANTED, GARDENER (good Work-

' ' ING) : second of two ; for Ix»ndon district ; about
5 acres of lyawna. Fruit, ojwl Vegetables; wages about
309, ; live out and make himself generally useful, — Write,
em-losing copies of tostinionjals, to S., 2a, Marloes Road,
Kensington, W. 8.

WANTED, thoroughly experienced IN-
SIDE GAHDEXER. for Gkise; head of two; umlcr-
standing Vines, early VegctablcJ*, Growing and Propa-
gating flrst-rat« Plants and Bulbs tor Hou,«e Decori-
(ion; good cottage; £2 weekly.— Wriie, Mil. nA\iP"nF.T.T,_
I'pper (Jatton Pjrk, HedhLll, Surrey.

WTANTED, good VEGETABLE GAR-

» ' DENER ; if possible, wife to help in house when
re<iuared ; good wages ; good cottage and garden. — Apply,
with copies of referemoes, to J. E. THOROLD, Merdon
Manor, HursJey, Winchester.

TITANTED, GARDENER and COOK

' ' <nuin and wife) ; m.in to do odd jobs and work
under Head Gardener with others; wife good plain cook;
live in.— .\.pply, stating wages, MRS. Sl'ANLEY BALD-
WIN, .KMey Hall, Stouiport, Worcestersliiro.

WTANTED. a GARDENER ; one with some

' » crjierience in growing Violas preferred.— WM.
SYDENHAM, Melbourne, near Derby.

QARDENER Wanted, in neighbourhood

^^ of Woolwich, to live in lodge and look after
two cows.— Apply by letter, statiugr experience and wages
required, to MESSRS. EAWLE^•CE & SQUAREY 3a
Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W. 1.

ANTED, good GARDENER; Fruit,

Vegetables, Greeiihouse.— AppiT, BROTHERS Tlie
Putnev Hill.

w

TYANTED, GARDENER (Man or

" " Woman), experienced Inside and Out ; cottage.—
Write first, Elmstead Manor, Chislehurst.

TITANTED, SECOND GARDENER (in-

' ' eligible) for Inside and Out; state experience and
wages requQj;^ ; good referencee.— JIRS. HOLLOWAY,
Manor, West I>aviington, Wilts.

TITANTED, good SECOND GARDENER;

• * inieligible. Stace wag'.^s and references. — Appiv
MRS. ABRAHAMS, Grove Lodge, Muswell Hill. U.m.-
doai, N.

(CORNELIA LADY WIMBORNE, Can-

^^ ford Manor, Wiinborne, Dorset, requires UXDER
GARDEXER for Inside ; must liave some knowledge of
Fruit and Flower Growing ; single men only need appr\',
ptoting age and experience

TITAN TED, GARDENER (Second) ; mar-

" ~ ried or single ; ineligible : Fniit and Vegetable
work ; cottage or Bothv provided. State wages. — A.
BAmx, Surrenden Gardens, Pluckley, Kent.

TTNDER-GARDENER, experienced, re-

^-^ quired; good cottage on grounds. — State wages
and particulars lo P. J., Stanley Hall, Selsley, near
Stroud, Gloucestershire.

WTANTED, UNDER GARDENER, non-

* ' eligible, witli knowledge of poultry. — Write,
J. T. M., Drake Court, Manor Way, Bhicklietith, S.E.

■WANTED, ORCHID FOREMAN; large

▼ » ooUection ; single ; ineiligible. — Write, state age,
exp«rienoe, wages requited, oopies of let'ereuces, to
C H., Box 2, 41, Wellington Street, Coveait Gaiden,
W.C. 2.

WANTED, in a Private Establishment,
an e^peI■t EULIT I'OilE.MAN, who understands
forcing and cuitivaluig Fniit under Glass; must be
either over ntihtary age or have his discharge from the
Army; U married, wages 30s., a cottage, vegetables, and
milk ; if single, 308. and Bothy.— Hepiv to E. H., Box
1, 41, Wclhngton. Street, Covent Giuxlen, W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced FOREMAN (In^
3IDE) ; 308. per week. Bothy, &c. ; ex-Service or
ineligible. Alao 1'X)RE1MAN, for Outside ; niariued ino
oliildren) ; 27k. per week and cottage.— Apply. O. MOORE,
Wargravo Manor Gardeiia. Wargravc, Berks.

WANTED, FOREMAN and TWO JOUR-
NEYMEN ; Plajil and fruit Houses, House Deoo-
rations; discharged or iiicdigible men, with good experi-
ence ; excellent wages. Bothy and vegetables ; duty paid
extra.— WILLIAM LLOYD, Bushton HaU Garvlens, Ket-
tering.

WANTED, FOREMAN; single; good ex-
perienco wit'h Grapes and Pt^aohes ; also JOUIl-
NKVMAN* ; Bothy and vegetibles.— Apply, gtating wageit!,
&o., to C. EARL, Soinerhill Gardeaw, Tonbridg«, Kent.

WANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-
.N'EYMAN, to take charge of Glass; excellent
wagc6 to good man. iitate age and full particulars. — .\.
BENXETT, Snelston Hall Gardens, Ashbourne, Derby-
shire.

WANTED, experienced LADY GAR-

DENBll for Ulster; help given. State religion,

wages expected, references.- M. G., Box 7, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

VOUNG LADY required, to assist in the

-■- Orchid HoiiSL-3, especiiillv Odoritoglo.^sums. — Apply
to WALTER COBB, Es<|., Normaithurst, Rusper, Sus-sei.

WrANTED, Two LADY UNDER-GAR-

' » DENERS for Vegetable Garden ; 10 miles from
Ix)ndon.— W., Box 18, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

Tl/'ANTED, TWO LADY UNDER GAR-

" • DKXEUS, for Inside and Out, with some experi-
enioe ; good acconunodatioii, with att«ndr.ince. — Please
etato age, experience, and wages required to WM.
OAMM, The Gardens, Cliveden, Taplow, BucJts.

TITANTED, FOREWOMAN, under Head

' * Gardener, in Glass Department ; also to decorate ;
Sunday duty and etoking paid. Also WOMEN GAR-
DEXERS for Outside work ; Bothv and vegetatolee,— FAR-
WELL, Paina Hill, Cobham, Surrey.

TRADE.

"W/'ANTED at once, a good GARDENER

" ' .ind MAN.\GER of Niusery, in connection with a
liigh-clasa Florist's lusiness; a good hou^ provided. —
Apply to SALTER'S NURSEEY, Station Approacii,
S.\denih.un, S.E.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, for
-Market Nursery, near London ; Ououmbers aJid
Tomatos ; wages 50s. weekly and bonus, according to
orops produced. — ^Apply, stating experience, when disen-
gaged, and send copies of reference to W. B. R., Box
11, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, HARDY PLANT FORE-
MAN.—.4,ppiy, with full particulars, BAER &
SONS, Taplow, Bucks,

WANTED, TOMATO and CUCUMBER
GROU'ER. State age .ind experience, wages re-
<iuir&d.— S. FAY & SONS, Ehn Grove, Southsea.

"Y\rANTED, MAN for general Nursery

' ' work and help work small Ntirserv. fires, &c. ;
wages 40s.— CHlrPERFlELD, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

w

ANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in

Vegetable Seed Department ; good wages to
petent men. — Apph". iriving full particulars to TOO-
>D & SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Soutliniii|i'

WANTED, LEDGER and INVOICING
OLERU. also GE^'ERAL CLERK ; iineligible.— TOO-
GOOD & SONS, Tlie Kings Seedsmen, Southamptooi.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, good COUNTER
HAND for Vegetable Seed Department.- COUNTRY
GENTLEMEN'S ASSOC, LTD., Letohftvorth.

T ADY FLORIST required as FIRST

-*-^ H.VND in an old-established We-st End house :
must be experienced in making up floral designs and
able to wait upon customers. — Apply, stating age, ex-
perience, and wages required, to J.\^US. Box 17, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, NURSERY CARMAN; in-
eligible or discJisu-ged soldier ; pemianeiit place
to suitable mnn ; al.so a NURSERY STOKER. — BEN
M.\TTHB\VS, Wliitton Nuraeries, Twickenteim.

CARMAN Wanted, for Market work. —
Apply to WILLS & SEGAR, Royal Exotic Nursery,
On>;low Crescent, South Kensington.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh
(ueeeedlns Eight wordi or less.

PRIVA IE.

C GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
^ .M.VNAGEilENT, Guixiens, Farmery, Small Estate,
Pioititablo Food Production, Fruit Growing, Seed Pro-
duction FoiBgc Crops, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Accounts.—
B., Box 22, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. .2

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman very
liiglUv reconuiiends hw Head Gardener, wlleie
.several otlicrs are kept ; thoroughly experienced in all
hiMii.lua; 11 yciirs present situation; leaving thi-ough
uV.i'',. bring sold; disengaged November 12; moj-ried ; n^
J9 ; iirjiw London preferred.— O. BAULK, The Gardens,
A>r,ey Abbotts House, Bridgnorth.

GARDENER (Head, 3 or more).— Gentle-
man highly recommends a thoroughly good aW-
round man ; 54 rears' exiierience ; active ; abstainer ; no
familv.— Apply, RICHARDS, Rookdale Gardens, Sevea-

aka.

GARDENER (Head Woeking), where
several are kept ; two years Royal Gardens, Kew ;
good references; disengaged.— HENDERSON, The Oar-
dons, Rownlianl House, Clifton, Bristol.

C'^ARDENER (Head Working or good
^ Single-handed), seeks permanent, situatioai ; age
36 ; married (no family) ; life experience ; good refer-
ences ; ineligible ; . now disengaged. — GARDNER, En-
combe, Samdgate, Kent.

GARDENER (Head Working), where two
or three are kept, se-eka pennaitent situation ; life
experience in all branches Inside and Out ; maoLagejnent
of estate if required; excellent refereaices; married {no
family) ; age 44. — WILSON, Sfbaotock Lodge, Bovingxion,
Bo.vinoor, Herte.

r;jARDENER (Head Wouking), where two

^-^ or three are kept; 22 years' experience; H.;irdy
Firuit (lund Rosea Bpfx^iaUtv ; -married (3 cholldiren) ; tiige
35 ; finally discharged Army.— H. WALKER, Railway Cot-
tage, Morris Street, Hook. Wiiiiohfleld. Hauts.

SITUATIONS WANTED contlnuod OD pAff« t.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 27. 1917.

Write for this
FREE BOOKLET

and avoid all drainage troubles

wilh pot plants. It ex-
plains also the porosity,
root - roominess, and
cleanliness of CRET
POTS, of importance
to all gardeners.
FREE SAMPLE
jC R E T pot also on
request. Write to-day.

PETER BAILEYS SONS Ltd

~ HeatoD Mersey Pottery,

n>a- Manches'.er.

CHEALS' NURSERIES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, &o.. in
immense quantities and in the pink
of condition.

Send for Catalogue to —

J. CHEAL & SONS, Ltd..

The Nurseries, CraWley.

iiJsluatiijSj

-^ Slugs
Slugs

"S ANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, Ac-
Leaflet and Free Sample
with instructions Free.

6d. & l/- Tins & 15/- per Cwt.((.o,r. London)
of all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouse, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticultural
Exhibition, igil.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Arc yoor bushes tree of this incurable pest? If not

Plant "SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only proved mite rcsister.

This variety has also every other good quality, being the

beaviest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, flrm

lierries

Youne Bushes 6/- and S/- psr dozen.

W. SEABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

|SANKEYS'^>^POTS

ell Porfepi»!e. .

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT: ^iTe p/ji'r

allow ni to lead to those who apply—

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

"This is the rat
that ate the wheat.'

Thousands of tons of food are
destroyed by Rats and Mice in our
barns, fields, gardens and pantries.

RATS

&MICE

iless to human beinns and domestic
als No disagreeable smella as they
out of their holes to die.

idy prepared wilh bait; for Rats

2/6 & 6 - ; for M

Pull paT^irular

EVANS SONS LrsCHEK

56, Hanover St,

LiverpooL

FBUIT IN THE GARDEN.

Root up useless shade trees and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of tine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing e.xaci requirements.

STUART LOW CO bush hh.l park

vJAunni LiVn VU., MIDDLESEX.

SALE OF SURPLUS STOCK.

We still hold certain small stock, of

Garden Seats, Garden Engines and Pumps, also

Garden Rollers, Water Carts, Garden Arches

and Hand Lights,

which we shall be pleased to clear at special prices, subject

to being xuiBold.

Particulars on application,

BOULTON & PAUL, Ltd., """^^hmhcu!'"'^

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-srown an i cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PUNTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send fur Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

THOMSONS

C E L. E B R A-r ED

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR

ALL GARDEN CROPS.

WM THOMSON aSONS.Ld.
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PUNTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including:

The Brilliant Coloured
" MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(Ztaiii/ Mail Rose.)

12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUART LOW CO., ""'S.^'ytksli!"^

FRUIT TREES.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Exceedingly well grown Fruit-bearing

Apples and Pears.

Each. Dozen.

Standards, stout stem, fine head 3/- & 3/S 33/- & 40 -

Dwarf Trained, very Dne ... 3/e 42/-

Pyramid, very Bne 3/- & 3/6 33/- * 40/-

ALSO A VERY FINE STOCK OF

Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Cherries,

Currants, Gooseberries, Loganberries,

Extra Stronar Fruiting Vines in variety, 7,6 each.

Catalogues Po.':t Free.

ROSES in all the leading varieties. Climbers,

Standards and Dwarfs.

Catalogue Free.

ALFRED A. WALTERS & SON,

NUBSEfiVMEN and Fruit Tree Growers, BATH.

RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

AND

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE ON
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgfeworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

CARDENINCJHARITIES.

QARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION,

QEO. J. INGRAM, Sec,

93, Victoria Street, S.W

Telephone— Victoria tU.

OCTOEER 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

165

® artujurrs' ffiljrnnirlr

No. 1609. —SATURDAY, OCTOBERS?, 1917.

CONTENTS.

Apple Rev. W. Wilks .. 172
Bulb garden, the—

Crocuses, threeauturon 107

Nerioe appeiidiculata 107
Farm, crops and sluck on

the home .. .174

Food production, on in-
creaeed —

Brassicas mat uiing
where sown . . . . l(iS

Onions versus flowers.. 168

Pea Michaelmas .. 168

Potato yields .. ..16s

Potatos at N ewark .. 16y

Potatos immune to
wart disease.. .. 1G8
Fruit register—

Bullace The Langley.. 107

PtachLady Palmerston 167
Lily, the white Martagun 172
Marrow Kale .. 171

National seed testing ,. 171
Obituary

Ashworth, E 174

Orchid notes and glean-
ings 16s

•Li.U8ThAT(OK8

Apple Ellison's Orange

Crucus zonatus

Ginkgo biloha at Blaise Castle .

Wasps' nest in a Gooseberry bush

Plant collecting fn China
Plant, the elfect of one,

on another .. .. ]
Potato spraying .. .. :
.School gardening at

Sherborne
Seeds, shoilage of, in

America . . . ..
Si.-cieties —

Pvoyal Horlicultural ..

National Chrysanthe-

Tree varieties at Alden-
ham '.

Trees and shrubs-
Camellia Sasanqua ..
Ginkgo biloba .. ..

War item

Wasps' nest in a Goose-
berry bu&ll

Week's wurk. the—
Flower garden, the
Fruits under glass
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Plants under glass .. :

PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA.

Mr. George Forrest, who is still collect-
ing in China, has sent the following letter
to the Director of the Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens. It was written at
Shiemalatsa, Tsedjrong, Upper Mekong,
N.W. Yunnan : —

I AM camped in the house of a Tibetan
farmer, an old friend of mine <>f
1905. The house is on a small flat,
4 6 acres, situate in a big bend on the
left bank of the Mekong, approx. lat.
28° 25' N. The valley here is a mere
gorge, some 2,000 feet in depth, flanks
angled to 70°, air stagnation and climate
almost tropical. On every side we are
enclosed by mountains, the divides rising
to about 15,000 feet, with isolated peaks,
such as the sacred mountain, Doker-la and
(Ka-qwo-pu, which lie only a few miles to
the north of 20,000 feet or even more,
snow-capped and glacicr-cIad! It is a
difficult and trying country to work in. At
our feet runs the Mekong, a raging cocoa-
coloured torrent of 200 yards breadth,
with a ten-knot current, rising and fall-
ing like a gigantia pulse, 16 feet or more,
day by day

Tzokou, tlie scene of my adventure with
the Lamas in 1905, lies a few miles south,
whilst to the north, a few hours' journey,
is the frontier of Sarong.

Above a certain altitude in this region
of the Yxinnan province the genus
I^iododendron is the dominant feature
in the scheme of vegetation, and species
of that genus will bulk largely in my col-
lections tlys year. Tlie herbaria I have
now in hand number 7-800 species, and
in looking over mv field book T find fully
20 ner cent, of the total numbers repre-
sent Rhododendrons.

My journey from Liohiang to Atuntze
was very successful. Portions of the
route, of course, gave little or no result,
such as the long descent from the Chung-
tien plateau to the Yangtze, and from
thence to the foothills of the Bei -ma-
Shan. There for several days' journey
the country is arid to a degree, the strata
tip-tilted, clay, slate, and sand forma-
tions, which refuse to hold moisture. The
character of climate, and consequently
flora, is very similar to that portion of
the Yangtze Valley crossed on the way
from Lichiang to Yungling, on the
eastern arm of the big bend. Xerophj'tic
shrubs and forms of hill types, dwarfed
and contorted by their environment
almost out of recognition, are abundant,
with a herbaceous flora equally eharac-
teristic, and including Ipomoea, Aroids
and Composites.

However, the flora of the higher por-
tion of the Chungtien plateau and that
of the Bei-ma-Shan compensated fullv for
the non-productiveness of other areas, and

1 secured fully 200 species new to my
previous collections, mostly trees and
shrubs, for it was too. early in the
season for the higher Alpine flora, con-
sisting of the most interesting and valuable
herbaceous plants. Many of the shrubs
should prove of horticultural value. On
the list are 4 new Loniceras, 2 Lepto-
dermis, 2 Pyruses. 2 Daphnes, 3 Prunuses,

2 Abelias, 2 Diapensias, 1 splendid Fraxi-
nus, 1 Poplar, 1 Syringa, several
Euonymuses, several good Berberises, 3
new Caragan^s, and 2 Ostryopsis, of
all of which I hope to get seed.

Of herbaceous material, I found several
Primulas, a fine new species of Solms-
Laubachia with rose-pink flowers, the
beautiful Anemone glauciphylla Fr., and
anotiior with deep purple blooms; a new
Trollius, a fine new Astragalus of compact,
pi-ostrate habit, silverj-grey foliage, and
exceptionally large flowers of a deep, wine-
red colour. But, as T say, it was too
early in the season for the flora of the
Alps. However, T hope for great things
from the Bei-ma-Shan. A party of my
men are now there, and will collect for
several weeks.

The wealth of Rhododendrons is almost
incredible, and the number of new Kp<x'ies
and farms found more than confusing.
I have really given up attempting to de-
fine the limits of species ; each individual
seems to have a form, or an affinity, on
every range and divide differing os.^ien-
tially from the type. I secured a verv
great number of these".

In that region R. Traillianum .seems
to bi' the dominant species. It is so
pllentiful on the eastern slope of the Bei-
mai-Shan that its flowers give a .silvery-
grey appearance to the range, visible many
miles distant. The range of colour is
great, from deep rose through shades of
pink to pure white. It is one of the most
abundant species, as well as one of the
finest in N.W. Yunnan, extending from
the Tali Range to as far north as I have
explore<l, lat. 28° 40' N.

Forms of the dwarf intricatum and
fastigiatum types were legion and clothed

all the uplands, giving a very home-
like touch to all the higher altitudes.
Take the moors and hills surrounding the
head waters of any of our principal high'
land streams in the eai'ly spring, those in
full flood, with patches of snow around :
for Heather and Heath imagine mile upon
mile of dwarf Rhododendron, at that sea-
son almost the exact brownish shade of dry-
Heather, and you have the scenery of the
summit of the Bei-ma-Sban, alt. 15,000
feet. The raw, damp wind strengthened
the impi-ession for me, and, as I stood
there my liieart warmed to it, and I could
almost imagine myself at home.

On these highland.s the dwarf Ehoilo-
dendrons were not then in flower, but, at
lower altitudes, the moorlands of the
Chungtein plateau were covered with
many forms of R. fastigiatum, in full
flower and in many .sliade.s, from tlie
deepest purple-blue through lavenders to
bright rose-pink. At those lower altitudes
the shrubs seem to thrive best in marshy
situations, and some of the boggy flats on
the margins of the Pine forests which
clothe the surrounding hills were ablaze
with the blooms of R. hippophaeoide.s, R.
scintillans and what I took to be the true
R. fastigiatum. Those flats are generally
lx>rdered by Birch saplings, and again the
charming combination drove my thoughts
homewards for comparisons, reminding
me, bar the colour, of just such flats as
we have in the highlands where Heather
and Birch grow in company. I .secured
fairly good photographs of some of the
scenes.

On the higher portions of the platear
T rode for several days through breadths
of Paeonia lutea, and after seeing so
much of it I am quite of Mr. Gumble-
ton's opinion that P. lutea is only a
form of P. Delavayi. At least 50 per
cent, of the plants I saw bore blooms
either blotched deep crimson at base,
or more or less flushed with that shade
throughout. Yet I did not find the type
P. Delavayi anywhere. However, form
or not, those plants with the pure canarv-
yellow blossoms are most desirable, if one
could be sure of the seed being pure.
Previou.sly I had only .seen the plant on
the Tali Range, where it is much dwarfed
in every way. On the Chungtien plateau
it attains the same height as P. Delavayi,
2-4 feet, or even more, with correspond-
ingly bold foliage and lare? flowers.

On the hills towards the north end of
the plateau beyond the town of Chungtien.
Daphne aurantiaea was the dominant
shrub, by far eclipsing the very fine
displav it makes on the Lichiang Range.
The masses of golden-orange blooms,
swamping the folinfre. and visible at quite
a considerable distance, gave one the im-
pression of a hiOlside covered with Gorse.
From what I saw I think the sipecies must
fruit much more freely than further south.
Further on, in like situations, the place
of D. aurantiaea was taken by a very fine
and most floriferous species of Caragana
No. 13756. a shrub of 3-6 feet, flowers
golden yellow, with the standard tinged
ruddy brown. Another fine shrub
found at the same place is a pros*;rate

166

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEH 27, 1917.

species of Cotoneaster, with glossy, box-like
foliage and deep crimson flowers. The species
forms mats several yards in diameter and blooms
very freely.

In the lower valley of the plateau 1 found
many shrubs; a Daphne sp., a fine shrub of
4-6 feet, with pale yellow, fragrant blooms and
scarlet fruits, No. 15,769 ; a Fraxinus sp, a tree
of 40-50 feet, with large, dcliciously fragrant
racemes of creamy-yellow flowers, a very hand-
some plant. No. 13,797; a new species of Melio-
sina, far excelling M. cuneifolia in appearance
and wealth of bloom.

One of the finest forest shrubs, and also' of
the open, is Pyrus sp.. No. 13,844. It is a shrub
or tree of 10-35 feet, with large, fragrant, pure
white flowers, produced in great abundance.

brighter contrast in colour, the grey limestone
background setting off the dazzling vermilion
blooms to perfection. This may or may not be
A. Aizoon, as the Kew authorities say, but, if
so, it is tlien a most luxuriant form of it; heads
were noted bearing as many as 50-70 blooms.

On marshy land and by streams I saw and
photographed what I take to be Primula fasicu-
!ata Balf. fil. It is a charming little bog plant,
of 2-3 inches, with deep rose-pink blooms, which
have an orange-coloured eye. It resembles P.
tibetica, but has no scapes, the flowers arising on
."iolilary pedicels from the axils of the leaves.

In marshy, open glades in Pine forests I saw
and also photographed the so-called yellow form
of Primula Cockburniana. Personally I con-
sider it more closely allied to P. Bulleyana. It

Fig. 62. — ginkgo BaoBA at blaise castle.

A good Crataegus, No. 13,883, was evident in
most open thickets, of good habit, much re-
sembling the conmion Britisli Thorn, but bolder
in eveiy detail, and with a light, ruddy bark.

Populus sp.. No. 13,823, is an excellent tree,
growing almost to 90 feet, with great girth
and spread, and large, fine foliage. It is not
abundant, but may be found near many water-
courses.

In the dry region beyond the plateau, Sophora
vioiifolia, or a form of that species, was abund-
ant, in fuU bloom, and exceedingly attractive.
The flowers are of fair size, of a pale shade of
blue and white, and produced in amazing abund-
ance. In the same region, beyond Tan-tin, on
the dry rocks and open cliffs is found Androsace
Bulleyana, and I have seldom seen a finer or

is too robust for an ally of P. Cockburniana, and,
besides, I found the flowers of many specimens
flushed in bud the Indian red, typical of P.
Bidleyana. It flowered last year at Edinburgh
and Colchester, from seed collected by me in
1914.

On the Bei-ma-Shan and around Atuntze
several species of Primula were found. A
glorious new form of the nivalis section, yet un-
named, first discovered in 1914 on the Chung-'
tein plateau, was abundant in every meadow.
The colour range is great, from deepest violet
through every shade of lavender to pale rose.
Ne\er, in any form or species of this large and
Avidely-distributed group have I seen such robust
plants ; some of the clumps bore as many as 38
scapes, each with an umbel of 50-70 blooms.

From the 1914 collecting we already have the
purple and lavender sliades, but I marked down
many of the rose-coloured forms.

On the descent from the Bei-ma-Slian I came
on Primula minor in large numbers, and in full
flower, It is a shade plant, and very beautiful,
nestling in large colonies on dry banks in the
shade of Rhododendron bushes ; the soil is a light
vegetable loam. The flowers are a vei-y pleas-
ing soft shade of lavender-rose, with the eye
yellow and very fragrant. A new species, akin
to P. lichiangensis, was also collected therfe.

On the highest point of the pass, P. com-
prantha Balf. fil., was seen in great quantity but
not in full flower. There, also, on moist, stony
drift, was found a new species of Solms-Lau-
bachia, with beautiful rose-coloured flowers.

But above 12,000 feet the chief feature in all
the scenes was Rhododendrons, from forests of
tree species such as Rhododendrons Traillianum
and phaeochrysum, to moorlands caipeted by the
d«arf species and excluding all other shrubs.

In the more open Pine forests were many
species, old friends and new, R. puralbum, R.
vVardii, R. Beesianum, R. pagophilum, and R.
orcstrephes, all in the perfection of bloom.

One of the finest new species of the Intricatum
set, a shrub of 1-2^ feet, has brilliant yellow
blooms, produced most lavishly, and was seen
in masses, acres in extent, R. saluenense,
flowers deep lake-crimson; R. acraium, flowers
blue-purple ; R. diacritum, flowers deep pui-ple ;
and others, were abundant.

Around Atuntze a week's collecting produced
quite a number of novelties, and many fine,
though already known, species of Rhododen-
drons, and several new species of the Cephalan-
thoides group were secured. Some excellent
I'rimulas were collected, two of which belong
to the Dryadifolia section, fine "cushion" rock
plants ; another, new, allied to P. bella, wiUi
deep lake-coloured flowers; and several of the
Nivalis section, one of which much resembles P.
Piudomii.

A most interesting find was a form of Stellera
chamaejasme, witli perfectly white, fragrant
flowers. So far, it is unique, as I have not found
the type thus far north. There are two specie^
of Meconopsfs, one of which is, I think, a form
of the variable flowered M. racemosa ; the other*
a dwarf, with blue flowers, and new to me.

The hills enclosing the Atuntze valley, which
is merely a gutter, are very barren and devoid
of spoil, rising to some 2,000 feet above the level
of the town, i.e., 13,000 feet, but the summits
and the alpine slopes beyond seemed to me fairly
promising, though it, was too early in the season
to form a definite opinion.

However, according to programme, I pushed
on here, and so far I have not been disappointed.

I have very good reports of all the men on
the various stations, and I expect to profit much
by them, especially those at Tali and Teugyuch.
The men at the latter place are working the
Shweli-Salwin divide, 11-12,000 feet in height,
than which I know no richer in the province.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

GINKGO BILOBA.

I ENCLOSE a photograph (see fig. 52) of
Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair Tree) at Blaise
Castle, near Bristol, , sent to me by Mr.
F. D. Harford, brother of Major "j. C.
Harford, the owner of the place. This
specimen, if not quite f>he largest, is certainly one
of the best shaped and most symmetrical in Eng-
land. When mentioning this tree in The Trees
of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol.^I., p. 61, I
gave its height as 72 feet on Miss Harford's
authority, but when I afterwards, in 1905,
n-easured it myself, I found it to be 68 feet by
9 feet 3 inches. Now, measured by a theodolite,
Mr. Harford tells me that it is 70 feet by 10 feet

October 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

167

3 inches, so it has increased 2 feet in height and
■me in girth in twelve years.

Other large trees uf this species, which
is often called Salisburia adiantifolia, that
I have seen, are as follows : — One at Frog-
more, figured on Plate 22 of our work,
which in 1904 was 74 feet by 9 feet 3 inches ; a
tree at Sherborne Castle, Dorsetshire, said to
have been 70 feet by 7 feet 7 inches in 1884, but
which I found to be 75 feet bv 8 feet 10 inches
in 1907. At Whitfield Court^ Herefordshire, I
found in 1906 a very fine tree, then 62 feet by
•i feet 6 inches, which had burrs growing on the
trunk, as appears to be usual in China and Japan.
A tree recorded in Flora and Sili-a, Vol. II.,
|). 357, at Melbury, Dorsetshire, was stated to
lie over 80 feet high, but I could not find this
tree when I visited Melbury, and should be glad
to know if it now exists, and, if so, what are
its correct dimensions. There is also a fine tree
at Cobham, which in 1905 was 68 feet by 9 fe.'t

4 inches. If anyone knows of others as large js
or larger than these, it would be interesting to
have them recorded, as the tree is evidently a
slow grower when it approaches inaturity.
/7. /. Elwes, CoUfbourne.

CAMELLIA SASANQUA.
This charming shrub was recently finely in
bloom here, and it made a welcome addition to
late shrubs. Given a place on a wall, it will grow
freely. I am told that C. Sasanqua is common in
f'hina and Japan, and that the wild forms are
always white. The flowers are semi-double to
single, and some are wholly blush -coloured, while
others are splashed with white. The tree is of a
straggling nature, which makes it all \.he more
beautiful when in flower, and quite handsome .•vs
a wall plant. It is something like ('. Donckelaari
in colour and markings, but is not so large as
that species. 11'. .-1. Cunh. Mihut's Wood,

I !"(]filmin<j.

BULB GARDEN.

THREE CHEAP AND I'KKTTY AUTUMN
(HOCUSES.
In the first rank we may place the lovely
Blue Crocus, C. speciosus, which is large, easily
grown, and very beautiful. It has hardly a
rival in the |)ossession of all these qualities,
and can hi bought for less than a penny a corm
in quantity. It has fine light blue flowers hand-
somely Veined on the outside with deeper mark-
ings. It is a good flower for the border
or rock gar<Ien, and also for planting in grass.
It flowers about the end of Septem.ber. The
variety C. s. Aitchisonii is lighter in colour, and
!« a gem indeed. C. speciosus albus has white
flowers and is more expensive.

The Zoned Crocus.
Of dainty charm, C. zonatus (see fig. 63) ap
peals to us more by its refinement than by its
size. It has flowers of a pleasing shade of rose-
lilac, and its charms are heightened by the orange-
starlet zone which decks the base of the interior
of the flower. This Crocus is quite easily grown,
and is one of the prettiest of the numerous charm-
ing flowers of its class.

The Iris-Flowered Ceoctjs.
Botanical names are not always appropriate,
but that of Crocus iridiflorus is most apt, as the
blooms bear a distinct resemblance to those of
an Iris. So much is this the cafio that a noted
botani.st proposed to found a separate genus
called C'rociris and to separate the subject of
this note from the other Crocuses, making it
the type of this new genus. The resemblance
is due to the outer segments of the flowers being
longer than the interior ones and being also of
a different shade. The flowers are of a beautiful
rose-lavender, and the charm of the blooms is
heightene<l by th-e exquisite colouring of the
reproductive organs. A little higher in price
than the other Crocuees here discussed, it is yet
a species of (|uile reasonable cost and of the
highest tj-pe of beauty.

These Crocuses should be planted at a depth
of 2 inches if in light soil, and of 1 inch in
heavier ground. They should have a sunny,
sheltered position. .S. Arnott.

NERINE APPENDICULATA.
The Botanic Garden at Montpelier received in
1907 a small number of bulbs of Nerine appendi-
culata* from M. Dieterliii, who collected them
on the banks of the River Caledon in the Leribe
province of Basutoland. The Curator of the
Botanic Garden, my friend M. Daveau, kindly
sent me a few bulbs. They have been culti-
vated here in the open ground, and have lived
through several severe winters without injury.
They have flowered regularly each year in the
second fortnight of September, at the same time-
as N. sarniensis. The flowers, of a prettv rose-

plant them, out in the open ground, but against
a wall which will protect them from nortli winds.
During the winter of 1916~17, which was long
and severe, I^ did not lose a single bulb of N.
appendiculata ; while N. sarniensis and Habran-
thus pratensis in the same border had 20 per
cent, of the bulbs frozen.

I may mention that according to M. Dieterlin
the local Basutoland name for N. appendiculata
is " Berec." F. Denis, Balaruc hs Bains,
Franre.

FRUIT REGISTER.

BULLACE THE LANGLEY.
This is undoubtedly a very fine addition to our
Hte fruits. I was much impressed with it when

FlC. 63. — CROCUS ZONATUS

pink, are comparatively large, and are raised
well above the foliage, which is very narrow for
a Nerine. Numerous bulbils are produce<l,
which can be used for propagation. I do not
understand wihy the culture of this Nerine is
considered difficult; I cultivate it in a compost
made of half ordinary garden soil, a quarter leaf-
mould, and a quarter sand. My garden soil is
fairly rich in lime, and it is possible the species
is a calcicole one.

The Index Kewensia gives no locality for the
plant. I know of one other, besides the banks
of the Caledon River. Mr. Medley Wood sent
home some plants which he collected near Boston,
Natal, where it flourishes at an altitude of 3,400
feet.

The young bulbils planted in pots grow very
slowly ; it is probably the best plan to leave
them in the pots only for one year, and then to

• First described in Ganl. Chron., Sept. 22. 1«64, p. 836.

it first came under my notice, and at once added
it to our collection. It is absolutely distinct
from anything I am acquainted with ; the tree is
a strong grower, and very prolific in its young
state. The fruits are ready for use after the
large majoi-ity of stone fruits are past. They
are of large size, purplo in colour, and attractive
in appearance. The flavour is excellent. They
are also of the very best for preserving, either
for making jam or bottling. E. Beckett.

PEACH LADY PALMERSTON.

Ok late Peaches none is equal to the variety
Lady Piilmerston ; lasting until the third week in
October it is a toon where late fruit at a mini-
mum cost is desired. Rivers states it was raised
from a stone of the Pineapple Nectarine, which
accounts for its distinct flavour. In growth and
freedom of crop this Peach is all that could be
desired. E. M.

168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 27, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

ORCHIDS AT BKYNDIR, ROEHAMPTON.

At Bryndir, Dr. Miguel Lacroze's beautiful
residence at Roeliampton , on tlie outskirts of
London, Roses and Orchids are especial favour-
ites. The Orchids are grown in a well-appointed
block of houses, erected and fitted from Dr.
I.acroze's own plans by local tradesmen, and the
ulass houses are approaohed by arched walks of
lioses running through beds and bordei-s of
Roses.

The Orchid growers having left in succession
to take up military duties. Dr. Lacroze himself,
with the assistance of a skilled lady grower
(Miss Robertson), manages the plants. The
block of Orchid houses consists of five short
ranges, connected at the ends by a corridor-
hi'Use, in whix;h the older plants of the collec-
tion are grown, together with batches of
Odontoglossum grande, Lycastes, and Cym-
liidiums, all the plants being in a thriving con-
dition. Varieties of Laelia anceps and other
dwarf Mexican Laelias are suspended overhead.
The plants in the other houses are chiefly
hybrid Cattleyas, Laelio-C'attleyas, Brasso-Cat-
tleyas, and Sophronitis crosses.

In one division is a fine lot of hybrids ap-
])ioaching flowering size. A second house con-
tains, among other plants, excellent specimens of
Cattleya Fabia and C. Vulcan. In a third house
aro well-grown specimens of a richly-coloured
('. Fabia; C. Fabiata and C. Dowiana of a clear
yellow colour, with gold veining in the deep
niby-purple lip. This last species thrives re-
markably at Bryndir, and small plants flower
well Brasso-Cattleya Digbyano-Warneri and
some Laelio-Cattleyas were also in bloom in this
house.

A fourth house contains a fine set of Brassavola-
Digbyana crosses. Plants in flower included Cat-
tleya Enid Bryndir variety, a magnificent flower
of great size, with pure white sepals and petals,
the broad lip having a violet-purple front and
clear yellow disc; C. Pretoria (Dowiana aurea x
Peelersii), with a dark, ruby-red lip having an
orange glow from the centre ; a plant of the
new Brasso Cattleya Sofrana, and some excellent
specimens of B.C. Ilene. Novelties included
Brasso-Cattleya Jujuy (B. Digbyana x C.
Comet), of good, large Cattleya shape, but with
fringed lip, white tinged and veined with rose,
the lip having a yellow centre and gold veining
from the base; Brasso-Cattleya Salta (B.-C.
Digbyano-Mossiae x C. Dowiana aurea), of a
deep rosy-mauve colour ; and Brasso-Laelio-Cat-
tleya Tucuman (B.-L.-C. Cooksonii x C. Rhoda),
of a coppery-yellow tint with rose front to the
lip. which shows in the fringing and the reddish-
orange base the Brasso-Cattleya Mrs. M. Gratrix
in B.-L.-C. Cooksonii. Other good Orchids
noted in flower or bud were Sophro-Laelio-Cat-
tleya Marathon and Laelio-Cattleya Medina.

A house is devoted entirely to seed-raising,
and here the seed from many capsules approach-
ing maturity in the various houses will be tested.
One stage is well filled with small seedlings,
most of them raised from carefully planned
crosses made by Dr. Miguel Lacroze himself.
His work is methodical and precise, and when the
results are in time worked out, they may throw
much valuable light on the question of colour
nroduction and other characters. Records are
kept of the parents, their pedigree, which parent
bore the seed, when the seed matured, when it
was sown, when gemiinated. a.nd when flowered.
When possible the cross is made both ways, and
the seed-bearer recorded, and thus the changes
and diversity in colour between the reverse
crosses will be noted, and help to solve many
problems at present but partly understood. When
the plants flower portraits of the blooms are
painted, and again when they are mature.

The other side of the seedling-house has cases
for small plants, and for "breaking" the back
pseudo-bulbs removed from large specimens.
These are not plotted until the first roots de-

velop after growth commences. A span-roofed,
cool range stands apart from the main block,
and is filled with a vigorous collection of Odonto-
glossums, Odontiodas, and other Orchids, some
of which have won awards at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meetings. Masdevallias and
Sophronitis grandiflora are suspended from the
roof-rafters, the latter being specially selected
varieties for crossing. Already there are well-
matured seed capsules, the result of promising
crosses, which may be expected to give hybrids
of great merit. B.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

YIELD OF POTATOS IMMUNE TO WART
DISEASE.

The Royal Horticultural Society has conducted
a cropping trial of varieties of Potatos immune
to wart or black scab disease in the Wisley gar-
dens. The varieties were those which the Board
of Agriculture has found to resist the disease,
even when grown in infected soil.

Forty tubers of each variety were planted in
April, and the crops were lifted as they became
ready. The yield from forty tubers is shown in
brackets after each variety : —

Eably Varieties. — A 1 (92 lb. 10 oz.). Resist-
ant Snowdrop (118 lb. 2 oz.), Edzell Blue (153 lb.
A oz.).

Second Early Varieties. — Conquest (125 Ih.
13 oz.). King George (158 lb. 1 oz.). Great Scot
(145 lb.), Southampton Wonder (141 lb. 2 oz.).
Sir Douglas Haig (155 lb. 15 oz.), The Duchess
(144 lb. 14 oz.), the Ally (147 lb. 15 oz.).

Late or Maincrop Varieties. — Abundance
(146 lb. 14 oz.), Culdees Castle (114 lb. 9 oz.).
King Albert (147 lb. 6oz.), The Provost (92 lb.
1 oz.). Crofter (135 lb. 12 oz.), Jeannie Deans
'114 lb.), Favourite (138 !b. 15 oz.). Twentieth
Century (129 lb. 2 oz.). The Admiral (81 lb.

9 oz.), Burnhouse Beauty (132 lb. 13 oz.). The
Laird (97 lb. 11 oz.), ' Langworthy (124 lb.).
What's Wanted (122 lb. 4 oz.), Golden Wonder
(341 lb. 12 oz.), Rob Roy (139 lb. 3 oz.), The
Lcchar (174 lb. 4 oz.). Heather Bountiful (78 lb.

10 oz.), Leinster Wonder (118 lb. 2 oz.), Kerr's
Pink (142 lb. 5oz.), Irish Queen (121 lb. 9 oz.).
Shamrock (125 lb. 14 oz.). White City (96 !b.
5 oz.), St. Malo Kidney (135 lb. 8 oz.). Dominion
(14C lb. 7 oz.), Tinwald Perfection (110 lb. 8 oz.)

POTATOS AT NEWARK.
An exhibition of Potatos and other produce
grown by local allotment holders was held at
Newark recently, in the Town Hall. A cup, pre-
sented by Mr. J. Mason for the best crop of
Potatos was won by a police-constable, Mr. F.
Smith. It was stated that one grower had ob-
tained half a ton of Potatos from three and a
half stones of seed tubere, and that others had
been almost as successful. Mr. Mason has offered
another cup for a similar scheme next year.

POTATO YIELDS.

Some astonishing yields of single roots of
Potatos have been experienced this year, but no
single plant in the district of Croydon has ap-
proached a root just lifted by Mr. C. Wellstead,
gardener to T. Rigby, Esq., Chesterfield, War-
ham Road, Croydon.

At the end of March Mr. Wellstead planted
one two-ounce tuber of Factor Potato at the end
of a Rose bed. Five growths appeared above
the ground, and to keep the growths of a sightly
appearance he tied them to a stake. Soon he
found the stake not long enough, and placed
another in position, continuing to tie the haulm
as it grew. On September 10 the haulm was
measured, and found to be 8 feet high, and at
its widest part about 5 feet through. Scraping
a little soil from the roots, Mr. Wellstead re-
moved seventeen Potatos of good quality, weigh-
ing 6 lb. 1 oz. ; the soil was afterwards replaced,
and on October 15 he dug the root up, the re-
maining tubers weighing 4 lb. 10 oz., altogether
10 lb. 11 oz. At the first lifting the tubers were

sound and healthy, and these remain so, but in
the latter stage of growth a good deal of disease
was apparent, both on the haulm and in the
tubers.

One can imagine the soil to be in splendid
condition, and such a prodigious yield as this is
makes one think that the fact of growing the
haulm in an upright manner has accounted for
the boimtiful crop. Harry Boshier.

ONIONS VERSUS FLOWERS.
A recent visit to the well-managed gardens
at Angerton, Morpeth, proved not only the
keen interest taken by F. Straker, Esq., in
the production of vegetable foodstuffs, but also
hi? generosity in contributing large supplies to
the Navy and Army. A notable feature was a
superb crop of spring-sown Onions, in beds that
previous to the war were all aglow with flowers.
Very striking was the uniformity, in shape as
well as size, of the bulbs, and their aggregate
weight for the small amount of space occupied,
which was clear evidence of the skill and atten-
tion Mr. Cawkell, the gardener, had bestowed
on them. Many of the bulbs turned the scale
at 30 ounces, with a measurement of 16 inches
in circumference. The variety grown is Ailsa
Craig. J. P. Leadhetfer.

PEA MICHAELMAS.
I have grown the above-mentioned' late Pea
fiJr two seasons, and it has proved more
prolific than the good Pea Autocrat, and a taller
grower. The two varieties were sown on June 6,
two long rows of each, in well-manured trenches
2 feet wide and 10 fe^t apart, and the space
between the rows planted with Savoys. The
trenches were filled Dearly to the surface, amd-
the soil made firm andi raked over. Two da'ills
were dirawn down each trench 10 inches apart,
and the seed sown singly about 2 inches apart,
and covered in. When the plants were about
2 feet high they were well watered, as the
weather was just then dry and sunny, audi they
were mukhed with well-rotted manure. They
grew straight away without a check after this,
and the tops were pinched out about the end
of September. We have been picking every day
since. Michaelmas grew about 6 feet high,
and Autocrat 5, but much the better crop was
carried by the former variety. Late Peas should '
be given, a good, rich soil and plenty of manure,
as they have to make their growth in what is
often the hottest period of the summer. Another
item to bear in mind is to sow thinly. R. W.
Thntrher, Carlton Park, Market Harhoro'.

BRASSICAS MATURING WHERE SOWN.
I HAVE never practised sowing any of the
F.rassica tribe where they were to " head " or
mature, but it has been proved to me this year
that it can be done with success. Owing chiefly to
shortage of labour, the surplus stocks of Cab-
bage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, and Brussels Sprouts
were left in the seed rows when they should have
been transplanted, and as the season advanced
they looked so promising that I decided to leave
them where thev were. The " hearting up " of
the Broccoli and Brussels Sprouts still continues;
Cabbages have been really good, though smaller
than those transplanted ; Cauliflowers were like-
wise smaller. These plants have been left en-
tirely alone; they had no final thinning, no hoe-
ing, nor any assistance whatever since sowing,
and the results certainly suggest that Brassicas
n ight be sown and grown without transplant-
ing C. T.. AmpthiU Pari- Gardens.

ALLOTMENTS.
Three hundred allotment-holders, represent-
ing 30,000 in London and Southern Counties,
met at Essex Hall on the 20th inst., under the
aus]iices of the Vacant Land Cultivation Society,
and voted in favour of formulating a charter
for the purpose of establi.shing a federation,
which will link up with other federations
throughout the country, and ultimately merge
into a national union of allotment-holders.

October 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

169

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn. Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Cauliflowers.— Cauliflower plants raised
from seed sown in the middle of September are
ready for tran.sference into 4-inch pots. Let
there be no delay in this work, for if the seed-
lings are allowed to become drawn before they
are potted they will not give the best results.
The soil may consist of three parts loam from an
old Melon bed. and one part decayed manure,
with a sprinkling of rough sand or sifted lime
rubble to render the compost porous. Pot firmly.
Place the pots on a bed of ashes in a cool brick
pit, which may be kept closed until fresh growth
commences, when air should be given in gradu-
ally increasing amounts until finally the lights
are removed entirely on sunny days. The plants
.should be hardy and sturdy, but not stunted from
want of water at the roots. Seedlings which
are not required for potting should be trans-
planted into frames, where protection can be
■jiven from severe frosts.

Cucumbers —Plants in bearing should be
given weak litpiid manure from the farmyard on
frequent occasion,'*. Top-dress the i-oots lightly
with a mixture of loam and leaf mould in equal
parts, and do all that is possible to keep the
plants clean and healthy. Warm the soil used
for top-dressing before applying it to the- bed,
and use only a small quantity at one time. Re-
"iive all rough foliage and thin the shoots regu-
loify U) prevent oveivrowding of the growths.
Stop the shoots at the first or second joint be-
yond the fruit, and remove all fruits beyond
what are required to maintain the supply. Suc-
ce(*sional plants are making good progress, and
require regulating. These plants are intended to
furnish fruits thmughout .January aTid Februar>',
and .should not be allowed to crop now. A night
t''nq)er.iture of 70° is suitable in mild weather,
but a few de»»TeeB lower vt'\\\ suffice in oold
weather, as imnch fire-heat mu»t not he ulscd.
.Syrini,'* th« frJ-age lightly during sunmy w«ather,
ajid damp the walls a.nd floor of the house.

Onions.— Examine Onions in the store and re-
move all loose skins and every bulb which shows
the least sign of decay. Place the Onions in
sinnle layers where space permits. The inferior
bulbs should be selected as far as possible for
innnediate use. Ventilate the loft freely, and
tun' the bulbs carefully at least several times
during the antiunn. The seedling autumn i>own
Onions should be kept quite free from weeds.
H-^ the rrrowth c;i>-efi.lly between the rows, and
null up all 'weeds which tbe hoe does not rWnove.
We Hire u'sing good, .wund bulbs of Lord Keeper.
ni'se<l from se<Kl'S sown in Augu.sit, 1916. and
wli'ch to all a.no-araTToe will keen throughout the
wiinteir. This its a gwxl vaniety for spring or
autimm sowing.

Parsley.— This crop has become overgrown in
<oiise(|uence of the recent showery weather, and
the plants require to be cut back in order to en-
courage the growth of stocky leaves which will
he able to withstand the winter. Some part of
the cro]) may be left in its present state for iin-
mr-diate use, but that which is intended to furnish
a supply from .January onwards should have most
of the large leaves removed as soon as possible.
Overgrown foliage should also be removed from
Parsley plants in pots.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

ViNEBits.— The showery we.ather has not been
f.nvourable to the keeping of late Granes. Watch
const.-uitly for the first symptoms of decay in the
bunches, for if affected berries are not removed
at once, the decay will spread quickly, and the
whole bunch be disfigured. Bunches that con-
tinue toi show decayed berries should be used
forthwith. Tn examining tbe Grapes from day
to day it is a good plam to tie a. ipiece of raffia

near ibuijches that need close atttemtioai. Uairge
bunches, such as those selected for exhibition,
are difficult to keep when any berries tend to-
wards decay. Smaller bunches are much better
for keeping, as they are drier in damp weather,
when there may be an excess of moisture in tihe
vinery. Pirobably, too, the roof may ibe lealfv,
necessitating somewhat more firing to keep the
atmosphere dry and congenial for the Grapes' keep-
ing. But am excess of fire-heat will result in tbe
beirr-ies shrivelling : therefore endeavour to obtain
a 'm:id<lle cffui-se between too much damp and too
much dry heat. Close the house at night and
watch the weather for ventilation during the
day ; never allow the temperature to rise more
than a few degrees without ventilating. When
the Grapes are fully ripe, as they should be now.
a night temperature for the present of 50° is
ample, allowing for a drop of 5° during frosty
weather. Do not, on any consideration, if
the Grapes be valued for late dessert supplies,
allow any pot plants in the vinery. There is a
tendency at this season to crowd far too many
plants into fruit houses ; it is not by any means
a good practice to do this in the very smallest
degree. If plants must be put into vineries, where
fruit has up to now been hanging, then it will he
far better to cut tbe Granes and place them in
■borttlts in a dry room, but nv* where Apples ajid
Pears are stored. If only a partial crop is still
hanging, cut the bunches and bottle them at once.
My remarks, however, h;ave applied particularly
to a full crop in the latest house, or houses, as
ill the case of a separate house of Muscats. As
.soon as the Grapes have been cut in any house.
reduce the amount of for-ige. Tn doinsi this,
first rpmoi\-e all the green woo<J ajid the laterals.
The leaves at tihe spurs will afterwards fade
aind dTop. and a« soon as they have fallen prun-
in-r rray b> commenced, say, diiring Novem/biT.
Wn'.'ch the inside bordeirs an-d do n<yt aillow them
to fbeiccmne at all dry, even when the lea.\'es have
filhn.

which increases rapidly under glass. Infested
leaves should be picked off and burned. Cuttings
strike root readily at almost any season ; it is
a good plan to have a few young plants in reserve,
as young, healthy specimens are of much greater
decorative value than less vigorous stock.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G.

Watkrinq Plants in Autumn and
Winter.— .As the days become shorter the
watering of plants will proceed more slowly.
Many plants which require considerable sup-
plies of water during their growing season are
now passing to their doravant, or resting stage.
Caladiums, Gloxinias, Achimenes and Begonias
are examples. It is a common mistake to drv
these plants off too quickly— that is, while tli-'
foliage is quite fresh. They should be given n
gradually decreasing supply of water till the
foliage has completely withered, after which it
should be withheld altogether. The ordinary
greenhouse watering should be done in the morn-
ing, as soon as the temperature rises. Allow
a. little time for the plants to drain, and then
mop the flfKirs thoroughly, so that the atnio-
.sphere will be fairly dry before nightfall. When
water is required give suflRcient to thoroughlv
■moisten the whole of the soil in the pot, and
then leave it to get fairly dry again. Overhead
syringinc should be greatly reduced at thi« sea-
son. On fine daya symnge and close the
house early, in order to conserve the sun-h^at.
On dull days very little syringing will be re-
quired, except in the hofTest houses, and in
tile ordinan- wav every effort should be made
to redaice the fire-heat, only using enough to
raise the teni/perature sufficiently high to k-i'e'p
the plants healthy.

Marouerites.- Plants of the Marguerite
fChrysantheimiim f rut esc ems) tihat have been
grown oiit-<if-doors duning the summer •with a
view to flowering indoons in winter should now
be arranged in the greenhouse. They w.ill
be found especially adapted for grouping with
Salvia splendens, S. azureus, and other brightly-
coloured flowers. Plants that have filled thei?'
pots with roots require ample supplies of water
when 6itaiiiding on ai dry stage, ajad ;if neglected
in this respect will soon show evidence of it, in
the loss of freshness in the foliage, which will
turn yellow and sickly in appearance. Use »
ninch of concentrated fertiliser occasionally.
Keep a shani watch for the leaf-mining maggot.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. -4. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davet, -\bbot3 Wood. Go<ialmin^, Surrey.

The Use of Lime in Soils.— It is generally
well known that the presence of lime iu soils is
very necessary, and more especially for stone-
fruits, such as Cherries, Plums, Peaches, Nec-
tarines aind Damsons. The a^mount of Idme is
subject to loss, owing to carbonic aicid, which
is more or Qess preisent m raiin-water, and also
that whicih js constamtly being formed iji the
S'Oiil it'self, acting as a solvent to the liaije. The
doss is also inoreased ty the Uise of niainiwes con-
taiining sutpliate of anraiionia and low-gi"ade acid
isuperpbasipbates, but is dimdniished by the use
lof nlitrate of soda, basic sla.g, farmyard and
istafcle manure, iMid 'oixiinary garden refuis© from
the fire heap. A ceatuin aoiiomit of lime in
some form shouUl be used when planting stone-
fruits, and it may be used in the form of crude
lime, leaving it to slake on the ground, and so
find its way downward. Gypsum may be used
if lime is not easily obtained, but I should advise
ifcafcing tiliis into the soil previous to planting.
Many soils containing little carbonate of lime may
remain healthy under ordinary cultivation, pro-
vided that acid manures or coal ashes are not
used.

Root.-prunino.— Proceed with the root prun-
ing of fruit trees ,as advised on p. 149. The soil,
Kiwirtg to recent nains, is mow in siplendiid con
■dition for working, amd 'still retains much
w.aamitji' ; the sooner thiis work is accom.plished
the better will be the result.

Planting Apple Trees.— Orders for the
trees should be sent as soon as possible. Early
•plant-ng is in every way desira.We. Obtain a.
■selection, of 'both cullina.ry and delssert varieties
lliat will give fruits over a long season.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

The Rock Garden.— Bulbs for the rockery
need to be planted directly they are available,
as they quickly deteriorate if kept out of the soil
for any length of time. I refer especially to small
bulbs, such as Crocus, Scilla, Chionodoxa, Galan-
thus (Snowdrop), Erythronium, Aconite, and
Fritillaria. Others that should be included are
Irises in variety, Narcissus, Anemone blanda, A.
appenina, Muscari, iind Tulipa Clusiana. Take
laid'vantiage of fine weather to complete the
pllamt'ngof Alpines ibef ore cold, wet weather sets
•in. SeveraJ s'pecies are suitable for (maiasinig,
such as .\rabis, Aubrietia, Siaxifraga, Campanula,
\ eronica, Armeria, Dianthus, and Cerastium.
The last is diflficult to eradicate once it gets tho-
roughly established. In top-dressing established
plants, remove a little of the surf-ace soil and
work in the new compost firmly between the
plants. Certain Alpines need a little peat mixed
with the soil when top-dressing, but farmyard
manure should not be used, A small quantity of
fertiliser may be incorporated with the soil when
dealing with old pl;ants. Where plants have died
or become exhausted, the old soil should be re-
moved and replaced with fresh compost. Vacant
places may be filled with Polyanthuses, Myosotis,
Daisies, or a .selection of suitable shrubs.

Plants in Tubs.— The housing of specimen
plants in tubs or vases should no longer be de-
layed. Apart from the danger of frost, there
can be no advantage in leaving untidy plants iu
conspicuous positions. If cool houses are not
available for "a few weeks, certain plants, such
as Myrtles, Hydrangea hortensis. Verbenas, and
Camellias, will take no harm if they are placed
in a sheltered position, where they can be covered
with tiffany when there are signs of frost. Pelar-
Igrmiums, Fuclisias, Agapa-nthuses, Heliotropes,
■and s\iimi!a.r tender plaJits should 'be removed art
once to houses where a little fire-heat cam be
used during fro.sty fwea.ther.

170

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

[October 27, 19i7.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ABVEBTISEMENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER. 41. Welling-ton Street.
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Our coTrespondenta
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
tr&uble, if they w&uld kindly observe the notice
•printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

APPOINTMENTS FOR NOVEMBER.

TUESDAY, NOVBMBBE £>—
Roy. Hort. Soc.'s Corns.
Soe. combined show.

Jieet. and Niitionfll Chr,

Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week
deduced from observations during the last fifty
years at Greenwich, 47.2.
Actual Temperature : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WeUdngtoii Street,
Oovent On.iylen-, London. Thnrxdny, October 25
10 a.m.: Rir. 29.4; teimp. 49.6°. Wejitlier—
Bright sunshine.

•ALBS FOM THK KNaUINQ WHK.

MONDAY—

Biilbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 1 o'clock, by

Pro'theroe & Morris.
WEDNESDAY—

Trade Sale of Bulbs at ProtJieroe & Morris's roonia

at 1 p.m.
FRIDAY—

Bidbs, at Prutheroe & Morris' rooms .at 1 o'clock.

As readers of the Gar-
Tt\» Effect o-F One dene rs' Chronicle are
Plant on Another, well aware, Mr. Spencer
Pickering has for many
years devoted himself to the study of the
efiects of grass on the growth of fruit
the Other trees. He investigations car-
ried out on the Woburn Experimen-
tal Fruit Farms led him to the con-
clusions that a covering of grass exer-
cises a harmful effect on the growth of trees
and that this efiect is due to the forma-
tion by the roots of the grass of a sub-
stance which acts as a poison on the roots
of the trees. The former conclusion has
laeen very generally accepted, -and it is
now recognised by fruit-growers that at
all events young trees do better when
grown in cultivated ground than when
grass is allowed to cover the soil in
which they are planted. A striking illus-
tration of this fact is provided by the
young plantations of Apples in the Royal
Horticultural Society's gardens at Wisley.
There, similar trees planted at the same
time may be seen, some in cultivated land
and some in grass, and the difference be-
tween them is so striking as to convince
the most sceptical. The latter of Mr.
Pickering's conclusions — that the check
to growth which occurs when trees are
planted in grass is due to a poison
emanating from the grass- — has not met
with such general acceptance.

The series of experiments recently pub-
lished* by Mr. Pickering will, we think,

• The Effect of One Plant on Another." Spencer Pickerine
F.R.S., Annn's "f Bo'anv, XXXI , f q. 1'»2, April, 1817.

prove very difficult of explanation on any
grounds other than the "toxic" hypothesis.
The crucial experiment, which is de-
scriljed and illustrated in the paper al-
ready referred to, was carried out in the
fallowing way: — In each of three pots a
Mustard plant is grown. One pot is un-
covered, the other two have each resting
upon them a tray containing 5 inches of
earth, in which the Mustard is sown. In
one case the ba.se of the tray is perforated
by holes through which water added to the
tray may pass to the earth in the pot. In
the other the holes are blocked, and hence
no water from the tray can pass into the
pot below. The result is extraordinarj'.
Whereas the growth in the uncovered pot
and in that of the pot covered by an un-
perforatod tray is vigorous and normal,
the growth of the Mustard 141 the pot
covered with the perforated tray is puny
in the extreme — not more than one-hun-
dredth of that in the other pots.

Nor is this remarkable checking of
growth by any means confined to Mustard.
Among other plants which have proved to
be susceptible are Apples, Pears, P'lums,
Cherries, six kinds of forest trees, Tobacco,
Tomato, Barley, Clover, and two varieties
of grasses; and among plants which have
been proved to exercise this baleful influ-
ence are Apple seedlings. Mustard,
Tobacco, Tomato, two varieties of Clover
and sixteen varieties of grasses. The ad-
verse influence e.xercised by one plant on
another varies in different cases; the re-
duction of growth brought about in this
way may be so much as 97 per cent, or
so little as 5 per cent., and in the field
the effect ranges in different cases from a
slightly detrimental to one so completely
toxic as to bring about the death of the
tree. It is curious to note that so far no
surface crop has been found which is more
toxic than another.

Mr. Pickering points out also that
the effect of grass on fruit trees varies
considerably in different soils, and yet
when these soils are made the subject of
experiment all are found to behave alike
and to convey the poison equally well.

The toxic substance, which maj' be of the
nature of an excretion, or may be pro-
duced by the decomposition" of dead parts
of the growing root — for example, root
hairs which have only a life of a few days,
and as they die are replaced continually
by another equally evanescent crop of root-
hairs. In any case, the toxin is very like
that which is produced when soil is heated
to a moderate temperature. In either case
the poison is easily oxidised, and when
oxidised acts apparently as a nutrient sub-
stance. Thus if the leachings from the
Mustard tray in the experiment already
quoted are kept exposed to the air for
twenty-four hours and are then added to
any of the pot plants, their poisonous
effects are found to have disappeared, and
they may even act beneficially. Mr.
Pickering points out that the harmful
efiect of cover crop and permanent
crop is reciprocal. The Apple which
suffers from the grass may and does

retaliate, and he suggests that to thivs is iu
part to be attributed the poor growth of
grass under trees. It may be so but there
are not a few difficulties which prevent us
from accepting this view without more
evidence.

A subject of importance which may re-
ceive some illumination from these ex2ieri-
ments is that of spacing of crops. If a
crop such as the Potato is planted at cer-
tain orthodox distances from plant to
plant the individual yields of the plants
may be so much as double tho.se obtained
by closer planting, and yet the closer plant-
ing may actuallj' yield a bigger crop.

What looks like an example of a toxic
efiect, though usually ascribed to the dry-
ing and impoverishment of the soil by the
cover crop, is the frequent failure of
Privet and Euonymus hedges when grass
is allowed to grow close up to the stems.
In one case of this kind which came under
our notice a hedge of Euonj'mus languished
for six j-ears and made no growth what-
soever until the grass was removed.

Mr. Pickering quotes an interesting
example of the beneficial efiect which
may occur after the toxic substance
has .had time to undergo change. An
Apple orchard, a quarter of an acre in ex-
tent and containing fifteen trees twentj'
years old, was planted with Brussels
Sprouts. Under the trees the Sprouts suf-
fered to the extent of 48 per cent, of their-
growth ; but in similar patches on which
trees had been cut . down the previ-ous
winter, the Sprouts did better by 12 per
cent, than in any other part of the ground.
Although, as already stated, no marked
difference appears to exist between the
toxic-producing powers of dift'erent plants,
it seems to be a fact that a plant is more,-
toxic to another plant of its own kind than
to one of another species. It follows from
this that the toxin produced by a plant
may be injurious to the plant itself. If
this prove to be the case, we should have
an additional, and, perhaps, chief reason
why thinning of crops should be under-
taken as early as possible, and perhaps,
also, whj- transplanting is often beneficial.
In an interesting experiment carried out
by Mr. Pickering it was found that
if three seedlings (Mustard) were sown in
a pot large enough for six plants, land if
when they had germinated another three
were sown, the last-sown remained to the
extent of 60 to 70 per cent, smaller than
the first-sown plants. The pot, be it noted,
contained ample soil — over 16 lbs. of loam.
The experiment certainly illustrates, as
Mr. Pickering points out, the desira-
bility of sowing seed of even germina-
tion. Possession would seem to be nine-
tenths of the law of plant life.

The paper deserves to be read in its
entirety. It sheds new light on old
problems, and, what is even more im-
portant, sets the reader thinking. The
subjects discussed in it are of such im-
portance that they deserve wide discussion,
and we shall be pleased to ofier facilities in
these pages for those who are able to con-
tribute to that discussion.

October 27. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

171

National Chrysanthemum Society.— The

National Chrj'saiithemum Society will hold an
exliibition in connection with the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meeting on November 6, 'n
the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, West-
minster. The schedule includes twenty-nine
classes, divided into three sections, and be-
sides money prizes, several cups and trophies
are offered in important classes. Mr. A. A.
Witty having resigned the office of secre-
tary, after a service of II5 years, the
Committee has appointed Mr. Chas. H.
Ct'RTis as his successor. The Council has de-
cided to present the Gold Medal of the Society
to the late secretary, together with an illuminated
address, as a mark of its appreciation of his ser-
\ices.

National Seed Testing.— Mr. R. G.
Stailedon, M.A., Advisory Botanist to the
University College of Wales, Aberj-stwyth,, has
been appointed Director of the National Seed
Testing Station, established by the Food Pro-
duction Department at 72, Victoria Street. The
station will open early in November.

An Employer's Duty.— Regulations require
employers of labour to make a return of all male
employees from 16 years of age on a foim,
D.R. 17, obtainable at any post office, to the He-
tri'iting Officer of the district in which the men
work. A duplicate form should be kept by the
employer on the premises, and both should be
revised monthly if the occasion arises. Failure
to comply with tliis regulation entails heavy
penalties under Defence of Realm Regulation
41a.

Women's Institute.— The Women's Insti-
tute movement in England has now been taken
over by the Women's Branch of the Food Pro- "
diiction Department.

Shortage of Seeds in America.— The

Huston TTiin!<rri]it for Sept^'mber 19 last iir;;i'9
tbn utmost importance of conserving seiMls.
T)ie unusual severity of last winter killeil
a number of seeds in districts all over the
Northern States of America, and the reserve
stock usually kept in the coujitJ-y has been e.\-
hauste<l. In normal conditions large quantities
of seeds are imp<jrted from France, Germany,
Holland and England. The most acute shortage
is in Beet, Carrot, Turnip and Parsnip seed.
Spinach seed, which need to be 25 cents a pound,
is now being sold at .?1.25. It is also probable
that there will be a shortage of Bean see<is,
owing to the frosts liaving destroyed a larje
part of the crop in Michigan, one of the largest
B°an-producing States. Most of the Cauliflower
seed is imported from Denmark, and even in
ordinary .seasons costs up to .$20 a lb. Now,
the Cauliflower industry may be seriously inter-
fered with. Onions, the seed of which was
formerly imported in large quantities from
Francf, are now Wing grown on a l.^rge scale
in California. The bulbs are kept over the win-
ter and transplanted in the spring, when they
flower and produce seeds very rapidly. The
great Cucumber-growing Slate is Michigan ; one
concern in this State controls a thousand acres
given over to this crop. With the European
supply diminishing each year that the war con-
tinues, the' United States will find itself under
the necessity of vastly increasing its acreage,
for it i.-s confronted with the problem of feeding
the whole world.

School Qardeninq at Sherborne.— Mr.
f^HARLEs H. Bacon, tlie head master of the
Sherborne (Dorset) County School, sends us a
carefully compiled table of the results of Potato
growing trials carried out by the boys of his
school. The varieties employed were Arran
C'hipf, Dalhousie, and Up-to-date, and the
I'otatos were plante<l and treated in various
ways, careful notes being taken of the results.
Thus some of the boys planted whole tubers
with all the "eyes" left in, some cut out all
" eves " but two, and others cut the tubers in

small pieces. The respective results of different
methods of manuring were also observed and
rioted for future use.

War Item.— We regret to aiuiounce the death
in action of Captain Dudley Whistler Wallace,
M.C., West Yorks Regiment, only son of Coun-
cillor R. W. Wallace, nurserj'man, Colchester.
The gallant young officer fell on October 9, while
leading his company into action under heavy
shell-fire. Captain Wallace was gazetted in
July, 1915, to the Yorkshire Territorials. He
would have served with one of the Essex bat-
talions, but was refused on account of defective
eyesight. Nevertheless, in spite of tliis handicap,
his fine qualities gained him rapid promotion,
until at the time of his death, at the age of 20,
he was holding the comparatively high rank of
Captain. He was awarded the Military Cross
for a gallant and successful raid carried out
under his leaderehip. On that occasion six
piisoners were bi-ought in and tlie rest of the
hostile post killed, whilst there was no casualty
among the raiders.

ence, with both plants. My best specimen of
No. 1 0 is now a little tree 10 feet high, while
3 [\ has already reached a height of 18 feet ;
both of them are the same age, viz., nine or ten
years. So far as No. 2 is concerned, the differ-
ence between the two types is tliat Wilson's
lacks the glaucous colouring of the leaves, which
are smaller and more turned up at the edges, pro-
ducing a spoon-like effect. In this case the
■ divergence between the two types is marked, and
jumps to the eyes, as our French Allies would
say. As regards No: 4, my attention was first
called to there being two types by Monsieur
Edmond Versin, of St. Jean le Blanc, near
Orleans, who specialises in Poplars and Willows.
I raised from seed a good many plants of type (i
introduced by Wilson, and nil of them had the
distinguishing and attractive features that the
underside of the leaves is of a delicate pale-
greyish pink, and that the young wood is red-
dish. In type o, which I obtained from Versin,
these features are absent. Moreover, the leaves
are larger and darker, and the general appear-
ance of the two trees is dissimilar. I have no
knowledge as to where M. Versin originally

>

\

Fig. 64. — apple Ellison's orange : ^ nat. size.

(S«e rppoil c.f the R.ll.S. Fruit and Vogettitle Committee on p. 173,)

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

iTh4 tditoTi do not hold tliemteltei rerponiiblt ftt
the opmiont ezpresscd by corT^tpondentt.)

Marrow Kale.- Can any of your readers tell
me liow Marrow Kale should be prepared and
.cocked? I was advised to plant this vegetable by
one whose table-taste is beyond question, and who
informed nic that though grown generally for
cattHe food, the thick, succulent stems maike an
e-\cellent table vegetable. The plants have done
wonderfully well, and have produced stems of
great thickne.«s, but my cook is doubtful how to
prepare them for the table. A^.

Tree Varieties at Aldenham.— There are
tour plants growing here, of which in each case
I possess two types quite sufficiently distinct to
justify one of them bearing a distinguishing
varietal name. They are: —

1. Digustrum Quihoui, type a.
Ijigu.strum Quihoui (Wilson), type 0.

2. LigTistrum Deilavayanum, type a.
Ligustriun Delavayanum (Wilson), type /J.

3. Kleagnus umbellatus, type a.
Eleagnus umbellatus (Wilson), type fl.

4. P'opulus szeehuanioa (Wilson), type a.
Populus Bzechuanica (Versin), type 0,

In the ca.se of 1 and 3, Wilson's Chinese intro-
ductions differ from the type previously in culti-
vation in Europe by taking the form of a tree
with a single stem instead of being a bush, as
has always been the case hitherto, in my experi-

found type a, whether it also was iiitro<luced by
Wilson or came from some other quarter. I
don't think that there can be any doubt that it
is true to name,' for in spite of the fact that type
u is without the rosy pigment, and looks super-
ficially more like P, lasiocarpa than it does like
type n, yet the veining on the leaves of both
types is identical. I wish that someone who is
more of a botanist than I can pretend to be
would examine the above-mentioned plants, and,
if he should confirm my view that the different
types are sufficiently distinct to deserve that one
of them should have a varietal name, I would
suggest: — 1, type fl. arborescens ; 2, type Q,
Wilsonii ; 3,- type P,. arborescens; 4, type o,
Versinii. I hope this letter will provoke some-
one else, with better knowledge than myself,
who has also observed some of these divergences
in type, to give you his views and experience.
Virarij fUhha, Aldenham House, near Elslree.

Potato Spraying.— It is to be hoped that
should material for a report on the results of
si-Tiiying Polatos this year be collected, it^ will
be done without prejudice It would not be dif-
ficult to collect a great deal of evidence in favour
of non-spraying. I have seen Potato crops which
were ruined by spraying with Burgundy mixture,
others that were not affected one way or the
other, and others again which without any spray-
ing yielded good crops of Rotates, lin which there
was very little evidence of disease. T have seen
also areas which had been once or twice sprayed,

172

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[October 27, 1917.

and the haulms had in consequence kept grow-
in}.' longer; but there was no difference in the
yield, either with respect to quantity, quality, or
iho number of diseased tubers. Much of what
lias been called blight (Phytophthora) has been
black stem rot, a disease which quickly carries
off the haulm, but it does not appear to attack
them until the tubers are well advanced, and
these, when dug, have been quite sound. My
view, based on what I have seen this year, is
that spraying has not been worth while. The
theory that an attack of aphis lays the Potato
liaulms open to injury by the copper sulphate in
the spraying mixture may be taken to mean that
in such a case spraying is hai-mful. The question
that is still awaiting a, satisfactorj^ answer is, how
does the Potato blight get a start in an entirely
new Potato district, and how is it that a bad
attack, judged by the behaviour of the haulms,
does not, as it certainly does not always, extend
to the tubers also? One may waste labour and
money in appliances which do not do any good.
We require to be certain that the treatment will
be remedial, before urging that it should become
general. W. W.

. It may be hoped that those -wlto Cian-

ntot see ajiy ad'vantage in spraying will
give ifuU details of ihow .the work wae caJ'-
ned out, Ibecause it may be that the con-
ditions were uiifavoura.ble, or that spraying
was inefficiently performed. It is to be fearea
that in some cases spraying was done as piece-
work, whiich mieanis that only t.he upper surface
roif the iliiaulm was sijrayed. Some of the failures
'may be attributed to the lateness lof tllie ispray
ling. I saw many plots sprayed, for the finsl
time when ithe hauira was 2 feet Jrigh. Again,
rnuch .showery weathea- wais experienced, ajid
•the meresit noviice understands what undue
dilutioin means to liquid mixtures. I grew
iseveT.al aci-es of Potatcis this season in various
localities, and Ihave n^ot much disease in
the tubers, which we seldom experience here
in the chalky soi'.s, but the crop is short in bulk,
attributable to various reasons. T did not spray
owing to press of work in other directions, but
I regret now I did not do so. I had ample
'o.pportujniities during the month of Septemiber of
forming an opinion as to the value of spraying
la-s agaiinst mon-spraydng, hawing been engaged in
judging fa.pms oif /fironi 300 acres to 1,400 in s'.ze
■for the award of a challenge cup given by Loi-d
Portsmouth for the best cultivated farm in this
county. On several farms Potatos are largely
igriQwn, and they came under inspection.
T'here was no corapaj'ison in the appearance nf
the plots sprayed and unsprayed. The former
were a mass of greenery to the extent of 30 acres
in one field, while close by the unsprayed had
not a green leaf. I do not say the sprayed had
•no isym,ptom of disease, but they "were less
affected than the others. A great point in
favour of spraying is the incontestable fact that,
nvhen properly done, a.t least twice in tihe sea-
ison, the haulm is longer preserved in a growing
:oonidi-tiio.n, and naturally the crop is hea\nier.
lolw-'ing to the period, in which ,tlie tuibers swetll.
I a.m awiare we shall he toM of heavy crops
•obtained without spraying, audi we a.ll know
it'hat good -culture produces Iheavy 'crops, there-
■fore the risk of 'a few diiseased tubers is not of
.seriouis consequence. But I have quite made up
•my mind .that spraying -mtiust .be d'one next year
|)iii the crops over ■whicli I have conibrol.
PI. Molyneux.

Apple Rfv. W. Wilks —An Apple weigh-
ing 1 lb. 14j ozs., aaid' measiu-ing 17^ inches in
circumference, wa.s grown in the gai-dens of i.ie
Stoke Poges Club. It is of the Rev. W. Wilks
variety, and two other Apples from the same
tree Aveighed' nearly 3 lbs. 10 ozs., or 5^ lbs.
for three Apples. It would be interesting to
know the record weight of three Apples from
one tree ! S. P. 0. [Five fruits of the variety
Belle du Bois, shown hy Mr. Haycock at Here-
ford in ,1881, weighed 5 Jbs. '5^ ozs. The
hea.vie9t iindividiral ApipHe of wliic.h we have re-
'c'ord weighed just over 2 lbs. It was exhibited
iaf. the Led/bury -Show in 1888 by .Mr. R,obert
Smith, and tjie variety wa.s Warner's King.
Other largo (fruits of w,hach we have entry Ln
inur " Reooi-di" book are Peasgood's Nonesuch,
1 lb. 12 ozs. : Emneror Alexander. 1 lb. 10 ozs. ;
.and Gl'onia Mundii, 1 lb. 7 obs. — Eds.]

Wa&ps' Nest in a Gooseberry Bush.—

I send you a photcjgraph (see fig. 65) of a vva.s])s'
;nfet 'which has been formed in my gaii-deai at
•Faa'.nh.am on tihe brajich of a Gooseberry bush.
:The nest is composed mainly of paper, a.ndi the
'paper w.as o-btained fi-om a StrawbeTTy bed,
over which pieces of paper had been Isiispended
lat intervails in order to keep birds away. With
'praiseworthy indn.stiry the wasps ba'wed off
'mjintate tfragments of thie paper amd carried them
to the Gooseberry bush for the formation o>f the
nest. By the time the nest was finished every
ofle of tJie pieces 'of paper wais riddled With
holes. (Mrs.) E. M. aodd^rd. 66, Ka-n Street.
,'''rrrnJiam.

The White Martagon Lily.— While I am

very glad that my offer of seed of this Lily has
been accepted by a very large number of persons,
I feel coniipelled to remind some of those -who have
applied of the sole condition attached to my offer,
namely, the enclosure of a stamped directed enve-
lope. I cannot respond to applications on post-

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

October 23. — The fortjiightly meetings in the
Drill Hall continue to attract numerous ex-
hibits and good .attendances. On Tuesiday last
fiuit ajid vegetalbles formed ithe onore importamt
features of the exhibition, and the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee awaixied two Gold Medals
(to collections of fruit ajid of vegetii-blee re-
spectively. The fruit was shown by Messrs.
G. Bun YARD and Co., Ltd., and comprised 150
dishes of Apples. Peai-s, Medlars and Quinces.
The quality was exceptionally good, and Apples
were remarkably well coloured. Culinary
Apples, such as Mere de Menage, Bramley's
.Seedling, Lane's Prinice Albert, H.amlblijig's
Seedling and Clark's Seedling, a vei-y long-
keeping, solid fruit of B.ramley's Seedling type,
hut dull I'ed all over, were especially fine, and
ther? were equally good dishes of dessert varie-

FiG. 65. — wasps' nest in a gooseberry bush.

cards, not because I grudge penny stamps, but
because I simply cannot undertake the labour
of writing addresses. I must therefore beg those
who do not receive a packet of seeds shortly to
understand that it is because they have not com-
plied with my sole condition. Several correspon-
dents have accompanied their request for seeds
with the inquiry how they aire to be treated. It
is impossible for me to reply to such inquiries
seipara-tely ; but I may -do so generally 'by recom-
niendfcng that the seeds be sown in a, cold frame
and the seedlings pricked out in the open when
they are big eno.ugh t» handle. They toiay be
iscrvn in. rows in the open border, where tliey
iwtill germinate freely ; (but they are aipt to be
overgrovpn with weeds in such .a situation.
Hrrhrif Maxwell, Mionreith.

Early Potatos. — Li view of the food short-
age, early Potatos will doubtless be of great
value next season. Amongst several varieties,
Dnke nf York gave by far the best crop this
year. I shall be interested to know the experi-
enc of other growers. 7'.

ties. Of the newer sorts we noticed Coronation,
Sii- .Tohn Thod-neycroft, an imposing-looking
Apple of excellent quality, and Heusgen's
Golden Reinette, which is red now, but meJ-
lows into a golden shade. It is a flattish fruit
not unlike Ben's Red, but of superior quality.
Pears were shown well, including Winter Wind-
sor, Doyenne du Cornice. Beun-e Diel and
Beurre Clairgeau. The Gold Medal exhibit of
vegetables was stagedi by Messrs. Barr and
.Sons, and was representative of Imost kinds
in season. The quality was good, especially
Prizetaker Leeks, Rousham Park Hei-o, Crimson
Globe, and Froxfield Onions; Scarlet Inter-
mediate Carrots. .Standard Bearer and Solid
Pink . Celeries, Chn'stnias Drumhead Ca.bbage,
Covent Garden Favourite Beet, and White Mar
row Parsnips. Another siDlendid exhibit of vege
tables was shown by Eustace Palmer, Esq.
Drayton House, Sherfield-on-Loddon, Ba-sing-
stoke fgr. Mr. n. E. Wallis). Carrots in this
collection were splendid, including Early C5em
Champion Scarlet Horn, and New Red Inter
mediate. Other fine produce were Prizeta.ke'r

October 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

173

Leeks, Early Market Tomatos, Blocxi Red and
.Ailsa Craig Onioas, Scorzoueia, Black Beet, and
MatcUess Brussels Sprouts. Messrs. Sutton
AND Sons showed vegetables raised from seed
sown in August, MatcWesis and Satisfaction
Lettuces, SpinacJi Beet, Early Gem and
Favourite Carrots; Red Globe and Early Red
Milan Turnips, and large-rooted Radishes were
the finest kinds. An excellent exhibit of fruit
was shown by C. A. Cain, Esq., The Nod?,
Welwyu, Hertfordshire tgr. Mr. T. PatemnanI,
both Apples and Pears being of the highest ex-
hibition quality. The Puefleet School showed
vegetables, fruits and Nuts grown on the school
garden : there were excellent bunches of Royal
•M'uecadine and Espiran Grapes" in this useful
exhibit.

Lady Dawson, Cannon Hill, Maidenhead,
showed bottled fruits and vegetables, all of very
excellent appearance. The ComunHtee recom-
mended a First-class Certificate to Apple EUi-
st)n's OranL'e (see fis. 64).

Messrs. Laxton Bros, showed two promising
.seedling Apples, both raised from Cox's Orange
Pippin crossed with Cellini, named Perfection
and Delight respectively. The former is very
like Cox's Orange Pippin in shape, the skin
being greenish-yellow with a ruddy flush. Both
fruits are of medium size.

An interebting exhibit of Apples was staged
by Mr.' Alfred Bayley, Revelstoke. Slough, all
th« varieties being over one hundred years old,
gaJthered from verj* old trees. Exceptionally
fine fruits of Blenheim Pippin, Orange Pippin,
C'tshoad, Old English Pearmain, one of the
oldest Apples on record, and re-senvhling Alother;
Bee Apple and Lisbon, a solid-looking frmt,
r,iid 'o be a long keeper, were included.

The Floral Committee recommended Awards
of Merit to a new Berberie from China named
B. roIyB.ntha, and Vitis betulifolia, also from
China. Nine medals were awarded to collec-
tions.

The Orchid Committee recommended one
Fir.'t class Certificate and three A-wairdS of
Merit tf> novelties.

At the 3 o'clock meeting erf the Fellows Mr.
Edward White gave a lectare on "Pergolas
and their Use."

Floral Commlttae.

Present: Messrs. H. B. .May (chairman),
.1. VV. Barr, J. Heal, J. Dickson, C. Dixon,
W. P. Thomson, C. E. Pearson, J, Greeni, li.
IIoo[)er Pearson, G. Rcuthe, C. R. Fieldei',
.1. T. Bennett Poe. W. A. BUnev, A. Turner,
\V. .J. Bean, R. C. Notcutt, A." G. .Tackman,
J. Hndsoai, ,1. F. McLeod, J. W. BlaJcey, H. J.
■Tones, and E. H. Jenkins.

' AWARDS OF MERIT.

lierheris poCyanlha. — I'his plant produces a
piofusioii of coral-red berries, wiich are
developed in small bunches along the arching
Ishootrs. It forms a, .'shrub, about 8 feet
high, and has clusters of small, ovate-spatliulate
leaves with three spines, pjuch about i inch long.
The general a|jpfarance is after B. VVilsonae,
but the [ilant is a much taller grower. From
the Society's Gardens, Wisley.

Vitin hrtulifnlia. — This new vine was de-
scribed briefly in the issue for October 13, p. 153,
when it was exhibited in much finer condition
than on Tuesday last. The leaves are entire,
cordate, about 2^ inches liong, promiiinently
veined, and have a stalk 1^ inch long. The
fruits a.re developed in profusion, formiing small
lax bunches, the berries being very dark blue — •
almost Sloe-black, with a jialer bluish bloom.
The foliage had a.'Mumed fine autumn tinting,
the lTi.ightcr colouj-s contrasting weld with tlie
(sombre-looking beiTies. It is an acquiisition for
fuiiniVhiakg pergolas and trellises out-of-<]oors.
Sbiiwn liy Mrs. Berkeley, Spetchley Park,
\\'r)rcestcr.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded for col-
lections : —

fHlrer Flnrn Medal to Messirs. H. B. May
AND Sons. Edmonton, for Ferns,

Si/vr Biinksinn Afri!iil.<' to Messrs. .1. Cheat,
and Sons, Crawley, for autumn foliage and
berries; Mr. F. Lilley, Guernsey, for Nerines;

^Messrs. Pipers, Langley, for beanied' snirubs,
and Mr. E. Hicks, Twyford, Berkshire, for
Roses.

Bronze Banksian Medals to The Alder River
Nursery Co. for Lilies and othei" flowering
plants; Messrs. Allwood Bros., Wivelsfield,
Haj'wards Heath, for Perpetual-flowering Cair-
naticns ; Rev. .J. H, Pemberton, Havering-abte-
Bower, for Roses, and Mr. G. Reuthe, Keston.
Kent, for Nerines and rare .shrubs.

OrchlJ t'omnil:ii5B.

I' resent: Sir Jei'eimiah Colnian, Bart, (in the
chair), Sir Harry J. Veitch, Sir Fred. Mooi-e,
Messrs. Jas. O'Brien (hon. secretary), W. Bol-
ton, C. H. Curtiis, W. H. White, Arthur Dye,
J. Cypher, J. Charles\vorth, Frederick J. Han-
burv! Pantia Ralli, Fred K. Sander, J. Wilson
PotitST, R. A. Rolfe, T. Aimstrong, and Stuiart
Low. ,

The chajrmcan referred to the great loss the
Ccimmittee had sustained in the death of Mr.
Elijah Ashwoi-th, Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, and
Mr. O. 0, Wrigley, Bridge Hall, Bury, Lanca-
shire, both members of the Committee. On the
propcsitiion of the chairmaTi it was decided to
send a message of condolen'ce to the members
of both families.

AWARDS.

First-class Certificate.
Odont\i)iijlossum crispum The Premi»T, ifricsm
Messrs. Charlesworth and Co., Haywards
Heath. A home-raised seedling with a isiesnder
spike of two vei-y lar^e and finelv-shaoed flowei-s.
and probaibly the finest. t\-pical white criispum
ever shown. The broad, ovcn'lappinig sepaJs and
peltals are pare white, the large, fringed lip
.ha.ving on* lai'ge red-^browm blotch and a band
of smaJlei- spots aflx)und the light yellow crest.

Awards of Merit.

Si/jilirr>-f.aelio-Catthya Roeliumpton (jMrentaijr
iitiTeriirdtd), from Dr. MlcuEL Lacroze, Jiryn
dir, Roehimpiton. A isuperb hybrid of intenisely
rich colour and nearest to S.-L,-C. ble*tchl*y-
flora, but larger and darker. The flower has
a decided Laelia form, is of perfect shape,
almc«t entirely blight claret-crimsOTi iwiith a
slight gold shade, three white lines extending
friim the ba,se to the centre of the Jip. with
.«ome shorter lines on each side.

Larlio-Catthya St. George, Bryndir varieti/
(L.-C. St. Gothmd x C' Fabia), from Di-.
SlicUEL Lacroze. a noble flower, adhering
closely to the Cattleni'a shape, but of greater
size. Sepal's amd petals bright rosy-mauve ; lip
purplish crimson with slight lilac margin and
g')lden-yellow disc.

Lncli'o-Cdithya Zeno (L.-C. St. Gothnrd x
O. Tjveiieae), a fine flower, with a resemblance
to th^ be«t form of C. Warneri, light rose in
colour, with ruby-crimson front to the broiid.
we'.l-Jisiplayed lip.

Preliminary Commendation.

Odiintoglossum Adonis (hybrid unrecorded x
eruipum ■•>olnm). from MesSns. Armstrong and
Brown, Orchidhurst, Tunbridge Wells. A re
markable and highly interesting hybrid, flower
ing for the first time, and showing in its clear
white flower, with occasional deep ruby-red
b|l<;tch, fhf features of 0. orispuni solum, in
eluding the irregulaaiity of the markinlgis.

Od^ijilioglnsi'ii'm .ispasin [Mars X Colossii-":.
fpom Messrs. Armstrong and Brown. A grand
floTv'er, equally blotched with claret-ired on a
white gi'ound.

Odiwtniihisxuiii Nym (i-jtimiiim x .ili'xaiidrn).
from Messits. Charlesworth and Co. The
flower is of good shape, three-fourths of the
inner parts of the segments being bloticlied with
claret -pui^ple, and the tips tinted nose.

General Exhibits.

Dr. IMic.iiEL Lacroze showed Cjittleya
.Miguelito (Octave Doin X Dowiana aurea), re-
sembling an impimved C. Dowiana aurea, and
C. armainvillierense (Warscewiczii X Men-
deliil, a very large flower with the general fea,-
tiires frf C. iVIendelii.

Sir .Teremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park
(gi-, Mr. J. CoVHer), ishowed a fine spike of

Cat/tilaya Browndae with sixteen flowers, and a
large inflorescence of Odontoglossum ocn.-o-
niaiiium.

ilesisrs. Charlesworth and Co. were awarded
k Silver-gilt Flora Medal for a fine ^'oup rich
iix hanidsonie Cattleyas and Laelio-Oattleyas.
New and choice planlts .included Caittleya Mii'a
(Rhoda X Dowiana aurea), light sulphur-yellovv
with a deep crimson lip, and Laelio-Cattleya
Laura (L.-C. Scylla x C. Lord Rothschild), of a
delicate apricot-yellow tint with rose-coloured
niarkings on the lip.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown were awaiided
a Silvea' Flora Medal for an excellent group of
nare hybrids, one of the best being the hand-
sonii yellow Brasso-C'attleya The BaiX)ness
Orchidhurst vaa-iety, the bloom being of perfect
fond and great substance.

Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans, were awarded a
Silver Flora JMedal for a good group, cons,isting
principally of fine hybrid Caittleyas, the forms
of C. Fabia, both light and dark, being excel-
lent.

Meesa-s. J. and A. McBean, Cooksbridge, wei'e
awarded 3, Silver BanWain Medal for a group
in which the forms of CatUeya Enid, C. Fabia,
C, Iris, C. Hardyana, and C. Prince Jolm were
effective. An interesting novelty was Odonto-
oiidium Naniette (Oncidium incurvujm x Odm.
Hari-yanum). with an erect (S(pna.y cd rose-
blotched floweira.

Messrs. Hassall and Co., Southgate, were
awarded a Silver Baniksian MedaJ for a group
of fine hybrids, in which the new Bralsso-
Cattleya Moira (B.C. Digbyano- Warneri X C.
Giaskelliana). a good, white variety ■with 'i
chrome-yellow disc, and Cattleya Hilary (Harri-
somiana x Enid), roey-lilac colour with yellow
lip having purple marklrngs, were nroted,

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisbrook,
Sussex, were awarded a Silver Banksian Medal
for a (group, the central pliant Tn which was the
new Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya President Wilson
(L. C. Lustre x B.C. Mrs. J. Leemann), a fine
bold flower, light rose colour with a deep rose-
purnle lip having a yellow disc.

Messrs. Flort and Black, Slough, sent
LaeTio-Cattle>Ta Phyllis ' (L.-C. Rubens x C.
Dowiana aurea.), a pretty and richly coloured
flower.

Mr. E. V. Low, Wivelsfield, Sujssex, showed
a good for,m of Oattleya Venus, C. Gaskedliana
alba, two Dendroibium Phalaenopsis hololeucumi,
and Laelio-Cattleya luminosa aurea.

Fpult and Vegetable Committee.

Prrsrnt : Messrs. W. Poupart (in the chair).
W. Bates, K. Beckett, A. BuUock, A. R. Allan,
H. Markham, J. AUgiiive, F, Jordan, E. A. Bun-
;ard, G. P. lierry, W. H. Divers, and W. Wilks.

First-class Certificate.
Apple FAlisan's Orange (see fig. 64). — This
variety, which gained an Award of Mea-it on
October 10, 1911, was raised by the Rev. C. C.
Ellison, Bracebridge, Lincoln, from C/Ox'.s
Orange Pippin crossed wiith Calville Blanc. The
fiHiiits are 3 (inches 5n heiglit and rather mon-e
through the centre, those illu.strated being half
natural size. The skin is flushed aU over with
red on a mellow, yellow ground. The flesh is
faintly tinged with yellow and of good flavour.
The eye is set in a rather deep cavity aii-d the
stalk also, the latter bcilig about 1 dinch^ long.
T.he season is saiid to be fi'om October to Cihrist-
mias, but speciimens we liave seen are already
over-nipe (October 24). Shorwn by Mr. H
Markham, Wrotliam Park Gardens, Baniet.

TRIAL OF SPRING SOWN ONIONS.

The following awards have been made to
spring-sown Onions after trial lat Wisley : —

Highly Commended. — No. 35, Al, sent by
Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading ; No. 20, Ailsa
Craig, sent by Messrs. Dobbie and Co., Edin-
burgh ; No. 12, Bedfordshire Champion, sent by
Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading ; No. 32,
Champion, sent by Messrs. E. W. King and Co.,
Coggeshall.

Commended. — No. 26, Upto-Date, sent by Mr.
Gray, Sandy, Beds.

174

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[OCTOBEE 27, l9lt.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Sowing Wheat.

Of all crops on. the fairm, none will be so im-
pioitanit mext year as the Wheat cj'op. Every
farmer should strive his ■utmost to produce a
majiimuim crop, 'whether it be one with 500 acres
or the jnaji with but o-ae acire. Tliere ^ai'e,
Doiwadays, sucli facilities of obtaining ihea.vy
crops by the .ai-d of manures aowJ machiinery, that
there icaji be pio excuse for failing to provide
one's 'share.

Wheat cannot be sownitO'O early, but O'rdiinai'y
varieties can be 'SOwn too late. Iif it has tO' be
so%vn late, owing to the land being occupied with
other useful ca-ops, .there are varieties of Wheat
liliait win succeed when s»wn late. Whein I say
there are, in passing, upwards of fifty varieties,
no one ca.n icomplaiin of a want of choice for
any kind of isoil or situation. Wheat sown in
October germiinates quickly ; the roots obtain a
firm hr>ld .oif ■the soil, and the plaint does not
suffer firom seveire frost like that s'own in. De-
cemiber ; imuch of this latter may be lifted almost
out of the grO'Und by frost, and cannot make
such a BUictessful ista.rt in the spriu'g.

I Qiave previously written about the prepara-
tion for Wheat when dealing with crops to pre-
cede the Wheat 'Crop. The point is now to get
the seed in as tfast las t.he land is ready to re-
ceive it. Im some districts where rain has not
fallen so regularly as it has in the south, during
the last momth. some imay p'Ostpone the sowing
on account of the land being 'too d'i"y to
germinate the seed quickly. My a.d-raoe is to
sow dlirectly the land' is ready ; the see'd
will receive moisture sufficient, especially if the
soil is heavy in character, because in soil of
that type it is at times difficult to catch a season.
In the ca,«e of n^wlv broken up <r!'ass-laiid. which
may need stimulating to obtain a full crop, after
the land is ploughed and pressed, sow some
approved Wheat fertiliser, of which there are
plenty on the market, at the rate of 4 cwt. per
acre. If the soil is heavy, basic slag or super-
phosphate would answer, to be followed in
February with 1 cwt. of sulphate 'of a'mlmonia
per acre. Iln the 'case of grass-land the advan-
iage of this manurial dressing is that it wiU
induce the plant to grow quickly and thus
escaipe wire-worms, whjch might othej'wise do
much .harm to the plant in March and Apnil.

In the case of Clover ley, which was not sheep-
fed or given farmyard manure, a similar dressing
will have a beneficial effect.

Summer fallows given farmyard manure at the
I'ati' of 1.5 tons |)er ac:'e should iivoducp full
crops. The land under this preparation will re-
quire to be heavily pressed at ploughing time, as
Wheat 'requires a firm iseerl -bed, and not t)H)det'])ly
jiloughed. In fact, too deep plousihing is hann-
fui ill obtainiiin qiialitv in the i;i';iin ; an e.xtra
crop of straw may result, but Wheat is not grown
mainly for its straw.

Choose fine weather if possible for sowing the
seed. A good "season" does much to fid ger-
rair.ation and subsequent growth. " Muddled
in " seed during wet weather cannot succeed
nearly so well.

The manner of sowing is much a question of
convenience, fashion, and locality. Drilling com-
mits the seed evenly, and is advisable in soil
^as-ily maiiau;cd, but th^ |ire|iarati(in of the soil
beforehand means more labour. In stiff soil the
broadcaster is an efficient method of sowing on
the ploughed land without extra preparation.
Sowing by hand, too, is largely practised on small
"hits. The Massey Harris cultivator commits
the seed regularly to the soil, works the land at
the same time, and partly buries the seed, re-
i|uii''iiHg leiss work in harrowing latfterwards.
Whatever Tnethod be adoptc'd in sowing, haa'-
rniwing afterwards should' be freely done to
thorouglily bury the seed, and. create a'gO'od tilth.

In stiff soil the surfac should not be made too
smooth for fear of callusing on the surface during
the winter. A cloddy surface is an advantage,
'li-e'ini; a, in-otfrtioii' during the winter from
winds. The clods, too, crumble in spring by the
action of the weather. Such fine soil is bene-
ficial in making firn the plant after harro«-ing
.ind roUinsr in March.

The quantity of seed to sow per acre is im-

portant. In October 2^ bushels is ample ; after-
wards not less than 3 bushels is advisable. Some
persons argue that the latter quantity is too much,
the plant cannot tiller properly. That may be
so, but 1 think there is safety in numbers; we
must allow a little for birds.

Dressing the seed is important as a safeguard
against "smut." Prepared dressings are obtain-
able from chemists which are little trouble and
\ery effective. A .solution of sulphate of copper
— 1 lb. dissolved dn one gallon of water for four
bm«hels of seed, is also a good preiparatiom.

An ea'Sy way of preparing the seed is to plaoe
as much as is required for one day's sowing the
day before on a hard floor, pour the liquid over
the seed evenly, turning over the seed twice to
thoroughly Wet every gi-ain. If done on the
same day it is not so easy to sow, either 'by haaid
or tlm-ough 'the drill. E. Molyneux, Home Farm,
Swanmoi-e Parle, Hampshire.

©bttuar^.

Elijah A»hworth.— We learn with deep re-
gret of the deafJi, on the 18th inst., of Mr.
Elijah Ashworth, Harefield Hall, Wilmslow.
\n engineer and macliine-maker by pix)-
fession, Mr. Ashwoith was an old and
enthusiastic Orchidist, and for many years
his- collection has been one of the "most
complete in the Manchester district. Some
eight or nbi'e houses were devoted to Orchids,
■each section being welJ represented and the
plants thorougihly -well grown. Mr. Aslnworth
'Was chadrmam otf the .Manchester and North of
■Enigland Orchid Society from 1906 to 1911, and
•he has been a member 'of the Orchid' Committee
■of the Royal Horticultural Society for the past
t3ix't°en ye^.rs. He has also been an occasional
■?x'''lb'itor lin London, and more frequently some
■yeai-s ago in JMa.nchester. Among the more
nntaiMe pilajnte of his collectiion for w.hiich he
iga'n^d awards were Cattleva la.biata Mrs. E.
Ashworth, C. Schro^erae Ha'refield Hall varietv,
C. Trianae Eme-st Ashworth, Dendrobium Ash-
wort hiae, D. nobdle Aisihworthian'um, and Tre-
voria, chloris. He also .gained awards Ifor many
OdontnglosBums and other rare Orchids, some
of which have been illustrated an these pages.

REPLY.

A Good Market Tom.\to. — L. (seep. 164) would
find Bide's Recruit an excellent variety to grow
for the markets. It produces trusses of veiy
largo size that often bear twenty fiiiits in a
cluster. The fruits are smooth and of medium
size deep red in colour, and of excellent flavour.
E. M.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

DRAIN.iGE FOR A ViNE BoRDER : A. W . If yoU

cannot obtain broken brick, clinker may be
used for drainage purposes in a vine border,
being the best substitute available. A well-
known grower of pot Vines used to drain his
pots with broken clinkers, and the roots of the
vines seemed to thrive better in the clinkers
than in the broken crocks that are usually
employed. It is not necessary to concrete the
bottom, of vine borders when the subsoil is
sandy.\ Land drain pipes should, however, be
used to carry off any undue excess of moisture.
Keep the pipes clear at the outlet to prevent
the drain becoming blocked. Agricultural
drain pipes with no joints, and 4 inches dia-
meter, should be used.
Kinds and Varieties : /. IF. H. The ten-m kind
is u.sed to denote distinct vege'tables, fruits or
floAvers; thus Peaches, A,pples, Plums and
Peiars are d!istinct kind's of fruits. Peas, Cab
bages and CaiTots distinct kinds of vege-
tables. Varieties indicate the 'Sorts. For
example, Alexander and Royal George are
varieties of Peaches: Beurre Jiardy and Con-
ference varieties of Pears ; Blenhedim Pippin
amid Cox'is lOranige Pippin varieties of Apples.

Muscat of Alexandria Grapes : G. Gray.
Muscat Grapes when ripe should be kept in
a dry atmosphere. In mild weather a httle
air should be admitted through tlie top
ventilators at night, but in cooler weather
the vinery should be kept closed. At
this season, if tlie Grapes are well
ripened, a mean temperature of from
46" to 50° is suitable; excessive fire-heat is
harmful, and would cause shrivelling in the
bei-mes. Keeping the border on the dry aide
will not cause slii'ivelling to the extejit soone
growers imagine; in fact, this ti'ou'ble may
arise when the soil ie quite moist, as, for in-
stance, when growing in an outside border.
Market growers of Muscat Grapes prefer in-
side borders, as the roots are then more under
ct'ntrol. Shrivelling will often occur through
the roots being kejit too wet. You do
not state whether the border is inside
or outside the vinery. If outside, it will be
advisable to cover it with lights, or corrugated
iron sheeting, preferably the former. By the
first week in January, even if the Grapes are
keeping well, it will be advisable for the good
of the vines to cut the bunches and bottle them.
Keep them in a dry, dark room, but not in
the fruit room proper. Another plan to keep
them fresh is to shade the glass to prevent an
undue rise in the temperature from sunshine.

Names of Plants.— CorrespondeiKs not answered in
this issue are requested to be so good 03 to consult
the lollowing number.

F. Clarke. Gleditschia ti'iacantlios (Honey
LocuiSt).— /. N. W., Didsbury. Crataegus
Crus-galU (Cock's-spur Thorn).

Names op Fruits.— /n the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-cufisuming loere there no restrictions. Corre.
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VARIETIES be Sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect deterviination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not b^
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.

P. C. 1, Duchesee d'Angouleme ; 2, Louise
Bonne of Jersey; 3, Fearn's Piippin ; 4, not
■reooignised ; 5, Cox's Orange Pippin; 6, Pear
CatillaK:.— ./. H. 1, Ne«w Besls Pool; 2, Cal-
ville St. Sauveur ; 4, Peasgood's Nonesuch ;
5, Rymer ; 6, Towei- of Glammd's ; 3, Hormead'a
Pea.imiaiin. — F. S. l,*Q'ueen Oaro.line ; 2, Rad-
ford Beauty ; 3, Duke of Devonshire; 4, King
of the Pippins ; 5, Beurre Supei-fin ; 6, Com.te
de Lamy. — W. T. Brown Beurre (s>in. Beurre
(;i"\s).— -'i?. D. 1, Fleim:is:h Beauty ; 2, decayed ;

3, Som'enir du Congi'es ; 4. Beurre d'Availon ;
5, Doyenne Boussoch ; 6, Autumn Bergajnot ;
7, Beurre Ddel : 8, Beui-re de Jonghe ; 9 and
10. not recognised'; 11, Vica.r of Winkfield ;
12, Mere de ilena.ge. — /. S. Rosls Nonipareil ;
2, Ora.nge Goff ; 3, King of the Pippins ;

4, Gloria MUndi ; 5, Eoklin.ville Seedlimg ; 6,
Loi-d Burghley.— ;^. H. 1, Shepherd's lame ;
2, Bess Pool ; 3. Scarlet Pearmain ; 4, M'argiil ;

5, Hounslow Wonder ; 6, Winter Hawthorn-
Hen. — D. MrO. Greenup (syn. Yorkshire
Beauty) .

Residue from Gas Refining : W. If. .4. You
should get an analysis of the material from
the chemist at the gas works where the I'esi-
due was obtained. Unless you are assured
that the material is not harmful to vegetation
we would advise vou to make use of it Only
on experimental lines.

Communications Received —Mrs. w.— W. H. ,1 —
R. A. R.— R. A. M.— R. B,— Bnrillirer— A. W. F— Ciipi-
t.^ijiip .Saixia-D. S.— H. B.— E. M.— G. F.— A. H. E.—

F. Vt. O.— W. F. & Co.— W. G.— H. M.— A W. G.—
~C. B.— T. L. I.— J. J.— R P.— G. R. S.— W. P.—
H. G.— G. W.— O. H P.— T. L— A. T H.— W. B.—

G. M.—M. J. G.— E. T E

October 27, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M JL II K JB X S.

COVENT GARDEN, O.tober ii.

Plants In Pots,

Aralia Sieboldii,

per duz.
Asparagus plumo-

sus, per doz.

— .Sprengeri
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Cacti, various, per
tray of 15's

— per tray of 12'8
Chrysanthemams :

— white, 4S s, per
doz.

— coloured, 43*8,
per doz.

Cocos Weddelliana,
48a, per doz....

— 60'8, per doz. ...
Erica nivalis, fiO's,

per doz

— 48's

— granilis, 488 ...

&c. : Avepage Wholesale Prices.

s. d. 3. d. I . d. s. d.

Ferns, in thumbs,
5 0-60 per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, infmall
and large 60's 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0-80
30 0-36 0 I — in 32's. per doz. 15 0-18 0

I — choicer sorts,

4 0—. 48's, per doz .. 10 0-12 0

5 0 — Geonoma gracilis,

60*8, per doz... 6 0-80
S 0-24 0 I larger, each ... 2 6-70

I KentiaBelmoreana,
8 0-12 0 per doz- ... 15 0-lS 0

! larger ... 30 0-60 0

IS O-SO 0 i — Forsteriana,60's 8 -10 0
8 0-10 0 , i^iiiuni longiflorum,

per doz. ... 30 0-36 0

— lancifolium ru-
brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 ^

4 0-60
12 0-15 0
10 0-15 0

2 6-36

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Arums—

— (llichardias).
per doz. bl'ms.

Camellias, white,

per. doz.
Carnations, perdoz.

— bloi.ms. b 8t
American var.

Ch rysa n the m urns —

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. bunches ...

— white ...
rjarrlenias, per box
lieathur. white,

per rioz. bun....
Lapageria alba, per

doz. blooms ...
Lilium longifiorum,

loRg

— 1 ancif o 1 ium
album, long ...

rubrum, per

doz. long
short, per

duz blooms ...

s.d. sd.

4 0-60
3 0-36

3 0-60

2 0-40

3 0-50

12 0-18 0

15 0-24 0

3 0-48

6 0-80

2 6-30

3 6-40
3 0-36
3 0-36
2 0-30

Lily-of-the-Valley,
per doz. bun ...

Michaelmas Daisies
per doz. bun ...

Orchids per doz: —

— Cattleja

— Cypripediums

— OdontoglosBum
crispum

Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet, per
doz. bunches...

Physalis. per doz.
bunches

Roses : per doz.
blooms, Frau
Kail Druschki

— Liberty

— Melody

— Mme, A. Chat-
enay

— Ophelia

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford

Tuberoses, per gross

blooms...
Violets, per doz.bun.

— I>oubIe, per.
doz. bun.

30 0-12 0
4 0-60

6 0-10 0
6 0-80

2 0-26
2 0-30
2 0-30

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

Adiantum (MaiJeu-

luiir Fern) best,

perdnz. bun... 6 0-70
As])ara^lA plu-

moaus, lonK

trails, per half.

dozen 2 6-30

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

8 0-10 0

Asparagus con.—
- Sprengeri
Carnation foliage,

dcz bunches ,. 4 0-50
Cycaa leaves, per

dcz 3 0-60

Moss, gross bun... 6 0-60
Smilttx, per bun.

of 6 trails ... 1 6-'2 0

Remarks.— Cut flowers now comsist ohiefty of Clirysnn-
theinums, which are « little more plentihil than last
week. Oiloured varieties ore a trifle lower in price, but
largo and medium white blooms, also bunohcd white
sprat's, show little ohanj?e from tlic ^luotations Riven ]ia?t
week. Tlio chief white blooms offered ore Wbutante,
Moneymaker, Mrs. Uoot«, Mrs. Oollier, and Petit Ami.
Good yeMow and pink blooms are warce. Theie
are not many choice flowers to be obloined ; Goaxleaii.ts
and Lapn^exias are getting scarce, «tm1 there is only a
limited supply of Tuberoses. Tlic arrivals of Lilyof.thc-
Valley are small an.l irrogirlar. The following Rosej* are
still arriv'ing in ■ex'-ellcnt cotKlitioni; — Mme. Abel Cbate-
nay, Melody, Ophelia, Liberty, .Sunburst, and a few
blooms of Hoosier Boauty. Ciirnations appear to be suf-
ficient for the demand, and Lilimns are again lower in
price.

' Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

S.Q. B. U.

Artichokes, Globe,

per doz. ... 6 0-80
Beans:-
- KretuhCCIianncl

island-), pcrlh. 1 0- 1 6

lieetroot, per bus. 6 0-60
Brussels .Sprouts,

per i bus. ... 3 6-48

Cabbage, per tally 8 0-10 0
Carnits, new. per

doz. bunches .. 4 0-50
Cauliflowers per

doz 3 0-4 i;

Celery, tier bundle 2 0- 2 «

Cucumbers, per Hat U 0-14 0

riaiiic, per lb. ... 0 8- 0 B

Greens, per bag ... 2 0- 3 (i

Herbs, per doz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, per

bunch 3 0- B 0

Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0- U 0

lettuce. Cabbage
and Cos, per doz. »

Mustard and Cress,
per doz. punnets 0

Onions, per cwt 22
— spring, per doz.
bun. ... 4

Parsnips, per bag .. 6

lladislies, per d'

bunches
.Savoys, ])er tally ...
Shallots, per doz.

lbs.

Spinach, per bushel
Turnips, per bag ... 7
— new, per doz.

bunches ... 4

Turnip tops, perbus. 2
Vegetable Marrows,

per Ooz. ... 2
Watercress, per doz. 0

0-8 0
0- 8 0

C- 2 0
0-10 0

0-9 0
6- 3 0
0- S 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

Grapes, con. —

— Gros. Colman,
per. lb.

— Muscats, per lb
Lemons, per

Almonds, per cwt. SO 0 —
Apples : —

— cooking.perbus. 5 0-10 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per i bus 5 0-12 0

Aubergines. perdoz. 4 0-46
Blackberries (culti-
vated) per lb... 0 9-10
Corncobs, per doz. 2 6-30
Damsons, per J bus. 2 6-30
Figs (Italian) per

— Worthing, per
doz

Grapes, Alicaute,
per lb

— Almerias, per
barrel (3A doz.
lbs.)

— Canon Hall, per
lb

0 S- 2 0
2 0-30
0 10- 1 C

2 0-50

16 0-25 0

Melons, English and

Guernsey, each 2 0-40
Mushrooms, culti-

vated, per lb. 2 0-26
Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...110 0 —

— cobs, per lb.... 10 —

— Coconuts, per

100 36 0-40 0

Peaches, per doz... 8 0-18 0
Pears, per J bus... 3 0-10 0
Prunes, per i bus. 3 6-46
Quinces, per A bus. 2 6-40
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs. or

peck 9 0-11 6

Walnuts, English,

per lb 0 10- 1 6

Remarks. — The market continues to be well supplied
with Apples and Pears. Most varieties are In good de.
mand owing to the absence of importationjs of Applet.
Pliuns are now limited to Prunes. Grapes are plentiful,
large consignment-s readhing the market from the Chan-
nel IsLands. A few samples of Peaches «re still cwi olfer.
Xuts. both Cobnuts and Walnuts, have . increased in value,
in spite of the fact tliat a good many, also Sweet Cliest-
nut*i, are reaching us from France. Supplies of Tomatos
are aliortening. Mushrooms continue scarce, but Oucuin-
bers ape fairly plentihil. Supplies of Cauliflowers aae
limited, but Cabbages, Savovs, .and Brussels Sprouts are
fairly plentiful. B. U. R.. Cotfr.t Garden. Market,
Octobtr a, 1917.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH GARDBNeRa'.— At the m.-eting of this asso-
oiataon, lield on the 8lh inst., the reunite of the Potato
comjjelitaon were aniiounced, the produi-c being the ciop
of one i)ound of seed tubers. First Early : 1st, Mr. T.
Ainsworth (tklipse), 104lb9.. 3ilbs. diseased; 2lld, Mr. C.
A<Illani (DunnotuT OistJe), SOiibs., 231bs. difea,se<l. Second
Early: Ist. Mr. G. Garrawav (Balmoral O.istle), IJTIbs.,
17lbs. diseased ; 2iid, Mr. C. Trimbv (Edinbiugh Cbstle),
491ba., lib. <liseascd. Late: 1st, Mr. H SiKiiev (Arrou
CaiieO 831bs. 7oz., 41b. 2oz. diseased ; 2nd, Mr f. Parratt
(Df<ver Oustle), 371b»., ISJlbs. dii»asod. Mr. O.Tjromav won
the fpecial prize offeree! bv Mr. Robert Cox for the heaviest
crop of PoUlos. From one set of Edinburgh Castle Mr.
Trimby lifle«l lllbs. of I'otatos. not one diseased. Tlie
oliairman (Mr. I'arratl) e.vpressed plra.Mire at the result
of tlie Potato trial. He did not condemn eprnyijig, but
he did not believe ia it. Pot«tos grown by Volu'iiteers,
which were epraved. had the disease far woi-se than
those in liis garden, wliich were not sprayed. Mr.
Griffin pni<l he did not spray his crop. Mr. .\dlani be-
lievcd tliat spraying was beneficial if done when the
haulms were moist^-not dry nor too wet. Mr. R. Cox
gt,it(.<l tiiat he .'^irayed 10 perches of Arrnn Oliief
an<l 10 perches ho di<l not spray. He got better ami
more Potatos from ttic latter. Mr. Garraway said there
was more disease in the Potatos he sprayed tlu-ce tdines
than in dhose not sprayed. Wion ditiease a|>pear(d
in the haulm the only remedy was to puH up the haulm
and leave the tubiTs in the ground. Mr-. Sims did not
agree with the List remark. He noticed disease on the
haulin on a .Simduy, on Tuesday he removed the haulm,
but the Potat<»4 were disixit^ed. He spraved the ll,rst wck
in July and again in the second week of August., and
(fie diaea-ie appeared on the haulm that grew after the
secoml spraying. Mr. Sp.wey stated tfial in Potatos
g-rown on land where no Potatos had been eultiv.ated for
twenty yea™ Jiis tuliers tlhix vear wore quite free from
disease. Mr. F. .1. Oarfinella believed fresh seed' and
wade planting wore the best preventives of disease Mr.
Cowley, who siiia.ied his Potato's twelve times said
that of his crop of 421l).<. 28lh9. were diseased.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr, Charles Shayler, f"i the past 7 veai-s G<ir-.leii<T
at The Hmiklands, Tonjuav, and in-eviously at Sid-
dingttm House Gai.len., Cironce.»tcr, Gloucesteiwliire,
as (;firrl<.neT to Sir Phii.ip OnEY-EnERTOK, Bart.,
l)iib.,r I'.irk. Tar|>orIcy, Clieshare.

Mr. James Hamlin, .is Gardener to Sir .K f
W nliillT, Ay..;it, Welwyn, Hertfordshire.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.

Mn. AMii.s PF.imv. F,nfl,-I<l. Mid<llosex- —Now and rare
Alpincs and Biennials.

YoxoHUn Ni'RSBRY Co., Tyro., Craven House, Kings-
way, London. — Japanese miniature gardens.

THE ROC^GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock (Jardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Contains S plates m colour. Price i/iO post free.

THE PUBLISHER.

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Welllneton

Street, OoTent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

SITUATIONS WANTED-(Centlnued fFom page 111.)
QARDENER (Head Working), where

^^ several are kept; life experieiioe in all bran-ches ;
gmvd references ; 4^ ve;ixs as Head ; married (1 c'halil).
— MILLICHAP, Apley" Castle Gnrdens, "Wellington, SJirop-
sliire.

"POREMAN or good SECOND ; chiefly In-

-■- side ; life experience Fruit, Plants, &c. ; age 30 ;
final discharge ; good wages requiied ; excellent refer-
encea— B. A., Box 2, 11. Wellington Street, Oovtnt
(iiaxjen, Vf.a. 2.

i^ARDENER (Second or Single-handed) ;

^"^ experien--ed Inside and Out; good references;
ineligible ; age 53 ; mairied. Pleaise state wages. — KIL-
LIOK, c/o Bead, 50, Falcon Road, Battersca, S.W. H.

T ADY GARDENER requires post under

•*--^ Head Gaixlener ; good praet'ieal experience. Inside
and Out ; Yorkshire prefen^ed. — M. T., Box 4, 41, Wel-
lington Street, Coveilt (Sarden, W.O. 2.

T ADY GARDENER, two yeai-s' training

-*-^ requires Post ; Greenhouige work ; under Head Gar-
dener. KindOv .^tate full particulars.— MISS B.\RFIELD
9, The Gixive. CIniri-h End, Finchley. N. 3.

SITUATION required as GARDEN

►^ LABOtREl! ; j,;e 37; ineligible; can be well recom-
meaided : ;u lili.rlv Nov. 3.— E. MILLAR, Tlie Ga.ivlens,
Bulmes.Iie Cmnt, Enlov, Berks.

TRADE.

■jyjANAGER or FOREMAN, American

•*• -*- Tree Oanvataons, requires re-engagement ; life ex-
perience ; 7i years piiesent situatioai : good references —
T. WHARTO.V. Clary Carnation Nurseries, Langle.v,

Bucks.

lifANAGER or FOREMAN; age 51;

■*■'-■■ Speoitil Fern liaisi'ng and Glowing, Tomiafts,
Generaa Plants, Bulbs; good salesman; preference nera.r
large Midland town, 'but not essential.— M., 6, Carter-
luMeh Ro;id, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

TtfANAGER or FOREMAN desires re-en-

■■■ gagernent ; life experience in up-to-<late Lojidon
and Pivivineiai Xui-series ; good refere.n<'es.— B -A. Box 4,
41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

PLORISTS and FRUITERERS.—

■■- Yoimg lady seeks re-engagement ; 12 vairs' high-
class experience ; good designer and decorator ; take
cHiarge ; good references, and testimonials.— A.. Box 16,
41, VVelHington Street, Oovent Garden, London.. W.C. 2.

VOUNG LADY requires Re-engasement

■■- shortly as FIRST" HAND in Florists' .a.nd Seeds-
men's Business ; 14 vea.rs' exiK-rience ; Midlmids pre-
ferred—E. MORGAN, Bi-umswick Place, St. Paul's, Oliel-
teivlkam.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

srtisements intended for insertion in t
ue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not late

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions

Facing matter and Back Page

Half and quarter pages, column and lialf
spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 worda

Per inch, single column „

Per inch, across 2 columns _.

Per inch, across 3 columns „. .„

per page lo 10 0

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space.

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For discounts apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 wnnls IB. 6d.. and 6(]. for every addiiifmal 8 words
or fewer.

These AdTcrtUemeott mait be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS. &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SDBSGRIPTIONS.

TnK United Kingdom 1 9/6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- „ „

Cheques ami P.O.n to be made payable to "Gakhkneks'
Chhoniple," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Oaudohron, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Oerrard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [October 27, mr

By Special Appointment to ^^y^i^^ His Majesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, Ltd

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LONDON-8, eamden Road, N.W. GLHSGOW-I21, St. Vincent Si.

EDINBURGH (Registered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegrams: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Horticultural Directory and Year Book, 1918.

This Directory is

NOW BEING THOROUGHLY REVISED

in preparation for the new issue, which will be published early in December.
Revision Forms have been sent to those whose names appear in

ANY LIST

and every page is being corrected to date. Besides this, many new names
are being added. Will those who have not yet sent back their forms kindly
do so AT ONCE, otherwise it will be too late to make any emendations.

This Directory forms a

FIRST-CLASS MEDIUM FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Those who have not yet booked a page in this widely-read publication should

send at once for a list of prices.

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory, 41, Wcllingtoii Street, W.C. 2

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love and Malcomsoh, Ltd., Dane Street, High Hoilbom, London. W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, City of Westminster, SatcrUat, October 27, Agent for Manchester, John Hbtwood.

No. 1610. Vol. LXII. i^^i SATUKDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1917. JReelstered as a Newspaper.! PR'CE 4d.

8UBSCKIPTIOX— Inland, 1916/ Foreign, 221- per (

Postal Addre5S-4 1, Wellington Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. a.

Enteraei at New York Past Offiea at seconO-clusa matter.
Tetegrapblc Address— " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1(43.

For CONTENTS aee page 175

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS,

Advertisers will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

XOW IS THE TIME TO PLAXT.

IT ELWAY & SOX,

-^*- The RojMl Horticulturists,

LAXGPOUT. SOMERSET.
;ire now bucking orders fnr their Choice Hardy Perennial
Plants. Plant a Colour Bordt-r this Autumn, and j-ou
will be able to enjoy its exqnisito beauty for many jT?axs
without any a<klit.ionuI exiience or trouble.
Send measurementB of your Borders.
Paeonies, DeliVhiniums, Phloxes. OaiUardias, and other
beautiful flowers, included in their Colour Scbeniea, whicti
provide blooans from early Spring to late Autumn.
WHITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
lor Rediioed Price List.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ century's rep.itation lor effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Duk,
Thrip, Amerinan Blight, Green and Brown Fly, 4c.
Sold in boxes aibout lib , 31b., and 121b., by Dealers
in Garden Simdmes. Wliolosaae : PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE CO., LTD.. B.itteisea, London, S.W. U.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD., Ixiwrence Road, Soutji Tof^enham. N. 15.
Coiieiervatories. Winter Garden.**, Vineries, Peach-houi^es,
Portable Buildings. &c. Catiilogues gratis,

■RARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the

. -^-^ ri(^hest coloured flowers ol spring ; plant now. De-
soriptive list tree.— BAJIE & SONS, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

TZ ING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-

-*■*• duc^d the finest iinj nia^t rt*niarkal>lc Apples and
Pe.ira on record 60 a*ires of Choice Fruits to select
fTifUi. Please aee our Illustrated Catalngne, free hv poet,
before ordering elsewhere,— KING'S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD., Hereloixl.

IT' ING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and

-■■*■ aRNA.ME.\TAL THia;S and SHHl;B,S, ol lliiest
i|unlity. C;itnl(.gue,<i free by post.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
.SERIES, LTD., Hereford.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

IJBUEHAM.— Send (or Rose Cat,ilogue, post free.

H

T)OBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

-*--^ Peas, Roses, Oamations, Seedling and Vegetable
Plants, &c., post free.— DOBBIE & CO., Royal Florists,
Ediniburgh.

QREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

^-" " Vilrolit?." superior to While Lead Paint.
" Plast.ine '' superseflee puttv. Full partritnalars from
W. OARSON & .SONS, Grove Works. Batterseo. Agents
Miroiighout the countxy.

s

UTTON'S BULBS.

""ORCING

TULIPS from

ngle B:u*ly, fine bulbs.

Holland.

RELEASED by Order of the Admiralty
Marslial. Belle Alliance, tShrysolora, Oouleur de
Cardinal, Duc-hes« de Parma, Fred Moore, La Reine,
Pnnce ol .\ustria. PrOf«rpine, Rose Gris de Lin,
Tliomas Moore, Vermilion, Brilliant, Yeillow Prince, and
ot.hers. Prices on opplication.

s

UTTON & SONS, the King's Seedsmen,

READING.

BUNYARD'S FRUIT TREES.-^

New Price List now ready, and will be sent free
l>v return of poet.

GEOIUJE BUXYARD & CO., LTD.,
Roynl Nxirecries, MAIDSTONE.

THE DIFFERENCE between a good adver-
tising me<lium and a had one is a frequezvt subject
of discussion among ti\o»e who nre determined to
get the beet use out of the money t.liey 8i>«nd on pub-
licity ; but, in the end, it reaolvea it*eU into the diffw-
pnoe between wealthy reaOera ajid poor onies. Those
■who are advertiJiing cheap goods ncitiirally toim to a
Journal wiU» an enormous circulation, even though it
may be composed of people ol indifferent means. But
otliera who supply tJie tJhcusand and one neceesitiee or
a large gar<len know that such a garden presupposes a
man or woman of mean* as the owner, who oan afford
not only che garden itwlf, but a staff of permanent
gardemra to tend it. To such a salesman, a JoumaJ
which goes into the luuids of thousands, or even millions,
of small people, is next to useless. lie should turn rather
to a joTirnal, Buch as the " Gardeners' Chronicle," which
reaches the right people ; the keen profeasional gar-
denc>ir and the wealthy amateur. I^e response of such
readers to a weJl-whtten advertisement is immediate
and satisfactory.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

^ • Grponlioui«es, &c., and Heatinjf Kncinecrs,

Dan.vere Stree-t.. 01iflse;i, Lon<lun. S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telej>^Ijone : 201. Western.

"DUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

■*-' Our new dfscriptive list is now ready, ond will
be sent on receipt of ooird.

ALPINE STR.\WBKRRIES a speciality.

OKO. BUNYAHD & CO.. LTD., Royal Nurseries,

Maidstone.

SURPLUS FRUIT.— Have you any? If
so, write H. J. JONES, Ryecrolt Xuiscaies,
LeuL<h:un, S.E. 13.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NOIlWIOIl RO.SKS.— Our new descriptive price
list, with Hints on How to GroA' Roses, now ready,
post Iree. — Write to-day, A. J. & C. ALLEN. Rose
Growers, Norwich (lor over 50 years).

TO the Nobility and Gentry. — Fine col-
lection ol stone tjo<ls, Figuies. Vases, &c., suitahle
lor park or largl^^ gaiTden. — GRAY, 44, Nassau RoacI,
Banies,

LIGHT, Strong, Wootien FRAMES, suit-
able (or Fruit Trays, Plant Shelters, Temporary
Buildings, Summcrhousee, Garden Trolleys, Hand Bar-
rows, Fencing, Trellis, &c. A large quantity lor sale
at bargain prices to clear. — Full particulars from
READING WOOD CO., Crane Wharf, Reading.

For Advertisement Charges see pnge v.

WTATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

' ' B.WEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

WTATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' ' BULBS.— New Oalaloguc now ready.

TITATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

" ^ Catalt^ue and Supplementary List of new and
choice varieties now xeady

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— Catalogue tree.
All or any ol the above Cxt^alogues forwarded post
free on. receipt of name anJ address.

JOHN W.4TBRER, SONS & CRISP. LIMITED,
The Nurseries, Bagshot. Surrey, and Twylord, Berks.

C A N D E R S, Orchid Growers,

^^ St. Albans.

"RATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.— New

-*-* lUiigtrat-ed catalogue, containing full (niltiu-al notes
ni tho beat new amd standard vaaiietdes. is now ready,
cind will he sent post free on application. — (Dept. A),
R. II. BATH. LTD., The FloraU Farms, Wi&bedh.

TJATH'S HOME-GROWN BULBS.— New

-*-' illustrated cdtalogue of the finest Narcissd, Tulips.
&{".. as supplied in tHie Royal Parks and G-aj-dents, with
full cultural diire<>tians, is now ready, and will be sent
post free on application.— (Dept. A). R. H. BATH, LTD.,
'Ilie Floral Farms, Wisbech.

w
w

BRITISH-GROWN BtlLBS.

EBBS' MAY-FLOWERING TULIPS.

Fin^est mi.ved, Is. 3d. dozen, 8s, 6d. per 100.

w

w

EBBS' DARWIN TULIPS.— Mixed,

iL choice variety, la. doz., 7s. 6d. per 100.

EBBS' NARCISSI or DAFFODILS.—

Ohoii-e nti.xtuJ'e of d-ouble varietiies.

Is. per dozen, 78. per lOO.

Mixed, all oLasses, 3s. 6d. per 100.

EBB & SONS, LTD., The King's

Seedsmen, STOURBRIDGE.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed).— Cost
Govcrnnien-t- 22s. 6d. ; selling now iit a bargain
prii-e. SiKsciajlily selected], without a blemrsh, &s goml
«» new ; umsurpassed for gin<-leiid[ng, farming, muiiiti'iii,
amd otJier work. Single iwjis, iK)«t fi-ee lOs. 6d. One
rjiKiJity only— tfhe he.9t. State s.iz}e. Money returned if
di^ipproved. Special quotations for quam-tibies. — THK
THAMRS TRADING 00., LTD. (Army Boots Dept.),
6. VM'iMi Street, LondOTii, B.C. 2.

ARMY BOOTS (reconstructed),— A word

■^~*- ol advice. — Tliough prices lor boots have advanced
considerably, w© are still supplyjiiig tit same price and
quality. Buy now.— THE THAMES TRADING 00., LTD.,
6, Eldon Slireet, Looidon, E.O, 2.

C)RGHID PEAT, 78. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-

^-^ (lendiron Peat, free from bra^-lven, ISs. per yard,
6 to 18 mrd trunks, bug's SOa. dozen'; Loam. Leaf Moa.i:ld,
.Silver Sand, in bag^ and truok loads; b.'igs of O.N.
Fibre. 6 for 10s., si>ecial rates; special Bulb Compost for
lK>wl8, 5s. bag.^J. HANDSOOMBE, Tlie Nm^erieis, Felt-
nam. Middlesex.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

^ALES BY AUCTION.

SHORTLANDS, KENT.

18th Annual Sale

Of exoeptionaUv clean and well-groun Xursery Stock,

by order of Mr. J. B. Bryant, who re<iiiires the land

for replanting.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will SelJ by Auction at
The Shortlands Nursery, Ravensbourne
Avenue, Shortlands, Kent,

On Wednesday. November 7th, 1917,
at 11 o'clock,

2,000 Border Shrubs.
2,000 Fruit Trees and Buslie*.
2,000 Golden Privet.
600 .Standard amd Bush Roses.
1,000 Ornamen-tal Trees.
And quantities of Clmibers, Shrubs in Pots, Flowering
Shrubs, Alpines, &«.
On view. Catalogues had on premises ; at Mr. Brj^ant's
Home Nursery (opposite station), and of the Auctioaieers,
67 and 68, Oheapside, E.C. 2.

THE AMERICAN NURSERIES,
MILFORD, SURREY.

Clearance Sate b\- ni^lpr of tile Trusted.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by Aii.-ti..ii on i.he preiiii-es ;is ;ibove.
On Monday, November 12t:h. at 12 o'clock,

4.000 Rliododeiuirons, n.ajlied varieties; 6,000 Ponticuni,
li to 5ft.: amd 600 bi'brid seedlings; 7,000 hanly Heaths,
in varietv ; 360 hybrid Pemettyas ; 2.8130 oval-Jeavetl
Privet, 2 to 4ft. ; a-nd 3,000 ftuici, li to Jft.

Cabalogmes can be ihiad on the pi-emises; o^ Mt. L. R.
Russell, The Kurseries, RicJIunoaid. .Surrey; P. Mason,
Esq., 64, Greshaon Street, E.C. ; and of tihe Aucticaieers,
67 and 68, Olieapside, London, E.C. 2.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

Espiratdon of Tenancy. By order of t.lif Trustee. Tliree

davs' olearance sale of tlie well-known stock of

Mr. L. R. Russell

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by .\uction on tJie prtnu.-<>s,
The Nurseries, Bayham Road,
Tunbridge Wells,

In November,

3,000 Japanese Maples, in variety, a special feature at
t'h^se n.niiseries; 1,000 Araucarda imbrioata ; 500 H-aniamelis ;
3,000 n.Tjned Rhododendrons, 2 to 4ft.; 3 000 Laurels
3 to 5ft. ; 4,000 ovaWoaved Privet ; 2,000 Purple Beec*
and varieties ; 10,000 Common Beech ; 1,000 Pinus au.=-
triaoa, ii to 4ft. ; , 1,500 Filberts and Cobttuts ; 1,000
ITiuja Lobbii : 3,000 Skimmias, 1 to 2ft. ; Urnamentail and
Fk.wering Shrubs, &c.

May be viewed. Oatalogues had on; the premises ; ,tt
tile Nursenifi®, Riciimond, Surrey ; of P. Mason, Esq.. Trus-
tee, 64, Gre^iom Street E.C. ; 'C. Butcher, Esq., Solivitrr.
32, GreSham Street, E.C. ; and of the Auctioneers 67 and
68, Olieaiiside, Londo^n, E.C. 2.

THE COAL EXCHANGE,
MARKET PLACE, MANCHESTER,

Opiiosite Victoria Hall, Entrance Market Place

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-■- have been in.strucled by the Revd. J. Cromble.
holme to Sell by Auclion, at the above place.
On Friday, Novembep 16th, 1917,

A13UUT

1,200 CHOICE CYPRIPEDIUMS,

ejnbracmg a choice selection of certificated and dupli.
cate plants, from t*m well-known collection. The whole
are in a fine tealthy condiition, many being either in
flower or bud, giving purchasers a profusion of flowere
for immediate effect.

On view morning of sale. Catalogues can be had at
the Coal Exohange ; also of the Auctioneers and Valuers
67 and 68, Cheapside, London, E.C. 1.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Next, November 7th. at 1 o'clock.

Upwards of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including Narcdssus, in all
the best-fcnmvn varieties for forcing or planting- out ;
Polyanthus Narcissus of gorts, in eacks as receiTe<l ;
Early, Darwin (many of whioh wijl force) and Mo\-
floweriug Tulips; many thousands of Snowdrops, Free-
sias, SciUas, Anemones, Aconites, Englisli and Spanish
Iris, early-flowering Gladaoli. Bearded Iris. Abo 75,l}OU
Seeds. Kentia Bekrioriania and Forsterianfi, ia grand coii-
ditioin.

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■'■'-■■ will Sell tihe above by Auction at their Central
Sale Rooms. 67 an<I 68, Cheapside. London, EC. 2.
Catalogues forwarded on appltoation.

BULBS.

\f ESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS are

■■• holding: Salea of Bulbs every Monday, Wednesday,
and Friday. Sixpence In stamps will ensure a supply of
twelve catalogues. Oommissions e-vecuted — AUCTION
noOMS, 67 and 68. CheaiBide, London.

SALE BY AUCTIOX OF

ROSES ROSES ROSES

Thursday, Novembep 8th. 1917,

afKl siil>a'.in(.nt Tliiirsdavs.

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-'■'-■■ 6? and 68, OheapiJide, E.C. 2.

Threepence in stamps will ensure six oatelojrues.

BUSINESSES WANTED.

WANTED, about 20 ACRES good LAND,
for early and late Vege(abJe cultare ; iniside 20
mile radius of London ; t^o rent or purchase ; gra^s,
araible, or existing small holding might suit.— Paiiu-u-
lars to Box 822, c/o Smiths. 10, High Holbom. W.C. 1.

T^yANTED to Rent, NURSERY, suitable

"* for Tomato growing; or wouW eJi'tertiiin partner-
sJliip.— SPENCER, Vineries, Rayne, Essex.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL EBQISTBB OF NURSERIES, MARKET G.\E

DE.VS, FLORISTS' AND SEED BUSINESSES to be Let

or Sold, Publiahed by

IVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

•^^-*" every month. Oopies may b« obtained jwet free
on application.— Eetate Offioes. 67 and 68. CAieAfeide,
London, E.G.

(CAPITAL FRUIT or MARKET GAR-

^-^ DE:*\, with good aniall house, for sale, near Read-
ing : lugh ground ; good markets. Price £:,600.— KUS-
.SKLL BUTLER'S, l!e.ading.

BUSINESS CARD.

"R R I T I S H CORRESPONDENCE

■■-'' SCHOOL OP HORTICULTUHE, PENNINGTON'S,
254, Oxford Road, Manchester. — Complete courses for
R.H S. Senior, Junior, Teachers', and National Diploma
of Horticultural Eiaminationa. Fees moderate. — Write,
SBCBETARy.

BOOK WANTED.
WANTED TO PURCHASE

second-hand copies of

NICHOLSON'S
"DICTIONARY of GARDENING."

State Price.

"X. Y. Z." Box 21, 41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2.

PLANTS, Ac, FOR SALE.

ASH, Common, 4-5 ft., 40s. ; Beech, Com-
mon, li-2 ft.. 22s.; Larch. Common, 2-3 ft., 20s.;
Larch, Common, 3-1 ft., 23s. ; Larch, Japanese, 1-5 ft.,
15s.; Eilm, Wych. 1-5 ft.. 28s.; Sycamore, Common,
1-5 ft., 10s. ; Scotch Fir, Native, 14-2 ft., 21s. ; Scotch
Fir, Native, 2-3 ft., 30s. ; Scotch Fir, Native. 3-1 ft.,
10s. ; Spruce Fir, Norway, li-2 ft., 30s. ; Hazel, Com-
mon, 3-1 ft.. 35s.; Oak. English, 2-3 ft., 35s.; Rhodo-
dendrons, S-3 ft., 110s. ; Hardv Heaths in 20 var., our
selection. £5 10s. The above all per 1,000. Other Nur-
sery Stock. Catalogues on application. — HENRY
DERBTSHIRE & SONS, Darley Hillside Nurseries, near
Matlock.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !~Tree Ferns, Climbing

-^ Ferns, Ba.sket Fexns, Stove and Gree<nihouse Ferns.
Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SiMITH,
Ix>ndon Fern Nursery, Loughboix>ugh Junotioai,
London,, S.W.

T^AFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

-*-' BUS for Grass, Shrubberiee, and Wild Gaxdeamn^,
16s. and 21s. 1,600 ; selected for forcing, 25s. 1.000 ; as
dug, 125. per bushel (2,000), 5s. 5d. per peek (500 bulbs).
— ,1. HANDSOOMBH, F.R.H.S., Feltham Nurseries,
Middlesex.

\;^IOLA MAGGIE MOTT; quantity cut-

' tings and rooted cuttings for disposal. What ofTer.^?
—HARRIS, Kent House, Staples Road, Loughton, Essex.

/^HEAP. — HAILSHAMBERRT, ripe

^^ cames. true type; is. 3d. doz., 16s 100, on rail.—
F. ANTHONY, Hacheston. Wickham Market, Suffolk.

"TJUTCH BULBS.— MORLE & CO. can

-'-' now offer first named Hyacinths, early Tulips,
Sciflla sibirica, &c. ; stock limited ; early application re-
•luested.- 150-156, Fiiiohle\- Road N.W.

T>HUBARB ROOTS.— The true "Cham-

-■-•^ pagne," brip-ht scarlet, verv productiTe, planking
-^ors, 6s. per 100, 50s. per 1,000 ; 'nKits, wiWi 2 eves <n-
over. lOe. per 100. 80s. per 1.000 ; larger roots. 40?
jpetr 100 ; e-n.i^ly planting wtiv>nglv 'reooanmended ; on
rails, ipaclunig ' free for c.w.o.— HARRISON & SOKS,
Seed Merch-aaits, Leicester.

1 Art OnO LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-*-^^ »W7T/ 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Dracaenas, Roees, Epioas, Gloxtniii«. Lilies Hvdrangeais,
&c. ; catalogues Iree.— J. B. SMITH, London. Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction., London, S.W,

PLANTS, &c. WANTED.

T^/'ANTED for Cash, ONIONS, ShaUots,

* ' Apples, Toniatos, Canrots, Jeiusalezn Artidhokes..
State price, fre« on rail, and. qaantitv, with sample. —
THOS, DAVIES & CO., Seed atorchaaits, Wavertree,
Liverpool.

TITANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' " old plant*, -suitable for stock ; cash or excJiange.
See other advertisements ; patalognies free. — SMITH,
London Fern Nurserj', Loughborougli Junction, London.
S.W.

WTANTED, 500 square feet WOOD LATH

' * BLIXDS for outside sihading; near London -Write,
A. B., Box 22, 41, WeUmgton Street, Covent Gaiden,

MISCELLANEOUS.

THEY NEVER FAIL TO
KEEP YOU DRY.

If yod write to-day tor the " Beacon. Booklet," you
are on the way to weatiher comfort. It shows raany
diflereoat styles in, BEACON OILSKINS, and it will
show you the coat that you want. Clhildren's Ooats
10s. 6d. upwards, Mem's from 10s. 6d., Ladies' Smart
Oilskin^, 21s. Long Leggings from 3s. Sou'-westera
from Is. 9d. llhey always keep out the wet. Send p.c.
to-diay for our Free Booklet of " Weather Ctomfort," de-
scribing money-back guarantee— Send mow— before yon
forget— to BARBOUR'S, LTD., 66. BEACON BUILD-
INGS. SOUTH SHIELDS. (4)

T ANG'S " IDEAL " MANURE, for Fruit,

-"-^ Flowers, und Vegetables; 12s. 6d. per cwt., £10 10s.
per ton, carriage paid. — G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

■"PESTITE" destroys all aoil pests

(wireworms, club-root, wiart disease, &c.),
and promotes vigorous growth. Prioe 10a. 6d. per cwt.,
£8 per ton, carriage paid.— G. LANG & SO'NS. LTD.,
HounfJlow, Middlesex.

UPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try

^ mir sjilendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; weairs
like leatlu-r; showerproof; 7 vards fnr 17s. 6d. Patterns
free— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71, Bradford.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

mjist give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications^
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Sitttations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as nil
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
tiender.

PRIVATE.

HEAD GARDENER.

A PPLICATIONS are invited for the posi-

-^*- tion of Head Ga.ixlener to the Eastbourne Cor-
poration.

Salary, £2 13s. per week, plus 10s. war bonus.

Particulars of duties, &c., to be obtained from the
oiRce of the Borough Engineer, Town HaJl, Eastbourne,
to w"hom appLioations must be sent by Wednesday, the
21st day of November, 1917.

WANTED at once, WORKING HEAD
GARDENER, where three or four are kept; must
be th<"rouffli]y experienced and have first-rate refer-
ences : good wages and excellent lodge, cool and vege-
tflbles.— Apply, first by letter. MRS. REID, The Oaks,
Walton Heatih, Tadworth, Surrey.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAE-
DENER ; tJioroughlv practical and well up in all
branches of Gardening ; five men arwl boy kept ; wages .
30s. to 359. per week, cottage, &c.— Apply, fully stating
if wife can help in house ocnajsionajlv, and nimiber of
(*ildren, W. D., Box 10, «, Wellington Street, Oovent
Ciaiden, W.O. 2. .

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
H\NDED GARDENER for Somerset: murt be in-
eligible.—Wmte, D. A.. Box 5, 41, WeHlington Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

XovEMBEr. 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, a GARDENER (Single-
handed) ; wKli hid ; gtHxl wages. — Appl.7 in
wruino;, wuh refeience*, to S. OSBOEN, Grindleford, near
ShelHeM.

WANTED, GARDENER, for Vegetables
itud Fruit aud Outdoor Flowers ; one man under ;
wuges 25s. : good ooMage and gojden.— H. M. POWELL,
Esq., Wilverley Park, Lyndhurst.

WANTED, a WORKING GARDENER ;

Gbs5 ajul 1 acre of Kitchen Garden ; cottage.

State wages oind e-xijerience. — NEVILLE. Babington,
lUiJslocli.

w

ANTED, a GARDENER.— Apply, with

partieiilajs, Gw alior House, Old SoulJigate, X. 14.

GROOM-GARDENER required shortly ;
chaj-ge o* t\v o poiiies aod uesi^t in Garden ; man
ur woman ; must be experienced in stable duties. — JtRS.
MEADE WALOO, Hever, Kent.

WANTED, good SECOXD GARDENER,
where four or five are kept ; must be weU up in
I ndjooT wor k ; dii ic,' 1 e raai i prof euTe <d, .as no coouige
available on estate.— Write full particulars to W. A. J.,
Kearsney Oourt, near Dover (4 miJea)-

W ANTED, a good practical MAN to assist
Head Gardener m a large esUiblishment ; experi-
euced in Fruits aiiid Plants; salary 35s. per week and
house.— State full purticuJars to DICKSON & ROBINSON,
The KiiLg's Seedsmen, Manchester.

WANTED, elderly MAN, as Second
GAKDBXEK: some odd work for house; good
i-ottage and gardt^n.— Appiv, stating age an<l wages, J.
SKISSER, Oouix Houte Cottages, Rusper, Horshajn.

WANTED, a MAN for Outside Garden
work ; able to take duty.— State wages, with
Botliy, and particulars of eiperienoe, to H. KEilP,
I'riory Gardens, Beigate.

WANTED, MAN, single, ineligible, for
Kitchen Garden work aJul attend to stokmg;
r.wnis, light. vi>j;<-iable.s : gco.1 wages.- H. H. JONES,
FcJliejon Park Gardenia, Wiiixlsor.

WANTED, experienced SECOND GAR-
DENEK ; Out,sido w ork chiefly ; good wages and
cottage given to suitiible niiiii.— Apply. COOKS. Gar-
deneiVThe I.rfHJge, Famham Koyal, Bucks.

WANTED at once, UNDER GAR-
DENEU ; single ; ineiigililc ; iLsed to Arcs.— Stale
ejsi«.-ri«iiv and wages) requijid to STEWARD, Shanulen.
Estate Office, Mayfleld, Sussex.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; ex-
peneuceU ; ineligit>le or over miUlaiy age.— Api^ly,
i^tiitiaig age. wacea, MJIS. .4.BRAUAM, Grove Lodge, Mus-
wcll HUI. .Mdddleoex.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; in-
eligible ; if married bouse |.iovid.<f ; 27s. 6d. per
week.— Apj.ly, RUSH, The Gardens, B-iines Lodge, King's
I^iigley, Herts.

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); in-
eliigibtc or <iii«(4iarged sciUlicr ; must have ex]x-ri-
enoo ill Plant ajwi Fruit Culture, alwj House Ueeoratum ;
also JOURNEYMAN or IMPROVER ; Ilolhy. milk, vfge
tables; state wages re^iuiretl : tliree in Bothy. — W,M.
HOWE, The G.irdcns, I'urk Hill, StrcatJiam Common,
S.W.

WANTED, FOREMAN;, single; good ex-
lierieiK-e wiih Grapes and 'Pea^ies ; also JOUR-
NRV.M.i.V: BoMiv an<I vegclobles.— Apply, stating wag«i,
4c , to 0. EARL. Sonierliill Gajxlens, Tonhri<lge, Kent.

WANTED, ORCHID FOREMAN; large
collectioa; single; ineligible.— Write. , state a^,
experience, wages rerjuired. copies of references, to
C. H., Box 2. 41, Wellington Street. Covent Gar<len,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, GENERAL FOREMAN; in-
eiigiblo or discharged soldier.— ricsise write, st:it-
ing exp.irience and wages rwiviin-d, S. I'OPE. Holmewood
Gurdons, Tjanston Gix:*cn, 'IHinhrddgi' Welle*.

WANTED, .JOURNEYMAN (ineligibkO
or strong IMPROVF.H, for Inaide and Out; wages
26s. i>er week, aiuj Bothy, duty and overtime paid. —
H. A. PAGE, The Gardens, Belsize Court. Hampstead,
N.W. 3.

WANTED, TWO JOURNEYMEN ;
IM:iiit ftn<l Fruit Houses : disi'lilrged or ineligible
men with (jo<j<I experience ; 26s. per week, Botbv and
vegetables; duty paid exlrn— WILLIAM LLOYD, Rush,
toiii Ham Gardens, Kettering,

w

tVNTED, IMPROVER ; Inside Houses ;

age 16 ; wagos 19». wccklv. wjtji BotJiy, vegetables.
— E. MORGAN, Was^and Hall Gardens, near Hull.

WTANTED, FOREWOMAN; take charge

' ~ Houses ; assist Outside ; comfortable rooms m
mansion^ — State wages a^nd qu;iUflcations to T. E.
TOMALI.V, BesEbcrough, Piltown, Co. Kilkenny.

WANTED, LADY thoroughly up in Car-
nation growing, and lielp generally with Glaas ;
good salary ■ one knows 'her work i ladv Head ; near
London.- Write, F. E., Box 6. 41. Wellington Street,
C:>vent Garden. W.O. 2.

T ADY GARDENER required; Single-

-*-^ handed ; help for rou^ work ; emptv cottage or
looms provided; good wages; Jittle Gloss.— MRS. ROBIN-
SON, The Oottage. Easfhampstead, Wokingham, Berks.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER; experi-
enced Inside and Out ; live in ; comfortable home.
—Full pai-ticulars a,nd salary require*-!, PO'lTON, The
Homest:€>ad, Rayleig^h, Essex.

T^ANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS,

^ ' for Inside, under Forewoman ; Botliy and vege-
tables.— State age, wages, and fuild porticulnrs to M.
NICHOLLS. The Gardens. St-. Clue. Keansiaig. near Seven-
oaks, Kent.

Ty ANTED, TWO LADY UNDER GAR-

' " DENERS. witQi siome experience; good rottage,^
rietise state age, experience, a-nd ■ wages rerjuired to
HEAD GAUDENER, Wrothani HiM Pai-k, Wrotham, Kent.

WANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS
(one as HeiuJl, esper-iaJl}- for Veget^iibles and Fruit ;
HertifordsJiire ; withm 1 hour London.— fci. G., Box 11,
41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENERS Wanted; all suited

■'-^ entirely free of charge. Head for near .\^oot ;
lady Under and woman kept; good deal Gla:?s ; cott;ige,
vegetable-s milk, 25s. week. Unders for (1) ne^ir Wind-
sor; good experience ol Glass, Vineries, Roees ; interview
in town. (2) Reading ; Greenhouses, Canuitionsi ; Head
man and girl kept. (3) Stanmore ; two wanJ:ed : 24s.
week; need nob be skilled; friends preferred. (4) Near
Maidenhead ; six Unders kflpt ; Forewoman for GkifS
also wanted. (5) Bucks; Head kept; groom one horse.
Single-handed for (1) Canterbury, (i!) Arundel. And
others.— aiRS. HLN*!*, LTD.. 86. Hiflfh Street, Marylebwu.
W. 1.

T ADY UNDER GARDENER required for

■*--^ iloiiseJ*, ■foi'Ciing for market, suid undertake
Flower Be<I»4 ; lx>y to assist. State experience and wages
reqiiiii-e<l. — ESTATE OFFICE. Harptree O.nrt. Ea.-t
llar|)tree, Bristol. '

WANTED, TWO LADY UNDER GAR-
DENERS for Vegetable Garden : friends pi-efei-red ;
10 miles from Loufdon. — W.. Box 18, 41, Wellington
Street, Oovent Gawlcn, W.C. 2.

T ADY SCOTT requires responsible CARE-

- -^-^ T.VKRR. with some knowledge of Gardening; no
f;hi.ss (iiiruig war ; bo.v kept and extra help given ;
iliiirrMxl m;ui; good wages ilaid cottage hear Guildford.
-Reply, bv letter first, to .MR. W. KELLER SNOW,
F.S..\.A., 55, Quarry Street. Guildford.

WANTED, middle-aged LABOURER,
u.s«l to (i.ir*len and little stable work; wile atleiid
to Botliv ; good colt.Tge, coals, milk. vcget:ibh\s free :
good wages. — HEAD GARDENER, B.iyham, Lainbcrhurst,

TRADE.

WANTED, CHARGE HAND, under
Forcmajiv; Palms, Ferns, Stove Pl;uiit«, ic, foi- ouf
Niiraerv at Fell^iam, Middlesex. — .\pply, full piw-ti<-ulaivs
of experience, wages required, &c., to WHLLS & SUGAR,
Royal Bxotio Nursery. Onslow Crescent. Soutih Kensing-
ton, S.W. 7.

WANTED at once, an ineligible, practical,
industiioun MAN i, iiut-l.-n Nui-seil-)' Propagator;
must he goo<l at, r.n hln.:, i:i ifiing, &c., Roses,

O'einatis, Friiit.s, and "ll" ' << iil;il Ti^coa and Sllitihs;

an aibstaiiiuir preferi>-l AtM'l'. '\ihli copies of tesa-
nionials, stating .age, married or single, amd wageK re-
i|uiired, to J.\S. HOLDER & SON, Oi^ttll Ntirserios,
Hoiidiiig.

WANTED, a MAN vsed to Potting and
Watering Ferns, to work imder Foreman. Phs;ise
state wages required, with copies orf references, to -\.,
P.OX 23, 41, Wellington Stjeot, Oovent Oar<len, W.C. 2.

WANTED, MAN, quick at Potting (Ffrns
an<l Be<l«liing Stuff), and willing to help with llic
tin s.— .\.pplv, Hvo Flirs, Barrowell GTeen,. Winohmore
Hill, N. 21.'

WANTED, a capable MAN, for Market
Nurserv, where Tomotoe and Ohirysantliemiuns are
grnwn ; niaiTied mam ; ineligible for Army ; cot (age pro-
vi<le<l. ---Give full particulars wf age, e.xpi-nciice, wages,
ati<l references. GODBEK, Wiltaiglon Nurseries, n«tr
Bedford. '

WANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in
our VegeUxble Seed Departjnent ; good wages to
competent tnen. — -4pply, giving full particulars to TOO-
GOOD & SON'S, The King's Seedsmen, Soitthampton.

WANTED, LADY FLORIST ; take charge
and do her own jiiarkct.- P. A.. 20, Fosket Rua<i.
Ful'hani, S.W.

FLORIST.— Young LADY required for
good-okiss shop ; live in or out, — Write, stating
espei-ience, saLaiy, &c., HORSMAN. Beckenham.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six wor-is for 1/8, and 6d. for eaoh
^ueeuedlnx EUat words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

muit give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents ivho require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters

■ addressed to Initials at Post-of/ices, as ail

Letters So addressed are opened by the

Postal Authorities and returned to the

Sender.

PRIVATE.

A GENTLEMAN wishes to recommend his
HEAD GARDENER amd BAILIFF; life experience
ill all branches; 20 \«us in present sitmition ; 6 years
at, Itlytluvood, Burnliim Beeches, lUid 3 years eacdl at
Dii.pmore Parlt ajiid Boconnoc; age 49; inoi-ried (.two
cOuUlrcn as iu"l 3)- — -^Ppl-i'. '" Arst instance, C.
FROST, Wexh.un Springs, Stoke Poges, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head), BAILIFF, or
STEWARD ; life experienc*- in fiTst.-class establisli-
ments; thoroughly practical m all branches; acoustomod
to tJhe management of La.n<l, stock, woods, tunbcr, and
estate work generally ; 5A years in present situation.
C. J. DICKER, South Park I/odge, Penshurst, Kciii.

GARDENER (Head).— A Gentleman very
highly recommends his IIE.VD GARDENl'iH, where

'ral otihers
br;i.nches ; 11 , _
pla*^; being sold ; discngagwl November 12 ;
^9 " " .... .-

kepi ; thoroughly expei'icnceil in all

ni-e.sciit sitiuition ; leaving ihrnugli

I ; age

Jyondon pierciTcd— O. BAULK. Tlie Gardens,

Asllcv Abbott's House, Bridgnorth. ^

HEAD GARDENER requires permanent
situation in good est.:ihlisbnien,t ; Uhorougbly ex-
pi-rienoed in ea»-ly and late foixjitig and requiTeineiiU of
largo establiwlimeflit ; 10 veors' presenvt situation; R.H.S.
certificate.- W. P.. Box 17. 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.O. 2.

HEAD GARDENER, where several are
kept ; 23 years' experience in good establiahmeiit-s ;
excelleiit roleranoos ; 11 vears' Head; no children; dis-
cngioiged.— 0. REED, 130, Stanley Road, Teddingtoii,
.Vliddlcsex.

GARDENER (Head) desires Re-engage-
ment in good esUiblisOxmeTit ; age 33 ; thorough
knowledge of all brandies.— Please state wage and fuH
particulars to W. EAST. 17, Broomfield Road, Enlmg.
LonxlOH', W, 13.

A DVERTISER seeks Situation as HEAD

^^ im charge of Gardens or Estate ; private or public ;
atid electric limiting, pumpiing, and lieiating iinstailii,tiioiitf* ;
excellent refoi'ences ; age 46, ni,arrie-l (one in family),—
M., Box 21, 41. Wellington Street, C<»venl Gardem,. W.C. 2

HEAD WORKING GARDENER seeks
rceiigagement where several are employed ; 34
vears' praotioail experience gained at first-class es-ta,b-
iislwnenta omd well versed in all dejiartimeinrts of the pro-
fession ; 49 years old ; married.— Apply, J. SOOTNEV,
Fountain Dale, near Mansfield, Notts.

GARDENER (Head Working), where
2 or more are kept ; all-roiind experience ; married ;
neighbourhood Bath and Bristol preferred.— 0. DUNN,
Quarterway Lajie, Trowbridge.

GARDENER (Head Working) requires
re-enig.agement ; liife experience ; 10 veaais as Herd ;
liighli rrconimendel ; -.^e 43; in:.rried.— G. B. 69. On'-
nalioii BniWiiigs, S<iuth LanilKlli Hreid, S.W. H.

snUAiloNS WAMED '

fauo V.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTINS

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including:—

The Brilliant Coloured

"MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

{Daily Mail Rose.)
12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUART LOW CO., ^'"'^.u'Utksn^''-

FRUIT TREES.

SPECIAL OFFER.

Exceedingly well grown Fruit-bearing

Apples and Pears.

Each. Dozen.

Standards stout stem, fine head 3/- & 3/8 33/- A- 40 -

Dwarf Trained, very nne ... 3/e 42/-

Pyramld, very flue 3/- & 3/6 33/- a 40/-

ALSO A VERY FINE STOCK OF

Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Cherries,
Currants. Gooseberries, Loganberries,

Extra Strang Fruiting Vlnea in variety, 7/6 each.

Calahgues Host Free.

ROSES in all the leading varieties, Climbers,

Standards and Dwarfs.

Catalogue Free.

ALFRED A. WALTERS & SON,

NURSERYMEN and Fruit Tree Growers, BATH

H. WOOLMAN'S

Chrysanthemum Catalogue.

Now Ready. Post Free.

From ISANDY HILL NURSERY,
SHIRLEY, near BIRMINGHAM.

so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is about
A in. (or equal to stout 21 oz.) in thickness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditioaa.

of

Manurai

QENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."
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Complete Price List of
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FRUIT TREES
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TURF LOAM.

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For VINE BORDERS, CARMATIONS,
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Quotations Carriage Paid or Delivered.

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lo all gardener?.

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' jC R E T pot also on
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AUCUHA JAPONICA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the above 3ft. to 4ft. busliy, noo.l plants for Covert
Planting. Must be sold, cheaji, to make mom for potatos.
If not disposed of must be burned. -A BARGAIN I
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RIVERS*

Fruit Trees, Roses,
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ARE OF

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A Large and Select Stock always qn View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE ON
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STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

FRUIT IN THE GARDEN.

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Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lotot Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
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SUBSTITUTE FOR RUSSIA MATS.

" FRIGI " DOMO CANVAS.

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BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are your busbes free of this incurable pest? U not

Plant " SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only proved n^ite resister.

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heayiest cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, firm

terries

Yeune Bushes 6/- and •/- par dozen.

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STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

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November 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

175

Xo, 1610.— SATURDAY, NOVEMBER J. 1917

CONTENTS.

Actiaidiaarguta irulting 183
Alpine garden, the —

Dianthufi Lindsayi .. 177
Apple, the heaviest .. 1S2
Apples and Pears, old

varieties of .. ..182
Belgian horticulture . . l5l
Farm, crops and stock on

the home .. ..183

Food production, on in-
creased—

Allotments in Belfast 17S

Gardeners as vegetable
cooks 173

Potato blossom, effect
on crop of removing 17S

Potatos, a second crop

of

178

Orchid notes— con. :
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya
Marion .. .. 176

Peach, the double-
flowered 181

Pergolas 175

Plants forcarpeting brick
rubble 132

Potatos, Black Leg dis-

iOf

182

Shi]

Ruse American Pillar,
origin of 1S2

Societies-
Manchester and Xorth

of England Orchid.. 182
Royal Horticultural

(Scientific Committee) 182
Royal Hort. of Aber-
deen 183

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. 17!t
Fruits under glass ,. i79
Hardyfruitgarden.the 17>
Kitchen garden, the .. 17>i
Orchid houses, the .. 179
Plants under glass .. 179

Wheat, supplies of seed isl

Gaut, ilr. Alfred, retire
ment of 182

Harris, Mr. Frank .. 181

Letters from soldier-gar-
deners 177

Marrow Kale, to cook .. 182

Obituary
Smith, WorthingtonO. ISO

Orchid notes and glean-
ings—
Laelio-Cattleya Berthe
Fournier .. ..176

ILLUSTRATIONS

Berheris polyantha, fruiting spray of 183

Pergolas 175, 177

Smith, the late Wi.rthington G., portrait of .. . 180

Smith, the late Worthington G , sketching under diffi-
culties 181

PERGOLAS.*

THE pergola, was evolved as a matter of
necessity in the blazing gardens of the
East; the shade-giving Grape-vine being a
perfect means to hand. It is evident tliat the
vine played the chief part in the origin of the
pergola, but Jiow lojig ago no one can tell.
Ohana has ancient records bearing on the
matter, but for sheer antiquity it is hard
to beat the representations in Egyptian
hieroglyphics, which suggest with some accuracy
the form of the pergola of to-day. What is in
effect the cross section of a vine-clad pergola
occurs as a decorative idea in many ages. Notable
examples are fumLshed on friezes unearthed from
the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

'I'rellises of fruit trees and vines were em-
ployed to temper the sunshine in Roman gardens,
while later, but centuries before the general
adoption of decorative gardens in this countni',
pergolas and pavilions, tunnels and arched
hedges, were already in vogue in Italy.

Mr. Inigo Triggs. in one of his excellent books,
qnotes Crescenzi, tlie Italian garden designer of
the 13th century, who wrote of his pergola of
vines as follows : — " As in trees of this kind
shade is sought rather than the fruit, they must
not be too dry, and care should be taken that
the trees be neither too many nor grow too
thickly, because the shutting off of the air cor-
rupts the health of the place; also because the
garden requires a free currint of air."

Tliat was written nearly 700 years ago. In tie
Renaissance gardens of Italy, a centui"y or so
later, pergolas attained the zenith of extrava-
gant elaboration.

The history of the pergola in Kiigland is
linked up with that of trellis arbours, gallery
walks, pleached alleys, and the like, which from
early Tudor days onwards have been familiar
features in fine gardens. The one, and as far
as I know the only, book in England devoted
to this particular subject, is Sm.i.ason's
lionh nf Perr/iilars, published early in the 17th
century. The word jiergola was formerly used
chieflv in the significance of the Latin " per-
gula," meaning a shclt"r or bower, rather than
to describe the leafy garden corridor which now
monopolises the term. The expression pergola is
noticeably absent from .Iiihn Evelyn's outline of
the maifnum opus on garden art which he pro-
jected but did not write. Every other conceiv-

able detail seems to be named in the summary he
prepared.

The great revolution which overwhelmed gar-
den.? in the 18th century would have been scarcely
practicable if shade had been an imperative con-
dition in the enjoyment of an English garden.
The climate, however, did not avail to save any
of the shade-giving features which favoured
formal design. The system of gardening which
succeeded and remained in vogue for a century
or so, in which straight lines found no place,
offered little use for the pergola. An important
outcome of infoi-mal landscape gardening, how-
ever, was the stimulus jiven to tlie proTlintinn

pose is best served in the scheme of the garden.
The most obvious positicai is a straight, exposed,
and frequented' thoroughfare, A pergola cul de
sac should be in an accessible pai-t of the garden
convenient as a resort. A pergola sliould not be
placed where it is of little use from the practical
standpoint.

However charming it may be, and however
liberal its wealth of flowers, it does not follow
that the addition of a pergola to the larger gar-
den pictures is necessarily good. It may be (juite
otherwise unless it forms part of a considered
composition. If this is true hi respect of an en-
tir.'ly now -a.rdon It is dear that the .lodition of

Fia. 66. — P.\RT 01- AN ITALIAN I'EnGOLA.

• I,"ctiirc hy Mr. Kiiwani White at a meeting of the
Royal Horticultural Society, Octoher 23, laiT.

and discovery of new trees and shrubs, and the
interest developed in individuial plants. These
naturally included many fine climJbing plants
which need some convenient support.

The requirement has been met in the type of
garden architecture evolved during the last
quarter century, in which the pergola has been
so justified that it is now as securely established
in English garden design as if the shade it gives
were an indispensable necessity.

But it should be remembeired that the raison
d'etre of a peirgola is to provide a shady walk, or,
at all events, to afford shade where desired, and
it should consequently be placed where this pur

a pergola to a well-designed old garden needs
very careful consideration.

We may compare this feature in some respects
to an avenue of trees. Like an avenue, its main
effcict IS to emphasise a certain line, and where
such imporrtance is bestowed, it must be
rewaiid«l by a satisfactory end.ing. If
one's eyes or footsteps are conducted to a
point of little interest one feele that effort has
been wasted. The line should be perfectly straight,
although a good effect is sometimes obtained by
a regular curve. The sides should be free from
continuous planting. The pillars should be I'on-
sidered as belongin.g to the pathway and formiing

176

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

part, of it. The material used foi- the laitter
slionkl therefore be carefully chosen in order
that it may appear to bind the piers together,
and so a.ssist the sense 6f unity and repose.

The appearance should be substantial and com-
fortably permanent in effect, but the grace of
some pergolas is sometimes compromised by too
heavy piers. Seclusion and quietness are desir-
able for pergolas intended to be used as arbours.
A pergola should not unnecessarily monopolise
the garden landscape, although it is sometimes a
useful device for masking the povertv of an out-
look.

When a pergola is placed on the central axis
of a garden view the garden is cut in half, and
this should not be done without full justifica-
tion.

The effect of colonnading has an artistic value
which is unique in architecture, and is inde-
pendent of style. Partially clothed columns of
a pergola with beams overhead bearing masses of
foliage of varying density lend themselves to
unending experiment in perspective, and in the
play of. light and shade. These are factors of
too much value to be left to chance. Those who
get great enjoyment in a garden by discovering
every picture it has to offer, will always pause
on the threshold of a well-made pergola in anti-
CM)ation of the pleasing effects of the lights and
shadows. The management of these effects is a
difficult art, but the material with which one has
to deal — the branches of the plants and the foli-
age— is amenable to discipline.

One understands and appreciates the import-
ance of perspective effects in the corridors of a
house. A pergola offers opportunities of equal
value, which, rightly used, dispose of a not un-
common suggestion that it is chiefly worth seeing
from the outside.

From an architectural standpoint the pergola is
often invaluable as an aid to composition and a
means for giving variety in outline, continuity,
connection, and other special qualities which it
is desired to accentuate. It is specially important
as a means of unifying the house and garden.

In fixing a position for a pergola, therefore,
one .has to consider its practical utility as a
fhady walk, its relation to the house, and its
influence upon the principal garden pictures.

A garden which is well planned generally offers
a natural site for a pergola. The most common
opportunity lies in the extension of a terrace
walk terminating in a garden house or arbour, r]r
working up to some climax at a change of axis.

Excellent effects may be obtained in the
faishion of the old gallery walks, by completely
enclosing the sides of a formal garden, a Rose
garden, or croquet lawn, or some such sym-
mptrioal feature. A tennis lawn should not be fo
enclosed, as the light is spoiled for playing. An
ugly wall may often be transformed by building
a pea-gola agadnst it. Conventional situations are
eiasily reicognised and are generally available, and
wider opportunities may be created with the aid
of a little imagination.

A pergola is too rarely associated with water,
in which the reflection gives such delightful re-
sults. Instances may be quoted of a straight
canal flanked by pergolas and connected at the
head by a bridge pavilion, of a large pool en-
circled by a pergola with a fine fountain in the
centre, of a squai'e pond with arbours at the
corners linked together by pergolas. A charrm-
ing view is presented by a pergola on the north
side of a large pond sheltered by a wood and
leading up to a boathouse.

At Harden Park. Surrey, where the slope of
a hill was retained by means of a high brick
wall, a potential eyesore was transformed into a
thing of beauty tiy the addition of a pergola.
A balustrade which protected a walk at the top
made a.n unusual and effective addition.

A pergola is generally well placed where 't
overlooks a wide view at the summit of a series
of terraces. A note of character is given to a
pergola from which the ground falls on one side,
nfi'ording opportunities for steps or dry wallini;.

•V pergola of considerable length is generallv
imjiroved by variation in what one may call the

roof lines, by a domed section, for instance, over
a part arranged for seats.

When the situation of the fcatui-p and its re-
ktiooiito the garden scheniie are decided, one has
tj consider the design and details of construc-
tion, and subsequently the important question of
plajirting. If the peirgola is associated with the
house or some other building the design and
materials should be in architeotiu-al agreement.
Timiber work is at times quite appa-opriate to
such conditions.

A special essay would be necessary to deal
fully with the architectural possibilities and
) roblems of the question. I will not attempt
more than a few general remarks on the subject.

The degree of refined workmanship is decided
by the style of the house, but the material may
be more roughly worked. Columns may be
built of many kinds of material, building stone,
bricks, roofing-tiles, concrete, and so forth, in
addition to wood. Ironwork is not altogether
desirable, but it is possible to counteract the
effects of contact between the metal and stems
of plants by tying on wooden fenders. The
occasional practice of buying marble or other
such columns from a dismantled man.sion for use
in a garden is 7iot to be recommended, except
for very unusual circumstances. I know three
people who have such sets, bought on impulse,
and proved useless.

I'oughly sawn Oak and Teak are the most suit-
able timbers for columns. Larch of sufficient
sizes is good for rustic work. Scots Fir and
Spnioe are not lasting. Those pergola.s wHcli
collaipse as soon as the plants which clothe it aire
arriving at perfection prove a great disappoint-
memt, as is one which has to be painted at in-
tervals, and needs stripping for the operation.

It is not worth while to elaborate the archi-
tectural details of stone or brickwork intended
largely to be covered with foliage. As, how-
ever, the columns should be left exposed to an
appreciable extent, the colour and texture of the
material are import.anit considera.tiions. Need-
less to say, they must be handled ,in a craftsman-
like manner.

Common stock bricks are ugly in shape and
size, and very often in tone, and their unneces-
sary use has often given to a well-pla.nned per-
gola a commonplace appearance. The pleasant
tone which is so much admired in old Tudor
bricks may be reproduced by employing seJleoted
handmade English bricks of small size. These
are procurable in a soft red colour, which tones
well with a warm purple brick, skilfully blended.
Delightful effects of ligM and shade are given
by such bricks and accentuated by building with
wide mortar joints.

In districts in which building stone can be
obtained local material is generally used. Excel-
lent effects are -produced by thin laminated stone
with rough edges and surfaces, built with the
mortar joints well set back, after the fashion of
dry walling. A good deal of ingenuity is some-
times expended in making patchwork of local
matei'ial, bricks, stones, tiles, concrete and such
lik«. Such work needs to be done by a crafts-
man, with a sense of unity and complete mastery
of material, otherwise a laboured and affected
api.earance results, which is exactly the opposite
of the intention. Good work may be done with
concrete (sometimes rough casted and tinted),
with roofing tiles, fused red and purple brick
burrs, and various other building material.

The piers of a pergola are required to sustain
the combined burden of the wooden beams and
the planting. The business of the beams is to
tie together and strengthen the piers, as well ;;s
to carry the planting. The piers and timbers
must be strong enough for their work, but if
they aire disproportionately large they will look
clumsy. Heavy work is occasionally needed for
architectural effect, and it may aliso be justified
by the considerable length of a pergola. Other-
wise the effect is more graceful if the material
appeal's just cnmfoi'tably strong, amd mo more.
Tliis is especiall.v tJie case in respect of circular
piers. One must, of course, concede something

to tlie semblance of weight in a great mass of
foliage.

I'he following dimensions may be taken as a
working average : —

Brickwork piers, 14 inches square; stone piers,
18 inches, vaiying with quality and size of stone;
solid circular stone columns, 12 inches diameter ;
Oak or Teak uprights, 11 inches square. These
ar'e calculated to carry 10-inch by 8-inch longi-
tudinal timbers, and 7-inch by 5-inch transverse
beams. The piers are assumed to be 12 feet
apart lengthways, 8 feet 6 inches high, and 10
feet from centre to centre in the width of the
pergola. These are suggested as minimum di-
mensions where considerable strength and per-
manency are desired. The size of the timber
may peirliaps be increased to advantage so fa.i'
as appearance is concerned.

The importance of sufficient width cannot be
overrated — it makes the whole difference to the
comfort and consequent enjoyment of the per-
gola.

It should be taken as a rule that the breadth
should exceed the height, and the distance of tlie
piers lengthwise be greater than the width. The
length of the pergola natm-ally affects the pro-
portions throughout.

Needless to say, the piers must rest on firm
foundations. Timber uprights should be charred
or treated with preservative. The longitudinal
lieams may be built into the top of the piers, and
the cross pieces should project a foot or so over
the sides. It is also better to cut the latter with
an upward curve in the middle, as straight trans-
verse beaims seen in perspective have tihe appear-
ance of sagging in the centre.

{To be concluded.)

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

LAELIO-CATTLEYA BERTHE FOURNIER.

On August 15, 1899, Mons. Chas. Maron Ve-
ceived the R.H.S. Award of Merit for a hybrid
under the above name, the record given being
L.-C. elegans x C. Dowiana aurea. The record
was provisionally accepted, and the picture
marked " Probably L.-C. Schilleriana x C.
Dowiana aurea," that natural hybrid being for-
merly confounded in gardens with L.-C. elegans. '
The correctness of the supposition was proved
when in 1905 and subsequently Lieut. -Col. Sir.
Geo. L. Holford, K.C.V.O., showed specimens,
and received (.'ertificates for the cross raised in
his collection between L.-C. elegans and C. Dowi-
ana aurea. The Westonbirt hybrids were quite
different from the plant first sliown by Mons.
Maron, whicli now comes under L.-C. Lucilia
(L.-C. Scliilleriana x C. Dowiana aurea), for
which Messrs. Jas. Veitcli and Sons re-
ceived an Award of Merit, June 13, 1899.
A very interesting plant, part of Mons.
Maron's original -specimen, purchased from the
late Mr. Tracy's collection, is in flower with Dr.
Miguel Lacroze, Bryndir, Roehampton. The
flower is over 7 inches across, silver-white tinged
with rose, and the lip has a primrose-yellow centre
and light purple front.

SOPHRO-LAELIO-CATTLEYA MARION.

Eknest R. Ashton, Esq., Broadlands, Camden
Park, Tunbridge Wells, sends us a two-flowered
inflorescence of this very brightly-coloured new
hybrid between Sophro-Cattleya Thwaitesii (C.
Mendelii X S. grandiflora) and Laelio-Cattleya
eximia (C. Warneri x L. purpurata). The flowers
are 4 inches across, the petals being 1 inch wide,
and in shape nearest to the Laelia parent. The
sepals and petals are deep rosy-mauve, with an
underlying shade of scarlet and a slight violet
tint The lip has a tubular base, and is coloured
■sulphur-yellow, with thin, pui-ple lines extending
into the front, which, with the front part of the
side lobes, is dark ruby red, the contrast between
the front and the base being very striking. The
column, which is very fleshy, is white with a
purple band on the upper surface.

NOVEitBER 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

177

LETTERS FROM SOLDIER-GARDENERS.

WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM FRANCE.

From the French cottage gardener I have
gleamed many useful hints in intensive cultiva-
tion, but what I wish now to point out is where
gardeners may leam much from the Army,
though there is also the other side, that we, as
gardoneiTS and organieejis of labour, could teach
the Ai-my a good deal in economic management,
as we could also teach French gardeners much of
value in horticulture. I say this w.ithout insular
prejudice, from which I . am, I believe, com-
paratively free.

Take the matter of dug-outs, for example. We
might easily make use of this method for pro-
viding a store house for roots, and even, I think,
for fruit, while such p-laces would provide a
certain amount of natural warmth for a Mush-
rc-cm house or a forcing cellar for Rhubarb, Sea-
kale, and Chicory ; also for putting bulbs in pots
or boxes, which, I imagine, would be quite as
well as plunging them in ashes. Such a dug-
out would also, I think, serve for retarding many
fcwering plants. If the entrance were sloped
we might easily construct a small bogey running
on wooden rails similar to that the Royal Ejngi-
neers use foir bringing out the bags of chalk.
This would make the labour of moving plants,
roote, and other products a simple one. Of
course, most of the ideas I now give must of
necessity be merely suggestive, for so far I have
had no means of tesrtin% their utility or practic
ability.

The system we have out here of making beds
of wire netting would do well for fruit storage
if the netting were covered with canvas or felt,
or even with sitraw. The beds consist merely of
firameworks of rough wood, over which i.s
tightly stretched wire netting, and they are often
made in tier."; of t/wo or three. I can vouch for
their being effective as beds, for I have slept as
.soundly on them as on any feather bed.

Another thing which might prove useful in a
garden is the canvas shed, such as is frequently
used for latrines. Tt is merely a skeleton house
of wood covered with corrugated iron, and the
walls formed by stretching canvas around the
woodwork. These would be very useful as
shplters during rainy weather, and, being port
able or p.asily erected, they could be used fur
potting Strawberries and Qiryflanthemums on (he
spot, for making cuttings, pot washing, storing
.soil, and for general use in wet weather, or in
winter for partial protection for plants in tubs.
Then there are the corrugated huts, or what are
known as French dug-outs, or when coverod
with sand-bags as " white elephants." The.ie
French dug-outs are formed of two pieces of
thick corrugated iron, the corrugations being
about 6 inches deep. Each piece forms what, in
the absence of a dictionarj-, I believe I am right
in describing as a quadrant. The two when set
together and joined at the top form a semicircle,
the height in the centre being about 7 feet. They
are set on a strong angle-iron, which in turn
rests solidly on a thick pudlog of wood. They
are neatly coupled together at the top so as to
be perfectly watertight, and when whitewashed
give a fair amount of light. One end is pro-
vided with a doorw,ay. and at (he other there is
a ventilation shaft, which usually serves the
purpose of an opening for the chimney of a
stove. For obvious reasons they have no
window, and are heavily sand-bagged. A dry
wooden flooring can easily be arranged. They
are easily set up and taken down, and given a
good board flooring -provide a very good office.
Tt seems V) me when T see these white elepliants
that we conid here happily combine the useful
and beautiful. I picture to myself a dng-out
of this description set up and then covered with
rock stones so a? to combine a wall garden and
rock garden, so that only the door at one end
and window at the other are visible, the rest
being a miniature rock and wall earden. I can
imagine the rock garden artist of the future
wibhing to form a mound of Some height. Ho

would first of all puc in his French dug-out, and
then cover it with soil and rocks, leaving an
entrance and window space. The rock garden
enthusiast could then use this for a store house
or study, or as a cool retreat in summer, practi-
cally amidst his beautiful rock plants. It could
he made quite unobtrusive, and would form a
quiet haunt or a nice summer tea house.

A structure of rock we may call it, would
serve for a cheap yet clean and healthy bothy.
I know one of this description which is roughly
12 feet long and about 9 feet wide, where two
officers are quite liappy and contented. Each

THE ALPII^E GARDEN.

DIANTllUS LIND.SAYI.
It is a little surprising to observe from the
latest issue of the R.H.S. Journal that the hybrid
Pink raised by the late Mr. Robert Lindsay, of
Kaimes Lodge, Edinburgh, proves so difficult to
keep through the winter at Wisley. It is trouble-
some in this way in the West of Scotland, doing
much better in the East, where there is consider-
ably less humidity, but one would have e.xpected

Fig. 67. — pluuola

ITU.NB (_OLUMN3

(See p. 175.)

has a simple wire bed and a combined wash-
stand-wardrobo made by myself out of bully-
beef boxes. There are also two tables, three
chairs, a cupboard, a stove. I can imagine my-
sel? and a congenial mate being quite happy in
such a place in my bothy days. Or the wooden
hut might serve the same purpose. I feel sure
the meai who return will have quite different
ideas of housing. The war and the experience
it gives alters greatly our ideas of values. We
learn to see that many things which we regard
as necessities are in reality only luxuries, and
sometimes uselesa ones at that. William F.
liowht.

that the climate of Surrey would h.ive suited it
well. However, it is a plant worth keeping by
those who are fond of Dianthuses, its 4 to 6
inch stems carrying the good Tyrian Rose flowers
;ibove the greyish foliage. It owes must of its
fine charaotea- to one of ite parents — D. neglectus
— but the "blood" of D. plumamuis hlenided
with neglectus seems to have introduced an
unexpected liability to injui-y from damp,
although we see this present in some of the finer
phimianius varieties at one time so largely grown
for exhibition purposes. S. Arnott, Smuu/weoil,
Dumfries.

178

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEH 3, 1917.

ON INCREASED ^D PRODUCTION.

ALLOTMENTS IN BELFAST.

A REPORT drawn up by Mr. G. H. Oliver,"
Instructor in Hoa'tkultm-e, Municipal Tecluiical
Institute, Belfast^ — and now sei"viiig in France —
is on the progress of ailotmeiiit gardening in Bel-
fast. Allotments were started on a small scale
in 1907, and progress was at first slow. From
25 ploU in 1907 the allotments grew to 200 'n
1911. By 1914 there were 400 allotniei:uts, in
1915, 530, oOT'ening about 50 acres, but at the
end of 1915 there was a very extensive develop-
ment, and some thousands of additional plots
were brought under cultivation. The plots vary
in size from 300-400 squa-re yards, and the ave-
rage value of the produce from each plot is esti
mated at £5. The ground is mostly building
land awaiting developmeuf, and the Garden
Plots Association which has organised the move-
ment has tile same micertainty with respect to
tejiure as that which confronts so many allot-
ment-holders in this country. The cultivators
are drawn from the most varied classes of the
communiity, and it is asserted — though on what
ground we do not know — that the standard of
cultivation is higher than in England.

It is estimated (in a subsequent repoiitt) that
enough vegetables are grown on an av^erage plot,
30 feet by 90 feet, to keep a family of five per-
sons supplied with gxeem vegetables for the
whole yeax and with Potatos for six months.
Whilst we recognise to the full the great value
and potentiality of the allotment, we are of
opiiiion that this estimate erns on the saniguine
side — unless the requirements of an Irish family
in the way of fresh vegetables is much lower
than it should be. But whether the estimate
be too high or not, the fact remains that the
allotmienit is a great food producing auxiliary,
and we wish that allotments may not only con-
tinue to flourish but that they will also increase
and multiply.

EFFECT OF REMOVING BLOSSOM ON

YIELD OF POTATOS.
Among the expenimemts carried out dui'ing
the present yeaj- by Messais. Sutton and Sons at
Reading, those relating to the effect of the re-
moval of the blossoms on the yield of Potalos
are of special interest.

The following ta'ble gives the results in detail,
and from it will be seen that in five out of seven
plots experimented upon picking of the blos-
som resulted in an increased yield, and that
the average increa.'ie was by no means negligible
— amounting to 215 lbs., oi' an inci'ease of 5 per
cent. : —

Blooms Picked v. Not Picked.

Picked. Not Picked,

c. qr. lbs. c. qr. lbs.

Plot 2 4 2 4 5 0 3

Plot 4 5 2 10 4 2 1

Plot 6 5 3 0 5 0 20t

Plot 8 5 2 9 5 0 7^

Plot 10 4 2 20 4 1 26

Plot 12 5 2 20 5 18

Plot 14 4 3 4 5 0 10

36 2 11 34 2 19-i

c. qr. lbs.

Picked 36 2 11

Not picked 34 2 191

Increase over not picked ... 1 3 19^

A SECOND CROP OF POTATOS.

Mr, R. Wilson, Drimlfriee, who has im foi-mer
yeajs been successful in raising a second, crop of
Potatos on the same plot, has again lifted a
second crop of Up-to-Dates. The second crop
was planted on July 8 and radsed on October 9.

* Dej.t of Agric, Irelanil.
t Journal o/ Dtpt. oj A grit., XVI., No. 2.

The tubeii's were of good table size. Seven sets
of British Queen, planted on May 19, gave 4 lbs.
of Potatos, from which the seed size was again
planited andi has 'given small-sized tubers.
CnrrespcmdRnt.

GARDENERS AS VEGETABLE COOKS.

With so much writing and talking about
nuakimg the most af vegetafbles, one may urge
the need foa' more precise knowledge of cooking
among working gandeniers. Two defects are
comnnoni — ^the ordinai'y methods of cooking
vegetalbles are wasteful, and the most appe-
tising and attractive qualities are either
destroyed or they are not developed. Dimng
the war there has been some casual con-
demnation of boiling vegetables as against the
saner and better methods of steaming and
baking. But it seems that gardeners do not
know, and professed cooks do not know, and will
not be told, which vegetables should be kept
away from water or receive no more than may
be converted into steam.

The Potato is not, or should not be, accepted
for good and all as the only tuber or root to be
grown and stored in bulk. Rod for rod, and
family need for family need, the Parsnip is as
sure, safe, nourishing, and can be served in as
many forms as the Potato, and it would be
more grown if the real value of this root, and
how to cook it, were better understood. The
Parsnip is spoiled by boiling ; it is excellent if
steamed ; it is nourishing when baked dry or
with fat or gravy, and sliced or chipped and
fried it surpasses any Potato in downright
flavour. Parsnips also make satisfying fritters,
with or without bread-crumbs or batter, and
with the complement of Lemon juice cannot be
distinguished from the best of Apple or Banana.
In frying Pansnips they should be divided into
two parts, as they are of two distinct qualities,
the inner core, which is fit for soups and stews
only, and the outer flesh, which should be cut
lengthwise to foi-m fillets or slices, for either
baking, roasting, or frying.

Last year the present wi'tter lifted about half
a ton of Parsnips from less than four rods of
ground. This crop was used from October till
May, practically superseded the Potato, and
f(,rmed the principal solid and mealy vegetable
during the late winter and spring months.

Next to Parsnips gourds of various kinds
should form substantial winter fare, as they do
where their cooking is understood. Ripe Mar-
row and Pumpkin should never be boiled ; it may
tie steamed till flowery, as a Potato, but it is
far more attractive to the palate, and more
noiu-isihing, w^hen cut into chunks or slices amd
baked or fried. Last season eighty large Mar-
rows were stored here. This year about fifty
Marrows and fifty large Pumpkins. They will
sei-ve as a suibstantial winter and spring vege-
table, keeping well into May. In these days the
money value of this crop of gourds is at lea^ a
penny a pound, or, say, £5 5s., but, of course,
the real gain is in the nutrient and the appetisdng
value of this firuit as an extra winter veget^aMe,
and' it would be grown, dried, and used every-
where and by everyone if propealy cooked and
served.

Another valuable, though neglected veget^able,
is the tuberous Artichoke. Many people say they
do not like it. Thev mav bear telling that they
have never tasted tt at its best, but have been
offended bv the sloppy stuff which oommomly ap-
pears on the table. Artichokes may be steamed,
baked, roasited, chipiied' and fried, or grated to
form a. baise for a pivree, sioup, or blended with
Ircadcrumbs, served au gratin, or fried dry after
the manner of fish cakes. Allowing for the con-
sistent cropping of the Artichoke,- its soundness,
keeping qualities, highly nutrient value, and the
various ways in which it may be cooked, it. is
one of the best all-round vegetables for British
cardens, small or large : but it will not have
its full share in our economy till gardeners give
proof that they understand the best methods of
cooking it, and other crops they raise. A. C.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

By J. Dtjnn, Foreman, Ro5-al Gardens, Windsor.

Tomato*.— Young Tomato plants intended to
furnish ripe fruits early in spring are ready for
shifting into 3-lnch pots. The soil should consist
of two-thirds loam and one-third leaf-mould, with
sufficient sifted lime-rubble to keep the compost
porous. After they are potted, grow the plants
iu a house having a temperature of 60°, and place
them close to the roof-glass. Keep the house
closed until the plants begin to make fresh
growth, but afterwards open the ventilators a
little to cause the plants to grow stocky and
short-jointed. Pot them again as soon as the roots
have filled the small pots, ENid never allow the
shoots to become drawn for want of ventilation.
Plants in flower that will furnish ripe fruits in
December and January should' be grown in a
house sufficiently ventilated to keep the atmo-
sphere buoyant. Give the plants liberal supplies
of liquid manure from the farmyard, and top-
dress the roots with fine loam and a sprinkling of
bone-meal, making the top-dressing firm by press-
ing with the hands as it is applied. Allow the
plants plenty of room, and remove all decaying
leaves and most of the side shoots, but retain
sufficient growth to promote; active growth at the
roots. A temperature of 60° is suitable : open
the ventilator." a little in mild weather.

Mushrooms.— If fresh beds were spawned
early in September there should now be a full
supply of Mushrooms. Keep the temperature of
the house as near 55° as possible, and maintain
a moist atmosphere by damping the floor and
walls daily with clear, soft water. Very little
direct watering of the beds should be necessary,
but if the surface should become too dry, rain-
water may be applied through a can having a
fine rose. Cold draughts must not be permitted,
as these have. a tendency to produce a dry atmo-
.sj^here, which is detrimental to the crop. Con-
tinue to collect and prepare materials for the
making of successional beds.

Cblery.— The final earthing-up of this crop
should be accomplished as soon as possible.
Select dry days for the purpose, and make the
soil as fine as possible previous to placing it
round the plants with the hands, taking care to
keep the centre of the plants quite free from soil
and exposed to the air.

Turnips.— All Turnips which are of sufficient
size for use should be lifted and placed in a cool
situation for use during the winter. Those which
are intended for succession and are not far ad-
vanced may be allowed to remain in the ground
until frost sets in, whilst those intended for con-
sumption in the spring should be allowed to
remain in the rows throughout the winter.

Ground Opkrations.— Take the first oppor-
tunity when the soil is dry to wheel manure and
cpther materials for enriching vacant land to sites
where it will be used. Push on with the digging
and trenching, so that as much of this work as
possible may be completed in time for the soil to
receive the benefits resulting from exposure to
frosts. Heavy land which was manured for a
previous crop should receive a heavy dressing
of lime, soot, or burnt garden refuse, rather than
another application of manure, especially if root
crops are to follow. Ground intended for
Parsnips, Carrots, and Onions will be benefited
by a good dressing of soot applied now. The soil
should be stirred deeply and the surface left as
rough as possible.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Conic. Gprdener to the Hon. ARTHITR J.
Datet, Abbots Wood, Godalmin^, Surrey.

Fruit-gathirinc— The majority of the
Apples are readv for gathering and storing, but
late Pears should be left until the stalk pai-ts
I'eadily from the spur Medlars are not, as a
rule, ready for gathering before November,
but one has to be guided to a great extent

November 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

179

by the weather. These fruits should be har-
vested on a dry day, and laid thinly on stages
Place the " eye" downward, so that the stalks
can be readily noticed, as decay always begins
at the region of the stalk. Quinces are ready
for storing, and the fruits should be handled care-
fully. They are used mostly for making jellies
and marmalade. Late Plums should be gathered
by this time. Coe's Golden Drop can be kept for
some time to come : the fruits are delicious when
kept till they shrivel. Place them in small, clean
or new seed trays on a layer of tissue paper, and
then stand the boxes one on the other. They
will keep good in a dry room for several weeks.
INSEOT PssTS.- It may be that many Apples
have fallen to the ground owing to injury caused
by the grub of the codlin "moth (Carpocapsa
pomonella). Such fruits have a small hole near
to the " eye," which leads to the pips or seeds.
The marauder may have escaped by another hole
near the stalk. After the damage is done, the
grubs generally pass into the chrj-salis form in
the soil at the base of the tree till the next
season, when the perfect moth emerges, to com-
ii;eiice the cycle anew. The plan of placing
grease bands around the trees is one of the best
preventives of the winter moth, and banding is
useful also in the case of the moth under notice
if haybands or pieces of rough cloth are placed
roimd the stems in July. Grease bands to catch
the female winter moth should now be placed in
position around the stems, if it was not done in
October, and smeared well with a greasy sub-
. stance that insects of the kind cannot cross. The
.<oil under the trees should be dressed with gas
lime, if procurable, or with quicklime. Sprayings
of alkali wash during winter do much to keep
these pests under. The Apple sucker (Psylla
mali) sucks the juices of the flower-buds, caus-
ing the flowers to drop. The insects are very
busy in October, when they may be seen jiunp-
ing from leaf to leaf. They deposit their eggs
in the crevices in the bark. Trees affected should
have a thorough washing with petroleum emul-
sic'H as soon as the fruits have been col-
lected. Plums, Currants, and Gooseberries will
all be the better for a good wash with an in-
secticide applied on a fine, calm day. All bands
o'- ties w'hich have done duty for the past year
should be removed and dipped in a strong in-
secticide. When fixing new paper bands, they
must be fitted quite tight to the stem, so that
the pest cannot crawl under them.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

YoUNO ViNE».-Newly planted vines, of this,
or the previous year or two, should be resting.
There is often a tendency in these young and
vigorous vines to make late growth ; this is not
desirable, and should be discouraged. Reduce
the sappy wood in these instances, but proceed
no further at present. Do not yet make any at-
tempt at shortening the main rods en young
vines; rather defer all this work until the leaves
have fallen. Young vines in pots that are in-
tended for earliest forcing (and there is no
better system) should be well exposed for a few
more weeks, say, until the end of November.
During that time let them be pruned as the leaves
fade and fall. Then, by early December, ii, will
be safe enough to start them steadily in a moder-
ate temperature with a view to obtaining ripe
Grapes early in June.

The Cni.o OncH'MO Houie. — Where the

trees arc of different kinds aind planted in bor-
d<'r.s priiiiiii.g may be conimencetl, with the ex-
cepliion of Peaches and Nectarines. Treeis that
have borne good crops of fruit will not need
root-prujiling, but this should ibe done in the
case of those that ha.ve made gross growth and
given little fruit, as soon as the top-pru'ning
is finished. After root-pruning do not add rich
soil, but a quantity of fine lime rubhie, or
crushed mortar, and use these maAeriails only if
a top-dressimg is Tiecessary. After the 'So<il has
'been made firm water it copiously. Syringe the
treefl with a reliable winter insecticide. When
the work is fin:.shed give the trees a-bundunt
ventilation.

Vines in Cold Hou»e8.— Even such late
Grapes as Ulack Alicante should now be

cut, ais pi-esiuna'bly there 'will not be means of
counteracting supei-fluous atmospheric moisture.
Let the bunches be cut and the stems placed in
bottles filled with water. Keep them in a cool,
dry room. a«id watch for decaying berrie.s. Re-
duce the l^aif-growth on the vines somewhat by
removing all green, sappy shoots. Open the
vfutilators fully unless other plants are grown in
the house. Let the remaining growth -become
well ripened' and, as soon as the leaves drap,
do the final pruning. After that apply a top-
dressing, first giving a good soaking of water
df the border is inside the vinery, and, then, if
the vines have borne a good crop and need feed-
ing, add a dressing of vine manure. Later on
the rods should be cleared of loose bark and
dressed with an insecticide.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J COLLIBR. Gardener to Sir JlRluuH COLMlK,
Bart.. Oatton Park. R«irat«.

Cleansing the HoosEs.-After the necessary

repotting has been carried out advantage should
be taken of any spare time to thoroughly cleanse
the houses and plants, washing the" glass both
in.side and outside. Before commencing the work,
if it is convenient to do so, the plants should be
moved to an adjacent compartment, to prevent the
foliage from becoming soiled with the dirty water.
Where this cannot be done, the house should be
washed in sections and the plants protected with
shading material suspended next to them. Soft
soap should be mixed with tepid rain-water, but
not in suflicient quantity to damage the paint.
The soapy water should" be syringed from the
woodwork with clean water after the scrubbing
is finished. The stage; and walls should be
scrutbed, also the pots. Before restaging, the
plants should be cleaned of scale and otlier insect
pests, and all diseased pseudo-bulbs and leaves
removed. Any young growths that need support
should be neatly tied to stakes ; but not so
tightly as to hipdcr the future development of
the pseudo-bulbs or young growths.

Epidendrum.- Epidendruma of the radicans
type are suitable for cultivating in pots, and,
when properly grown, their scandent growths
will flower in a comparatively dwarf state,
making the plants extremely useful for decora-
tive purposes. Plants that have grown to un-
desirable lengths may have the top cut off the
young growths about 2 feet in length, and eight
o:- ten cuttings may be potted together in re-
ceptadles 7 or 8 inches in diameter. Place tlie
stems about 6 inches deep in the jiot, with as
many of the aerial roots as possible. During tlie
growing sea.son train the new roots into the com-
post, which should consist of a mixture of peat
or Osmunda-fibre and an equal proportion of
Sphagnum moss. Crow the plants in the Cattleya
or Intermediate house near the roof-glass. Give
one Cfrpious watering aiftcr the plants are placed
in the house ; afterwards, direct wateninigs wiU
not he necessary, ars by frequently syringing the
growths and aerial roots the compost wiU be
kept sufficiently moist.

Aerideb.— Plants of Aerides that flowered
early in the year may ihave the supply of water
at the a-oots reduced gradually. Although
these Orchids never entirely cease making leaf
growth, it is important that they should have
a short period of rest. If all through the summer
the moss on the surface of the pots has kept
fresh and green through frequent waterings, from
now on through the winter the mess should be
allowed to become a whitish-green colour before
water is again applied, giving only just suflBcient
to prevent loss of foliage. Aeridea of the cxioler-
growing section, swch as A. Sohroderi, A. crassi-
folaum. and A. Wameni, are still growing, and
shiouild be kept moderately mioist at tne roots
for some time to come.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J.

Dempster, Keele

short time before removing them to cooler
quarters. Tuberous-rooted Begonias should be
lifted with plenty of soil, placed in boxes, and
allowed to dry gradually. The soil inu.st not be
disturbed until they are required next spring.
Winter the tubers under the plant stages in cool
houses, in company with Salvia patens, Cannas,
and Fuchsias. See that drip from plants over-
head does not reach them. Lobelia cardinalis.
Verbena venosa, and Echeverias may be packed
in boxes or shallow frames. The succulent
Echeveria resents a close atmosphere, and air
should be admitted during mild weather. The
best of the Pelargonium plants lifted at once
from the beds, shortened, packed in boxes in
sandy soil, and placed in cool houses, will make
fine plants for tubs, vases, or the centre of beds
next summer.

Sprinq Beddinq Plants.— The flower-beds
should be cleared of the summer bedding plants
and prepared for the spring bedding plants. It
the ground is dug thoroughly and a liberal
amount of well-rotted manure and leaf-mould
incoi-porated with the soil in equal propor-
tions, it should not be necessary to manure
the ground for the summer plants. Many effec-
tive schemes may be devised by the use of Wall-
flowers, Polyanthuses, Arabis, Myosotis, Alys-
sum, Aubrietias, Daisies and Pansies. Early
Tulips, Snowdrops, Scillas, Jonquils, and late-
flowering Tulips may be associated with Myosotis,
Polyanthus, Arabis, Aubrietia, and similar
dwarf plants. Bulbs that show signs of rooting
should be planted at once. Firm planting is
necessary for all these plants, and the work
should be done when the soil is in a friable con-
dition.

Gladiolus and other Bulbous
Flowers. — In cold, wet districts it is advisable
to lift certain bulbous plants, or they may be
injured by frost. Gladioli, Montbretias, Tigri-
dias, and Galtonias should be lifted at once and
placed in a cool frame to dry before storing them
for the winter. Lifting may not be necessary
near the sea coast or in light, warm soils, but
some protection should be afforded the plants in
cold weather by placing leaf -mould or stable litter
over them.

HousiNQ Tbnder Pi»NT»-It may be ad-
visable to retain most of the old specimen plants
that were knocked out of their pots for bedding
purposes. These should be lifted carefully, re-
potted, and placed in a close atmosphere for a

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

The Propaqatinq Pit.— As the season ad-
vances, many ])lants that have been grown in the
conservatory during summer will hiave become
rough and shabby. These old plants, if kept
through the winter, require a considerable amount
of room, and in view of this it is a good plan tn
propagate fresh stock from them, and discard
the old plants. The finely-coloured v^arieties of
Coleiis are still largely grown for summer decora-
tion. Suitable shoots should now be inserted as
cuttings in light, sandy soil, and placed in the
warmest house. They will quickly form roots,
and when sufficient have been struck the old
plants may be thrown aw-ay. Pot the young
plants into 60-size pots, using very light, open
soil. Place them in a warm house, on a shelf in
full exposure to sunshine. These small plants
may be occasionally used for decoration. They
will not stand cold, 'and must be returned to the
warm house without undue delay. Other worn-
out plants used for the edging of stages — such as
Isrlepis gracilis, the variegated Panicum, Pileas
in variety, Tradescantias, and Selaginellas — may
all be treated in the same manner, making sure
that the young plants are well established before
discarding the old ones.

Stove Climbers.— Give less water to Alla-
mandas, Clorio.sas, and Clerodendron Balfouri,
reducing the a.iniou'iit gradually until, when the
foLiage haa withered, it is withheld a!m«st en-
tirely. The soil in a border usually retains suf-
ficient moisture during the winter to keep the
wood from shrivelling, but plants groiwing in
modeiiate-sized pots or tulbK need an occasiional
light watering. Other •warm-house climbers,
such a.s Stephamotis floribunda, Thumbergias,
Clerodendron splendenis, Hoyas andi Rondelletia
speciosa major, should allso be watered very
.■^IJinringly. As a .general rule all climbers benefit
by a rest during the winter.

180

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

ADVEKTISE'MENTS should be sent to the
PUBLISHER, 41. Wellington Street.
Covent Garden, W.C.

Editors and Publisher. — Out correspOTidents
woald obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the PtJBLlSHER ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
n-hen letters are misdirected.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plajits for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, Seilt as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the ivriter. If desired, the signature will not be
2)rinted, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6—

Roy, Hort. Soc's Ooms. riieet,
Soc, comtiiiied show.

Qd NationaJ Clu

AvERAQB Meak TEMPERATURE ior tihe ensuing week
deduceid from observations during the last fift.v
yeajr3 at GreeJnwdcb, 45,7,
AcTUAii Temperature :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WeUingtou Street,
Oovent Garden, Loaidoo, Thursday^ November 1
10 a,m. : Bar, 39,5 ; tsmp. 49,6°, Weather-
Dull.

•ALBS FOR THB KNSUINa WKBK.

MffSDAV, WEDNESDAY, and FRIDAY—

Bu3t>3 at 67 and 6b, Cbcapside, at 1 o'clock, b.v
Protheroe & Morris.

It is with tile deepest
worthington G. regret tliat we record
Smith. tihe death on the 27th

ult. of Mr. Worthington
G. Smith, whose valued services to this
journal are so well known to our older
readers. Almost half a century has
passed since this clever draughtsman
lirst undertook the work of illustrating
new and noteworthy plants for the
(Turdeners' Chronicle. The late Dr. Mas-
well Masters had., accidentally oome across
Komie of Smith's drawings of abnormal
growths that had been prepared for illus-
trating Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants.
Dr. Masters' judgment in matters of this
kind was uncommonly good, and he at once
discerned the stroke of the master hand
in Smith's early sketches. Smith's later
work proved beyond doubt that he had
no rival after the death of Walter Fitch,
also a contributor to these columns.
]?oauty and firmness of outline, secured
l)y long practice as an engraver, and
accuracy of detail, rather than impres-
sionist effect, characterised his work,
and thus his drawings were far more
valuable for practical purposes than those
which aim at general and often fleeting
effect. For many years Smith's drawings
in the Chronicle constituted one of its
most attractive features. If the reader
will look at any of the numbers issued
Iietween 1875 and 1910 and examine care-
fully the illustrations of Orchids and
other plants that tlie paper owed exclu-
sively to Smith's skilful work, he will
ho struck by their wonderful accuracy.
Being a careful and skilled botanist, he
was able to sort out the essential organs,
including pollen grains, and show them
so magnified that the ordinary reader
coiilrl form a perfectly correct idea of tTieir

form and character. Many a time has
the present writer sent the poorest possi-
ble sj^ecimens of a new plant of unusual
value or novelty to Dunstable, with the
iequest that Smith would prepare :"'n
illustration for these pages. No other
material being available, it was that or
nothing, and Smith, with his great know-
ledge of plants, was quick to appreciate
the importance of making the best of thoiii.
He would place the specimens in water, fix
together broken portions, and coax them
by all means possible to again show some
vitality. Seldom, indeed, did he say that
he was unable to do what was asked of him.
He could determine even from fragments
what a plant had been like, and would

numberless researches into manners and
customs, the weapons and tools of pre-
historic man ; indeed, his position as an
archaeologist was a high one, and his pub-
lished works on these subjeots are per-
manent asset's in the library of the
student,

A marked and pleasant feature of Mr.
Smith's character was his great sense of
humour. It showed itse^lf in almost every-
tliing he touched, and with his facile
pencil he could convey it to paper. He
was of too genial a disposition to use it
often in any but a jocular vein, but in
cases where it was employed to defeat an
adversary its effect was extraordinary.
We remember to have seen some political

Fig.

-THE LATE WORTHINGTON G. SMITH.

build it up as an anatomist would a
damaged skeleton ; but Smith excelled the
anatomist, for he was able to make his
plants " live " in their portraits. We do
not remember a case where the effect was
what artists term lifeless and dull.

His great pride in his work, and his
consistent loyalty to the paper that he
worked for and admired, will be always
gratefully rememljered by those who had
the best opportunities of measuring his
zeal.

Our late colleague was exceedingly
versatile. He studied fungi with his usual
thoroughness, and in the Natural History
Museum are many of his drawings. He
was a great antiquarian, and made

sketches prepared for election periods,
sketches that well revealed his great in-
genuity and fine humour. As an instance
of the latter we reproduce in fig. 69 one
of his drawings in which he represents him-
self as sketching for the Chro?iicle in con-
ditions of some difficulty. It may be said
that it is scarcely overdrawn, for he had
sometimes to visit hot and moist houses
and perform his work in temperatures as
disagreeable as they were unfamiliar.

Worthington G. Smith was born on
March 23, 1835. His first intention was to
follow the profession of architecture, but
in 1858 he abandoned architecture in
favour of book illustration by wood en-
graving and lithography.

November 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

181

His published works include those follow-
ing:— Diseases of Field and Garden Crops
(1884), illustrated with 143 wood engrav-
ings; a supplementary volume to Berke-
ley's Outlines of British' Fungi (1891);
Guide to Sowerbi/s Models of British
Fungi, 1891 ; Man, the Primeval Savage,
with 242 new illustrations; Early Man in
Bedfordshire, contributed to the Victorian
II i^^torij of the Counties of England; Dun-
sfable and its Surroundings, written for
the Homeland Association, and Synopsis of
British Basidiomycetes, containing 145
new illustrations. Deceased also prepared
many water-coloured drawings of fungi
and descriptive letterpress for various
authorities, including the British Museum.

Naturally, Smith's great services to the
pul)lic were acknowledged from time to
time by the receipt of well-deserved
honours. As early as 1865 he obtained
from tlie Royal Horticultural Society
a gold medal for coloured drawings
of plants; in 1873 the Royal Horti-
cultural Society of Ireland awarded
Iiim a silver medal; in 1874 he was pre-
sented with a box of silver plate by tiie
Woolhope Club, Hereford, and in 1875 the
Royal Horticultural Society's Knightian
.Medal in gold for his researches into the
life-history of the Potato fungus, Phytoph-
thora infestans. In connection with his
studies of the Potato disease, it will be
remembered that he claimed to have dis-
covered the resting spores of Phytophthora
infestans (see Card . Chron ., July 10, 1875,
jjp. .'55, 44), and the antheridium by whose
contact it was fertilised, but tlie claim was
contested by de Bary, a German botanist
of tlie highest standing. In 1903 Mr.
Smith was elected president of the British
M^'Cological Society, and in the same year
he became the first freeman of Dun-
stable; whilst in 1907 he was awarded tiie
Veitch Memorial Medal in gold. He was
awarded a Civil List pension in 1902 of
£50 in consideration of iiis " services to
arcliirology and botanical illustration."
Death took place at Dunstable, where he
had lived since 1884, when he was com-
pelled to leave London owing to heart
trouble. He leaves two sons and one
daugliter ; his sons are artists, and their
business is the preparation of press photo-
graphs.

Belgian Horticulture.— In an article* by
Pioft'ssor Leplae and Mr. Van Oeshoven
the follow.inig met.liods of cropping are de-
scribed as beinp practised in Uie markei
garden districts of MaJines and Louvain, where
the soil is light enough not to pack hard by
triadiiig : 1. Early Cabbage or Cauliflower inter-
sown with Spinach oir Cabbage Lettuce or with
Radishes and Leittucea ; 2, Carrots interplanted
v.ith Cabbage Lettuce or Scorzonera ; 3. Early
Potatos intersown with Hadislies, which are
pulled before the Potatos are eartlied up ; 4,
Late Cabbage i.nterplantcd with an early
varieity and marketed before the main ovcrp is
full grown. In general all vegetables which
occupy the ground for some time are inter-
cropped with Spinach, Early Carrots, Radishes,
Cheirvil or Lettuce. Carrots are sown among

• t/'itrn. nflhe [Snard of AgrlcuUnrf, XXIV., No. 6, Sept.

rows of Early Peas. Peas are often plaaited
in every third at fourth row of a Potato ca'op.
A single Pea seed is put im the centre of each
Potato plajit. The Pea and Potato grow up to-
getlier, a»nd tJie Peas are pulled, out bodily on
hamesting for using dry. The pi-actice is not
recommended where tlie Peas are to be used
green, as picking would involve too much
treading of the ground. Cabbage or Brussels
Sprouts are often planted between the rows of
all but very late \iarieties of Potatos.

Supplies of Seed Wheat.— The Food

Production Depai'tment is offering ia.i-mers a

Seed Wheats will be ordered forward by the
Food Production Department immediately on
receipt of an order, and accoinpa-nied by a
cheque for the requisite amount, provided that
supjilies are still a\-ailabl.e. Should tlie pur-
chaser desire to have a sample of the Whfat the
Department will send one, but this must neces-
sarily involve some delay in the delivery of the
seed.

The Double -flowered Peaches. — It is

worth while placing on record ho<w abundantly
the so-called double-flowered, foirms of Prunus
|)er.iica have fruited this year. When the blos-

FlG. 69. — THE LATE MR. WORTHINOTON 0. SMri'lI SKETCHING UNnKR PIFflCULTIES.

special selection of Seed Wheat of the varieties
known as Wilhelniina, Little Joss, Victor, ajid
Browick. The seed has beem selected and
cleaned with great care, and the ipercentage of
pui'ity is in no case les« than 99. The Sec-
tion \via8 undertaken by a special committee
under the direction of Professor Bipfen.
Standing crops were inspected by these experts
in all the English Wheat-growing districts in
order that only crops of outstanding quality
might be chosen for the Department's Seed
Wheat orders. The price of this seJected seed
is 90s. per quarter of 480 lbs. f.o.r. , including
MOW. non-returnable sacks. Supplies of the.se

some eiscape tihe late imska in sjpiring, fruits are
occasionally seen, the most notable being the
variety foliis aureis. This year, in coiraimon
with most other fruit«, the crop has been ex-
ceptionally good, the variety flore oarneo (syn.
roseo) pleno beijig the best. Quite tasty to eat
raw. they are very nice stewed, and make an
excellent jam, preserved at the rate of 1 lb. of
fruit to f lb. of sugar.

Mr. Frank Harris, Superintendent of the
Stockport Parks, has undergone an operation in
the Maniohester Royal Infi,rmiary for an inteimal
complaint. The la;te«t report states that he is
making (Satisfactory progress.

182

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEB 3, 1917.

Robe American Pillar.- In respect to the
i-eanairfcs of Mr. Easlea on this Rose (see Gard.
Cliron., September 8, 1917, p. 95), onr old col-
league, Ml'. Leonabd Baeron, Editor of
the New York Garden Magazine, sends us
an iiiiteresting letter from Dr. W. Van
]''i.iET, the fortunate raiser of this popular Rose.
Da-. Fleet states tliat " th« var-iety was raised
iiij 1898 from seed of a Wichuraiana-Setigera
cross pollinated with a bright red Remontant
Rose seedling, that had a touch of Polyantha,
or, ratlier, Rosa multiflora. in its make-up. It
thuis contains the blood of four Rose species,
but I regaii-d it as essentially a Wichm-oiana-
Setigera hybrid. This variety appearfi to suc-
ceed under very diverse conditions."

AOTINIDIA ARQUT*.- This vigorous-growing
climber is ripening f.i-u>it« this autumn. They
are green in colour, suggesting in size aild shape
a small Walnut. It is a fleshy, many-seeded
fruit, juicy, and quite pleasing in flavour,
amelling and tasting not unlike a second-rate
Melon. Travellere tell us that the fruits are
eaten in Japan and China, of which countries
and the Amur region A. arguta is a native.

Retirement of Mr. Alfred QAUT.-We

are informed that Mr. Alfred Gaut, for many
years lecturer on horticultui-e ait the Leeds
"Univei-sity, retii-es tliis week owing to failing
health. Mr. Gaut, who has beeai an occaisional
oontiributor to these pages, is removing to
Laburnum Cottage, Leigh Linton, Worcester,
where he will be neai- to hiis son, who is Agri-
cultural Organiser for Worcestershire.

The Heaviest Apple. -In regard to records
of large Apple fi-uits and oui- instance quoted
last week of a fruit exceeding 2 lbs., Mr.
G. M. Taylor rem,inds us that a fruit of Rev.
W. Wilks variety, grown in the nursei'ies of
Mr. George Psne, Topsham, Devon, and picked
on September 17, 1914, weighed 34^ ounces.
But we have isince been shown a still larger fruit
liy Mr. G. W. Bacon, The Dmids, Ifield, Sus-
sex. Tliis was oif Pea.sgood's Nonesuch; it
weighed 2 lbs. 4 ozs. , and measured 18 inches
over eye and stalk and 17g inches in cincum-
ference. We ^believe the fruit is to be sliown
on Tuesday next at the R.H.S. meeting.

Black Leo of PoTATO«.-The rlisea.se o^
Potatos known as Blackleg or Black Stem Rot''
is cau-se-d by bacteria. The symptoms appear
in mid-June. The diseased plants are somewhat
stunted and are rendered conspicuous by their
pale green or yellow foliage. The upper leaves
are apt to remain small, stiff and erect, and the
margins of the leaflets are generally rolled in-
wards. The stems of affected plants are very
easily pulled up. and are rotten and inky black
at the base. The bacteria (Bacillus phytoph-
thorus or allied species) attacks the wood, and
the disease may be recognised at an early stage
by cutting across the stem and oibsei-ving three
brown spots — the woody spots of the vascular
tissues — which show by their brownness tha*
tlie disease is present in the plant. The leaves
of affected plants turn brown, and the leaf -stalks
die. If tubers form they will be found to be
infected, and such tubers should on no aocount
be used as seed. The diseased tubers are soft
and discoloured, especially at the heel end; the
flesh is brown and ulimately becomes wet and
i-otten. Tubers slightly .infected at lifting-time
develop the disease in store, and may communi-
cate it to sound neighbouring tubers. The dis-
ease is propagated by the use ot infected seed,
and the risk of this is heightened by the fact
that slightly diseased tubers may a/ppear on the
surface to be quite sound. Experiments made
in America show that diseased tubers may be
disinfected by means of formalin. It is stated
that the soil, once infected, may reinfect
Pot.atos planted the following year.

* See Journ. of Board of AjriatUure, XXIV., No. e,
Sept., 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(Tht Editort do not hold th6mt$lve$ rttpomibU for
th0 o^niont expretsed by correipondenti.)

Robins in Monmouthshire and an albino

Sparrow. — Tile interesting note on the absence
uf small birds in a Surrey garden by A. N., on
p. 143, reminds me of a somewhat similar case
in Monmouthshire. A few weeks ago the local
gardens were remarkably free of most birds.
But there were large numbers of robins seen
(and heard) everywhere. It has been said
that robins suffered more tham most birds fiom
the severity of last winter. Then what can be
the explanation ? They would commence their
warbling in the morning whilst we were still
in bed, and would continue it all day ; in the
smallest cottage garden three or four could be
lieard at the same time. To find some of the
ether birds I turned to the fields where harvest
operations were in progress, and there many
could be seen in flocks, such as starlings, chaf-
finches, sparrows, and about any Thistle ground
where seed was ripening, numerous goldfinches
would rise up as one approached them. So other
birds had left the gardens almost entirely to the
robins, and, according to custom, had become
gleaners on the farms. The tiny village, situated
about seven miles north of Abergavenny, under
the shadows of the Skirrid, Sugarloaf. and Black
Mountains, is extremely isolated, and the few
houses are gathered round an exceedingly old
church and yard, that at night serves as a play-
ground for the numerous and particularly noisy
owls. -In the evening, almost before the robins
had ceased their fussy, though low-pitched
warbling, the owls would fly around the church
making the night audible with their weii'd cries.
Since returning home I find that in our London
tarden two robins are daily visitors, also a
light dove-coloured cock span-ow. I suppose it
may be regarded as an albino, but it is curious
that the only really white feathera are about
the head, where the normal male spai'row is
coloured darker than elsewhere. If. 11. I'.

Plants for Carpeting Brick Rubble.—
Pea-mit me to supplement the advice given to
.iiiiateur on p. 164. The best Sedums for the pur-
pose— and there are no better plantis if a ciose
carpet is required — are S. acfe, S aaigiicum
album, aaid S. lydium. For unifoiim distaibu
tion and tine effective cai-petiiig of the whole
I know of no method to equal the following :
Take a number of plantis of either of tlie species
namtd, cai'elfuUy strip the fleshy leaves from
their stems, and, after mixing thelm with sioU.
sow the mix<fure thiinly broadcast over the area
to be clothed. Should the interstdces between
the rubble particles be large or rather deep a
first sflwing of soil alone should be given, which.
:while raising the level and preventing loss of
mat prial, will also provide (rround for the voung
plants to root into. The Sedums named, lik-i
other members of the Crassulaceae, reproduce
thtlmselves from the bases of their leaves when
th';se aire .detiaehed intact from the stem ; hence,
the result of am hom- or two of careful work
•nay be expected to give rise to large num-
bers of plants. On occafion T have lightlv
rubbed the Sedums through a sieve, though I
■find stripping by hand a more satiisf^actory
method. In the loaise of the Aubl-letia, seeds
mixed with soil would icontiititute the better way,
unleeis, indeed, the work hadi been antioipated.
cind ouantities of outtiings ba.d been rooted for
the purpose. E. H. JenJcins.

M*RROw Kale (see p. 171). — In reply to the
inquiry by .V. in your last issue, the outer cover-
ing of the fleshy oa.rt of the stems should b(>
removed and the inner, marrowy part cooked
in the same way as Kohl Rabi or Turnips of any
kind. This Kale and the new Superlative and
Magnificent Swedes are valuable additions to the
list of winter vegetables. G. P. M.

Early Potatos— In reply to T. (p. 172), I
find the best early Potato for growing in pots,
frames, and open boirder.i. is Star of Reading.
The stems are dwarf, and the variety gives a
large crop on a small space. I consider it
superior to Duke of York. F. J. F., Boi/nir.
]/)nrolvshire.

Apples and Pears Grown 'n 1779.-Iftm
afraid that to quote, as I suggested in the Gar-

dciiers' Ghruiiide of October 20, all the varieties
of fruit menitioned in James Clai'ke's " C'ata-
logue " of 1779, would take up moire room than
the Editors woul 1 care to allow. Perhaps, how-
ever, space caai be found for the different varie-
ties of Apples and Pears. I give the names
verb, et lit. Apples : Jiuiiting, Margaret, Red-
streak, Codlin, Summed' Scarlet Pearm'ain,
Goldten Pippin, Kentish Pippin, Nojiesuch, xiol-
lajid Pippin, Nonpareil, Royal Russet, Wheeler's
Ru.sset, Golden Russet, Ribston Pippin, Cat's
Head, Golden Rennet, French Pippin, Winter
Pennain, Loan's Pearmain, Scarlet Pearmain,
Lemon Pippin, Winiter Greening, Aromatic Rus-
set, Queening, Yorkshire Greening, Kitchen Ren-
net, Praise Worthy, "with many other sorts."
Pears : Little Muscat, Green Chissel, Catherine,
Jarjonell, Chisse Madam, Windsor, Grosse
Blanquette, Buree le Roy, Winter on- Gray
Buree, Autumn Muscat, Orange Bergamot,
Harnden's Bergamot, Autumn Bergamot, Russo-
let, Boncretien, Cresan, St. Germain, Swan's
Egg, Chaumontelle, Vergoleuse, Black Wor-
cester, Pai'kinson's Warden, Cadillac — the last
three were baking Pears. I wonder how many
of these varieties are still in cultivation? IK.
Roberts, 18, King's A reniie, Clofham Park,
London.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Seientiflc Committee.

October 23. — Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles,
M A. (in the chair), Dr. W. Bateson, Messrs.
E. J. Allard, W. Hales, R. Hooper Pearson, J.
J^'rcser, E. M. Holmes, and F. J. Chittenden
(hon. sec).

Fruit of Tr achy car I) lis exoclsus. — Mr. J.
Frafier showed the immature fruits of this Palm
from a tree in the Qpen at Holland House, and
i-emarked upon the distnibution of male, female
and henmaplirodite flowers, the fruits having
developed from the last form of flower. JMr.
Bowies said he usually found the last flowers to
open were female, as they are in Begonia and
Aegle sepiaria.

\'arioii.< pla-nts. — Mr. Bo^vJes showedi the fruit
f.f Lonicera Hildebrandtii from a cold green
house at Earlham — a very large fruit for a mem-
ber of this genus, measuring over an' inch in
diameter ; R-hcdostachys argentina, with stalked
heads of flowers; Akebia lobata fruit, from Mr.
Howard Baiter's garden neai- Bristol ; fruit of
Actinidia chinesis, from Mr. P. W. Williams'
garden at Lanarth, Cornwall ; fruits of the deep-
flowered foi-m of Cydonia Maulei, to draw at-
tention' to their strong and pleasant perfume ;
fi-uits of Arimi italicum, with the foliage, a.p-
pearing this year unusu.aJly early ; Arum hygro-
philum, from the Holy Land ; and that of a
robust form of Aiiim Dracunculus, all from
Myddleton House Gardens, whence also came ripe
fruits of the double red Peach, which has from
2 to 4 ovaries, and which bears twin fruits, of
the pui-ple-leaved Peach, of the variegated form
of Cornus Mas, and of the yellow-fruited Yew.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

October 4. — Committee present: The Rev. J.
Ci-ombleholme (in the chair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, J. Cypher,
A. G. Ellwood, J. Evans, P. Foster, A. R.
Handlev, J. Howes, A. Keeling, D. McLeod, J.
McXab, W. Shackleton, H. Thorpe, and H.
Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS.

First-class Certificates.

Laelio-Cattleya Queen Marie a.Mandensis
{L.-C. Walter Gott x C. aurea). and Cattlet/a
Vi.nus var. Colossus, both from R. Ashworth.
Esq.

Cattleya Princess Eoyal var. Fire King (C.
Fiihia X C. Hnrrlyarta), from W. R. Lee, Esq.

C. Harold var. Drapeau Blanc (Gaskelliann
nlha X Frciu Melaine Beyrodt). from Mrs. S.
Gratkix.

Awards of Merit.

Brasso-Cattleya Soprano (B.-C. Mrs. Leeman
X C. iridescens). and Cypripedium Atherton

November 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

188

Walker (aureum Surprise X Gaston Bulled),
from Mrs. Gratrix.

Cattleya fulvu atirca (Golden Uriel x fuive-
sccns), and C. Astrom alportensis (Harrisoniae
alba X C. Dusieldorfei Undine), from S.
Uratrix, Esq.

C. Fahiatu {Fahia x Portia), and 0. Fahiuta
var. Champion, from J. J. Bolton, Esq

C. Sybil magnifica, from R. Ashworth,
Esq.

Laelio-Vattleya Adrienne [L.-C. Juno X L.-C.
St. Gothard), from Dr. Craven Moore.

Awards of Appreciation.
tjdontoglossum eximium album (1st Class),
and 0. amabile ashlandensis (2nd Class),
from E. Ashworth, Esq.

October 18. — Committee present: The Rev.
J. Crombleholme (in the cbaiir), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, J. Cypher,
A. G. Elhvood, A. Ha.nimjer, F. Houghton, J.
Howes, A. Keeling, D. McLeod, J. M<?Nab. H.
Thorp, and H. Arthur (secretaryV

C. Hardyana Sobicma, and C. A'oida var.
superba, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

Laelio Cattleya Uuninusa The Knowle var-
(L. tenebrosa Walton Grange var. x C. aurea),
aJod L.'C. Clive var. Golden Beauty (L.
procstans x C. aurea), from John Hartley,
Esq.

Cattleya Hardyana Houghton's var., from F.
Houghton, Esq.

Cypripedium Muriel atnethystinum, ixom
R. W. RicKARDS, Esq.

Brasso-Cattleya Lisette (B.-C. Mariae X C.
aurea), from Messrs. J. & A. McBe.\n.

Cultural Certificates.

To Mr. S. Findlow, for a specimen of
Odiontoglossum grande, having more thaai 70
flowers (a Silver Jledal also being awarded),
and Cypripedium Charlesworthii Merle Dene
var.

To Mr. C. Branch, for Odontoglossum Queen
Maatkha.

Groups.

The following Medals were awaj-ded to col-
lections : Onld Medal to W. R. Lee, Esq, Hey-

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Varieties of Wheat.

The selection of seed Wheat is an important
factor. A change of 6eed from one class of soil
to another will generally produce a larger yield
than wui s>cBa i.oui \>aeao grown on tne same
soil. Some types of Wheat which are successful
in certain districts are failures in another. There-
fore, the beginner would do well to ascertain the
result of certain varieties in his locality, and act
accordingly.

Clean seed Wheat is one of the most important
of details. Some persons are content to sow
any cneap W heal uo cunUiig uirect from tlie
Ihieshing machine rather than pay more for a
clean sample. The cheaply purchased seed too
uflen contains seeds of weeds, and Docks in par-
ticular, which produce an after effect on the land
not thought of at the time of sowing.

I do not propose in the present article to name
nearly all the varieties of Wheat grown, but
rather select a few suitable sorts for various pur-
poses. Seedsmen publish in their catalogues en-

AWARDS.

FlHST-CLASS CeBTIFICATES.

Cattleya Thora var. Leeana (C. Mrs. Pitt x
C. /impress Frederick), C. Fabia var. Prince
oi Wall's, and Odontiiglossum Queen Maatkha,
from W. R. Lee, Pisq.

Laelio-Catlleya Briltmnia var. Hermione (C.
i/igas F. M. Beyrodt X L.-O. Canhamiana],
L.-C. Mila (L. Fabia x L.-C. Golden Oriole),
Callltyii Ivtrnia {Mos.'dae Wnr/neri x inter-
texta alba), from S. Gratbix, Esq.

Cattleya pumiln idhn, and C. Venus var.
Cyclops, from R. Ashworth, Esq.

Cypripedium Charlesworthii Merle Dene var.,
and Cattleya Marmion {Uaroldiana X Empress
Frederick), from A. J. Oakshott, Esq.

Cattleya Dionysius var. superba {Fabia X
>ii(l'is), and LaeJio-Catlliya Maronii rnr. Driad-
nought, from P. Smith, Esq.

tldonlioda Jnnn var. Crnmore, from Dr.
Craven Moore.

Awards of Merit.
Cattteya Sybil aurea, and C. Bowringiano
mtignifica, from J. J. Bolton, Esq.

(U.ll.S. AwJ-rJ ...f Merit, October 27, 1917. See p. 17J.)

wood (gr. Mr. C. Branch). Large Silver Medal
to R. Ashworth, Esq., Newchurch (gr. Mr.
Davenport). Silver Medals to J. J. Bolton,
Esq., Pendleton (gr. Mir. J. Law) ; A. J. Oak-
shott, Esq., Bidston (gr. Mr. Findlow) ; Messrs.
Cypher and Sons, Cheltenham ; and Messrs.
Sander and Sons, St. Albans.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL OF ABERDEEN

The annual meeting of the members of this
Society was hold in the Music Hall Buildings,
Aberdeen, on the 27th ult. Councillor Simpson
presided. The balance-sheet showed that the in-
come for the year amounted to £17 7s., and the
expenditure had been £13 3s. S^d. The surplus,
when added to the balance of last year's ac-
counts, made a sum of £119 2s. 7id. to be carried
forward. Regret was expressed that no show
haf' been held this year. Office-bearers were
elected as follows : Chairman. Colcmel Gill of
. Dalhebity ; vice-chairman, Councillor Simpson ;
auditors," Messrs. W. Reid and W. W.ylie ; secre-
tary and treasurer, Mr. J. B. Rennet. All the
other office-bearers were re-elected.

gravings of certain varieties, which are a guide
to the inexperienced as to which sorts to gro\y.
One of the most complete lista that I know is
that publislied by Messrs. Dunn, of Bournemouth,
who show photographs of some eighteen varieties
and give many interesting notes about each.

Red Standard meets the general requirements
of a good miller's Wheat, with stiff, good straw,
not so liable to bo laid by wind and rain as some
varieties. The colour of the grain is red, especi-
ally "strong" in well-grown samples, and thus
is highly appreciated by millers. The variety
was introduced by Messrs. E. Webb and
Sons, and will succeed on almost any soil.
Square Head Masters is another popular
Wheat for any soil, supposed to have been
a cross of Scholey's Square Head and
Golden Drop, selected by Mr. Teverson ; thus
it gets the name of " Teversoh's Square Head."
Browick, a white chaff red Wheat, of strong
growth, originated and introduced by Messrs.
Gaitons; this is an exceptionally good heavy
yielding milling Wheat, which does well on most
soils, but especially so on rich land. I shall
ni^ver forget the sight of 12 acres of this Wheat
in Sejitember last, on a farm which I inspected
near the sea in this countv.

184

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

Little Joss is a cross between Square Head
Masters and Indian Ghurka, introduced by Pro-
fessor Biften, who has done much to improve the
breed of Wheats. This Wheat yields heavy crops
of great strength of grain, and thus it is a most
desirable variety to grovr. Essex Conqueror, in-
troduced by Messrs. J. K. King and Sons, is a
popular red Wheat, yielding heavily from all
soils. Universal is Messrs. E. Webb and Sons'
latest introduction, which I grew this year, and
from which X had llj sacks per acre, which, in
iu unfavourable season like that of 191/, must
be considered e.xceptionally srood.

Yeoman is the latest of Professor Bifien's
Wheats raised on the Mendelian system ; it is
said to be an exceptionally heavy yielder of red
grain, and suitable for all soils.

Before the advent of roller mills white Wheats
were popular in some districts, but owing to
their not being generally so " strong " in the
grain which i-oller milling requires more than
other systems, they lost much of their value. A
fault, too, in some varieties is that they have
the habit of "sprouting" in the ear if there
is much wet weather during the harvest, espe-
cially if the fields are " shut in " by woods, trees
and high hedges.

Some of the newer varieties, 1 hear, are less
liable to tliis defect, notably Benefactor (Messrs.
Garten's), owing to the horn formation of the
grain covering. This is a strong-growing variety,
yielding heavy crops, and is very popular. Victor
is another of Messrs. Garten's introductions;
gives heavy crops, while early cutting is said to
be a deterrent against sprouting.

Ambrose Standup, introduced by Mr. Cole
Ambrose, is a popular Wheat for sowing m
January no less than in autumn. Carter's
Standup yields heavily. I had 15 sacks per acre
some few years ago. Burgoyne Fife produces
especially "strong" grain, and can be sown
quite late in the spring, perhaps with better re-
sults than when sown in the autumn, a.
Molyneux.

EDUCATIONAL FARMING.
The development that is now taking place in
farming, and the changes in objects and methods
that the present food situation is forcing upon
the agriculturist, furnish good reasons for pro-
viding farm in.stitutions and schools where
young folks may obtain both practical and scien-
tific education.

The ambitions of the Food Production Depart-
ment in regard to tlie increase of acreage for
grain and root crops will render necessary much
Mvm: labour than was foraierly employed. This
labour will be paid higher wages than farm
workers in these islands have enjoyed, and
farmers will naturally expect in return better
service than they have obtained heretofore. The
sort of institution we have in our mind is that of
a model farm, where mixed farming and dairying
are carried out, and means provided for instruct-
ing students in the principles which govern the
growth of plants, diseases, insects that affect
their well-being, the value of deep cultivation,
of irrigation, drainage, manui-ing, the compara-
tive values of different manures and soils, also'
similar teaching in the management of cattle,
sheep, pigs, and poultry, the making of butter
and cheese, and last, but not of least importance,
the buying and selling of live stock and crops.

A few weeks ago we inspected an institution
farm at Usk, in Monmouthshire, that it is hoped
will supply some at least of these reauirements.
The farm comprises 260 acres, of which 140 acres
iire pasture, 80 acres arable, and the remaining
piu-tion woods and coppices. It was founded in
1915, under the provision of the Monmouthshire
intermediate and technical education scheme, and
is maintained from a legacy known as the Wil-
liam Jones' Foundation. The chairman of the
Governors is Sir Henry Mather Jackson, Bart.,
..lie of the best known men in the county, and the
in-iricipal manager is Mr. J. C. Newsham, \yho
for some years successfully managed a similar
institution in Hampshire.

Like most other institutions, this scheme of
tlic Board of Education has 'suffered greatly
from the war, as labour is scarce, and students
of more than seventeen years cannot now be
expected.

Accordingly, whilst the farm itself has been
improved in many ways, and animal stocks have

been acquired that will be most suitable for the
purpose the farm is to serve, other matters, in-
cluding the building of a residential institu-
tion, have to be postponed indefinitely. For
the present students occupy a ixjomy build-
ing with a fuie lawn, which is bounded
by the river Usk. Farm buildings have been
erected which provide the best accommodation
possible for stall-fed cattle, dairy cows, and
pigs. The farm has a pecuUar interest to
gardeners because it is specially designed
for the benefit of those who desire to unite
with their farming more or less of gardening ;
hence its name, "Agricultural and Horticultural
Institution." Ten acres have been laid out to
furnish examples of vegetable cropping for the
purpose of serving the market, also flower and
fi'uit growing. In this garden manurial experi-
ments, rotation cropping, and other details of
cultivation, together with comparative trials of
the different varieties, are carried out. The soil
is of the very best, as numerous young Apple
trees prove by their wonderful crops of fruits,
remarkable for their size, form, and colour.
When times and things again become normal this
farm should prove of very great value locally,
and it may be hoped that similar bnes may be
established in other counties.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

FuMiG.VTiNO A Pl_4NT Stove : Correspondent.
The best results are obtained when the houses
are fumigated at dusk and opened on the fol-
lowing morning. The measurements of the
house should be very carefully made and the
exact amount of each ingredient should be
used. The cyanide should be dropped into the
acfd direct lay means of a suitable apparatus,
and in no circumstances should it be enclosed
in paper, which renders the process more than
usually dangerous ; nor, if sulphuric acid be
employed, should it be enclosed in any metallic
covering, which in the process of solution
ndght assist reduction. In large houses
several bowls should be used to ensure
as even distribution as possible. The house
should be tightly closed after the fumiga-
tion, and warning notices against entry
should be placed on the doors. If
sodium cyanide is used, the following propor-
tions wil'l be found satisfactory :— For green
aphis : Sodium cyanide, 4 oz. ; phosphoric acid,
i oz. ; water, ^ oz. for each 1,000 cubic feet.
This will not scorch any plant. One appli-
cation is sufficient. For black or white aphis,
thrips and scale : Sodium cyanide, i oz. ; phos-
phoric acid, i oz. ; water, 1 oz. for each 1.000
cubic feet. This will not scorch mature plants.
One application is sufficient. For mealy
bug and red spider in house of mixed plants :
Sodium cyanide, 1 oz. ; phosphoric acid, 1 oz. ;
water, 4 oz. for each 1,000 cubic feet. Some
few young shoots may be affected at this
strength, but to a very slight extent only. The
following plants are the most susceptible to
injury by the gas : — Adiantum cuneatum, -As-
paragus plumosus. Asparagus Sprengeri, Be-
gonia Gloire de Lorraine, Browallia, _ Coleiis
thyrsoideus. Cyclamens in flower, Heliotrope,
Mimosa pudica, Mackaya bella. Marguerites,
Salvia Bethellii, Tacsonia, Coelogyne cristata,
and Odontoglossums.
Gr.APES Shrivelling : H. G. See reply to G.
Gray in the last issue, p. 174, also Mr.
Hudson's remarks on the subject in " Fruits
Under Glass," p. 169.
Names of Fruits.— /« the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as jar as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents shovld observe the rule that NOT more
THAN SIX VARIETIES he sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; il two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes: cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf ot shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
alt cases it is necessary to know the district frorn
which the fruits are sent- By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return

fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent m the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.
II. G. Winter Hawthornden. — M. S. P.
1, Madame Treyve ; 2 and 3, Marie Louise; 4,
Beurre Diel ; 5, not recognised ; 6, Huyshe's
Prince Consort; 7, Vicar of Winkfield. — J. ^.
1, White Nonpareil; 3, Orange Pippin; 4,
Roundway's Magnum Bonum ; 6, Cornish
Aromatic; 7, Sam Young; 8, Lord Derby.
— J. C. 1, Beurre Capiaumont; 2, send fresh
specimens later; 3, Beurr6 Clairgeau. — E.F.
1, Mother; 2, D'Arcy Spice; 3, Cornish Aro-
matic; 4, Braddick's Nonpareil; 5, Cox's
Orange Pippin ; 6, White Nonpareil ; 7, Green
Blenheim. — G. B. Pear, Marie Louise ; Apple,
Winter Quarrenden.— i3r. F. P. 1, Calville
St. Sauveur; 2, Early Nonpariel. — /''. V. H.
1, Mere de Menage ; 2, Stirling Castle ; 3,
Bramley's Seedling; 4, Lady Henniker ; 5,
Lady Lennox; 6, Ben's Red.— P. B. 1, Cel-
lini; 2, Beauty of Kent, Wyken Pippin. —
/. H. B. 1, Lady Lennox, 2, Beurre Superfin ;
3, Beauty of Kent; 4,5, 6, Dumelow's Seedling
(syn. Wellington).— H. C. 1, Decayed ; 2, Marie
Benoist ; 3, "Marie Louise ; 4, Glou Morceau ;
5, decayed ; 6, Madame Treyve. — J . G. D.
1, Emperor Alexander; 2, Mank's Codlin; 3,
Northern Greening ; 4, Beurre Ranee.—
H. S. K. 1, Worcester Pearmain ; 2, Smn-
mer Strawberry ; 3, Nonesuch ; 4, Golden
Knob; 5, Hambledon Deux Ans; 6, F'earn's
Pippin.— y. C. 1, Sandriugham; 2, Melon
Apple ; 3, Hanwell Souring ; 4, Stirling Castle ;
5, Jolly Beggar; 6, Annie Elizabeth. — J. li. B.
Pear, Pitmaston Duchess.
Names op Plants.— Correspondents not answered in
this issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
E. S., Reigate. Ginkgo biloba, a member of
the Coniferae, and not a Tree Fern.
Pe.\r with Spots : J. 11. B. The fruits are
attacked by scab disease, caused by the fungus
Venturia pirina. Spray the trees with Bor-
deaux mixture at half the usual strength, when
the buds are beginning to open, repeating the
operation when the petals are faUing from
the flowers, and again when the young fruits
have attained the size of Peas.
Potato : A. H. E. Potatos cannot often be
named from single tubers. It is necessary to
know the liabit of growth, colour of flower,
seaiwii of ripening, and other details which only
the grower can determine.
Removal Expenses : R. H. In accepting the
sum of £10 towards the expenses of removal
you agreed to stay with your employer if
things were satisfactory. Now, at the end of
two months, you wish to leave him, and the
employer expects you to forfeit the ten pounds
he advanced to you. So far as the legal point
of view is concerned, we imagine you would
have to be in a position to prove that things
were not reasonably satisfactory and that m
consequence your promise to stay in the ser-
vice is no longer binding. Whether you are in
such a position we are not able to judge. It
may be assumed, however, that in private ser-
vice the employer would be given the last
judgment on whether certain operations m the
(lardeu were necessary or not, although his
decisions were not what most people would
consider appropriate to present circumstances.
Tally of Cabbages : Smith. A tally of Cab-
bages is sixty heads.
Weed on a Lawn : A. T. H. The Creeping
Buttercup, Eanuncuilus repens, is one of th«
mo^t difficult weeds to eradicate. It increases
by runners, forming offsets, and hafi a very
vigorous root-system, making it a daflicult
matter to desti-oy the plant by hand-waeding.
The application of a mtrogeiuous mamure in
the spring, such as sulphate of amiruomia,
■wouHd cause the grass to grow luxuriantly at
the expense of the weed. Aftenwards rigorous
hand-weeding, marking out the lawn m
squares, and weeding each sr|uar© sepamtely,
should effect a cleai-auce of the pest.

Communications Beceived-— -J F.--a O.-B w.
- W H .7 — Ml-s W -^T. W. F.— H. G.— J. T.— M S. A.
— I! ■ H K--A S.— C. T.— G. B.-.T. L. B.-A. T. M.-
C T —LOR— .1. D.— W. B.— Dr. ,T. B. F.— Miss M.
_F ■ D.— C.' h'. C.-S. A.-Sir H. M.— G. S.-D. S.-
H. 13.- T. B.— P. A. P.— E. M.

XOVEMBER 3, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

AS JL R K £: T S.

COVEN T GARDEN, October SI.

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

Plants In Pots

&e. : Average Wholesale Priees.

s. d. 3. d.

. d. 8. d.

Aralia Sieboldii,

Ferns, in thumbs.

per doz.

5 0-60

per 100

12 0-15 0

Asparagus plumo-

— per 100, in smal

sus, per doz. ...

10 0-12 0

and large 60's

24 0-80 0

— Sprengeri
Aspidistra, green,

8 0-10 0

— in 48's, per d..z.

7 0- 8 U

per doz.

30 0-36 0

— in 32 s, per doz.

Cacti, various, per

— choicer sorts,

tray of 15 s ...

4 0 —

48"s, per doz ..

10 0-12 0

— per tray of ItJB
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 5, per

5 0 —

Geonoma gracilis,
60's, per doz ..

6 0-80

doz

8 0-24 0

larger, each ...

2 6-70

— coloured, 4S's,

Kentia Belmoreana

per doz.

8 0-12 0

per doz.

15 0-18 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

larger

30 0-60 0

48 s, per doz....

18 0-30 0

— Forsteriana,60's

8 -10 0

— 60's, per doz. ...
Erica nivalis, Wa,
per doz

8 0-80

Lilimn longlflorum,
per doz.

30 0-36 0

— 48's

12 0-15 0

— lancifolium ru-

— gracilis 48s ...

10 0-15 0

brum

24 0-30 0

5-2'8

3 6-40

album

24 0-30 0

Cut Flowers,

tee. : Aver

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

Liliums, con.—

s.d. s.d.

Arums—

rubrum, per

— (Kichardias),

doz. long

3 0-36

per doz. Ijl'ms.

5 0-60

short, per

Camellias, white.

doz blooms ...

2 0-3 0

per. doz.

3 0-36

Lily-ol-thc-Valley,

Carnations, perdoz.

per doz. bun ...

30 0-42 0

— blooms, best

Orchids, per doz:—

American var.

2 6-36

— Cattleya

16 0-18 0

Chrysanthemums —

— Cypripediums

2 6-30

— white, per doz.

— Odontoglossum

blooms

3 0-60

crispum

2 6-30

— bronze

2 0-40

Pelargoniums, dou-

— yellow

3 0-50

ble scarlet, per

— coloured, per

doz. bunches...

6 0-10 0

doz bunches ...

12 0-18 0

Roses : per doz.

— white

13 0-24 0

blooms, Frau

— single, dis-

Karl Druscbki

2 0-26

budded, per

— Liberty

2 0-36

<loz. blooms ...

3 0-50

- Melody

20-36

— -- sprays, per

— Mme, A. Chat-

doz bunches..

5 0-21 0

enay

20- s e

Gardenias, per box

30-4 6

- Ophelia

2 6-40

Heather. white,

— White Molly

perdoz. bun....

6 0-90

Sharman Craw-

Lapageria alba, per

ford

2 0-30

doz. blooms ...

2 6-30

Tuberoses, per gross

Lllium longlllorum,

blooms

10 0-12 0

loBg

4 0-40

Violet8,perdoz.bun.

4 0-80

— 1 ancifol ium

— Double, per.

aloum, long ...

3 0-36

doz. i.un.

4 0-60

Cut Foliage, &c. : Aver

age Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

s.d. s.d.

Adiautfim (Maiden-

Asparagus con. —

hair Fern) best,

— Sprengeri

8 0-10 0

perdoz. bun...

6 0-70

Carnation foliage,

Asparagus plu-

d( z. bunches...

4 0-50

niosus, long

Cycas leaves, per

trails, per half-

doz

3 0-00

dozen

2 0-30

Moss, gross bun...

6 0-60

— — medium,

Smilax, per bun.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

of 6 trails ...

16-20

KF.M.iRK8. — Ohxj'.SLin'thi-nniHiiii ivr^ -.irnving iyi l;irgieir
<ju;ui titles, iiirludiug' a gxxxJ BcJerti'i-ii of large and
mwljuni blrMiiitft, and a few boxtw i>f exlubitiKrii l>I'"onis.
rri<'ea range from 2s. t^ 24s. ]>er dozen bloonits Thei«
ia aitso a jrood supply of best qualitr bunch Clirysanth*.
niuius: 8piu>-a of wliito varieties are firm in price, but
coloured sorts are ohoai>er. Single Ohirysaiithemums
are ttej^niun^ to make fcheir ttppearajice. Some fine dis-
budded blooms of white, pmk, and bronae varietie.s are
offered, and sprays of aijigle vnrictiiea of good quality
are corrtmenciTig to orrivc. Liliuma are ag-ain dearer,
oikI Rows* are gradually becominjj ecaiTce, whilst Oar.
iwtions are nwne too plentiful. OtJier eliaioe flowers are
ecarce, with tfee exoeption of OameUias. Tubero-ea
realise high prices. Vio!ct« also an,' inHiifflcK-riT m
numttcrs for the demand.

Vegetables: Average Wholesale Prices.

Henna:-
— Kreneh(Chai»nel

Islandn), per lb,
beetroot, per bus.
Brussels Sprouts,

per J bus.
Cabbage, per tally
Carrots, new, per

(b)z. I)unche8 ...
Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celery, per bundle
Cucumbers, perdoz.
Garlic, per lb.
Greens, per bag ...
Herbs, perdoz bun.
Horseradish, per

bunch

Leeks, per doz. bun.
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cob, perdoz.

B.d.

8 (L s.d.

Mustard and Cress,
I perdoz. pimnets 0 10 l 0
18-20 Onions, per cwt. . 18 0-20 o

— spring, per doz.
bun. ... 6 0- S 0

Parsnips, per bag .. 6 0- b 0
Kafllshes, per di/z.

bunches ... 16-20

MavovH, per tally... r. 6- 7 6
Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 6 0~ 9 0

Hpinach, per bushel 1 e- 2 6
'hirnijis. per bag ... 5 6-66

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 3 0-40

Turnip tops, per

bus 16-20

Vegetable Marrows,

per doz. ... 2 0 —
0 4-10 Wate i cress, per doz. 04-0

3 6-60

4 0- ,

0 8- 0 B

2 0-30
4 0- S 0

3 0-60
3 0-40

s.d. s.d.
Almonds, per cwt.lOO 0 —
Apples :-
t — cooking, perbus. 6 0- S 6

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per i bus 5 0-10 6

Aubergines, per doz. 3 0-36
Corncobs, per doz. 2 0-26
Damsons, per J bus. 3 6- -1 0
Figs (Italian) per

box 0 8-20

— Worthing, per
doz 10-20

Grapes, Alicaute,

per lb 0 10- 1 9

— Almerias, per
barrel (3^ doz.
lbs.) 30 0-40 0

— t'auou Hall, per
lb 2 0-50

— Gros. Colman,
per lb. ... 10-20

Remarks. — Apples are fairly plentiiul and
there being no imported fruits. The market

s.d. s.d.
Grapes, con. —

— Muscats, per lb. 16-30
Lemons, per case... 55 0-60 0
Melons. Eiiglish and

Guernsey, each 3 0-40

Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 0-26

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...120 0-130 0

— cobs, per lb.... 1 C- 1 1

— Coconuts, per
100 36 0-40 0

Pears, per^ bus.... 5 0-10 0
Prunes, per J bus. 4 6-50
Quinces, per * bus. 2 6-40
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs.

peck ...
Walnuts, English,

per lb. ,

demaiKl,
ailso well

6 0-70
0 10- 1 6

supplied with Pears, and especially truits of Doyenne
du Cornice. Quinces are n uin eroi^, and good Med b rs
are offered for sale. Grapes are plentiful and reasonable
in price. A i&\\ prime Plums are still available. A con-
signmemt of Italian Figs has ajxived. Nuts of all kinds
are firmer in prices, A few good Tomatos may still he
had. Of Cucuxnbere there is a Sorter supply. Forced
Beans and new Potatos are being' sent by growers, and
Mii^Tooms are comimencing to arrive from the Wortlli-
ing district. All ordiiiar\' kimls of vege«iibles are plentiful.
E. H. R., Vovent Garden Market, October 5i, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Jas. T- Irvin, previously Foreman for 2 yeiiJs
nt Lwlang^e G;u-defnt;, Wantage, Ewk-^Jiii-e, and re-
cently at Sherborne Ca?tl© Gardens, Sherb^^riie, Dorset,
us Gar<lener to I/.«f<I Mahcus Beresford, Sunniaig
Hill park. Ascot, Bf-rUsliire. f'^'l^-T^'k*' *w ct»ntributiion
to R.G.O.F. box. -Eds. 1

Mr. B. R Kent, for 23 jtears Giwidener to Lord MoN-
TAGT OP Beauliku, Polacc House, Beaulieu, ae Gar-
dener to Colonel Courage, Suttoii Manoi*. Suttcai
Scotney, near Winchester.

Mr. A. ITe^trman, as Gardener to De Quincey, E^'j.,
Saracens, Woking, Surre>".

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

'ertiBementa intended for insertion in the nex
sue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY. 5 p.m.

Ordinary Positions por page 10 10

Facing matter and Uacic Page ... „ ,, 12 12

llftif and quarter pages, column an<l lialf ct)!!!!!)!!
spaces, pro rata.

.C 8.

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Per inch, single column 7

Per inch, across 2 columns 1 4

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Front page (no display allowed) 1/. per line space
[Headline counted as two lines.]

For dlscoants apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. (or every additional S wolds
or fewer.

These AdTcrtliementi muil be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY
TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT. ,

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

The Uhited Kingdom 19/6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- „ „

Cktques ami P.O.s to be made payable to "Gardeners'
Chronicle," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

CO VENT GARDEN. LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Oardohkon, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1648 Qerrard.

SITUATIONS WANTED-(Continued from page lit.)
(^.j'ABDENER (Single-handed), with cot-

^-^ tage ; esperieuced ia Fruit, Vegetabi'ts, Herbac-euus
Borders; age 47; active amd wuHling ; 7^ vecn-®' good
eh.;iKicter ; one in fiimily. — W. STUBGBS. '9, Prospect
Place, Milton Road, Hori^ijii.

GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
JL'VSAGEJLE:^!', G-imeirs. Kanu. i . , >,u.A I lit..',

Profitable Food ProductKoi, Fniit < I' nivt-

Gardening, Forage Croips, Cattie, ;%liti'it, r 4- v units.
— B., Box 15. 41, Wellington, Stree'. ( ^,i: i:.i.k-n,
W.O. 2.

(^ARDENER seeks Situation; Inside pre-

^-^ ferred ; e.xpei-ienced Inside and Out ; disciharge<l
from Armv ; good ref. — F. ST-\MP, Cliapmanislade, West-
bury, Wilts.

/?}.ARDENEf{. seeks Situation as good

^-^ Secoojd ; all-round experienx^e ; age 30 ; final dis-
charge ti-om Army ; life experience in all branches ;
good refererwes from previous employers ; married (.one
cJiild, 4 months).— Apply, W. COOK, Down Road, Mer-
row, near Guildford, Surrey.

("kLD Public School Man and his Wife

^-^ seek a position of trust ; thorough knowledge of
pe.ligree stock, farming, and Gaixiening ; wife eJtcellont
housekeeper ; highest references. — ROPER, 55, Hani
Road, Worthing.

T ADY GARDENER seeks Post in Somer-

-*-■ set; college trained and expea-ienced ; Vegetables,
Fruit, Glass; noa-i-esideaiT. — H. M., Box 7. 41, Wellington
Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

LADY GARDENER seeks Post under
Head Gardener; 12 niomtJis' training; 18 montlls'
experience Inside and tint; lliuupbliu'O preferred. —
FRANCIS. Oaibul, Brook Poad, Bitterne, Southampton.

TRADE.

IVT ANAGER, Nursery ; life experience with

■LTX lija,ixly stuff, where ta-viits, Roi^s, geneiaJ stocKs
are grown in qu^ntilies; could etvart or take full olujge
of Fruit farms. — " AGRI. ' Box 12, 41. Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

PLORIST, as MANAGERESS or FIRST

-*- U.VMl in liigh-i.iljass buainess ; e.xceptiontU relci-
eiices.— C. M., Box B, 41. Wellington Street, Oovent Gai-
(Icn, W.U. 2.

lyfANAGER or FOREMAN; Hfe experi-

■^'-*- ence in tire trade ; controLliing kribour and suppl.v-
ing evervthiaig retinared for up-to-date establis'hment. —
W. A., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Gardeai,
W.C. 2.

lyfANAGER or FOREMAN, American

■^"-'- Tree CarnatJoiis, requires re-engagement ; life ex-
pciience ; 7^ years presoat. alt/uatioai ; good references.—
T. VVHARTOX, Clary CarmiUon Niupseries, Langloy,
Bucks.

TNSIDE FOREMAN; reliable man; 45;

-*■ jnairied : w-t-lil up propagating, all kinds Fern ivii-s-
iny. making up; dis'cngnged. ; ptuto wage's. — "FERNS,"
Ito.\ 24, 41, Wel'Iingt.^i Sti^et, am^n-t Uaivkii, W.C. 2.

A DVERTISER, with English and Ameri-

•^*- can experieint.'e in tree CLu-Uiation-d, or G^nern'l
(.Jrow&r, seeks position; might invest funall capital.— E.,
73, Victoria Koad, Alexandra Park, N,

PLORIST.— YOUNG LADY seeks Re-en-

-*- gagement ; 12 ye-ars* first-oLa^ experience ; age 26 ;
i,aK)d 'vefeirenices and teslimoui'aLs. — G., Kox 20, 41, Wellins-
loii Stj-eet, Oovent Gaixlon, W.C. 2.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Contains S plates in colour. Price IjfO post free

THE PCBLISHER.

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington

Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C. 2.

GARDENING CHARITIES.

GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION.

QEO. J. INGRAM, Sec,

92, Victoria Street, S.W

Telephooe— Virtoria 514.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 3, 1917.

W, RICHARDSON & CO., DARLINGTON

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS
and HEATING ENGINEERS.

PLANS and ESTIMATES prepared free of cost.

REPRESENTATIVES sent to any part of the Kingdom to advise
and take particulars.

LARGE CATALOGUE of photographic views of Horticultural
Buildings free on application.

GARDEN FRAMES. GARDEN SEATS. &c.. supplied from
stock.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

S dcts there

and makes the Garden ,tll}::L
gay all the year round r-^ir^

SoldevrrywtiricinTINSaiea. AlB. , and in BR AN DE Di SEALED
S: ;ib9..3«. ed.. l«lbs.,4B. •<!. .2Slbs.7B.4M. .66lbs..12s. ed. IIZIIk. aoe.
I (rom tbe Works. Carriafc paid in Ibc Ualttd KiDgdom hii Cash wiib Oidri liiccpi Sd. TI.N S).

CLAY. & SON. Manure Mfr^ & Bone Crushers, STRATFORD, LONDON. E.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Horticultural Directory and Year Book, 1918.

This Directory is

NOW BEING THOROUGHLY REVISED

in preparation for the new issue, which will be published early in December.
Revision Forms have been sent to those whose names appear in

ANY LIST

and every page is being corrected to date. Besides this, many new names
are being added. Will those who have not yet sent back their forms kindly
do so AT ONCE, otherwise it will be too late to make any emendations.

This Directory forms a

FIRST-CLASS MEDIUM FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Th

ose w

ho h

ave

not yet booked a page in this widely-read publication should
send at once for a list of prices.

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory, 41, Wellington Street, W.C. 2

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love ajtd Malcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holbom, London. W.C, and Published weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington Street, Covent G^.nden, City of Westminster, Satukdat, Xovenibeo- 3, Agent for Manchester, John Heywood.

No. 1611. Vol. LXIl. {^} SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10. 1917. .{Registered as a Newspaper.! P«'CE 4a.

iUBSCBlPTION— Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 221- per annvm. Entered at fieur York rest Office at seeond-claee matter.
Postal Address— 41, Wellington Street, Covent Qar^en, W.C. a. TeleKraphlc Address — " Qardchron, Rand, London." Telepbone— Qarrard 1943.

For CONTENTS see page 185.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertieers will please note the pages of the
"Gardeners' Chronicle" are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the tame week
MT7ST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

w
w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

BACBOLS PLA.VT8.— N'ew CatalogTie dow readv.

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

BIJLas.— New Oatalc^e now ready.

WATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

' * Catalo^e and Supplementary List of new and
(■ihoioe tnarieitiiee now ready

W ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHKI.'BS — C!iUk.gue tree.
All Off any of tho above Ca^alog-uee forwarded post
free on receipt of name anj addreas.

JOHN WATERER, SOXS & CRISP. LIMITED,
The Xuraerieft, Bagshot, Siirrey, and Twyford, Berks.

TJOSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL

-■•*.' .NUItWIOii HUSKS.— Our new deecriptivc price
liBt, with Hints on How to Gro*' Roeee. now rea<ly,
post free. — Write to.day, A. J. & 0. ALLEN. Eose
Growers, Xorwioh (for over 60 years).

TJUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

•^-^ Our n*>w dtsrriptivc list is now ready, and will
be sent on roi-eapt of oajd.

AI.PINE STRAWBERRIES a Bpeciality,
GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD., Royal Niirseriea,

Maidstone.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

^ • Orf^iihou«es, &c., and Heading Engineers,

Danvere Strce-t, aieleea, London. S.W. 3. ' Wire, 201,
Western, London. Telei>hone : 201, Western.

]Vf Af'KEXZTE AND MOXCUR, Limite.l.
■'•'■'- Hot-houso Builden and Heating Engineers.
London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. By special Appoint-
ment to H.M. the King. London Office. 8, Camd«n
Road. N.W.

B

UNYARD'S FRUIT TREES.—

New Price List n>>w ri:a<ly, and will be eemt free
return of po6t.

GEORGE BU.NYABD & CO.. HTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTONE.

BATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.— New
illustrated catalogue, containing full oultural notes
of the best new sjkI staiularfi varietdes. is now ready,
aiwl will be sent post free on application. — fDept. A).
R. H. BATH, LTD., The FloraH Farms, Wisbeoh.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
■■ Vilrolitp." sijperior to White Lead Paint.
" Pkmtine " supersedes putty. Full particulars from
W. OAiliSON & .SONS, Grove Works. Battersea. Agents
throughout the coiiuti7.

s

UTTON'S BULBS.

F

ORGING TULIPS from Holland.

Single Eaxly, fine bulbs.

RELEASED by Order of the Admiralty
Marshal. Belie Alliance, CShrysolora, CVnUeur de
Cardinal, Duche&s de Parma, Fred Moore, La Reine,
Prince of Austria, Proeerpine, Rose Gris de Lin,
Thomas Moore, Vermilion, Brilliaiit. Ycfilow Prince, an<i
others. Prices on application.

s

UTTON & SONS, the King's Seedsmen,

READING.

rjJISHURST COMPOUND.— Insecticido

^-^ and Ftingricide. — Over 50 ye^trs' reputation ; higtil>-
Commonded, R.H.S. Scientifloally -controlled Trials .nt.
Wialev. 1914-16. Sold bv dealers in Garden Sundries.
Whol^Ie: PRICE'S PATENT CANDLE 00., LTD.,
Eattorsea, London, S.W. 11.

q^'HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE otxu-

■^ pies a position in the world of ii^-rtiruilture which
is abeoliitely unique. Founded in 1841. m the very
dawni v1 scientiflo botanv, it hai* advanced, etep by
step, wjth the gTuduol developmentt of hort.it-uHure 'in
this <'ounLry. 11^ founders were men of higli distinction
Sit Joeeph Paxton, the greatest gsiiixlencr of hi» day ;
Dr. Lindley, the worM-fjnious botsiiiist ; tihe late Sir
Oharlc« Dilke, with his typical Engli^^h love of ^airdens ;
thes^ were ajnong the iittle group of men who launched
the " Gai-d^nent' ChToniclo " on a 1ot\b: a.nd prosperous
voyage. The paj>er has a flnr ond inspiring tradition
to maintain, and lioa presened from the first a projjrea-
sive f;pirit. It won, lonjf .n^o, the confidenic© of ita
refuler-s and that confldenoe it fttiM enjo>s.

ft A N D E R S, Orchid

^ St. Albans.

Growers,

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottenham. N. 15.
Ooti^rvatorien, Winter Gardens, Vineries, PcGcb-houses,
Portable Buildings. &c. Catalogues gratia.

KING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and
OKNA.MENTAI> TKTiJES and SHRUBS, of finest
qiialitv. Catalogues free by post.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
SERIES, LTD., Hereford.

ARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, ^e

nrlicst coloure.l flowers of spring; plant now. De-
nc.riptjve list free.— BARR & SONS, King Street. Covent
Garden. W.C. 2.

KING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-
du<jed tho finest and most remarkable Apples and
Pears on reooixl 60 acres of Choice Fruiits to select
from. Please see our Illustrated Catalogoie. free bv post,
before ordering elsewhere.— KING'S ACRE NURSERIES,
LTD.. Hereford.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
Peas, Roses, Oamations, Seedling and Vegetable
Plnnls, &c., post free.— DOBBIE & CO., Royal Florists,
Edinburgh.

LIGHT, Strong, Wooden FRAMES, suit-
able for Fruit Trays, Plant Shelters, Temporary
Buildings, Sunimerhouses, Garden Trolleys, Hand Bar-
rows Fencing, Trellis, &c. A large quantity for sale
at bargain prices to clear. — Full particulars from
READING WOOD CO., Crane Wharf, Reading.

For Advertisement CharRes fee page v.

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

TT ELWAY & SON,

The Royal Horticulturists.
LANGPORT, SOMERSET,
are now booking orders for their Clioice Hardy Peretmial
Plants. Plant a Colour Border this Autumn, and you
will be able to enjoy its exquisite beauty for many years
without any additional expense or trouble.
Send me-isurements of your Borders.
Paeonies, Delphiniums, Phloies, Qaillandias, and other
beautiful flowers, included in their Colour Schemes, whjoh
provide blooms from earh' Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DEREHAM.— Send for Rose Catalogue, post free.

H

QRCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-

^^ dendroai Peat, free from bracken. 16s. per ,vaiM,
6 to 18 yaird trunks, bags 30s. dozeai; Loam. Leaf Mould,
Silver Sand, in bags and truok loads; bags of O.N.
Fibre. 6 for lOs.. special rates; special TJulb (5Mni>ost. for
bowls, 5s. bng.-^. HANDSOOMBE. The Nurseries. Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

r)RCHIDS.— For Sale, coUection of

^^ Cattleyaa, aypripedinans, Ooelogyne oriststa, Qvili-
bidimn Lowii, and v.irious others; about 600.— GAR-
DKNER, Bridgen Hall, Elnifleld.

"PIAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

-'-^ SU9 for Grass, Shrubberii'S, and Wild Gardeniing,
15s. .-ind 21s. 1.000 ; selected for forcing. 25s. 1,000 ; as
dug. 12s. per bushel (2,000), is. 6d. per peck (600 bulbs).
- ,1. HANDSOOMBE. F.R.H.S., Feltham Nnrserries,
Middlesex.

"WrALLFLOWER, daik and yellow, 3s.

' ' 100 : -Alvssuim saxatalis, 28. dosen ; -iubrietda and
MuilfS, Llo.Tds Edward*' Wallace.!, ,V. I.' <loi!cli ; lieilista
pibosa stricta, new Broom. Catailogue Alpine plants. —
W. H. STANSFIELD, Kew, Southport.

DUTCH BULBS.— MORLE & CO. can
now offer first named Hyacinths, earl*" Tulips,
Sciilla .Hiljdrdca. &c. ; stock limited ; eaplv application re-
queued.—150-155, Finohlev Road N.W.

RHUBARB ROOTS.— The true "Cham-
pagne," bright scarlet, very productive, planting
-via, 6». [KT 100, 50s, per 1,000; roots, with 2 eyes or
over, lOs. per 100. 80s. per 1,000; larger roots, 40s.
([>e(p 100; (laHlv planting stiionglv itixMiiniended ; on
rails, ipackinig ' five for c.w.o.— H.ARRISON & SONS,
Seed Merchants, Leicester.

T^ERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-*- Femts, Basket Ferns, .Stove afftd Greenhouse Ferns,
Hardy Garden Ferns; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH,
London, Fern Nurserv, Louglihoj-ongh Junctioni, London,
S.W.

FOR SALE, 1 Nectarine Lord Napier,
12tt. by 9; 1, Riveiis' EarJv Oraaige, 12 by 9; 1
Peacih Sea Eagle, 8 bv 6; vouiiw, dwarf e<l trained trees,
— T. I'lIHN'EII^L, Quakers HaU Nursery, Sevenoaks.

ftPORTSMEN, Farmers, Horsemen, try

^ our splendid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed ; wears
like leather ; showerproof ; 7 vards for 17s. 6d. Pattella
free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN 00., 71, Bradford.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

THE COAL EXCHANGE,
MARKET PLACE, MANCHESTER,

Opposite V'ittoi-i;! Hall, Entrano© Market Plac*

lyiESSRS. PHOTHEROE & MORRIS

-'-'-'• have b en ins:ruL-ted by the Revtl. .1. Cronible-
holine to Sell by Auotioin at the above place,
On Friday, November 16lh, i917,

ABOUT

1,200 CHOICE CYPRIPEDIUMS,

embracinp a choice selection of certificated ojid dupli-
o;ite pliamt'S', from tiliiis welil-kjiown coUecti-hii. Tlie wtitfle
mre in a fine heailthy condition, main- being either in
flower 00" bud, giving parohoaei's a profusion of flowers
U.yy immediate effect.

On view inoming o(f aile. Catalogues can be had ut
the Oocil Exchange ; also of tihe Anctioneens ajid Valuers.
67 and' 68, Oheiipside. Londrm,, E.O. 2.

THE AMERICAN NURSERIES,
MILFORD, SURREY.

Clenranoe Sale bv order of the Trustee,

lyfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

-^"■*- wiU Sell by Aut-Uoii on the premises aj= above.

On Monday, November 12th. at 12 o'clock,
4.000 Rhododedidrons, named rarieiies ; 6,000 Ponticuni.
li to 5ft.; and 600 hybrid seedlings; 7,000 hardy Heaths,
in variety; 350 hybrid Pernettyois ; 2.800 oval-leaved
Privet, 2 to 4ft. ; and 3,000 Quick, li to 311.

Catialoguea can be had on t'he premises ; of Mr. L, R.
Russell, Tlie Nurseries, Ricftimond. Surrey ; P. Mason,
Esq., 64, Gresham Street, E.C. ; and of the -Auctioneers,
57 and 68, Oheapside, London. E.O. 2.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS.

lyTESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■*-"-*- will Sell by .\uctlon on the prenuses.

The Nurseries, Bayham Road,
Tunbridge Wells,

On Monday, November I9th, an l two following
davs at 12 o'clock each day.

3,000 Japiinese Maples, ira variety, a speeiaJ feature at thesp
nurseries ; 1,000 Arauciiria imbriaata ; 500 Haanamelis ;
3,000 named Rhododendrons, 2 to 4ft. ; 3,000 I,aurels,
3 to 5ft. ; 4,000 ovaUeaved Privet ; 2,000 Purple Beetili
and varieties ; 10,000 Common Beech ; 1 000 Pinus aus-
txiaca, 3i to 4ft. ; 1.500 Filberts and Cobnuts ; 1,000
Thuja Lobbii ; 3,000 SUimmias, 1 to 2ft. ; OrnjamentaJ and
Flowering Shrubs, &c.

May be vie«-«d. Oatalogues had on the premises ; at
the Nurseries, Richmond, Siirrev ; of P. Mason Esq., Trus-
tee, 54, Gresham Street E.C. ; C. Butcher, Esq.. Solicitor,
32, Gresham Street. E.C. ; and of the Auctioneers 67 and
68, Oh«apside, London. E.C. 2.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Next, November 14th. at 2 o'clock.

Upwards of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including N.nrcissus. in ail
the best-know-n varieties for forcing or pl.Tmting out ;
Polyanthus Narcissus of cort«. in sacl^ as received -
Early, Darwin (ni7>ny of which wiOJ force) and Mav-
flowering Tulips; many thousands of Snowdrops. Fre^e-
sias, Scillas, -Anemones, Aconites. English and Spanish
Ins, early.floweiring Gladioli, Bearded Iris. Also 75 000
Seeds. Kentia Belmoreiana and Forst^eriflna, in grand con-

MESSRS. PROTHEROE A- MORRIS

will Sell the above bv .Auction at their Central
Sale Rooms, 67 and 58, Oheapside, London, EC 2
Catologues forwarded on apjyiication.

SALE BY AUCTION OF

ROSES,

Herbaceous and Rock Plants,

Rhododendrons, Carnations,

Fruit Trees, Golden Privet, &c.

BULBS in variety.
100 20-lb. Baskets of APPLES.

We-lnesday. November 14th, 1917, at 12 noon.
MESSRS. PROTHEROE A MORRIS,

BTandeS, CHEAP.Sll)E, E.C. 2
Sixjinm ill Stamps mil ensure Tivelre Catal: rjjKs

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPEMAL REGISTER OF NURSERIF.S, MARKET GAR-
DENS, FLORISTS' AXD SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
or Sold, Published bv

lyfESSRS. PROTHEROE ct MORRIS

-'-'-■- every month. Copies may be obtained lx>st free
on applicatioTb. — Estate Offices, 67 and 68, Cheapside,
London, E.O

(CAPITAL FRUIT or MARKET GAR-

^-^ DEN, with good small house, for sale, n^ar Read-
ing ; high ground ; good markets. Price £1,500.— RUS-
SELL BUTLER'S. Readdnj.

BUSINESS WANTED.

"WANTED to Rent, NURSERY, suitable

» » lor ToMK.to giouiiig; ur ucul.l ente.t.uii iKinner-
ship.— SPENCER, Vineries. Bayne, Esse.t.

PA R TN£ RSHIP.

Y^ANTED, a Gentleman open to Invest

£1,000 in a floiu-ishing Fiuit. Flower, and Vege-
table Business; sen-ices optional; someone in touch with
Fruit and Flower growers prefelTed Weekly retuni a.s
interest on the money wiitl be over £4.— Write T H Box
16, 41, Wellimigton Street. Oovwitt Oaidtai-, W.C 2. '

BOOK WANTED.
WANTED TO PURCHASE

a second-hand copy of

NICHOLSON'S
"DICTIONARY of GARDENING."

State Price,

"X. Y. Z." Box 21, 41, WELLINGTON STREET.

COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2.

PLANTS, Ac, WANTED.

'\YA^T:E'D, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

" • old p-.wiit:. suJt.ibLe for stock; caeh or exciliange.
See other advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH,
London, Fern Nureerv, I/oug'libcavmeh Junction, London,
S.W.

WTANTED for Cash, ONIONS, ShaUots,

• • -Appks, Tonialos, Carrots. Jerusalem Ariich..ke.-.
.State price, free on rail, and ciuantitv, with sninph-.—
I'HOS, DAVIES & CO., Seed Meroliams. Waveitree,
Liverpool.

WTANTED, LILIUM TIGRINUM, in

' ' •liffei'ent varieties.— Pa-ice per 100 to STEWART
&■ CO., 13, South St. -Andrew Street. Edinburgh.

TX/'ANTED to Buy, CYPRIPEDIUM IN-

• " SIGNE.— Sta*e price, size. and quantity- to
" Bsjex," Box 19, 11 WeUiincton Street. Covent Giinlen,
W.O. 2.

WTANTED, a firm to supply and plant

»» ah Hit 200 F, uil Trees during -Vovembea-.-
PONDER, L.icrome, Ohesham. Bucks.

PLANTS, Ac, FOR SALE,

1 Oft ftftft LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

■L\J\J »\J\J\J 20s ICO; Paluiis, Begonias. Crotons,
Dracaenas. Roe^-'s, Ericas, Gluxinias. Lilies. H\draiigea«,
\-c. ; catalogues free.— .1. E. SMITH, Lcn<loii Fern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junrtinii, Ix>iidon, S.W.

MlSCEi-LANEOUS.

BUY YOUR OILSKINS

DIEEOT FROM US.
We not oolfy save you nicne.v. but we give you better
quiality than oifered by aJiy other fii-m. Beacon Oil-
sians ore made with the patent finish, and are always
soft and pliable. They ne^er crack or stick, and they
never fail to keep out the hardest storms. Don't bu.v
inferior Oilskins. Send your order to us, arid if
lou are not convinced that BEACON OILSKINS aa-e
the finest value you have ever seen, you can send
them back and have your monev returned in full.
Ohildren's Coats from lOs. M-. -Men's 10s. and upwaixls.
Ladies' Smart Oilskins 21s,, Li>ggings from 3s,. Sou'-
westers from Is, 9d. Send p.e. for the free Oilskin
Booklet.— BARBOUR'S, LTD.. 66. BEACON BUILD-
INGS. SOtrTH SHIELDS. (5)

T ANG'S "IDEAL" MANURE, for Fruit,

-■-' Flowers, and Vegetables ; 12s. 6d. per ewt., £10 10s.
per ton, carriage paid. — G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

•"PESTITE" destroys all soil pests

(wireworms, chib-root, wart diisease, &c.j,
and promotes vigorous growth. Prire 10s. 6d. per cwt ,
£8 per ton, cnrriage paid.— G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounsl o w , M i d<.l lesex .

'T'HE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

-*- AND YEAR BOOK is now being corrected, en-
larged, and brought up to date. This work, the copy-
right of which was purchased last .vear by the " Gar-
deners' Oha-onicle," Ltd.. was than thoroughly purged
of all out-of-date and useless names ; but during the
liast year there- have t>een many chaiiiKe.s among Gaj--
dcners, many of whom have joined the .\rmy. It is
therefore again being subie«n*d to -a thorough revision,
besides which large numibers of fresh names are bein^
added. All who desire a reall\- up-to-d-ate guide to the
horticultuiral world will do well to write to 41. Welling-
ton Street, W.O., for a copy. The new edition will be
(ready in December, price Is. 4d., p:>st free.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, at all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender,

PRIVA TE.

TyANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-

" ' DEXEH ; t:liree ot'heiis kPipt ; wit'h wife to assist
witli hoiiseUiold diiities preferred ; live iat.— Write, statding
wages, fuJl particulars, and reference?, to J. S. DOIG,
Nettleton Lodge, Caistor, Lines,

TYANTED, WORKING HEAD GAR-

' ' DENER, W'liere two are litpt ; grooii wages and cot-
tage; jiui«t be experienced and h;ive gmid refei-pjiiees. —
Apply, A., The Limes. Soutliwood Lane, Higrligate. N. 6.

WANTED, a GARDENER (Single
H.\NDBD) : with lad ; good wages. — Apply in
writing, with reterencen, to S. OSBORN. GrindJeford, 'near
ShefBeld.

WANTED, good aU-round SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENER for Somerset; must be in-
eligible.—Wmte, D. A., Boi 6. 41, Wellington Street,
C.ivent Garden, W.O. 2.

Tl/'ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

" ■ HANDED), for Stoke Poges nedg-hbourtiood ; Flowers
and Vegetables ; sniajll Glasshouse ; boy oiid occasional
heli> ; married iiiiaii (no family) prefeored ; knowledge of
elei!triQ ligiht plamt ; cottage, SOs. a week, — Apply,
MAJOR DARLEV, 127, PiecadiUy. London, W. 1.

TITANTED, experienced WORKING GAR-

" ' DENER ; assistance given by piimi>ing petrol en-
gine ; good house and eoal fouind ; over iiiilit-ary age ;
gfMxl oharactea-. — Applv, statiaig- wage, COLONEL TIL-
LOTSON, Brooksbanik,' aiduam, H«nti-'?.

Tl/^ANTED, GARDENER; a good man

" " for Cteneral Garden work ; ineligible for service ;
wages (af maimied) 30s. per week, and modeJin cottage
rent, fi^ee ; must have tii-st-class clKir.u-ter.^Applv, with
full pa,rtK-ulars, to HEAD GARDENER, Gflriston' Manor,
ne..r Watford, Herts.

(^OOD all-round GARDENER wanted;

^-^ able to milk a cow ; (kid kept for help in Garden,
&e. ; wages 37s. 6d. pea- week.— Stnte lage, expeaienee,
when disengaged, witli copies of references, to A., 84,
Oro«sbrook Street, Walllh.am Crose, Herts.

WTANTED, good all-round MAN for

' ' Hou9?s, and lielp witli Fruit Trees outside if re-
qu-ii-ed : siingle ; ineligible. — State experience ajid woges
required, with Bothv and vegetahles, to HEAD GAR.
DENEli. The Gardens, Friltiham House, Yattendon, New-
bury, Berks.

TyANTED, good SECOND GARDENER,

* " where four or five are kept ; niui>t l>e well up in
Ind.'oOT work ; ai^nigle man 'prefermed. as no ootifcage
available on estate.— Write full paiticulars to W. .K. J.,
Kearsney Court, near Dover (4 miles).

TITANTED, good SECOND GARDENER,

* " to take eJitire cluu-ge for war duration ; good wages
amd ipermanent place.— .\pplv, in first instance to W. r
BOl'ND & SON, 112 and 114, Station Road, Eedhill.

ANTED, good SECOND G.\RDENER;

wa,ges 30s. — G. SMITH, Kingsmead. Roj-dou,

w

T^ANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; alter-

• ' iKite duty; good cottage and garden.— Apply, stat-
ing age, piirticulars of experience, wages re-iiiiietl F-\1RS
Sandei-stead Court Gii lins. &inder.stead, n«ir Crovdon.

TyANTED, UNDER GARDENER; man

' " or woman; comfortable place; good wages.-
-Apply. G-VRDEXER. The Chase, Slades Hill, Emifield.

TITANTED, ORCHID FOREMAN; large

"' collection: single; ineligible.— Write, state age,
experience, wages reiuired, copies of references, to
O. H.. Box 2. 41. WeUimgton Street. Covent Garden,
W.C. 2.

KOVEMBEE 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, FOREilAK (Inside), experi-
enced; aiso ULTSIJJE LEAJJ and OtrSIDi; AS-
SlSrA>'T. — Write, givrmg toU paj-tjcuiara as to espen-
emoe, »;igea exiiected, ic, to D. MATHESON, The
Gardens, l*addw;khurst. Worth, Su^es,

"IVANTED, aa experienced FOREMAN

■ ■ lor the FiDuei- Gaiden and. i'leasure Uiouods ;
a4)le to teach students. — Appi>, with jeferences, suiiing
aatary expected, to the OUTDOOR SUPERIMTENDEX'l,
The HortiouitLual College Swaaiile}', Kent-.

WANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-
.NE1.MAX; Inside, wages 30s., Bothv, tc— E.
BKISTOW. l>sia\iood Gajdeus. Groom bridge. Tuinbrjdge
Wells.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN and
WOODJIAX, OTth some knowledge of Forestry, for
an estate in North Wales ; good \vag4i3, witih war btwiu^,
cottage, and garden, — AppU , with reierences, to ESTAIE
OFFICE, Talacre. Prestatin.

WANTED, FOREMAN (ineligible) or
disohaJ:geU soldier ; w .igea 50s. a week. Bothy,
witjh attendarw:e.— S. POPE, Holmiewood Gardens, I*aiig-
ton Green, TunbriJge Welta,

\l/'ANTED, JOURNEYMAN (ineligible)

" " or liLFKOV'EJl, UJX^.er 17; Inside; good wages and
Bothy given. — State age, with particutais, J. ABNOLD,
The Gardens, Hestercombe. Taumion.

WTANTED, TWO JOURNEYMEN ;

■ • Pliint and Fruit He uses ; dibciiarged or ineligible
meii, with good €Xi»erieiKe ; 26». i>er weeJi, Bothy and
vegeta-bles, duty paid extra. -WILLIAM LLOYD, Rush-
ton Uall Gardens, Kettering,

"VITANTED, in good Garden, a well-experi-

'* ented IMPROVtit for Ineide ; age 17; wages £1
weekJy, witfa Bothy, &c. ; 7s, for diuy every tiurd or
fourth wieek ; 6d. 'i>er hour overtime ; 1 o'ciock Satur-
da,v8.— Apply, H. LLOYD, Tewin Water Gardens, Wel-
w^-n, Herts.

T^ANTED, IMPROVER for the Houses;

• ■ age 16-17; wage^ 18s„ with Bothy and vegetables;
jduty paid exUa.— W. L. BASTIN. Bueoot Gaixieufi, Far-
ingdon, Berka.

\17"ANTED, YOUTHS, 16 to 17; Inside

^ • ajii] Out ; wa^fes 18>. to 20s,, uocording to experi-
ence, witlh Botihy, \i:. ; duty paid extra. — GARRATT,
OanweU Hall Gardens. Sutbon Uoldtield, Blnningbam.

TITAN TED, responsible LADY GAK-

"• DE^'ER for Herts; go«xl Irainjng and aubsequeiit
experience essentiial ; Houses, Vint^. Kit<;hen Garden, &c.
—Write, B. S., Box 16, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.O. 2.

\1/"ANTED, LADY GARDENER, trained ;

* * Inside aiid Outside ; live in. — State wages, qualiii-
catiooM, refereiiceH, to UI3S D. UASELL, Dacra Lodge,
Penrith.

T ADY GARDENERS Wanted; aU suited

-*-^ entireJy tree of cliarge— H^^td and Under lor (1)
Herta; dOs.- good aocomniodiititjin and attendance; coai
and T^etables. (2) Cheshire ; ab-rnit 30a, ; must be
trajmed for Vinee, J louhouse, ai id Kitchen Garden .
Unders for (1) Readiiig ; Head Man anjd girl to help ;
itnderatand Vine«, Peaches, Carnations, (2) Bucks; ex-
cellen.t Head Man, labourer, and Ikh' kept ; mu£t be
trained. (5) Near Windsor ; good Ji*ad kept ; understand
Glaes amid Bosee. .Single-handeil, with help: (1) Oanter-
httry ; good fumoAlusd cottage, milk, and vegetables.
(2) Sussex ; 25s., 308. ; resident in house ; 3 acres, small
GreonJiouse. — MRS. HU.NT, LTD., 86. High Street,
Marylebone, W. 1.

T^ANTED, LADY GARDENERS; par-

■ " tially train«d or fret*h from training for private
grounda— H. 0.. Box 17, 41. Weilmgton Street, Oovent
Uaiden., W.O. 2.

Xy ANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS,

" ■ for InsidJe work ; boose fotmcl ; duty alternate weeka ;
9tat« wogen.— .Vpply, GIBSOX, Altret«n Park, Ucrbvaliire.

"W7"ANTED, FOREWOMAN, under Head

' ' Gardener in Gla«e Department ; aJso to decorate ;
Sunday duty paid. Also WOMEN C.UIDEKERS for Out-
lide wortt ; Bothy and vegetabileo.— FABWEIX, Pains
Hill, Oobham, Surrey.

LADY SCOTT requires responsible CARE-
TAKER, with some knoivledgo of Gardening; no
Glaea during war ; boy kept and extra help given ;
married man; good wages ajnd cott.ige near Guildford.
—Reply, bv letter first, to MR W. KELLER SNOW,
P.S.A.A., 56, Quarry Street. Guildford.

WTANTED, GARDEN LABOURER, to

' ■ work under Head Gardener ; married or single ;
if married, <x»ttago given.— GtJBBINS, Swalcliffe Park,
liianibury.

WTANTED, ineligible GARDEN

• ' LABOURER ; discharged 9oIdi<T or Bailor pre-
ferred ; wages 26s.— ROUS.^DA, SIcdmere. Malton. Torks.

"WANTED, HANDYMAN for Country

" " House ; njust t>e able to rum eieotnc light plant
and attend to motor-oar ; married ; dischargtii soldier prt-
ferred; comfortable cottage. State wages. — OOPEMAN,
CUvedea, Shenfleld.

TRADE.

WANTED, Man as WORKING FORE-
MAN, on small Nursery and Raspberry Farm, 15
acres.— Apply, stating wages expected. EDWARD OAN-
HAM, Seed Merchant. York.

WANTED, SECOND CHARGE HAND,
exi>eri elided m Tonuitos, &c. ; used to control of
men.— Apply, stating age. wages, iicc.. A. W. SMITH.
Feltham, MdddJesex.

WANTED, several good MEN for plant-
ing young Forest Trees on estates in Surrey,
Bucks, and Oxon ; some experienced men, others useful
.spade hands. — State wages to S. 0.. Box 9, 41. Welling-
ton Street, Oovent Gardaa, W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in
our Vegetable Seed Department ; good wages to
com|>etent men. — Applv. giving full particuLajrs to TOO-
GOOD & SONS, The King's Seedsmen, Southampton.

■pLORIST.— Young LADY required, for

-*- good dasB shop ; live in or out. — Write, seating ex-
perience, salary, &a, HORSM.\N, Beekemham.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and Sd. for eaeta

lueeeedlng Eight wopdi of lasi.

Gardeners desiring their AdTcrtisements repeated

muit give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisert of Vacant
aituutions are recommended to tend them
copiei of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-o/fices, as ail
Letters So addressed are opened by tht
Postal .iuthorities and returned to tht
Sender.

PRIVATE

A GENTLEMAN wishes to recommend his
IIE.\U GARDEHEK anid BAILIFF; life experi-
ence in all bi-.inohos; 20 \ears in present situation;
6 veils ill Blythwoo<l, Hurnham Beoihcs, and 3 jears
each at Dropmore Park and Boconnoc ; ace 49 ; married
(two cTliildron, 15 ;ijid 3j.— Apply, m flrst instance. C.
FRUST, Wexliam Spimgs, Stoke Poges, Bucks.

GARDENER (Head) seeks engagement in
a good ey!.i.l>ljslinlent. wh<>re several others are
ke|it; lite exi)<--iiiMK'e in all branches; higlily recom-
mondcd by present employer, A. W. Gilmour, E«i.. oftcr
11 years' serviix- ; leaving through place bemg sold;
marrie^l ; age 49 ; ne.arer XjOndon preferred.- Apply. C.
BAl'I.K, The Gardens, A.stley Abbotts House. Bridgnorth.

HEAD GARDENER, where several are
kept ; 23 years' experience in gxxxl estabUslmients ;
excellent reference^ ; 11 years Hesvd ; no children; dis-
engaged.—O. REEiD, 130, StonJey Boad. Teddington,
Middlesex.

GARDENER (Head) desires re-engage-
pient in goOfl e^>utbi islimc-nt ; age 33 ; thoroughly
experienced in all branches of the profession ; good
references ; 6 years Hea>d ; no ohildrea. — State wages
and full ^irtioulars to W. EAST, Copped Hall Gardens,
Tottendge, Herts, K. 20.

SIR HARRY NORTH, I.«mon Well,
BItluun, Ken*, highly recommends a flrst-dass
HB.\D GARDENER ; practical expert in every branch of
Ho«-iiculture and capable to any extent ; at liberty.

GARDENER (Head), in good establish-
ment ; large and vai-ied exiperience in aU branches ;
10 years in present situation; age 43; married. — G. B.,
Box 4, 41, Wellamgton Street, Oovent Garden, W C. 2.

SITUATION required as GARDENER,
lb-ad or Single-handed ; experienced ; good teeti-
mwiiiala.— GARDENER, Stoke Cottage, Greele. Tenburj'
Wells, Sliropshire.

rZJARDENER (Head Woekino, where one

^-^ or more are kept) ; thorougliily expei-iemced all round,
liiiside and Out; murned (no umilvj, ii^e ^13; good re-
ferences. State wages.— T « . sliiuN. Hiill Lodge. Pil-
gruii's Way. Westenbam, Kent.

(TJARDENER (Head Working); life ex-

^-"^ perienoe in all biuuchiea; good reterences ; 6^ years
present place; a^e. 50.— GJiORGE BEALE, The Knowle.
\ irguua. Water, bairrey.

ORCHID GROWER and WORKING
head G-iUDtlNliK <ic»ires i-e-eng.ageanent ; 3i
}'ear3 piesent situation ; good ;ilU-round esperienoe ; over
nulitiary age.— Stote wages, i-c. lo OONIKGSBV,
.\bbo<ts Leigh, Btristol.

C.^ARDENER (Head Working or good

^^ Single -HAH DED) ; life exi>einenioe in all branobes ;
age 50; married (no family).— DICKEiE, Tlie Cottage,
Oliaroh Mead. Pirbright, Surrey.

GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
M.\NAGEMBNT, Fajrmery, Oiudeos. Small Estate,
Food Production, Fruit, Vegetables, 'lomatos. Forage
Oi-ops, Cattle, Sheep. Pigs. Buying, SeUing, Accounts ;
excolllent reterences. — B., Box 10, 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

SITUATION required in Pleasure Grounds

^^ and Kitchen Garden, where one or two arc kept ;
age 48; siingle.— A. HOLLAMBY, 42. WeJlfield Road.
Streatham, S.W.

■pjISCHARGED Soldier seeks situation;

-*— ^ espwi-ient'ed Inside and Out ; inanied (no family) ;
Single-handed or otherwise. — Applv, F. OORDEEY, 1,
Uathforn Road, Catford, S.E.

JOURNEYMAN (Inside) seeks Situation
in g.-iod place ; age 22 ; discaurged from Army ; ex-
perienced 111 FriiiL and Plants ; excellent references. —
Appl.v, 1'. WILLIAMS, Eaton Bishop, Herefordshire.

tiEAD GARDENER (Lady) requires re-

-'--'- engagemenrt, ; higlily trained, England and France;
10 yeai-s' experience ; thorougth knowledge all branches ;
a^cu-stonied to maiiagenieut of lajige establishments. —
0. IL, Box 11, 41, Wollmgton Street, Oovent Gaiiden,

w.a 2.

L

\DY

GARDENER

seeks

Post;

college

trainee

and e

sperieuoed

Vegetables, Fnut, Glass;

jijunr resident

, alone

or with oti

lei-s.-X.

Box 14

41. Wei-

lingt

m Street, Covent (Jarden,

W.O. 2.

q^WO LADY GARDENERS desire post to-

-*- gclher; one as Head, with 10 yeare' experience;
Swaiiley UilVloima, £rst-class R.H.S. ; Dairy, Poultr}',
Bee« ; the other aa Under, witli 8 months' training on
Market (l.irdeu, scMlie Glass.— F. F.. Box 12. 41, Welling-
ton Sireet. 0)vent Garden. W.C;. 2.

UNDER GARDENER. — Lady, taking
abort course horticultural training, seeks Post
un<ier experierujed He^id ; Vegetables for market or in-
stitution preferred. — Address V.. Horticultural College,
(blester.

TRADE.

IVf ANAGER for large Market Garden or

■*-^-*- .VuTtoery ; Outwide ; chiefly Vegetables and li;ir'-l\'
Fruits ; Iiwiidc. Grapes, Cucumbers. Tomatos. &c. ;
liiglilv efficienit and capable; Midlands pieferred. —
•• PBODUCK" Box 13, 41, WeHington Street. Oovent

Garden. W.d. 2.

SEED and FLORAL TRADE.— Advertiser
seeki, Mtuation as MANAtJER, HEAD SHOPMAN, or
MAKKE'l' .S.^LES.MAS ; 22 years' tliorough practical ex-
perience lu all branehes ; 13 yeara last situation ; age
36 ; married ; disciiarged from H.M. Forces ; London pre.
ferred.^T. N. PEARCE, 36. Kellerton Road, Lee, S.E.

TOMATO and CUCUMBER GROWER
wf^ks situation ae F-ri^tiiiiiii ; 15 years' experience
wiith leading grow«rs in London distiict ; ineligible
for Army; age 38. ~ C. ANDERSON, 62, Newmarket
Road, Oambridge.

T ADY GARDENER, aged 23, with prac-

-^-^ tH\tl experience, seeks appointment ; Market Nur-
sei-y in Home Counties pieiferred, or under good Heatl
in private place for Veget.ibles and Fruits under Glass.
— Apph-, E. L., Box 21, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent,
Garden, W.C. 2.

"p'LORIST, having for a considerable time

-*- been employed at flrBt-clH.s3 West-End buainiess,
used to buving, seeks situation at a shop or hotel, or
OS salesman. — W. S.. Box 6, 41. Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

TpLORIST. — LADY seeks re-engagement as

-■- MANAGERESS or FIRST HAND: flrst^ilass refer-
ence«.— H. M., 34, Albert R'>.id, Ilythe, Keni.

THE GARDENERS' CHRWICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

BULL'S FOOD
FOR PLANTS,

FRUIT & VEGETABLES.

jfm^

CANNON -;;.!_ MUSCAT

Grown with Bull's Food for Plants

at Menpes Fruit Farm.

MENPES FRUIT FARM, LTD.

,, r.V I\ov., igi6.

For iuiin\- rears we liave exclusively
used vour " Food for Plants " for our
Vines, an I the results have invariably
been all that could he desired.

I'lease repeat our last season's order
and oblige.

Yours faithfully,
For Sleapes Fruit Farm, Limited,

fif<xS^

Manager.

Sole Manufacturers :

BULL'S PLANT FOOD CO.,

536, King's Rd., Chelsea, London

ROSES FOR AOTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best po8»ible oultiyation,

our selection from the finest sorts including: —

The Brilliant Coloured

•• MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

{Daily Mail RoBe. )
12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

STUART LOW CO., ^'^^S.^^tksii^''-

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainaye. Porosity, Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS. Ltd.
2 Healon Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

__ ._j Pap«r Go
nd to those who »pply—

Catalogue,
ijsion only

IMPORTANT :

° LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

A menace

to our

Food.

nPHE "nibbling" of the millions
of Rats and Mice means in the
aggregate a huge food wastage.
It is a patriotic duty to kill them.

^ ^ EXTERMINATES ^

KATs AMoMlCC.

Safe and sure. Harmless to human beincrg
and domestic animals No risk of unhealthy
disaiarreeable smells for the pests come out

FBDITINTHEGABDEN.

Root up useless shade tree* and unproductive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

A grand lot of Peaches, Nectarines and Cherrie*

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

H. WOOLMAN'S

Chrysanthemum Catalogue.

;^^7^ Now Ready. Post Free.

^From SANDY HILL NURSERY,
SHIRLEY, near BIRMINGHAM.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-grown anl cheap ; also
Many Rare and CKoice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kimlly siiij fur Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

THOMSONS

CEI-EB RATED

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR

ALL. GARDEN CROPS.

WM THOMSON aSONS.Lo.
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

AUGUBA JAPONIGA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the above Sft. to 4 ft. bushy, good plants for Covert
Planting. Must tie sold, cheap, to make room for potatos
It nut disposed of nui.st be burned.— A , BARGAIN !
Parti,

R. MANSON, "J^cr;

V

Slugs
Slugs

SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as WormB, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c

LetTlet anil Fr«e Sample
with in«tru«tloni Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& I =;/- per Cwt.n.or. London)
of all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

I THE "SANITAS" CO., Ltd.
Limehouie, London, E.
A-wardtd Medal al Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. IQll

*^Chc BEST and Cheopesh

RICMA/tD SANKey^S SON, LTP.
Bulwell Po^^cries. NOTTINGMAM.

RIVERS^

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Orcjages,

AND

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE ON
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgfeworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

November 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

185

©arirm^rs' Cljrnitirlr

No. 1611 —SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Eucalyptus, the genus ., 190
Farm, crops and stock on

the home .. ..198

Food production, on in-
creased—

Potatos at Aldenham 191

Potatos spraying .. 191
Galloway garden, notes

from a 185

Qrass land, the breftking

up of 190

Hibiscus syriacus .. 192

Letters from soldier- ^r-

deners .. .. ^ ,. 18*
Linum perenne and

rabbits 198

Market frnit garden, the 186

Pergolas 1S7

Phellodendron sachali-

nense 180

Plum Orpington Prolific 191
Potato, a large . . . . 190
Potatos, French reserves

of.

191

Rowan, utility and
mance of the . . . . 192

Scottish Seed Trade
Association, a new . . 190

Societies-
National Chryaanthe-

mum 193

Royal Horticultural . . 192

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. 189
Fruits under glass ..189
Hardy fruit garden, the 189
Kitchen garden, the . . 188
Orchid houses, the . . 189
Plants under glass .. 189

Wythop Woods .. ..191

ILLUSTRATION&

Ficua stipulata, fruit of 194

Pergola furnished with Cordon Pear trees 167

Phellodendron gachalinense, fruiting branch of .. .. is6

Plum Orpington Prolific 191

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY
GARDEN.-XIE*

I HAVE read with pleasure Mr. Edwin
Beckett's praise of Hibiscus syriacus
(p. 157). There is, indeed, no more
Ixautiful late-flowering shrub than some of
its varieties; but Mr. Beckett's statement
that it will succeed " in almost any soil
or locality " must be accepted with reserve,
for, alas ! it delays its display too late for
the generality of Scottish gardens. It may
be coaxed forward by training it against
•a sunny brick wall ; but that is almost an
indignity for a plant that is as hardy as
a Box bush. It is one of the peculiarities
of our north-western coast climate that, al-
though growth is often more forward in
February and March than it is in the
soutliern and midland counties, it invari-
ably lags behind them a^'ter midsummer,
as much as three weeks or a month. This
is not owing to want of sunshine; during
the summer of 1917 we enjoyed far more
bright sunshine in Galloway than was
vouchsafed to Kent and Surrey ; but our
sunshine differs in quality, owing, I sup-
pose, to the greater humidity of the atmo-
sphere of the Scottish west coast. In by-
gone years, when the House of Commons
prolonged its dreary sitting through
and beyond the dog days, many a
time I used to repair to Choyne Walk,
Chelsea, to refresh my eyes with the
sight of a great bush of the Syrian
niliiscus — the variety with white flowers
and a maroon-purple blotch- — grow-
ing and blooming profusely in the fore-
court of one of the houses near the east
end of tliat delightful row. And when, at
leneth, T got back to Scotland, the flower-
buds on our bushes were hardiv showin":
colour, exoept on the wall of Mr. Wallace's
house of Lochrvan. trained acainst which
was a fine Hibiscus with violet flowers,
worth going all the way to see in Sep-
tember. In some gardens, our own. to wit,
wall space is hard to come by, all avail-

" Prevlnns articles anpeared in th" Issues for .Tan IS,
Feb 17. Mar. 10. *prll 14, April 28. .Tune •>.. .Tiinp 30, .July 21,
Aug. IS. Sept. 8, Sept, ?9, »nd Oct. 20, 191", '

able exposure being already occupied by
things which one cannot make up one's
mind to displace. So we have to forgo
several shrubs and herbs which brighten
more southerly borders — Hibiscus in all
its charming varieties, Caryopteris Masta-
canthus, Teucrium fruticosum, Perovskia
atriplicifolia, and, among humbler
growtlis, the goblin gold of Sternbergia
and the flames of Lobelia Cavanilessis. To
the other side of the account may be set
the preference shown for our climate by
Himalayan and Chinese Rhododendrons
and many beautiful Chilian plants, be-
sides the longer duration of blossom, owing
to the sunshine being less scorching than
in a drier atmosphere.

If Mr. Reginald Farrer had sent home
no spoils from his Chinese expedition other
than the Gentian which bears his name, he
would have earned the enduring gratitude
of stay-at-home amateurs, for it is the
loveliest of all the autumn-flowering species
of that genus. It is a glorified G. ornata,
excelling that species in vigour and the
size of its flowers, which are sky-blue, of
the same celestial quality as that distin-
guishinc: the best forms of Meconopsis lati-
folia. The interior of the throat is shell-
white, the outside palest buff, vividly
striped with dark blue, almost black, lines,
like the waistcoats worn bv footmen in un-
dress livery, before thev all went off to join
the Colours. Its requirements seem to be
simple. We placed a small plant which
came here last spring at the edge of a bed
occupied bv Lilies and Asiatic Rhododen-
drons, giving it a berth of sharp loam
with a little peat, surfaced rather thickly
with small gravel. It has made excellent
growtli. and bore two flowers in October.

Mr. Arnott's timely note on Autumn
Crocuses fp. 1G7) comes to remind one how
little use is m.nde of these prettv flowers.
One may perambulate fifty gardens with-
out beincr cheered bv the sight of any of
them ; Colchicums in plenty, with their
six stamens, but no Crocuses, distinguished
by having only three. I fancv the reason
for this unmerited neglect is that most
people order their bulbs in autumn, after
these Crocuses have started crrowth, which
continues throughout the winter months.
The only season when the corms will suffer
transport without iniurv is in summer,
after the foliasre has died down. But that
is just the time when nobody has a thought
for Crocuses.

At this season — late October — the glis-
tening; flower-buds and growth buds of
Rhododendron barbatum are thickly
covered with the corpses of flies of vnrioiis
kinds. I wish someone skilled in the use
of the microscope ^which I am not) would
hold an inquest upon the dead, in order,
if possible, to ascertain whether the
slaughter is purposeless or to the advan-
tage of the plant. Some years apro T pro-
pounded the question to a high authority
on vegetable physiology, and received in
reply an assurance that the analogv be-
tween the capture of flies bv this Rhodo-
dendron and bv such plants as Drosera,
Pincuicula, and others, was merely super-
ficial : that the strong bristles on the
petioles (which certainly hinder the insect's

efforts to get free) were not glandular, and
therefore incapable of conveying nutrition
to the ,plant. He referred me to the shin-
ing, glutinous buds of the Horse Chestnut
as truly analogous to those of the bearded
Rhododendron, and nuTritively function-
less. Against this it might be argued that
Horse Chestnut buds do not get sticky nor
shine in a manner to attract insects until
the leaves have fallen and few flies are
about, wheieas those of the Bearded
Rhododendron are sticky and shine from
the moment they appear. Moreover, I
have never seen insects caught on the buds
of tlie Horse Chestnut. Wherefore this
morning, when I stood before a thirty-
year-old bush of R. barbatum, 9 feet high
and 10 feet through, with every one of
its flower and growth buds thickly plas-
tered with dead flies and here and there
a dead spider, the ejaculation of the dis-
ciples about the alabaster pot of ointment
rose to my lips — " To what purpose is this
waste? " It is difficult to believe that the
plant derives no benefit from such a holo-
caust. Some other species of Rhododen-
dron catch flies, but not so systematically
as R. barbatum. I have seen a consider-
able number of insects adhering to the
young shoots of R. GrifSthianum (Auck-
landii) in early summer. A kind friend
whose attention I invited to this problem
sent me a plant of tlie Chinese R. habro-
trichum, whereof the young growth and
leaf -stalks are den.sely covered with hairs ;
but it is not so sticky as R. barbatum,
its hairs are softer, so it has succeeded in
capturing only a few midges.

We were afflicted on October 24 with a
very heavy gale, which, being accompanied
by a pretty severe frost, has wrought a
lamentable change on the landscape. In
the woodland. Oaks have suffered most, for
thev were still carrying full sail. Many
have been uprooted, and more have lost
limbs. When I left home on October 1.5
there was a finer promise than usual of
autumnal colour ; when I returned on the
2fith, much of the foliage had been stripped
off, and much of what was left had been
seared into ashen brown by the combina-
tions of violent wind, sea spray and
frost. In the garden, which I left gay
with H. T. Roses, Clerodendron tricho-
tomum, Hypericums patulum and Hookeri-
anum, scarlet and carmine Lobelias,
white Cimicifuga simplex. Salvia patens,
Aconitum Fischeri, and a rigidly select
sprinkling of Asters, almost the only things-
that remained bright and cheerful were
Berberidopsis corallina, Abutilon mega-
potamicum, and a few Hydrangeas in
sheltered nooks.

Chief source of disappointment was
missing the annual display of Cercidiphyl-
lum japonioiim, which the frost had
stripped of leaves just as they were begin-
ning to turn. The plant on a wall at Kew
gives no idea of what the species is capable.
Ten or twelve years ago I received a packet
of seed from a friend, which produced
some thousands of plants. In the second
autumn the seed-bed resembled a lumi-
nous carmine carpet. We know nothing
about the status of the thing, nor of
its requirements: wherefore, in virtue nf

186

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

its- wonderful autumnal colour, we treated it as
a shrub, disposing it at the back of flower borders
and along woodland paths. Nor was my ignorance
of it« true nature dispelled till I happened
to read in .1 TravellcT:s Note.':, by the late
Mr. James H. Veit<;h, that he found a
tree of Cercidiphyllum near Sapporo, in
the north of Japan, measuring 21 feet in
circumference of stem ! Meanwhile, the plants
remaining in the nursery had become drawn and
ill-rooted. We endeavoured to establish them
under forest conditions, but at least fifty per cent.

PHELLODENDRON SACHALINENSE.

Four species of Phellodendroji are in cultiva-
tion : P. amurense, a native of Amurland and
Manchuria ; P. chinense, intJoduoed from W.
China by Mr. E. H. Wilson, both fruiting
freely this year ; P. japonieum, a species from
China and Ja.pan ; and P. sachalinense, a natiive
of Japan, Corea, and Saghalien. The behaviour
of P. sachalinense suggests that it is the most

[Photograph by E. J. Waths.
Fig. 71. — feuitlno branch of phellodendron sachalinense.

and smooth beneath, while those of P. japonica
are very downy on the underside.

P. sachalinense appears to have bee/n first in-
troduced to Britain from the Arnold Arboretum
in 1899. Seeds provide the best method of pro-
pagation. The trees thrive best in a good hold-
ing, loamy soil. A. 0.

succumbed Of the rest, I shall be older than
it is pleasant to contemplate before being able
to report one, not 21 feet, but 21 inches in
ciicumference. Besides the gorgeous display
Cercidiphyllum makes in ordinary autumns, it is
very attractive in spring, the young foliage being
of a bright, rosy-fawn colour.

Among the things uprooted by the gale is a
common Spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus), of
the unusual height of 27 feet. Seldom has E.
latitolius borne such a profusion of its bright fruit
as this year. Herbert MaxwfU, Monreilh, Scot-
land.

amenable of the four species to cultivation in
this country. It is a deciduous tree, presumably
ot' moderate height ; the specimen from which
the spray illustrated in fig. 71 was taken is
about 20 feet. As a pleasure-ground tree it has
attractive foliage, the leaves, consisting of 7
to 12 or more leaflets, up to about 1 foot in
length. The panicles of greenish-yellow flowers
are not showy, but in autumn, quantities of
black fruits, ^-^ inch in diameter, give the tree
an attractive and interesting character. From
its nearest ally, P. japonieum, it is readily dis-
tinguished by Its leaflets, which are narrower

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

In October only eight days of twenty-four
hours were entirely free from rain, though on
one the quantity was under one-hundredth of an
inch, and therefore classed as unmeasurable.
There were 22 rain days at my place, the total
fall being 4.29 inches. The total was not as
great as that of October, 1915, when 21 rain days
gave 5.47 inches. The frequency of the rainfall
was more unfortunate than the quantity, as the
land was kept constantly wet, and unfit for culti-
vating or hoeing, and the rampant weeds con-
tinued to flourish. Moreover, the gathering of
the later portion of the Apple crop was delayed
to great disadvantage, so that when we came to
pick a great crop of Lane's Prince Albert in the
last orchard to be cleared, fully two-thirds of
the Apples were on the ground.

Slugs Eating Apples.
A great number of Apples which were blown
or f^l off the trees had small holes eaten in
them by slugs. This damage, never before
noticed to any considerable extent, was due to
the wet and weedy condition of the orchards.

A Season of Waste.
My memory does not recall any previous sea-
son in which the waste of fruit grown has been
nearly as great as it has been this year. First
tlie tremendous gales of August 24 and 27 blew
down tons of Plums, Apples, and Pears, mostly
immature, and therefore saleable only, if at all,
at very low prices. Afterwards, occasional
strong winds did further damage, and later still
the delay in the gathering of Apples due to the
almost constantly wet weather of October,
already alluded to, added to the great propor-
tion of " drops." Even when Apples fall upon
Boft ground or grass, many of them are bruised
by hitting branches when falling, and others are
injured by various pests, or gnawed by rabbits.
My pickers are instructed to keep " drops " sepa-
rate from gathered fruit, as far as possible, and
the former are marketed first. If not soon dis-
posed of, the waste in rotting is very serious,
and this year the proportion of " drops " was so
tremendous that many weeks elapsed before all
could be packed, so that the proportion of
unmarketable fruit was very large. Adding to
this misfortune the imprecedeiited attack of
caterpillars in the blossoming season, which
prevented the formation of fruit to an
enormous extent, it must be concluded that
the season has brought forth an uncom-
mon series of misfortunes. There is no
doubt that, but for the caterpillar attack,
the crop of Apples would have been one
(if the greatest ever known. As it was, and in
spite of all mishaps, the yield turned out sur-
[irisingly large. There were some tremendous
crops in some varieties, notably in Royal Jubilee
and Lane's Prince Albert, and the extra size of
the fruit in varieties that did not bear thickly,
partly compensated for the reduction in num-
ber. Nearly all the gatherings gave results
above expectations, and when prices rose after
the glut of "drops" had been sold, the returns
of the Apple crop became satisfactory.

Some Results of a Wet Season.
While the extra size of Apples may be at-
tributed partly to the wetness of the season,
though the thinning of the crop by the mis-
fortunes alluded to above must also be taken into
account, there were also disadvantages due to
the former condition. One of these was tJie
cf.arsening of the quality of such choice varieties

No\t:mber 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ic7

ao Cox's Orange Pippin and a few other sorts,
.^jiother was the development of scab, particu-
larly in Cox's Orange Pippin.

The most chara<;teristic result of the wet sea-
son, however, is the extraordinary prevalence cf
sooty blotch on Apples, and particularly on Cox's
Orange Pippin, a large proportion of which is
diisfigured by the bkwjk fungus. The sooty
blotoh can be rubbed off with a rough dustej.

Record Weight of an Apple.

The greatest weight of an Apple of which 1
have read is 2 lb. Sj oz., reported of a Gloria
Mundi sold in Covent Garden by Messrs. Garcia,
Jacobs and C«., on October 27, 1913, at the pro-
bably record price of sixteen guineas. There
were six specimens, but only one was put up to
auction, the five others being presented to the
purchasers, Messrs. Adams and Co., Bond
Street, London. The Apple was grown at Ten-
terden, Kent. The grower's name is not men-
tioned in the paragraph from which I quote,
cut from the Fruit Trades' Journal of Novem-
ber 1, 1913.

The Toxic Theoby.

Judging from the account of the experiments
carried out by Mr. Spencer Pickering, given on
p. 170 last week, one very important test of the
supposed toxic effect of cne plant upon the same
or another plant was lacking. The drainage from
a tray containing Mustard, for example, infto a
pot in which a Mustard plant was growing, in-
jured the latter ; but, as there was no trial of
the effect of drainage from a tray containing soil
only, the evidence of the toxic effect of drainage
from the Mustard lTa,y is not conclusive, as tbere
is nothing to show that the same injurious effect
upon the plant in the pot would not have been
caused by drainage from bare soil. As to the
idea that grass und3r trees suffers from the toxic
effect of the roots of the trees upon it, a much
more simple and probable explanation is avail-
able, namely, that of the shadinj,' effect of the
branches and foliage, together with the competi-
tion of the roots of the trees with the grass for
the nutritive constituents of the soil. Con-
versely, the corresponding competition of the
grass with the roots of the trees for the elements
of nutrition may account in great measure for
the failure of trees in grass to grow as vigorously
as trees in arable land. The toxic theory seems
to me to be equally forced by concluding that it
accounts for the inferior growth of three Mustard
seedlings planted in a pot containing three estab-
lished Mustard plants. The latter had spread
their rootlets over a good part of the soil, and
so were able to take the lion's share of the nutri-
tive ingredients. Similarly, when trees are
planted in an established orchard to fill up gaps
where older trees had died, they seldom flourish,
although care has been taken not to plant the
rev.- trees in the precise sites of the old ones.
The new ones have a very poor chance of proper
nutriment when the roots of the old ones are all
over the ground, or nearly so. The result ia the
same when fruit bushes are planted in an estab-
lished orchard, even when the trees are only a
few years old. I have an orchard in which
Gooseberries were planted at the same time is
Cobnuts and Plums. They grew and cropped
well for a few years, and then were attacked by
oollar-rot, and had to be grubbed up. They were
replaced with Black Currants, which never grew
even tolerably, as the roots of the trees had
almost complete possession of the soil. Lastly,
as to the supposed toxic effect of a plant being
greater upon a plant of the same kind than upnn
one of a different species. Here the more simple
and reasonable explanation is that plants of the
same kind are competing against each/ other for
precisely the same proportion of the severil
elements of soil fertility, whereas plants of dif-
ferent kinds do not compete with each other to
the .same exhaustive extent. The late Mr. Mechi,
of Tiptree fame, when advocating the thin sow-
ing of Wheat, used to point out that one Wheat
plant waa a keener competitor of another than
any other plant would be. Southern Grower.

PERGOLAS.

(Co)icluded from page 176.)
I SHOULD feel inclined to disregard the weU-
' discussed question of planting if it would not
savour too much of "Hamlet" without the
Prince.

In addition to the great number of climbing
plants available, many shrubs of pliant habit are
quite suitable for use on a pergola. The field of
choice is therefore so large as to be confusing
unless some clear principle of arrangement is
followed. Most climbing plants when really
happy make up in luxuriance what they lack, in
backbone. Over-crowding leads to a muddled
effect, and it is better to exercise restraint in
planting.

limit its reign of glory to a comparatively short
burst of Rose bloom. If other plants are also
introduced in which the tints and texture of the
foliage are considered, the sum of the season's
enjoyment is considerably increased. Density of
foliage at calculated points is important in pro-
ducing effects of perspective, and the flecks of
sunlight and bars of shade on the pergola floor
five character to the interior. A heavy ever-
green at the entrance will make an inviting con-
trast with the outside glare, or a good result
follows the planting of a rampant climber, such
as a vine, which will sprawl over the first arch
and clutch also at some architectural feature to
which the pergola is keyed. Planting which
helps to unify a pergola with its surroundings
serves a good purpose.

FlO. 72.— rPEBGOLA FURNISHED WITH CORDON PEAR TREES.

Many climbers are so pliable that with proper
care they can be trained almost at will, and the
form of the pergola can either be defined or a
massed effect produced where the composition of
a picture so requires.

Every pergola has some individuality of its
own, but its first duty is to play its part in the
larger views of the garden. If it can simul-
taneously score some go->d side effects in con-
junction with neighbouring planting details, so
much the better. The interior of the pergola
belongs to itself, and if happily treated will
quite dispose of the fallacy that a pergola is
only worth looking at from the outside.

The desire for great masses of colour is rather
overdone. I thinik it is a mistake when
a pergola occupies a prominent position to

I remember an instance in a Devonshire gar-
den where a sturdy Fuchsia was growing on a
pier and looked as if it had strayed from a large
;hI joining group of these shrubs to shake hands
with the pergola. Through the arches of the
latter one saw a bank of Heather sloping to the
foot of the piers. The pergola was planted
almost entirely with claret-leaved vine and
reddi.sh purple Clematis. A pink Rose or two
and the large mass of Fuchsias close by gave the
whole thing a very warm and comfortable effect.

It is scarcely necessary for me to enumerate
the many plants which are so often recommended.
Thn m 'st favoured are perhaps the varieties of
vine, Roses, Clematis, and Wistaria.

Vines are most useful when shade is retiuired
for its own sake, and everyone knows the beauty

188

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

of the autumn tints of «uch species as VitU
Thunbergii, Coignetiae, Hemyi, and others.
Clematis is, I think, almost my favourite plant
for pergolas. The more rampant species, such as
montana, flammula, and vitalba are such honest
hard workers and the habit is so graceful. Other
beautiful sorts are insufficiently used. I give
below a selection kindly furnished me by Mr.
A. Jackman.

Roses for the pergola have already furnished
material for many a chapter, and I need not
enter upon this big subject. I give a list of
Roses Mr. G. Paul is good enough to recom-
mend.

The Wistaria at its best is mibeatable. The
graceful foliage, beautiful flowers, vigorous
growth, and picturesque stems, make it perhaps
the most striking of all plants for a pergola.

An unusual advantage of the Wistaria is that
the interior of a pergola gets the benefit of a
good share of the blossom. The white-flowering
varieties show up extremely well, and a combina
tion of mauve Wistaria and Laburnum is ver\
effective. The vigour of Wistaria is astonishing
There was, and no doubt still is, at Cold East
in Hampshire, a great plant entirely monopolis
ing a pergola crossing the whole width of the
kitchen garden.

Fragrance must not be forgotten, nor the
virtues of Honeysuckle and Jessamine in this
respect.

I conclude with a reminder concerning fruit
trees for pergolas, and give below a list of Apple
and Pear trees recommended by Mr. Allgrove
R.3 most suitable : —

FRUIT TREES FOR PERGOLAS.
Dessert Apples.
Beauty of Bath. Oos's Orange Pippin

Lamirlev Pippin. Adams's Peamiain.

.r.unes ' Grieve. AniniBrton Pippin.

Lady Sudeley. Wealthy.

Worcester Pearmain. King of tJie Pippin?.

OhristmaB Pearmain. Feams" Pippin.

Cooking Apples, possessing size, colour, and
Quality.
KttiperoT Alexander. Tlie Queen,

ytismarck. Lord Derby.

Cellini Pippin. Warner's KIll(r.

CVjt'9 Pomona. Neisrton Wonder.

Ij,ne's Prince Albert. Bramley's Seedling

Peafigood's Noneeuch. Rev. W. Wilks.

Pears.
Williams' Bon Ohr&tien Marie Louise.

Olapp's Favourite. Pitmaston Duchess.

Marguerite Marrillat. Thompson's.

Louise Bonne of Jersey. Doyenn^ du Oomice.

Oonferenoe. " Emile d'Heyst

Triomphe de Vienne.

ROSES FOR PERGOLAS.
Autumn-Flowering Noisettes.
Alister Stella Gray. Mad. Cociet

.\im^e Vibert. Reve d'Or.

Hybrid Noisettee.
Paul's Single White Ziiph™n Drouin.

Climbing Hybrid PerpetuaHg.
Climbing Frau Karl Climbing Rodo^-anaHhi.

Druschki.

Climbing Hybrid Teas.
Olimbing Richmond. Climbing Mrs. W. G

Climbing Oarodime Te^tout. Grant.

■ Olimbing La Framce.

OliUisrter Roses, Wicihuraianas, &c.
Sho^'er of Gold. Fpani^ois GuiilHot,

Paul Transon. Gerbe Rose.

Alb^ric Barbie-r. Paradise.

Francois Juranville. American Pillar.

For Foliage, Single Flowers,
ru'hri'folia. Brunonis.

Rerne Olga de Wurtem- HimaJayioa.

burg.

Cleiutis Recommended by Mr. A. Jackman.
Spring —
Miss Bateman. Sir Garnet Wolsele\

The Queeni. Robert. Hanbury.

Smnmer —
Beauty of Worcester. Lord NevilHe.

Fairy Queen. Marie Boisselor.

Henrvi. Mrs. Hope.

Lady' 0. Neville. Nelly Mosei.

>utuimi' —
Oomte«se de Bouchard. Mrs. CholmondeJey,

Gipsy Queen. Star of India.

Jaclanamii. ViHle de Lyon.

Sm»B-Flowered—
montana nibems. .admiration.

mont.a.na ^mpeirba. Countess of Onslnw

VilicelU .alba Iniuriars. Duchess of .Ubany.

V. Kermesina.

LETTERS FROM SOLDIER-GARDENERS.

GOOD GARDEN PLANTS IN GREECE.
I AM writing a few notes which may be of
interest to the readers of your old and esteemed
pap 'r. of which I was a constant reader for
twenty years before joining the Army. Before
leaving England I was head gardener to His
Grace the Duke of Wellington, at Ewhurst Park.
Basingstoke, Hampshire, and a member of tlie
Royal Horticultural Society. Some of the plants
I have noticed in Macedonia are well known in
good gardens in England. The Snake's Head
Lily, Fritillaria Meleagris, which is found in
the Water Meadows at Swallowfield always
under water, may be seen here on dry banks
facing south, and flowering magnificently; again.
Cyclamen Coum, at the time of writing, is
flowering in thousands on the slopes of a dry
nullah facing south-west. This, to my mind, is
the prettiest sight in the Balkans, and worthy of
a visit from anyone in peace time. Other things
growing in luxuriance are Heliotropes, Salvia
neniorosa. Salvia Pneumonanthe, Clematis recta,
a lovely blue Phlox of the decussata type,
riaturas. the annual white and violet-coloured
varieties ; Linum flavum, Hypericum, Dianthus
barbatus, Anchusa italica, and the Dropmore
variety, which provides a sheet of blue for miles;
Linum narbonense, which is met everywhere, and
amongst the rocks by the Vardar River Lilium
canadense is to be seen in abundance, whilst the
spathes of L. palestinum show purple and black
all along the valleys. Celsia cretica and C. arcturus
make fine sights carpeted with AnagaUis.
Ajugas, Geraniums, with the Alpine Strawberry
make a riot of colours. A lovely sight in the
spring is Anemone apennina, also Jasminum
nudifloms, and Myosotis pahistris. Christmas
Roses abound, also Cypripedium spectabile and
a perennial Pea a foot in height, which I do not
know, is a mass of flowers. Poppies have a
splendid effect as they are cultivated in fields:
Moscari, OmphaJodes, Leontopodium, Oenothera,
and Scabious are found everywhere ; Verbena
venuata grows -to perfection, an<l Erigerons in
variety. Peippermint in the nuUahs sta.nds 3 feet
high, and the scent is very pungent. A gem is a
small Aconitum 12 inches high and of a lovelv
shade of violet. Gypsophilas with white and
pink flowers are fairly common ; the old-fashioned
Clary (Salvia Sclarea), Rodanthus, and Morn-
ing Glory lend a beautiful touch of colour
to this remarkable country. One thing notice-
able is the absence of bees and wasps,
and the flowers have but little or no
perfume. Fruit exists in variety. Of the
Mulberry, the white variety is grown largely.
The system of growing the Mulberry is entirely
different from that practised in Britain, as the
natives grow und fruit the trees on the cut-back
principle, the fruit being all produced on the
voung wood, similar to our own Cob and Filbert
Nuts. I am in a convalescent camp at present.
I expect to take up gardening again when I re-
turn home. All good wishes for the good old
Ohronide; I hope soon to be reading its notes
again. Pte. M. Dorsett. Salonica Forces, Greece.

FAMILIAR FLOWERS IN THE BALKANS.

It may be of some interest to Chronicle
readers to record the fact that many of our most
useful herbaceous and Alpine plants grow and
thrive in a wild state out here.

Also, there are various dwarf-growing plants
to be found, principally on the sides of the
ravines among the foothills, which, in my
opinion, if they could be successfully grown in
England, would be of great value in the rock
or woodland garden.

Of the latter, one which has impressed me is a
low-growing, glaucous-foliaged deciduous shrub
hearing large, pale-mauve flowers, somewhat
similar in shape to the well-known Helleborus
niger; it thrives in hard, sandy soil, and appears
to revel in drought and sunshine.

Another and smaller plant, bearing 'small

racemes of sweetly -scented flowers, reminds me
much of a miniature Genista, while a second
yellow-flowered Alpine resembles a Mesembryan-
themum more than anything else, while yet
another, bearing large, deep-blue inflorescences,
appears to be closely allied to the Gentian
family.

Among the well-known English flowers to be
seen in a wild state, I have noticed on several
occasions, usually on or near the sea-shore, well-
flowered clumps of Statice latifolia, a somewhat
coarse type of Myosotis, fine specimens of Galega
officinalis, and more than one variety of the
shrubby Veronicas.

One notices quantities of Eryngiums, mostly
E. glaucum, though I have also seen isolated
specimens of E. amethystinum, and there is also
a very large and handsome Thistle, which 1 have
been unable to identify.

In swampy places one finds another very orna-
mental plant, not unlike a small Buddleda varia-
bilis, either in flower or foliage, but this also I
cannot fit a name to thus far.

Early in the year there were any number cf
Crocus flowers to be found on the hills, iu every
shade of colour, but with little or no foliage, and
I have also, on more than one occasion, foimd
clumps of a miniature Hyacinthus, presumably
a forerunner of the familiar H. Muscari of the
woodland gardens at home.

When I first came out here, more than a year
ago, I thought this a singularly uninteresting
country from a horticulturist's point of view, but
since passing through the growing season, which
extends roughly from January to May, I have
changed ray opinion, and were the distance only
less, or the transport quicker, I should certainly
bo tempted to tr.' my luck with some members of
the flora of Macedonia at home in England, in
those longed-for days " after the war." G. E.
Palmer, L.-CpL. Tf.A.M.C. {formerly of Tihfone
Gardens, Tarporle;/, Cheshire.).

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By .1. DUSN, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Wind-sor
French Beans.— Plants of French Beajis
'which >are growing in slightly heated pits
should be given the benefit of a free circulation
of air in sunny weather. Maintain the tempera-
ture at 55°. Examine the roots,_ and if the soil
is dry give one good soaking with weak liquid
manure. Syringe the foliage only when the
weather is mQd and bright, as the plants are
more liable to be injured by damp than tliose
grown in pots in a warmer house or pit. If pods
are in demand during the winter make sowings
in 7-inch pots every eight days to maintain
the supply. Crock the pots carefully and use
light, rich soil, which should be pressed
moderately firm. Place 5 or 7 seed® in
each pot and cover them with 1 inch of the
finest soil. Apply water sparingly until the
young plants are 2 inches high, when more
moisture is -necessary. A temperature of 60°
is suitable. Syringe "the foliage lightly on fine,
sunnv days. As gro-n-th advances the plants
must be kept upright, and there is no better
means of supporting them than a few small
twigs placed in each pot. i

in Asparagus.- The beds should be divested of
all decaying foliage, the surface soil broken
lightly with a fork, and a dressinig of decayed
horse-manure applied if necessary. Some oi the
surface soil may be carefully removed before the
m.a.nure is applied. The alleys may then be
dug up as roughly as possible to expose the soil
to the frost and weather.

Qlobe Artichokes.— The plajits should be
afforded protection by placing a quantity of
straw around the clumps. Leave the centre of
the plants open and exposed to the light, or
decay may result. The soil between the rows

NOVEMBEB 10, 1917.]

THE JARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

189

should be dug, and, if sharp frosts occur, a few
inches of long manure may be spread over the
surface.

Rhubarb. — Suitable roots should be dug up
cand exposed to the wea/ther for a fortndgiht be-
fore placing them in warmth. Crowns which
have been in their present position for two or
three years are large enough for forcing, which
may be done in a Mushroom-house or other
building having a temperature of 55°. At
Frogmore we use a slightly heated pit for the
purpose and place the roots on a very gentle
hotbed, which is composed of leaves trodden
tightly together and covered with a, few inches
of rich soil. The roots should be placed as
closely together as possible, and the space be-
tween them filled with finely sifted soiL Daws's
Champion is a suitable variety for early
forcing.

' Cauliflower.— PlaJiits of Cauliflowers dn the
open garden should be exajnined at least twice
weekly, as a few degrees of frost may soon
ruin a valuable crop if protection is not afforded
to all heads which are formed, but not of suf-
ficient size for cutting. Protection from a few
degrees of froet may be afforded by placing a
few spare green leaves over the crown and draw
in.g the outer leaves up in such a manner as to
protect the crown until it is ready for cutting.
When the season is further advanced and more
protection is necessary the plants which have
formed small crowns should be lifted carefully
with a good ball of soil to each and placed
close t-offether in trenches, which should be made
as the plants are placed in position. The stems
of the plants should be placed deeply in the
soil as the work of digging the trenches pro-
ceeds. The plants should be divested of all de-
caj^ng leaves as they are lifted, and placed in
convenient batches quite close together, where
they may be protected by spare lights and
covered with fern or other dry material in case
of severe frosts.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Bv W. A. Cook, Gardener t/i the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Abbots Wood. fif.d.nlmin<;. Surre.v-

Plantino GooacBERRv Bushe*.— It is a

suitable time to plant Gooseberry bushes. The
ground should be dug deeply or trenched, plenty
of lime incorporated with it, and if the eoil
is light in texture and poor in quality, a little
bone-meal employed. The plants should pos-
sess fairly long stems to keep the branches clear
of the ground. A few dessi?ri varieties should
be grown as double or triple cordons, training
them to four strands of wire stretched across
the plot. The first wire should be a foot and
the top one 6 feet from tlie ground level, with
two intermediate ones. The main or outside
post must be firmly set, to keep the wires in
position. In a short time the stems will reach
the top wire, and subsequeiitly tear heavy crops
on spurs. By this system of training the fruits
are easily protected and eathered. whilst cor-
don-trained trees are quick in giving good re-
turns, especially when trained to tall .stakes.
Place one stake in the centre and one at each
corner of a square 2 feet or 3 feet wide if a
gros-s-growing variety. The following, is a li.st
of .wlect varieties : L.angley Beauty, >"ellow ;
Langley Gage, white; Yellow ('hampagne, Whin-
liam's Industry, Dan's Mistake, Whitesmitli,
Crown Bob, Keepsake, Trumpeter, and Pitmas-
fcon Greengage.

PCAOH AND N«CTAR<NE Tb»»« —Proceed
with the planting of Pp.nrh and .Vprtarine
trees in the soil that has been prepared for
their reception. If young trees are to take the
place of old ones it will be advisable to plant
them in whole or at least one half of fresh
noil. The best soil is moderately heavy loam
which has been stacked for at least six montihe.
Loam fr6.shly cut from good pasture land can
be used as a bottom layer, turning the grass
side downwards. A small quantity of half-
inch bones and some rubble should bp mixed
with the soil th.at the roots are .actually planted
in. Tf the trees are to be trained ae.ninst
south walls they should be planted about 18 feet
ap.^rt, one at every 9 feet. Later t;he trees may
V>p thinned, and those removed used for fur-

nishing Peach houses. In this way good tj-ees
are always available for planting. Trees that
were not pruned la^st. season will be in a suitable
condition for removing, and^ if carefully moved,
should bear crops next season. In moving trees
of this kind take out a trench deep and wide
enough for the operator to work right under
the ball of roots, when it can be lifted out on
a strong mat and the tree taken away. Make
the soil firm as planting proceeds by continual
ramming around the roots. Firm planting re-
sults in short-jointed growth of a fii-m texture.
Should the soil be dry give it a heavj- soaking
before planting the tree, or the soil will break
away, destroying many roots. Good \'iarieties
of Peaches for outside culture are Waterloo,
Hale's Early, Goshawk, Grosse Mignonne, Dy-
mond, Peregrine, Stirling Castle, Barrington,
and Sea Eagle. This selection will furnish ripe
frnits from the middle of July to the end of
Ootobei". Nectarines Rivers' Early, Cardinal,
Lord Napier, Pine Apple and Humboldt are all
excellent sorts.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

8TRAWBERRII8 IN PoTS.-Stra'wberries in

pots have made good growt.h. Runners were not
very plentiiful this season in some localities, the
reason for which seems to be somewhat obsctue.
Because of this shortage many growers were late
Ln potting their stock. Late plants should be
placed in cold frames and the lights kept on
except in dTv, sunny weather. I prefer to store
the plants in frames, but this is not always con-
venient. The next best plan is to arrange th"ni
closelv on the flat amd cover the pots with ashes
See that the dTainage is clear. Pull out all
weeds and remove vsmall runners that may have
developed, but do not take off any leaves.

Latk Plumb in Pot» -Late Plums have
furnished useful fruits during the past .«ix weeks
or more, ard we still h.ave fruits of Coe's Golden
Drop, and its red variety, Ickworth Imperatrice.
These late Plums have been gathered for a.bout
three weeks and kept in a dry room.

Late Pigs.— Our late Figs in pots are drop
ning their leaves freely, and as the crop, which
has been a most abundant one, is practically over,
we shall now stand the plants more closely to-
gether. The temperature will be reduced to the
normal for the winter, but we shall safeguard the
plants from frost. The amount of water at the
roots should bo reduced gradually, but never en-
tirelv withheld. Figs are most accommodating as
to the room they require in the resting season.
The plant's at Ounner.sburv House are often
.stood not to pot. and in this wav more room
i<! ava'lable for other pot plants durine the next
few months. To destroy brown scale we dre.s8
the bavk a l-'ftU l-,for on with linnid Gishurst
Co'pnoiiTid. This needs to be done down to the
soil level. Where scale is present collect the
loaves as thev fall and bum them.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

CvMBioiUM.— Plants of C. Lowianum, C.
Tracvanum, and mnnv of their fine hvbrids. are
de\ eloping flower-spikes, and .should lie well
supplied with water at the roots, whilst others
that are backward in this respect should still
be kept on the dry aide, otherwise new growth
will commence and the nlants f,nil to bloom. C.
prandiflorum has also finished its growth, and
flower-spikes are developing from the pseudo-
bulbs of the previous year. To ensure success
in flnwerinc; this .species, the. plants should b"
il.Tced in a cool, light position, and the mots
kept on the dry side during the winter.

Wat>rino —This is always an important factor
in Orchid culture, and especially at this sonson.
Plnnts that have finished their erowth sho\ild h'>
allowed to dry out between each application of
wntci- ,nt the roots rrivinf them just enonirh <->
keep the pseudo-bulbs in a plump and rigid
r-orirlifiVn. Pl.Tuts that are growing and nfhr-"o
that are pu.shing up thoir flower-soapes should
be afforded more frequent supplies.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By W. J.

Hall. St

Plantino Roes. — The soil in which Roses
are planted should be well drained. The most
suitable soil is a deep, rich loam of a greasy,
retentive nature, and, as the trees usually
occupy the ground for a number of years, it
should be prepared thoroughly. Light soils may
be improved by the addition of stiff loam, or,
better stUl, old turf that has been cut and
stacked for some considerable time. Loose,
sandy soil is unsuitable. In choosing the site,
select an open situation, sheltered from cold
winds, but not close to large trees or shrubs, the
roots of which would exhaust the soil. Trench
the ground at least 18 inches deep, incorporating
with it a heavy dressing of well-rotted manure.
The soil sliould be allowed to settle to its former
leval before planting. See that the roots
are spread out to their fullest extent, and trim
with a sharp knife any that are damaged. The
point of union between stock and scion should
be placed just below the surface of the soil. Plant
firmly. The following hybrid-perpetual varietie.«
are suitable for planting singly in beds : — Frau
Karl Druschki (white), Mrs. J. Laing (pink),
Hugh Dickson (crimson), A. K. Williams (car-
mine-red), Louis Van Hontte (deep maroon), and
Her Majesty (bright rose). Good hybrid Teas
suitable for the same jiurpose are : — Mdme. A,
Chatenay, Antoine Rivoire, Caroline Testout,
Madame Ravary, William Shean, Gustave Regis,
T.ibertv, Lady Ashtown. Sunburst, Dorothy
Page Roberts, and Mme. M. Soupert.

Dahlias and Lobelia cardinalis.— In
lifting Dahlias do not damage the tubers. The
roots should be kept in a plump condition, and
not dried olf too quickly. Label each variety
and place the roots in a cool house under the
stage or m a cold frame to complete the dry in"
before storing them in a cool, dry, frost-proof
shed for the winter. Lobelia cardinalis, lifted,
and planted in boxes filled with a sandy com-
post, will winter quite safely in a cool frame,
provided extra protection is given during frosty
weather. Adftiit air to the frames on all favour-
able occasions

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Salvia.— Salvia splendcns grandiflora is far
superior to the ordinary variety. Wliether the
plants have been grown entirely in pots, or
planted out in prepared borders, and afterwards
lifted and potted, matters very little. They do
exceedingly well either way. Grow them in a
light house or pit, :,Tnd let them have plenty of
space to make sti"-dv. shanelv specimens. S.
iizureus grandiflorus (syn. Pitcheri) is another
excellent perennial for pot culture, and is at its
best in the early autumn. The elegant spikes
of azure-blue flowers are vei-y ornamental, and
when used with a white or pale yellow ground-
work, shows to good effect. The plants need
plenty of water, and those developing their
flower-spikes should be given weak manure water.
Plants of later-blooming species, such as S. niti-
lans, "S. Bethelii, and S. gesneraeflora, may be
left in the cold frame for the present, the damp
bottom being much more conducive to healthy
foliage th;in drv stages. If ofTiecessity they are
growing on a dry stage, give the plants a good
syringing on bright days.

Greenhouse Climberr Reduce the growth
of indoor climbers, according to the re-
quirements of each individual plant. Certain
climbers, such as (^oboea scandens, Passi-
floras, Bignonias, Tacsonias and Mandevilla
siuaveolens, are rampant growers, and need
to be kept within bounds. Other climbers,
!ncl'Ud.ing Plumbago capensie, Swainisomia,
Habrothamnus and Strpptosolen .Tamesonii, do
not need such severe thinning, but all super-
fluous growthR th,at have finished flowering
should be removed. When the work of thin-
ning and tving is completed, thoroughly wash
the plants befoTe rearranging the house. Fumi-
gate the house on an evening or two fflfterwards,
Pednce the amount of wiater at the roots, but
dip not withhold moisture entirely.

190

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICe..

Editors and Publisher. — Our correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Ediioks. The two
dejmrfnu'nts. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much- unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— 2'fte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

liOcal ijews. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
pifiiils f"r naming, should be addressed to the
EDITORS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONEI SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, Sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

AVERAGE Meait Tempbratttrb for tSi^ ensuiD^ week
deduced from observa-tiona during tihe laet fifty
ye;irs at Greenvvidh, 43.5.
Actual Temperatdre :—

Gardeners' Chronicle OflBce, 41, WeUdngixrai Street,
Oovent Garden', London. Thursday, NoTember 8,
10 .1.111. : Bar. 29.4 ; temp. 45°. Weatheo^
Dull.

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs ab 67 and 68, Oheapside, at 1 o'clock, by
Protheroe & Morris.

Everyone in this coun-
The Breaking up try who takes the trouble
of Grass Land, to be conversant with
public events is aware
tliat great efforts are being made to encour-
age the breaking up of grass land. But not
everyone, even among those who have been
most vocal in opposing this policy, has
understood the reason why it has been
urged. That reason may be starkly stated
as dire necessity. There is a shortage in
the world's supply of food. It is common
knowledge, moreover, that the tonnage of
the world is not equal to all the carrying
tasks which are required of it, and that
if tonnage has to be used for the carriage
of food it cannot be used for other things
which, from the point of view of the
successful prosecution of the war, are
no less essential than food. To give but
one example of many which might be
given. Fertilisers are essential to pro-
duction, and not all fertilisers ai'e made
at home. Some must be imported. A
cargo of an indispensable fertiliser means
a much larger potential addition to our
food supply than that which would be ob-
tained if Wheat were carried instead of
the fertiliser.

Hence the determination of this country
to grow more food. Nothing is more vital
to the security of the nation. This is not
open to question — it is a fact, one of the
fundamental and dominating fact-s of the
present situation. It is the plain duty of
every man who possesses ground capable
of producing food crops to put them to this
use. Every yard of garden ground avail-

able should be used for this purpose, and
every man capable of working on the land
and possessed of leisure should see that
liO does all that his time and strengtli
allow to produce more food.

But when all this is done, though, as
this year has shown, it is no negligible
contribution to the food supply, a great
task remains for the farmer to per-
form. Tliere are two courses open to
the farmer, and both need to be fol-
lowed. The one consists in getting the
largest production from his e.tisting arable
land ; the other consists in utilising the
great reserve of 'fertility which e.xists
in his grass land. As is pointed out by
Mr. Middleton, Deputy Director-General
of the Food Production Department, in his
most able report on the breaking up of
grass land,* the first of these courses can-
not possibly be sufficient to meet and sur-
mount the present shortage of food. The
resources of the farmer in labour and in
fertilisers are Hess than in peace time, and
high farming requires plenty of labour and
large and varied supplies of fertilisers.
Hence, although there are farms not a few
whicTi might be made to produce more, it
is not merely by increasing the production
from existing arable land that the neces-
sary increase of food can be made.

Tliere remains, therefore, one resource,
and one only — the bringing of more land
under arable cultivation. Of land avail-
able for this purpose and capable of giving
good ret\irns, there is only that now under
grass.

After having demonstrated the fact that
the food shortage can only be met by this
means, Mr. Middleton proceeds to consider
the question : " How the grass which must
be broken up must be dealt with."

With the object of assisting those en-
gaged in converting grass land into arable
the Food Production Department ad-
dressed inquiries to a large number of
farmers who have gained experience in this
work during the past season.

Over 300 replies were received from 5.5
counties. The replies demonstrate that the
results which have been secured this year
are satisfactory. Of crops which where
mentioned as having given satisfaction
are Oats, Wheat, Barley, Peas, Beans,
Potatos, Mangolds, Turnips, and others.
The experience gained in 1917 demon-
strates conclusively that it is possible to
add largely to the food supply by convert-
ing pasture into arable.

There were failures, chiefly in the South
and East, but elsewhere failures were rare.
In mast cases the failure was attributed
to wireworm, but in not a few cases this
noxious pest was not the cause of the
failure attributerT to it. Damage ascribed
to wireworm wa.s often due to the drying
out of the newly ploughed land — much was
ploughed in the New Year between mid-
February and the end of April. In the
South the frit fly caused a considerable
part of the damage.

Wireworm does most damage in loose,
open soils ; in a firm soil plants, even

• Ah'st'-acted in Journal of Board of Agriculture, XIV
No. 6, Sept., 1917,

though attacked, have a good chance of re-
establishing themselves.

The report considers carefully the time
suitable for ploughing, whilst recognising
that weather and labour often leave little
choice. Poor, heavy clay land in dry dis-
tricts should be broken in summer, to allow
of a partial fallow.

In the case of medium or light land in-
fested with wireworm, many farmers found
that Oats did better on late-ploughed and
late-sown land than on land broken earlier.
Thus in light soils in the South, March
ploughing gave better results than Decem-
ber ploughing.

In all cases a firm seed-bed is important.
The roller is useful not only for this, but
also for checking wireworm. Whereas
good pasture land should produce good
crops without the aid of fertilisers, it was
found that in many clay soils in the South
and East which had "tumbled down" to
grass a generation ago, had already at that
time become exhausted of phosphates. In
such soils dressings of superphosphate
2-3 cwts., or of basic slag, are Iseneficial.
For Oats on poor, matted turf sulphate of
ammonia and superphosphate are recom-
mended.

The Report, which should be read in its
entirety, concludes with advice as to the
mode of treatm-ent of different types of
soil, and with summaries of the replies
received from farmers to the inquiries
addressed to them by the Food Production
Department.

A Giant Potato.- A Potato grown on the
farm of the King's Roml Rifle Corps ait Sheer-
iiess, wlien lifted weighed neaJ'ly 4 lbs. 12 ozs.,
with a length of 11 inches and a girth of 15|
inches. The tuber was of good shape and nor-
mal in every reepect, excepting size and weigiht.

New Scottish Seed Trade Association.—
A meeting of the representatives of the seed
trade of .Scotland was held in the Corn Exchajige,
Edinburgh, on October 31, to consider the posi-
tion of the trade as affected by Government
orders. Mr. D. Bell, of Messrs. Bell and Bieber-
STEBT, Leith, presided. The business was con-
ducted in private, but we understand that it was
agreed to form a Seed Trade Association to
s'oice the views of the trade and protect its
interests. A committee of seven members was
appointed to approach the Government should it
become necessary. The question of guarantee
is one of importance at present,. and the general
feeling of the meeting was to the effect that,
while standards of purity and germination were
likely to be valuable, the- time was inopportune
for giving effect to new regulations for securing
them.

The Qinus Eucalyptus.— The first part of
the fourth volume of Maiden's Critical Re-
vision of the Genus Eucalyptus is devoted to
E. tereticornis. Smith, and its alliee E. Ban-
croftii, Maiden, and E. amplifolia, Naudin. E.
tereticornis is a very complex and variable
species, but on this point Maiden says : "In
a few years I confidently expect that the deter-
mination of a speoies of Eucalyptus from a twig
of juvenile foliage will present no difficulty."
Perhaps not, with the author's complete state
of saturation in Eucalyptus, but how about
others who have not so intimate a knowledge
of the genus ? The three species now de-
scribed and figured belong to a group
having long, narrow flower-buds and small
seed-vessels, and they are all restricted to
Eastern Australia (one extending to New

November 10. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

191

Guinea), ranging from Victoria to Queens-
land. E. tereticornis and E. amplifolia have
both been in cultivation in the Mediter-
ranean region for many years, and the latter
was founded on cultivated specimens some
twenty-five years ago. M.mden succeeded in
matching original specimens with native mate-
rials. E. tereticornis is one of the very few
Eucalypti known to inhabit New Guinea. The
number of species hitherto described and figured
by M.^roEN is 160, so that we may e.xpect the
total to exceed 200.

French Riskrves of Potato*.— Le Journal
states : "If the crop of Potatos is abundant,
notably superior to that of last year, the disease
has, nevertheless, caused serious losses. These
hove been particularly heavy in certain localities.
The sites for storing the tubers should be
powdered over with quicklime, each layer of
tubers of a thickness of 8 to 10 centimetres, must
liave a fresh sprinkling, and another must be
given to the surface of the heap."

Popular Wood to be Felled.— Wythop
Woods, at Peil Wyke, stretching for three miles
on the western side of Bassenthwaite Lake, one
of the most popular tourist resorts in the Lake
Country, has been bought by the Government
from Sir Henry V.\ne's trustees, and is to be
felled for its timber, which is largely Oak.

Publications Received.— 7"/:e Small Car-
den. Bv Mary Hampden. (London : Herbert
Jenkins.) Price -Ss. net. — The Potato* Order,
1917. By J. L. Anderson, Solicitor and Town
Clerk. Cup.ir. (Edinburgh: William Hodge and
Co.) Price Is. net.

PLUM ORPINGTON PROLIFIC.

The n«w late Gage Plum illustrated in fig. 73
has been shown on several occasions this
autumn by Mr. H. Close, Orpington, Kemt,
who obtained the R.H.S. Award of Merit for the
variety on October 24, 1916. The fruits in the
illustration are reproduced natural size, and it
will be seen that ihey are not so round as in
the old Green Gage variety, and slightly smaller.
The colour is dull, greenish-yellow, and the ap
pearance generally does not suggest a Plum of
high quality, but the flavour is excellent. The
variety is one of the latest to ripen, tlie eea-son
being the end o^ October.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

POT.\TOS ON GRASS LAND AT
ALDENHAM.

M.vxy are the experiences of growing Potatos
on newly ploughed grass land this year, and the
majority no doubt have been successful. One of
tlic most successful results that have come under
my notice is the fifteen acres of park grass
ploughed up at Aldenham House, Elstree. Hav-
ing seen the plot at various times, I am in a
position to note the results, the recording of
which may encourage others to do likewise next
year. The sward was formerly iiiifested with
huge itus-socks of grass. These wei-e grubbed up
and burned, and the ashes imade a valuable
etimulaat for the Potatos, being scattered in the
rows with the sets. In January the plot was
ploughed some 5 inches deep, and again cross
ploughed, hajTowed, and rolled several times,
with a view to disintegrating the soil from the
turf as much as possible.

Planting was done by the aid of a baulking
plough ; the rows were 28 inches apart and the
s^ts 15 to 18 inches apart, thus allowing ample
space for the development of haulm. The seed
was mainly Scotch-grown tubers of last year. At
planting time five tons of London manure was
added to the ashes and garden refuse for the 15

acres and spread in the rows with the seed ; a
dressing of soot was given before the earthing-up
was done, but little result of the application of
soot was noted, and therefore it will not be re-
peated. The soil between the rows before earth-
ing was frequently stirred with the baulking
plough.

The crop realised some seven tons per acre,
the tubers coming out quite clean and singularly
free from wireworm. Slugs were slightly
troublesome, boring some few of the tubers.
There was very little disease, although no spray-
ing carried out. The haulm remained gi-een
quite late in t'he season a.s compared to
some other plots, which may not have received
the same cultural attention. The varieties grown
were Iron Duke, which was a distinct success in
crop, evenness of tuber, cleanness of skin, and,
what is important, its undoubted quality when
cooked. King Edward was very successful, in
crop and quality. I saw 5^ tons lifted from
barely three-quarters of an acre, with only a feiw
diseased tubers. Great Scot was a fair crop ;
Factor poor. An experiment was tried as to the
value of sprouting the seed tubers by boxing
as against keeping them in heaps until planting.
It was interesting to note the great advantat;e
gained by the sprouting. The growth from these
was earlier and stronger, producing a much
heavier crop with no disease. The present in

at a time by placing the finger against the nozzle
of an ordinary large syringe, in using which there
was no such thing as clogging, as there is when
a rose or a self-acting sprayer is used. The
Potatos were lifted in the first week of Septem-
ber, when there was not a speck of murrain on
the haulms or the tubers, although they were
only separated from a badly diseased plot by a
narrow walk, and the tubers have remained per-
fectly sound. No Potato? had been grown on or
near the two plots indicated for 16 years. — i.e..
the one where the disease appeared and where
it was absent — and the seed in each case was,
as far as could be seen, perfectly free from the
Phytophthora.

My conclusions are that the mixture should be
used as soon as it is dissolved, which takes three
or four hours ; that the first application, in the
warmer parts of the kingdom, should be made
not later than the middle of June, and if applied
at that tiriie and followed up at fortnightly inter-
vals, it is only necessary to spray the upper
surfaces of the leaves. That a verv fine spray
should be applied to every portion of the upper
surfaces, only as much being used as will remain
on the leaves in the form of dew, for if it runs
off, the edges of the leaves are liable to become
scorched.

Another time a less quantity of soda will be
used. It is found that sulphate of copper dis-

FlO. 73. — PLUM ORPINr.TON PROLIFIC : A LATE GAGE VARIETY.

tention is to grow Potatos again next year on
the same site. After burning the haulm, the
land will be deeply ploughed, exposing it to
winter rains and frost, with a view to pulverising
the fibrous portions. E. Malynevi.

SPRAYING POTATOS.

So many grower* have failed to see
any good results from spraying Potatos,
some even thinking more harm than good
was done, that it is advisable to look into
the causes of the failures. In a case imme
diately under my observation, spraying was com-
menced in the middle of June, when there was
nj appearance of disease, and two of the varieties
grown, viz., British Queen and Arran Chief, were
sprayed five times at intervals of ten or twelve
days. The first three sprayings were with jire-
pared mixtures of different brands, bought at
the shops, and after the first shower there was
very little of the material to be seen A home-
made mixture, consisting of 2 oz. each of sul-
phate of copper and common soda, was next ap-
plied, and although heavy rain fell immediately
after the first application, very little of the stuff
was washed off. It was found that it was imprac-
ticable to spray all the under surfaces of the
leaves with the instruments at han^, so, after
the first trial, the attempt was given up, and
the spraying was done across three or four rows

solved by itself mixes thorouglily with the water
and is kept in suspension, but immediately soda
or lime is added the sulphate is precipitated, more
or less, according to the quantity of the other
materials used. The sulphate, of course, is the
active ingredient, but used alone at the strength
mentioned it burns the leaves. A i oz. to the
gallon did not scorch the leaves of Runner Beans,
but double that strength did scorch them. As
the se;ison when this experiment was made was
too late for Potatos, I cannot say what the result
v/<.uld be of trying a weak solution of copper by
itself, but it seems probable that \the soda or
lime may have a neutralising effect on the copper,
and it would be interesting to know whether ex-
hau.stive experiments have been made in this
direction.

But why grow late varieties of Potatos where
the space is limited, and where it would be an
advantage to have succession crops if the ground
could be cleared in July? Will some of your
correspondents inform me the best early or mid-
season varieties to keep through the winter and
spring? Good flavour is required quite as much
as good appearance, and good habit of growth
not more than 18 inches in length. The best-
flavoured Potato I have tasted this season has
been Eclipse, which is a good cropper, but my .
experience has been very limited. Wm. Taylor,
Bath.

■192

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(Tlie Editors do not hold themselves resimisible for
the opinwns expressed by correspondents.)
LiNUM PERENNE AND RABBITS.— Some time
<ago there was brought under my notice an
e.xample of the great difficulty which may be
experienced in connection with the conisidera- ■
tion of what may be called " rabbit-proof "

plants. In a certain bay on the Kirk-
rudbriglhtehire coast there is a wonderfully
beautiful "colony" of Liniim pea-enne. This
is simply fascinating in its season, and gives
the portion of the coast on which it grows a
feature reminding one of the haze of blue shown
in many a woodland and meadow by the flowers
of the Bluebell (Scilla festalis, or nutans). It
has formed one of the prominent features in
some of the pictures of a famous Scottish, artist,
ajid has elicited many expressions of admira-
tion. But revenons a nos mouiovs. In this
bay rabbits abound, yet the Flax is never
touched by these pests. A proprietor on the
opposite side of the inlet of the Solway, in
practically the same conditione. and who is a
keen gardener, desired to establish a .similar
feature on his property, and removed plants
and sowed seedis as well. Result — every plant
was exterminated by tJlie rabbits! They evi-
dently had discovered that the Flax presented
a new edible to them, while the rabbito on the
other coast had their appetites cloyed by the
plentiful supply. S. Amott.

Utility and Romanoe of the Rowan.—
At p. 155, Sir Herbert Maxwell makes some
very pertinent remarks regarding the beauty of
the Rowan tree and its golden-fruited variety,
but says nothing of the utility of the pomes or
berries, though it may be well known to him.
In the South it is grown solely for ornamental
purposes, so far as I can learn ; but in the North,
many yeaj-s ago. I enjoved very much a jelly
made from the berries. They were partly boiled,
then strained to take out the seeds and skins,
susar was added, and the richlv coloured juice
still further boiled till it attained the consistency
of Red Currant jelly. It was rich in colour and
pleasantly acidulated, with a flavour distinct
from all other jellies I have ever tasted. The
tree grows wild and abundantly on the hills and
lower mountains of the Highlands, and is planted
in and around gardens further north, where there
is no aboriginal arboreal vegetation, and fruits
splendidlv from the time it gets 6 feet to 10 feet
high. There were large trees of the golden-
fniited vnrietv. Pyrus .\ucnparia fnictu Inteo.
around a villaue garden in Aberdeenshire, in the
early sixties of last century, and the naked boles
of the trees were so tall that the village boys
were never able to raid the trees: They called
the berries " Barley Roddans." I presume from
their yellow colour. The Gaelic name for the
Rowan or Mountain Ash is Luisreoq. or drink-
charm. In 1772, Lightfoot recorded that the
Highlanders used to distil a very good spirit
from the berries, and that any part of the tree
carried about on the person was a sovereign
charm against enchantment or witchcraft. I
have seen two very old trees planted, one on
each side of the approach to an ancient family
seat in Kincardineshire, to keep away witches.
Their potency, or rather, their want of it for this
purpose was well known in the seventies, but out
of curiosity the old trees were roped with iron
hoops to keep them together, as they were fall-
ing to pieces. Just then and for long years pre-
viously, many an old house contained a " rantry "
or " rantle tree " for suspending pots over the
fire, though the inhabitants had long lost the
knowledge that the word was derived from
Rowan tree, and that it was intended to prevent
witches from exercising their evil spells in the
pot. /. F.

Hibiscus avRiAcus (see p. 157). — Unfortu-
nately, in many northern gardens Hibiscus
,s\Tiacus fails to flower, or blooms only occa-
sionally when the seasons are milder than usual.
I do, however, know of a few Scottish gardens
in which it is a success. I have in my mind's
eye one specially good old plant of H. s. Totus
albus, which bloo(ms almost every year* It is
against a low wall, and partially trained over
a elate roof, where it receives the benefit of the
heat stored in the stone and slate durinig the
dav. A.

soci£:ti£:s.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

November 6. — The fortnightly meeting in the
Drill Hall on Tuesday last gained in importance
from the fact that the National Chrysanthemum
Society held its annual exhibition in connection
with it. Chrysanitheimunis were by far the most
important feature of the show.

Several good groups of Orchids were, however,
contributed. Novelties submitted for award
gained one First-class Certificate and three
Awards of Merit.

The Floral Committee gave four Awards of
Merit to Chrysanthemums and five Medals to col-
lections.

There was one important exhibit in the fruit
and vegetable section, viz., an exhibit of sixty
varieties of hardy fruits, shown by Messrs. H.
Cannell and Sons. Several seedling Apples were
presented for award, but none received recogni-
tion.

At the three o'clock meeting of the Fellows,
Mr. E. A. Bowles delivered an address en-
titled " Useful Books for an Amateur Gar-
dener's Libraiy."

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. May (chairman), J.
Green, J. W. Barr, W, J. Bean, J. F. McLeod,
W. H. Morter, C. Dixon, J. Hudson, C. E.
Pearson, J. Heal, A. Turner, C. E. Shea, E. F.
Hazelton, W. P. Thomson, E. H. Jenkins, T.
Stevenson, G. Reuthe, H. Cowley, J. T. Bennett-
I'oe, R. Hooper Pearson, E. A. Bowles, and John
Jennings.

Awards of Merit.

Chrysantheinvni General Petain. — A large
Japanese variety of a beautiful shade of soft
pink as seen from a short distance, but close
inspection proves that many of the long, broad
florets have a whito groimd and are faintly
mottled and shaded with light purplish pink.
The blooms shown were of the largest exhibition
size. This variety was exhibited last year under
the name of Edward Stanton.

C. DonaM. — A Single Chrysanthemum of the
Mensa type. Tlie blooms are carried on good
stems, and possess three rows of florets, the
colour is a deep shade of mauve-rose, with a
faint salmon flusJi. Both these were shown by
Mess.rs. W. Wells .\nd Co.

C. Cru-^nrler. — A medium-sized Japanese
variety with particularly substantial and rather
broad, short, and stiff florets, which are pure
white, with a creamy centre. The stems and
foliage are robust., and the bloom remains fresh
over an unusually long period, qualities that ren--
der the variety valuable for market purposes.
Shown bv Messrs. Lowe anp Shawyer.

C Alex. Hervf]!. — This new, large .Tapanese
variety is of a rich golden yellow. The florets
are narrow, drooping, and graceful, forming an
elegant, as well as a large bloom of fine colour.
Shown by Messrs. H. J. .Tones, Ltd.

Groups.

The following medals were awarded to collec-
tions : — •

Silver Flora Medal to Messrs. All wood Bros.,
Wivelsfield, for Perpetual-flowering Carnations.
A new variety, named Marion Wilson, was shown
tor the first time. It is a promising flower, of
pale bufi colour, with dfstinct stripings of ver-
milion.

Silver Banhsian Medals to Messrs. H. B. Mat
AND Son, Edmonton, for indoor Ferns and Be-
gonias of the Gloire de Lorraine and large winter-
flowering types, of which Optima, Emita, and
Mrs. Heal were remarkably good; Mr. G.
IvEi'THE, Keston, Kent, for a varied collection of
Nerines, Alpines and sprays of choice shrubs in
flower ; Messrs, Pipers, Bayswater, for orna-
mental shrubs in small pots, some of which were
in berry.

Bronze Flora Medal to Messrs, Stuart Low
AND Co,, Bush HiU Park, for Perpetual-flower-
ing Carnations,

Orchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Cnlman, Bart (in the
chair), Sir Harry J, Veitch, Jas, O'Brien (hon.
secretarv). W. Bolton, J. Cha.rlesworth, R. A.
Rolfe, j, Wilson -Potter, Fred K. Sander, J, F,

Shill, Pantia Ralli, E. E. Aahton, Frederick J.
Hanbury, T. Ai-mstrong, S. W. Flory, Gumey
Wilson, Stuart Low, Walter Cobb, and R. G.
Thwaites.

AWARDS.
First-class Certificate.
Cattleya Astron, The Dell variety (Harrisoni-
ana alba x Dusseldorfei Undine). Shown by
Mr. J. E. Skill, The Dell Gardens, Englefield
Go-een. The plant bore a fine spike of six pure
white flowers with sulphur-yeUow disc to the
lip. The original form was given an Award of
Merit on November 3, 1914. The present variety
has rather larger and bettei'-Bhaped flowers.

. Awards of Merit.

Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Bryndir {S.-L.-C.
Sandhage X L.-C. Golden Oriole), from Dr.
Miguel Lacroze, Bryndii-, Roehampton. A
fine hybrid of good size and very rich colour;
the size and form of the flower are derived
from the several large-flowered Cattleyas an its
composition. The sepals and petals are deep
port-wine colour or dark ruby-red with a slight
gold tint and small, pure white bases to the mid-
ribs. The lip is diark clai-et-red with gold vein-
ing extending from the base to the orange-
coloured centre,

Brasso-Cattleya Dietrickiana, Anaaldo'a
variety {B.C. Mrs. J. Leemann x C. Fabia),
from J, Ansaldo, Esq,, Rose Bank, Mumbles,
Glamorganshire, A noble flower of large size
and 'with an extraordinarily large lip ; the sepals
and petals are cream colour tinged with lilac ;
the lip is much crimped and fringed, coloured
bright rosy lilac in front, the centre being
chrome-yellow with yellow lines extending to
the base.

Miltonia Venus var. Fascinator (vexillaria X
Phalaenopsis) , from Messrs. Charlesworth and
Co., Haj'wards Heath. M. vexillaria was the
seed-parent, and the hybrid is nearest to that
species in form and general characters. The
flowers are tinged with rose colour, the lip
having a greenish-yellow base, from which
radiate numerous spotted lines of dark crimson
colour.

Groups.

Sir Jeremiah Colilan, Bart., Gatton Park
(gr. Mr. Collier), showed a fine plant of Cattleya
Portia Lorna Fielden, raised at Gatton, with a
spike of nine flowers. These flowers are equal
to the best form of C. Portia, but with the
lateral sepals broadened, deflected, and joined
at the bases, each showing the purple colouring
of the lip. C. labiata Loma Ficlden also
showed traces of the lip on the lower sepals, and
most of the batch of C, Portia of this cross
which have yet flowei;ed show the same pecu-
liarity; Odontoglossum splendid'Um album, with
pure white flowers, following the albinos from
which it was raised; a good hybrid "Odonto-
glossum, and Cattleya Gatton Ruby (amabilis
X Hardyana) were included in the group.

Dr. Miguel Lacroze. Roehampton, exhibited
the verj' handsome and finely coloured Cattleya
Tityrs var, Brj-ndir (Octave Doin x Enid),
with four flowers on a spike,

Mr. J. E. Shill, The Dell Gardens. Egham,
showed flowers of Laelio-Cattleya Sunbeam (C.
Maggie Raphael alba x L.C. yellow hybrid),
with bright yellow flowers and ruby^ed lip with
orange centre : and L.-C. Hardybel (C. Hardy-
ana X L.-C. Scylla).

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidhurst,
Tunlbridge Wells, were awarded a Silver Flora
Medal for a group, in which were several very
handsome seedling Odontoglossums. Among
Laelio-Ca,ttlevas was L.-C. Pnthan var. Domitian
(L.-C. Dominiana x C. Dowiana aurea), a
very handsome and finely coloured flower. The
new Cattleya Archimedes (Armstrongiae X
Falbial, a compact and good flower; Sophro-
Cattleya Atalanta (S.-C, Ariadn« x C, Fabia),
rose-re«3 flowers with a golden tint and ruby-
purple lip ; Cattleva. Dowiana aurea a.lbens. an
interestins, imported form, and the first, pro-
bablv, with nearly white sepals and petals, were
,=hown well,

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co,, Haywards
Heath, were awarded a Sliver Banksian Medal
for a group composed principally of varieties
r\f C-ntt]ev?i Dowiana- fvurea.

November 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

193

Messrs. Sandehs, St. Albans, were awai'ded a
Silver BaiiksLjuQ Medai for a group in which the
best novelties were Oattleya. Una (Lord Roth-
schild X Cooksonii), the laj'ge milk-white
floi\vers liaviug a, slight lavender tint, and lilac-
marked lip; L.-C. Flame (L.-C. Elektra x C.
Dowiana aurea), yellow with a rose tint, and
claret-coloured lip ; and Cypripedium Stadium
(Dreadnought x Ville de Paris).

Mr. C. F. Waters, Deanlands Nurseries, Bal-
combe, showed an effective group of Cattlej-as
and Laelio-Cattleyas, for which a Silver Bank-
sian Medial was awarded.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co. Jari'isbrook,
Sussex, showed Cattleya Baron Delbeke (Pitti-
ana X Dowiana aurea), yellow with purple
markinge on the lip, which is shaped like C.
Pittiana, and showing the C. granulosa in that
hybrid ; and Cattleya armainvillieriensi.'
grand is.

Fruit and Vegetable Coramlttee.

Present: Messrs. W. Poupart (in the chair), E.
Beckett, Owen Thomas, W. H. Divers, W. Bates,
A. W. Metcalfe, W. Pope, F. .Jordan, J. tiarri-
son, W. Wilks, A. Bullock, E. A. Bunyard, and
A. R. Allan.

A Silver. ijilt Knightian Medal was awarded to
Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons, Eynsford, Kent,
for a splendid exhibit of Apples, comprising
sixty distinct varieties, together with a few
Pears. The Apples were of fine size, and the
colour was particularly well develope^^. xne
place of tonour was given to immense fruits of
Peasgood's Nonesuch, and other well-known culi-
nary sorts were Lord Derby, Bramlcy's Seed-
ling, Norfolk Beauty, and Edward VII., the last
a solid, late-keeping variety of the Anjiie Eliza-
beth type. There were choice fruits of Cox's
Orange Pippin, Adams's Peannain, Smart's
Prince Arthur. Mother, Coronation, Allington
Pippin, Tom Putt, Hoary Morning, and Buberry.
This last is an attractive, round, red-skinned
variety, of medium size.

The .Alliance Vegetable Co. was awarded a
Silver Knightian Medal for desiccated Potatos
shown in the form of meal.

NATIONAL CHRTSANTHEHUH.

November 6. — It was only to be ex-
pected that the nniiual show of the National
Chrysanthemum Society, which was held last
Tuesday in the London Scottish Drill Hall,
in conjunction with the fortnightly meeting
of the R.H.S., should be of loss import-
ance than usual. It w^as thereifore all the
more gratifying to note that the majority of
the classes were represented by exhibits, and.
t^aking the quality generally, it was of good
average standard. The schedule wa« reduced to
29 classes, divided into three sections, viz.. Open
Classes, Decorative Classes, and Amateurs'
Claases. There was no entry in the class for 36
•lapanese blooms distinct, bnt there were good
exhibits in the classes for 24. 12, aiid six Japa-
nese blooms respectively. Competition was
limited in a number of cla.<ses to two or three
entries.

AWARDS.
FiRST-fXASS Certificate.

Mrs. Grnrrje Monro, Jnr. — A Japanese variety
of exhibition size, anrf one which will, in all
probaibility , become popular as a market variety.
The flo'Wer is graceful, the fairly broad florets
dipooping regularly a considerable depth. The
colour is brilliant <irimROn, with bronze reverse,
.ind when illuminated' by sunshine or bright
aitificial light it is particularly attjaotive.
Shown iby Mr. Norman Davis.

Cards of Commendation.

C. T/iistre. — A handsome decorative Japanese
variety of suitable .size andi form ifor market
use. The graceful flowers are borne on long
stems, and the twisting of an occasional floret
exhibits the golden reverse colour, which en-
hances the rich chestnut hue of the blooms.
Shown by Messrs. H. J. Jones, Ltd.

0. Alex. Hervey (see p. 192).

Tbe Committee expressed a wish to see again
the variety Brilliant. It is a .lapanese variety
of the decorative or market typo, with flowers

of medium size and velvety crimson sluide with
golden-bronze reverse.

Competitive Classes.

Japanese Blooms Shown on Boards. ■ — The
President, Lt.-Col. Sir Albert RoUit, offered a
Silver Cup for the best collection of 24 Japanese
blooms distinct. Four competed, and the trophy
was won by ilrs. Hamilton Fellows, Tangley
Park, Worplesdon, Guildford (gr. W. J. Smith).
The blooms were very fine, fresh, and brightly
coloured. Not.able varieties were Mrs. R. C.
Pulling, Mrs. A. E. Tickle, F. Green (fine
colour), Louisa Pockett, Mrs. Lloyd Wigg, and
H. E. Converse; 2nd, Mr. A. Smith, Convent
Garden, Roehampton, with smaller blooms, of
which H. E. Converse and Mrs. Drabble were
noteworthy.

The similar class for 24 blooms distinct was
one of the best contested ; there were siv exhibits
in all. The 1st Prize was won by W. H. Allen,
Esq., Bromliam House, Bedford (gr. H. Blake-
way), with choice blooms of Mrs. Pulling, IVIi-s.
J. Gibsan, Bob Pulling, His Majesty, Mrs.
Drabble. Miss Elsie Davis, and others; 2nd, the
Lord W.\ndsworth Institution, Long Sutton,
Winchfield (gr. L. Barnard), with Mre. R. Lux-
ford, James Stredwick, and Mrs. R. C. Pulling
as his best specimens ; 2nd, Mrs. Hamilton
Fellows.

Mrs. Hamilton Fellows well merited the 1st
Prize in the class for a collection of 6 blooms
distinct, in which she showed splendid flowers
of R. C. Pulling, W. Turner, Lady Talbot, Mrs.
A. E. Tickle, Mrs. H. E. Converse, and Mrs.
Jones; 2nd, Mr. W. H. Allen (gr. H. Blake-
v.ay) ; 3rd, Mr. A. Smith,

Blocym," shown in Vases. — These classes showed
a very distinct falling off from those of previous
years. Only one exhibit was forthcoming in a
class for a vase of a white variety ; it was shown
by Mr. A. Smith, to whom the 1st Prize was
awarded. The variety employed: was Queen
Mary. For a vase of a yellow variety there
Were two competitors ; the 1st and 2nd Prize-s
were won by Mr. W. J. Smith and Mr. W. H.
Allen respectivelv. who both showed Mj-s. R. C.
Pulling.

Incurved varieties. — Although the competi-
tion in the three classes for incurved tlooms
was limited to two growers, both showed in a
manner worthy of the traditions of these exhi-
bitions. In al! three chusses the 1st Prize was
won by M.rs. Chalmers, Farrants, Bicklcy (gr.
A. B. Hudd), and the 2nd by H. Bennett, Esq.
(gr. E. Lowe). Both competitors .showed much
the same varieties, among which were included
Ediwin Thorpe (white). Clara Wells, J. Wynne
(very delicate pink), Godfrey's Eclipse, Calypso,
and Master C. Hall.

Pompons and Sinrjles. — There was a class for
six vases of Pompons in three varieties, and
another for six vases of the same shown as
spraj's. without disbudding. F. J. .Iarrow,
Esq.. St. John's W^ood (gr. A. Robertson), was
the only exhibitor in the former class, and was
awarded the 1st Prize for admirable 'specimens
of Mile. Elise Dordan. W. Sabey, Prince of
Orange, and Black Douglas. Mr. H. Runcieman,
Wanstead, was awarded the 1st Prize for sprays
of Pompons.

The exhibits of Single Chrysanthemums were
exceedingly mpritorious. and Mr. Runcieman,
with a fine collection, carried off the let Prize
for a display arranged on a table 8 feet by 3
feet. His blooms were not large, but they "were
of model shape, and very finely coloured. .Tes-
sicA (bronze), Orl.ando (yellow), Mensa (white),
Metta (vinous red), and Mrs. Loo Thompson
Hemon-yellow) , were the best; 2nd, Mrs.
Chalmers, with la.rger blooms. This lady ex-
relled in tHe class for .six vases of flowers of
hirger varieties, six flowers in each vase.

Afiiliated Sorieties' Class. —The Finchlev
Chrv.'jant.hemum Society showed the only exhibit
in the class for twelve vases of cut blooms, re-
presenting the .Japanese, Incurved, Sinigle.
Anemione and Pompon se.ction8, and was awianded
the 1st Prize.

.imnieurs' Classes. — The Lord Wandsworth
Institution was placed 1st for (al 12 .Japanese
blooms, distinct, (b) 6 -JapanesB blooms, dis-
tinct, and fcl 6 .Ta.pane.se blooms, three varieties.
The Institivtion was also .nlaced 2Tid in the
class for 3 va.ses of Singles, in wihich Mr.
.J. Clayton, Addlestone, won the 1st Prize.

Decorative Classes. — The best ta,ble, decorated
with Chrysanthemums, was arranged by Mr.
D. B. Crane, Wood View, Highgate. He em-
ployed yellow and bronze Singles, with a few
sprays of bronze Pompons, relieved by Clxjton
foliage and trails of Asparagus plumosus. Mr.
Jareow showed the best vase of Single Clu'ysan-
themume and the best vase of Large Exhibition
Blooms, and' was awarded the Ist Prizes. Mr.
Crane 'showed the best basket of Chrysanthe-
mums.

Trade Exhibits. — Mr. Norman Davis was
awarded the Gold Medal offered by Messirs. Clay
and Son for the best m.iscellajieous exhibit, also
the Society's SOveJ--gilt Medal. His group con-
tained fine blooms of Mrs. Geo. Monro, Junr.,
Edith Cavell, Mrs. Algernon Davis, and Market
Bi-onze. A Silver Medal was awarded to Messrs.
W. Wells and Co., Ltd., Merstham, for a
group of Single and decorative vaiieties.

CROPS AND STOCKS ON THE. HOME FARM.

Basic Slag on Down L.and.

Some years ago I carried out experiments
with a view to testing the value of basic slag
on down grass land. It is generally considered
by those who have not tested the matter
themselves that basic slag has no beneficial
effect on chalky soils, or even where the
subsoil is clialk. But 1 know of no manure
that produces such a marked improvement in
the quantity and quality of grass, and none that
has such a lasting effect, not even farmyard
manure.

Five years ago I dressed a portion of the
Downs at an altitude of 400 feet, which had pre-
viously grown more Thistles than grass. A^
marked improvement in the colour of the grass
was apparent tlie first season after the applica-
tion, and the difficulty has been ever since to
keep the siheep away from that part when out
grazing and exercising.

Even now, although none has been added since,
the straight line of colour in the grass is dis-
cernible at a mile away. Surely such proof
ought to convince the most sceptical of the value
of this manure.

The depth of soil is but 3 inches in places be-
fore tlie chalk is reached ; in the valleys, of
oounse, it is imore. Many who see the increase in
growth wonder where the Clover comes from, as
none was visible beforehand. I presume this is
a question of the seed lying inert in the soil
until the constituent is applied that induces ger-
mination. When we consider, too, the ease with
which basic slag can be applied as compared with
the Labour involved with farmyard manure, the
wonder is it is not used universally. But many
apply it too late. They do not sow it
i;iitil April, and then, because of its slow sol-
vency, it has no time to influence the crop, and
the slag is blamed as useless. Novemlber
is the best month to apply basic slag. The
winter rains then aid in washing the particles
slowly down to the roots of the grass, the effett
being noticeable the first year in the growth of
Cliovei's especially.

Some writers advocate the use of 8 cwt. to
10 cwt. of slag per acre. Personally, I would
rather apply this quantity in two dressings, with
a two years' interval, as I think 10 cwt. at one
application is too much for effective absorption.
A second dressing of 4 cwts. at the end of two
years would give a further fillip, amd would
.show a marked improvement in the growth,
(juality, aiid colour of the grass, making it
sweeter for the sheep to browse upon.

When we consider how useful these downs are.
their low rent, and how little they are cared for,
it would appear that those who neglect them
have much to learn.

.\ thorough scratching of the surface with iron
harrows before the slag is applied would aid
the proper distribution of the particles. If it
were po.ssible to roll the land durin'g the early
spring months it would assist in consolidating
the grassy surface after harrowing.

While it is possible to sow basic slag by hand
in small quantities, it is much more evenly spread
bv the aid of a distributor. T use one of Ben
Reid's basic slag machines, with which any
amount per acre can be applied, and being dis-
tributed evenly and within a few inches of the

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 10, 1917.

suii'ace, there is no waste from wind. Cattle
of any kind should not be allowed to graze the
grass for quite three months after the slag is
sown, as some time must elapse before the manure
disappears.

Cattle in the Yakds.

With so much rain and little sun, the grass
in the meadows has been for a long time very
soft and not nearly so beneficial to the animals
as when with drier weather it is more hearty.
Ill the case of young animals of pure-bred Jersey
or Guernsey cattle, it is unwise to allow them
to remain in the open too long, as they are liable
to catch . cold, which may develop tuberculosis
if neglected ; one cannot be too careful in this
precaution. In the case of Shorthorns or
crosses from Shorthorns, the animals are generally
hardier, and may remain outside longer.

If a yard has a meadow attached to it that the
animals can run out by day and sleep in the
yard at night, the conditions are the best pos-
sible. Sweet Oat straw, or rough Hay, will be
an advantage even to those animals which have
the run of the^ meadow by day. In the case
of those wholly in the yard. Oat straw with Cab-
bage or Maize will provide a good food. If it
were possible to give to the younger animals a
few pounds of cotton cake per week they would
thrive all the better for such attention. E.
MnUjntux, Swaniiwre Park, Bishops Waitham.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apples : /. H. B. In the R^poi-t of the Apple
Congress held at Chiswick in 1883, Lady Len
nox is diescribed as being a small, flat Apple,
streaked with yellow. It ripens late, and is
very acid in taste — suitable only for culinary
purposes.

Bisulphide of Carbon : T. B. A. 1. For treat-
ing soils and composts, you might use one
ounce for the cubic foot. 2. The soil will not
be renSered injurious to plant roots, as the
fumes are harmless to the root tissues ; the
liquid, however, will damage roots that come
into airect contact with it. 3. This fumigant
may be used for plants in pots in the form of
^ ounce injections, or less for small plants.

Correction. — A Firstjclass Certificate was
a/wai'ded Beaiberis polyan(tha, illustrated in the
last issue, fig. 70, p. 183 — not an Award of
Merit, as stated.

Cucumbers for Seed : T. O. Leave the fruits
on the plants until they are perfectly ripe,
then cut them, split them, and. take out the
.s-eeds ■with as much of the pulp as possible.
Lay the mass of seeds out on sheets of brown
paper to di-y ; when almost dry, mix with some
fine, dry sand, which will absorb the last re-
maining traces of moisture. Then pasis the
seeds over a fine sieve, rubbing all the sand
and other small refuse through, and leaving
on the top the cleaned seeds. Keep in a dry
place until required.

Engagement of Gardeners : /. B. Write to
the National Service Department, Hotel Wind-
sor, Victoria Street, S.W. 1.

Ficus stipulata minima FRtrrriNO : -i. P. N.
Your plant fis the variety F. stipulata inimiimia..
The e^pecieis has also ibeen named F. repens and
F. pumdla in gardens, but the last-named is a
different species. F. m:inima is a small-leaved
variety of F. stipulata. When thds species
reaches the fruiting or adult stage it produces
large leaves of quite a diffetnent type from
tile ioreeiping juvenile Istage, just as tin the case
of the Ivy. Many yeairs ago a plant in the
Nymlpliaea house at the Botanic Gardens, Ox-
ford, reached the adult stage, and a shoot of
it was taken off and rooted as a cuttin'g. This
was planted out in another house and trained
to a waJlI. In 1890 the cntting had grown to
a height of 8 feet to 10 feet, retaining it-
arborescent characteir, tliough it "had numerous
long branches, and the leathery, netted leaves
Were almost as large as those of a Camellia.
This was the typical foran, F. .stipulata. Your
plant, beinig tlie variety F. s. minima, has
smaller leaves in the adult, or fruiting stage.
A fruit of the typical form is illustrated in
fig. 74. A fruit of Ficus stinulaita (re-pens) was
shown at a meeting of the Fruit and Vegetable

Committee of tJie Royal Horticultural Society
on Octobei- 11, 1898, by Mr. John Williams,
Whitboui-ne Hall Gardens, Worcester. Creep-
ing and fruiting shoots of the typical form
were shown at a meeting of tlie Scientific Com-
mittee of the Royal Horticultural Society on
Oetobeir 22, 1912, from Blackheath, Kent, but
no fruits.
MosK Melons : D. S. Cucurbita mosohata, of
Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening, is
merely a form of C. Melo, of which species
the Musk Melons of America and Canada are
varieties. Bailey, in bhe Standard Booh oj
American Horticulture, states that the modern
cultivated varieties of Musk Melon are sup-
posed to have been derived from the wild
types native to Asia and Africa. Cantaloup
Melons are certainly more hardy than ordinary
English hothouse Melons, and are grown in
great numbers in frames by the market gar-
deners of Paris. The Water-Melon belongs to
a different gemis, namely, CitruUus (C. vul-
garis), native of Africa. It furnishes one of
the important crops of the United States.
The value of the crop for one yeax given in

Fig. 74. — fruit of ficus stipulata.

the census returns for 1910 was nearly
$4,500,000. There are six other vegetalble
crops of even greater value in the St(ates, and
we state them in their order of importance :
Potatos, Sweet Potatos, Tomatos, C&bbages,
Onions, and Sweet Corn. It is not at all
likely that the W^ater-Melon would succeed
generally in this country as an outdoor crop.

Pear Leaves with Blisters : A. S., Henley-on-
Thames. The leaves are infested with the
Pear Leaf blister mite (Eriophyee pyri).
Spray with lime sulphur (full strength) in
winter, and if necessary with paiiiaffin emul-
sion in spring or early summer.

Pears Diseased : A. and H. The Pears are
attacked by " scab." Spray the trees with
Bordeaux mixture just after the fruit is set,
and again three weeks later. Use a fine, misty
spray, and' take pains to spi-ay the under-
sides of the leaves, as it is there where this
fungus forms its spores, which infect the
fruit.

Plants for Wall and Rockery : Mrs. W. One
of the most suitable plants for a wall is the
Cheddar Pink (Dianthus caesdus). You can
also use many sorts of Saxifraga, Dianthus,

Sempervirum, Aubrietia, Arabis, Linai-ia,
and Cerastium. The ixiugher and more
rugged the wall the better will the plants
establish themselves. For a shady rockery
the followiag will be suitable ; Saxifraga
granulata. Aster alpinus, Epimeddum in
variety, Omphalodes verna, Primula acaulis,
Anemone alpina. Hepaticas, reu, white, and
blue, dwarf Irises, and Tiarella corddfolia.
If sufficiently cool you might try a few hardy
ferns, such as Asplenium angustifolium, Las-
traea cristata, Polystiohum acrostichoides,
and Scolopendrium vulgare, or Hart's Tongue.
Propagating Rhododendrons ; W . P. Rhodo-
dendrons may be increased by seeds, cuttings,
layering, and grafting. By seeds. — These are
best sown in early spring in well-dnained,
peaty soil, in shallow pans or boxes and placed
in a warm greenhouse, or they may be sown
in frames out-of-dOors, taking care to only
just cover the seeds with very finely sifted
soil, which should be watered "through a fine
rose water-pot. If hot, dry weather ensues it
will be advisable to cover the glass or seed-
bed with tiffany or any similar material.
When the seed-
ings are large
enough to handle
they should be
picked off, and
later on trans-
ferred to nursery
rows out - of-
doors. By cut-
tings.— The best
time to take cut-
tings is just as
the wood is get-
ting firm. The
cuttings should
be made quite
firm in the soil,
placed in a warm,
moist, close case,
sprinkled over-
head occasion-
ally, and pro-
tected from the
M'], This is very satisfactory,
I It ii"liiri h d ire rather islow in forming
i-oots. The weU-ripened shoots should be
tongued (as in Carnations), but in the case of
varieties whose wood is very brittle it will
be safer to scratch the bark only and then
peg into the soil, which should be kept moist.
By grafting. — Grafting is practised mostly in
the case of hybrids. It is a quick method,
but we prefer plants on their own roots. R.
|x>nticum and R. catawbiense are the Sfpecies
generally used as stocks for the evei'green
varieties, and saddle-whip or tongue grafting
are the best methods to adopt. The stocks,
which should be strong, healthy, 2-3-year-old
seedlings, should be sem.i -established in pots
before grafting, which may be carried' out
any time between October and March. The
pots should be plunged in tan or stood in a
close case with a temperature of about 60°,
taking care to shade on bright days. An
occasional syringing overhead is advisable,
and after a union is effected air should fee ad-
mitted and eacli plant secured to a neat stake
to prevent accident.
Railway Fares for Land Workers ; M. M. K.
Women enrolled in the Land Army i-eceive
free railway pas.^es to the pla.ces where they
are sent, but occasionally workers are allowed,
in oeiiain cases, a rebate on fares by which
they can get a return ticket to the plaice
where they are to work for the price of single
fare and a quarter. If you are going to work
on the land, and wish to avail yourself of such
a privilege, you should apply to Miss Ten-
nant. Employment Exchange, Trowbridge,
Wilts, giving her all particulars. No reduc-
tion is allowed for any other purpose, such as
for a holidav. <

Communications Received. —E. M.— W. Lewi*—

JiK>. E.— Puzxled— W. E. B.— C. N.— C. F.— F. D.—

— H. G. H.— M. Helsbv— H. G. A.— J. H. B.— G. Y.—

B3niqilirM-.^J. C— E. H. E.— C. H.— J. D. J.— G. R.~

H S. K.— E. D.— E. M. M,— P. W., Fra,ii<»— C. F.—

E. M.— R. G. W.— W. E.— D. M.— H .1. B.— W. B.—
— G. H.— G. B.^O. D.— W. P.

November 10, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Ibl JL R K E T S.

COVEXT GARDEX, Xorember 7.
Plants In Pots. &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Fruit : Average Wholtsale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldii,

Eiiea, eon. —

■ ■

per doz.

5 0-60

— 48's

12 O-l.") 0

Asparagus plumo-
sus, per doz.

10 0-12 0

— gracilis 48's ...

10 0-16 0

— .Sprengeri
Aspidistra, green.

8 0-10 0

72's ..

3 8-40

Cyclamen. 48 s, per

per doz.

30 0-36 0

doz

18 0-24 0

Beg<Miia8, Gloirede

Ferns, in thumbs.

Lorraine, 48's,

per 100

12 0-15 0

per doz.

15 0 IS 0

— per 100, in smal

— bOs

7 0-90

and large eo's

24 0-30 0

— 72's

5 0-60

— in 48's, perdoz.

7 0-80

Cacti, various, per

— in 32's, perdoz.

15 0-18 0

tray of IS's ...

4 0 —

— choicer sorts.

— per ti ay of 12'b

6 0 —

48's, per doz .,

10 0-12 0

Chrysanthemums :

Geonoma gracilis.

— white, 48'8, per

60's, per doz...

6 0-80

doz.

8 0-24 0

larmier, each ...

2 6-70

— coloured, 48*8,

Kentia Belmoreana

per doz.

8 0-12 0

per doz.

15 0-18 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

laiger

30 0-60 0

48'8, per doz....

18 0-30 0

- Forsteriana.OO's

8 -10 0

— 60's, per doz....

8 0-10 0

Lilium longiflorum.

£rica, hyemalis.

per doz.

30 0-36 0

48's, per doz....

12 0-15 0

— lancifolium ru-

— nivalis, BO'S,

brum

24 0-30 0

per doz.

8 0-90

album

24 0-30 0

Cut Flowers. &c. ; Aver

age Wholesale Prices.

Arums—

s.d. sd

Liliums, con.—

8.d. s.d.

— (Richardias),

rubrum, per

per doz. bl'ms.

5 0-60

doz. long

3 0-36

Camellias, white.

short, per

per. doz.

3 0-36

doz blooms ...

2 0. 30

Cat nations, perdoz.

Lily-of-the-Valley,

— blooms, best

per doz. bun ...

30 0-42 0

American var.

2 6-36

Orchids, per doz; —

Chrysanthemums—

— Cattleya

12 0-16 0

— white, per doz.

— Cypripediuma

2 6-30

blooms...

2 0-50

— Odontoglossum

— bronze

2 0-40

crispum

2 6-30

— pink ...

2 6-46

Pelargoniums, dou-

— yellow

2 0-40

ble scarlet per

— coloured, per

doz. bunches...

6 0-10 0

doz bunches ...

0 0-16 0

Roses : per doz.

— white

« 0-15 0

blooms, Frau

— single. dis-

Karl Druschki

2 0-26

budded, per

— Liberty

3 0-40

doz. blooms ...

2 6-50

— Melody

2 6-40

SI rays, per

— Mme. A. Chat-

doz bunches...

5 0-21 0

enay

2 0-36

Gardenias, per box

3 0-46

- Ophelia

3 0-60

Heather, white,

— ■White Molly

per doz. bun....

6 0-90

Sbarman Ci-aw-

L»pageria alba, per

ford

2 0-30

doz. blooms ...

2 6-30

I'uberoses, per gross

Lilium longlflorum.

blooms

12 0-15 0

long

4 0-46

Violets, perdoz.bun.

4 0-* 0

- lancifolium

— Double, per.

album, long ...

3 0-36

doz. bun.

4 0-60

Cut FollaKe, &c. : Aven

ige Wholesale Prices.

8 d. s.d.

s.d. s.d.

Adiautum (Maiden-

Asparagus con. —

halr.Kern)best,

- Sprengeri

8 0-10 0

perdoz. bun...

6 0-70

Carnation foliage.

Asparagus plu-

dt>z. bunches...

4 0-50

niosuB, long

Cycas leaves, per

trails, per half-

dcz

3 0-00

dozen

2 6-30

Moss, gross bun...

6 0-60

— — medium.

Snillax, per bun.

doz. bunches 1*2 0-18 0 j oi 6 trailB ... 1 fr- 2 0
Kkmarks." Tlie c-otnditions of trade are aimilar to last
w«^k, Clu-ysaiitiieimuiis are still inoreaeiii^ in riuojlity,
ami aH jfraden «>( tJiese flowers ai-o (fctUnjf cilieaper. A
few hox«'s of Parma Viuletc, Aairia (Miinoiw) oad yeUwy
Marguoritee tvrrived tram PuTis on Friday and Saturday
last. The Violets wtire in gotxl cnrwiition, and sold
very finiokly. A few epikes of Poineettia were offered for
sale this week. Best qiKility hl<Knii3 of Roses are advanc-
ing ki iirii«fl ; go<*>d rod Run^'w arc (fettm^ ecaxce — a fe^v
blooms of Hooeier Beauty, Mnie, A. Chatensiy. Melody,
()pholin, ^Jiinibuirsit, Birt^nria, and White Molly Shamian
Orawfopd are atill arriving in ex<-eUent cooidition. A
limited quantity of Lily -of- the- Vaf ley is selling at 3.=.
and 4«. |>er butir.h, -and Tiiborose.-* are ma-ltinB Is. :ind
l8. 5d, por dozen blooms. lArge Cattleyos avl Cypnpe-
diumi^ ftTe more plcntifuj, 'Hie pricea for all liiliums are
agaiin a trifle ettsier. The consijfmnents of Carnations are
sufB<'ient U*t the demand. HHiit^ Oamellins are coming iii
mor« freelv, but there is not much di-mund for these
flowers.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. p.d,
B 0 A n s : —
- Krenfh(Cbannel

Islands), perlh. 0 9- 1 3
Beetr(K>t, per bus. 2 6-40
Briiesels Sprouts,

per i bus. ... 2 fi- 3 0
Cabbage, per tally 5 0-80
Carrots, new. per

doz. bunches .
CaiUittowers per

doz

Celery, per Imndle

Cucumberstperdoz.

Garlic, per lb.

Greens, per bag ...

Herbs, pprdoz bun, 4 0-80

Horseradish^ per

bunch 4 0-60

I-eeks.perdoz. bun. 16-20
Lettuce. Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 0 9-10

3 0-40

3 6-46
2 0- 2 *i
5 0- h 0

0 6-08

1 6- 2 0

16-20
10 0 —

8 d. s.d.
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, per cwt '27 0-28 0

— spring, perdoz.

bun. ... 3 0-40

Parsnips, per bag .. 6 0-70
Radishes, per doz,

bunches
Savovs, per tally...
Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 6 0-90

Spinach, per bushel 1 <^- 2 6
Turnips, per bag ... 6, 0- 7 0

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 3 0-40

Turnip tops, per

bus 2 (I- 2 6

Vegetable Marrows,

per doz, .. 2 0-26
Watercress, per doz. 0 4- 0 ^

Almonds per cwt.lOO 0 —
Apples :-

— cooking. perbus. 5 0-90

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per J bus S 0-12 0

Aubergines. perdoz. 3 0-36
Corncobs, per doz. 2 0-26
Cranberrie., per

case (3'i tjuai ts) 33 0 —
Damsons, per 4 bus. 3 6-40
i<'igs (Italian) per

box 0 8-16

— Worthing, per
doz, 10-20

Grapes, Alicante,

per lb 0 10- 1 9

— Almeiias, per
barrel (4 duz.
lbs.) 28 0-35 0

— Canon Hall, per
lb 2 0-50

— Gros. Coimau,
per lb. ... 10-20

Remarks.— Supplies 'of Apples aie
thei-e is .a sltow^ir demand . Large

i.d. s.d.

Grapes, con.-

— Muscats, per lb. 16-40
Lemons, per case... 40 0-80 0
Melons, Bullish and

Guernsey, each 2 0-30

Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 0-26

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...120 0-130 0

— cobs, per lb.... 1 C- 1 1

— Coconuts, per
100 36 0-40 0

Pears, per J bus... 5 0-10 0
Prunes, per i bus. 6 0 —
Quinces, per J bus. 16-20
Tomatos, English

per 1 2 lbs. or

peck 6 0- S 0

^Valnuts, English,

per lb. ... 0 3-16

— French (Gren-
oble), pe bag... 16 0 —

h larger, ajid
pplies oi Pears

Doyenue dai Cornice liive reached the market this week
from tlie Chaainel Isl'and^, and. a fairlv- large selecticoi
of honie-gruwii Pears is t&fo on otfei'. Tlie market cont-
tinues to be well spuppJied with Grapes, Ahneiria Grapes
ai-e now oji offer. CobBUts aaid French W'aimuts sliow a
considerable udva,ii'_'e m pmce. The maa*ket is fairiy
weil supplied with Tonuitos foi- the season of the year.
Supplies of Dwiajf Beans have increased during the
week. Cucumbers are not quite so plentiful, and are
meeting with a slow demand. Mushiooms have shown
a slight increase in supply. Forced Mint is on. offer.
Outdoor vegetables are plentiiul, wnth the exception
of Clau!lflo\\ens. E. H. H., Cocent Garden Market,
A'oveinbtT 7. H'l7.

THE WEATHER.

TllE WEATllKR IX SCOTL.iXD.
October w-os a cold montli, the nieja t«mi>eratU4e
beings 42.5°. There were occ-.i&ional night frosts, the
mui^unuin tbermonieter in the ;K--icen fuIUnff to 26° on
the 29th. Snow fell, the Iii"?t lor the ;M;ason, oil the
25tli and 26tili, Heavy ruiie^ were u feature of tlie
iiiitklje and end of the jnontih. The_ raiulail was 2.50
iniJiea, being the total for twenty-five <liiys oif preei|jtita-
tion ; on twelve days t'ho fall w\ii. 0.04' inch or over,
making thc«e official " iiain da.x't.' Tiie wettest day
was the 24th, witdi 0.37 inch. Of sunshine we had 113.2
hours (almost exactly equallung tiliat of Septeuibei),
giving aji aver;ige o( 3.65 hours per day aiwl a per-
t-ciuage of 35. There were seven suiileia days, wliile
tJie brightest day was tlie 61h, with 9.5 hoars. For the
inunth the mis pressure was low, varj-ing between the
•higliest of 30.160 inuho oiv tJie 18tlh, and tJio lowest of
29.030 incheji on tho 13tli. with a mean of 29.593 inolies.
The highest nuuxiuiuin tcmi>erature of 61° waa re«)rded
on tile 2mi, and the lowest niiiiinitim of 26° on tihe
29tli. On Uie 26tJi «o had the lowest maiimum of 30°,
and on tlie 2nd tho lughest niininuiii) of 53°. The mean
mo-ximiun wm 49.5". .-viid tlie mean minimum 35.6°,
giving a mean temperature of 42.5° and a metul range
of 14°. On t.lie gr;i«s the mean minimum comes out at
30°, t!lo lowral of 19° occurring on the 29th. There
were ciifht4H?n nights of gi-oim<l frost. Tlie means lor
the <lry tuild wot bulb Wiennomctors were 42.9° and
40.5° re»|M5clively, giving a relative Oiumidity for the
nionMi of 81 5 jier cent. .\t 1 foot deep the soil tem-
peratuio fell, wilili slight fluctuations, from 62° to 40°,
with u meiin of 45°. The prevailmg winds were wes-
terly, with gales on t.hc 3rd and 24th Jamen Malloch,
"• .liirfreiii- Prorhinal Trnining College Garilmn,

Ktrlln,

■\tii

Diindft.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. A. Parry, a' Goirdtiier to Capt II. C. Ham-
MKRSLEV, Abney House, Bourne End, BtuMtingiuwii-
bhire.

Mr W. J. Bliph. as Gardener and Steward to the
Right Hon. Viocotuit Habdikge, SoutJIl Park, Pen«-
huist, Kent, (llhanks for 2s. 6d. for K.G.O.F. box.
-Eua.l

Mr. S. C. Judd. Dor the i>ii»l 18 months (lar-
deiier to Mra. I,. n'OoNNEn, OverKhide Mcinor. Rugb. ,
as Gardener to tlie Earl of Shbewsbdhy. Oariud,

(l..rin«-,.iiKTli;im.-».

GARDENING CHARITIES.

GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION,

QEO, J. INQRAM, Sec,

93, Victoria Street, S.W

Telspho e-Victorm 5U.

SUBSTITUTE FOR RUSSIA MATS.

"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Made from prepared Hair and Wool

PHce and pattern from —

BENJAMIN EDG1NGT0?4'S,

DUKE ST., LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

GHEALS' NURSERIES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES. SHRUBS,
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, &o.. In
iaimense quantities and in the pink
of condition.

Send for Catalogue to —

J. CHEAL & SONS, Ltd..

The Nurseries, CraWley.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are year bushes Irte cf this incurable pest 7 If not
Plant "SEABROOK'S BLACK" Currant,

the only proved mite resister.
Thii variety has also every other good quality, being the
heavieBt cropper and stoutest grower, producing large, flrtn

Young Bushes 6/- and S/- par dozen.

W. SEABROOK & SONS,

Fruit Tree & Rose Nurseries, CHELMSFORD.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on tlie cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Containi S plateg in colour. Price 1 110 post free .

THE PUBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Wellington

■Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

i'he Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion in the nexl
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ s. d

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 (

Facing matter and Hack Page 1 2 1 2 (

Half and quarter payes, cohinm and half column
spaces, pro rata.

£ 8. d

4 line apace not exceeding 20 words 3 (

Per inch, single column 7 t

Per inch, across 2 columns 1 4 t

Per iucli, across 3 columns „. ... ... 1 1 C

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space

[Headline counted as two lines.)

For discounts apply to address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. fra- every ailditimial 8 worcb
or fewer.

These Advertliementi mait be prepaid, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The United KiNOtoM 19 6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- „ „

Cheques and P.O.s to be made payable to " Gakdeneuh'
CiinoNioLE," Ltd.

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: " Oardchron, Rasd, London."
Telephone ; 1643 Gerhard.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [November lO, 1917.

THE HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY

AND YEAR BOOK, 1918,

IS NOW BEING THOROUGHLY REVISED

in preparation for the new issue, which will be published early
in December. Every page is being corrected to date, and
many new names are being added. This Directory forms a

FIRST-CLASS MEDIUM FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Those who have not yet booked a page in this widely-read
publication should send their copy AT ONCE, as it is shortly

going to press.

ORDER FORM FOR ADVERTISEMENT.

Please insert my Advertisement, as copy herewith, in the HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY
FOR 1918, in the space named below :

(Strike out all lines not required).

Back Cover ... ... • •• .■- price £5 5 0

Inside Front or Back Cover ... ... .. ., 440

Whole page, facing matter ... ... .. ,, 330

Whole page, ordinary position ... ... ,, 2 2 0

Half page „ ,. „ 1 10 0

Quarter page „ „ ... ... ,. 1 ' 0 0

(^Signed) Name-
Address ■■

THE EDITOR, Horticultural Directory, 41, Wellington Street, W.C. 2

%tSiSSmSS>S>StSSiS>^^S»S>StSStSSt0SSiS>StSiStS>S>SSiSSi

■\

Prmtc-d for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by IjiVE and Maiji.sismn. Ltd., Pane Street, High H"lhnrn, London, W.C, and Publi.ihed weekly by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, Ltd., 11, Wellingtcn Street, Covent Ga/ixJen, City of Westminster, Saturdat, November 10, Agent for Manchester, John Heywood.

'17

iltiira

Established [841.

No. 401 2

No. 1612. Vol. LXII.

SATUKDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1917. iReglstered as a Newspaper. JPR'CE 4d .

I IPOST-PREE, 4id.

aVBSCRlPTIOS— Inland, 1916} Foreign, 221- per mnnum. BnUred at Nete Tork Past Offlee at seeond-clasa maUer.
Postal Address— 41, Welllnetoo Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address— " Qardchron, Rand, Londoo." Telepbone— Qerrard 1543.

For CONTENTS lae page 195

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will pleaee note the paget of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 6 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

NOW IS THE TIJtE TO PLANT.

TT ELWAY & SON,

**■ Tlic Royal HorticuHuristo.

LA.VCPORT, SOMERSET,
are now hooking orderB (or their Clioice Hardy Perermial
PkiTite. Plant a Ooloiir Border tliw Autiimn, and you
will be able to enjoy its exquisite beauty for many yeur«
without any a<l<litionul expenw <ir trouble.
8en<l mea^ui^eniei4e of your Borders.
Paeonies, I>el[Wiiniun)s, Phlo.Te8, Uaillardiaa, and other
heantifiil flowers, included in their Colour Schemes, which
provide blooms from earlv Spring to late Autumn,
VmUZ NOW to tilie RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
(or Reduoed Price List.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ century's rep.ilution for e(rec.tivene«8 in prevent-
ing and dcetroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bus,
Tbrip, American Blif^ht, Green and Brown Fly, &c.
Sold in boxes .xbout lib . 31b., and 121b., hv Dealers
in Gaiden Sundnes. Wholesale : PRICK'S P.\TENT
CANDLE 00., LTD., Battereea, London, S.W. U.

H

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DEKf:ilAM.— Send for Rose Catalogue, post tree.

"OATH'S ROSES and PAEONIES.— New

-*--' illustratvid oiitalo>rue. containing full cuUural notes
of the best new ttuwl standard varietaes. is now ready,
and will be sent post free on application. — tDept. A).
R. H. BATH, LTD., The Floral! Farms, Wi»beoh.

ft A N D E R S, Orchid

''- St. Albann.

Growers,

FRUIT TREES.-.

1 ready, and will be eent (rec

IJUNYARD'S

-■-» New Price Lint
l'\' return of port.

GKOROE BUNYARD & CO., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, M.\IDSTONE.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' " LTD., I>awTen-'c Hoad, South Tottenham. N. 15.
Oomiiervatories, Winter Gar*ieng. Vineries. Peach-houses,
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

^^ • 'ireeniiou*tes, &c., aiKl Heating Engineers,

Danvers Streeit, CJhelsea, lyondon, S.W. 3, Wire, Wl.
Western, London. Telephone : 201. Western.

"DUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

•■-' Our new ilcscriptive li.st is now ready, and will
be sent on receipt of card.

ALPINE SrHAVVBF.RRlES a Hpecialitv.

GEO. BUNYARD & CO., LTD.. Royal Nurseries,

Maidstone.

s

UTTON'S BULBS.

FORCING TULIPS from Holland.
Single Early, flne bulbs.

RELEASED by Order of the Admiralty
MarsliaJ. Belle AUiaix^e, (3hrysoiora, OnUeur de
CardinaJ, Dudiess de Parma, Fred' Moore, La Reine.
Prince of .\ustri&, Proserpine, Rose Grrs de Lin,
Thomas Moore, Vermilion, Brilliant, YeiUow Prince, an«i
others. Pricee on appUcfttion.

SUTTON & SONS, the King's Seedsmen,
RE.ADING.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
• Vitrolitf.," superior to White Lead Paint.
" Plastine " supejsedes putty. Full particulars trom
W. OARSON & SONS, Grove Works. Battersea. Agente
throughout the countlj.

'T'HE GARDENERS' CHRONICT.E occu-

-^ pies a position in tlw world uf hoi-tiemUure which
is absolutely unique. F'fnmded in 1841, in tlie very
dawn cif scienttflc botiinv, it lia.** advanced, etep by
step, with the grfuhmJ devrfopin«irt of hortieultuire (in
thia country. ltd founders were nieai of Jiijpli dietimctJon
Sir Joseph Paxtnn, the greatest pa»ixIoneT of his day ;
Dr. Lindley, the w>rld-!«unoiwi bot;iaiist ; tihe late Sir
CMKirle* Dilke, with his tyiAcal Enpli^i love of gardens;
tliese were anion^ tJi© littJe group M nwn who launched
tJie "Gardener*' Olironicle " on a I'Mig and prosperous
voydRe. The p:i|Mir has n fine <nn<I inspiiiii^ tradition
tr) miuntain. and has preeerved from the first a progrBS-
sivc spirit. It won, long ;igo. the o(»nfldon»co of its
reiuJerfl, and that oonil<lence it stiill enjoys.

"TiOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet

^^ Peas, Roses, CXimatiuns, Seedling and Vegerfcable
PVants, &c., post free.— DOBBIE & 00., Boyal Floriste,
Ediniburgh

TJARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the

-*-* ri.ilicst roloure-I flowers of iT>ring ; plant now. De-
wriptive list free.— BARR A; SOSS, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

TJOSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL

•■•*' XOllWiail ROSKS.— Our new deeci^ptive price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
post tree. — Wi^te to-day, A. J. & 0. ALLEN. Bosc
Orowere, Norwich (for over BO years).

KING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and
()H.\A>U-,N"I'AL TRliES aJld SHRUBS, of ftnest
.pialitv. Catalogues free by post.— KING'S ACRE NUR-
SBRIBS, LTD., Hereford.

TT ING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-

■*-^ dueed the finest aji.J most remarkable .\ppleB and
PearH on record- 60 aorea of Ohodce Fruits to select
from. Please see our Illuatpated Catalogue, free bv post,
before ordering elsewhere.— KING'S AOEE NURSERIES,
LTD., Hereford.

fPERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-■- I'VmB, Basket Fm-iw, Stove «in<l Greenhouse Ferns.
Hardy Garden Ferns; eatalogues free.— J. E. SMITH,
[yondon V*^m Nursery, Loughborough J utu-t-iom. London,
S.W.

QRCHIDS for SALE.—Collection of

^^ Oattleri-as and Oyppipediums, Coelogyne cristate.
Ovmbidium Lowiannim, tfuid otihera ; atoout 500. — GAR-
DENER, Bridgem Hiaill, Enfield, N.

For Advertisement Ch-jpges see page ill

WTATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

' ' BAOEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

WTATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' " BULBS.— New Oabalogue now ready.

TyATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

" • Catalogue and Supplementary List of new and
nhoice varietdes now ready

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHKUBS.— Cat.iIogue tree.
All or any t>f the above Cataloguea forwarded post
free on ret-eipt of name anl address.

JOHX WATERER, SONS iV CRISP. LIMITED,
The Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, and Twyford, Berks.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-

^-' ckMidi'oii Ptiiit, flee from bracken, 15b. per yard,
6 to 18 iiTird tiiicki*, ba^ JOs. dozen ; Loam, Leaf Mould,
SiJver Simd, Ju Uigs and truck li>ads ; bags of C.N.
Fibre, 6 for 10s., si>ecial rates ; e^wciaj iJuI'b Ooinpost for
bowls. 5s. bag.— J. HANDSCOMBE. Tlic Nurseries, Felt-
ham, Middlesex.

1 on ftOn LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

3^\J\J 9\J\J\J 209. 100: Palms, Begonias, Crotons,
DiMoaeuoa, Roei's, Erioas, do.Kinias, Lilies. Hydrangea.s,
• ire.; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH. Loudon Fern Nur-
s^M-iec, Loughborough Jtmction, London, S.W.

L ILIUM LONGIFLORUM GIGAN-
TEUM. imnieuso bulbs, 12 and 13 inohes round,
12s. and 15s. doz. ; Liliuin Candidum. 4s, and Ss. doz. ;
all lireli quality.— MOKLE & CO., 150-156. Finchlcv Road.
N.W.

A MARYLLIS BULBS; Gold Medal, First
■^*- Prise strain, very choice, 2. 3, and 4 year old
Bulbs. pritM li«t free.— MORLE & CO.. a.s above.

TJULBS.— Ovei-stock; all first quality
-" flowering; Narcis.sus^ Emperor. 4s. 6d. ; Empreas
and Victoria, 58. ; Barrii, Poeticus Grandifiorus and
Double White, 38. ; Hoisfleldii and Sir Watkin, 4.1. ; all
per 100.— MORLE & CO., bs above.

■pjAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

^-' sua for Gras.1, SlirilhberiLS, and Wild G:irileniing,
153. and 21s. 1,000; selected for fort-intt. 253. 1,000; as
dug, 12s. per buslicl (2,000), 38. 6d. per peck (500 bulbs),
^r. HANDSOOMBE, F.B.H.S., Feltham N-urseries,
Middlesex.

"DHUBARB ROOTS.— The true "Cham-

pagne," briphl, scarlet, very productive, planting
s^-r.-*, 6s. iKT 100. 50s. per 1,000; roots, with 2 eves nr
over, 109. per 100. 803. per 1,000; larger roots, 40^.
iper 100 ; eiaiflv j»lanting etixwiglv mefxmun ended ; on
rails, packiiug free for c.w.o.— HARRISON & SONS,'
Seed MereJiants, Leicester.

Kn OOn FRLilT TBEES for SALE;

ff\J f\J\J\r .v,nvton, Wonkier. Bramlev Seedling.
Cox Orjnge, Blenheim Oran(Rre, Half Standards, Vie..
dozen' YOs. 100. Lane's Prin<'« Albert, Oox Orange,
Houibion, Mi^iigtjfvn, Worcester Peftimain. James
Greive, Newton AV-ondei- Ollarles Ross, 3 years on Para-
dise Bush, 12s. dozen, iOn. 100. Tei-md oash. Theae are
clean and well-grown stuff— W. BORNE & .SONS. OlifTe.
Rochester, Kent.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Next, November 21st, at 3 o'clock.

I'lnvai-ds <;>t 2,000,000 Builbs, inoluding Narcissus, in aU
the bpst-known vaiieties far loreiiig or plaoting out;
rol,yan**u« Narcissus of sorts, in sacks as rec«ive<i ;
Bivriv, Dairwin (niMiy of which will force) and May-
flowering Tulips; many thousands of Snowdrops. Flree-
sias, Scillas, Anemones, Aconi'tes. English and SponJ^
Iris, earlv-flowering: Gla<laoli, Bearded Iris.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
win SeH the nhove bv Auction at t.heir OentraJ
Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London, EC. 2
Catalogues forwairded on application.

SALE BY AUCTION OF

ROSES,

Herbaceous and Rock Plants,

Rhododendrons, Carnations,

Fruit Trees, Golden Privet, &c.

BULBS in variety.

100 20-lb. Baskets of APPLES.

Wednesday, November 21st, 1917, at 12 noon.
MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

67 and 6S, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. 2
.S/.rp™« III Stumps mil ensure Twelve Catah'gues.

RICHMOND, SURREY.

By order of the Trustee. Hrst portion.

Important clearance sale o! the weU-known stock of

Mr. L. R. Bussell

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
wiM Sell by Aurtion on the premises.
The Common Nurseries, Richmond, S.W.,

On Tuesday, December 4th, and two following
days, at 12 each day,

1 700 Gold and Silver Hollies, 2 to 6 ft.
2,700 Green Hollies, 3 to 6 ft.

500 English land Irislh Yews, 3 to 7 ft.
2,000 Handswx>rth and Gold Bos.

700 Hardy Aisale-as.
3,500 well-shaped Gold Privet, 5 to 7 ft,

250 Specimen Planes, splendid trees.
1,400 Tree Ivies.
Clipped Yews, fine examples.
1,500 OsBiianrthus, specimens 3 to 5 ft.
1.200 Evergreens and Conifers, in boaxiers.
4,000 Flowering Slmiba.

5,000 lai^e .\ucubas and Laairels, for planting or
cutting.
Fine Standard Orniamential Trees and large quantjjties
M other stock. May be vievvedu Catalogues (had at the
Nnrseries, Riclhiniond ; of 0. Butcfher, Esq., Solioitoo*, 32,
Gresham Sto-eet, E.C. 2; P. Mason, Esq,, the Trustee,
64, Gre^am Street, E.C. 2 ; and of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, 67 and 68, Olieapside E.O. E.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

pUOTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul-
-*• TURAL, Market Garden, and Estate Auctioneers
AND Valuers, 67 and 68, Cheapside, London, EC, and
at Leytonstone. E. Monthly Horticultural Reffister had
on applicatioa.

BUSIHESS CARD.

BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE

SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE. PEXMNGTONS,
254, Oxford Road, Manchester. — Complete courses for
E.H S. Senior, Junioo-, Teachers', and National Diploma
of Horticultural Examinjations. Fees moderate. — Write,
SECRETARY.

BOOK WANTED.
WANTED to PURCHASE

A second-hand copy of

Dr. HOGG'S " FRUIT MAN UAL."

(Fifth Edition.)

WHAT OFFERS ?

'Amateur," Box, 27, 41, WELLINGTON STBEET,

COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2.

. PLANTS, Ac, WANTED.

"fVANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' ' olfl pliiints, buit.ah'Ie for stock ; ca>h oi' e.^ollau^'e.
See other advertisements ; catfllo^es free. — SMITH,
Lonihi^i Fern Nurserv, Loug'hboroug'h- Junction, LoUKlon,
S.W.

TITANTED to Buy, CYPRIPEDIUM IN-

' ' SIGNE.— Sta*e )>rice, size, and quantity to
" E>s9ex," Box 19, ".1. Wellington Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2.

MISCELLANEOUS.

IF YOU'VE NEVEE WORN

BEACON OILSKINS

You've yet. to learn the bodily comfort tlhat they afford
m wet and stormy weather. They are proof agiainst
tihe hardest storms, and have no disaigreeable et'iokiness.
We eelil tliem on the understanding that you m^ay
have wooir money returned if BEACON OIIoSKINS don't
satisfy you — there's no risk vn dealing with, ujs. We
specialiise in Oilskins. Men-'e Black Ooart/S from 10s.,
Long Leggings from Ss., Sou -westers from Is. 9d., Cliil-
dren's Oilskins 10s. 6d. upwiards^ Ladies' Smart, Oilskins
fax>m 21s, Send p.c. for Free Beacon BookWt, nud
ohoose tihe style that suits vour purpose.— BARBOUR'S,
f.TD., 66. BEACON BUILDINGS. SOUTH SHIELDS. (6^

LANG'S "IDEAL" MANURE, for Fruit,
Flowers, and Vegetables ; 12s. 6d. per cwt., £10 lOs.
per ton, carnage paid. — G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hounslow, Middlesex.

'"PESTITE" destroys all soil pests

.■irewonns, club-root, wart disease, &.c.}.
and promotes vigorous growth. Price 10s. 6d. per cwt.,
£8 per ton, carriage paid.— G. LANG & SONS, LTD.,
Hooinslow, Middlesex.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line eountsd as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.
Gardeners desiring tbeir Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be. taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against Iiaving Letters
addressed to fnitials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
iSender,

PRIVATE.

COUNTY BOBCOGH OF SOUTHEND-ON-SEA.
APPOINTMENT OF HEAD GARDENER.

THE Corporation invite applications for
the appointment of HEAD GARDENER; wages
£3 per week, rising by annual increments of 2s. 6d.
per week to £3 10s. per week. Candidates musit not
i>e over 50 years of age. Forms of application and
lists of duties may be obtained upon application to
Mr. E. J. Elford. Borough SuiTeyor, Municipal Build-
ings, Clarence Road, Southend-oii-Sea, and the same
must be returned, duly filled in, not later than Mon-
day, November 26, 1917."

U. J. WORWOOD,

Town Clerk.
Municipal Buildings. Southend-on-Sea,
November 6, 1917.

IJEAD GARDENER required for Gentle-

-*--'- man's place where 12 (pre-war) are kept ;
Wrotham, Kent ; house, vegetables. — Write, stating
wages, to GARDENER, Box 23, 41, WeUington Stl-eet,
Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

"WANTED, HEAD GARDENER; only

' ' experienced man meed apply. — MRS. J. EBER-
STEIN, The Chase, Slades Hill. Enfledd.

■pORMER OUTSIDE FOREMAN wanted

-*- as IIe;id of two; very perfect place of 47^ acres;
coraforbable house and generous waigea.— HENDEKSON,

0 regon , 0 rpi ngrton, Keait.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DEXBm at once where 3 or 4 axe kept ; wages
3O3. to 33s., ac(M>rding to experience and capatiilities ;
rotta^re and coal.— MRS. EEID, The Oaks, Walton Heatlh,
SuTTe.y.

■WrANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' • ING) ; no Glass ; man and boy assisting. — A. J.
BURROWS, Ashford, Kent.

\YANTED, a SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ^ DENER ; help given ; uiider,5tand8 Kitchen and
Fti'wer Goixlening ; wjges, w itih rooms, 308., or without.
£1 15s. per week.—MRN. ElilCT, MILLER. West Watch.
Birdh Groive, near East Griinistead, Sussex.

WANTED, GARDENER (Single-
handed), chiefly Kitohen Garden amd Lawxie,,no
GInss ; also good MAN, Insiide and Out ; BingileJiaiid'ed ;
jfood wiges.— Apply, BURN, Landscape Gardener, Bat-
tenberjf Avecnaie, Leioester.

WANTED, GAkDENER (Single-
handed), for Stoke Poges nedg-hbouirhood ; Flo^vears
and Veg<itables ; eanall Glassliouse ; boy and oocasioinal
help ; niarned man (no family) preierred ; knowledge of
electric light plant ; cottage, 30s. a week.^Apply,
MAJOR DARLE'Y, 127. PiccodiMT, London, W. 1.

WANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-
DENEiR ; must be t'liorougtily eomi>etent and will-
ing to look alter a pony.— Apply, stating fu31 partiou-
(Lar3 aind wages required, with cottage, to E. S. WEBB,
Wildwoad Ixtdge, North End, Hamps-tead, N.W. 3.

WANTED, good aU-round SINGLE-
HANDED GARDENER for Somerset; most be in-
eligible.—Wtnite, D. A.. Box 5, 41. Weaiington Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

w

ANTED, GARDENER (Single-

handed), chiefly for Vegetables, some Glass ;
small cottage.— Apply, P. BURGESS, Willenhall House,
near Coventry.

WANTED, a GARDENER (Single
handku) ; with lad ; good wages. — Apply in
writing, witih references, to S. OSBORN, GrindJeford, near
Sheffield,

WANTED, in a private establishment, an
expert Fruit Grower, to take cliajige of la number
of Fruat Houses, with Peaciiee, Pears, Nectarines, Apri-
cots, Cherries, and Straw-berries ; wages 35a. and Bothy
if single ; 30s., oo4:tage, 4 ton» of ooal a year, vegetables,
and niiiJk if married ; must haTe unexception.al refer-
eaces.— Reply by letter, M. O., Box 21, 41, Wellmngton
Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, experienced WORKING GAR-
DENER.; assist.ance givea by pumping engine;
good house and coal found ; over mihtary age ; good
chaKicter.— Apply, st-ating w^age. COLONEL TILLOTSON,
Brooksbank, Codnum, Honte.

WTANTED, good all-round GARDENER,

' ■ with help; must' be inieligibJe or dieciharged sol-
dier ; wages 30s. per week and cottage. — Apply, MRS.
R. P. MORGAN, Brynhyfryd, Neath. South Wales.

WANTED, good all-round GARDENER;
knowledge of Greenhouse Plants, Melons, Peaches,
and Pruniing of Froit 'lijees required ; help given ; good
cottiiige, with garden.- MRS EVANS. Stoke OoiLrt, Ten-
bury. Wocros.

WANTED, good aU-round MAN for
Houses, and help with Fruit Trees outside if re-
quiired ; single ; ineligible. — Stajte experience and wa^ea
required, with Bothy and vegetables, to HKU5 GAE-
DEXEH, The &ardens, Frilshajii House, Yatteadon, New-
biu-v, Berks.

GARDENER wanted, \fell up in all
bnandhes ; no cottage. — C, Haling Cottage, Brig^h-
Uni Road, Soutih Cro/don.

WANTED, a good aU-round MAN for
Garden. State wages.— S. THATOHEE, Manor Gar-
dens, West Lavuigtoii'. Wilts.

WANTED, experienced MAN, for the
Kitcihen Garden ; wages 30s. per week, with small
lodge.— Apply, A. BOBBINS, Oanoms, Bkigware, Middle-

T\;^ANTED, MAN, single, ineligible, lor

' ' Kitchen Garden work and attend to stoking ;
rooms, ligiht, vegetablea ; good wages.- H. H. JONES,
Foliejon Park Gairdenis, Windsor.

WANTED, good SECOND GARDENER,
wliere foifj or five are kept ; must be well up in
Ind.oor work ; aiiUf^le nxan pnofeoned, as no codlage
available on estate. — Write full particulars to W. A. J.,
Kearsney Court, near Dover (4 miilee).

TyANTED, good SECOND GARDENER,

* * experienced Indoor work ; single man preferred ;
lodgings on estate. — McALPINE, Fairmil© Court, Oobhara,

TINDER GARDENER wanted; alternate

*-^ duty ; good cottage and garden. — Apply, stating
wages required, partdcuikLrs of experience, to FAIRS,
Sanderstead Court Gardens, Sanderstead, near Croydon.

WTANTED, UNDER GARDENER ;

' » woman preferred.— Applv, MBS. J. EBERSTEIN,
The Oliase. Silades Hill, Enfield

TITANTED, ORCHID FOREMAN; large

" ' collectdooi ; single ; ineligible. — Write, state age,
e.Tperience, wages required, copies of references, to
O. H., Boi 2, 41, Weliingtom Street. Oovent Garden,
W.O. 2.

WTANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); wages

' ' 30s. ; Bothy, &c. ; 1 o'dlock SatuKla.vs.— E. BRIS-
TOW, Leyswood Ganlens, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

TITANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-

' " NEYMAN, to take charge of Glass ; e.'icellent
wages to good man. — Stalte age aiKl piij-tioulars to A.
BENNETT, Snelston Hall Gardens, A^boume, Derby-

NoviacBKE 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, JOURNEYMEN or IM-
PROVERS with Inside experience.— State wages
expected to E. JL\TTH£\V3. Strathfieldsaye Gardena,
Mortimer, Berks.

WANTED, TWO JOURNEYMEN ;
Plant and Fruit Houses; disaharged or ineligible
znea, with good esperien-ce ; 26s. per week. Bothy and
vegetables ; duty paid extra.— ^WILLIAM LLOYD, Rush-
toa Hall Gardens, Kettering.

"Vy"ANTED, IMPROVER; Inside Houses;

' " age 16 ; wages £1 weeklv. with Bothv, vegetables,
milk.— E. ilORGAX. Wassand HaJl Gardens.' near Hull.

TVANTED, IMPROVERS, 16 to 17;

■ " wages 18s. to 20s., according: to experience; with
Bothy, &c. ; duty paid extra.— C. GARRATT, Oanw^
Halil Gardens, Sutton Coldfield, BiTmingrham.

"WANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS,

' » for Inside work ; house found ; duty alternate weeks ;
state wages.— Apply, GlBSax,^ Alfreton Park, Derbyshire.

T^ANTED, THREE LADY GAR-

' ' DENEBS, with some experience of Outdoor
work ; 23s. per week, with cottage and vegetables ; also
IMPROVER for the Houses, 19s. per week. Bothy, &c.—
C. MOORE, Wargrave Manor Gardens, Wargrave, Berks.

TITANTED, GARDEN LABOURER (in-

■ ' eligible), to work under Head ; eing-le ; good lodg-
ing caQ be had near Gardens ; wages 25s. per week. —
Apply by letter to MAXWELL. Great Comp, Borough
Green Kent.

T ADY SCOTT requires responsible CARE-

-*-* TAKER, with some knowledge of Gardening ; no
GlaflB during war ; boy kept and extra help given :
married man; good wages ajnd cottage near Guildford.
-Reply, by letter first, to MR. W. KELLEJt SNOW,
F.S.A.A., 55, Quarry Street. Guildford.

TRADE.

V\7'ANTED immediately, experienced G^iR-

• ' DE.N'EK for Greenhouse Department.— Write, st.iting
age, eiperiente, wages required, to JAMES CARTER &
00., The Nurseries, Houston Road, Forest HiU, London,
S.E. 2J.

TIT'ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, for

~ ' BraiK-h Nursery ; Fruit ajid Forest Trees ; house
and garden provided ; must be ineligible for Army.—
Apply, with references and fuJl particulai-s, to JOHN
PERKINS & SON, 52. Market Square, Northampton.

^l/'ANTED, MEN for general Plant

" " Growing, Palms. Ferns, Greenhou.se Plant*, 4o.—
Apply, WILLS & SEGAR, The Royal Exotic Nursery,
Onslow Crescent, South Kensington, London, S.W.

TITANTED, MAN for Nursery; Second;

' " experienced soft-wotxled sfcuf, Carnatione, &c. —
AppK, HOPWO0D3, 58, Higjh Streett Oheltenham.

WTANTED, LEADING HAND in

• * Florist's Shop ; must bave good Making-up know
ledge, able to manage stafl, and be of good address
with'customora. — Apply, stating past experience, salary,
&c., to WILLS & SEGAR, Royal Exotic Nursery, Onslow
Crescent. South Kensington.

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, ASSISTANT
FOREMAN in Vegetable Seed Department.— Apply
by letter, with full particulars, BARR & SONS (Pri-
vate), 12 and IJ. King Street, Covent Garden. London

SEED TRADE.— Wanted, for a Dublin
Seed Establishment, an experienced SHOPMAN
having a good knowledge of the business in all its
branches and used to a smart Counter Trade. Perma-
nent and progressive situation for the right man.^
Apply at once, stating terms, to M. ROWAN & CO.,
The Ideal Seed Specialists. 51 and 52. Capel Street,
Dublin.

"WANTED, SEED ASSISTANT; ineli-

' ^ gibte. — ^Please give particulars of experience and
salary required to JOHN PEED k SON. Seedsmen. West
Norwood, S.E. 27.

"WANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in

'' tiUr V'-get.alilQ Seed Department; go'xl \va,iieft to
competent men. — .\pplv, giving full particulars to TOO-
GOOD it SONS, The king's Seedsmen, Southampton.

WANTED, LADY GARDENERS, for
Rose.Gr'>« iiii; under GIxss, knowlwlge of Prun-
ing pr<ferred, or quick at learning; state wages, with
or without board and lodging.— FRED STEVENS, Rose
Grower. Cheshunt.

"WMNTED, FEMALE GARDENER, for

^ ' the Ijon<l<wi Furiiisliing' Bu'Siness ; also MEN used
to the Bame wortc. — Apply, stating age, experience, and
wagefl required, to WILLS & SEGAR, Royal Exotio
Nuraery, Omslow Creeoenrt;, South Kenjsingtoiifc

"PLORIST.— YOUNG LADY required for

•*- good-class shop ; live in or out. — Write, stating ex-
perience, salar}-. &C-, HORSMAN, Beckenhaju.

Tl/'ANTED, HANDYMAN on Nursery;

" " Carpentering, Painting. Glazing, and Repairs.
Permanent work.— Apply, WILLS & SEGAR. Royal
Exotic Nursery, Onslow Crescent, South Kensington.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d for eaeh

lueeeedlng Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alo7ie are insuffictent.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
mtuat^ons are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as oil
Letters «o addressed an opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

GARDENER (Head) seeks engagement in
good eatablisihment, where several otliers are kept ;
life experiemce in all branches; highlv recommended by
late empttoyer, A. W. Gilmour, Esq., after 11 years' ser-
vice ; left through place being sold ; married ; age 49. —
Apply, C. BAULK, 9a, Midmoor Road, Balham, London,
S.W.

APPLICANT (ineligible, single) requires
Situation as HEAD ; good references.— State par-
ticulars to H. A.. Box 18, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head), in good establish-
ment ; large and varied experience in all branches ;
10 vears in present situation; age 43; married. — G. B.,
Box' 4, 41, Wellington Street, Oouent Garden, W.C. 2.

ORCHID GROWER and WORKING
HE.4.D GARDEN'Elt desires re-engagement; 3i
yeaJ-s present situatdon ; good all-round exi>erience JU
good est-ablishnieoits. — State wages, particulars, to
OONINGSBY, Abbots Leigh, Bristol.

XJEAD WORKING GARDENER seeks

^^ re-enga^ement where several are employed; 54
years' practical experience, gsiined at fli-st-c-kisa e-stablish-
jneinits, and well vorsed in all departments of the profes-
sion ; 49 years old ; ,narried,— .\,pply, J. SOOTNEY, Foun-
tain Dale, near MansfleUl, Nott-s.

GENTLEMAN recommends HEAD

WORKING GARDENER where two or more are
kept ; experienced Inside and Out ; married ; age 48 ;
permanent situation. — C. DUNN, Quarter-way Lane,
Trowbridje.

GARDENER (Head Working or good
SlNQLK-li.\Ni>F.ii, wioh help); practical life e.vperi-
eii'--e in private Gaiixloiw ; married ; age 41 ; ineligible ;^
hitftily recomniinded ; reliable and trustwoithy.— B.\R-
RETT, HatUeld Heath, Harlow^

GARDENER (Head Working); in place
of man called up; age 47; strong and active; life
experience in VegetaMe imd Fruit and Plani Culture ;
good wages required. — Apply, A. RUSOTLL, Batsford
Gardens, Mocreton-in-Matrsh, Glos.

GARDENER (Head Working); life ex-
perience in all branches ; good references ; 6i years
present place ; age 50.— GEORGE BB.iLE, T^e Knowle,
Virginia Water, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head Working or good
SiHQLE-HAKDED) ; life experience in all branches ;
ago 50 ; married (no family).— DICKER, The Cottage,
Church Mead, Pixbriglit, Surrey.

GENTLEMAN (50) desires WORKING
MANAGEMENT, Mixed Farming, Private or Market
Gardenis, all Farm and Horticultural Produce, Dairy
Herd, Milk Recording, Sheep, Pigs, Buying, Selling. Ac-
counts. .^dvertisLiLg circulars ignored. — B., 12. Abbey
Road. Bourne, Lines.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or other-
wise) ; life experience ; married ; age 47 ; small
family ; good refs.- P., Douglas Oottage, Orchard Grove,
Goid Hill, Bucks.

GARDENER (Single-handed, or other-
wise) ; good with Vegetables, Fruit, &c. ; undertake
2 to 3 cows, pigs, and poultry ; married (2 children) ; age
51 ; good worker. State wages, wiith oottage and coal. —
A. D., 11, New Towu, Uckfleld, Sussex.

w

PMPLOYMENT required at once for

-■--^ YOUTH, iie.iTly 16, in Private Garden or Nursery;
live in ; conifort-able home more than wiages. — All par-
ticulai-s to E. W., Box 23, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent
Garden, W.C. 2.

T ADY GARDENER seeks temporary or

-*--^ permanent work ; any ca,pacity ; Fruit, Vegetables,
Pruning ; work of patriotic nature essential ,''^ college
tramed ; 6 montlis' e-\i>erience. — -\pplv, X., Box 26, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovent Gardem, W.O. 2.

OMAN GARDENER (20) requires le-

engtigemenit (Inside) ; 2 .\ears* general experiemce
in large Private Garden, including Vines, Peaches, Carna-
tions. CShxysanthemuras, &c. ; Bothy; )Iidlands preferred.
— I'ARROTT, Enville (Jairdens, Stourbrddge.

'T'WO LADY GARDENERS desire post to-

-*- getlier ; one as Head, with 10 years' experiemce ;
Sw-aiilej- Diploma, flrst-olass E.H.S. ; Dairy, Poultry,
Bees ; tihe other as Under, w ith 8 months' "training on
Market Garden, some Glass.- F. P., Box 12, 41, Welling-
ton Street, Oovant Garden, W.O. 2.

TRADE.

lyURSERY MANAGER; Fruits, Roses,

-^^ choice Trees and Shrubs, good propaigator and
salesman; fair knowledge of Luwlscape work; thoroughJy
oapabJe to take entire charge; accustomed to exhibiting
and the general routine of a good busiiness; 15 yeare'
excellent references as manager ; age 47. State wages and
particulars.— MANAGER, Alder River Nursen'. Iver
Hetibh, Bucks.

'T'O NURSERYMEN.— MANAGER or

-■- outside FOREM.UJ ; some knowledge of Inside ;
14 years in present position as Nursery Foreman ; in-
eligible; life experience. — "POMONA," Box 17, 41,
Wellington Street, Oovemt Gaa-deu, W.O. 2.

/^ARDENER, single/, seeks situation In-

^-" side ; understands Melons, Grapes, Greenhouse,
Bedding Plants, Ohi-ysjaiithemtims ; could maiuage smajll
Nursery, Ououmtei's, Tomatos, Bulbs— SAVING, 19, Ber-
ridge Road. West Norwood.

JJEAD CLERK; life €.xperience in Nur-

-*- series ; good knowledge book-keeping, packing
shed, orders, and falesman ; over military age ; good re-
ferences. State wiages offered. — " ENERGETIC." 183,
Orotton Park Road. Brockley, S.E.

"p^LORIST. — LADY seeks re-engaeement as

-^ MANAGERESS or FIRST H.iND ; flrst-class refer,
encea and testimonials. — G., Box 22 41, Wellington
Street, Ovent Garden, W.C. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

tisemenis intended for insertion in the nei
I MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 8. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and liaclt Page ... „ „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter pages, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words

Per inch, single coluniu

Per inch, across 2 columns

Per inch, across 3 columns „.

£ a. d.

3 0

7 0

14 0

I 1 0

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space.

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For dlscoants apply lo address below.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words
or fewer.

These AdvertlaemeDti matt be crepald, AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c.. OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SDBSCRIPTIONS.

Tbe United Kingdom 1 9/6 per annum.

Abroad 22/- „ „

Cheques ami P.O.a to be made payable to " Gardeners'
Chronicle," L'td

41, WELLINGTON STREET,

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Gardohron. Rand, London."
Telephone : 1513 Okrkajiii.

IV.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

^ttmm0m^0»0t0t0^m0»0*m0ttm0*mmM!i0ii0kmmmtmtttfttmt0f

BULL'S

Food for Plants,

Fruit & Vegetables.

THE
NATIONAL FERTIUSER

Supplied by all Seedsmen and Nurserymen
throughout the United Kingdom.

Per cwt. 24/- ; 56 lbs., 13/6 ; 28 lbs., 7/6 ; 14 lbs., 4/6.
Also in Tins, 6d., 1/- and 2/6.

A SINGLE DAY'S CONSIGNMENT.

SOLE MANUFACTURERS-

BULL'S PLANT FOOD CO.,

536, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. 10.

*WM«nMMM«4*M«MMMN

SStSSSSSt

NOVEMBEB 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

195

THE

® Kxhmtx^' Cljrnnirk

Xo. 1612,—8ATURDA T, NOVEMBER 17. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Books, Dotices of —
Burnham Beeches, the

Botany of .. ..200
The (Jrasees of the
West Indies .. ..196
Catalogue, an eighteenth-
century 201

Critical remarks . . . . 201
Farm, crops and stock on

the home . . . . 203

Food production, on in-
creased . . . . 197, 19S
Gardening in India .. 200
German prisoners on the

land 200

Ground operations . , 2O0
Horticulture and the
Bench 200

Obituary —

Marshall, William ..

Russell, Harry..

Scott, Daniel . .
Orchid notes and gleau-

Potato showatOrmskirk ;
Rosary, the—

Rose American Pillar :
Smith, the late Mr.W.G. ;
Societies —

Linnean .. .. .. !

Royal Hort. (Scientific
Committee) .. .. !
Stoking, economical .. j
Tomatos for market

growers . . . . , . '

War item :

Week's work, the.. 198. 1

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Chrysanthemum Crusader :

Marshall, the late William, portrait of, 202; In his
garden at "Auchinraith," Bexley .. .. .. .. ;

Rose American Pillar

ECONOMICAL STOKING.

WITH the appjroach of winter, the
subject of the scarcity of fuel of
all kinds becomes of increasing
interest, not only to householders, but also
to those whose duty it is to provide the
necessary warmth for delicate and valu-
able plants in the hothouses. The problem
is how to maintain the maximum of heat
with the minimum of fuel; and in this
matter the choice of the boiler is of im-
portance. Probably, from this point of
view, the tubular horizontal boiler is the
best, as it can be used with a shallower
stokehole than is required for most
other kinds. The tubular boiler will
burn almost anything — stems of trees,
bru.shwood, and much rubbish which
would otherwise be wasted. The boiler
should bo set on a brickwork bed,
with a rise of at least half an inch per
foot run, from front to back, where the
flow-pipe connecting with the main pipes
in the house should be fixed. Thus a hori-
zontal tubular boiler of nine feet in length
should have a rise of four and a half
inches from the furnace door to tTie back.
Do not allow too much space between the
top pipes, or the dome of the boiler, and
the fireproof tiles or brick arch covering
the boiler — a clear space of four inches is
quite cnougli. The damper for regulat-
ing the draught in the chimney should be
fixed immediately above the point where
the flue enters the chimney. If the fur-
nace house is in the open air, and not
too near any trees or buildings, the chim-
ney stack should bo from 12 to 15 feet
high, 80 as to ensure a good draught,
especially if anthracite coal i.s the fuel
used.

Most readers of the Oarileners' Chronicle
have more or le,s.s experience in stoking,
but for tlie benefit of others who are pre.ssed
into work of this kind for the first time
a few simple directions wjll not be out of
plaet'. To light the fire, make a Rmall heap
of loosely placed paper and shavings, then
place over the pyramid some small, and
then larger, pieces of wood, interspersed
with dry chips, straw or shavings. Over
this, lay a quantity of coal and coke
broken small, and then light the paper.

etc., in the centre, continually adding coal
and coke until a good, glowing fire is
steadily burning. Press this burning
mass to the back of the furnace bars with
the fire hoe, and go on adding fresh fuel
until the water in the boiler is at the de-
sired heat. When starting tlie fire afresh
in the morning, draw out tlie damper to
secure a vigorous draught, but when the
fire is estal:)lished it .should be pushed back
three-quarters of its possible extent. Be-
fore applying more fuel, push the clinker
bar under the fire the full width of the fur-
nace base, removing any clinkers which
may have formed during the previous
hour or two, push the fire to the back part
of the furnace, and again add more
fuel in front. From the early morn-
ing onwards the fire should be attended
to at short intervals until it is finally
banked up at night. Do not open
the furnace door in order to maintain a
steady heat ; this should be done by care-
ful regulation of the damper, the exact
working of which can be easily ascertained
by careful and intelligent observation.
Again, it is a great mistake to put on more
fuel than is actually needed to maintain
the desired temperature. Such action
leads to wasle of fuel and overheating, and
makes it very difficult to prevent the boilers
from boiling over, especially in the case of
large installations, intended to heat three
or four houses.

In making up the fire for the night, ex-
tract the clinkers and add more fuel as
described above. In addition to this, when
the furnace is half-filled, throw in a few
sTiovelfuIs of ashes, then some more coke,
tlien some more ashes, and so on until the
furnace is almost full, finishing off with
a coating of ashes over the top and front
of the glowing mass. Then push the chim-
ney damper almost home, leaving only a
space of about an inch for the passage of
the smoke. If this is carefully done, it is
probable that in the morning it will only
be necessary to clear out the clinkers, in-
crease the draught, and add a little more
fuel, to start the fire for the day. If not, it
will show that too much draught Has been
allowed, and much fuel used in propor-
tion fo the ashes, which can be remedied
the following night. It will be necessary
in the morning to clear out the clinkers
very tliorouehly, and also to remove the
ashes from the sides of tlie boiler liv using
the clinkpr bar energetically between the
bottom of the boiler and the side pipes and
flues of the furnace. This operation should
be repeated once in the afternoon, and
aeain in the evening, allowing the fire to
burn somewhat low in order to make it
easier. The flues should be thoroughly
cleaned out three times a week during the
winter and earlv spring, beginnine: with
the top central flue, cleaninp: the pipes or
dome (in the case of a saddle-boiler) with a
small hoe and brush worked well in among
the top and side pipes. Afterwards draw
the ashes and soot out of the bottom flues
on either side of the base of the furnace,
and clear the base of the boiler in the fur-
nace. The tools necessary for the proper
stokins and cleaning of the furnace con-
sist of a shovel hoe, about 7 inches wide

and 5 inches deep, with a long, stout iron
handle, for pushing the fire back in the
furnace, and drawing the ashes from
underneath ; a hoe about 2 inches wide and
1 inch deep, attached to a light iron
handle, for cleaning the flues ; and a poker
and clinker-bar combined, which must be
strongly made, to stand the strain of re-
moving and breaking the clinkers in the
furnace.

With regard to fuel, there is no doubt
that anthracite coal is the best ; but as the
heat is generated quicker with coke, the
best plan is £o start the fire with coke in
the morning, and afterwards use the
anthracite. If the fire is made up at ten
p.m., tliere will be a clear fire eight or
nine hours later, and the houses will be
well heated. Anthracite is very hard coal ;
ordinary coal burns away much more
quickly, and is therefore not only less
economical, but requires more frequent
stoking.

Stoking is an art which can be acquired
by anyone of ordinary intelligence, and
the satisfactory working of the boiler de-
pends to a very great extent on how it is
performed. The greater number of boiler
troubles may be prevented by good and
careful stoking. M. B.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

LAELIO CATTLFA'A HONORIA.
A NEW cross between Cattleya Mantinii (Bow-
ringiana x Dowiana aurea) and Laelio-Cattleya
Geo. Woodhams (G. Hardyana x L. purpurata)
i.^ sent us by Messrs. Armstrong and Brown.
With four species of Cattleyas in its com-
position to one of Laelia, H naturally takes
the large-flowered Cattleya shape and character to
a great degree. The flower, which is 6 inches
iicross, has silver-white sepals tinged and slightly
veined with mauve, and broad, rosy-mauve
petals, wavy at the margin. The lip, which re-
sembles that of C. Mantinii, but is broader and
more openly displayed, is rose colour at the
base, ruby-red in the middle area, and light violet
in front. The centre has a iine veining of bright
yellow.

CYPRIPEDIUM MURIEL VAR. AMETHYST.
A MASSIVE flower of this fine cross between
C. Hera Euryades (Boxallii x Leeanum). and C.
Cynthia (nitens-Leeanum x Charlesworthii) is
sent us by R. Windsor Rickaixls, Esq., Usk
Priory, Monmouthshire. The flower is of very
thick substance, the dorsal sepal amethyst-purple
with an olive-green tint at the base and clear
white margin and apex. The broad petals are
honey-yellow lined and veined with mahogany-
red. The lower sepals, which are together nearly
as broad as the upper sepal, have the central
half coloured embrald-green the two sides, ex-
tended wing-like, white with amethyst-purple
markings, aa on the upper sepal. Such an ar-
rangement is considered abnormal, but the char-
acter is known to be fixed in some varieties. It
would be interesting to know whether it proves
so in this case. The name Muriel has also been
given to the cross between C. Chamberlainianum
and C. tonsum, both raised in Sir Geo. Hol-
ford's gardens. The R.H.S. list recognises the
cross now noted.

CATTLEYA TRENTINO ALBA,
A FLOWER of a cross between Cattleya
Wameri alba and 0, Diisseldorfei alba is
sent by J. Ansaldo, Esq., Rosebank, Mumbles,
Glamorganshire. It is a very good addition
to a class of crosses of the C. labiata
section, and which, while bearing a resemblance

196

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

to each otlier, are all good, and have the merit
of flowering at different seasons, determined by
the flowering time of the parent used. C. War-
neri always has a good effe<;t on size and form
in its descendants, and the present flower fol-
lows the albino fonn of that species closely, t.h«
r. Diisseldorfei alba (Undine), which resulted
from crossing C. intermedia alha amd C. Mossiae,
Wagneri appearing cliiefly in the narrower and
more crimped front of tie labellum. The flower
is white with a slight sulphur-yellow ting« in the,
iip, the disc of which is bright orange colour.

THE ROSARY.

ROSE AMERICAN PILLAR AND ITS
ORIGIN.

The interesting account of the origin of this
Rose as given by the raiser on p. 182 will appeal
to all Rosarians. and especially those engaged
in the raising of new Rambler and climbing varie-

Loon Simon and Pierre Coohet, issued so far back
as 1899, but supplemented with the parentage
so far as known of the varieties catalogued. This
work contaims some 10,384 names. To compile
such a catalogue would be a great task, but the
National Rose Society might well collaborate
with, say, the American Rose Society for the
carrying out of the work.

America is in a^lvanoe of this courttiry in
the matter of trial gardens, and I have before
me an application from the ilayor of Portland,
Oregon, to send novelties of my raising to their
new National Test Garden, to be conducted under
the direction of the Bureau of Parks of that city.

Catalogues giving the parentage of Roses are
of valuable assistance to the Rose breeder.
From one before me of Peter Lambert's, I find
that the parentage of that very fine climber Marie
Henriette Grafin Chotell is given as Rambler
The Farquhar x Richmond. This is a very fine
climber, and reminds me much of Paul's Scarlet
Climber in growth, although it is quite distinct
in blossom. The flowers are a delightful scarlet-

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The Qrassks of the West Indies.*

A cOMPENDruM of the grasses of the West
Indies is a welcome addition to botanical litera-
ture, and if the work before us does not satisfy
all requireimtnts it goes a long way towards
doing so. It is the jodnt work of the agixjsto-
logists of Washington and the result of up-
wards of 25 years' investigations and study,
aided by numerous American botaiiiists and the
British botanists on the spot. The compilation
is based primarily upon the study of collections
in the United States National Herbarium, and
it comprises 455 species belonging to liO genera,
including a number of naturalised kinds. Pro-
mijiient among the British contmbutors are
Messrs. W. Harris, W. G. Freeman, J. Hart
and W. E. Broadway, and the Trinidad
Hei"(barium. The total number of specimens
dealt with is nearly 7,000, and these are d<>-

ties. Hybridisea-s have long been aware of the
great possibilities accruing from a mingling of
the different species and by intercrossing several
times with various objects in view. Gruss an
Teplitz resulted from a blending of several varie-
tie.s and that king of sturdy Roses, Conrad F.
Meyer, was produced from a hybrid (Gloire de
Dijon X Due de Rohan) x with Rosa rugosa
germanica. Messrs. A. Dickson and Sons adopt
these methods with well-known results, and Mr.
McGredy showed me one seedling, itself a cross
with La France, that had already produced for
him sewral Gold Medal Roses.

It seems to me that the work of producing new
types of Roses would be vastly assisted were
there some authoritative work giving the origin
of all known Roses, or so far as such knowledge
is available— a catalogue of all introdnctions to
date on the lines of that,. gigantic work of Messrs,

-THE LATE MR. WILLIAM MARSHALL, V.M.H., IN HIS GARDEN AT " AUCHINRAITH,"
(The pHaot in flmvpr is Rose OrimiSon Riambler.)

BEXLEY,

red and of good size and form. I can strongly
recommend it. But we want Ramblers that will
give us good autumnal displays, and to this end
I suggest we choose parenits from the pe^^3e'taal-
flowering kinds. Why not utilise such fine
climbers as Climbing Gramoisie Superieure as
seed parents? This splendid climber is ilowering
with me now (November 3) quite profusely, and
it gives a very brilliant touch of colour to the
Pose gaadien. From the useful work of Messrs.
Simon and Cochet already refeiTed to, I find it
is synonymous with James Sprunot. May I be
permitted to express the hope that our botanical
societ'es, both at home and abroad, will continue
to give us some good crosses with various species,
so that the Rose breeder may have good material
to work upon, in order to evolve other fine Roses
of the AJnerican Pillar type? Walter Easlea,
pastwood, Leigh-on-Sea.

pi i-ited in the U.S. National Herbarium. "To
fi'i'ilitate the use of the work as a manual the
detailed citation of speaimens under each species
is omitted. Appended to the paper, however,
is a list of all the numbered specimens of West
Indian grasses in the U.S. Herbarium " This
list runs to 66 pages, and it will be of great
service to other establishments possessing sets
of the same series, such as those of C. Wright,
Sintenis, Eggers, and others. The whole of the
tfxt is in English, and the descriptive part is
a system of keys to the tribes, genera and
species, followed by brief descriptions. All
useful synonyms are cited, as well as generally
aooepted English names, and current vemacuilar

* ContHhvtionii from the United Slates yaticmnt Her-
barijim. Vol. XVIII., Part 7. Pp. 281-471 -f xviii. "Grasses
of the West Indiel." By A..S. Hitchcock and Ames Chase,
Washington ; Governroent Printing Odice. 19J7.)

November 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

197

names are also given. A full index of some
1,500 names and synonyms completes this work.
Panicum and Paspalum number about sixty
Si:ecies each. The Bambuseae (Bamboseae of
the authors) are represented by four genera
and sixteen species, twelve of which belong to
the climbing genus Arthrostylidium.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

WINTER PAESLEY.
To obtain a good supply of Parsley in winter
plants should be lifted and planted in cold
frames, skeleton pits, or at the foot of south
V7alls. Choose the latest sown plants for this
purpose and they will produce leaves all through
the winter and spring. Where small plants are
not available older specimens should be lifted
and treated in the same way, cutting off the
larger leaves. At the time of planting thoroughly
water the roots, and give the soil a good dressing
of soot. Seed may also be sown thinly in boxes,
germinated in gentle warmth, and the seedlings
grown on in cool houses.

EARLY PEAS AND BROAD BEANS.

Every effort should be made to produce pods
of Peas and Beans as early as possible during the
conr.ing year. It is the common practice of many
Ui sow early varieties on warm borders in the
cpen during the autumn. In many parts of the
country this often proves to be a very precarious
method, due to the weather and various kinds of
vermin. A much safer and more reliable plan is to
.'■ow the seed thinly in well-drained boxes about
4^ inches in depth, and germinate them either in
cold frames or cool hquses, planting the seed-
lings on well-prepared land, in the spring. Both
early Peas and Broad Beans do much better when
treated in this way than sowing out-of-doors. The
seeds germinate better, the young plants an-
easily kept under control, and when carefully
planted they suffer little or no check, and' give
far better returns than when sown in the open.

Good varieties for present sowing are, Peas :
Early Giant, Edwin Beckett, Early Morn, and
Duke of Albany. These sorts are much to be
preferred to round-seeded varieties, as they give
heavier crops of far better quality, and are only
a few days later. Of Bro&d Beans, Aquadulce
aTid Leviathan are two good and reliable sorts.
E. Beckett.

ITEMS IN STORE FOR WINTER.

BiiSiDES the more ordinary store vegetables,
such as Beets, Carrots, Swedes, Turnips, Choux-
raves, Sugar Parsley, Parsnips, and bottled
fruits, such as Plums and Pears, it may be of intc
rest to note other items.

Pumpkins. — Some of these failed to mature,
and the juicy stalk was certain to mildew, so the
stumps have been rubbed with sulphur and soaked
with " lime-sulphur," previous attempts at seal-
ing with resin, etc., not having been a success.

CrnsDPX have been a failure ; they are best
.s^tarted by putting one to three corms in small
pots sunk in the ground and planting out when
well started. Owing to my absence from home
last spring, this was not done.

Cliinrfr. Yam only amounts to a few pounds, as
last year's remaining tubers were mostly given
over to new tubercle production for next season.
I may note that those left in the open ground
stood the severity of the winter (three successive
nights about 0° Fahr.), whilst those in a cold
greenhouse bed were destroyed.

Brans. — A ten-yard row of four varieties of
Runner Beans has yielded just over 4 lbs. of ripe
seeds after supplying green Beans and a dish cr
two of flageolets ; Dwarf Beans for dried ripe
Beans have not yet been threshed out. The
plants were sown in R-ose beds, vacant places on
the rockery, and other available nooks ; a few re-
main, too, from last year. Some have been bottled
in the flageolet state, as amongst other enda they

aro better for succotash ; moreover, one can use
pods thus which are too immature to ripen and
too old for " haricots verts." Young pods have
also been dried after four minutes' .<!cald in
boiling water. Broad Beans picked young and
shelled have been dried direct ; preliminairy
scalding seems to be a mistake.

Sweet Corn (Maize) has been boiled, scraped off,
and bottled for succotash.

Tomatos in two forms, juice bottled in small
bottles so that a whole lot can be consumed at
once on opening, and as Massa. Quinces have
been similarly treated in " Massa " form, and in
prospect some Medlars will be treated likewise,
on recommendation of the old description that
the Quince is used, "like the Medlar," for

Frenich seem to be late varieties. Victorias were
a hug© crop, but none was dried, as tihey were
not likely to yield a good product. After all,
they are only fit for the market or the pig-pail.

Grapes from the cool greenhouse. Many
bunches of Grapes have already been dried off.
Last year we made our first cake witli our own
raisins. The outdoor ones are now going through.

All the drying has been effected either in the
hot " linen airing " cupboard or in a recess which
has been closed in about the independent stove
which heats the cup-board. Plums take about a
week, ten days, or more, and should be occa-
sionally inspected and turned. One day is about
enough for Beans, and Grapes may be left for-
gotten tiU Christmas if hung somewhere out of

:usl; A.MERICAN I'JLLAR.

(See p. 196.)

flavouring Apple tarts ; as there is no need for
bottles or for immediate use of sugar, this form
of storage seems useful.

Plums. — Besides those in jam or bottles. Plums
have been dried, the main lot being Reine Claude
Violette, which we found before the war made
a very superior prune ; also experimentally, for
their qualities have not yet been tried, we have
Early and Late Orleans, Pershore, Belle de Lou-
vain (these two need care, as they are thin-
skinned). Autumn Compote (smells good), Jeffer-
sons and Monarch (these two seem very pro-
mising) ; also a late Plum said to be the old
Mussel or muscle Plum (still good and fresh), is
now being dried. This, too, looks full of pro-
mise. I may note that the Plums dried by the

the way. As the heat is never high, the ripening
process continues and a moi'e sugary product
seems to result. We fancy, too, that incidentally
better flavour is obtained than in the quickly
dried bought Prunes. In fact, some of the Plums
we had stewed were put for a couple of days in
waiTQith to make them more sugary. Moulds will
not grow BO long as the temperature is even .^o
little raised as body temperature. This mode of
drying is probably muoh too slow for elsewhere
than the household. It is made slower in prac-
tice by the intermittance of the heating ; anyhow,
a day's cooling does no harm, and we began its
use before the war. In some driers on the mar-
ket the fumes of combustion pass directly on the
fruit, -which is hardly to be desired. H. E. D.

198

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

POTATO WINDSOR CASTLE.
I KNOW of no better Potato for cropping- quali-
ties and exhibition than Windsor Castle. Can
any reader name one '! To-day we are thinking
about tlie crops for ne.\t season, and the chang-
ing of seed Potatos to produce as many tubers is
possible. In planting, many of us are guided by the
seedsman's list as to the season for which different
varieties are best suited. Some list Windsor
Castle as a main crop; another, mid-season; and
there is a big difference between main crop and
mid-season. Many gardeners at the present time
are helping garden and allotment societies to pro-
duce as much food from the ground as possible ;
and many members of these societies require a
fair amount of Potatos every day, where the
families are large. Gardeners are often asked
to recommend a Potato for quality, liberal oi-op-
ping, and earliness. Would any recommend
Windsor Castle ? The seedsman says in .liiis cata-
logue, for mid-season or main crop. I sliould
have no hesitation in naming Windsor Castje.
When planted as a main ca-op, it is liable to
bad attacks of disease, bat by planting early ajid
lifting early very little diseas^e is seen. C. Davis.
Hoi,/ Wem Park Gardens, I[)sw!ch.
EARLY AND SBCX)ND EARLY P0T.4T0S.
In response to Mr. Wra. Taylor (p. 191), I
may say there is no lack of varieties of Potatos
to give the qualities he desires, if they are given
favourable conditions. All of them crop heavily,
and in such cases we must expect a correspond-
ingly strong haulm, and occasionally longer or
taller than he mentions. In gardens of no great
width and surrounded by walls or close fences
they often grow twice as tall as they ought, but
in open gardens, allotment ground, and in fields
they abide by their respective heights unless
over-manured. May Queen, Ninetyfold, and
Dunnottar Castle are white kidney and pebble-
shaped Potatos, of mealy character and e.\cel
lent flavour, ready for use during the first and
second weeiks of July. Duke of York, MidlotJiian
Early, and Witch Hill follow them towards the
end of July, judging by my experience of them
this year, but it all depends on soil, situation and
season. One large grower, at leasl, is accumu-
lating seed of W'itch Hill from private sources,
because it is new, and he has discovered it to be
excellent and a heavy cropper. Of the same type
as Eclipse, mentioned by Mr. Taylor, I can add
Early Puritan, Epicure, and British Queen, which
are descendants from such American types as
P.eauty of Hebron and Early Rose, and betray
their origin by their shape and by being often
flushed with pink. White Beauty of Hebron
originated in this country from the ordinary pink-
skinned type. White Elephant is of the same
type, but larger. This and the Hebrons are old
varieties, but still much grown for market. They
come into the greengrocers' shops in our district
before the skin is fixed. I .should call them second
carlies, or British Queen, mid-sea.son. Great Scot
is also a mid-season Potato, fairly mealy, but
nHire so when baked. The last two wiill keep till
si.ring, and that applies to Witch Hill and others
of its group, when stored in favourable condi-
tions. /. F.

FOOD VALUES

An article in the Scientific American, July 28,
by Da-. C. F. Boldman, advocates the affixing
of food values (in calories) to all articles of
food. At his suggestion a firm of New York
restaui-ateurs has adopted the practice, and on
its menu cards may be read : 632-429, (cold ham
or corned beef— which meajis that if you choose
the former dish you have one providing 632
caloriee ; if the latter, yon only get 429.

This appears to us to be a very sound method
of teaching food economy, and one the principle
of which might be adopted in this country. How
many people, for exampTe, among the general
public know such an at present all-important
fact that the protein of Potatos is, weight for
weight, four times as valuable as h-umaji food
as i.^ the protein of Wheat?

ThcWcck'sWork.

THE KITCHEN jGARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor

Seakale.— The foliage of Seakale having been
killed by frost, a tiatch of roots may be
lifted and placed in heat. Only a few roots
sl-Ould be lifted for this first forcing, as better
reoults may be' expected later from crowns that
a-emiain in the ground for anofftier week or two.
If only a .small supply is required the roots
may bo placed in pots or boxes closely together
;«nd the space between them filled with fine, sifted
soil which should be pressed tightly with the
fingers. If the soil is dry water it thoroughly.
I'lace the pots and bo.xes containing the roots
in a perfectly dark pit or shed where the tem-
perature is 60°, and keep the atmosphere moist-
Large numbers of roots may be forced quite
easily on beds of fermenting material, which
may ibe made in any brick pit where fire-heat is
available when necessary. The bed may consist
of fallen leaves, which should be made quite finn
by treading ; place a layer of old potting soil on
the surface to a depth of 9 indies. The roots
may be planted with a spade in the same manner
as Box is planted for edgings. The crowns
sihould' be placed closeJy together in the rows,
which ishoiild be 6 inches apart. Forced Seakale
will keep in good condition for 6 or 8 days after
it is cut. At Frogmore we force a.boait 20,000
crowns in batches of about 1,500 each. Water
should be applied as the roots are placed in posi
tion, ajid the soil made fiirm.

Winter SAUAOS.-Pits in which Lettuce and
Endive are growing should be freely ventilated
whenever the weather is favourable. Hoe the
surface of the bed carefully, and do all that is
f'Ossible to promote a healthy atmosphere. Let-
tuce plants which are advanced in growth are
liable to damp off during the winter in duU.
damp weather. Lettuces may still be planted
in pits from the seed bed, with a view to pro-
ducing, a supply early in spring. Endive should
•IP blanched as required by placing a few sheets
rf brown paper over the plants. Plants of
Batavian Endive should be lifted from the open
border and placed in pits at once or they may
be injured by frost.

Chioory— Roots of Chicory should be lifted
ind placed m a warm, dry pit or forcing house
where light can be excluded. This is a valuable
salad pTanl, and very easily forced. The roots
may be placed in pots or boxes in the same
manner as Seakaie.

Winter Spinach.— When the ground is suf-
ficiently dry work the Dutch hoe carefully be-
tween the rows of winter Spinach. Remove all
weeds and decaying leaves, and if slugs are
troublesome dust the soil with soot.

Broad Beans.— To obtain early pods of Broad
Beans make a sowing as soon as the ground is
diy enough. Select a sheltered position where
the soil is light apd rich. Sow the seeds in
shallow drills, using double the quantity usually
sown in spring to provide against loss. Broad
Wind.sor and Beck's Green Gem are suitable
varieties.

Beetroot.— All Beets should be lifted and
stored in a rainproof shed. Tlie roots should
be stacked in sand or fine, dry soil to prevent
shrivelling. It is very important to keep them
bevond the reacih of frost.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davey, Abbots Wood, Godalming:, Surrey.

Raspberries —The Raspberry requires a rich,
well-dirained soil and an open situation The
plants are sometimes grown in odd. corners, but
with unsatisfactory results. The best varieties
ari Hornet, Norwich W'onder, Superlative,
Baumforth's Seedling, Y''ellow Antwerp, and,
foi' autumn, fruiting, Belle de Fontenay. Yellow
sorts are not so largely grown as their merits
deserve. They make a very useful and pretty

disli for dessert. If the soil has been recently
trenched it will not be necessaiy to trencli it
a^'.ain, but if hard and infertile it must be well
tilled and plenty of bm-nt soil, lime rubble, or
anything else that will lighten it mixed witlh it .-
well decayed farmyard ma.nua-e should also be
employed. The best system for tvraining, and the
least itrouiblesome, is to secm-e the canes to hori-
zontal wires stretched from iron standards. If
wooden posts are used they should be creosoted
to increase their durability. The posts should
be a foot above the wire to permit of placing the
nets in position in the fruiting season. Three
wires will be sufficient, the first about 2 feet and
the top one 6 feet from the ground level. The
canes should be i:ilanted about 1 toot apart.
Place a mulchiiig of dry litter or bracken Fern
over the roots to furnish protection from
frost. It is not advisable to plant in wet weather,
and especially on heavy ground. In established
plantations the canes may be tied to the wires
their full length at the first opportunity. In
tihe .spring the ground and air are often very
cold, and such work as tlien slow and tedious.
Do not tie the canes closely together, and remove
all weak shoots if this has not been done already.
A liberal dusting of either soot or lime may be
given after the soil is cleared of all rubbish". A
mulch, if manure for the puipose can be ob-
tained, will be an advantage.

Red Currants —The bushes may be pruned
at any time after tlie fall of the leaf. If the
hranches_ have been simimer pruned the main
shouts will not require much shortening, but if
th" bush is as large as is desirable, hard pruning
will then produce the best results. Spray the
plants with paraffin emulsion to prevent birds
eating the buds ; another good plan is to slack
some lime with paraffin and to dust the bushes
with tlie material when they are damp.

Black Currants.— Examine the bushes for
" big bud " (if this pest is seriously in evidence
the bushes should be grubbed up and burnt), and
then prune them. The Black Currant does not
require much pruning beyond thinning out the
wood and making the plants shapely. Yery old
bushes sJiould be discarded and young st(5ck
planted in a different site if the soil is ex-
hausted. Black Naples and Boskoop Giant are
good and prolific varieties. A good spraying
with winter wash may be afforded the bushes,
especially those growing in damp soil, where the
wood becomes covered with moss and other
foreign growth.

General REMARKS.-Push forward the work
of planting, root-pruning, stake making, tying,
and pruning. Have the ground ready for plant-
ing the trees by the time they arrive from the
nursery.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. COLi-iER, Gardener to Sir Jesiemuh Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate.

Van DA.- Tall-growing Vandas of the tricolor
and sauvis sections are commencing to root
freely, and will continue to do so all through
the winter. The present is a suitable time to
repot or resurface the plants ; if this work is de-
ferred until the spring, there will be a' greater
danger of the bottom leaves dropping It is
not advisable to disturb specimens that are
well fiUTiished with leaves if the preseait pot is
sufficiently large to accommodate the roots for
another season, but such plants should be pi'o-
videdi witli fresh material on the surface, remov-
ing a quantity of the old surface compost. Plants
that have lost many of their leaves at the base
and are furnished with live roots some distance
up the stem, should have the old potting and
drainage materials taken away, without detach-
ing the roots which are clinging to the sides of
ihe pot. After cutting the base of the old stem
av. ay, place a flat piece of potsherd over the
drainage hole, stand the plant in the centre of
the pot sufficiently low down, if jxissible, to bring
the bottom leaves near to the rim, arrange the
rotts in position, taking care not to break them,
and fill in around and between with clean crocks
and i-ough Sphagmim-moss, pressing tlie mate-
rials fii-mly and arranging them nearly to the
to]i of the pot, finishing with a deep layer of
(lean, picked Sphagnum-moss. Secure each shoot
to a neat, strong stick. Well rooted specimens,

November 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

199

with plenty of lower leaves, that are growing in
pots too small for another season, should be re-
I'utted. These newly-potted plants should be
shaded from direct sunshine, and their immediate
-iiu-roundings kept moist by frequent syringings
around and between them. It is essential that
the plants be alwa\'s stood on a damp bottom.
Direct watering will not be necessary for a few
'lays after potting, but as often as the moss on
•ihe surface of the pots becomes dr\' it should be
sprinkled with clear water to keep it alive. When
1 ew roots begin to push out from the stem and
froiri the points of the old rooU, the amount cf
v/ater should be gradually increased, but the
moss should never be kept in a saturated con-
dition. The plants delight in plenty of fi-esh
air, and the bottom ventilators near them should
be opened at all times when the external tempera-
ture is not lower than 50°, These Vandas grow
best in the intermediate house, or at the cooler
i-nd of the Cattleya house. The leaves and
stems of the plants should be sponged with a
suitable insecticide to cleanse them from dust and
insect pests. A small brown scale insect attaches
itself firmly to the leaves, and great care should
be exercised in dislodging the pest, or tlie
leaves may be damaged. Vanda Kimballiana and
V. Watsonii are developing their flower-spikes-—
the atmosphere of the house in which they are
grown should be kept rather warmer and drier
than hitherto, but sufficient water should be
affoo-ded the roots at present to keep the Sphag-
num-moss growing.

COELOOTNE.- Plants of Coelogyne cristata
and its varieties are nearing the completion of
their season's growth, and will soon be develop-
ing the flower-spikes from the new pseudo-
bulbs. When this stage is reached reduce the
amount of water at the roots, but not to such
an extent as to cause the plant to suffer. For
the present give just sufficient moisture to keep
the pseudo-bulbs rigid. Well-rooted, pot-bound
specimens will be greatly benefited from now on-
wards to the flowering stag* fcy occasional ap-
plications of weak manure-water prepared from
I'f.wdung. C. barbata, C. ocellata, and C. elata
are also developing flower-ispikes, and should be
well supplied with moisture.

Mabdbvallia.— Plants of Masdevallia tovar-
ensis are commencing to develop flower-spikes,
•ind specimens that have been grown in cool con-
ditions during the summer should be placed in a
light position in a house having an intermediate
temperature. Exercise great care in watering
these plants. The rompost .should become dry
before wateir is applied. When vapourising the
house memove thes« plants to another division, or
the flowers will be changed f'"om white to pale
pinik.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Dempster, Ke«le

Tree* and Shrubs with Ornamental
Fruits.— During the present planting season the
merits of trees and shrubs bearing ornamental
fruits should bo considered, for a good speci-
men, say, of Arbutus Unedo, with its bright
scarlet fruit, always attracts attention. Most kinds
are best planted in groups, but each individual
specimen should be given sufficient space for its
full development. Amon^'st the finest of berried
trees and shrubs are Coitone.istcr frigida., C.
Simonsii, C. inoupinensis, Symphonicarpiis race-
mosos. S. vulgaris, Berbeiris Darwinii, B. Coryi,
('rataegus pendula, C. f'arrieri, ('. Pyracaiitha
Lalandii, Euonymus europaeus. Pernettya, Skim-
mia japonica. S. fragrans, Pyrils Aucuparia
(Mountain A.ih), P. Mains var. .John Downie, P.
arbutifolia, Vibiinuim lantana, and Klengnu.'?
m.acrophylla. They should he planted in
groups to secure the beet effect. Some of
those enumerated do equally well when planted
uuideir large trees, and. for this purpose the
list may be extended by the addition of Hollies
in variety. Veronica Traversii, V. buxifolia,
Weigelas, Tiilies, Portugal Laurels, Ligustrum
laixjnicum. Rhododendron pontionm. and Ber-
beris AqulfoHum. The ijrounH .ihou'd be trenched
and manured, for usuallv the soil under tree.s
i.i in a more or !e^<s oxhnusted condition, and
unless it be thoroughly prepared before planting
success cannot be expected.

Planting RnoDODENDRONs.-If the ground
has been prepared in advance, the planting of
Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Andromedas, and
other American shrubs should be proceeded with
at once, as autumn planting is always the most
satisfactory-. In some districts it may be neces-
sary to mix peat and sand with the soil, accord-
ing to_ it.s character, reserving a quantity of these
materials to place about the roots when" the work
of planting is done. Do not place the roots too
deeply in the soil, but set them at the same
depth as they were before the plant was lifted.
Firm planting is essential dn the case of all
mem,beirs of the Ericaceae. Do not plant when
the soil is wet or frozen. Secure to stakes at
once those that require a suppoi-t, as nothing
is more injurious to the roots than twisting aaid
loosening by tihe wind. A mulch of leaf-mould
or stable litter will protect the roots from frost,
and promote root a-ction.

Spanish Irises.— The planting of bulbous
Irises should be done forthwith as they are very
difficult to keep alive when out of the ground.
Plant in groups in well-sheltered beds or borders
in rich, sandy soil. A good selection of Spanish
Irises is afforded by Uie following varieties : —
Blanche Superbe, "Vondel, Earl of Leicester,
Midley, Clm-solora, Humboldt. Mon Bijnu.
Cajanns, SoKaterre, Ad.miralion, Belle Chdnoise,
and Thunderbolt, Plant the bulbs 4 inches
r.part and 3 to 4 inches deep. English Irises
form a succession to the Spanisli section, and
require similar treatment, but it is advisable to
allow a little more space between the individual
bulbs. A fine effect can be obtained by plant-
ing a selection of the best varieties in groups in
th» foreground of herbaceous or mixed borders.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By J.is. Hudson. Head Gardener at Gunnerebury House,
Aoton, W.

Pineapples.— Suckers that were potted during
the past season should now be well rooted in
moderately small pots. Six -inch pots wUl be
large enough for plants of moderate size, and will
suffice through the winter. Do not allow these
young plants to become excessively dry at the
roots, aind in watering use water a few degrees
warmer tlian the temperature of the house — say
70°. The temperature at dusk should rajige from
60° to 65°, and at daybreak 55°, Higher tem-
peratures would cause too much growtJi in win-
ter. For instance, if tihe temperature ds too .high
and the plants dry at the roots, some of the stock
may develop fruits prematurely. Pleints that are
in their fruiting pots — say. from 12 inches to 14
inche-s diameter — may be kept modierately dry at
the roots for the next itJiree months. Then, wjien
the days are .again lengthening, and water is
given a little more liberally, the plants will
respond readily. The atmospheric conditions
.should be on the dry side also : damping down
is permissible, but do not use the e^'ringe more
than for light spraying between the pots. It
will result in a saving of firing to cover
the glass with suitable material at night during
frosty weather, and for this there is nothing
to equal brown tanned sheeting.

Cleansino Fruit Houses.— Let the fruit
liouses and trees have a thorouglh cleansing.
It is advis,abl6 to get this work done in good
time, in. order that the work of re-tying Peaches,
Nectarines, and other trained trees may be pro-
ceeded with as soon as possible. A weak solu-
tion of soft soap and paraffin is a good mix-
ture for cleansing purposes. U.se the water
fairly warm for the scrubbing of the woodwork,
syringing some of it vigorously into every nook
and cranny. Wash tJie glass both inside and
oTit. Let the walls also be well cleansed, and
afterwards whitewashed, using quicklime mixed
with a little salt to assist in setting the lime.
If the houses are at all leaky endeavour to have
them painted ; there is no better time than the
present for doing tJiis work.

Resting the Forcing House* - Early
in the year T referred to the need for deferring
the very early forcing of fruit trees, including
Vines, during the war, and recently I was
in a neighbouring gan-den where this had been
practised. It was a house of Muscat of
-\lexa,ndria Grapes, the crop of which in pre-war
days was ready for cutting by the end of May.

In ordinary circumstances these Vines would
liave been exliausted in a few years. Now, by a
few years' normal treatment, they are again in
the very best condition, and carrying at the pre-
.'ient time a well-finished crop of large bunches.
I noted, .too, that the wood is well ripened for
another year, and the Vines bid fair to continue
yielding good crops in the future. The borders
are inside, hence they are under full control. If
needed the Vines wiU be suitable for hard forcing
in subsequent years, and in all probability, when
the war is over, such forcing Wiill be resum.ed. The
he use is of moderate dimensions and well adapted
for forcing. I am convinced that it will pay to
allow the plants a rest from hard forcing for a
few years, and more especially at the present
time, when there is not an urgent need for early
forced fruit. Besides Vines my remarks apply to
Peaches, Nectarines, other stone fruits, and Figs.
Tt affords an opportunity of getting the trees
into a better condition. In the case of both
Peaches and Nectarines, it affords an opportunity
nf thoroughly re-making the border, also of care-
fully thinning out the growtlis previous to train-
ing in healthy, fruit-bearing wood. Even in the
.'as..' of fruit trees in pots, resting them from
hard forcing for a few years will give new life
to the trees, and it will be an additional ad-
vantage if lighter crops are taken from them
meanwhile. Trees that have been previously
forced early will stai't into growth naturally
earlier than tliose that have not. By avoiding
forcing unduly early a very considerable economy
of fuel will result, and this is all-important from
a national point of view. At Qunnersbury House
tiardens the boilers and pipes are being emptied
in two different stokeholds, and I am arranging
to dispense with the houses which they heat
during the winter. This will meet both the
labour shortage and the fuel consumption.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J. G. Wbston, Gardenat to Lady Northcoib,
Eastwell Park, Kent.

Clerodendron fallax.— This handsome

stove shrub is very distinct from the climbing
species of Clerodendron. The vivid scarlet
flower-heads are very showy, and well-grown
|ilants are useful for decorative purposes at this
season. As the plants approach their best, the
amount of atmospheric moisture should be re-
duced, and a littla more ventilation given. The
pot.s are filled with roots, and the soil must not
be allowed to become dry, or the foliage wUl
quickly lose its freshness. At this stage feeding
should be discontinued. When the plants are past
their best, and becoming shabby, cut off the
flower-heads back to the stem, and gradually re-
duce the water supply to the minimum during
the depth of winter, thus ensuring the plants a
good rest before starting them into growth in
the spring. These old plants may thus be
llowei'ed much eai-lier than seedlings.

Plumbago rosea superba.— This attractive
winteiT-flowering plajit will soon be coming into
bloom. In order to develop the delicate colour
of the flowers, arrange the pots thinly apart, and
as near to the roof -glass as possible. When the
spikes commence to open, remove the plants to a
somewliat drier atmosphere than the ordinary
plant stove in which they have been growing, as
in drier, cooler conditions the flowers last longer.
If required, the flowering season of these plants
may be prolonged by keeping a batch in a cooler
house, but the temperature should not be allowed
to fall below 55°. When the flowers are over, if
the spikes are cut out, the plants given a pinch
of artificial manure, and returned to the stove,
they will develop a second crop of blooms.

Late-flowering Tulips.— As soon as May-
flowering and Darwin Tulips are received from
the salesmen those intended for pot culture should
be potted without delay. They will succeed in
pots, pans, or bowls of almost any size, but for
general greenhouse purposes 5 and 5-inch pots
are the best receptacles. If large specimens are
required, 12 to 18 bulbs (according to the variety)
should be placed in an 8-inch pot. As soon, as
the poit« are well filled with roots they can be
assisted to develop by a little warmth. But
they must not be hard forced ; encourage them
to grow by sun-heat as much as possible, and
place them close to the roof -glass.

200

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Out correspondents
would obviate delay in obtaining answers to
their communicatiom and save us much time and
trouble, if titcy would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Pdbusher ; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referririg
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— r/is Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local News. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
bu sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOES, 41. Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the 'writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept us a guarantee of good faith.

Atebaoh Mean Temperatitbh (or the ensuing week
deduced from observationfl during the last fifty
yeai's at Greenwioh, 42.2,
Actual TEMPERAlnEB :—

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41. WelMngton Street,
Covent Gj.rden,, London. Thursday, November 15,
10 a.m.: Bar. 30.0; temp. 44°. WeolJier—

SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESD.W—

Builbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 3 c'l-lock. by
Protheroe & Morris.

Gardening has become
Gardening in — for better or for worse
India. — one of the most cosmo-

politan of arts, and the
influence of the modern British schools of
gardening is making itself felt in all parts
of the world. Whether it is better for a
country like India to develop gardening
along independent lines rather than to
follow precedents developed in relation to
British gardens is a nice question, but of
this we may be sure, that eo long as India
is the temporary home of men and women
of British origin, so long will the at-
tempt be made to plant English gardens in
India.

Though the plants which adorn these
British-Indian gardens will perforce be
different from those we grow here, the
British-Indian gardener will insist on
lawns and borders and gravel paths. His
lawns must l>e of Doob-grass or Hariali
(Cynodon dactylon), made by transplant-
ing turves or dibMing or spreading mud
with chopped plants, and renewed trienni-
ally. Even so, the Indian gardener will
have to weed as arduously as his British
confrere. In making his lawn he will be
well advised also to practically sterilise his
soil, just as we do, or should do ; for other-
wise his battle with weeds will be as ardu-
ous, and well-nigh as hopeleuss, as is ours
nowadays.

The Indian flower-borders may, liowever,
contain not a few representatives of those
genera which contribute to the beauty of

British gardens — Dahlias and Cosmos,
Tithonias and Zinnias, Coreopsis and
Tagetes and Gerbera. Nor, at all events
in many districts, will Roses be absent.
For the British-Indian garden must always
be a reminiscence of home, as well as a
source of pleasure in itself, and he must
indeed be a cosmopolitan who would not
include in his garden many of the flowers
the scent and sight of which evoke
memories of the gardens of home and of
childhood.

Messrs. Burns and Little have, con-
sciously or unconsciously, borne these ideas
in mind in writing of ornamental garden- '
ing in India.* How difiicult it is to gene-
ralise on a subject of sucli magnitude may
be judged from the fact that the garden
of India must be prepared to flourish under
a rainfall which may be nil or may reach
300 inches per annum. Irrigation must
therefore play a large part in Indian gar-
dens, and we think that the authors might
well have given more space both to methods
of irrigation and to the use of water in
garden design. Water and shade — moving
water and deep shade, as of the Boboli
Gardens at Florence — would seem to us to
be essential conditions for Indian gardens
in hot places where water is to be ob-
tained.

The need for forethought and prompt
action essential to successful gardening
evervwhere, is even more vitally necessary
in Indian gardening than it is at home.
If the Indian gardener misses the tide in
the affairs of the garden, his year is lost,
for where air and soil are hot and humid
the order of the garden, unless maintained
bv a ready hand, is turned to anarchy.

The authors are not too vocal in the
praise of the native mali — the Indian gar-
dener. He appears to be ever clamant for
more assistance, and the area which one
mali can look after is only about one-tenth
of an acre — not much more than an allot-
ment : but climate counts both in limiting
the time during the day when hard work
may be done and in limiting the willing-
ness and fitness to do hard work — and gar-
dening is, and must always be, hard work.

It may be presumptuous to offer an
opinion, and not to trust implicitly the
man on the spot, but we cannot agree with
the authors in advocating the British sys-
tem of flower-beids cub out of grass — of
more or less formal shape. As the authors
observe, "to some these appear inartis-
tic." Nor can we agree that a flowering;
border should be so disposed that the tall
plants are aSIways at the back and ""he
dwarf at the front : —
" Trim little scholars are the flowers of
my garden.

Taught to stand in rows and answer to
their names."

We gather that the rock garden has yet
new worlds to conquer, for on this subject
the authors are silent. Nor do we suggest
that any but the extreme would advocate
a rock garden in the plains of India : yet
in that vast territory there must surely be
many places in which the rock garden
would be at home.

• Agrie. Jour, of India, XII.-XIII., July, 1917.

The Botany of Burnham Beeches.*— Mr.

.J. G. B.'^KER has published a list of the species
i)f plants occurring in the 374 acres of forest land
which constitute Buniliam Beeches. About
half the area is woodland and half common. The
soil consists of sand and gravel, and the flora is
not a large one. Mr. Baker estimates that the
plants — Beech, Birch, Holly, Bracken, Ling, Bell
Heather, and the grasses Deschampsia flexuosa
and Molinia caerulea — occupy three-quarters of
the whole area.

Horticulture and the Bench.— New
•Justices of the Peace for the City of Glasgow in-
clude the names of Mr. A. N. Hunter, proprie-
toi- of Messrs. Austin and McAslan's seed busi-
ness, and Mr. .James Whitton, V.M.H., chief
officer of the City Parks and Open Spaces.

German Prisoners on the Land. -The
Food Production Department states that more
and more German prisoners are being employed
on the land, the popular impression that very few
indeed are working for their living being in-
correct. In different parts of the country, camps
of German prisoners have for some time past
been engaged on drainage and other importpnt
work. In Worcestershire alone during the week
ending October 27, German prisoners engaged in
agriculture worked 21,752 hours, as compared
with 19,894 hours in the previous week. Some
water-course cleaning in Cheshire by German
prisoners has been most favourably reported
upon; in Essex they are lifting and storing
Mangolds.

War Item.— Eight large Pears, sent by Mr.
Cecil Bailhache, Jersey, to Messrs. Allan, The
Bazaar, Glasgow, to be sold in aid of the funds
of the Glasgow Red Cross Fund, realised the
siun of £26 10s.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.')

The Late Mr. Worthington G. Smith.

Tlie portrait and notice of tlie late Mr. W. G.
Si-;ith, on p. 180, recalls memories of days
past, when wood engraving was the princi-
pal, if not the tolo means of illustration;
.and when the names of such artists as Birkett
Fo.^iter stood high in the world of illustra-
tion. There was a great demand for good box-
wood, and Mr. Worthington Smith was one of
the first artists to interest himself in the dis-
covery of a substitute. At an International
Forestry Exhibition which was held at Edin-
burgh, in 1884, a silver medal was offered for a
report on any hard wood likely to supply the
place of boxwood for wood engraving. I wa.s
the winner of this medal, which led to some cor-
respondence with Mr. Smith. One of his letters,
dated from Dunstable, June 29, 1886, runs as
follows : — "My Dear Mr. Jackson, — I have sent
the block to London so that one sui-face may be
prepared for engraving. I shall then be better
able to judge of its quality. It appears to me
to be very good, and suitable for engraving. I
should, however, not like to try a portrait on a
doubtful block, as a face, even of a Fijian king,
demands a clear colour and a perfect surface.
. . . The best Yew and Hawthorn are equal
to ordinary Box." JoJm R. Jackson, Lympstone ,
Devon. '

Ground Operations.— In the " Week's
Work" (see p. 179) Mr. Dunn advises pushing
on with digging and trenching. Quite so on
lli.:ht ground, but the trenching of extremely
heavy ground is far best left till early
spring, for such ground trenched now is
beaten down by rain and snow, and in a
very bad state for planting in the spring.
This I proved by trenching a piece of heavy
ground last autumn to receive young Onion plants
raised under glass. As time went on I found
I had more plants than the ground would hold.
.\ further area oT 8 rods was trenched, adjoin-
ing the ground trenched in the autumn, and I
soon found I had made a mistake in trench-
ing heavy ground in the autumn to receive

* Journ. of Botany, Vol. LV., Oct., 1917.

NOVEMBEB 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

201

Onion plants in spring. Those planted on the
sround trenched early in March made better
bulbs than those planted on the ground trenched
ill autumn. C. Davis, Holy Wells Park Gardens,
Ipswich.

Critical Remarks.— Practically all writers
on vegetable growing urge good thinning when
in the seedling stage, to ensure proper develop-
ment. After this season's experience, I question
the necessity of so doing with Carrots, at any
rate. Owing to lack of labour, my second early
batch was left unthinned entirely. They have just
been taken up, and a finer developed lot no one
need wish to have. If put in an exhibition, many
would be passed by as being too big, while the
bulk were of average size. As they were being
lifted, one could grip a handful of tops and draw
up bunches of five to eight specimens. Clearly,
had they been thinned very many roots must
have been wasted. Spring-sown Onions are
anotter crop that will give satisfactory yields if
left unthinned, provided the ground has been
well tilled. The maincrop and the late crop of
Beet and Carrots are mostly advised to be lifted
unnecessarily soon, by which they lose flavour
and freshness. Should the earlier sowings have
to be taken up to make room for another crop,
they should not be put under cover, but stacked
on cool ground and covered with their own foli-
age. The late lots can well be left where grow-
ing until it is necessary to remove them to maks
preparations for another season. The only ex-
ception I would make to this rule is when dealing
with wet-lying grounds, which would set up
rotting, .\shes are sometimes recommended to
cover Carrots in store, but a word should ac-
ccmpany such advice, to the effect that they
f-hould be old a.shea that have had not less than
six months' exposure to the weather. New
ashes are too sulphurous. O. Turner.

Tomato* for Markbt QRowcRa (see
pp. 164, 174). — The variety Kondine Red requires
a, lot of beating for general market work, some of
tie clusters producing ten to twelve good-sized
fruits. Most va.rieties of the Sunrise type, grown
under ordinary market conditicns, produce too
many "smalls." An old variety of the right
size and quality is Hillside Comet. For an out-
ride crop, Veale's Leader has done remarkably
well with me this season. W. Peters.

An Eiohteknth -Ccntury Cataloque.—
CataJogues such as that refeiTed to by Mr.
W. Roberts (p. 152) should give interesting in-
formation concerning the so-called " florists'
flowers " which were formerly grown. It would
be interesting to know, for instance, when the
Pansy was first recorded as being grown ; one
reads of its being " raised by seeds, and by off-
sets slips of the large, bushy plants, in the
autumn or spring, in the beds or borders, for
increasing their growth. The varieties may be
preserved in this way with safety." (Varieties
mentioned but not named as having more than
two colours, "as purple blue, yellow, white,
tmiproved and enlarged by gai'den culture."
(This in a book published 1807.) One reads also
of two speciaB of Dalilia, Dahlia pinuata
(purple) and D. crooata (yellow), nowadays re-
garded as D. variabilis, and in addition to an ex-
cellent article on the Dahlia by Mr. Buonaiuti,
gardener to Lord Holland. With regard to
" Smallage," this refers to Celery. It may also
be of interest to note that Abercrombie, in his
book published in Capel Street, Dublin,
MDCCLXXi., gives 44 varieties of Apples (well
approved sorts only), in addition to Crab and
Paradise, used for stocks, 5 varieties of Al-
monds, 9 varieties of Apricots, 4 of Berbenis
(fruits), 16 of Cherries, and 4 of Bird Cher-
ries, 13 of Fig, &c. Apropos of A. C.'s " nem "
methods of storing fruit such as Apples, this
old book recommends "carrying them, and dis-
posing in heaps, each sort separately, to remain
a week or two to sweat and discharge the watery
juices, then wiped dry, and put up into the
different divisions and shelves of the fruitery
and in boxes or hampers, &c., and then cover
the whole closely with clean, dry straw a foot
thick to exclude air as much as possible,
whereby they will keep much longer in perfec-
tion. Generally keep the door and windows
closely shut, for the leps the external air is ad-
mitted the better the Apples will keep." W. H.
Johns.

SOCISTISS.

ROYAL HORTICDLTURAL.
Scientifle JCommittee.

Tsov. 6.— Present: Mr. E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
V.M.H. (in the chair). Dr. J. A. Voelcker, Dr.
W. Bateaon, Dr. A. B. Bendle, Messrs. J.
Fraser, Ledger, Worsdell, AUard, and F.' J.
Chittenden (hon. sec).

Twin Vegetable Marrows Mr. J. Fraser

showed a Vegetable Marrow with two adnata
fruits, and remarked that a considerable number
of similar instances had come to his notice during
the present year, the fruits being sometimes
separate.

Many-seeded Apples. — He also showed seeds
taken from varieties Duchess Favourite, Winter

primitive character in these genera, for strong
shoots usually bear lobed leaves. Specimens of
Morus acidosa shown were almost all lobed, while
in many species of Morus and Broussonetia
simiile leaves are the rule.

Buds on Boots of Solanum Dulcamara. — Dr.
Rendle showed a plant of Solanum Dulcamara
with a stout root bearing numerous buds all
along its length.

LINNEAN.

November 1.— The President, Sir David
Prain, F.R..S., drew attention to the important
diinations of Sir Frank Crisp, Bart., of the com-
plete series of Lindenia in 17 volumes, of 14
bound volumes of papers with special index by
the Rev. George Henslow, and of the volume de-

FlG. 77.— CHnXSANTHEMUM CRUSAnER : FLOUl.,i iiiiiii,.
(R.H.S. Award ot Merit, November 10, 1917. (See p. 192.)

Quarrenden, and King of the Pippins, showing
Bec-d«. in excesj of the normal number, 10. Such
excess number, up to 20, appears to be fairly
corstani in some varieties, e.g., American
Mother, where four ovules in each carpel appear
to be normal.

Proliferation in Rhododendron Flowers. — Mr.
Worsdfl! showed flowers of Rhododendron bear-
ing a second (lower, a prolongation of the axis
through ihe ovary. He drew attention to the
fact that the axis was normally prolonged
through the ovary in this plant.

Variation in Leaves of Morus, etc. — He also
commented upon the occurrence of both simple
and lobed leaves in plants of the genera Morus
Mid Broussanetia. He suggested that possibly
the lobed leaf was a primitive, the entire, a less

posited in the Society's care by Mr. A. Forbes
Si(\ eking, of Tournef ort's Histoire des plantes
qui naissent aux environs de Paris, 1725, with the
autograph of Buffon on the title-page.

.\ paper on " The C!ermination of Iris Pseud-
acorus, Linn., in Normal and Abnormal Condi-
ticins," was read by Lt.-Col. J. H, Tull Walsh,
I. M.S., as follows :—

Those who were present at the meeting held on
November 30, 1916, will remember that Mr.
T. A. Dymes told us rather a sad story about
his experiences with the seeds of the Yeliow Iris
or Water-Flag. He told us that "those (seeds)
that fall on to the mud and remain there appear
to perish from decay." "Seeds that have not
sunk germinate on or near the surface of the
water in the latter half of May." "The fate

202

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 17, 1917.

of those seeds, if any, that sink before germina-
tion has not yet been determined." I am not
hen to criticise Mr. Dymes. Under the condi-
tions in which the seeds he used were expected
to germinate, his results were correct. Seeds
floated on deep water in a large glass bottle
placed by a mindovv with a sunny outlook behave
as described. But the conditions are not nonnal.
Iris Pseudacortis is such a hardy plant, so well
known in England as a late spring and early
summer ornament, that no description and no
botanical details are necessarj-. That^ such
marked changes should have taken place in the
p^ermination of the seeds of the Yellow Water-
Flag without having attracted the attention of
gardeners, seedsmen, and botanists seemed to nie
veiy strange — indeed, almost incredible. ^ It is
to Mr. Dymes that I owe the seeds which by
their growth show, I think quite clearly, that
Iris Pseudacorus has not been attempting any
" mutations," and may still be trusted to pro-

introduced they floated on the superficial water
2 inches deep. During the winter, with its rain,
snow, and frost, these seeds sank and rested
lightly on the mud. A little later six seeds
were floated on water about 10 inches deep; the
bottle in which they were placed has been stand-
ing on a table in my diiiijig-rooni in front of a
window facing south and south-west. Ponds I.
and II. are in my garden.

Tlie first signs of germination appeared on
May 19, 1917, in the seeds floating in the bottle
— a state of things due, no doubt, to higher tem-
perature in the dining-room, and assisted by a
position exposed to our intermittent sunlight.
Three seeds germinated on that day, and the
other three during the following week. These
seedlings throw out a long root, as described by
Mr. Dymes. The mass of fibrous roots given off
by normal seedlings is quite absent. As these
floating seedlings increase in size and weight,
they sink. Two, caughi. in water-weeds, have

THE L.\TE WILLIAM MARSHALL, V.M.H.

duce seedlings in mud and shallow water — seed-
lings which are normad and healthy. If placed in
the environment selected by Mr. Dymes, the
floating seeds germinate ; but if you will com-
pare the seeds grown inside the house, grown in
comparatively deejj water, with those grown out-
of-doors under normal conditions, I think, you
will agree with me that the former are neither
healthy nor normal. The root-system is different
and poorly developed, the leaves are pale and
lacking in chlorophyll, and the plant is gener-
ally deformed. Of the seeds kindly given to me
by .Mr. Dymes (Dec, 1916) I placed eight (with-
out any choice as to shape) in artificial pond
Nc. I. This contained mud and weeds, was
a,lways kept satiirated with water when that
was necessary, and freed from superficial
water when the bowl became filled by rain or
snow. Pond No. I. represented the mud at the
margin of pond, marsh, or stream. Seven seeds
were placed in Pond No. II. This contained the
.<ame amount of mud, but when the seeds were

given up the struggle, and are dead. Two lie on
the bottom, on a thin layer of mud ; they will, I
expect, die during the winter. Two are still to
be accounted for ; I show you these two as dried
specimens.

On May 26 seeds in Pond No. II., those lying
on mud in shallow water, began to sprout. In
ccurse of time seven fine seedlings appeared
in that pond. Lastly, the seeds in the mud of
Pond No. I. began to germinate on June 3.
Growth with these seedlings was, at first, slower
tharr with those in the shallow water ; but at the
end of August the seedlings were as strong and
healthy as those in Pond II. The little plants 'n
Ponds I. and II. are now faded, and have passed
intr a state of rest, which will endure until next
spring. I have removed and show you to-night
dried specimens from each of the little ponds and
from the bottles. A personal examination will
tell you better than any words of mine the
features which distinguish the nonnal seedlings
from the "'bottle seedlings."

ORMSKIRK POTATO SHOW.

October 31 and November 1. — An exhibition
oi Potatos was held under the auspices of the
Board of Agriculture and the Lancasihii'e
Fai-mers' Associa.tion in the Di-ilJ Hall, Omns-
kirk, on these dates. The number of competi-
tive entries was in every way eati.sfactory, and
there were many, good- trade exhibits. The
Board of Agricultiu-e showed 120 dishes of
Potatos, which were divided into three sections,
viz., those immune from wart disease, others
non-immune, and otheirs of a doubtful nature
as to the. disease. Eighteen classes were
devoted to single dishes. Jli-. Cuthbert Blun-
DELL, HaLsall, and Mr. Reginald Calland each
won five 1st Prizes ; Mr. John Banks, Rain-
ford, was successful in three classes; Mr.
Edward Alty, Westhead, in two classes;
whilst Mr. Joseph Farrington, Westhead' ; Mr.
Richard Rothwell, Aughton ; Mr. G. W.
Birch, Sef ton ; and Mr. Joseph Wetheeill,
Clitheroe, each won a single Ist Prize. Messrs.
J. and W. Birch, Sefton, won the Silver Cup
offered for the best collection of immune varie-
ties with 22 varieties of medium-sized, good-
shaped tubers.

The Gold Medal offered by Lord Derby was
won by Messrs. S. Poad and Sons, York, for
five pebble-shaped tubens oi a variety named
The Ally, and they weire awarded Certificates
of Merit for the varieties Majestic and Gard-
ner's No. 1 Seedling.

Mr. Cuthbert Blitndell, of Halsall House,
Ormskirk, won the Silver Cup offered by the
1 'ountess of Derby to the winner of the highest
number of points, and a second Cup given by
Sir Arthur Stanley, M.P., for the most points
obtained by a Lancashire farmer.

0bituat^»

William Marshall.— By the death of Mr.
WUliam Marshall, V.M.H., which occm-jied at
Ills home, Auchinraith, Bexley, on the 11th inst.,
horticulture loses an attractive personality that
for very many years was closely associated with
the work of the Royal Horticultural Society.
Mr. Marshall's intense love of plajits and
catholic appreciation of all the various branches
of gardening brought him into contact with gar-'
deners in a variety of ways, as we shall pre-
sently show, but he was known to most as the
chairman of the Floral Committee of the R.H.S.,
a position which he held for a quarter of
a century. His perfect devotion to the work
of the Committee, his unremitting attendances
at its meetings, and his frequent journeys to the
old gardens at Chiswick, and later to the present
gardens at Wisley, with deputations from his
('ommittee, for the purpose of judging novel-
ties in flowers, gained for him the enthu-
siastic loyalty of the members, who were not
slow to recognise the great knowledge he pos-
sessed of the various plants which came up for
judgment from time to time. A man of strong
convictions, Mr. Marshall always had fuU
confidence in his decisions as to the relative
values of things, and would not lightly give up
a point on which he had made up his mind.
He was often credited with standing firm for the
Committee's decisions on occasions when they
.vere called in question by the Council. He had
{.ood justification for asserting his views, for be-
yond everytliing else, the late chairman of the
Floral Committee was a floriculturist. He be-
longed to the older type, who found infinite
pleasure in the oidtivating of Aui'iculas, Tulips,
and other " florists' flowers " which are no longer
popular with the genei-al public. A lover of
Ros*, one of the great disappointments of his
later years was the development in the hybrid
Tea class of varieties, with large flower.i, utterly
de\oid of perfume. " The scentless Rose," as he
used to call a variety of this type, was always
sufficient to excite his most pronounced criticism.
William Marshall was born on November 20,
1835. at Hackney, but before the attainment of
his first year his parents had removed to Upper
Clapton, and here he spent the next twenty
years of his life. At so early an age as eiglit
years old he showed himself to have inherited

NOVEMBEE 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

203

his father's floricultuxal predilections by hinuself
taking part in the Stamford Hill Flower Show,
where his father was in the habit of exhibiting
Carnations. After concluding his eajly educa-
tion, Mr. Mai-sihall wa.s sent to Glasgow Univer-
sity. He excelled in mathematics, and also
studied practical chemistry, the latter subject
under Dr. Peimy. Indeed, he had almost deter-
mined to become a ohemist, when his father's
death compelled a change, and he accepted a
position in the offices of Messrs. James Thomson
and Co., the founders of the present Orient
Steajnshdp Line, where he remained for four
years. He later became associated with
' ' Lloyds. " After his marriage, which took place
in 1859, Mr. Marshall settled" in Enfield, Middle-
sex, and at once began to fill his leisure mo-
mente with the culture of Orchids. The earliest
instance of his success is marked by the record
of a First-class Certificate for Odontoglossum
crispum, which flowered for the first time with
Mr. Marshall, and was exhibited by him at a
meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on
April 18, 1865. The achievemejit of producing
the first flower of this most popular Orchid
always stood out as one of the proudest dn his
career. He was particularly fond of a button-
hole flower, and the "white crispum" was
always the favourite (see portrait figure p.
203). He was particularly successful in these
early days with East Indian Orchids, including
Aerides, Saccolabiums, Vandae, and Phala^n-
opses — indeed, these constitirted most of tlhe
Orchids then in cultivation. C'attleyas also suc-
ceeded well with him. Two exceedingly fine
Orchids bear Mr. Marshall's name — Oncidium
Marshallianiim, a May-flowering Brazilijin
species, introduced in 1866, and 'Thunia, Mar-
shaJliana, nearly allied to T. alba. It was intro-
duced from Moulraein in or about 1870. For
many years Mr. Marshall contributed specimens
from his collections to the great horticultural
exhibitions, especially those which were held
at South Kensington, Regent's Park, and the
Crystal Palace. The first considerable dis-
tinction he won was the Lindley Medal,
awarded in recognition of the .excellence of
a collection of ' between fifty and sixty
plants of Cattleya Trianae varieties, on March 6,
1868 ; but two years eailier, at the famous Inter-
national Exhibition of 1865, he had gained the
2nd Prize for ten Orchids, the 1st Prize having
been won by ^^r. Charles Penny, then gardener
to Anthony Gibbs, Esq., and afterwards to the
then Prince of Wale.s at Sandringhani. As early
as 1866 Mt. Marshall's admiration for British
Ferns found expres.sdon in a selection of 12
plants which he contributed to the Internationa.!
Exhibition, and for which he obtained the 1st
Prize, and he also gained a 3rd Prize for twelve
stove and sreenhouse Ferns at the sapie show.
At the Engli.sh Fern T'onfcronce held at Chiswick
on August 23, 1892, he obtained a 1st Prize for
four Polvi»diums. and 1st Prize for the best
specimen Fern in the show. In the same year he
staged at Earl's Court International Exhibition
a coUection containing every species but one of
British Fenis, and numbers of varieties.

His cf>nnp<tion with the Royal Horticultural
Society began in 1868, when he was elected a
member of the Council on the proposition of the
lat'j Mr. Wilson Saunders. He resigned, with
the rest of the members, in 1873, as a protest
against the South Kensington policj' of the ad-
herents. The controversy lasted until 1887, when
the South Kensington clique was finally over-
thrown, and the Society removed entirely from
that milieu. In 1903, to celebrate his twenty-first
year of office as Chairman of the Floral Com-
mittee the niember.s'of the Committee entertained
him to dinner at the Hotel Windsor, when they
presented him with an almost full-length portrait
in oils. This portrait now hangs in the Floral Com-
mittee room at the U.H.S. Hall. Mr. Marshall's
name was include<l in the first sixty recommended
for the Victoria Medal of Honour in 1897, but,
in company with Mr. (now Sir) Harry J. Veitch,
he refused the honour on the ground that he was
a member of the Council, and it was not until
1906 that the medal was accepted. In 1909 he
was awarded the Gold Medal of the Veitch
Memorial Trust.

Mr. Marshall was a keen entomologist, and had
more than the ordinary amateur's knowledge.

He was also a draughtsman of no mean order,
and made many delightful sketches of insects
and Orchids.

We have so far said nothing in regard to the
work Mr. Jlarshall carried out on behalf of the
horticultural charities, but his long and devoted
service to the Royal Gardenei-s' Oi-phan Fmid is
certainly to be reckoned amongst his most valu-
able services to horticulture. He was the Chair-
man of the Executive Committee of that fund
from 1890 to 1900, and it was durmg his chair-
manship that the warrant to use the word
"Royal " was secured, mainly by the good offices of
Sir Julian Goldsmid, M.P. \\liilst charity claimed
Mr. Marshall's active synn>atliies and help, he
also d-esired to provide horticulturists with the
advantages belonging to an organisation that en-
ccuraged self-help, and it was largely due to his
eflorts that the foundation of the United Horti-
cultural Benefit and ProNident Society, in
1865-6, was safely laid. Now, at a great age, he
has gone to his rest, but many will cherish his
memory until they also pass "beyond the veil."
Deceased is survived by three sons and one
daughter. The interment took place on Wednes-
day last, at Bexley.

Harry Ru»»ell.— Mr. Harry Russell, for the
past 15 years gardener and steward to Mr. and
Mrs. Howarth, Hankelow Hall, near Nantwich,
died on the 1st inst., aged 50 years. Mr. Rus-
sell commenced his professional career in the
gardens at Shoreham Place, Sevenoaks ; was
joumejTnan and foreman respectively at Shug-
borough Hall. Stafford, and Teddesley Park,
Penkridge, and for nine yeai-s fruit foreman at
Tatton Park, Clieshire. Later be was appointed
gardener to tlie late Lord Hindlip. at Doveridge
Hall, Derby, and subsequently at Hindlip Hall,
Worcester. Mr. Russell was a man of exceedingly
amiable temperament, and always eager to help
others. His remains were interred in Audlem
Cemetery on the 5th inst. He leaves a widow
and one daiightar.

Dankl Scott.— We aimounce with regret the
death of Mr. Daniel Scott, who for the past 46
years was forester on the estates of the Earl of
Moray, Domaway, Fones. Mr. Scott was in his
72nd year. He entered the service of the Moray
family in 1871, and he did much to improve and
extend the fine woodlands on the estates. He
enjoyed the confidence and esteem of f(nir Earls
of Moray. For fifty years the late Mr. Scott
was a member of the Royal Scottish Arlwricul-
tural Society, and for .several years a member of
the Council of that society.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Basic Sl.vo on Light L.\nd.

Where the soil in a,rable fields is only about
6 inches thick, overlying chalk, I have found
basic slag of great value in promoting the
welfare of the crops. Even at the end of the
third crop I have found its value as a stimulant,
but more, of course, at the end of the second
season's crop. An example of rotation is the
following : — Oat crop in the current year —
1917; the stubble ploughed in before-tlie end
of November. Previous to the ploughing, 4 cwt.
of basic slag, with a percentage of soluble matter
of 32 per cent., is sown evenly over the land.
The winter rains and frost thoroughly pulverise
the soil. In the spring the land is ploughed
several times and sown with Turnips, which arc
eaten off by sheep ; Oate or Barley are then
sown, with which is included grass seeds —
Trefoil and Italian Rye— at the rate of 6 lbs.
of the former to half a bushel of the latter per
acre. The grass can either be fed off by ."iheep
in June or cut for hay as required. It is in the
latter crop that the effects of the basic slag will
be ajiparent. On the thinnest of soils the yield
is increased, and all thiTough the season the deep
green colour in the grass denotes vigour and a
full j>rt)spect.

Another example would be Turnips fed off in
October, the basic slag sown in November, Oats
sown the follow-ing Febniarj% and the gra.ss in
March or early April. Those who have not ex-
perienced the effects of this stimulant on chalk
soils would be astonished at the improved result
in appearance of the grass crop.

I am testing this season the effect of higher
grade slag, 42 per cent, as compared with
6% per cent. With these high grades there
should be a saving of 1 cwt. per acre, with the
consequent reduction in the cost of carriage and
labour in applying it. I fear that farmers too
often prefer to buy slag of a low grade because it
is cheaper, and then condemn the material if they
do not experience results equal to the best.

Rations for Milch Cows.

The time has come when we have to consider
the best food for the cows in milk during the
wmtei', as the nights are too oold and often too
^vet to allow such breeds as Guernseys and
Joifeys to lie out at night. Colds, even in cows,
are easily caught, and if neglected are liable to
bring on permanent injui'y, especially in young
stock.

When the cows are housed the building should
be freely ventilated, but the inlet for fresh air
and the outlet for the foul, should be arranged so
that tEe animals are not exposed to direct
draughts. Some have an idea that cows in milk
do not require, or that it it not an advantage
to give them artificial foods including cake,
meals, or other food of a concentrated nature.
Natural food, as grass, roots. Cabbage, and hay
are no doubt veiy valuable in their way, but an ad-
dition of cake is wise, and makes all the dif-
ference In the quality and quantity of milk,
cream, and butter. Those who make butter
know well from results tlial an addition of suit-
able cake to the daily feed makes all the differ-
enc; m the number of pounds per week obtained.
I am a staundi believer in high feeding, and I
think results justify tlie outlay.

Many also say the month of November is too
tarly to feed Mangolds to cows ; they prefer to
wait until Februai-y, when the roots are riper
and have the saccharine more fuUy developed,
and, naturally, have a higher feeding value. I
have never found any injury accrue to tlie
animals by this early feeding, and the roots do
not even taint the milk. To avoid any risk of
taint the animals should be fed after milking,
not before, giving hay or cake before milking.
The daily ration used here at the present is
43 lbs. Mangolds and 12 lbs. Cabbages, cut in
slices, 5 lbs. long hay, and 3 lbs. Bibby Dairy Cake.
Linseed cake is, in my opinion, too fattening for
milking cows. The Bibby cake improves the
quality of the cream and butter. When milk
only is required, brewers' grains and various-
meals, with decorticated cotton cake, are valu-
able foods, but where butter is the main aim the
ration given above will give good resmlts.

In normal limes, crushecl Oats would be added,
as they are one of the best of milk-producing
foods, and especially for butter. Some give Oat
.i^traw in the place of hay. But I doubt if it can
ccmpare with good quality meadow hay, which,
for cows, is superior to field hay, clover, and Rye
grass. Oat straw may amuse the animals during
spare times.

Some persons chaff the straw and hay and mix
the whole together, meals, chaff, etc., but as'some
cows are apt to gobble up their food quickly, I
think, on digestive grounds, hay given long is
better for them.

The Effect of Manurb on Chops.

I FEAR some do not appreciate sufficiently the
value of manurial stimulants upon crops. Farmers
who grow the heaviest crops of cereals, roots, cr
hay, on the contrary, are not stingy in applying
manure freely, eitlier directly or to preceding
crops, in the sliape of farmyard manure, sheep
dressing, or artificial st<imulants. No field is
unworthy of good treatment unless it is water-
logged and so situated that draining would be
too expensive. Some so-oalled poor land is that
on the " downs," where there is from 3to6 inches
of soil overlying chalk. Such thin soils as these,
however, are capable of producing useful crops.
I get instances every year illustrating the value
of manurial applications to crops. I will quote
two instances occurring at the present time.
In the last two yea/rs I have failed to grow satis-
factory crops of early and late varieties of Tri-
folium incarnatum — although I am not alone
in the neighbourhood — owing mainly, I believe,
to selecting a pi^e of land unsuitable as
I afterwards found, owing to its want of
food and the presence of slugs. The com-
mon method is to sow the seed in August en

204

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEE 17, 1917.

clean stubble, thoroughly harrowing the surface
to bury the seed shallowly. Where tJie
conditions are favourable a satisfactoi-y crop
is generally obtained. This year, owing <o
the harvest being so late, and to the
presence of so much " britted "' corn, which
I knew would be a nuisance among the Trifolium
in May and June, I selected a clean plot on
which superphosphate had been sown for a
previous crop. The land was plouglied 3 inches
deep, which is all against local custom, harrowed
and roUed three times to obtain a solid surface.
Pix'vious to sowing the seed 4 cwt. of superphos-
phate, 32 per cent., was sown per acre. On this
the Trifolium seed was sown, the whole harrowed
over three times, and roUed firmly down. The
seed germinated quickly ; the plant grew rapidly,
60 much so that the groimd is covered
with the Trifolium, which is exceptionally
deep green. The prospect of a full crop is
certainly the most promising I have experienced
in twenty years. I attriljute the density of
colour in the leaf to the action of the manure. In
connection with this experiment another fact has
displayed itself as thoroughly illustrating the
effect of manure. Alongside the Trifolium two
acres of Sugar Beet is growing, and although tbe
whole crop is satisfactory, the row next to the
Trifolium has made huge tops of dense green
leaves and much larger roots tlian the remainder,
but it is at the expense of the Trifolium within
2 feet of the Beet, thus illustrating how absorb-
ant are the roots of this latter plant. The second
row displays more colour in the leaves and larger
gi'cwth than the remainder of the crop, but not
to the extent of the first row. E. Molyneux,
Svianmore. Park Farm, Bishop's Walt/iam.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apples and Pears Spotted : Hereford and V. T.
See reply to A. and H. under "Pears" in our
last issue, p. 194.

Bananas : M. H. We think the lecturer must
have meant months when he said wecka. The
Banana is propagated by suckers, which are
usually from 2 to 8 months of age ; the flower-
ing, or shooting, occurs about 7 to 9 months
from the time of planting, and about 2^ to
4 months are required from the shooting stage
to the development of tlie full-sized Bananas.
I'hese particulars refer to cultivation in tropical
counti'ies. In the West Indies, March is the
favourite month for planting. The time re-
quired for tlie production of the first crop, from
the planting of the suckers, naturally varies
with the temperature; at Glenwood, Hawaii,
for instance, it requires nearly three years
from planting to produce a marketable bunch
of Bananas.

CoKKECTiON. — In the note we published last
week, p. 190, on the formation of a new Seed
Trade Association in Scotland, we inadver-
tently referred to the firm of Messrs. Bell and
Bieberstedt. This firm, however, was dis-
solved in 1914, and the business now belongs
solely to Mr. David Bell, under whose name
it is now known.

DnrED Seeds as Food ; C. F. The dried seeds of
Scarlet Rimners and Broad Beans are quite
wholesome for eating. In order to have them
at their best soak them for twenty-four hours
in water before boiling.

GiiEASE Bands for Fruit Trees : E. D. We do
not know the composition of "Ford's Motor
Grease," but provided the bands to be used
were of material sufficiently stout to prevent
the grease from touching the bark, it would
not in any case have any bad effect on the
trees. If, however, you intend to use ordinary
paper bands, it would be better to select one
of the fats commonly sold for the purpose,
such as " Tanglefoot."

Insects on Vine : A. S. The material is insuf-
ficient to determine the insect attacking your
Australian vine. Gather all the fallen leaves
and bum Uiem.

Lawn Mossy : Puzzled. Dressing the grass with
basic slag, as you suggest, would doubtless do
the grass good, but it would also have a ten-
dency to encourage the growth of Glover. You
would do better to apply a dressing of sul-
phate of io-on now, and later on a dressing of

lime. The bad effects of the drippings from
tiees are very difficult to overcome.
Lettuces : /. E. S. It is impossible to diagnose
the disease from the roots only. The whole
plant should be sent.
Naau^-s of jb'uuiTS. — III the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictiong. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VAKiEiiES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed ' in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to <rur
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. Wb do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.

II. C. The Pear was decayed and crushed
when it arrived, but it appears to resemble
Beurre Bosc. It is of no use sending us ripe
Pears for naming, as they decay so quickly as
to be almost invariably in a state of pulp when
they arrive, the postal deliveries being less
punctual than usual. — H. M. Broad End Pippin.
— J. 0. S. 1, Maltster ; 2, Gooseberry Pippin. —
C. B. Pile's Russet.— A'. D. 1, Goff; 2,
Manks Codlin ; 3, Lemon Pippin. — H. V.
Apples, 1, Herefordshire Pearmain ; 2, Pear
Calebasse ; 3, too small and shrivelled. —
Smith. Apple, Allington Pippin ; Grapes,
the berries were smashed in transit. —
U G. C, Beading. 1, Harvey's Wilt-
shii-e Defiance; 2, Shepherd's Newington ;
3, Newton Wonder ; 4, not recognised. —
//. W. F. Doyenne Boussoch.— r. W. G. 1,
Beauty of Kent; 2, Hambledon Deux Ans ; 3,
French Crab ; 4, Scarlet Nonpareil ; 5, Histon
Favourite ; 6, Blenheim Pippin. — .-1. 11'. G. 1,
Imperial ; 2, Beurre Jean van Geert ; 2, Passe
Colmar ; 4, White Nonpareil ; 5, Reinette van
Mons; 5, decayed.— i. G. P. 5, Northern
Greening ; 10, Orange Goff or Pork Apple. —
IF. G. 1, Curl Tail; 2, Court Pendu Plat.—
/''. IF. G. Beurre Diel. — Daniel Pearman,
Purleij. 2, Beurre Clairgeau ; 4, CuUen ; 5,
Stirling Castle; other Pears decayed. —
F. W. P. 1, Beurre Bachelier; 2, Josephine de
jMaJines ; 3, Nee Plus Meuris ; 4, Marechal de
la Cour ; 5, Beurre Superfin ; 5, Madame
Treyve ; 7, Durondeau. — T. C. 1, Beurre
d'Amanlis; 2 and 3, decayed ; 4, Beurre Bosc —
Sept. 1, Autumn Bergamot ; 2, decayed ; 3,
Seckle ; 4, Ixjuise Bonne of Jersey ; 5, Winter
Nells; 6, Emile d'Heyst.— C A". S. Pears : 1,
decayed ; 2, Marechal de la Cour ; Apples :
Aromatic Russet. — J. J. 1, White WestUng ;
2. Bramley's Seedling ; 3, Calville Rouge
Precoce; 4, Alfriston ; 5, Pear not recognised.
— IF. /. IF. 1, Yorkshire Beauty (syn. Green-
up Pippin) ; 2, Catshead ; 3, Melrose ; 4, Lod-
dington ; 5, Striped Beefing ; b, not recog-
nised.—C. P. Bramley's Seedling.— (?. B. S.,
Monmouthshire. The "fruits are not in the best
condition for certain identification, as the skins
are affected with disease, but we believe the
\'ariety is Marie Louise d'Uccle.
Names op Plants.— Correspondents not answered in this
issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
C. C. M. 1, Probably Piptanthus nepalensis,
send when in flower; 2, Metrosideros flori-
bimda (Bottle Brush) ; 3, Columnea hirsuta; 4,
Helxine Solierolii. — W. C. M. Acer macro-
phyllum.
Onion and Carrot Seed for One Acre : Essex.
In the ordinary way of drilling Onion seed in
rows 14 inches apart, 8 lbs. of seed per acre
is required. In that case there need be no
thinning of the plants ; allow all to grow. A
much better method of Onion culture is to sow
the seed the first week in Februaiy in boxes of
prepared soil in a cold frame, and plant out
the seedlings when they are large enough t-o
handle, in rows 14 inches apart, setting the
plants 4 inches apart in the rows. In that
case 4 lbs. of seed should suffice per acre.
Seven pounds of Carrot seed will suffice for
one acre. If this is mixed with dry sand it
will run through the drill easier.

Periods of Severe Frost : Gunner P. Wright.
The greatest frosts registered during the past
50 years were in the following years : — 1879,
Nov. -Dec. ; 1881, January; 1890, Nov. -Jan.,
1891; 1895, Jan. -Feb. The lowest tempera-
tures recorded are :— 1879, Dec. 4, 23° at Black-
adder, Berwickshire; 1895, Feb. 11, 17° at
P.raeniar, Aberdeen, and 11.1° at Buxton,
Derbyshire.
Potato Planting : H. B. The best distance from
set to set will depend on the character and
strength of the land and on the variety of
Potato, whether the latter is of strong or
medium growth. Even given the same condi-
tions, experts would differ in their treatment.
We regard 3 feet each way as excessive unless
in very exceptional circumstances. Half that
distance from set to set, and 2 feet between
the iTOws, should be sufficient in ordinary
cases. In regard to one of your questions we
prefer to advise you on the cultural points
raised rather than express an opinion on the
status of this or that authority. The follow-
ing varieties are all worthy of recommenda-
tion : Midlothian Early and Duke of York
(early), British Queen and May Queen (mid-
season), and King Edward VII., Arran Chief,
Dalhousie, and Windsor Castle (late).
PuFA FROM France : M. S. .i. The chrysalis is

the pupa of the Orange Tip Butterfly.
Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations : C. T.
June and July are the best months to
layer "Malmaison" Carnations; September
u too late to get the plants well estab-
lished before winter. The plants require
very careful treatment during the autumn
and winter, as the blooms are long in
expanding ; very little water is necessary,
and no stimulants should be given. Your
general treatment appeai-s to be correct.
Top-dressing or re-potting the older plants
is necessary for early flowering in spring. Two
houses are necessary, as these older plants re-
quire a temperature from 5° to 10° higher than
young stock to flower early. The latest plants
should be grown in cool conditions to retard
tliem. Spraying with salt and water is safe
during the summer, but sHould not be done
during the winter; this possibly is the chief
cause of your blooms damping.
Walnuts: A. L. No "insect" is to be found
in the specimens sent. Is it possible that rooks
have caused the damage?-
Waiercress : P. and Co. There appears to be no
fungous parasite in the Watercress plants.
'I heir appearance suggests injury caused by
some insect or otlier form of animal life. If
watch is kept and any specimens of the
"insect" obtained, send them for identifica-
tion. — B. B. The approach of winter is
not the best time to commence Watercress
growing, nor are seeds the best method of
raising a good crop of the most suitable varie-
ties. If you wish to raise tlie plants from
seeds, the latter should be sown in March or
April in moist soil, afterwards transplanting
the seedlings to boggy trenches, or, better still,
to slow-running and shallow streams of clear
water. Propagation by cuttings or division is
one of the simplest methods of increase. The
cuttings soon root in muddy soil, provided the
water is not stagnant, while portions of the
plants with a few white roots attached may
just be tlirown into the water and allowed to
take care of themselves. Cuttings or divisions
may be planted now or in spring. What is
known as " brown " Cress thrives best in spring
water that has come through a chalky sub-
soil, whUe "green" Cress generally does best
in river or canal water. In all cases the water
must be very slow running, and may vary in
depth from a few inches to a few feet. In
large beds weeds and scum must be kept down,
and it is generally wise to clean out one-half
of the beds one year, and the other half the
following year, where large areas of Watercress
are cultivated for market.

Communications Received. — S. T. W.— W. P.—

E. M.— E. B.~N. MaoF.— W. R.— H. G. H.— D. M.—
G H.^I. B. S.— O. T.— O. G. A.— R. A. C.-J. B. S.—
J. O. V.—S. E. S.— E. W. N. (Thamks for 6d. for
R.G.O.F. box).— W. E— H. L. L -E. M.— F. J. C.— W. W.
— W. Outhbertson— N. J. W.— H. M. B— O. B.— W. F. P.,
.Southannj Rhodesia.

NOVEMBEE 17, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,

M A R K s rr s.

COVEXT GARDEN, Noiemher n.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, hy the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.

PUnts in Pots, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Aralia Sieboldii,

per doz.
Asparagus plumo-

su8, per doz. ...

— Sprengeri
AspicUstra, green,

per doz.
Begouias, Gloire de
Lorraine, 48's,
per doz.

— 608

— 72s

Cacti, vanoue, per

tray of 15'8 ...

— per tray of 12'e
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48's, per
doz.

— coloured, 48'fl, '
per doz.

Cocos Weddelliana,
4S3, per doz....

— 60's, per doz....
£rica, hyemalis,

4S'8, per doz....

— nivalis, CO'a,
per doz.

5 0-60

10 0-12 0
8 0-10 0

30 0-S6 0

15 0 18 0
7 0-90
5 0-60

♦ 0 —
5 0 —

8 0-24 0

8 &-12 0

18 0-30 0
8 0-10 0

12 0-15 0

80-90

— gracilis. 48"s .

10

Cyclamen, 48's, per

doz IS

Ferns, in thumbs,
per 100 12

— per 100, iu small
and large 60's 24

— in 48's, per doz. 7

— iu 32'8, per doz. 15

— choicer sorts,
48's, per doz .. 10

Geonoma gracilis,
60"5, per doz... 6
larger, each ... 2

Kentia Belmoraana,
per doz, ... 15

— larger ... 30
Forsteriana.eO's S

Lilium longiflorum,
per doz. ... 30

— lancifolium ru-
brum 24

album ... 24

0-15 0
0-15 0
ti- 4 0

0-24 0

0-15 0

0-30 0
0- 8 U
0-18 0

0-18 0
0-(J0 0
-10 0

Remarks. — There is onJy a moderate trade in pot
ptia>t«. Ericas are the chief attraction in flowering plants,
and Ferns and Palms in various sizes are selling freely.
PaJms are likely to be scarce for the Christmas trade.

Cut Flowers. &c : Averagre Wholesale Prices

s.d. 8 d Liliums, con.— s.d. s.d.

rubrum, per

doz. long ... 3 0-36

5 0-00 short, per

doz blooms ... 2 0-30

2 6-30 Lily-of-thc- Valley,

per doz. bun ... 80 0-42 0
Orchids, per doz;—
2 G- 3 6 1 — Cattleya ... lo 0-12 0

— Cypripediuma 2 6-30

— Odontoglosaum
2 0-40 crlapum
2 0- 4 0 ' Pelargouiuni8,dou-
., ,, o « hie scarlet per
^ *J- -> ^ , doz. bunches...
2 0-40; Rosea : per doz.

blooins, Frau

6 0-10 0 1 Karl Druschki
8 0-12 0 ; — Liberty

I — iVIelody

— Mme. A. Chat-
2 0-40 enay

I — Ophelia
a 0-12 0 ! — White ifolly
0-4 6 Sharman Craw-
ford

0-9 0 'I'uberoaea, pergroas

blooma 12 0-16 0

6-3 0 Vioieta.perdoz.bun. 4 0-80

— Double, per.
0-36! doz. bun. ... 40-00

': — FienchParmas,
0-3 6 per bunch ... 4 0-46

Arums—

— (Kichardiaa),
per doz. bl'ms.

Camellias, white.

per. doz.
Carnatiuns, perdoz.

— t)loont8, best
American var.

Ctirysatithemunis—

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yellow ...

— coloured,
doz. l)UDctfe8 .

— while

per

dis-

burltled,

doz. blooms' ...

— — ajTays, per
dnz. bunches... 0

Gardenias, per box 3
Ueather, white,

perdoz. bun.... 6
Lapageria alba, per

doz. blooms ... 2
Lilium longiflorum,

lOHg 3

— 1 ancifo 1 ium
alijum, long ... 3

2 6-30

6 0-10 0

2 0-26

3 0-60
3 0-40

2 6-30

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Pplees.

s.d. s.d.

Adiantum (Maiden
hair Fern) best,
perdoz. bun... 6 0-70

Asparagus plu-
inoHUS, long
trails, per half-
dozen 2 6-30

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

Asparagus con. —
— Sprengeri
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Moss, gross bun...
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails

Vegetables ;

16-20

Rkmahks. — Lorge supplies of dhrj-santheffnunie con-
tinue to arrive. Some very fine single varieties are being
offered at lower rates. There is abundant supply oi
coloured bunt-h varieties, whittb oonaist chiefly of liizzie
Adoock, Source d'Or, Pink Quintus, lYiumph, and Market
Red. Oanwitions ahow little change from lost week.
Among Roses, good red blooma are the scarcest, but prices
are gradually rising for all g-rades. Liliujn longifloriun
is again lower in price. Richaxdias (Arums) are in-
creasing in quantity, and finer blooms are offered. LLly-
ofjlhe-Valley arrivea in limited quantities. Other dhodce
flowei-s conisiat of Gardenias, a few Tuberoses, white Bou-
vardiu, ond Lapageria. A few more boxes of Parma
VioleU arrived in fairly good condition cax Monday lost,
a few baskets of Mimosa (Aoacia), Safrano Roses, and
some buTwihes of yellow Narcasmis Soleil d'Or.

BeauE

s.d

— Freneh(Channel

Islands), per ib.
Beetroot, per bus,
Brussels Sprouts,

per \ bus.
Cabbage, per tally
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ...
Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac, perdoz....
Celery, per bundle
Cucumbers, per doz.
Garlic, per lb.
Greens, per bag ...
Herbs, perdoz bun.
Horseradish, per

bunch

Leeks, per doz. bun.

Average Wholesale Prlees.

d. 8

Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, per doz. 0
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 0
Onions, per cwt. ... 26
— spring, per doz.

bun. ... 4

Parsnips, per bag .. 7
Radishes, per doz.

bunches ... 1

8avovs, per tally... 8
Shallots, per doz.

2 6-30
5 0-80

4 0-60

3 6-46

4 0 —
2 0-26
4 0-10 0
0 6-08
16-20
4 0-80

4 0-60

10 1 0
0-34 0

0-6 0
0- T 6

lbs.

Spinach, per bushel 2
Turnips, per bag ... 5
— new, per doz.

bunches ... 3

Turnip tops, per

bus. S

Watercress, perdoz. 0

0-9 0
6-3 6

0-9 0

0-2 6
4-0 6

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Almonds, per cwt. 100 0 — Grapes, con.—
Apples :— — Muscats, per lb. 2 0-40

— cooking, per bus. 5 0-90 Lemons, per case... 60 0-80 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), peri bus. S 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

case (30 quaits) 33 0 —
Figs (Italian) per

box 0 8-16

Grapes, Alicante,

per lb

— Almerias

Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 6-30

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...120 0-130 0

— cobs, per lb.... 10-11

— Coconuts, per
100 36 0-40 0

10-20 Pears, per i bus... 6 0-10 0
per Quinces, per ^ bus. 16-30

barrel (^j doz. ! Tomatos, English

lbs.) 28 0-35 0 I per 12 lbs. or

— Canon Hall, per peck 6 0-10 0

lb 2 (K 6 0 , W Inuts, French

— Gros. Coiman, (Grenoble), per

per lb. ... 10-20 bag 140-180

Remarks. — There ia stLU a plentiful supply of Apples,
and especially of cooking varieties. Pears on 9.ile coaisist
pnucipaJly of the varieties Doyenne du 0>mice and Cala-
bash. Grapes coutiiiuo a go»;>d supply. Oranges and
Lemons are very scarce. Cobs and Wsilnuts are plentafui,
especially FTonch Walnuts, bin Ohesfanuts are scarce. The
rrops of Melons and Figs oic lini^ing. Cranberries arc
on offer in cose* containing 28 to 30 lbs. Tomatos oire
almost over, and Mushrooms are scarce a/nd dear. Dwarf
Beans are offered for eale, and there aire a fe^* forced
Peas and Potalog, Onions are expen&ive, wiilh fairly
Urge supplies on offer, both Valencia and English grown.
The corainoner vegetables frtmi out-of-doors nro jilemitifuJ.
E. H. R., Covent Garden Market, November U, 1927.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT

Mr. A. Wotherspoon, Gaivlems- to Oapt. Watson,
.M.O., Princethorpe, nvor Riigbv, as Gdoxlener to Mrs.
A. E. OROPrER, Morunt Bat^lali, Ohejjstow.

THE

Vegetable Garden,

This is an English translation, made by

Mr. W. Robinson, of the celebrated work

by the world-famous growers,

MESSRS. VILMORIN. ANDRIEUX & CO..

of Paris. There are no market growers to equal
the French, and in this work English readers
will find placed at their disposal, in readable and
interesting form, all the experience and know-
ledge of centuries of successful cultivation. All
the principal vegetables, Including many which
are at present unfamiliar to English growers, are
fully dealt with ; and numerous clear and in-
fonnative illustrations give point to the instruc-
tions contained in the text.

EVERY FOOD PRODUCER

should obtain a copy of this book, which will
enable him to get the very best results out of
the ground at his disposal.

: PRICE 15s. 7d. POST FREE.

From THE LIBRARIAN,
41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND, W.C 7.

IN PRAISE

OF THE

GARDENERS^
CHRONICLE.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE
is the only gardening paper with seventy-
six years of history behind it. It was
founded in the dawn of what is com-
monly termed the scientific age. It has
seen the rise and development of the
railway, and its partial supersession by
motor road-traffic ; the discovery of
the power of electricity, and its appli-
cation to a bewildering multiplicity of
every day affairs ; the economic
emancipation of women, and their entry
into industrial life ; and, last of all,
the discovery of the flying machine— so
long believed to be impossible. The
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE has not
remained static through all these
marvellous changes. It has grown, de-
veloped, expanded. It has remained
throughout its whole career completely
in sympathy with its readers. It has
advanced with them, explored with
them the realms of experiment, ex-
amined with them in a spirit of intel-
ligent sympathy every new theory of
botanic or horticultural science, pro-
vided a medium whereby they have been
enabled to communicate with each other
and make their discoveries known. It
is revered for its great age, yet re-
spected for its modernity ; it has the
experience of years and the elasticity
and progressiveness of youth. Through
the storm and stress of the past three
years it has stood unmoved, and it looks
forward in full confidence to the enjoy-
ment of the ampler scope and increased
opportunities which the termination of
the war will bring.

AN ADMIRER.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NOVEMBEK 17, 1917.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT

to send to those who

ease write for
the Paper Con
apply—

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

FBUITINTHEGABDEN.

Root up tiseless shade trees and unprodnctive

Shrubs, and replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

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of fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
and Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

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Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

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SANKEYS^^^;Sot'*POTS

*''Gh£, BEST and Cheopcs^

RICHAHD SANKCVA SON.LT?.

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AUCUBA JAPONIGA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the above 3ft. to 4ft. Imshy. good plants for Covert
Planting:. Must he sold, cheap, to make !■> torn for potatos
If not disposed of must be burned. — A BARGAIN I
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Clean, well-grown and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice VarieLies.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly svml for CataUgue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage, Porosity, Healthful-
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your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

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GEORGE FARMILOE & SONS, Ltd.,

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E C.
And Blackfrlars Wharf. Upper Qround Street, S.E.

Quote Baedeners' Chronicle.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE OIM
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridg^eworth, Herts.

STATION : HARLOW, G.E.R.

TURF LOAM.

Very Fibroua Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARKATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRY.SANTHEMUMS,
FRUITS UNBER GLASS, etc., etc.

Carriage Paid or D Hi

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park. Cranleigh. SURREY.

ROSES FOR AUTUMN PLANTING

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best posaible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including : —

The Brilliant Coloured

•' MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(Haiti/ Mail Rose.)

12/- per doz. bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

SH HIL
MIDDLESEX.

H. WOOLMAN'S

Chrysanthemum Catalogue.

iVott; Ready. Post Free.

From SANDY HILL NURSERY,
SHIRLEY, near BIRMINGHAM.

SUBSTITUTE FOR RUSSIA MATS.

"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Made from prepared Hair and Wool

A good iion-coiiductor.
2 yds., .S yds., and 4 yds. wide.
J^rice and pattern from —

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S,

DUKE ST., LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

ORCHIDS.

A lar^'e an<l tine stock. All clean an-l healthy and at very
low priees.

COWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL,

Is the best and by far the cheapest
Catalogues, with fnll particulars, post free on application to

JOHN COWAN & Co., cateacrruvlrpool.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are yonr bushes tree of this incurable pest? If ftot
Plant *' SEABROOR'S BLACK" Currant*

the snly proved nite rcsister.
Thii variety has also every othtr good quality, being the
heaviest cropper and stoutest (rower, producing; large, firm

Young; Bushes 91- aind S/- por dozen.

W. SKABROOK & SONS,

Frnit Tree & Rose Nurseries. CHELMSFORD.

lOMATO SEKD

Bides ** Recruit."

Ihis grand Tomato, for its delicious flavuur, uniform size

and heavy cropping iiualities, is unsurpassed.

In sealed packets l,'- per packet, direct from

the raisers,

S. BIDE & SONS, Ltd.,

ALMA NURSERIES, FABNHAM, SURREY.

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR

II PLANTS.

nted for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Love and Malcomson, Ltd., Dan© Street, High H"lbo
Cbroaicle. Ltd., 41, Wellin.gton Street, Covent Garden, City of WesUninater, Saturdat, Xovembeii-

London. W.C., and Published weekly by the Gardenen
Agent for Manchester, JoHN Hbtwood.

NOTEMBEB 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

205

No. 1613 —SATURDAY, NOVEMBER U. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Alcohol, commercial . . 210 Obituary-
Apples, sooty blotch of. . 212
Books, notices of —
Mat plants, Cushion
Plants, and Allied
Forms of the Cass
River bed, the .. Jio
Crocuses, autumn . . 212

Farm, crops and stock on

the home .. ..213

Food production, on in-
creased—
Birmingham, allot-
ments at .. ,. 20S
Carrots and Beets,

lifting 207

Grass land, the break-
ing up of .. .. 208
Potato Great Scot .. 208
Potato ilay Queen . . 208
Potatos and Onions at

Heston ,. 207

Pumpkins, cooking .. 208
Horticulture, instruction

in .

.. 210
Marshall, the late Mr. W. 212
New Zealand cushion
plants 210

Clucaa, K W ■

Parton, W. H. , . . . ;

Thomson, AV. A. . . !
Orchid notes and glean-
ings—

Brassia brachiata . . ;

Cattleya Appletonli . . i

Laelio - Cattleya Sir
Henry Wilson . . S

Odontogloasum Ar-
dentdora .. .. i

Orchids, new hybrid . . i
Potatos, degeneration of ;
Red Currants, a revision

of the i

Rhododendroni, planting 5
Seed, raising varieties

from \

Seed-testing station . . \
Societies— ,

National ChrjBantbe-
mum s

Royal Horticultural .. %
Soldier-gardeners, letters

fron

Soldiers, gardening by .

War items

Week's work, the.. 20i

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Brasso-Laeiio-Cattleya Lady Miinningham BuUer

Currant Houghton Castle

Ribes petraeura, R. rubrum and R. vuJgare, ahoots of \
Sooty blotch of Apples

A REVISION OF THE RED
CURRANTS.

THE nomenclature of the Red Currants
lias long been in a state of confu-
sion. There are many reasons for
this, and one is that no one seems to have
thought it worth while to publish an
accurate botanical description of so un-
important a thing as a Currant. A secx)nd
cause is, I fear, the praf;tice that we nur-
serymen have had in the past of rcuaming
plants. I do not wish to be tlie one to
cast the first stone, and will leave this
matter here, as I think any such practices
are now almost universally reprobated. A
third and important cause of confusion is
that so many of the Red Currants repro-
duce themsellves almo.st true from seed. It
is quite possible, therefore, that many
" ne>v " seedlings have been iatroduced in
perfect good faith, where the raiser did
pot happen to know Ciirrant-s well, which
were but reproductions of knx>wn vari«'ties.
The last difficulty is that the fruits of Red
Currants are in many cas?s so much alike
thnt it is nuit-> i.mnossible to discriniiT'^p
br.tw<vn them without knowing all the
plnnt characters. The growth and habit,
coupled with the vorv di.ftirct characters
of the flower, .ire the best means of identi-
fyinsr th,- different varieties.

With the object of tackling the problem
of nomenclature, T collected in 1912 all
the varieties T rould nrocure from gar-
dens and niir.series in Fncrlnnd and from
America and the Continent: these
amotinted in all to over seventv. It was
soon demon.Tt.rated that there were many
more names than varieties, and further,
n.s expected, there was considerable doubt
as to the identi+v of certain .sorts, Tt has
been an extremelv difficult matter in some
eases to decide what is the oricrinal tvpe.
Tr the Red Versailles, for instance, plnr.t.s
from .«lv sources prave three distinct serts
To settle this matter, description and
figures, where available, were referred to.

and weight given to the source of plants.
It is probable, for instance, that an old-
established nursery in Paoris would be
more likely to have the true Versailles
than an Englisli firm that may not have
taken much trouble on the subject. Con-
trariwise, an English variety still in the
hands of its reproducer, would presumably
be true to name. I fear that in some cases
I shall be told that tli© variety I have
decided upon is not the "true" thing,
and, of course, it may be so ; where, ho.v-
ever, all is confusion someor.e must make
a clearance. I shall not here go into

R. vulgare. A further character is that
the flowers and fruit bunches bang down-
wards, thus distinguishing them easily
from the rubrum varieties, of which the
flowers are always held out stiffly at right
angles. The foliage is generally rather
thin, yellowish, upward-folded more or
less, and almost hairless. R. rubrum
varieties are very distinct in all charac-
ters. The flowers are bdll-shaped without
the fleshy ring, held horizontally in the
young stages, the foliage las, and with
much more substance than R. vulgare, and
generally densely hairy beneath. The fruits

1. ilibiB vulgare.

From the " Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society."

-WINTER SHOOTS OF CURRANTS.

2. K. petiai-uni. 3. R. rubrum.

details of the history of the Red Currant,
as I have treated of it as some length in
the current Jonrnal of the R.H.S. It will
be well, however, to state that three species
have entered into the constitution of the
garden Red Currant as we know it to-dav,
viz., Ribes vulgare, R. rubrum, and R.
petraenm. The flowers of these are all
very distinct;. R. vulgare has a very
open, flat flower, green, with or without i
red eve, and showing a distinct fleshy ring
around the pistil. This ring is a constant
character, and serves to separate at a
glance all derivatives, and even hybrids of

are on stiff, wiry stems, held on one side
of the bunch, tlms distinguishing them
from true vulgare varieties, which, owing
to their las pedicels, swing freely all
round the bunch. The true Raby Castle
is a pure rubrum. R. petraeum has given
us but few varieties, of which Prince
Albert and the Seedless Red Currant are
typical. The stout bullate leaf, red shoots,
remarkable claret-red flowers and late
habit of starting and ripening, are verv
noticeable in all its descendants. No one
looking over a bed of varieties could fail,
to pick out this type,

206

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 24, 1917.

The Versailles section conteins those large-,
leaved and fruited sorts, of which Versailles,
I'liei-ry, and Fay's Prolific are typical. These
liave been called R. vulgare macrocai-pa. foa-nn,
as they bear true " vulgare " flowers, though the
thick leaf of a milky-gi-een colour is a new
cJIaraoter. It will th^Jefoore be convenient to
call these the " macrocarpa " section. A common
chara.citer these all show in varying degrees is
the habit of going blind, and the stout shoots
breaking off when overloaded or when growing
in windy places.

In respect of the characters used in descrip-
tion, it may be as well to point out that the ap-
parent petals of the flowers are really the sepals ;
the petals are very small and abortive, and
generally wedge or T-sha/ped. The fleshy ring
of " vulgare" is alluded to as the " ring." The
winter wood characters will all be quite obvious
except the angle taken by the bud, which may
Ije close pressed to the shoot or leaning away
at an angle. These are called " bud close " or
'■ away," as the case may be. I have not de-
scribed the " flavour " or degree of acidity, as
it is quite impossible to get all the fruits at
identical stages of ripeness, and such phrases
as " rather acid " convey no information.

In giving synonyms I refer to the names under
which I received the varieties, which may not
.always be synonyms in the true sense, but often
eiTOTs of naming. I desire to thank many
of my fellow-nurserymen for the help they
have given me in forming my collection, and
also many other friends who have furnished me
with material. It is with the greatest reluctance
that I have altered any name, preferring to let
an established one stand, even if not the first
tjiven, rather than cause fresh confusion by a
too strict adherence to the rules of nomenclature.
-THE RABY CASTLE GROUP.

In this group are the varieties which show
the influence of R. rubrum pubescems very
strongly ; the soft, downy leaves are character-
istics. Raby Castle is a true rubrum, whilst
Houghton Castle (see fig. 79V "by its "ring'
round the pistil, imdiicaAes its descent from
rubrum vulgare.

R-4BY C.\STLE (rubrum). Syn. American Wonder,
Red Versailles, Dutch, of some.

Flntpcrs. — Urceolate, without ring, petals
markedly wedge-shaped, sepals washed with
litrht red when young, rachis with thick curling
hair. Flowers before leaves.

Lrave?.- — In young .state pale yellowish-green
tinged with bi-own. when fully grown, soft yel-
lowish-green, held flat, densely hairy beneath.

Fruit. — Bunch medium length, rachis yellow,
downy, pedicels fairly short, held to one side,
'dolour bright red. does not turn dark on the
tree, making a bright sample in the basket. Pro-
lific.

Sryj.«nn. — Rather late.

/?i/r7.s. ^-Winter state, buds rather small, thin,
and pointed much away, markedly hairy.

Orointh. — Upright and of moderate vigour.

O/iV/;,!.— Raised at Raby Castle. Mr. Shortt,
gardener at Raby Castle, writes in 1860 that
it is " Frequently confounded with Houghton

Castle, a later production Original tree

.still at Raby Castle." The present head gar-
dener at Raby was good enough to send me
specimens from the trees still grown there, which
confirm the description above. Houghton Castle
is' very often sold for this Currant, but it is
quite distinct in growth, being of spreading
habit. Market gardeners often say they dislike
Raby Castle as it turns dark red. In these cases
they have got Houghton Castle in "error.
Houghton Castle (rubrum x vulgare). 3yns.
Woolly Leaved, Mallow Leaved, American
Wonder, New Red Dutch, Red Grape, R.
Rubrum Houghtonianum (.lancz.). May's
Victoria, Defiance.

Flowers. — Urceolate, slight ring visible, petals
less wedged than Raby Castle, sepals slightly
red, rachis remarkably downy.

Leaves. — In young state silvery-white, not

yellow and brown tinged as in Raby Castle ; when
full grown, soft yellow-green, densely woolly
beneath, very like Raby Castle in this stage.

Fruit. — Bunches long, stem (before berries
start) long, rachis green, stiff, hairy, berries
medium, soon turaing a dark, dull red. Prolific.

Season. — Mid-season.

Buds. — Winter buds medium size, pointed,
away, a little hairy.

Growth. — Very strong and spreading.

Origin. — Rather doubtful, but probably from
Houghton Castle, near Hexham. Introduced
about 1820.

Often mixed with Raby Castle, but can be
picked out in spring by the colour of the young
foliage ; in flower by the presence of a " ring " ;
and by its spreading habit, contrasting with the
upright growth of Raby Castle. E. A. Biinijard.
{To be continued.)

form, broad petals, and lip characteristic of 0.
Pescatorei are marked features, and in the pre-
sent form it may be likened to a very fine and
))rittily blotched variety of that species with the
addition, of a firmer texture to the flower, which
is obtained through 0. RoHeae (Harryanum x
Pescatorei), which also brings in the third 0.
Pescatorei influence. The flower is white tinged
with violet at the back, the sepals having a
cluster of vinous-purple blotches and the petals
a central group of irregular spots of the same
colour. The broad lip has three purple blotches
in front of the yellow crest. Tlie novelty is sent
by Mr. E. W. Thojnpson, gardener to Philip
Smith, Esq., Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey.

ORCHID NOTES ANO GLEANINGS.

LAELIO^CATTLEYA SIR HENRY WILSON.
Mr. Musk, gardener to Lieut. -Colonel J. F.
Laycock, Wiseton, Bawtry, Yorkshire, sends us
a showy flower raised at Wiseton, between L.-C.
Henry Greenwood (C. Hardyana x L.-C. Schil-
'leriana) and L.-C. bletchleyensis (C. AVarscewiczii
X L. tenebrosa). Caltleya W^arscewiczii enters
twice into the composition of the hybrid, and
itakes a lead in its large size and form, but the
L.-C. Schilleriana (C. intermedia x L. piirpurata)
in L.-C. Henry Greenwood is evident in the
elongated front lobe of the labellum. The flower,
which is 7 inches across, has white sepals and
petals suffused and veined with light purple. The
exterior of the tube of the lip is coloured like
th.-^ petals, the interior being white, tinged with
yellow, and with purple lines running into the
reddish-purple front lobe, which shades off to
lilac towards the margin.

Or>ONTOGLOSSUM ARDENTBORA. "

In this pretty new hybrid raised between 0. v
ardentissimum (Pescatorei x criapum) and 0.a|
Bora (Lambeauianum x Pescatorei), the neat

BRASSIA BRACHIATA.

A FINE inflorescence of this Brassia is sent by
Messrs. Jas. Cypher and Sons, and -weil
deroonstrates the character given it by Lindley,
who dtfici-ibed the species from specimens
coDeoted by Hartweg in Central America for
th'O Horticultural Society about 1842, ss the
finest species of the genus. The spike bears
thirteen flowers, the long, slender sepals extend-
ing over a foot from tip to tip. The petals are
shorter than the sepals ; both sepals and petals
are greenish-yellow, with dark purple blotches on
the inner halves. The broad lip is cordate in
front and narrower at the base; the colour is
pal-e yellow, with raised olive-green spots. The
plant is evergreen, antd thrives in an inter-
mediate house or ordina-ry plant stove.

CATTT^EYA APPLETONH.
Messrs. Jas. Cypher and Sons send' us
flowers of this interesting cross bettween C.
elongata and C. Dowiana aurea, taken from a
spike of fourteen flowers. The blooms, which
have some resemblance to those of Laelio-Cattleya
elegans, have mauve-tinted sepals and petals and
deeper mauve lip, the front lobe of which is
violet-purple. C. elongata was the seed-bearer,
and the hybrid approaches that species in form.

NEW HYBRID ORCHIDS.

V f Continued from Ocfoher 13, p. US.)

Brasso-Cattleya Jujuy

Krasso-Cattleya Lisetta

Brasso-Cattleya Moira

Brasso-Cattleya Salta
Brasao-Laelio-Cattleya President Wilson
BrasBO-Laelio-Cattleya Rhea
Brasso-Laelio-Cattleya Tiicuman ..

fattleya Archimedea

Cattleya Golden Kins

Cattleyalo

Cattleya Lady Alexander

Catt'eyaMira

Cattleya Trentino alba

Cattleya X'na

Cym'^idTum Ariadne

Cymbidium Orion

Cypripedium Arcturum

Cypripedinm Bonaventura

Cypripedium Dolcedo

Cypripedium Hermia

Cypripedium King: Arthur

Cypripedium multicolor

Cypripedium Nestor

Cypripedium Sideralfe

Cypripedium Stadium

Cypripedium Valens .

Laelio-Cattleya Achilles

Laelio-Cattleya Adrienne ..
Laelio-Cattleya Afterglow . .

Laelio-Cattleya Alaric

Laelio-Cattleya Entente

Lft«lio-Cattleya Flame

Laelio-Cattleya Golden Light

Laelio-Cattleya Hardyhel

Laelio-Cattleya Honoria

Laelio-Cattleya Laura

Laelio-Cattleya Philyra

Laelio-Cattleya Sir Henry Wilson

Laelio-Cattl eya Spalatro

Laelio-Cattleya Sunbeam

Laelio-Cattleya Zeno

Odontocidium Nanette
Odonto«rloisum Adonis

Odontoglossum Aphrodite

Odontoglosflum Ardentdora
Odontoglossum Aspasia
Odontoglossum Nyssa

Sophro-Cattleya Atalanta

Sophro-Cattleya luminosa . .
Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Bryndir ..
Sophro-Laello-Cattleya Marion . .
Sophro-Laelio-Cat^leya Roehampton

C. Comet X B. Digbyana

B.-C, Digbyano-Warneri x C. Dowiana aurea
B.-C. Diffbyano-Warneri X C. Gaskelliana
B.-C. Digbyano-MosBiae x C. Dowiana aurea..
L.-C. Lustre x B.-C. Mrs. J. Leemann ..

L.-C. Phryne x B. Digbyana

B.-L.-C. Cooksonii x C. Rhoda

Armstrongiae x Fabia

Hai dyana x Venus

Iris X amabilis

Fabia X araahilis

Rhoda X Dowiana aurea ..

Warneri alba x Duaseldorfei t^ndine . .

Loid Rothschild x Cooksonii

erythrostylum x unrecorded

erythrostylum x Doris

Mons. de Ciirte x chrysotoxum

Mon.-^. de tuite x Clio

exul X HeraEuiyadea

Standard x Fowlerianum

Mons. de Curte x bingleyense

Garret A. Hobart x aureum virginale ,.

Dreadnought x Leander

insigne King Edward VIL x Clio

Dreadnought x Ville de Paris

Fowlerianum x Fairrieanuni

C. amabilis x L.-C. bletchleyensis

Juno X St. Gothard

L,-C. Sunset X C. Dowiana aurea

L.-C. Rubens x C. Dowiana aurea j,

L,-C. J. F. Birkbeck x C Fabia

C. Dowiana auvea x L.-C. Elektra

luminosa x Golden Fleece

C. Hardyana x L.-C. Sybil

C. Mantinii x L.-C. Geo. Woodhania ..

L -C. Scylla x C. Lord Rothschild

L. .Tongheana x C. Harrisoniana

Henry Greenwood X bletchleyensis ..

C. Luddemanniana x L.-C. Aphrodite ..

C. Maggie Raphael alba x L.-C. yellow hybrid

L.-C. St. Gothard x C. Luegeae

Oncidium incurvum x 0dm. Harryana

crispura Solum x unrecorded

eximium x President Poincar6

ardentissimum x Dora ..

Mars X Colossus

eximium x Alexandia

S -C. Ariadne x C. Fabia .. ... ..

S.-C. Chamberlainiaua x C. Dowiana aurea ..
S.-L.-C. Sandhage x L.-C. Golden Oriole

S.-C. Thwaitesii x L.-C. e,\inua

unrecorded

Dr. M. Laoroze.
Messrs- McBean.
Hassall and Co.
Dr. M. Lacroze.
Stuart Low and Co.
Sir J. Colman.
Dr. M. Lacroze.
Armstrong and Brown.
Sanders.
Sir J. Colman.
Sir J. Colman.
Charlesworth and Co.
.T. Ansaldo, Esq.
Sanders.

Armstrong and Brown.
G. Hamilton Smith, Esq.
Rev. J. Crombleholnie.
Rev. J. Crombleholme.
Rev. J. Crombleholme,
Charlesworth and Co.
Rev. J, Crombleholme.
Rev. J. Crombleholme.
Sanders.

Rev. J. Crombleholme.
Sanders.

Charlesworth and Co.
Sir J. Colman.
Dr. Craven Moore.
Sir Geo. L. Holford.
Flory and Black.
Sanders.
Sanders.

Sir Geo L. Holford.
Baron Schroder.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
Sir J. Colman.
Lt.-Col. J, F. Laycock,
Sir Geo. L. Holford.
Baron Schroder.
Charlesworth and Co.
Messrs. McBean.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
P. Smith, Esq.
Armstrong and Brown.
Charlesworth and Co.
Armstrong and Brown.
Ai-mstrong and Brown.
Dr. M. Lacroze.
E. R. Ashton, Esq.
Dr. M. Lacroze.

November 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

^07

LETTERS FROM SOLDIER-GARDENERS.

IN EGYPT.

IJUKING the autumn months of last year I
had the opportunity of seeing some of the gar-
dens and parks of Cairo, owing to a trouble with
my leg, which, with excellent medical attention,
recovered sufficiently for me to be sent from a
base to a convalescent hospital in Cairo. To be
there after a period of strenuous duty upon the
desert gave me great pleasure. 1 was anxious to
see the agricultural crops of the Nile Delta, and
to find out what vegetation comprised the embel-
lishment of the gardens and parks from the
horticultural point of view. To a limited extent
I was able to satisfy my curiosity, although the
railway only skirted the eastern margin of tte
Delta.

I was impressed with the productiveness of
the land and the prospective yield of the crops.
Owing to the absence of rain most of the crops
are cultivated by irrigation, which is easily per-
formed by the natives in a methodical and
systematic manner. They are aided by an
abundance of water, and the land is naturally a
vast plain.

A good Cotton crop had been nearly har-
vested. On one plantation of Cotton the old
stems had been left, and a crbp of Peas, which
were then a few inches high, were apparently
going to be supported by the stems. The native
growers do not follow this practice ; the old
Cotton plants are usually pulled up and burnt,
a procedure recommended by the State to mini-
mise the ravages of the Pink boll worm, which
is a menace to the Cotton plant. Large fields of
Maize were frequently seen ; some of these were
being harvested, and others were in different
stages of growth. Sugar cane grows luxuriantly
and in quantity. Matured cane is stripped of
its leaves and sold by vendors in Uie streets of
Egyptian towns. Tomatos, Aubergines, and
Cap.sdcums produce their fruits, and require
but little attention beyond waterinij. I think
with more attention Tomatos could be obtained
equal in quality to those at home, but at
present they are inferior dn every way.
Cucumbers, Melons, Gourds, and Vegetable
Marrows, as well as Onione, Leeks, Beet,
Carrots, and Cabbage, are cultivated success-
fully, with table qualities equal to our home-
grown produce. I did not sec any Potatos grow-
ing. I should have thought young tubers could
have been procured at all times throughout the
year in a climate like Egypt possesses. Those I
have seen and partaken of are not of the quality
one would obtain at home. I attribute it to the
great heat and dry atmosphere that prevail
during the greater part of the year, which im-
poverishes the tuber, consequently great care is
necessary with them after they are taken from
the ground in storage and transit. The Sweet
Potato (Ipomoea batatas) wa« plentiful, and
formed an agreeable dish. Personally, I like
it, but to some palates it does not fill the place
of the homely tuber. Large areas of land were
being tilled, I a.ssumed, for cereals, with oxen
teamed to primitive im'plements. Nevertheless,
the work of ploughing, cleaning, drilling, or
planting is ably carrie<i out by the natives, and
good crops are obtained. The rich alluvial
land."!, combined with an ample water supply
from the great and ancient Nile, and a climate
of perpetual sunshine, are conducive to the
growth of numerous food products.

The Public Gardens.

In the well-kept public gardens many well-
known exotic plants are to be met with growing
luxuriantly and flowering profusely from their
short-jointed growth ripened under the glare of
a trripical sun. The floriferousnesa of Bougain-
villea glabra was remarkable. I saw it used in
forming arches and covering fences where it
grows naturally to a large size, and the beauty

of its bracts is enhanced in the radiance of the
brilliant sunlight. B. spectabllis was planted at
the bas« of a Cj-press ; its growth encircled the
Conifer, and festoons of its brick -red bracts con-
trast«d admirably with the deep green of the
fositer-tree. This species is rarely met with in
British gardens, attributable probably to the
difficulty of flowering it.

Bignonia venusta apparently is thought much
of by the frequency it is seen planted. The most
magnificent sight I had of this climber was pro-
vided by a specimen covering a mass of masonry,
where it could develop to its fullest extent. It
literally draped the column with its mass of
apricot-coloured blossoms. Another clothed the
bole of a Date Palm. At Colbury House, Tot-
ton, Hampshire, the residence of Mr. C. Louch,
where I had the privilege to be head
gardener prior to the outbreak
of war, we grew this climber in
a large house, where it was
planted out, and in December
we were amply repaid by a
wealth of bloom. Solanum
Wendlandii, another South
American climber, finds a home •
in Egypt. This, too, is grown
at Colbury, planted out in the
spacious conservatory ; the
flowering shoots used to be un-
tied and allowed to hang down,
being supported with thin
twine from the roof-trellis, and
for the greater part of late
summer the specimen was a
pleasurable sight. It also lends
itself to pot culture, as is gener-
ally known, many of us being
familiar with the superbly
grown pot plants exhibited by
Mr. Godfrey, of Exmouth, atthc
Boyal Horticultural Society's
meetings. A plant I took to be
a huge Rivinia aurantiaca was,
on closer examination, unmis
takably a Solanum; It had
similar orange-ooloured fruits,
borne on racemes characteristic
of tlKit plant, but appeared t"
drop its basal fruit easily, thu.-
detracting from its appearanc-
Ipomoea rubro-coerulea merits
its place, and is, as one would
suppose, much finer than in
Britain. Often its flowering
period is retarded hy the wet
and cold of late summer. Thun-
bergia alata shows its golden
flowers to advantage, growing
and twining round a shrub less
showy. The agreeable perfume
of Jasminum grandiflorum is
wafted on the cool air of the
starlit Egyptian nights, which,
like the days at this time of
the year, are ideal and restful,
after the excessive heat of
the past month. F. Gooch, Egyptian Ezpe
ditionary Force. '

of vegetables are hardy, and I see no good pur-
po.^ve in treating them as being half Jiardy. But
tiuj should not remain late in the ground
v.-here the .^oil is very wet, as they would be
liable to splitting, and become coarse ; and they
must, of course, be lifted if the ground they
occupy is urgently needed for a subsequemt
crop. In light soils the late batches of Carrots
and Beetroots may be wintered where grown,
drawing a little soil around the latter roots in
the event of severe frosts. C. Turner.
POTATO AND ONION CROPS AT HESTON.
For several years the Heston Horticultural
Society has encouraged its members to produce
heavy crops of Potatos by arranging annual
competitions. In one competition the heaviest
crop from a row 21 feet long wins, while in

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

LIFTING CARKOTS AND BEET.
'I'HE remarks on p. 158 by Mr. Dunn concern-
ing late crops should, I think, receive further
attention, and be applicable to the later sowings
of Beetroots. His note implies that Carrots
niiiv be taken up too soon. I believe that the
r-.Kjts of both Carrots and Beets are lifted too
early in many gardens. It seems to have be-
c(tme the practice of gardeners, as wejl as
amateurs, during the past few years, to store
these vegetables in October, and even early in
that _month. Except for the earliest sown
hatche.? this is quite unnecessarj'. Both kinds

[From sketch by Miss F. Bunyard.
G. 79. — CURRANT HOUGHTON CASTLE.
(See p. 206.)

another competition the grower must excel with
one plant grown on one square yard. This year
the entries were good, and all competitors had
to grow The Chapman from the same seed stock,
place the sets 18 inches apart, and allow 2^ feet
between the competitive row and the next rows.
The average crop from eighteen rows was 51^ lbs.
All the crops were lifted the same day and care-
fully weighed in the presence of a committee.
The separate results were : — Mr. W, Morris,
74i lbs. ; Mr. G. Weston, 72 lbs. ; Mr. T. Weston,
71i lbs. ; Mr. B. Masefield, 65^ lbs. ; Mr. J'.
Harmer, 62 lbs. ; Mr. A. Dyer, 59^ lbs ; Mr. H.
Chandler, 59 lbs. ; Mr. C. Lewis, 54i lbs. ; Mr.
S. A. Cragg, 53| lbs. ; Mrs. Masefield, 53.1 ibg. .
Mr. R. Walker, 51 lbs. ; Mr. A. Brett, 46 lbs. ;
Mr. P. A. Cragg, 40 lbs. ; Mr. A. Crier, 39 lbs. ;
Mr. W. G. Lobjoit, 38 lbs. ; Mr. C, Cox, 35 lbs. ;
Mr. A, J. Robbins, 32 lbs. ; Mr. E. Gladman.

208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 24, 1917.

23 lbs. It will be noticed that the. best crop was
just about 3i times the weight of the one lowest
on the list.

There were fourteen entries in the " one set
per square yard " competition, and here Mr. S.
Weston came out top with a crop of 11| lbs. ;
the other weights were 11, 10, 9, 8^-, 8i, 6, 6, 6,
6, 6, 4, 4, and 2i lbs. respectively, an average
of 7 lbs. per root.

A new competition was one in which a prize
was offered for the heaviest crop of Onions from
a 12-feet row. In this, Mr. Percy A. Cragg led
with 32^ lbs., closely followed by Mr. G. Weston
with 303 "^s. Other weights were 27i lbs.,
27 lbs., 18i lbs., 18 lbs., 17 lbs., 16i lbs., 16 lbs.,
and 14^ lbs., the average weight per row being
21 4-5 lbs. C. H. C.

IHE BREAKING UP OF GRASS LAND.
The leading article on this subject on p. 190
should do much to convince any waverers (and
there are not a few) as to the advisability of
breaking up unprofitable or even moderately
^ood grass la.nd. I have ample opportunities of
obsei-ving how little benefit to th© nation much
of the grass land is now, being chairman of
an advisory committee in this coumty, which
is charged with an order to add 90,000 acres to
the existing arable land. It is strange to see
how some cling to their pastures, when it can
easily be proved to them that much of their grass
land does not produce more than half a ton of
hay per acre, the hay being worth only £2 15s.
Under good arable cultivation a first season's
crop of Oats would return the grower at least
£9 per acre, less the cost of production, and
thi-< is a low estimate.

In this county there were not many failures ;
probably the most were only evidenit dxiring the
harvest after Mr. Middleton's report was made.
Where the Oats were a heavy crop many plants
were laid owing to heavy showers and high
winds. Oats are quite the besit of cereals to
grow on newly broken up .grass land, because
they grow away more quickly than any obher
cereal, provided chemical fertilisers are used
liberally. Wireworm does not injure the plamit
after the second pair of leaves is formed.

Where Oats are to be sown it is better to defer
the ploughing of grase land until the end of
Fefbruary or early in March, in order that the
sowing may be done promipUy. Wireworm has
not then time to ramify through the roots of
the grass before the Oat plant has grown out of
farm's way by the aid of liberal manuring.

The past season's experience will teach farmers
\-.here they erred in methods of cultivation,
especially with Potatos. The farmer was not
always to blame. In many cases hurriedi deci-
sions were arrived at to pat in certain crops,
and there was not always time for due pre-
paration. Earlier ploughing would have en-
abled the sward to decay more promptly — an ad-
vantage to the Potato crop. The advice given as
to the summer fallowing of strong land is good,
especially if it is foul, thus enabling cleaning
to be done. This summer was a bad season for
this kind of work, August being very showery.
Nowadays, too. there does not seem time to
fallow land much. Many farmers prefer to use
a catch-crop of some sort, such as Mustard,
Vetches, or Rape. Still, the fallowing of land
in the summer, followed by a dressing of farm-
yard manure, generally brings good Wheat the
following year. E. Molyneux.

AN ALLOTMENT GROWER'S EXPERI-
ENCE WITH POTATO GREAT SCOT.

At the beginning of the present year the
Parish Council of Ludworth decided to take
ever a small portion of a field for the purpose of
allotments. My plot, which measured 300 square
y.i-rds. was the very worst of the lot, being
waterlogged, and a large portion of it was
under water to the depth of about 1 inch. I dug
a trench 3 feet deep from cormer to comer, and
found an old drain to take awav the water at

one comer. Then I found a strong spring, and
had to trench again. The other allotment
i.olders formed a ditch down the south side, and
I got all the water again, and had to trench
that side as well. But in the long run it proved
a blessing, for I made a well there 4 feet deep,
and was never without water during the hottest
part of the year. I found a difficulty in getting
seed of Great Scot, but a friend sold me ten
tubers which weighed just on 2 lbs. I placed
them on the floor of my greenhouse to sprout,
and afterwards cut the ten tubers into 45 pieces,
each containing one eye. I got about five pieces
from each Potato. These I planted in 5-inch
pots in good soil, and plunged the pots in a
frame which I had just emptied of Violas. I
An% a trench across the allotment about 22 yards
Icng. I had no manure except a little dry
poultry droppings, and these I scattered at
the bottom of the trench. I planted the Potatos
about the first week in May. A single dusting
of sulphate of potash was used. Lord Howard
offered a cup valued £10 for the heaviest 15
Potatos grown on allotments belonging to him.
The hauhns of my Potatos by this time were li
yard long. I removed the soil at one root, and
the first potato I encountered weighed just over
14 oz. On the morning of the show at Glossop,
Sept. '29, I lifted the crop, and got together 15
Potatos of a total weight of 12i lbs. I won the
cup, but it was only by one permyweight, though

1 must add my runner-up had to dig the whole
of his allotment of 300 square yards, while I
dng up a 22-yard run only. The proudest
mcment was when I weighed the produce of that
one row, and found that I had got 114 lbs. of
good potatos, that is, 57 lbs. from each pound
of seed planted. H. G. Healy, Luilworth.

MAY QUEEN POTATOS AT BECKENHAM.
On ground occupied by Sweet Peas in 1916,
Mr A. Scutcher, The Gables Gardens, Wycombe
Road, Beckenham, planted May Queen Potatos.
Thirty-six sets were planted, 18 inches a.paa-t,
on an 18-yard run. The crop weighed 203 lbs.
when lifted, giving an average of 5 lbs. 10-29 oz.
per root. The gmallest yield from one root was

2 lbs. ; the highest was 10 lbs. Tlie Pota.tos were
spray edi twice dnring July, and the crop was
lifted on August Bank Holiday.

COOKING PUMPKINS.
One of the best methods of cooking Pumpkins
is to cut the fruits into moderate-sized cubes, put
them in a covered fireproof vessel with some
butter or fat (no water), and a ravigotte of
chopped Burnet and Parsley, with perhaps a Bay-
leaf or a tiny sprig of Winter Savory ; put in the
oven and let the fruit stew in its own juice. Re-
mainders may be used to make puree soup, for
what is there better than a good Pumpkin soup ?
Against jam and pies do the sugar and flour
positions forfend. H. E. D.

ALLOTMENTS AT BIRMINGHAM.

An exhibition of allotment produce was held
in the Birmingham Town Hall on the 7th and
8th inst., inaugurated by the Parks Committee
under the management of Mr. W. H. Morter,
Chief Officer of the Parks Department- Upwards
of 1,200 prizes were offered to allotment-holders
throughout the thirty districts of Birmingham.

About two hundred dishes of Potatos were
exhibited by the Board of Agriculture from
the trial grounds at Ormskirk. The trade was
represented by exhibits from Messrs. Sutton and
.Sons, Ed. Webb and Sons, Dickson and Robin-
son, Allwood Bros.. Gunn's, and Simpson and
Sons. Medals and Certificates of the Royal
Horticultural Society were awarded to tliese
firms, and also to some of Mie exhibits in the
competitive classes. The local Parks Depart-
ment contributed an excellent collection of vege-
tables.

Since the beginning of the present year the
Birmingham Parks Department has provided
about 5,500 plots to allotment-holders. J. S.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor

A«PARAQU8.— If a. sufficient num.ber of strong
roots ai'e available a supply of forced Asparagus
may be had' throughout the winter with little
trouble and expense. The crowns^ are quite ripe,
and a sitart with forcing may be made. A bnick
.pit is best ior the purpose, and a new hotbed
should be prepared from Oak-leaves, which will
produce a mild and lasting warmth capable of
forcing several batches of roots. If the tem-
perature of the bed should fall too low for forc-
ing, shaking up the leaves and mixing with them
a quantity of fresh material will correct mat-
ters. When the bed has been made firm de-
cayed manure should be spread over the sur-
face and a thin layer of sifted leaf-soil placed
on the top to prevent the roots from coming
into direct contact with the miannre before
growth commences. The roots should be placed
closely together and covered with fine leaf-
mould, which may be washed in amongst them,
using water warmed to 80°. In a few days the
young shoots will be sufficiently advanced in
growth to require a covering of fine, sifted leaf-
soil to the depth of 4 inches. By excluding the
light the leaf-mould will blanch the shoots and
cause much quicker growth. In 8 or 10 days
afterwards the Asparagus will be ready for cut-
ting. When Asparagus-roots are lifted from the
beds for forcing they should be placed' in the
forcing-pit at once.

Parblfy.- All overgrown and decaying leaves
should be removed from plants which are in-
tended to stand the winter in the open garden.
.The young growth produced after this date will
,be miioh hardier than that produced early in the
reason. Hoe the soil between the rows on fre-
^quent occasions. Plants in cold frames should
be treated in the same manner, and the lights
kept off until frosts occur.

Sprino Cabb»op.— Examine the rows of
Spring Ca.bbage, and if slugs are present dust
with hot lime in the early morning and again
a week later. Hoe the ground and fill all vacant
places in the rows with as little delay as pos-
sible. Plants which are still in the seed-bed
should be transplanted at once ina border where
the soil is not over-rich, allowing a space of
4 inches between the plants each way.

Green Herbs in Winter.- Place roots of
Mint audi 'Tajragon on a gentle hotbed to fur-
nish supplies of green shoots. Sorrel and Chives
are easily forced in this way. A good ball of
soil should be left on the roots, placing the
plants quite close together on a gentle hotbed.

Potatos.- All seed tubers of early Potatos
should be selected and placed on trays with as
little delay as possible. Many of the early varie-
ties are producing shoots, and if not carefully
placed on trays at once much injury may be
done, as the growth is almost certain to become
drawn. A cool shed is suitable for sprouting
Potatos, (provided frost is excluded. All Potatos
in store should have sufficient covering placed
over them to protect them from frost. It is
good practice to secure a quantity of dry mate-
rial for this purpose and keep it ready for use.

FRUITS UNDER fGLASS.

By Jas. HnnsoN, Head Gardener at Gunnersbury House,
Acton, W.

Vines Grown w/ith other Fruits -Good
results can be obtained from vines and fruit
trees in houses not specially given over to their
cultivation. In a moderate-sized house it is
often possible to plant a vine at one end and
allow at to run over the roof. Snch a house
here, used in the winter to store large scented-
leaved Pelargoniimis and other decorative plants,
oontains a good type of Black Alicante vine,

November 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

209

which has produced for many years past fine
crops of Grapes, some of the bunches this
season weighing more than 5 lbs. No proper
border was prepai'ed for the vine, which
was merely planted in one barrow-load of loam.
The house has a west aspect and a span-roof,
the walls at the sides being about 8 feet high.
The bunches are usually all cut by the time the
Pelargoniums are stored, and there is no trouble
with damping in the berries if a steady fire ifi
kept going. Many glasshouses could be turned
to account in this way, and a saving of labour
and expense effected. I know of a span-roofed
conservatory in the ilidlands in which Figs are
planted at one side and thinly trained on the
roof to allow the light to enter the house. What
is applicable to vines and Figs applies also in
a lesser degree to Peaches and Nectarines.
Attacks of green fly and other insect pests must
be guarded against when fruit trees are culti-
vated in houses with other plants.

Fruit Trees as Decorative Plants.— It
is surprising that greater use is not made of
Peaches and Nectarines as decorative plants in
large tubs and pots during the spring. They
m:ay be used in consers'atories in which early
bulbs and other spring flowers are grown. With
a proper amount of ventilation it is possible to
secure fairly good crops of fruit. Suitable varie-
ties for the purpose are Peregrine and Dr. Hogg
Peaches, and HumboWt and Early Rivers' Nec-
tarines. Early Rivers' and May Duke Cherries
might also be tried ; the pollen of May Duke
would set the fruits of Early Rivers. Even if
the crops of fruit are not so large as could be
desired the plants will be highly decorative when
in flower. I saw an admirable illustration of
this method in a garden on the Continent, where,
in a epan-roofed house, several Peach and Nec-
tarine trees were furnished with good crops of
fruit. The trees were all growing in large tubs,
and had made good growth.

Fruits of Passiflora.— The fruits of both
Passiflora edulis and P. quadrangularis may be
used for dessert ; the former .s^pecies doee not
require so much warmth as the latter, and it is
distinctly ornamiental when in fruit. The one
essential in fruiting these climbers is to see that
the flowers are pollinated, which often has to
be done by hand. Keep the young shoot«
stopped when the fruits are forming to cause
them to seed.

WiNTERiNQ Pot Trees.— Where no attempt
will be made t.n exclude frost from houses in
which pot trees will be wintered, measures mu.'>t
be taken to safeguard the pots against being
cracked during severe frost. One method is to
secnre sufficient dry stable litter to place between
the pots and over the surface, .\nother is to
plunge the pots in cinder ashes from the stoke-
holes. In an absolutely cold house, and where
the growth is normal, the latter system may be
adopted. The soil in the pots will keep moist,
and the pots may Vie plung=^d as close together as
possible, thus saving room and necessitating the
nse of fewer ashes. Our late Plums are plunged
in this way until the flowerinc period arrives.
'.liHp they aiT rr arranged further apart. When
litter is used there is a possibility of the soil
becoming dry at the roots.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthttr J.
Davbt, .\bbots Wood. Godalming, Surrey.

Cherries. —In planting both sweet ,and
Morello Cherries, choose well-drained, loamy
soil, containing plenty of old mortar-rubble or
lime. Plant firmly, and do the work in dry
weather. Cordon trees should hp set 2 feet apart,
those of f,^^ shape. 15 to 20 feet, bu.'ih trees and
pyraniid.i 9 to 12 feet, and standard trees for
orchards 15 to 20 feet, apart. Established
trees may be pruned and trained from now on-
wards. Cut out all dead spurs and prune the
"ew shoots to about three buds. If the frees
Tiave been summer pruned, the growths will
require very little shortening at this operation.
Train in t'"> shoots of the cuiTent sea.son evenlv,
and MSP plenty nf loose ties to keep them in
position.

"piiNiNo.-Take advantage of fine, mild
weather to prune Pear and Apple trees. Bush

trees should be thinned freely and the branches
trained regularly apart. There will be no long
shoots on trees that were summer pruned, and
those that have reached their size limit should be
pruned hard. Mature trees need root-praniing
occasionally in order to restore the balance of
growth between roots and branches. Endeavour
to obtain fruiting wood in all parts of the tree, for
where the fruit sets in clusters irregularly it is
never of the finest quality. Exhausted spurs on
very old trees should be thinned and the develop-
ment of fresh ones encouraged. The pruned spurs
wiU break thickly and strongly into growth in
the spring, when they should be thinned to a
suitable number. Some trees naturally grow
shapely and require much less pruning into shape
than others.

Wall Trees.- Trees growing on walls or
other supports need similar treatment to that de-
scribed above. When the pruning has been done
and the trees cleaned, the shoots may be either
nailed or tied to the support. All old ties should
be removed, as these may contain insects or the
larvae of insects. Following the work of train-
ing and tieing the trees, a thin layer of soil should
be raked off the border, in case grubs or cater-
pillars are harbouring therein. After this, a
slight dressing of lime or basic slag should be
used, and a little fresh soil or ashes scattered
over the surface to provide a clean substance
for walking on. The part of the border contain-
ing the roots should not be dug with a spade.
but loosened lightly with a fork. Vegetables,
etc., should not be planted nearer than 3 or
4 feet from the wall. If insect pests are de-
tected, cleanse the trees thoroughly. American
blight requires care and vigilance to stamp it
out, as it spreads rapidly to other trees.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

By J. Collier, Gardener to Sir Jeremiah Col&un,
Bart., Gatton Park, Reigate.

~ Dbndrobium.— The majority of plants of D.
Phalaenopsis Schroderianum and its varieties are
in bloom. The flowers may be kept in good con-
dition for several weeks if the plants are grown
in a dry, intermediate temperature. The flower-
in;; should not be allowed to exhaust the energies
I'f the plants; therefore, as soon as the pseudo-
bulbs show the least sign of shrivelling, cut off
the ^ikes, ,A.fter passing out of flower the plants
should be placed near the roof-glass in a house
having an intermediate temperature. D. for-
mcsum giganteum should receive similar treat-
nient after passing out of flower. Evergreen
Dtndrobiums. such as D. thyrsiflorum, D. densi-
florum, and D. chrj'.sotoxum should be placed in
the intermediate house after completing their sea-
.son's growth, and afforded only sufficient water
at the roots to keep the leaves fresh and the
pseudo-bulbs plump.

LvcABTE.— Plants of L. .Skinneri, L. Balliae,
and L. Maiy Grafcrix will soon bo finishing their
growth and sending up flowers from the bases of
the new pseudo-bulbs. The roots should be kept
somewhat drier, but on no account should they
be .allowed to shrivel for want of moisture; the
check they will receive from having less water
at the roots will cause a larger quantity of flowers
to push up at one time than would otherwise de-
velop. These plants grow well in a light posi-
tion in the Odontoglossum house provided the
temperature does not fall below 50°. L. leu-
cantha, L. aromatica, L. DepTjed, and L. cruenita
require water less frequently ; these Orchids are
best grown permanently m the intermediate
house.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv W. J. GniSB, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall. Staffordshire.

Early-flowcrino Chrysanthemums.—

There is no advantage in leavmg border Chry-
santhemums in the open after this date. After
lifting th(i.s._- required for stock purposes in these
gardens Ip.st autumn, several dozen plants were
left in the beds, but not one survived the winter.
Before lifting see that the labels are tied securely
to each variety. Planf them closely together in
shallow frames to obtain stocky growth suitable
for cuttlnes. Where there is a shortace of frames
the stools may be planted in boxes and wintered
in a cold house near the roof-gla.ss. Admit air

on all favourable occasions, only employing just
sufficient fire-heat to exclude frost.

WicHURAiANA RosES.— All the Wichuraiana
hybrids are suit.able for fm-nishing pergolas,
trunks of trees, trellises, and walls. As the
plants will occupy the same position for several
years, let the ground be well drained and tho-
roughly worked. If the soil is poor remove it
to a depth of 3 feet and 3 feet in width, re-
placing it with a mixture of old tiu-f. decayed
manure, leaf-mould, and bone meal. For cover-
ing trellises, pergolas, or trunks of trees choose
such varieties as Excelsa, Dorothy Perkins,
Alberic Barbier, Mrs. F. W. Flight, Blush
Rambler, Gardenia, Hiawatha, White Dorothy,
Flower of Fairfield, and American Pillar. Weep-
ing standards of some of these varieties are very
effective when planted in the background of
mixed borders.

Lily-of-the-Valley — Beds of Lily-of-the-
Valley become crowded after a few years, and
unless the crowns are replanted they become weak
and fail to flower. Trench the ground and mix
with it a liberal amount of decayed manure, leaf-
uiuuld, and, if the soil is of a heavy, retentive
nature, a quantity of old potting soil or sand.
Lift the crowns carefully and select the finest for
pot culture or for planting in special beds. Plant
the crowns in rows made 12 inches asunder,
and allow a space of 6 inches between the crowns
SnaU crowns planted ir, reserve beds will make
good plants, suitab'e for putting into permanent
quarters next year. Give the beds that were
planted last year a light top-dressing of decayed
manure and leaf -mould, after all weeds and rub-
bish have been removed.

Fallen Leaves.— The difficulty of obtaining
farmyard manure in any quantity is increasing.
At Keele we have huge reserves of decayed
leaves, and these are incorporated with the
manure available, including decaying vegeitable
matter and burnt ashes from the rubbish-yajd.
The labour difficulty has delayed the work of
sweeping patlis and' drives, excepting those in
immediate use. Now most of the deciduous
trees have shed their leaves these will be col-
lected and placed in convenient positions for
future use. Large quantities will soon be re-
quired for forcing early vegetables.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Bulbs for Early Flowering. -Examine
bulbs of early-fiowering Tulips and Narcissi,
which were potted up early, and plunged in leaf-
soil or fibre, at intervals, to see what progress has
been made. Remove all those that have started
into growth freely and filled their pots with roots.
Place them in a frame and shade the frame with
a mat for a few days until the foliage has be-
come green, when they may be exposed to the
light and air. A batch should be taken into the
forcing house every week or ten days, according
to requirements. Tulips will respond to hard
forcing better than most bulbs. Daffodils should
not be subjected to a high temperature or some
will fail to bloom, and others grow weakly and
not last well. Bulbs of this class, when in full
growth, require plenty of water, and liquid
manure or soot water to aid the development of
the blooms.

Cyclamen latifolium.— Early plants of the
Chinese Cyclamien are developing their blooms,
ami should be encouraged to grow freely. Ar-
ranige the plants thinly, on a damp bottoim if
possible, in a light house. The day teimpera-
ture should range between 55° and 60°, admit-
ting a little air and increasing the ventilation
as the temperature rises with sun-heat above 60°.
Give the plants a little weak manure water, or
top-dress them with a little very fine soil in
which a small quantity of concentrated fertiliser
h.is been mixed. Though the flowers of Cycla-
mens are not always satisfactoiw for use as cut
blooms, small flowering planits are suitable for
placing in china vases and similar receptacles
in dwelling-rooms, as the blooms remain fresh
for a long time, few other plants giving bebter
results. The late batch of plants intended for
flowering in spring niav be grown 10° cooler;
these late plants will giive blooms of large size
and subsfanoe.

210

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 24, 1917.

KDITORIAL ' NOTICE.

Editors and Publi»h«r. — Out corrttpond»nt$
would obviaf delay in obtaininf antweri U
their communications and save ut much time and
trouble, if they would kindly obterve the notice
•printed weekly to the effect that all letteri relating
to financial viatters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publbhbr; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department^ and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, PublishiJig and Editorial, are distinct,
mid much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

ATBBAQZ Mbau Tbhpbkatubi Jor th« enxuUi^ week
deduced from observatianfl during the la«t fifty
years at Greenwich, 41.5.
Actual Teupkratubb : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offlc«, 41. WeUinjrton Street,
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, November 22,
10 a.m. : Bar. 29.9; temp. 54.5°. Weather-
Cloudy.

8ALE8 FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 3 o'clock, by
Protheroe & Morris.

To those familiar with

New Zealand the curious cushioii
Cushion Plants, plants, suoh as the
various New .Zealand
Raoulias, Mr. Foweraker's description* of
the mat plants and cushion plants of the
Cass River Bed, Canterbury, S. Island,
New Zeahxnd, will be of great interest.

The district in which occur the plants
described by Mr. Foweraker consists of the
lower portion of the Cass Valley — a flood-
plain about 4i miles long bj- nearly two
miles in breadth, with the river occupying
a small strip in the centre. The river
flows as a network of runlets, in the dry
season narrow and isolated, but in flood
meeting and forming a considerable
stream. Cushion and mat plants are met
with over the whole river plain, but are
most numerous and interesting in the
river bed itself.

The bed consists of water-worn rock in
masses which range from Humps several
feet in thickness to mere particles of sand.
The characteristics of such a soil and situa-
tion are poverty of nutritive salts, a
stony substratum rapidly drying out, and
pHent}' of underground water ; desert con-
ditions above ground, but a plentiful sup-
ply of moisture for the roots of plants.
Thus in spite of a high rainfall and the
water supply below, the conditions are
those of a desert, and the vegetation re-
flects those conditions in its xerophytic
character.

On the "transition terraces" whicli lie
between the river bed and the edges of
the flood plain Raoulia tenuicaulis is the
dominant pliant, and one of the first to
become established. It spreads as a
greenish or greyish mat a yard or more in
diameter ; ultimately neighbouring mats
run together and form patches covering
areas of .30 square yards and more.
This species also hangs over the edges of
the torrnces bordering the stream and
helps to consolidate the bank, giving pro-
tection from weathering and river erosion.

• "The Mat Plants. Oushion Plants, and Allierl Forms of
the Cass River B»d (Eastern Botanical District*, New Zea-
Land." bv 0. E. Foweraker, Tt'aT^s. Ntw Zealand huttitute.
Vol. XLlX., June, 1917. ■^ __^

By its position it is very liable to be
covered with sand during inundations, but
its rapid growth enables it to " grow out "
of this sort of danger. As is to be ex-
pected from its situation, R. tenuicaulis
is less of a xeroph3i:e than the other species
occurring in more waterless parts of the
valley. \

Another plant which joins this species
in invading and helping to reclaim the
newly exposed shingle is Raoulia australis.
Like the former species, it is a mat plant,
and possesses, though to a less degree than
R. tenuicaulis, the power of rapid g.rowth.
On tlie upper terraces R. lutescens, of
slower growth, is found on the open
.shingle, arid often forms cushions curving
over the edges of old watercourses. Its
cushions are more or less circular,
raised in the centre, of smooth contour,
and its surface is the smoothest of all
Raoulias. During summer its colour is
glaucous, owing to the greyish tomentum
of tHe leaves, but in winter it is grey,
tinged with pink. The leaves are small,
coriaceous, densely hairy, and contain
water-storing tissue — all xerophytic char-
acters which assist in enabling the plant
to grow in situations devoid of humus.

The cushion plant best known to
botanists in this country is Raoulia
Haastii. It occurs on the upper terraces —
its slowness of growth confining it to those
situations.

The cushions formed by R. Haastii are
large — more than a yard across and 5
inches deep. They are bright green in
summer and chocolate -brown in winter.
The periphery and surface of the cushion
are irregular, the surface being thrown
into numerous mounds and hollows formed
by the j-oung plant growing over or round
obstacles which is encounters. Though
irregular in contour, the surface is smooth
owing to the compactness and uniformity
of the branchlets.

On the oldest terraces occurs R. sub-
sericea in the form of large, flat mats, .so
loose as to allow other plants to grow up
within the space it occupies.

R. glabra is ubiquitous in the Cass Val-
lev, and grows as a lax mat. R. Monroi
also forms an irregular mat on the old
terraces.

A true cushion plant of this region is
Scleranthus biflorus var. Other plants
with mat or cushion habit found in the
river terraces are Coprosma Petriei, as a
wide-spreading mat, Pimelea prostrata
var. repens, ^luehlenbeckia axillaris, and
Acaena microphylla. It is interesting to
oKserve that, as the names given above
indicate, the cushion or mat habit of
growth has imposed itself on members of
diverse families: Polvgonaceae, Caryo-
phyllaceae, Rosaceae, Thymelaeaceae,
Rubiaceae, and Compositae, and in this
fact is an interesting example of what is
often referred to as convergent evolution :
di.ssimilar organisms taking on similar
forms.

The most strikinpr peculiarity of such
forms is the occurrence of "fiOlinff mate-
rials," that is, structures — matted branch-
lets, for example — which provide for the

compactness of the cushion or mat, collect
sand, and in which often run a greater
or smaller number of adventitious roots.
The filling material, composed of humus
from dead leaflets, blown sand and
debris, forms a medium of considerable
water absorbing and water holding capa-
city, converts the cushion into a sponge,
and renders the plant to some extent inde-
pendent of its substratum. Thus the large
cushions of Raoulia Haastii are quite moist
inside even though all round them the
sliingle is quite dry.

That tlie form is well adapted to its en-
vironment is evident from the manner in
which it withstands wind, rain, frost,
desiccation, and snow, to all of which tests
the mat and cushion plants are put. It is
noteworthy that the long tap root so char-
acteristic in desert plants is conspicuous
only in Scleranthus and Pimelea. It
occurs in other of the cushion and mat
plants, but an adventitious root system de-
veloping early checks the growth of the
main tap root. The genus Raoulia exhibits
an interesting series of forms, progressing
toward and achieving the perfect cushion.
Thus R. glabra is large-leaved, lax, with
large rosettes ; R. subsericea is similar, but
denser; R. australis, which lives on the
shingle, is more matted ; R. lutescens, a
true cushion plant ; R. Haastii, one in
which the cushion habit is j-et more pro-
nounced ; R. eximia, of dry Alpine and
sub-Alpine rocks, and the famous vege-
table sheep of New Zealand, a subject of
curiosity to aU observant visitors at Wisley
and other rock gardens.

National Carnation and Picotee
Society (Southern Section).— The Southern
.Section of the Niitional Carnation and Picotee
Society will hold an exhibition on Tuesday,
July 15, 1918, at the Drill Hall, Buckingham
Gate, Westminster, in connection with the fort-
nightly meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society.

Gardening by Soldiers.- The land culti-
vated by soldiers around the various military
camps has been inspecte<l by officers of the F^od
Production Department. They report that the
Commanding Officers not only express themselves
satisfied with the results of Potato spraying,
but have asked for lectures to be given during
the winter to the men engaged in cultivation.

Commercial Alcohol.— Preliminiry tests
having proved satisfactory, the Food Proiluction
Department has arranged for an extensive ex-
periment in the making of commercial alcohol
from' damaged or undersized Potatos at a dis-
tillery in Scotland,

Instruction in Horticulture.— With the

object of increasing the production of food and
securing its preservation, arrangements have
been made by the Food Production Department
for systematic courses of instruction to allot-
ment societies and similar bodies during the
winter. The courses of instruction will include :
(1) Lectures by a staff of twenty experts selected
by the Royal Horficultural Society ; (2) lectures
on Potato disease and the results of this year's
spraying, by members of the staff of the Food
Production Department ; (3) demonstrations in
drying and other methods of preserving fruit and
vegetables.

DFOFNr RATION OF POTATOs. - Our French
correspondent A. M. sends us the following
note on this subject : " The hundred year-old col-
lection of Potatos maintained at Verri&res-le-

NOTEMBKE 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

211

Buisson by MM. Vilmorin-Andeiettx et Cie.
is interesting from the point of view of degene-
ration. The collection was entrusted by the
French Agricultural Society in 1815 to th»
great-grandfather of the late Philippe db Vil-
MORIN. Three plants of each of 120 varieties
are propagated each year. The progeny of these
varieties have been described from time to time
in successive editions of the ' Catalogue Metho-
dique et Synonymique des Pommes de Terre. '
Many of the varieties have had only a brief
duration at Verrieres, and the collection is only
maintained by replacing each year those that
disappear. Of the 120 varieties originally
planted only about one dozen survive, and these

November 14, referred to the inferior see^ds
which had in the past been sent into this coun-
try from abroad, containing frequently admi.x-
tures of old seed, and pointed out the protection
which would be given to farmers by the new
institute. The President called attention to the
fact that the station must be considered as
a war' emergency measure, and expi'essed his
appreciation of the help which had been re-
ceived from Professor Beffen and Mr. Stapleton
and from the seed dealers and merchants of tWs
country, who, in spite of tie serious depletion
of their staffs, and difficulties under which they
were working, had given their best efforts un-
grudgingly to help in the establishment of the

at £1,100, so that the necessity for economy
had been fully met, and he hoped that the test-
ing station would develop eventually so as to
become an Institute of Applied Botany.

War iTEMt.— Forty disliesof Apples, each dish
containing six fruits, were sold by auction for
the benefit of the Red Cross funds at the Ex-
change News Room at Liverpool on the 14th inst.
The fruit was given by Messrs. Kers, Ltd.,
Basnett Street, and the sum realised was £110,
or nearly 10s. per apple.

Gunner C. W. Corbett died on the 10th

inst. in No. 3 Canadian Casualty Clearing Sta-
tion. He enlisted in the R.G..\. in January,

Fig. 80. — brasso laf.lio-mttleya lady manningham bi'li.er.
Colour of flower yellow. (See R.H.S. Awarda, p. 213.)

only as a result of the special care given to them.
Of those that ' carry on ' three are relatively
vigorous, and are varieties still grown in France.
.They are La Chave (Shaw), La Marjolin, and
La Vitelette, but it is to be noted that these
plants grow to-day even if they are not from
the original stocks."

"Qaroen Monthly. "—The Newspajier
World announces tliat tlw; C'ardr.n Monthhj, pub-
lashed for some years by the Educational Com-
pany of Ireland in Dublin, has suspended publi-
cation " until the dawn of a brighter day."

OpENiNa OF N«w Sceo-TEaTiNQ Station.—

The Presddent of the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries, on opening the new Seed-Testing Sta-
tion at 70, Victoria Street, Westminster, on

institute. The President referred to the fact
that Inelajid had an dnstitute i6 years ago, and
Scotland 8 years ago, and that the one now
inaugurated would work in co-operation with
the Irish and Scottish institutes. In future the
farmers, instead of purchasing seeds witli foreign
certificates, -would have seeds with the certificate
of this institute, and this would give them a
measure of assurance of quality whiich they had
not hitherto been able to obtain. The Presi-
dent momtioned with great appreciation tJie ser-
vices rejidered by Mr. Weaver in establishing
the institute, and also referred to the appoint-
ment of Mr. Stapleton, one of the leading
authorities on seeds in this country, as director.
The institute had been established at a coi>t t '
only £500, with an amnual expenditure estimated

1914, and was sent with his company to St.
Helena, returning before Christmas, and he has
since served in France. Gunner Corbett was ap-
prenticed in the gardens O'f Colonel W. H.
Wharton, Skelton Castle, Skelton-in-Cleveland,
and he was afterwards employed in the gardens
of the Earl of Ellesmere, Wocrsley Hall, Man-
chester. At the time of his enlisting in the
Army he was employed in the Orchid depa/rt-
men't at Scajrapston Hall Gajdens, RiUington.

Publications Received —TAe Life of the
Rt. Hon. Sir Charles W. Dilke, Bart., M.P.

By Stephen Gwynn, M.P., and Gertrude M.
Tuckwe'l. 2 vols. (London : John Murray.)
Price 36s. net. — Agriculture and the Land. By
G. F. Bosworth. (Cambridge : The University
Press.)

212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 24, 1917.

SOOTY BLOTCH ON APPLES.

The extraordinaTy prevalence of sooty blotch
(Leptothyrium Pomi) has been noticed incident-
ally in^ my previous notes. The varieties most
extensively attacked in my orchards were Cox's
Orange Pippin, Charles Ross, Bramley's Seed-
ling (see fig. 81), and Blenheim Pippin. This
disease is widely prevalent in the United States,
but has not excited much attention in this
country. Mame, in his Diseases of Otiltivated
Plants and Trees, does not mention it. Damp
weather and lack of sun-dried air are predispos-
inc causes of the attack and development of the
fi rigus. Southern Grower.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

(The Editors do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by corresjwjidenis.)
Autumn Crocuses.— I read with interest,
as I always do, Sir Herbert Maxwell's " Notes
from a Galloway Garden," in the issue for
November 10. He expresses surprise at the
little use that is made of autumn-flowering
Crocuses. Extraordinary use of them is made
by rats and mice, which doubtless accounts for
their scarcity, wliilst Colchicums are never
touched by them, though growing in my gai-den
side by side. I know of no plant, root, or bulb
which is more often attacked by rats and mice,

Aitchisonii is even finer. In oux Scotch climate
the Autuann and Winter-flowering Crocuses
almost call for, and certainly deserve, the com-
forts of a cold frame. Form/thin.

Raising Variities op New Flowers from

Seed.— One sentence in the note on " Rose Ameri-
can Pillar and its Origin," by Mr. Easlea,
]i. 196, was particularly interesting to me. It was
that in which the writer stated that Mr. McGredy
had raised several Gold Medal Roses from one
seedling plant This bears out my experience
in the case of another quite different class of
plants, namely, the Fuchsia. With this I had, at
least, a fair measure of success, some of my rais-
ing being now well-established varieties. At first
the results were indifferent, till, talking one day
with Mr. Lodman, an old-time gardener, and a
well-known raiser of Fuchsias, he pointed out
(what I h&d already experienced] that many good
kinds would produce very few, it any, fertile
seeds, and even of that limited number none of
the progeny ever approached the parent in
quality. He instanced a case of his own, in
which the breeder plant, a seedling of no parti-
cular class, yielded a crop of good seeds, and
the plants raised from it gave a great variety of
quite superior flowers. I then set to work as
far as possible on the same lines, and, though
a slow process to carry out, good results ensued.
My best seed-bearer was one with a pinkish-
white corolla, and it yielded varieties with
white, pinkish, and dark corollas. The flowers

Fig. 81. — br.\iiley's seedling apples affected with sootv Bi.OTfH.

and they have destroyed the struggling shoots
with me times without number. How they can
discover the builbs of, say. Crocus speciosus,
be it dormant, in leaf, or in flower, beats tlie
wit of man to know. These bulbs have long
been favourites of mine, but it is exasperating
to find, on one's return after a few da-ys'
absence, the clumps destroyed or the grass
riddled with holes. Rats, I think, are the
wcrst offenders (they can eat more), but
there is a field-mouse or vole, somewhat flat
and red, which I think rejoices in the name <if
Arvicola agrestis, w-hich is most destructive.
Now for the remedies, which, alas ! are scarcely
able to cope with the destroyers. I find
traps baited with the ordinary dainties of
cheese, oatmeal, and other foods offer no at-
traction whatever to the vermin, but, haits
of nuts (Brazil nuts are possibly the best),
are irresistible. I encouraged owls, and in-
troduced not a few, but, unfortunately,
they ate my ringdoves, which had given
me much pleasure, cooing among the branches
in the garden. I think the most effective
plan I have yet fonnd for protecting the
bulbs is by pla<;ing a piece of neitting with very
smiall mesh, say, not more than \ inch, over
the bulbs when they are planted, or even on the
surface of the ground where the bulbs are, and
when this is covered with some carpeting plant,
such as Veronica reriens or .\rpna.ria })alearica,
it is never seen, and helps to keep the Crocus
blooms cleaner in dirty weather. Crocus
speciosus is one of the test, but C. speciosus

were fertilised with different coloured kinds. In
raising varieties with light tube and sepals, I
never met witli much success. IT'. T.

Plantinq Rhododendrons (see p. 199). —
In the case of Rhododendrons, better re-
sults are obtained from mid-April planting
than autumn planting in average seasons.
Both temperature and moisture are favourable,
and the sun has not attained sufficient power to
cause a severe strain upon the resources of the
plants. The necessity of excluding lime from
soils and composts to be occupied by Rhododen-
drons is recognised, and peat with sand is com-
monly employed with success, but a good, light
garden soil containing plenty of humus and no
rani; manure suits many of the stronger varie-
ties quite as well as the more elaborate prepara-
tions. One of the strongest points in my mode
of procedure is to transplant quickly. James A.
Poire. Aldenham.

The Late Mp. Mabshauu — My faAher had
charge of Mr. William Marshall's collections of
plants the whole time he had them, and I have
by me all the certificates and prize cards won
bv these collections, which number nearly 400.
They include 10 Gold and 4 Silver Medals
and 45 R.H.S. Certificates, which will show to
what extent Mr. Mar.shall cultivated Orchids.
The Lindley Medal, although awarded, for some
reason was not handed eifler to Mr. Marshall
or my father. Mv father was elected a member
of the Floral Committee of the R.H.S. in 1872.
W. Wilson, East Dene Gmdens, Bonchurch,
I. of W.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

November 20. — The fortnightly meeting, held
in the Drill Hall, Buckingham Gate, Westminr
f-ter, on Tuesday last, was accompanied by an
exhibition of moderate extent. In normal times
Chrysanthemums and other autumn flowers are
extensively shown at the November meetings,
with winter-flowering Begonias, Primulas,
Ferns, and Carnations. These were represented
on Tuesday, but by smaller and fewer exhibits.
The largest individual display was in the floral
section, and consisted of a table of winter-flower-
ing Begonias, reminiscent of the groups which
used to emanate from Messrs, Veitch's nurseries
In the days when these Begonias were more or
less novelties. The Floral Committee recom-
mended Awards of Merit to two new Chrysan-
themums and to the Duchess of Bedfoeli's fine
strain of Primula obconica kjiown as Eureka.

Besides several fine groups, many interesting
novelties were submitted for award to the
Orchidi Committee, and general admiration was
aroused by the beautiful yellow Brasso-Laelio-
Cattleya Lady Manningham Buller (see fig. 80),
which well merited the First-class Certificate and
Silver-gilt Lindley IMedal received. The other
awards included two Awards of Merit and one
Cultural Commendation.

The Fruit and Vegetable Committee found
for inspection only a few seedling Apples, but
nnn: was considered worthy of award.

The lecture on the cooking of fruit, which was
to have been delivered by Mr. Hermann Senn,
was postponed.

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. H. B. Mav (chairman), G.
Reuthe, J. W. Blakev. C. R.' Fielder, J. Jen-
nings, J. Heal, T. Stevenson, C. Dixon, H. J.
Jones, J. Dickson, C. E. Pearson, E, H. .Ten-
kins, G. Paul, W. G. Baker, S. Morris. E. A.
Bowles. R. C. Notcutt, R. Hooper Pea.rson,
A. G. Jackman. H. Cowley, W. J. Bean, W. A.
Bilney, and J, F. McLeod.

Awards of Merit.

Ohriisontliemurn. Brilliant. — -A medium-sized
Japanese variety, of deep crimson colour, with
golden reverse. The florets are rather short
and somewhat stiff, but the tone is exceedingly
rich. Shown by Messrs. H. J. Jones, Ltd.

Chrysanthemvm Prineess Mary. — A clear yel-
low sport from Queen Mary, of which it is a
replica in all respects save colour: a Japanese
exhibition variety of the largest type. Shown by
Mr. Charles Page, Dropmore Gardens, Maiden-
head.

Primvla nhronira " Eiirel-a" (strain).— This
plant received an Award of Merit at the meeting
on Mav 8, 1917, but the award was made on the
riresent occasion for the strain. In the large
hatch exhibited on Tuesday the colour ranp-ed
from rose-pink to deep carmine ; some of the
blooms have a verv pretty crimson rinf round
the clear vellow throat. Shown by .'\ni!LrNE
Duchess "f BEDroRD, Wnndside, Chenies, Rick-
manswnrth (gr. Mr. .1. Dickson).

Groups.

The following awards were made to collec-
tions : —

Silver Flora Medal to IVlisses Tanner and
T,.\TE for winteT-flowerins Begonias; their best
vnripties were Fmily Clibran. Optima, and
Clibra.n's Pink. Thcv also showed a new. varietv
nnmed Mrs. Harrv Ba.rton, which has an un-
ri"ht habit, and produces semi-double. le"inn-
vellow blooms, some of the petal"! of whiph have
a verv faint suffusion of pink. Tho flowers a.re
a.boii'f li inch across.

fJih-er Brivl-.^iav Medal." to Messrs. H. B.
Mat and Sons. Upper Edmonton, for Ferns,
■RocTQTiins. nnr^ Primula obconica • Mi=«es Pptpi;
■MP Ftfe. Horsted Kevnes, for Perpetnal-
flowpripiT Carnations, ipclndinrr fVieir rovelties
iVT3.''sIo Ca larce blnom of liVTif. ninl.- coloin-l, Mal-
r-,'.,-, r^<.,.;=».s;rarlptl and G-J/.pI fpl-nm-purploV

Brnnze Flora Medal to Mess-rs. Pipers, Bavs-
ivator. for decorative shrubs and berried' plants
in pots-

Bron-.e T^anhsinv Medals to Messrs. Ai.LWOOD
Bros.. Wivelsfield, for Perpetual-flowering
Carnations ; Adeline Duchess of Bedford, for

NOVEMBEB 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

213

Primulas; Messrs. Sin art Low and Co., Bu^h
Hill Park, for Perpetual-flowering Carnations;
Messrs. W. Wells and Co., iierstham, for
Chrysanthemums, a very pleasing exhibit, in
which only two varieties were used, Bronze
Beauty (single) and Lady Stanley (pink decora-
tive variety); and Mr. (i. Rexjthe, Kestoji, for
Neriues and hardy plants.

Opchia Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas.
(J'Brien (hon. secretary), J. E. Shill, W. Bolton,
Fred. J. Hanbury, C. J. Lucas, J. Charlesworth,
C. H. Cuilis, Pantia Ralli, A. McBean, T. Arm-
strong, R. A. Rolfe, F. K. Sander and Waltei'
Cobb.

AWARDS.
Fikst-class Cebtificate.

Brauo-Laelio-Cattieya Lady Manning/uim
Buller [B.-C Dnjltyano-Mosstat CJuevn Altxan-
dra X L.-C. Ophir), from Messrs. Ar-msteong
AND Beovvk, Tunbridge Wells. — This flower is a
triumph for the hybndiser, and one of the best
yellow Orchids ever raised, bearing out oui- ex-
pressed remarks as to the potency of the some-
what despised Laelia xantliina, wiuch, with Cat-
tleya Dowiana aurea, produced L.-C. Ophir, as
a satisfactory element in producing yellow
hybrids. The large, perfectly formed flower (see
fig. 80) is buttercup yellow, the disc of the finely
crimped and fringed lip being of the darker tint.
Thi- substance of the flower is good, and the
habit of the plant free. A Lindley Medal was
also awarded for the plant.

Awabds of Mekit.

Sophro-Latlio-Catlleya Anzac var. Vesuvius
{S.-L.-C. Marathon x L.-C. Dominiana), from
Messrs. Chableswouth and Co., Haywards
HeaAh. — A finely-sbajjed flower of a clear rosy-
maave colour with a reddish tint over the sepals
and petalfi and light claret-red front to the lap.

Odontofjlosaum General Allenby (crisyum
n'ujrescens x hybrid], from Messrs. Flohy and
Black, Slough. — A handsome seedling, having
claret-red sepals and petals with small, white
bases and narrow, white margin ; tlie broad,
white lip has a large claret blotch in front of
the yellow crest.

CoLTCBAL Commendation.

To Mr. J. E. Shill, Orchid grower to Baron
Beuno Schrodeb, The Dell, Englefield Green,
for a supeirb plant of the whit« Cattleya Astron,
with ten flowers on a spike, and similai' to that
for which a. First-class Certificate was awarded
at the last meeiting.

Gboups.

The Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim (Orchid
grower, Mr. J. Smith), exhibited the new
Oattleya Presidenit Wilson Blenheim vai-iety
(labiata alba x Fabia Blenheim variety), a
chiarming flower with sulphur-yellow sepals and
petals, the Up having a veining of maeenta-rose
in front ; and C. Veiris, vdth rather small
flowers, but richly coloured lip.

Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart., Gatton Park,
Surrey (gr. Mr. Collier), showed Brasso-Laelio-
Cattleya Antoinette (C. Port.ia coerulea X B.-L.
Helen), with a good spike of flowers very closoly
resembling a gO(xl C. Portia and with the colour-
ing of the ordinary forms of that hybrid, but
not showing conclusively the B. Digbyana or L.
tenebrosa in B.-L. Helen, although there was an
appreciable indication of fringing in the margin
oi the lip.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown were awarded
a Silver Flora Medal for a group of good hybrid
{'attleyas and Laelio-C'attleyas ; th? best plants
were tha new Laelio-Cattleya Alma (L.-C.
EmestU x C. Dowiana), a pretty yellow flower;
CahtJeya Maggie Raphael alba brill iantissima;
and the white-peitalled 0. labiata Mrs. E. Ash-
worth.

Messrs. Charlesworth and Co. were awarded
a Silver Flora Me<Ial for a bright group com-
posed mainly of fine .specimens of the orange-
coloured Epidendrum vitellinum autumnale,
with white xanthot^e variptjes of Odontoglos-
sums. Odontioda H\-p,n.tia (0dm. ardentissimum
X Oda. Diana) i.s a pretty novelty with claret-
red sepals and petals .and lilac-coloured lip witih
claret blotch in the centre.

Messrs. J. and A. McBean, Cooksbridgc,
staged a selection of good hybrids, including Cat-

tleya Bellona, Brasso-Cattleya Penelope, Sophro-
Cattleya Pearl, and showy scarlet Odontiodas.

Messrs. Floey and Black, showed Sophro-
Laelio-Cattleya Eros and a finely-spotted hyibrid
Odontoglossum.

Fruit and Veg'etable Committee.

Present: Messrs. W. Poupai-t (in the chair),
W. Wilks, W. Bates, W. H. Divers, E. Beckett,
A. Bullock, A. R. Allan, Edw. Harris, F. Jor-
dan, E. A. Bunyard, F. R. Ridley, and Owen
Thomas.,

A new Lettuce was e.xhibited by Mrs. M.
DowELL Mattram, Little Heath Wood, Potters
Bar, Herts (gr. Mr. W. H. Newton), named
Winter Beauty. Its chief point is its decorative
quality. The heads are very small, the outer
leaves are a delicate green, sHghtly mottled,
and the centre is golden, with a faint apricot
flush, almost amounting to rose colour. The
Committee requested that the variety should be
sent to the Wisley Gardens for trial.

NATIONAL CHRYSANTHEMDM.

November 19.— At a meeting of the Floral
Ccmmittee of the National Chi-ysanthemimi
Society, held at Essex Hall, Strand, on
November 19, only thi'ee new varieties were
shown, and one of these, named Quinola, a deep
yellow Pompon of good type, the Committee de-
sired to see again grown in natui'al style. It is
of American origin and was imported in 1915,
and grown and shown by Mr. H. Hussey, Mat-
ford Lodge, Exeter. The question of the siz»
of exhibition Pompon blooms was again con^
sidered.

The Executive Committee met art. Carr's
Restaurant in the evening, when Mr. Thos.
Bevan presided. It appeared that after all ac-
counts are paid the Society will close tlie year
witJi a small balance in hand- AiTangements
for carrying into effect the proposed testimonial
to Mr. Richard Witty, the retiring secretary,
were left in the hands of Mr. John Green, Mr.
T. Bevan, Mr. E. F. Hawes, and Mr. C. H.
Curtis. 'jJS

way at Edgbaston. For several years Mr.
Parton was a memiber of the Committee of the
National Caa-natiou and Picotee Society, but his
energies were directed principally to the success
of the Midland Society, of which body he occu-
pied at various times suoh important positions
as secretary, vice-chairman, treasui-er, and on
the death of Mr-. liobeit Sydenham in 1913 he
was appointed chairman. Mr. Parton grew
Auriculas successif ully, and for several years his
exhibits were a featm-e at the Midland Show of
the National Primula and Auricula Society.
Soon after tJie outbreak of war he joined the
Sportsman's Battalion, and later was transferred
to another regiment. He went to Egypt,
and at the time of his death held the rank of
sergeant. In business Mr. Parton was a
builders' merchant and brickmaker at King's
Heath, where he was held in high esteem. He
was 43 years of age, and leaves a widow and
tliree cbildi'en, the eldest of whom is serving in
tlie Army.

W. A. Thomson.- We regret to record the
death, on November 14, of ex-BaUie William
Anson Thomson, Penicuik, for many years
treasurer of the local horticultui-al society.

R. W. Clucas.— The Florists' Exchange re-
cords the death, on October 6, at Sparkhill, New
York State, of Mr. R. W. Clucas, proprietor of
the Palisades Nurseries in that town. Mr.
Clucas was born in Liverpool in 1860, and while
stiU a youth entered the seed business, first in
his native town, and later with Messrs. Daniels
Bros., of Norwich. He emigrated to the States
in 1878, and was employed for about ten years
with Messrs. ■ Peter Henderson and Co., and a
further ten with Messrs. Pitcher and Manda.
Later he entered business on his own account,
and created a flourishing establishment at
Sparkhill. He leaves a widow, one young son,
and four daughters.

0bituarig,

Mr. W. H. Parton.— We regret to record
the death, from syncope, of Mr. W. II. Paiton,
late of Moseley, Birmingham, which occurred in
Egypt on tlie 29th ult. Mr. Parton was a well-
known amateur Carnation grower and exhibitor,
whose presence will bo much missed at such
shows as Birmingham, London, and South-
ampton. It was in the year 1899, that
M". Parton made his first appearance as
an exhibitor in his native city of Birming-
ham, where he won a 1st Prize for six
dissimilar Carnations. In 1903 he was well
to the fore, winning the Cliampion Silver Medal
at Binniiigliain, offered to the most successful
e.xliibitor in the amateur classes, a success he
repeated in tlie following year. Mr. Pai-ton
always looked back with pleasure to the year
1905, when he won the Silver Cup for the
greatest number oi points in the third division
at the National Cai-nation Society's Shoiw in
London, as well as the Silver Medal offered in
the Second Division at Southampton ; whilst at
Birmingliam he had sixty-two prizes to his
credit, and these latter secured for him tJi«
premier award of a silver medal with a total
aggregate of 254 points in the open classes. He
.•Uso won the Silver Medal for single blooms in
very strongly contesited' classes, and in the fol-
lowing year succeeded in again winning the two
last-named medals with blooms of superior
merit. At the Southampton Show in 1911 he
secured the much-ooveted Sir George Cooper
Silver Cup with nine 1st Prizes and four 2nd
Prizes out of thirteen entries. In the foUoiw-
ing year he won the last-named Cup outright
with twelve 1st Prizes and two 2nd Prizes out
of fourteen entries. Mr. Parton, who won up-
wards of 300 1st Prizes for Carnations, favoured
the sho\ving of flowers as grown with their own
foliage, and for five years out of six he won
1st Prizes for twelve triplicates shown in this

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Renovating Orchards.

It is a rare occurrence to find a well-managed
(u-chard on a farm. So mudi is tliis the case that
when a tree is blown down it is often allowed
to lie for years instead of being cleared
away and replaced by another and better variety.
Some orchards contain little m the way of
variety, and the sorts are mostly of use for
cider only. This need not be so, as many otliers
make excellent cider, none better than Bramley's
Seedling, and not even the first quality fruits
of this are required. The fallen fruits can be ad-
vantageously utilised for this purpose, which is
surely more profitable than selling tliem at Is.
per bualiel. I would strongly urge farmers who
have orchards to do all that is possible to make
them remunerative. If tlie land is already devoted
to trees that bear only lialf crops, it would be
better to fully orop such land with improved
varieties of Apples. Bramley's Seedling, Newton
Wonder, Lane's Prince Albert, and King
Edward VII. are all excellent late kitchen sorts.
Grenadier and Norfolk Beauty ripen in Septem-
ber .and October. Of dessert varieties, Beauty
of Bath (August), Worcester Pearmain (Septem-
ber), Blenheim Pippin (October), and Cox'a
Orange Pippin, in use in November, all succeed
as standards.

Ill filling up gaps with these I would suggest
that they should not be planted exactly on the
same sites as previous trees occupied, but a little
on one side, so that the soil may be fresher.
When planting, trench the site fully a yard deep
if the soil is heavy, and plant on the surface,
mounding up the roots with a prepared compost
of roadside refuse, wood ashes, and decayed
manure. Add manure freely to the soil 6 inches
under the roots to induce vigorous growth, so
that a large head will be quickly secured, re-
membering that the larger the area the branches
cover in a short time the better the return of
fruit. Some writers say add no manure at plant-
ing time; my advice is do so, to incite vigorous
growth.

Another important item in the renovation of
fxi.«ting trees is that of pruning. Where trees
have been neglected, and the branches have
grown too thickly together, shutting out light and
air from the inner parts of the trees, success is

214

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[NovEMBEB 24, 1917.

not possible until the co^nditions are altered.
Commence by cutting away weakly branches that
cross stronger branches, for a drastic thinning
will induce more vigour in the remaining
branches ; tiie trees will then produce stronger
shoots and improved foliage.

If the trees show signs of a want of vigdur,
and the variety is worthy of added labour, re-
ipove the tui-f 10 feet from the stem all round ;
;nid under tlie top spit of soil fork in half-de-
cayed farmyard manure freely.

Another method is to dress the grass with basic
sla^; for 30 feet around a large tree at the rate
of 10 cwt. per acre during November, and in
March give sulphate of ammonia at the rate of

1 cwt. per acre. When basic slag is sown on the
surface of grass cattle should not graze there for
at least six weeks.

Preparing the Eand for Onions.

It cannot be said that the Onion crop of this
year has been an unqualified success. One of
the chief causes of failure was a want of prepara-
tion of the soil. Then, the dry weather during
April and May had a deterrent effect upon the
growth, leaving the plants at a standstill for
some time. Moreover, the frequent showers in
August were in favour of the spread of mildew.

Onions like a deep rooting medium in stiff
soil, but resent stagnation at the roots. E.xtra
deep ploughing should be done early in the
autumn, to ensure good drainage and a satisfac-
tory surface tilth.

Small plots should be trenched, but larger areas
can be ploughed.

The Onion is a voracious feeder on manurial
stimulants. When ploughing or trenching the
land, add farmyard manure liberally. If this is
scarce, basic slag can be substituted at the rate
of 6 cwt. per acre, sown evenly over the sur-
face when ploughing in the autumn. A second
and shallower ploughing in February will be an
advantage.

The 1918 Potato Crop.

Where Potatos were grown on newly ploughed
up grass land this year, the same site should be
better suited to receive the same crop next year.
The turf will so have mixed with the soil as to
make the ploughing and future cultivation much
ea.=ier. After burning the haulm and any dis-
eased tubers left on the land, plough at once at
least 5 inches deep, leaving the surface as rough
as possible, to be turned into a good tilth by the
action of the weather.

The method known as " sprouting " or " box.
ing " the seed for next season's planting has a
beneficial influence on the future growth of the
haulm, and even those who grow Potatos on a
large scale should adopt this method. When the
sets are prepared in this way, there are no gaps
in the rows, an earlier start into growth is made,
and the haulm is stronger in consequence. A con-
venient size for the boxes is the following : —
Length, 2 feet 6 inches; width, 14 inches ; depth,

2 inches. The corner pieces should be 2 inches
square and 5 inches high, to allow of one box
standing on another, to economise space. The
stout corner pieces are used also for the nailing
of the sides and ends, which should be of light,
half-inch match-boarding.

The setting up of the tubers affords employ-
ment for wet days. They should be kept in a
light, airy shed, free from frost. E. Molyneux,
Swanmarp Park Farm, Bishop's Waliham.,
Hants.

The Corn and Hay Crops.

The total production of Wheat in England
and Wales in 1917 is estimated at 7,164,649
quarters, or 330.000 quartere more than last
year ; and the yield per acre, 29.88 bushels,
is li bushel below the average of the
ten years, 1907-16. Although the yield per
acr3 of Barley is three-fourths of a bushel
smaller than in 1916. the total production.
5.539,514 quarters, is 360,000 quarters greater,
ov'ing to the increased area under this crop. The
total production of Oats. 10,866,765 quarters, is
450,000 quarters more than in 1916, and the
largest crop since 1907. This large crop is due
to the increased area, as the yield per acre is 1^
bushel less than a year ago, and about the same
amount below average. Beans are a very poor
crop, and are the smallest crop recorded since
1885, both in total production and yield per acre.

Peas are rather more satisfactory, and the total
production is slightly greater than last year, but
still much below noi-mal.

The total production of hay from Clover and
rotation grasses is 2,405,458 tons, or nearly
509,000 tons less than the large crop of last
year. The yield per acre, 28.50 cwts., is 4^ cwts.
lighter than in 1916, and nearly 1 cwt. below
average. The total production of hay from per-
manent grass, 5,149,537 tons, is also less than in
1916, by some 800,000 tons; the yield per acre
in this case being rather over 3 cwts. less than
last year, and If cwt. under average. Taking
all kinds of hay together, the total production is
7,550,000 tons, which is 1,280,000 tons less 'than
lasi year, but nearly 1,000,009 tons more than
the tot^il productions of 1915.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Cabbage Roots Diseased : Lanarlc. The roots
of your Cabbages and Wallflowers are at-
tacked by Club root, or Finger-and-Toe disease.
Tihe application of gas-lime to the soil would
cei*a.inly check the spread of the disease, but
if you use tlie lime in this form the gi-ound
must not be planted for some months after-
wards. Bad drainage, and a comsequcnt damp
condition of the ground, is often a contribu-
tory cause of the disease.

Fruits op Common Laurel : Bansha. We have
never heard of the fruits of this shrub (Prunus
Laoi'ocerasus) being used as food. The fol-
lowLrig is from Lindley's Vegetahlc King-
dom, p. 558 : " The leaves, bark, and fruit
of the common Laurel, and the oil obtained
from them, ,are virulent poisons." In. view of
this we should advise you to leave them
severely alone, in spite of their sweet and
agreea.ble taste.

Grapes Shrivelling : B. Collins. That the
berries of Black Alicante turn black may be the
result of the vines bearing an excessive crop,
or because the roots, if in outside borders, are
too wet, and consequently too cold. If the
softening of the berries continues it will be
advisable to cut the bunches and to place the
shoots in bottles of water cont.aining a few
small pieces of charcoal. When the bunches are
required for use take them out of the bottles
and place their ends in water at almost boil-
ing point; ihis will sometimes help to plump
up the berries again. It is not advisable st
this stage to attempt to swell the berries by
watering the. border. The same remarks ap-
ply to the varieties Prince of Wales and Gros
Maroc. The last-named should be used first,
as it is not a good keeping Grape, even when
well ripened. When all the Grapes are cut
and the vines pruned, it will be advisable to
examine the border, and see that the drain-
age is perfect. If drain pipes are employed
they should be placed just below the bottom
of the border ; they should be allowed a good
fall, and be provided with an outlet.

Names op FRmrs. — In the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time -consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN srx VARIETIES be Sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones: if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
theii should be properly numbered, and carefully
pacl-ed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits arc sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk sf increased delay and
incorrect determinution. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return-
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable

A. P. M. 1, White Nonpareil; 2, Twentv
Ounce ; 3, Claygate Pearmain ; 4, Small's Ad-
mirable.— IF. M. Cellini. — Epsom. 1, de-
cayed Pear ; 2, Vicar of Winkfield ; 3, The
Queen ; 4. Lord Burghley : 5, not recognised. —
.7. D. 1, King of the Pippins ; 2, Cox's Orange
Pipp.in ; 3, Bismarck : 4, Gascoyne's Scarlet ;
5, Hawthomden ; 6. the Pear was smashed
in post.— fl. R. K. 1, Beauty of Kent; 2,

Domiino; 3, Feam's Pippin; 4, Winter Quoin-
ing ; 5, Lane's Prince Albert. — Pomona.
Apples : 1, Gravenfitein ; 2, Grenadieo- ; 3,
Cox's Pomona; Pears: 4, Josephine de
Malines ; 5, Triomphe de Jodoigne ; 6, Nee
Plus Meuris. — E. T. 1, Pitmaston Duchess ;
2, Doyemie Boussooh ; 3, Monarch ; 4, Glou
Morceau ; 5, Passe Colmar.— G. B. 1, Fearm's
Pippin (reddish) ; 2, Roi d'Angleteire (yel-
low) ; Pear Bergamot d'Esperen. — /. L. B.

1, Annie Elizabeth; 2, Prince Bismarck; 3,
Besis Pool. — /. T. 1, Northern Greening ;

2, Gravenstein ; 3, Melrose ; 4, Lady Henniker ;
5, Ma.bbott's Pearmain ; 6, Tyler's Kernel. —
L. C. B. 1, Yorkshire Greening; 2, Adams's
Pearmain; 3 and 4, Golden Noble. — W. P.
Pear not recognised. — E. H. E. 1, Cellini;
2, Small's Admirable ; others too small to
name. — Enquirer. Charles Ross. — 0. H.
Scarlet Pearmain. — T. L. Very ma<gnificent
fruits of Tower of Glamm,i5. — G. R. 1, York-
shire Beauty ; 2. The Queen ; 3, Feam's Pip-
pin ; 4, Hereiford shire Pearmain ; 5, Emperor
Alexander ; 6, Sturmer Pippin. — J. D. J. 1,
Lane's Prince Albert ; 2, D'Arcy Spice Pip-
pin ; 3, Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance ; 4, Pear
Autumn Bergamot. — Bedfordian. 1, Melon
Apple ; 2, Herefordshire Beefing ; 3, Old Non-
pareil; 4, Ingestre. — R. D. 1, Benoni ; 2,
Beauty of Kent ; 3, Annie Elizabeth ; 4, Golden
Noble; 5. Tom Putt; 5, Newton Wonder;
7, Pear Beurre Hardy.— ff. S. K. 1, Gas-
coyne's Scarlet ; 2, Hanwell Souring ; 3, Ash-
mead's Kernel ; 4, IMannington's Pearmain ;
5, Golden Harvev (svn. Brandy Apple) ; 6,
decayed; 7, Emil'e d'Heyst.— Z?". V. H. A,
Fearn's Pippin; B, Pile's Russet; C, Wor-
cester Pearmain ; D, Baumann's Red Reinette ;
E, Golden Noble; F, Cornish Aromatic. —
/?. W. R. Both Pears resemble small fruits
of Beurre Diel. The one is not Belle Julie,
which is hazel brown with reddish-brown glow
on the side next the sun ; neither is the other
Beurre Superfin.

.Vames op Plants. — Correspondents not answered in this
issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
J. B. S. 1, Pyracantha Lelandii ; 2, Spiraea
Van Houttei ; 3, Leucothoe Catesbaei ; 4, too
small to identify; 5, Berberis vulgaris; 6,
Kalmia latifolia; 7, Lonicera nitida ; 8,
Spiraea japonica var. ; 9, Euciyphia pinnati-
folia; 10, Euonymus minimus variegatus.^
E. P., Dorfcinrj. 1, Codiaeum (Croton) undu-
Intum ; 2, C. Nevillei : 3. C. Evausianum ; 4,
C. trilobum ; 5, C. Johamiis ; 6, C. trium-
phans.

Pruning op Apple Tree : G. YorJce. Certain
varieties of Apple usually produce their flower-
buds on the ends of the shoots, and, fearing to
injure tiie cix>p, the cultivator is apt to leave
them unpriuied, with the result that long,
straggling growths are made that have to be
supported with props. This has happened in
your case, and if you find it necessary to
keep the branches s.horter your plan should
be to prune back a few each year. Those
you pinine will not bear fruit in the following
season, but one or two new shoots selected
to grow from the cut branch should bear in
the following year. With care you oould
manage in this way, but, all the same, these
tip-®hoot fruiters give some difficulty when
planted in sites which provide but little space
for shoot extension.

Rhubarb : E. M. M. The value of one acre of
established Rhubarb in pre-war days was be-
tween £30 and £45 per acre, and the yearly
value would range from £15 to £30 or more,
according to the state of the market. In pre-
sent times Rhubarb' may be considered a more
valuable crop, notwithstanding the difficulty in
obtaining sugar. The past season has been
probably one of the best that Rhubarb growers
liave experienced for many years, and much
higher prices than those quoted have been
realised.

Comiuunicntions Received.— A. S. E— W. P.—

A. P. N.— T. N. B.— H. E. W— D. G. 3.-3. T.—
.r. n. W.— T. & C.~A. S.— G. E.— W. A., Bmtol—
G. B. G.— W. D. & Sons— R. O. W.— J. G D.— Salopian
E E. P.— .S. A.— PrlT.ate F.— E. M.— C. U— J. F.—
W. W.— W. P., Lentherliead— W. T.— W. F;- P.—

B. H. L.— 0. T.— T. A.

NOVEMBEB 24, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

IMC IL RK JB X S.

COVENT GARDEN, November tl.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.
' ' i. a. d.

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Aralift Sieboldii,

per doz. ... 5 0-60

Asparagus plumo-

8U5, per doz, ... 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 0
Aspimstra, green,

per doz. ... 30 0-Se 0

Begonias, Qlolre de
Lorraine, 48"s,
per doz. ... 18 0 24 0

— bOs 7 0-90

— 72s 5 0-60

Cacti, vanoiis, per

tray of IS's ... 4 0 —

— per tray of 12'b 5 0 —
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 8, per
doz

— coloured, 4S'8,
per doz.

Cocos WeddelUana,

4S"3, per doz.... IS 0-30 0
■— 60'8, per doz..,. 8 O-IO 0
Erica. hyemalis,

4bs, per doz.... 12 0-15 0

— nivalis, flu's,
per doz .. 8 0-90

Erica, con.—

— 48's 12 0-15 0

— gracilia. 48*8 ... 10 0-15 0
72'a... 3 &- 4 0

Cyclamen, 488, per

doz IS 0-24 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small
and large 60's 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32'8, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,
48's, per doz .. 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis,

60'a, per doz-. 6 0-80
larger, each ... 2 6-70

Kentia Belmoreana,

per doz. ... 15 0-lS 0
larger ... 30 0-60 0

— Forsteriana.eO's 8 -10 0
Liliujn longiflorum,

per doz. ... 30 0-36 0

— lancifolium ru-
brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

REMAHK8.— Hvemalis is the leading line in Ericas, and
otJier flowering "planiLs are Begomas, Cyclamen. Soiauum,
Ohryaamihejnumjs, and Marguerites. ^
are selling more freely.

Cut Flowers, See. : Average Wholesale Prices.

S 0-24 0
8 0-12 0

Ferns and Palm3

Arums

— (Klchardias),
per doz. bl'ms. 5 0-60

Camellias, white,

per. doz.
Carnations, perdoz.

— blooms, best
American var.

Chrysanthemums—

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink .;.

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. bunches ... 6 0-10 0

— white 8 0-12 0

— single, dis-
budded, per
doz. blooms ... 2 0-40

sprays, per

doz. bunches... 9 0-12 0
Gardenias, per box 3 0-50
Heather, white,

per doz. bun....
Lapageria alba, per

doz. blooms ...
Lilium longiflorum,

loBg

— 1 aucif o 1 ium
album, long .,. 3 0-36

rubrum, per

doz. long

tilii

s.d, s.d.
; 0- 3 0

doz blooms
Lily-of-the-VaUey,

per doz. bun ... 30 0-42 0
Orchids, per doz; —
I — Cattleya ... 10 0-12 0
2 &- 3 6 — Cypripediuma 2 6-30
j — OdontoglosBum
< crispum
2 0-401 Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet per
doz. bunches...
Poinsettia, perdoz. IS 0-21 0
Roses ; — p«r doz.
blooms : Frau
Karl Druschki 2 0-26

— Liberty

— Melody

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay

— Ophelia

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford

Tuberoses, per gross

blooms 12 0-15 0

Violets.perdoz.bun. 4 0-80

— Double, per.
doz. bun, ... 4 0-60

— FrenchParmaa,
per bunch ... 4 0- 4 a

2 6-30

0-4 0
2 0-36
2 0-40

6 0-90
2 6-30

3 0-36

3 0-36

2 6-30

6 0-10 0

3 0-50
3 0-40

2 6-50

3 0-50

2 6-30

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prlees.

! d. s.d.

Adiautuni (Maiden
hair Feru)be8t,
perdoz. bun... 6 0-70

Asparagus plu-
mosus, long
trails, per half-
dozen

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

s.d, s.d.

6-3 0

Asparagus con. —
— Spr-'ngeri
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

doz

Moss, gross bun...
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trails

16-20

Kkmarks. —'inhere are still large suppliee of Ohryaan-
thomums of all gra<loe, and tlwf L--oiiiJuoncr varieues aro
offered at ohoap rates. Si>nay Bronze varieties aire the
leaist plentiful at tiho present time. The most favoured
market variety, Mjw. WiliH'«»x, an e-xcellent brany^, is now
arrrvang in araall (luaiMities. There is an abundant sup-
ply of spray whue ami spray singles, and disbudded
blooms axe ail theiir beat. Oarnations and Rosea aro
gradually advan>cin(f in pnioe. Tliero is a good supply
of Orchid blooms, including Cattleyaw, Cypripediunis,
Odontogtloasums, o^id a few sprats of PhoLaenopsi.-.
FiTennTh flowers are now arriving in 'larger quantities ;
they consist of yellow Marguerites, Mimosa, Safrano
Rosw, red R.iminouhiis, and Panna Violets. The arrivals,
as during last season, are very irregular. A few boxes
of vellow anrfl white Narcissus ore beginming to arrive
from Cornwall.

Vegetables ; Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.
Artirhoke, Chinese

(.Stachy)per lb. 1 0 —
iJ e a n 8 : -
— French(ChanneI

Islandd), perlb. 0 8-0 in
Hoetroot, per bus. 1 0- 5 0
Brussels Sprouts,

peri bus. ... 16-26
Cabbage, per tally 2 6- :t n
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ..
Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac, perdoz....

Celery, per bundle

Cucumbers, per doz.

Garlic, per lb.

Greens, per bag ...

Herbs, perdoz bun. 4 0-80

Horseradish, per

bunch 16-60

4 0-60

2 6-36
4 0 —
1 6- 2 i;
7 0-12 0

0 6-08

1 6-

8.d. s.d.
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 10-16
Mustarcl and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, per cwt 32 0-3S 0

— spring, perdoz.

bun. ... 4 0-60

— Valencia, per

case (4 tiers) .. 46 0 —

(5 tiers) ... 4S 0 —

Parsnips, per bag .. 6 0-10 0
Radishes, per doz.

bunches ... 2 0-26

Savov.s, per tally... 8 0-10 0
■Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 6 0-90

■Spinach, per bushel 1^20
Turnips, per bag ... 3 6-60

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 4 0-50

Turniptops.perbus. 2 0-26

s.d. s.d.
Almonds, per cwt.H2 0 —
Apples: —

— cooking, per bus. 6 0-10 0 j ilushro«

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per J bus. 4 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

s.d.

0 4-10

ca8e(,ai> quaits) 30 0-31 0
Figs ^Italian), per

box
Grapes, Alicante,

per lb 12-20

— Almerias, per
barret (31 dwz.

lbs.) 28 0-42 0

— Canon Hall, per

lt> 2 0-50

— Gros. Coiman,

per lb. ... 13-20

— Jludcats, per lb. :l U- 4 y

Lemons, per case... 66 0-106 0
Medlars, per ) bus. 2 6-36
culti-
vated, per lb. 2 6-30
Nuts, BrazLis, new,

per cwt. ...120 0 —

— cobs, per lb.... 10 —

— Coconuts, per

100 36 0-40 0

— mixed, per bus. 4S 0 —
Oranges, per case .. su 0-140 0
Pears, per J bus,... 5 u-iO 0
yumces, per $ bus. 3 0-40
iomatos, English

per i2 los. or

peck 10 0-12 0

W luuts, French
(Grenoble), per
oag 13 6-15 6

UfiiiARKS. — The market contiuiues to be well supplied
uiGa Apples, Doth coojLUig imd deasen. Supplies ol
I'eui'S have ^nown a slight •ie*^j>ease this week, laud there
aie not quite so mau^" Grapes aniviug. Oranges,
Lemons, and Nuts oontinue scarce and expensive.
lomdLo crops aa-e finiHhmg. Supplies ol forced dwan
Beans have il>created, but ail vaj-ietaes of Oniona are
scarce ; Cucumbers are also very few. Thei^ ore still
fair supplies of Mushrooms, and outdoor \ egetablea are
plentiful. E. H. H., Covent Garden Market, November
^1, 1917.

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

BATH QARDCNERS*.— .\n exhibition meeting oT
t.lu9 society w^as held on November 12. Mr. T. Perrott
presiding. Air. W. Evans read a paper on " Sing^le Ohry-
tautJiemunis" giving useful details as to ilieir choice
and culiure. Ihe exhibits consisted of Ohryainthemums
and Fruits, besides one txliibit of Oiidonei. The awarda
were as foJitows :— Miss Smart (Mr. H. Griffin), collection
of Pears; G, F. Spear, Esq. (Mr. H. Jay), collectioa of
Apples and Pears; oextitioaies of merit. T. H. Gilliam,
Esq. (Mr. \V. Kviioio), single Chryaanthemums, six vanie-
ties ; A. E. Meyer, Esq. (Mr. C. Adllam), six specimen
Chrysanthemums, first-class certificates.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. W. Farrant. recently Gardener to Sir Chas.
Hunter. Bart., M.P., Mortimer Hill, Berkshire, as
Gardener to General the Hon. Chas. Laubton, at
the »ame place.

Mr. Wm Oaierer. (or 4i years Horticultural In
structor at Studley College, and previously for 6
years at Kendall Hall. Elstree. Hertford^ire, as
Gardener to Major HaRCOURt Webb, Spring Grove,
Bc'wdley. Worcestershire. [Thanks for 2s. 6d. for
R.G.O.K. box.— Eds.]

Mr- J. F. Wren, as Gardener to J. L. Nissen, Esq..
Hill House, Cr.-Kikham, Fleet, Hampshire.

Mr. E. J. Piatt, for the past 18 >-ear9 Gardener at
Borden Wood, Liphook, aa Gardener and Sbew^ard
to Sir Arthur Cjiospiku). Bart., Parkfldld, Fitsroy
Park, Highgate.

Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0-50 1 Watercress, perdoz. 04-06

CATALOGUE RECEIVED.

Ltttlb and Baluntvne. Carlisle.— Forest Trees.
Wm. Fbi,l and Co., Hexham.— Forest Treee.
Wm. Watson and Sons, Ltd., Clontarl Nuraories, Dub-
lin.—Fruit TreoB.
Wm. Sydenham, Melbourne, near Derby.— Plants.
Chari^ Tuk.ner, Slough-- Fruit Trees^

Foreign.

L. FKlMitn, 2022, Rue de la Pepiniere. Paris.— Flowering
ItulbK.

ROYAL GARDENERS' ORPHAN FUND

B. WYNNE, Sec,

19, Bedford Chambers, Covent Qardea,

London, W.C.

Rhododendron Ponticum,

1 tu Hit 16- F" ' 100. 140- P' r 1000.
U to 2ft. 22 - p.r 100, 180 - pur 1000.

2 to 3ft. 35 - |"i' 100.

2to3'.ft., tlicse are suitiil.le f..r i'.)vclt piniitnig.
I40- p'l 1000.

.lOSEPII A. SMITH,

Moor Edge Nurseries, Tansley.nr. Matlock

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince yoii that the
Drainage. Porositi'. Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write :
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT

allow ns to send to those '

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

'lease write for
IS the Paper I oi
apply—

^,.^,he_ BEST^ond CheapesK

ffJCHARD SANKey* SON, LT9.
Balwell Po^^eples. NOTTINGHAM.

AUCUBA JAPONICA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Nametl Hybrids.)

All the above 3ft. to 4 ft. bushy, good plants for Covert
I'laiitiiig. Must be sold, .cheap, to make room for potatos.
If not disposed of must he burned. -A BARGAIN 1
Parliciihns /rim .—

RMANSON "ureeryman, Gateacre,
• "*r*l"li3Vi1, LIVERPOOL.

.^ Slugs
Slugs

SANITAS" POWDER

will rid your Garden of Slugs and
protect your Seeds and Plants from
other pests such as Worms, Rats,
Mice, Sparrows, Cats, &c.

Leaflet and Free Sample
with instruotiona Free.

6d. & l/-Tins& 15/- per Cwt.((.o.r. London)
of all Chemists. Stores and Nurserymen.

THE "SANITAS" CO.,Ltd.

Limehouie, London, E.

Awarded Medal at Royal Horticultural
Exhibition. iQii.

THOMSONS

MANURES

PERFECT PLANT FOODS
UNRIVALLED FOR
ALL GARDEN CROPS.

WM THOMSON aSONS.Ld.
CLOVENFORDS,N.B.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[November 24, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His iVIajesty The King.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present- employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that" we may arrange
to have it done vsdthout reducing our War Service output.

LONDON— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLASGOW— 121, St. Vincent St.

EDINBURGH (Hejistered Office and Works)— Balcarres Street, Morningside.

Telegram*: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

ORCHIDS.

COWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL,

Is the best and by far the cheapest
Catalogues, with full particulars, post free on application to

JOHN COWAN & Co.,

/The Modern Pied,Piper- "^

lIVERPflSfis

Rats and Mice come I
out of their holes, not
to dance to the pipes
of the charmer, but to
die — a less poetic but far
better way of exterminating
these pests.

Apart from the de
bility of getting rid of
the vermin on the grounds
of health, think of the
tremendous wastage of food

SUBSTITUTE FOR RUSSIA MATS.

"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Made from prepa.recl Hair and Wool.

A good non-conductor.
2 yds., 3 yds,, and 4 yds. wide.
Price and pattern from—

BENJAMIN EDGINGTOX'S,

DUKE ST., LONDON BKIDGE, S.E.

TOMATO SEED

»»

Bidets ''Recruit.

This grand Tomato, for its delicious flavour, uniform size

and heavy cropping qualities, is unsurpassed.

In sealed packets 1 /- per packet, direct from

the raisers,

S. BIDE & SONS, Ltd.,

ALMA NURSERIES, FARNHAM, SURREY.

BLACK CURRANT BUD MITE.

Are year bushes free of tkts ificnrablc pest 7 Iff ftot

Plant *' S£ABROOR*S BLACK" Currant,

tkc tftlT proved mite nftister.

Tlui variety haa also every other good qnaltty, belDc thi

heaviest cropper and stooteit grower, produclDf large, firm

berriea.

Younf Bu«h«s •/• And •/- p«r doz*n.

W. SEABROOK & SONS.

Fruit Tre« ft Rote Nnrieri«a, CHELMSFORD.

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on View.

PRICE LIST POST FREE ON
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbridgfeworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

FBUITINTHEGABDEN.

Root up useless shade trees and unprodnctive

Shrubs, aud replace with Fruit in these times,

when food is all important.

Specially grown trees of

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS,

o' fine quality for the Walls, Edging or Vegetable
a,ui Flower Borders. Many of fruiting size. Also

FINE STANDARD TREES

Ag^andlotof Peaches, Nectarines and Cherries

for the House and Garden Walls, also

BUSH FRUIT TREES.

Catalogue free on request and special quotations
given on hearing exact requirements.

STUAfiT LOW CO., ""nD'^tfesEl"'

ROSES FOR iUTUMHPUHTINfi

ORDER EARLY.

Beautiful plants of the best possible cultivation,

our selection from the finest sorts including : —

The Brilliant Coloured

"MDME. EDOUARD HERRIOT "

(Daily Mail BoBO.)
12/- per doz, bushes, carriage paid.

Catalogue Free on request.

ORCHIDS,

Clean, well-growu and cheap ; also
Many Rare and Choice Varieties.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

Printed for the Gardeners' Chronicle, Limited, by Lotk and Malcousoh, Ltd.. Dane Street, High Hribiirn, London. W.C., and Published weekly by the Gardener
Chronicle, Ui.., 41, Wellin^n Street, CoTent Garden, City of Westminster, Saturday, Novembeo- 24, Agent for Manoheeter, John Hbtwood.

No. 1614. Vol. LXH.

SATUKDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1917. | Registered as a Newspaper. PRICE *CI.

K (FOST-rKEE, 4id.

aUBSCBIPTION— Inland, /9/6/ Foreign, 221- per annwm. Entered at Sww York Pett Office at aeeond-claaa matter.
Postal Address— 41, WelllnKton Street, Covent Qar^en, W.C. >. Telegrapblc Address— " Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Oerrard 1143.

For CONTENTS see page 215

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

XOW IS THE TIME TO PLAST.

IZ ELWAY & SON,

-*-*• The Koyal Horticulturists,

LAXGI'ORT, SOMERSET. •

are now bookius orders for their Ohoice Hardy Pereniuifll
Plants, riant a Colour Boi-der this Autumu, and you
Willi be able to enjoy its exquisite boauty for msuy years
without ajiy additional cxponee or trouble.
StMKl measurements of your Borders.
I'aeonies, Delphiniums, PliJoxes, GailiUirdiaa, and other
hoautjful flowers, imcludeii in tJu-ir Oilowr .Schemes, wiluch
provide blooma from early Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to the RKTAIL PLAST DEPAnTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

■pjUNYARD'S STKAWKERRIES.

■^-^ Our new descriptive list is now ready, end will
be seat on recei|>t of oaixl.

ALriNB STRAWBERRIES a speciAldty.

GEO. BUXYAllD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,

M&idstozie,

"WELLS' CHRYSANTHEMUM CATA-

" ' LOGUE now ready. Post, free on applioaition, — ^W.
WELLS & 00.. Merstham. Surrey.

"TiOBBIE'S Autumn List of BuLbs, Sweet
-*-' Poas, Roses, Carnations, Seedling and Ve^etebJe
Plants, &o., post free.— DOBBIE & 00., Koyal Florists,
Edinibwrgili.

r;|REENHOUSE PAINTIN., & OLAZIXG

^-^ " VilroMte," superior to White Lead Point.

'■ Plafltinft " supef»xle« putty. Full partioulars from

W. CARSON &: S(iyS. Grove Work.s. Battersea. Agents
tihroijjjhout the country.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurst-ries,
DEREHAM —Send lor Rose Oaitalogue, post free.

H

"OATH'S ROSES and PAEOXIES. -New

-*-:' tUii3ti-Jit*d ocitailojiue, (xmtatrninj: full miltural notes
of tihe be^ n«4jk^ -aaJfJ siandard varieties, is now ready,
and will be eeiit post free an application. — (Dept. A),
H. H. BA'ra. LTD., Tli© Ploral Farms. WiabecTi.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans,

Growers,

BUNYARD'S
- .. New Pnce List

FRUIT TREES.—

' ready, and will be sent free
of post.
GEoKOE BI'NYARD 4 CO., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MAIDSTffNE.

GRAY, LTD., Builder of Consei-vatori<'S,
Gr^-enhoiLs**, vVc, and Heating Engineers,
pr< St.n-..t. tHiclseo, London, S.W. 3. Wire, 201,
•ni, I,.iiicli,n. Telephone: 201, Western.

s

UTTON'S BULBS.

F

S

ORCING TULIPS from Holland.

Single Early, fine buibs.

RELEASED by Order of the Admiralty
.Mnr!«hal. Belle AUiance, Ohrj-solora, OouileUT d'e
Cardinal, Duchess de Panna, Fred Moore, La Reinc.
Prince of Austria, Proserpine, Ro^e Gris de Lin,
Thomas Moore, Vermilion, BriiUisjnt, Yellow Prince, and
otihers. Prices on api^liciition.

UTTON & SONS, the King's Seedsmen,
EBABING.

GISHURST COMPOUND has over half a
(.'onUirv "s reputatdou, for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroj-iugr Red Spider, Scale, MeaJy Bug,
lluip, American Biiglit, Green, and !^rown Ply, &c.
Said in boxes abuul lib.. 5lb., and 12lb., bv DeaJeis
Ml Gtuxien Sundriee. Wholesale : PRICE'S PATENT
UAXDLE 00.. LTD., Battersea, London. S.W, 11.

'yHE GARDENERS' CHRONICT^E oc^u-

-■-' piea a positiou in the world of borticulture whioh
is absolutely loiique. Founded in 1&41, in the very
(lawn <.»f scientific botany, it Jias advanced, step by
step, witii tihe gradual development of horticulture in
this conntiry. It« foiindei's were men of high disl.uiftion.
Sir .lo.'seph Paxton, the greatest gardener of his day;
Dr. Lindley, the world-famous botanist ; tihe lote &ir
C. W, Ditke, first Baronet, with his typical English love
of g-ardene ; theec were among the little group of men
who launched the "Gardeners' Chronicle" on a long
-and prosperous voyage. The paper has a fine and in-
spiring tradition to maintain, and has preserved from
the first a progressive spirit. It won. long ago, the
confidence of its readiers, and that confidence it stiM
enjoys.

|Z- ING'S ACRE FRUIT TREES have pro-

-*■*• diice<i the lln<*it and most i-emarkaWe Apples and
Pears on record. 60 acres of Olioice Fruits to seJect
from. P1ea*e see our llliistaiate<l Catalogue free by pt>st,
before oMeriiiK eb^where.— KINGS ACRE NUESEWIES,
LTD., HerefoKl.

TZ ING'S ACRE ROSES and FOREST and

-■■*- ORNAMENTAL TREIiS and SHRUBS, ot finest
• lu.alilv ail.aloguea free by post.— KING'S ACRE NWR-
SERIE-S, LTD., Hereford.

"DARR'S May-flowering TULIPS, the

•^-^ niidiest rr>loured flawers of spring ; plant now. De-
scriptive list froe.— BARR & S<5N,S, King Street, Oovent
Garden. W.O. 2.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. LawretK-e Road, Soutih Tottemfham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardens, Vineries. Peadh-hou^es,
Portable Buildings, &c. Cat«lo<gues gratis.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAI,
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new de.scriplivc price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Rosea, now nkidy,
post free. — Write to-dav, A. J. & C. ALLEN, Rose
Growers, Norwich (for over 50 years).

f=in (\fi(i FRUIT TREES for SALE;

fJ\J f\J\J\J Neijton Wonder. Bi-Mnley Seedling,
CV>x Orange. Blenheim Oraffige, Half St.andards, l^s.
flozen, 70s. 100, L,inc's Prince .Ubcrt. Cox Orange,
Hou'tikwi. Allimgton, Worcester Pe;irmain, James
Greive. Niewton Wooide/r. Ohunrtfles Itoss. 3 .vcars om Para-
dise Bn.«h, 12s. dKMen, 708. 100. Ternis cash. These are
r'le^in and well-grown stuff.— W. HORNE & SONS, OUfle,
Rwihester, Kent.

For Advertlsepiaiit Charges see page v.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND Her-
baceous PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

W^ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' ' BULBS.— New Catalogue now ready

\\/'ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

* ' Catalogue ajnd Supplementary Liat of new and

^ihoice ^lajneties aiiow readiy

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHUUBS.—Catalogue free.
All OiT any of the above Catalogues forwarded post
fie,' on receiji* I'f name and addi^ess.

JOHN WATEREB. SOXS & OUISP, LIMITED,
The NuTsenies, Bagshot, Surre\-, and T\%Tford, Berks.

"PORCING HOUSE for Sale, in sections,

-*- 36 feet by 12 feet, divided, anaJting two honiaeseadi
18 feet, by 12 f^eet ; eoniplefce witih srtiaging, wood flooi-,
ajinl heating aptiKijr,i.tus ; condition, as new. Low pru*
wilt' lie aecepte-cl, Cjin be ween' erei^ted and in nee at
Oulwieh, S.E.— Write, H. J., Box 11, 41. Wellingtoai
Street, Covont Gaaxken, W.O. 2.

(ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-

^-^ ilendron Peat, free fiix>in bracken, 15a. per yard,
6 to 18 ^"Uivl tiruclvs. bags 30s, dozeiii ; Loam, Ijeaf Mould,
Silver Sand and Fibre. RJmbarh Rftota (10 ajfi««9),
clnini'ps foi- forcing, 30s. 100; fruiting. 15s. 100; Daw's
Cfh.mipioin and Hawke'is diampagne. List of 7 voirietips
fi^.— J. HANDSCX)MBE. The Nm-series, Feltliann, Middlu-

PERNS ! PERNS ! !— Tree Ferns. Climbiii<r

-*- Fetins, Ii;i»liipt Ferns, Stove And Greenhouse Fernis,
Hardy Gardwi Eerns : oatiiJoguea free— J. E. SMITH,
London Fciin Nurserj', Loughborough Junction,
Lundmv, S.W.

"TJAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-

-*-' fMs fnr Grass, Shrubberies, tind Wild GardemnR,
15s. tvnd 21a. 1.000; seleotcd for forcing, 25b. 1,000: as
dng, 133. per hiishal (2.0O0). 4». 6d. per peck (500 bulbs).
-I, HANDSOOMBE, F.R.H.S., Feltham Nurseries,
Mitldflesex.

G

ENTIANA VERNA, 12 large clumps,

5s., free ; 6 I>;'V0iS ootopet.ala. 3a. ; 6 Osniitnda
3s. 6d.— O'KELLY, Botanist, Ballyv«ughan, Ire-

AMARYLLIS BULBS ; Gold Medal, First
Prize .strain, very choice, 2. 3, and 4 year old
Bulbs, price list free.-^MORLE & CO., as above.

BULBS. — Overstock ; all first quality
flowering; Narcissus^ Emperor. 4s. 6d. ; Empress
and Victoria, 5s.; Barrii, Poeticus Grandiflorus and
Double White, 3s. ; Horefieldii and Sir Watkin, 4s. ; all
per 100— MORLE & CO., as above

L ILIUM LONGIFLORUM GIGAN-
TEUM, immense bulb?. 12 and 13 inchen round,
12s. and ISs, doz. ; Lilium Candidnm. 4s. and Ss. doz. ;
all firet quality.— MORLE & CO., 150-156, Finchlcy Road.
N.W.

SPORTSMEN, FARMERS, HORSEMEN.
—Try OUT splendid Yorkshire Wliipcord Tweed ;
weiii-s like Icatilier ; showeri>roof. 7 var^ls fr,r 21.-', Pat-
terns free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN "CO., 71. Bradford.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 1, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

RICHMOND, SURREY.

By order of the Trustee. First portion.

Ijnportant clearance sjile of the weii-known st>ock of

Mr. L. R. EusseJi

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell bi' Auction on the premises,
The Common Nurseries, Richmond, S.W.,

On Tuesday, December 4th, and two lollowing
days, at 12 each day,
1 700 Gold and Silver Hollies, 2 to 6 ft.
2,700 Green Hollies, 3 to 6 ft.

500 English ajid Irish Yews, 3 to 7 ft.
2,000 llandswointh and Gold Bos.

700 Hardy Azalea*.
3,600 vvell-sha.ped Gold Privet, 6 to 7 ft.

250 Specimen Planes, splendid trees.
1,400 Tree Ivies.
Clipped Yews, fine exajnples.
1,500 Oamanith-us, specimens 3 to 5 ft.
1.200 Ever^reenis and Conifers, in borders.
4,000 Flowering Shrubs.

6,000 la,nje Aucubas and Laurels, for planting or
cutting.
Fine SkmdaKi Orniamentail Trees and large quantities
of other stock. May be viewed. Catalogues had at the
Nurseries, Eiohmond ; of C. Butcher, Esq., Solioitor, 32,
Gresham Street, E.C. 2; P. Masom, Esq., the Trustee,
54, Gre«ham Street, E.G. 2 ; and of the Auctioneers and
Valueiis, 67 and 68, Cheapside E.O. 2.

JAPANESE DWARF TREES

MINIATURE GARDENS.

GARDEN ORNAMENTS, including:

Vases Fountain and otier Figures, Sundials. &o.

GARDEN FURNITURE, including

Choirs, Tables, Tubs. &c., and other articles suitable for

WINTER GARDENS.

Friday, December 7ih i9l7,

S.ALE BY

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
67 .wd 68, Cheapside, E.O. 2.
Oatalogues on appUoatdon.

MILFORD, near GODALMING.

Bv l.lr.ler uf tlie Exerutri.v. aeaiaiice S.i]e.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will .Silil liy Aurtion on the prejnises,
Young's Nurseries. Milford, Surrey,
On Monday, December 10th, and two following
days, at 12 o'clock precisely,
the w-hoae of tlie

NURSERY STOCK,

including
2.500 Conifers and Evergreens.
1,000 Young's Golden Juniper.
2 500 Spruce for Ohristmas Trees.
6,000 Firs and Pinus.
5.000 Flowering Shrubs.

10,000 Forest Trees, suitable for Poles and Fencing.
8.000 Rhododendrons, Ponticum, and others.
Thousands of Privet.
30.000 Manetti Stocks.
10.000 Quick.

8,500 Standard and Feathered Apples. Peai-s and Plums.
Three Greenhouses, Pit«, Piping, Carts, Implements.
Flower Pots, and numerous other effects.

Catalogues had on the premises; of C. Butcher. Esq.,
Solicitor. 32. Gresham Street,- and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68. Cli>-ai>side. E C. 2^

WALTHAM ABBEY.

FREEHOLD NURSERY.

One Acre of Glass for Tomato and Cucumber

Growing.

Bj- Order of Trustees of Mr. .T. Shearman, deceased,
with possession.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will SeU bv Auction
At their Sale Rooms, 67. Cheapside. E.G.,
On Thursday, December l.'^th. at 5 o'clock,

the crmip.'u't and easily worked

MARKET NURSERY

In Honey Lane, Waltham Abbey,

22 Greenhouses, lot.il JeiiEth 2,500 feet, 10,000 feel pip-
ing. Sheds, &.C., and 4^ ucres of Land, with miportant
Building Frontage to Honey Lane. No incoming valua-
tion.

May be viewed. Particulars h.ad of Mr. J, H. Shear-
iiK-m. Rose Barak, Honey Lane, Wadtiam Abbey; of
p. W. PauJ, Esq., Solicitor, 2, New Court, Lincojn's
Inn, W.O. 2 ; .and of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side. E.O. 2. ■ • i-

tai^

SAl.i:^ l;V AUfTKlX OF

BULBS

Every

Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

ROSES,

FRUIT

TREES. HERBACEOUS P! ANTS, c<tc.,

Every Wednesday.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. 2.

Sixpence

Ill Stamps will ensure Twelve Catah'gxtes.

HOME-GROWN BULBS.

GREAT TRADE SALE.

Wednesday Next, December 5th, at 3 o'clock.

Ipu.iiils of 2,000,000 Bulbs, including Narcissus,

the bc^i-kiiown varieties for forcing or plantui'g
roiJv^LLothus Niucissus of sorts, in sacks as received;
^;ll•.^, DaiH-ui (many of which wiU force) and May-
fit u iriii>>,' Tulips; many thousands of .'^iiiowdrops, Free-
SKIV-, Scilla^'^, -Anemones, Aconites, English and Spanis-h
Ins, earh-Howeiing Gladioli. Beaided Ins.

lyiESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

•'■'■'- wiU SeU tihe above by .Auction at their OentJ-al
•Sale Rooms, 67 and 68, Chea.pside, London, E.O. 2.
C.^ii.iiloguea forwTanded on application.

WILMSLOW, CHESHIRE.

A'bsiiliDte Oleamju^e Sale, b}' OTder of tHie Exeoutora of
tlhe late Elijah A&hwortii, Esq.

TyjESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

■^'-*- wiLi .Sell by -Auction on the premisies,

Hareiield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire
(Alderley Edge Station),

On Wednesday and Thursday, December 12th and
13th, 1917, at 12.30 o clock precisely eaoh day,

2,900 ORCHIDS,

including 300 Oypiipediums,
Odonitog^iioesimi crispami in variety, Maedevallias,
Lvcastes, Dendrobiums, Cattlevas, Laelias,
LaeiiouCattteyas.
Many choice and well-known white Oattlej^as.
Oaij view one week prior to sale. Citalogues had on
the premises and of the auctioneers, 67 and 68, Cheap-
side, E.C. 2.

BUSINESSES FOR SALE.

SPECIAL RBGISTBE OF NURSERIES, MARKET GAR-
DENS, FLORLSTS' AXD SEED BUSINESSES to be Let
■ or Sold, Published bv

TVfESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS

every moaith. Copies may be obtained' post fi^ee
on applacatioTk— Est-ate Offices, 57 and 68, Oneapside,
Londoni, E.O

POR SALE, a MARKET NURSERY;

-*■ about 8 aores and 60,000 super feet of Glass ; ex-

pell^nt looail markets; So-utJi of Ejigland ; or a partner-
whip wouild be eiitert-ained with a tihoroiig:lily capable
giiv>uer with a view to uJtiinate purohase. PriiiicipaJis
only dealt with.— M. H., Box 4, 41. Wellington Street.
Onvemt Garden. W.C. 2.

BUSINESS CARD.

"R R I T I S H CORRESPONDENCE

-■-' SOHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, PENNINGTONS,
254, O.\foid Road, ManoliesteJ. — Oofliipdete courses for
IMI.S. Senior, Jiiiiwoir, Teachers', and National Diploma
of Iliirt.icUiltural Examinations. Fees moderate. — Write
.SHCliETARY.

PLANTS, Ac, WANTED,

TyANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

" " old planit^, suitable for stock ; cash or excihange,
See otiheir adv-ertiiseinents ; oatalog'ues free. — SMJTli,
London Ferti Nurserv, Loug'hilx>roug'h Junction. Loudon,
S.W.

TY^ANTED, 5cwt. of best, well-berried

" ' HOLLY, cut in sprigs 3 inches ; also Golden and
Silver Queen HoLly ciiippiin.gs. — Price and sanxple to G.
TAPLIN, NuT&erymam, Leytooistone, E. 11.

PLANTS, &Cs, FOR SALE.

T>HUBARB ROOTS.— The true " Chaiii-

-"-*' |xi,giic," l)iiglit s.parlet. very productive, plamting
sets, 6s. per 100, 50s, per 1,000; roots, witih 2 eyes or
over. 10s. per 100, 80s. per 1,000 ; kirger roots, 40s.
per 100 ; early plaait.ing strongly recommended ; on
rails, packing tree for c.w.o.— HARRISON & SONS,
Seed Meri^h^nts, Leioester.

1 00 000 LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

J^\J\J f-\J\J\. 20s. 100; Palms, Begonias, Orotons,
Di-.atueiMs, Roses), Ericas, Gloxinias, Lilies, Hydrangeas,
&c. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Pern Nur-
series, Loughborough Junction. London, S.W.

MISCELLANEOUS.

"p^OR immediate delivery from stock,
-■ several wrought, welded, plain, and return flue
Saddle Boilers, heat 300 to 50O feet of 4-inch pipe.—
Write, B. T., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street Coveiit
Gaivlen, W.C. 2.

" PESTITE " destroys all soil

pests (wia-ewoiTus tilub-root, wart disease,
&(■.). Price lOs. 6d. per cwt., £8 per ton, cxiinniage paid.
— U. LAXG & SONS. LTD., Hoainslow, Middleseoi.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring tlieir Advertisements repeated

must give /ull particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of tktir communications-
Name and address alone are insufficient.
Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them-
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

PRIVATE.

QLAMORGAN COUNTY COUNCIL.

m>RTICULTUHAL DEMONSTRATOR AND ADVISER

The Glamorgan Coomty Ooumcil incites APPLICATIONS
for tlh© APPOlNTiMENT of a HORllCULTURAL DEMON-
STRATOR and ADVISER foi- a.Sbii;ting tlie Occupiers of
Cottijige Gardens, Allotments, and Snuaill Holldiiigs in such
area laa wiLl from year to year be eeleiicd within the
Administrative Oou-nity of Giamoj-gan,
• Applicants muist iliave eeJ-ved as appaenticee to Gar-
flejiers, land have held sit'uatdiofns in which they weire in
fha(rg:e of and responsible as Foremeni or Head Gardeners
for Eiloweans, Fruiit, Vegeftables, liji^iI Hof-Qiouse work.

Esperien-ce as JoLUTieym-on in vegetable or niarket gajr-
deiiiS is an eissential quallifioation,

Prefereai'Ce will -be giveoi to appliioamits who posse6a_ an
ExtarainiatJoai OertMcate of the RoyaE Horticulft'Ujral
Society.

Applicants must (provide oiid be able to ride a bicycHe.

Salary 50s. per week, wditih an allowance at the rate of
££ per annujn in iiddjtion for the upkeep of a. bim-ole.

The appoiiitaneait waJl he for one year, su^bject to oq^
month's notice on either side, and wiii he renewable
an-mwilly.

The person appointed will be required to give his whoQe
time 'to the service of the County and to o^eeide wliere
fioni time to time directed.

Applications, stating previous exiJerience and «ge, with
copies of thrge recent testimonials, mixst be received
by the Ohief Education OfHciaJ, GMamorgian Ooointy HaM,
Cardiff, on or before 10 a.m. on Satuirdav^ the IStJi day of
Dei-ember, 1917.

Canvassmg, whether persoma] or written, will be a
d i#<iualification of any candidate.

T. MANSEL FRANKLEN,
Clerk of tlie County Council.

Giainoiiigian Coun t v Hal I , Cardi ff .
24tli November, 1917.

"W^ANTED. in Nobleman's establishment in
» » Kent. HEAD GARDENER, where 6 to 8 are
usually kept ; sma.U amount of Glass ; cottage in gar-
dens ; permanent i>ositiion if suitable.— -FuiLl particulars
as to ejtperienoe, &c., to B., 130, Mount Street, Berkeley
Square, London, W. 1.

TITANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-

' * ING) ; must be expejnenced in the growing of Fruat
and Vegetables under Glass and Outside, as weU as in
the packing and marketing of »ame ; preference will be
given to a married man just, over military age, with
small or no family, and whose early training had been
in gentlemen's private gardens. There is a large staff
of Garden workers, and only competent men, who can
be well recommended, need apply. Good wages given. —
Apply, giving particulars and references, to THE ESTATE
STEWARD, Dalkeith House, Reading Ro;k1, Henley-on-
Tliames.

Tl/'ANTED, good HEAD WORKING

^ ■' GARDENER ; one under him, and help given. —
Apply, Mrs. BURNS, Leesthorpe Hall, Melton Mowbray.

"YYANTED, GARDENER (Head Work-

' ' ING), where five aire lcei>t ; single ; ineligible ;
PoMiy ; moist have had good experiem^ IniSide and Out-
side : good wiages. — -\ppli\-, stating experience, to W. L.
SJIITH, Priors Court, Newbury.

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
H-\XDEI) G-UiDI5NER for Farehani, Hants; in-
oligible ; \v4Uing talie charge pony amd fowls; wife care-
taker and help in house when wanted. — Stat« .ige, wages
I with cottage), and references, to F. W. DILKF,, Miirra.\
Lndge, Newmarket.

WTANTED, SINGLE-HANDED GAR-

' ' DENER ; must be well up all round and willing
to look after a ponv. — State full partiouMrs and wages
re.iuiire<l (with cottage) (o E. S. WEBB, Wildwood Lodge,
North End, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

WANTED, good all-round SINGLE-
H.WDED G.^RDENBR for Sotuensct ; must be in-
,.l,i,o.jh|p_Wriile, D. A., Box 5, 41, WeilJington Street,
CV.voiut Gardem. W.O. 2. '

w

ANTED, GARDENER, good Single-

handed ; experienced Iniside and Out. State age,
and references.— BRADLEY, Union Club, South-

Decembee 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

TITANTED, GARDENER ; ineUgible, mar-

" • rie<l ; wife help aa cook and working" housekeeper
to t'.\o bacJielor^, girl and other lielp given; man good
iiii-iouiHi; take charge of cow, horse, goats, and pigs;
must be wi-iling, obUging, good temper ; no grumbler ;
make iUmsell useful ; fira:-claas references indispenisable ;
i^oome, tire, and garden. State lowest combined salaa y
expected ; country Kent.— Write, - GARDENER,'' c/o
S^g, 289, Regent Street, London, W.

r;jARDENERS want^; aU suited free

^^ Ovuf ther nuuTied or smgle). — (1) Windsor ; good
wages; o.>ttage and coal fooind ; Kitchen Garden
ajid Pieajiure Ground ; no glass ; help given.
(2) Surrey ; 50s. and cottage ; help give" ; wife act- as
caretaker when faniLl}- away. (3) Hants; 3(fe., lodge, and
vaget<i4)les ; help' given. (1) Shepperton ; 30s. and rooms
over a-jblea ; boy kept ; Lmvns, Vegetables, Fxuit, and
two or three Housed. Call, write, or 'phone, from 9 to
6; Saturday until 1.— ilRS. HUNT, LTLr, 86. Higii Street,
Marylebone, W. 1. Mayfadr 6200.

TITANTED, GARDENER, for Greenliouses

" " .Tpd Lawn:?, Flowers, Mushrooms; some help given;
(cottage; married; no young children.— Addiess, MRS.
ALLEN', Commonwood, Ohippei-field, Herts.

T^TANTED, GARDENER, for Lady Stu-

" " dents' Hotrte'l ; 2-a<>Te Garden; furnaces; man c<r
woman, married or single, can be arranged for, but
there hi work for wife if desired.— St. Michael's. Grove
Park, S.E. X2.

T^ANTED, WORKING GARDENER,

" ' He.id of two ; ca,pable of overlooking small es-
tate ; peiiional character. — L. NICHOLSON. Esq., Skip-
pers HtU, Five Ashes, Sussex.

Vi;"ANTED, GARDENER, for mixed

' " Garden, about 2 acres.— Apply by letter to H. F.
.MILLS, Hatherleig'h, Loudon Road, Worc^er Park.

T\rANTED, GARDENER ; must be able to

"' take ctiarge of three cows; boy does milking;
g'jod reference essential. — MISS NIVEK, The Grange,
M a rden, Bevizea.

WANTED, GARDENER or G.\R-
DENER • CIUUFFEUR, about December 17 ;
) about an acre ; bo\- kept —Apply, W. ADAMS FROS'r,
. Koivst Row, Suasex.

"WANTED, UNDER GARDENER,

» » sin^'U'; tn- Kood, stnyng L.\D ; cliieflv Kitchen Gaj.
dfi] w..rk.— Apply. GARDENER, Madehurt* Lodge.
-Vrundel.

WANTED, for suburb of London,
mairied couple as GARDENER and CARET-^KER :

n.. faniily ; houee and garden compact; very little Glass;
u'-kkI reference* required. — Write. S., Box 9, 41, Weilling-
loti Stivet, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, SINGLE MAN, ineligible, for
Outside G«u-()eni work ; fne able to take Sunday
«luty; overtime paid. ^Particulars of experience to H.
KING, Slevenstone Gardens, Torrington, N. Devon. .

WANTED, SINGLE MAN for light
l?;iKlcning work, &c. ; t-o live in; a^e 50 to 60.—
.\|»lMy, (list placL- by letter, to 4, Market Road, Oaledoniao
Roati , Ixmdon, N.

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); also
JOLUtNEYM.^: ineligible oi- diiiohorged soldiers;
good wugen. Bothy, milk, ic— Apply, with full particu-
larH, to "1". \V-U>LEB, Trcd<«ar Park Gardens. Newport,

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); wages
503., HoUiy, &o. .VUo IMPROVER ; wagoa I89. to
20*., with BoUiv, &c. ; four in Bothy ; duty paid extra.—
K. BKISTOW, Leyswood Gardens, Groombridge, Tun-
bridgo Wells.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside), in-
eligible, or I.VU'Ui.iVER ; Plants and Fruit ; 1 p.m.
S.itturluvs ; go.«l wages.- GARDENER, Oaldecote Towers,
BuslieyHeolh, Watford.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER, thor-
oiighJy trained, »ilh good exiieriencc since train-
iiig; used 'to Vines. Houses, &c., for gentleman's
■Kiundu; fcnow'ledge of Vegetables also essential; please
«-nd copies references. Also UNDER GARDENERS,
fit'rfi from training, or partiallv trained, for the same
estate.— S. B., Box 5, 41, WeUinigtoin Street. Oovent
Gandon, W.O. 2.

EXPERIENCED LADY GARDENER
wauU'd lor tlif North of Ireland; non-resident;
40a. '.veekly ; stale mligjon ; references.— M. G., Box 3,
41, We'llington Street, Oovemt Garden, W.O. 2.

ANTED, LADY GARDENER ;

trained- Inside and Out; work with ladies; live
111. Slate wages, references.- MISS D. IIASELL. Dacro
I/xlge, Peui^

WANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS
lliiside) ; £1 per week, Bothv, &c. ; duly alternate
Sundays. — Apply, GLBSON, Allretou. Park, AMretoo,
Derbyshire,

w

WANTED, for a Yorkshire Garden, an
addmonal munber of WOILEN GARDENERS ;
Inside iuid Oul ; teims 2I3. per week, rooms, lire, light,
vegettijbles, and attendance, and paid for Smiduy dut^'. —
B. D.. Box 7, 41. WeliLuigton Street, Covent Garden,
W.C, 2^

ANTED, IMPROVER, inside Houses';

age lb ; wages £1 weeUv, with Bothy, vegetables,
milk.— E. MURGA.V, Wassand Hail Gardens, near Hull.

WANTED, IMPROVER (Inside), 16 to
17 ; w.iges 18s., Bothr, &c. ; duty and overtime
p.ud.-W. J. EARL, Tlie Gai\Jens, Tranby Croft. Huild-

W ANTED, IMPROVERS, 16 to 17;
wagea las. to 20s., according to expemenoe ; witii
Bothy, &c. ; duty paid extra.— C. GARRATl', Canwell
Hail Gardens. Sutton Ooldiield. Birmingham

WANTED, strong Y'OUTH, 16 to 17, for
Kitchen Garden; il per week. Bothy, niUk, vege-
tables, and aueiid.uioe.— Apply. J. SHENN.\N, Uoklenby,
Ni'rl.h..uiiptou

WANTED, ODD MAN, with knowledge of
hot water appaaiatua, -also able to cut hay and
make himself useful on the estate ; iueJigible ; wa^s
d5s. and cottage ; also MAN for Pleasure Grounds, with
knowled^ of Herl>aceoua PLan'fea and Roses, &c. ; in-
eligible; wages 35s.; isingle.— Apply, t>A\ER, Upper Gat-
U;u Park Estate, RedhiLi, Sun-ey.

WANTED, GARDEN LABOURER (in-
eligible), lo work under Head ; single ; good lodg-
ing coin be liiid near Giudeiis ; wages 25s. per week. —
Apply b> letter to MAXWELL, Great Conip, Borough
Green, Kent,

TRADE.

WANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, in-
eligible lor the Array, \\ith thorough knowledge
of inteaiwive Ve^^etrtble cultivation (market gai-den ex-
pcnieuce for preference), to take charge amd grow Vege-
tables on the intercropping system ioi- private and shop
sde. .\pproximately 4 acres of land .it presemt under
Nursery cultivation, to be cleared for above purpotse.—
Write, ' stating cxiwrience, age. single or married, ajiid
wage required, to SHEFFIELD HORnCULTUKAL CO.,
LTD., Siilver Uilll NuTsory, Ec'oIesaU, Sheffield.

WANTED, HARDY PLANT FOREMAN.
— .\pply, stating full particulars, age, experience,
and wages required, " FOREMAN," Box 1. 41. Wellington
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, a thoroughly qualified MAN,
lor the Norlli of Englajid. to uike charge of a
quaaitnv of Glass, Oucunihers, Toiiialos, (Jlirj saiiUlcniulns,
S;.; — A*ldre»», giving full particulars, experience. wo«es,
&'■., S. F., Box 6, 41. Wellington Street, Oovemt Garden,
W.(j. 2.

WANTED at once, an ineligible, practical,
industrious MAX as Outdoor Surscrj' Propagator;
must be good at Budding, Grafting. &c.. Roses,
tVrtnatis, Fruits, and other Ornamental Tiees and Shrubs ;
an abs.ounor preferred.— Apply, with Copies of tcstj.
jnoniials, stating age, married or single, and wages re-
quirc<l, to J.W. HOLDER & SON, Orown Nurscriee,
Reading.

w

WANTED, GARDENER, to manage 10
iicre3 oi ground as Vegetable Market Garden ; 5
miles" fiom Guildlord; 3 Glass-houses, entirely worked
bv women.— Write, L. M., Box M, 41. Welilington Steeert,
Covent Garden. W.O. 2.

ANTED immediately, experienced GAR-
DENER lor Greeubouse Depaitnient.— Write, state
age. experience, wagea i-equired, to .T.\MES GARTER &
CO.', Tlie Nurseries, Houston Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.

WANTED, GROWER (Second), experi-
enced Toniatos. Cucumbers, Oarnatitnw, Soft-
wfwded St'UlT ; pennanency if suitable. — Apply, HOP-
Wi)01l.'<, 58, Hjgh Street, OheMemham.

WANTED, MAN or WOMAN GAR-
DENER ; use<l to patting and watering Pot Plants,
to take charge of Glara under Foreman if capable ;
woidd suit energeitic j^oumg woman who wishes to gain
iilll-ri>und knowledge m growing for tlie trade— .^pply,
001,E PARK NVRSERY, Mogden Lane, Isleworth.

SEED TRADE. — Vacancy for expf^rienced
Seed Tester and Amailjst (male or female).— Apply,
I'lviiie full p,articu1»re of prervious exix-riance and state
silary required, to CHARLES SHARPE & CO., LIMITED.
Slesljf'ord.

WANTED, experienced ASSISTANTS, in
our Vegetable Seed Department; good' wages to
competenrt men.— Apply, giving full particulars, to TOO-
GOOD & SONS. The King's Seedamcn, Southampton.

WANTED, SEEDSMAN, Provincial ;
good counter Inuid — M. T., Box 8, 41, Wellington
St.i-eet, Oovenjt tiaixten, W.C 2.

WANTED at once, an energetic and cap-
able ASSIST.VXT in the Seed Department; two
or tihi'ee seasons' experience would be necessary. — Full
partdoulars, stating wages, &c., to HILLIER & SONS,
Nurser^Tllen, Seedsmen, &c., Winchester.

WANTED^ SEED ASSISTANT; ineli-
gujble. — Pilease give particulars of experience and
sakiarv required to .lOHX PEED & SON, Seedsmen, West
Norwood, S.E. 27.

WANTED, PACKER, for Plants, Seeds
.and Bulbs.— Please apply, giving particulars of
experience and salary required, to JOHN PEED & SON,
Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E. 27.

WANTED, LADY GARDENERS, as
SHOP -\.SS1ST.VNTS— Apply by letter, stating ex-
peijeiice ajid salary required, to tic Holbom Mauager,
JAMES CARTER & 00., 2o/, High Holbom, Loudon,
W.C. 1.

ASSISTANT (Feimale) wanted, for Retail
Seed Shop ; must have thorougli knowledge of
trade; good wages to capable and leliable parson.-
Send all pai-ticulius of quailiflcations to GEORGE ELSOM,
d Grower oind Merohant, Spalding. Lines.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. foP eaeh

tueeeedlng Eight wordi.criless.

Gardeners de«lrlng ftaeii Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as, all
Letters «o addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE,

AF. BASSET, ESQ., of Tehidy Park,
• Oamborne, Ornwall, is anxioua to personally ire-
onmiciid as HEAD GARDENER in a large establish-
in -lit his present Head Giiidener, F. J. Clark, who is
thoroughly conipeteait in aJi branches; a good mim-
ager of inen ; exampkuy in conduct, and is m every
wW dependable; age 47 years; widower with 0J»
,g.mv«.ui) daughter; 7i years in present situation ; pre-
vioiusliv Head lor 12 v ears in one situation, m the Mid-
lands.'-Apply, F. J. CL-UIK, as aboye^ ^

GARDENER (Head) or Gardener and
Small Estate Management whei-e reqmred ; We
experience in aU branches. Inside and Out; early wid
kite forcing; sevei'al years' Head in good families; the
i-oiigtilv reliabte; higblv recommended; raairried (no
ivhildien,).--VVOODHOUSE, Possingwortb Gardens. Oross-
iii-Hajid, Sussex.

/GARDENER (Head) seeks engagement in

^-f a gocxi estAliishment, where several others are
kept; life experience' in all branches; highly recom-
niende<l bv late employer, A. W. Gitaiouir, Esq., aiter 11 ■
vetus' BW-Tii-e ; left through place being sold ; mamed ;
'age 49.— Apply, 0. BAULK, 9a, Midmoor Road, Balham,
London, S.W;' 12.

JW. SMITH is resigning his post as
• HEAD GARDEXER at Newton Hall, Cambridge.
iiid would be pleased to hear of any lady or gentleman
iviiuiriiig the service of an up.to-date, thorough, practi-
ool man ; well rec'ommended by present and previous em-
I).'Jo.vers : present situajtion over 3 years.

GARDENER (Head) seeks re-engagement
in a good establishment ; large and varied ex-
perience in a,il branches; U years in present place; age
44: married (3 ohildiren) ; state wages.— B., Box 8. 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Oa'rden, W.C. 2.

GARDENER (Head) seeks re-«ngagement ;
first-clia£=»s experience all departments, incfludiin^
Orchids —GARDENER, c/o Mrs. Russell. 34, Wellington
.Sqiiiu-e, aielsea, S.W. 3.

•ITUATIOMS WANTED eontlBuad on pMC* v.

fifiE GAkDENERS' CHRONICLE.

tl)ECEMBER 1, 191?.

rURF LOAM.

Very Fibroua Yellow Turf Loam

For VINE BORDERS, CARMATIONS,
ROSES, MELONS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS,
FEUITS UNDER GLASS, etc., «to.

Qtwtaliuiii Caii-iage Paid or D.livereil.

A. B. JOHNSTON,

New Park, Cranleigh, SURREY.

A SUBSTITUTE for ordinary 21 oz. glass, which Is now
so scarce. The new British Rolled Sheet is aiiout
iV in (or equal to Btout 21 oa.) in thicliness. Can be
supplied to buyers' sizes, at favourable prices, delivered
free and sound in the country in quantities. We also offer
ordinary 21 oz. British Sheet Class, under the same
conditions. ^

Manufacturer* of

GENUINE

WHITE LEAD

PAINT.

"BLACKFRIARS BRAND."

AND

BEST

LINSEED OIL

PUTTY.

Complete Price List of
Paints, Colours, Tarnishes, &c., on application.

GEORGE FARNItLOS & SONS, Ltd..

34, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST 8MITHFIELD, LONDON, EC.
And BlaekfViarB Wharf, Upper Ground Street, 8.E.

Quote Gakdeners' ChroniolE.
TOMATO SEED

Eiders ** Recruit."

anil li.

, for its dtlicious tlavour, uniform size,
and heavy cropping iiualities, is unsurpasseti.
In sealed packets !/• per packet, direct from
the raisers,

S. BIDE & SONS, Ltd.,

ALtMA NURSERIES, FARNHAM, SURREY.

Sample CRET Pot

FREE with Booklet

will convince you that the
Drainage. Porosity. Healthful-
ness of CRETS would help
your plants. Write:
PETER BAILEY & SONS, Ltd.
2 Heaton Mersey Pottery,
near MANCHESTER.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOGUE i CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

IMPORTANT

Please write foi
at the Paper Co
to send to those who apply—

RIVERS

Fruit Trees, Roses,
Vines, Figs, Oranges,

Orchard House Trees

ARE OF

First - class Quality.

A Large and Select Stock always on Vien:

PRICE LIST POST FREE ON
APPLICATION.

THOMAS RIVERS & SON

Sawbrldsreworth, Herts.

STATION: HARLOW, G.E.R.

LAXTON BROTHERS, BEDFORD.

ORCHIDS.

A large and fine stock. All clean and healthy and at very
low prices.

COWAN'S NEW ORCHID MATERIAL,

Is the be.-i' nnd by far the cheapest.
Catalogues, with full particulars, post free on application to
Nurseries,
Cateacre, Liverpool.

,SANKEYS'^S>POTS

■^Ehc BEST ond Cheapesh

RICHARD SANK£r A SON, LT9.

Bulwell Po^^e^es. NOTTINOtlAM.

SUBSTITUTE FOR RUSSIA MATS.

'^FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Ma.do -from prepared Hair and Wool

A ^ood iionco)iduft-<tr.
2 yds., S yds., and 4 yds. wide
/';■/<■(• ai^ pattern Jrom —

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S,

DUKE ST.. LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

ORCHIDS,

CleaD, well-grown an I oheap ; also

Many Rare and Choice Varie\ies

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS OF ALL KINDS.

Kindly send for Catalogue.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS,

Exotic Nurseries, CHELTENHAM.

AUCUBA JAPONICA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the al>ove 3 ft. to 4 ft. bushy, good plants for Covert
Planting. Must be sold, cheap, to make room for potatos.
If not disposed of must be burned. —A BARGAIN i
Particulars from .■ —

Rhododendron Ponticum,

1 to Uft. 16'. per 100, 140 - per 1000.
U to iiL 23/. per 100. ISO/- per 1000.

2 to 3ft. 35 - per 100.

2 to 3*ft. , tliese are suitable for covert planting,
140,- per 1O0O.

JOSEPH A. SMITH,

Moor Edge Nurseries, Tansley.nr. Matlock

WOODS RIVAL TOMATO
WOOD'S RIVAL CUCUMBER
WOODS SCARLET RIVAL MELON
WOOD'S GREEN RIVAL MELON

Packets 1/6. 2/6 and 5/- each.

U. J. G. WOOD, ^"^"""^Srio^TtT"""^"'

II. J. Greenwood, F.R.U.S.. Proprietor.

LARGE POPLARS,

12 to 20 feet, GOOD ROOTS.
Consisting or Lontbardy, Black Italian, and
Ontario. Fins trees for Screen or Shelters.

Ko reasiin;ibli- otler refnsiil.
Ground wanted for Potatos.

R. MANSON, ''"•'^XHy'^n^oo^*^'"^'^'
THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Conlaint S platet in eolour. Prict l/IO poit /ree ■

THE PUBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, WelllnBton

Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2.

OARDEI^ING JHARITIES.

QARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION,

QEO. J. INGRAM, Sec.,

92, Victoria Street, S.W

Telephore— Tirtnri. .J)!}.

EVERY
GARDENER
KNOWS
THAT

^^cts there

and makes the Garden ytol^'i,.
gay all the year round .^:'::^^t^

I Sold everywhere fn
iANDED & SEALED BAOS
, 24e. Or direct from th ■

(exreptetl. •IIXSV Qu!»ntiiu-s..f :.i; lbs' and upwards are supplied in 2S 11.. I
CLAY & SON. Manure Mpnufaoturers & Bene Crushers, STRATFORD, LONDON, E.

Horticutural purposes In TINS at Sd. & Is., and *

7 Ilk"! 26. 6d ; U ll>s, 4s. 6tl. ; 5S lbs. 7s. 6«l. ; 6« ]hs 136. 6(1.11

' ■■' '" I>aid 11 the United Kinpdom for Cash wiUi Order I

IT IS THE
STANDARD
FOOD FOR
PLANTS.

Decembee 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

215

No leu -8ATURDAT. DECEMBER 1. !»17

CONTENTS.

. 221 Marshall, a story of the

AUotrntnts

Alpine? uuder glass

Crab, a hybrid . . . . •.i2l

Dug-outs in the garden "222

Farm, crops and stock on
the home .223

Fertilisers, the tians-
poit uf 221

Food production, on in-
creased—
Beans and Peas, dried 216
Carrots, thinning .. 216
Onions, continuous

cropping of . . . . 216
Potato Sir John

Llewelyn . ..216

Potatos, early and mid-

Beasoii 216

Preparing ground for
next season .. .. 215

France, trade with .. 221

Fruit f.rming for dis-
abled olticers .. .. 221

Gardeners tllty years'
service .. .. .. 222

Horlicu.tural Club . . 221

Lafosse, Monsieur, re-
tirement of .. .. 222

Lattice leaf plant, the.. 223

Lilluia regale .. ..222

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Carnations, forms of Wheat-ear

Crab, a hybrid, and its parents

Currant Fay's Prolific

Currant Versailles

ings .. .. 21S

Ouvirandra fenestralis .. 223

Plant notes—

Irisstylusa .. .. «18

Salvia splendens . . 218

Potatos, results of spray-

ing 222

Potatos. Bale of *' im-
mune" .. .. .. 222

Quercus cerria . . 21S

Kailway rates for fruit

and other produce . . 221
Red Cun-ants, a revision

of the 217

Roses, on planting .. 220
Societies —
Manchester and North

of England Orchid . . 223
Royal Horticultural . . 223
United Uort. Benefit
and Provident. . 222, 223
Trees and shrubs —

Berberis 21S

Tying materials . . .. 222

War item 222

Weather in S. Norfolk .. 223
Week's work, the.. 2IS, 219

223

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

PKEPAlilXG THE GROUND FOR NEXT
SEASON.

IN most, gardens there is now a coasideraitle
aanount of space tiiicropped, ajiU it should
be decided at once when and what steps
shall be taken towarde prepoiing the ground for
next sea^son. Soils vary much, ajid no hard-and-
fast rules as to their treatmeiiit can well be laid
down, so much depending upon circumstances.
Some land ie best left aJone until iiear the time
of cropping, but other types ought to be dug
at once ; in some cases bastord trenching would
be beneficial, whilst in others ordinary trench-
ing would be better treatment. When to manure
and what manures to u.se are ciue.-itions that re-
quire consideration, whilst soils may be greatly
improved by the addition of a variety of other
materials, soluble and in«&lubl«.

Heavy soils under good cultivation usually
prove the most fertile. They consist largely of
clay. When first taken in hand, it is best not to
attempt trenching of any kind, but the drainage
ought to be made perfect. As e^rly in the winter
as possible the ground should be dug with a fork
t ) its full depth, and strawy manure from the
stable, only partially decayed, freely buried in
the trenches. This kind of manure is slow in
decomposition, and acts mechanically in dividing
naturally close soils. Frosts, winds, sunshine,
and rains will further break down or pulverise
the roughly laid-up spits, and if a spring dressing
of fine sandy soil, leaf-mould, wood .ashes, peat,
mortar rubbish, or burnt clay is forked in, the
improvement effected in a comparatively short
space of time will be of a permanent character.

Caustic lime applied at the rate of one ton to
a quarter of an acre of ground is an excellent
dressing, either for heavy soils newly broken up
or for any that have been freely manured of
late years, and where decomposition is slow.
Place it in four-bushel heaps and cover it with
soil until it is slaked, then spread it over the
surface of ground that has been dug some
few weeks in advance, and fork it into the
soil. Never bury lime deeply, it will find
its way down quickly enough. Th^ other sub-
stances, whether in nii.xture or separately, should
also be well mixed with pulverised soil, and not
deeply buried. After the top spit has been im
proved, and e.vhausted of some of its fertility, the
time will have arrived for double digging.

There are some soils that contain so great a

percentage of clay that it is scarcely possible to
alter their character quickly. In some cases it
is unwise even to dig them many weeks in ad-
vance of cropping, some clays when puIverLsed
assuming the consistency of birdlime. The
majority of heavy soils, however, should be
roughly dug as early as possible in the autumn
or winter, and if soon pulverised pay well for
being forked over, without disturbing the manure
underneath, in February or early in March; for
often the surface is finely divided when cropped.
but underneath are great hard, cold lumps,
.which often remain in that state through the
eumnier. The second turning discovers and
brings these to the surface to be ptilverised.

On no account interfere with retentive soils in
wet weather, or the surface will be made pasty
before it is turned in, and be years in recovering
its original fairly open state. Nor should cow
manure be used if supplies can be obtained from
the horse stables. The former material makes
the land heavier and colder than before it« appli-
cation, and is suitable only for light land,
whereas strawy manure, as alrea<iy stated, acte
differently. All wheeling on hea.vy land must
be done a« much as possible either when the
surface soil is froTien or in a dry staie, planks
for wheeling on being necessarj' at all other
times.

Medium soils vary much, but there is
generally a good depth of free working, yet
fairly retentive soil, which is improved by
deep cultivation from the outset. Soil that con.
tains 20 per cent, or more of clav. of a sandy
or gravelly nature, should not be l)rought too
hastily to the surface. First prepare it by bastard
trenching, and the a<3mixture of decaying sub-
stances, such as vegetable refuse and .solid
manure of any kind, and then a reversal of the
spits, if clay is not very abundant, may safely be
attempted.

Mi.xed farmyard manure is the best manure for
these medium soils, and they will stand plenty
of it. Manure in a halt-decayed state may be dug
in now. atid the surface of the ground laid
!ip to bo improved, sweetened, and broken
down by frosts. A dressing of lime is usually
required about once in seven years. No garden
where vegetables are grown can flourish indefi-
nitely without it. The soil becomes sour and
plants will not thrive.

Light soils of a very free-working character
have their disadvantages as well as the rest. Tn
particular, sandy soils .are not sufficiently reten-
tive of moisture. Tf the subsoil is not of a very
chalky or gravelly nature, mnch may be done to-
wards improving the physical properties of n
light soil by first bastard- and then really
trenchin;; it. Clay sometimes underlies these
sandy soils, and the bringing of about three
inches of this, or even less, to the surface, and
well mixing with it. would completely cTiange its
character for the better. It is to the absence of
clay that the poorness of sandy soils is to be at-
tribute*!. If either clay or marl can be obtained,
it would pay well to spread about twenty loads of
this over a quarter of an acre of ground, doing
it either in autumn or early in winter. It must
be left exposed tn all weathers until broken down
to a finely divided state, when it sboiild be forVed
into and mixed with the surface soil, but not
buried deeply. This admixture of clay or ninri
has the effect of at once making the ground more
retentive of mnistnre, Tf no clay ran be ob
tained. it is not advisable either to manure or
dii: lonix before the ground is wanted for croo-
ping purpoees. Should manure be buried in
the crround mnch before the roots of plants are
there to absorb the fond thus placed within easv
reach, the chances are much of it will be washed
down the drains and wasted. Better build the
maniupe into a square heap fit oiigbt to be well
deconipo?e-fl for lii.jht soils), placing a layer of
fresh snil underneath and another on the top.
thereby preserving its best properties and in-
creasing the balk against the time it is wanted.
Roughly digging or ridging light soils in the

autumn or early winter is a mistake, for the
reason that they are already too finely divided.
Failing a dressing of clay or marl, collect a great
heap of road trimmings, decayed garden refuse,
and cow manure. A heavy spring dressing of
this mixture, or one given when the ground is
baing dog, will serve to improve its depth, re-
tenttiveness, and productiveness.

Bastard trenching consists of breaking up the
soil two or more spits deep without changing the
position of the different layers, thereby increas-
ing the depth and fertility without running any
risks of bringing the poor, unworkable subsoil
to the surface in injurious quantities. Some few
soils, principally those of an alluvial or deposited
character, may safely be trenched outright, but
by far the greater proportion would be little
short of ruined for years if other than bastard
trenched at the outset.

Having a breadth of clear ground, the. present
is a good time to trench, it being of import-
ance that the mass should settle a.gain prior
to being cropped. The nature of the subsoil
must determine whether ordinary or bastard
trenching shall be carried out. Poor subsoil
must not be brought to the surface, nor
rich soil buried deeply. Work in plenty of good
manure. Trench any hard or weedy ground. The
deep moving facilitates the 'passage of air and
water through the soil, and an opportunity is
afforded of burying troublesome weeds, except
such as Bindweed and Couch Grass, which ought
to be picked out as trenching proceeds. Heavy
ground that has been previously bastard trenched
two or three times will most probably have the
snb.soil sufficiently well prepared for bringing to
the surface. It must be borne in mind that a
spit of fresh, cl.ayey subsoil when first brought to
tlie surface may run together badly, and render
working and cropping difficult for several years.
Full trenching is done by first digging a trench
20 inches wide and two good spits deep, the whole
of the f?oil being wheeled back to where the work
is tC' be finished. Mark out the next 20-inch
width, and from this dig and throw the top suit
into the bottom of the trench in front ; on the
top of this deposit the bottom spit of the
second trench, leaving it in as rough a state as
possible, thus exposing it to frosts. Repeat the
operations until the last trench is reached, which
will be filled in with the soil wheeled from the
front.

Tn this manner the positions of the two layers
nf soil will be reversed, this operation greatly
increasing the depth and productiveness of the
whole mass. When ground is being trenched for
anv crop requiring a rich, deep root run (no
vegetable crop that I know is influenced more by
deep trenching than the large Onions that are
an common nowadays), plenty of solid manure or
decaying vegetable matter may well be mixed
with "each spit, but for ordinary crops no manure
ought to be needed. James A. Poire.

POTATO SIR JOHN LLEWELYN.
I HAVE been very intereeted in the various
articles on Potatos in the columns of the Oar-
deners' Chro-nirle during the last few weeks,
but, so far, I have not seen any mention of the
variety Sir John Llewelyn. Your correspondent
/. F. mentions a few good varietiee ; I wonder
if he has tried this one, and what was his ex-
perience with it? It 'is a heavy cropper, has
firet-rate quality, and is an excellent keeper.
Mr. Wm. Taylor asks for varieties which may
be taken off the ground by the end of July.
T presume he does not mean that they must be
ripe for storing? Sir John is ripe here by the
end of August. Last year, as we shall all have
cause to remember, was a bad year for disease.
I never found one tuber affected in this variety ;
later sorts were all more or less bad, so I had
them used first, and reserved the Llewelyns
t.ill late sprcing ; in fact, we were using them to
the end of June, and what surprised me most,
the quality was js good as ever to the la.st, a
point read-ers will agree with me is a very im-

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb 1, 1917.

portant matter. Complainjte were frequent
about Pofcatcvs being bla:-k late in the spring ;
for a change I heai-d nothing but compliments
regarding these tubers. All Potatos were stored
in the same conditions, in a disused stable, and
from time to time turned over and the sprouts
rubbed off. Although Sir J. Llewelyn is an
early variety, it gave the least trouble in this
respect, and probaibly thaA had a lot to do with
i,ts eating qualities. I plant«di more of it thaji
any other variety, and have had a fine crop ;
the soil is a light loam. T. N. B., Willing-
hurst Gardens, Guildford.

EARLY AND MID-SEASON POTATOS,

In reply to Mr. Taylor (see p. 191), I would

recommend The Norseman, a kidney variety,

moved and a light dressing oi sulphate of am-
monia was scattered between the Bean rows and
lightly forked in. The crop of Beans was
pulled up in September and hung up in an
open shed unifcil thoroughly dry, then the pods'
wei-e picked off aaid put into a sack, and
threshed out by beating the sack with a stick.
The yield from this crop was 27^ pints. The
quality of this Bean when cooked as a Haricot
IE excellent.

A sowing was also made of Sutton's Forc-
ing ; half-a-pint of seed was sown between
the Celei-y trenches, the yield from which
was 16 pints. This Bean is a dwarf grower
and matures early ; the seeds are smaller
than the Brown Dutch, nevertheless it may be
recommended as a most suitable variety for

[Drtiin, hij Mhs Fra

Fig. 82. — currant fay's pbolific (5 nat. size).

Bunyard.

(See p. 217.)

and a heavy cropper. If planted early, lifted at
the end of July, and carefully stored, the tuibei%
keep sound until late in the winter. Windsor
Cyastle is another variety that can safely be
planted early and lifted early, and the tubers
will keep well. C. Davis, Holy Wells Park Gar-
dens, Ipswich.

HARICOT BEANS AND DRIED PEAS FOR
FOOD DURING WINTER.
Having obtained at the beguming of the sea-
sou one pint of Brown Dutch Beans fix>m the
R.H.S., three-quarteirs oif a pint were sown in
May betweea tie rows of Spring Cabbage. At
tile end of June the Cabbage stumps weje re

use OS a Haricot. On several occasions I have
tried the Canadian Wonder, but as this variety
is slow in maturing it is not suitable for our
climate when growTi for use as a Hanicot.

The eucoess with my dried Beans is partly
due to partial failures in previous seasons, ■ a
I find one must choose suitable varieties, onu
the gi'ound which they are to occupy must not
be too rich, else they ai'e apt to grow raak,
consequently they matui'e late and cause endless
trouble in drying.

I have other varieties which are not yet
threshed out, but from the appearance of the
crops Brown Dutch and Sutton's Forcing are
mv best.

From 1 pint of Early Blue Peas sewn uii
March I obtained 13 pints of driedi Peas as
food for winter use. Tihese Peas wei'e not
sown so early as usual, and when drying off
they were badly winnowed by the sparrows and
did not prove S'uch a success as when sown in
the autumn ; consequently I have already sown
X'2 pint of William I. and 3 pints of Early
Blue, the crops of which will be used as dried
Peas during the winter of 1918 and 1919.

There is one advantage in growing for dried
Peas — the land on which they have been grown
is most suitable for a winter crop of Greens,
and wlien the Pea seed is sown in the autumn
the crop matures early. G. H. H. W., Heath
lind Gardens, near Basingstoke.

ONIONS ON THE SAME BORDER FOR
TWENTY-THREE YEARS.

In view of the fact that many vegetables at '
present are 'bedng grown on the easne soil for
more than one year in successiion I may mention
a case in my early expeiience. One boi'der in
a garden of 11 acres was set apart for the culti-
vation of Onions, and the gardener assured me
they had been grown there for 20 years, to
which I added three more while there. It was
a fruiit tree boixier, and the Apples, Pears ar I
Cheinies on the wall wei-e very old, so that the
border, probably, had not been trenched since
they were planted. I was set to wheel a liberal
quantity of well-rotted manure upon it, and then
dig it spade-deep. This done, I was dii-ected to
give it a good dressing of well-rotted garden
refuse. One year, I remember, the Onions were
sown on March 12. When ready they were
weeded and thinned. Soon after the Onion
fiy made its presence visible I watered the
border once or twice with guano-water, and the
Onions made rapid progress. Being intended
only for home consumption we allowed' only
3 to 4 inches between the plants. The crop was a
heavy one, a large proportion weighing h.-ilf 1
pound each, some more. This was beiore the
days of AUsa Craig and other big Onions. /. F.

THE THINNING OF CARROTS.

Undee "Critical Remarks" (p. 201) Mr. C.
Turner questions the necessity of thinning Car-
rots and Onions. He does not mention whether
his Cari'ots were sown thickly or thinly, but to
enable him to grip a handful of tops and diraw
up bunches of 5 — 8 specimens the formei' must
have been the case.

My own experience differs from that of Mr.
Turner. As a Carrot-grower of many years'
practice I am conviinced that, if the aim of the
grower is to produce handsome roots, proper
space must be allowed for development.

If Carrots are sown thinly none need be
wasted, as it is quite possible, while avoiding
any injury whatever to the permanent plants,
so to withdraw the surplus ones that these latter
may be used for cooking. Until this season I
always allowed main crop Carrots to stand 6
inches to 8 inches apart in the rows ; this en-
abled me to use the hoe freely and prevent the
CaiTot fly (PsUa rosae) from ruining the crop.

Unfortunately lack of laboui- this season
prevented the customary systematic thinning
of crops, with tie result that, instead of the
usual, good-shaped Carrots, I have a double
number of undersized, misshapen specimens.
In regard to Mr. Turner's remarks on lifting,
I may say that whilst I have known Carrots
sown in August remain in the ground until
spring and then yield a good supply of
fresh roots, it is only a catch crop de-
pending entirely on mild wea.ther, favourable
soih and situations. The general practice is to
lift and store main crop Carrots on the approach
of severe weather (see Mr. Dunn's remarks,
Gard. C/iron., Oct. 20, p. 158). This date is
not unnecessarily soon ; providing the crop is
stored in sand in a cool shed, I find that the
roots retain both, firmness and flavour. Arthur
Srnife. Smalley Hall Gardens, Drrhyshirr.

December 1, 1917. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

217

A BEVISION OF THE RED CURRANTS.

(Continued from page 206.)
THE VERSAILLES GROUP.

This group includes the descendants of the so-
called Ribes macrocarpa, probably a large form
of R. vulgare. The first variety known was the
Cherry. They aU possess very stout shoots that
are easily broken off by wind or overcropping,
large, thick and milky-green leaves, and buds
that are apt to ''go blind." Nearly all of the
largest fruited sorts belong to this group, and
it is very difficult in many cases to separate the
different sorts, which often vaj^ only in a few
inconspicuous characters.

Versailles (see fig. 83). Syns. Belle Versailles,
La Versaillaise, Eclipse, Magnum Bonum.

Flowers. — Vulgare type, eye slightly tinged
red, petals wedge-shaped or linear, sepals turned
back, rachiis slightly downy.

Leaves. — Young state tinted brown, adult
large, milky-green, very stout, held nearly flat,
leaf-stalk not channelled.

Fruit. — Bunch medium length, about 10 fruits,
rachis a little hairy, keeping green when fruit
is ripe, berries rather large, fairly dark, pedicels
.slender, rather long and lax, allowing fruit to
hang loosely around the bunch.

Season. — Mid.

Buds. — Dark chestnut-brown, standing well
away, slightly hairy.

(innvth. — Vigorous, rather upright.

Origin. — Raised by M. Bertin, of Versailles,
about 1835, and put into commerce shortly after-
wards. It was first named Belle de Versailles.
A good and accui-ately coloured figure will be
found in Decaisne's Jardin Fruitier.

Cherry. Syn. Cerise.— I find it impossible to
describe this variety. It is the first of its type,
the Macrocary)a, and was sent from Italy about
1840 to M. Adrien Seneclause, of Bourg-Argental,
labelled Bibes acerifolium. Early authorities de-
sciibe it as having fruit the size of a Cherry
and only a few on a bunch. Of the varieties I
have received as f'herry from modern sources,
two only agree, the remaining five all present
small differences, and no other variety illustrates
better the extraordinary difficulty of deciding
what is the original type. The distinctions are
small, often only a difference in time of starting
growth, a glabrous or downy rachis, the eye
gieen or red, but as they preserve these un-
changed over a series of years I cannot disregard
them as negligible. None of them, however, cor-
responds to early figures and descriptions. In
any case, the varieties grown under this name
are so close to Versailles, and none is better in
cropping, that it may, I think, be disregarded
from the practical point of view in favour of
that variety. It may be noted that for many
years pomological authorities have been in dis-
agreement as to whether there is any difference
between the Cherry and Versailles, and I can
only surmise that either the original Cherry has
fleveloped longer bunches or that it is now lost
to cultivation.

Fay's Prolific (see fig. 82). Syn. Walkers.

Flowers. — Type, green faintly striped red,
sepals just separated, petals wedged, eye red,
rachis with downy hairs, and a few dark glands.

Leaves. — Large, milky-green, very rugose,
downward pointing.

Fruit. — Bunches rather long, rachis with slight
down, fruit large, hanging loose around bunch.

Season. — Early.

Bitds. — Very long and pointed, on long sup-
ports, dark brown. Vascular bundles of leaf scar
very prominent.

Growth. — Moderate, fairly open.

Oriqin. — Raised by Lincoln Fay in Chatauqua,
, New York, in 1868. Quite the best of its type,
and most valuable for its earliness. The flowers
show well before the leaves, and their peculiar
yellow tinge as they open serves to distingufsh
this variety at that season.

RouoE DE BoHLOONE. Syns. Grosse Rothe von
Bnulngne. — This is a poor form of the Versailles,

which it almost exactly resembles save in its
pcorer cropping qualities; of little merit.

Origin. — Undiscovered.

C.A,UCASICHE. — Flowers. — Pale yellow, .sepa.Is
apart', petals wedged .shaped, rachis almost hair-
less. Late flowering.

Leaves. — In yoiuig state dark red, adult indis-
tinguishable from Versailles.

Fruit. — Bunch medium, rachis green, slightly
hairy, berries medium.

Season. — Mid.

Winter buds rather short, round, pointed, well
away, light brown, rather hairy.

Growth. — Strong, buds frequently abortive.

This has proved a poor cropper with me, and
not worthy of cultivation.

cide which is the true type. My own efforts to
procure a true stock have not been successful.

Chenonceau. — A distinct form of Versailles
type, but "with shorter bunches, and starting
rather later than that variety. Df little merit.

Warner's Gr.ipe. — Closely resembling Che-
nonceau, bat bunches very short at the end of
a rather long stem. Has cropped very poorly
with me, and is not worthy of retention.

Belle de St. Gilles. Syn. Schoene Von St.
GfiUes. — Resembling Versailles very closely in
nearly all characters, but the bunches are dis-
tinct, beiing moderately long and hanging ajound
in a tighit mass. It is, however, so apt to go
" blind " that it cannot be recommended.

*^ !fM

C:

■^^a

{Brawn, by Misn Franeeis Butiyard.
Fig. 83. — red currant Versailles {{ nat. size).

Red Cross. — Resembling Versailles, but hav-
ing flowers with a green eye, leaves held more
flatly than that variety, and starting later. A
good cropper, but not so regular, as Fay's Pro-
lific. Raised by Jacob Moore, of Attica, New
York, Cherry x White Gnape.

North Star. — A green-flowered form of Ver-
sailles, the main difference being its very early
habit of starting growth; the earliest in my col-
lection. Prolific, but berries rather small. An
accidental seedling introduced by the Jewell
Nursery Co., of Lake City, Minnesota.

Comet (see Card. Chron., Augu.st 1. 1896, fig.
26). — This is considered by many to be identical
with Fay's Prolific, but as I am told that when
originally distributed it contained several dis-
tinct varieties, it is hopeless now to try and de-

Pekfkotion (American). — A form of Ver-
sailles, differing in its habit of starting growth
and flowering very early, but as it does not
ripen so early as Fay's Prolific it has no ad-
vantage, and the fruits are also rather apt to
run off. The variety Perfection of La.xton is
quite distinct, and will be found under the
Dutch section. Said to be Fay's Prolific x White
Grape. Introduced in 1912.

Wilder. — This closely resembles Perfection
(American), but it is earlier still in slarting
growth, and the fruit quickly attains its full
size, but is long in colouring, so thart. it does
not ripen before other early varieties. Subject
to running oft. A seedling of Versailles raised
by E. Y. Teas, of Indiana. Fj. .(. Bvtn/nrd.
(To be continued.)

218

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 1, 1917.

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

LAELIO-CATTLEYA GOLDEN WINGS.

A FINE flower of this pretty hybrid between
L.-C. Ophii- (L. xanthina x C. Dowiana aurea)
iiiid C. fulvescens (Forbesii x Dowiana. aurcai
is sent by Mr. H. G. Alexander, Orchid grower
to Lieut.-Col. Sir Geo. L. Holford, K.C.V.O .
Westonlbirt, Tetbury. The flowed-, which is
6 inches across, has petals 2 inches wide and
proportionately broad, and ovate sepals, both of
a clear lemon-yellow colour. The lip, which is
openly displayed and shows the flesliy white
column, is yellow on the outside, veined and
tinged with orange in the centre. The front is
liglit rosy lilac, recurved at the apex, and show-
ing indications of the C. Forbesii parent of C.
fulvescenis. Its clear yellow colour is another
pixxkf of ■the utility of Laelia xanthina in fixing
the coloiu' of yellow hybrids.

0D0NT06L0SSUM ETHELREDA.
This singular hybrid, remai'kable for its very
dark colour, was rasied by Mr. De Barri Craw
sliay, Rosefield, Sevenoaks, between 0. Edward'iii
and 0. triumphans. The original plant, recorded
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, August 3, 1912,
p. 101, had a pink margin and tips to the seg
ments. A much dai-ker form is sent by Mr.
H. Hadidon, Orchid grower to Mrs. Bischoffs-
heim. The Warren House, Stanmore, taken from
a seedling plant flowering for the first time
there. The lanceolate sepals and petals are uni-
formly coloured diark mahogany brown, with a
slight golden tint, and the front half of the
narrow, apiculate lip, which is dark orange
colour at the base, is coloured like the sepals
and petals, but rather lighter in tint. In size
and shape it is not what is usually expected nf
an Odontoglossum, but its very remarkable
colour- renders it acceptable.

CYPRIPEDITJM JOHN HARTLEY.

A FLOWER of massive proportions, resulting
from a cross between C. Reginald. Young
(Hitchinsiae x insigne Harefield Hall) and C.
Shogun, a good hj'brid of unrecorded parentage
but -with strong evidence of C. insigne or C.
Dreadnought in its composition. It is sent iis
bv Mr. John Hartley, The Knowle, Morley,
Yorkshire, the o-wner of this new hybrid, which
secured a Fiiist-class Certificate and a Silver
Medal at a recent meeting of the Manchester
and North of England Orchid Society.
It is one of the finest developments of the
C. insigne type yet produced, showing
plainly in its features the influence of C.
insigne Harefield Hall, but enlarged and im-
pix>ved in every way. The lower two-thirds of
the dnrsial sepal, which is 3^ inches wide, is pale
yelloiwish green. The sides and upper p^rt have
a pure white margin, varying from half a,n inch
to .one inch in width, the central .greenish portion
of which has numerous daA chocolate-pur.ple
blotches aird smaller purple spotting at the sides.
The broad, flat petals and large lip aa-e greenish
vello^v, tinged with ro,<"e.

PLANT NOTES.

.SALVIA SPLENDENS.
Salvia splenbens has produced a ruddy
purple sport in the Cambridge Botanic Gar-
den. The flowers at once suggest those of
Salvia ianthina, but the colour of that
plant, which differs also in foliage, is blue-purple,
while the purple of the novelty is distinctly
ruddy. The flowers have a sombre appearance,
but, nevertheless, ma.y be regarded as having
some beauty, and they are certainly attractive m
contrast with everything else. The sport seems
tci have arisen from the base of a cutting that
has not otherwise grown to any very great extent,
but the cutting itself has the usual scarlet
flfjwers, while the shoot from its base has grown

ip far above it to a plant of perhaps 18 inches
or more in height. I should be glad to know
if the sport has already appeared in any garden ?
/?. Irwin Lynch.

IRIS STYLOSA (UNGICULARIS).
On October 10 a flmver of this lovely winter-
llnwering Iris w»as fully expanded. I have no
record in these gardens of the plant being in
I loom in October. The bulbs have only been
planted about a year and a-half, having been
brought from my employer's other garden. The
plants in flower are planted in front of a span-
roofed vinery, among some rough sandstone, with
]irepared soil, and in a position fully exposed to
the sun's rays. The charming flowers travel
well, and open freely when picked in the bud
ttate. W. A. Cooh, Abbots Wood Gardens.
Godahnini/, Surrey.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

SOME CHOICE SPECIES OF BERBERLS.
In recent years a great number of new
Chinese trees and slirubs have received- either
hrst-class certificates or awards of merit from
the Royal Horticultural Society. Among them '
are some striking species of Berberis, the most
recent of which is B. polyantha, which was
gi\'en a first-class certificate on October 23 last,
and was illustrated in the Gardeners' ChnmicJc.
November 3, p. 183. The profusion in
which the clusters of bright coral-red berries
are borne is therein well shown. This
Berberis, which is* very graceful in char-
acter, will attain a height of 6 to 10 feet.
It is a deciduous species, and the young leaves
and stems are tinged with red. The yellow
Powers are borne in June and July. Discovered
in 1899 by Mr. A. E. Pratt, this Berberis was
,Hr.s* introduced by Mr. E. H. Wilson in 1901.
It is in every way a most desirable shrub, and
its first-class certificate is but the second awarded
this year by the Floral Committee, the first being
given to the now well-known Robinia Kelseyi. ■
Last year equal awards were made to two Bar-
Ltiries, namely, Berberis rubrostilla and B. Sar-
gentiaina. The first-named, from the Wisley
Gardens, is of doubtful origin, probably an acci-
dental hybrid. Its rich, coral-red berries form
a delightful autumn fea.ture. It is deciduous.

The second, B. Sargentiana, is evergreen, and
is nearly related to t/lie Himalayan B. Hookeri,
but is said to be hardier than that species. A
native of Westeni Hupeh, China. B. Sargentiana
was introduced by Wilson in 1907. It is a bold-
growing shrub, and has shoots freely furnished
with light-coloured spines. In the autumn some
of the leaves become suffused with red and
lironze, after the manner *of the North American
)Mnnate-leaved species. The flowers ai-e pale
yellow, and the fruits black when ripe. Of the
other C'hinese Barberries, B. Wilsonae is still one
of the best, while the larger-growing B. Stapfiana,
somewhat in the same way, is also very beautiful.
Th; compact-growing evergreen Berberis verrucu-
losa, whose dai-k, shining green leaves are
glaucous on the undersides, is also a desirable
shrub. W. T.

TURKEY OAK.
No deciduous tree stands exposure better on
the west coast of Scotland than Quercufi cerri-s,
the Turkey Oak. It is seldom blown down, and
IS subject to no disease. This is remarkable,
seeing that the species has its headquarters in
the Mediterranean region. It may be wortli
while to record the dimension-; of one blow-n
down here in the gale of October 25. It
carried an enormous head, which, being in full
leaf, brought it to grief : — Height, 72 feet :
clean bole, 13 feet; circumference at 4 feet high,
10 feet ; at 12 feet, 9 feet. Messrs. Elwes and
Henry iieport poorly of the timber of this spe-
cies for out-door use, but favourably for
interior panelling and such work. It is very
hea-vy, and is said to have a fine figure. Herbert
Maxwell, Monreith.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman. Royal Gardens. Windsor

Mushrooms.— Horse-droppings should be
collected daily, and placed in a dry, open shed,
where they can be frequently turned, until suf-
ficient have been got ready for making up a new
bed. See that it does not become sour tha-ough
want of turning, and that too large a quantity
is n-ot placed together. The temperature in
house^ from which Mushrooms are being
gathered should be kept as near 55° as -possible.
Do not apply fire-heat if the house can be kept
warm enough witJrout it. Syringe the walls and
floor as it becomes necessary, and if the beds
become too dry rain-water should be applied
through a fine rose.

ToMATOs.— Young plants raised froim seed in
October should be kept close to the roof-glass.
As soon as the small pots are well filled with
roots the plants should be transferred into 5-inch
pots, in a compost of tiu-fy loam and leaf-soil,
with a sprinkling ai sifted lime rubble. Pot
moderately firmly, a.nd water spa.ringly luitil the
roots reach the edge of the pots. Avoid cold
draughts, and also high temperatures. Plants
which are carrying a crop must not be allowed to
suffer from want of water at the roots. Top-
dress with turfy loam and decayed manure, and
ma.ke the soil firm on the surface of the pots
before water is aipplied. Do not allow the plants
to become overcrowded. All side-shoots may be
removed when quite small. A temperature of
60° will be suitable.

Carrots in Pits.- If brick pits are avail-
able a sowing of IJarly Horn Carrots may be
made in December, in order to have a supply of
young roots as early in the season as possible.
The pit should be cleared out and a bed of new
leaves made up to a depth of 4 feet, so that a
mild ?nd lasting heat may be produced. If the
leaves have already been collected and allowed
to ferm.ent, they m.av be placed in the pit at
once, an.d tro.d.den tightly together until the sur-
fa.oe is within 18 inches of the roof-glass. A
bed of soil should then be placed in position to
a depth of 9 inches. When this has been made
level and moderately fii-m with a wooden rake tbe
s»eds should be sown, and covered with finelv
sifted soil to a depth of i inch. Tf the soil
is in good order very little water will be neces-
sary until germination takes place, but the sur-
face may be lightly d.aimped with a syringe on
fine, sunny days.

LcTTuci IN Pits.- AH pits in which Let
tuce plants are growing should be ventilated as
freely as possible -without allowing rain to reach
the plants. Remove decaying leaves, and stir
the soil between the plants as often as pos-
■s-ble with a small Dutch hoe. Examine the pit
frequently, and if slugs are present sprinkle the
eidige of the bed with lime, a.nd dust the plants
with it lightlv in the early morning. A sowing
Off some early-maturing variety may be made
in boxes and placed in a slightly heated pit.
When these young seedlings are large enough
to handle they should be carefully pricked out
-11 pits or boxes of fine rich .soil, and a careful
watch kept for slugs.

Mustard and Cress should be sown
weeklv. so that an unibroken supply may be
maintained throughout the winter. A slightlv
heated pit or a Peach-house just started will
isuit the purpose -well.

FRUITS UNDER IGLASS.

Young Vines. ~ It is somewhat early to
prune young vines finally, but it is advisable to
reuiove all the lateral growths. In a few weeks'
time, when all the leaves have dropped, the work
of pruning should be completed. These young
rods should not be left unduly long, and the
degree to which they are shortened should be
governed, to a great extent, by the length of

December 1. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

219,

rafter, allowing three years for the rod to reach
the top of a house of average dimensions. In
houses of large size, four years should elapse be-
fore the young rods are allowed to reach the
top of the rafter. Temporary vines, such as will
be removed when the permanent vines require
m(ire space, may be allowed to grow longer
in order that they may not interfere with the
laterals of the others. On one occasion I left
the rods of supernumerary vines nearly their full
length with good results. Certain varieties of
Gr.ipes break into growth very unevenly, and
one of the worst in tiiis respect is Lady Downe's
Seedling. This trouble may be corrected to a
large e.xtent by bending the rod down to equalise
the flow of sap. At the final pruning use styptic,
or knotting, to dress the cuts against possible
bleeding. These young vines mu.st not suffer
from drought at the roots, and for this reason
a light mulch may be retained on the surface of
the bodrer. Young vines should not need an ex-
tension of the border the second year, but a little
extension of the rooting area may be allowed to
those in their third or fourth year.

Older or Pbrmanent Vinbs.— Well-
established vines from which the Grapes have
been cut may be pruned. Our vines are on ihe
point of dropping their leaves, and there is no
advantage in deferring their pruning after that
.stage. In my opinion, close spur pruning is best
for all vines" that are vigorous, with the excep-
tion of a few varieties such as Duke of Buc-
cleuch and Prince of Wales, that do best on the
long rod system. The spurs on old vines that
u re showing signs of exhaustion may be allowed
to extend somewhat in order to secure a better
choice of bunches. In doing this, however, the
bunches will frequently be more straggling and
loose. I would, however, not hesitate, when
dealing with rods upon which there may happen
to be a few blanks in the spurs, to allow an up-
ward extension to fill the gap. A good crop of
fruit, rather than a good appearance, should be
the primarj' object.

ViNB Eyeb for Phopaoation.— Whilst the
pruning is being done some of the best ripened
wood should be laid a.aiide for purposes of increas-
ing the stock. I prefer to propagate from eyes
taken close to the spur, and always below the
bunch ; never, in my view, should the eye next
the bunch be u.sed, nor one beyond the bunch.
When the prunings are being gathered, select
and tie in bunches some of the best ripened
wood and plunge the shoots firmly in damp soil
ont-of doors. Do not select for purposes of pro
pngation shoots from vines that have been at-
tacked by insect pests or 'mildew, or from old.
weakened vines.

to cultivate. It should be grown in the warmest
part of the Cattleya house, near the roof-glass.
The compost should be allowed to become quite
dry between each watering ; when moisture is
necessary water should be poured only around
the outer edges of the compost. From now on-
ward through the winter, great care should be
exercised in appl>'ing water to the roots of all
C'attleyas and Laelias.

Odontoolobsuiw.— Plants of Odontoglossum
citrosmum that are nearing the completion of
their season's growth should be suspended or
staged near the roof-glass in the cooler part of
the intermediate house. The supply of water at
the roots should be reduced gradually until after
the new pseudo-bulbs are thoroughly developed ;
then moisture should be withheld for longer
periods, affording only sufficient to prevent the
yseudo-bulbs from shrivelling. This treatment
should be continued through the winter and until
the flower-spikes are seen to be pushing from the
centre of the young growths. Plants of Odonto-
glrssum grande and 0. Schlieperianum that have
passed out of flower should be placed on a dry
shelf near the roof-glass in a cool house, and
rested. 0. Insleayi and its variety Leopardinnm
are producing their flower-spikes, and should be
liberally supplied with water until after the
flowers fade, when they should be allowed a
period of rest.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv J. Collier, Gardener to Sir Joipjtiah Colman,
Ban., Gatton Park. R«igatc.

Cattlbva, Laelia, and Laelio-Cattleya.—

Autumn-flowering Cattleyas, Laelias, and Laelio-
r'att.leyas, such as C. labiata, (.", Bowringiana, C.
Dowiana and its variety aurea, C, Hardyana, L.
pumila and the many hybrids of these species, in-
cluding C. Fabia, f'. Manlinii, C. Portia, and
L.-C. Kpicasts, are in bloom. The spikes should
he cut directly the pseudo-bullra show the least
sigTi of shrivelling. After the plants have passed
out of flower the sheathes should be removed,
severing them as near as possible to the top of
the pseudo-bulb, for if they ai<! allowed to re-
main, moisture sometimes accumulates at their
base and sets up decay in the leaves and new
pteudobulh. The plants at this stage should be
afforded a period of rest in the coolest and best-
ventilated part of the f'attleya house. The roots
.should receive only sufficient water to keep the
pseudo-bulbs plump, and the plants be given
every encouragement to develop roots, but
premature top growth must be discouraged.
Plants of f'atUeya Trianae th;it liave completed
their growth should he watered with extra care.
They need only sufficient moisture to keep the
r'.ots damp, but the supply may be increased
■slightly when the flower-spikes are seen to he
•Mir,hing from the base of the sheaths. Cattleya
Lawrenceana makes its growth diirins the winter
months, and, in consequence, is a difficult plant

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Cineraria,— If not already done, plants of
greenhouse Cinerarias should be removed from
frames and placed in a light greenhouse, where
they can be more readily protected from frost.
Fire-heat is only necessarv- to maintain the
temperature at 38°. Plants of the earlier
batches that are throwing up their flower-
spikes need a little stimulant, either liquid
manure or a pinch of concentrated fertiliser,
about once a week. The use of a little weak soot-
water will tend to keep the foliage healthy and
green now the pots are well filled with roots,
and the soil must never be allowed to become
dry. or the foliage will quickly lose its freshness.
A stage covered with gravel or crushed coke
is much better to stand the plants on than open
wooden stages, as the former provides a damp
base. It is ver\- noticeable how well Cinerarias
thrive in a frame with an ash bottom, and late
batches of plants may be kept in the frame for
the nresent, if they are protected from frost.
Fumig.ate on the first appearance of aphis, which
1*= n troublesome pest of Cinerarias.

Herbac'OUb Calceolariak.— Plant! of
herbaceous Calctolarias thrive in cnol. <lamp con-
ditions, such as obtain in a cold frame. Young
plants should not be .allowed t« become pot-
bound in their earlier stages, but should
be re-potted as soon as they are well
rofjted. The size of the flowering pots
should be regulated by the special require-
ments of each grower. If large plants are needed,
the stronger specimens .should be potted on, and
finally grown in 8-inch pots. For general pur-
ixi.'-es6-inch pots are the most suitable receptacles,
but feediuL' must be commenced earlier in the
case of small nlants. Take mea.inres to keep the
plants free from green fly. which invariably causes
the leaves to curl and the plant to become un-
healthv. Calceolarias that are badly infested
with this pest rarelv make good plants, even when
thev are fumigated.

Fernb — .All Ferns have complted their annual
growth, and they will remain healthy in a lower
temper.ature than hitherto. Many of these plants
are forced into premature growth by keeping
them in too much warmth duri/ig the winter, when
thev should be pra.ctic.a.lly at rest. The roots
.should continue to be watered, for, as a n-eneral
iiile. Ferns should not be a.llowed to become
dvv. even in winter, though they do not reouire
such large nuantities of moisture as when in full
trrowth. No manure .should be given at this
season. If slugs are troublesome, search for the
pests at night with a lantern, aucl use Lettuce
nr Ciihbnge leaves as trans. The tem'^erafure at
"inht should range between 40° and 4'i°. allowing'
fo-- a rise of 10° bv dav. Admit a little air on
:i'l favourable occasions.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.

Davby, Abbots Wood. Godalming. Surrey.
Manurinq Fruit Trees.- Farmyard dung
th<.uld always form the staple manure for fruit
trees ; chemical fertilisers sliould be regarded and
used as auxiliaries. Potash constitutes a large
proportion of the burnt ash of plants, and is
a good fertiliser, whilst lime must also be present
in the soil, and in greater quantity for stone
fruits. Manure from a yard in which stock is
fed is undoubtedly the best form of animal
manure. In conjunction with this manure
muriate of potash may be used, with good eft'ect
at the rate of 6 lbs to a pole, or 8 to 9 cwts.
per acre. Phosphates should be g, ven in the form
of either bone-meal, basic slag, or superphos-
phate. In average soils of gardens veiy little
manure is necessary for fruit trees until they
commence to fruit. In the case of poor, light
sandy soils, manuring at the time of planting is
an advantage, and helps to give vigour to the
growth. On rich land that has been well broken
up maiden trees are apt to become too vigorous,
and may need lifting after a year or two to check
excessive growth. It therefore follows that in
mainiring one must be guided by conditions and
ciicumstSnces, Farmyard manure may be sup-
plied as a top-dressing at any time with good
effect, and especially on dry soils in high situa-
tions. Trees on high ground generally do better
than those in low-lying situations, and especially
if the soil in the lower parts is inadequately
drained.

General Remarks,- Much useful work can
be carried out during inclement weather, such as
the cutting and sharpening of staikes, tying them
in bundles, and creosoting the points. Large
labels may be made, painted, and the names
written ready for use. Labels for Gooseberry
and Strawberry plantations should be made 18
inches to 2 feet in length, and the name boldly
vritten, to be observed at a distance. Work in-
doors may also take the form of preparing cut-
tings of bush fruits. The cuttings should be
made 10 inches to 12 inches in lengtli, with all
the lower buds pulled off, leaving about
three or four only at the apex. The cuttings
should be tied in bundles, named and numbered,
and again plunged in .soil to await a suitable
■ ojiportunity for planting. Soils for various pur-
pcses fihould be mixed in an open shed. Shreds
for tying can be cut into convenient lengths, and
tools sharpened and oiled.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv W. J. Gdisb, Gardener to Mrs. DEMPSTER, Keelo
Hall. Staffordshire.

Herbaceous Bo r d ers. - During mild
weather, when the soil is in a friable condition,
fork the bonders over lightly and apply a top-
dressing of short manure a.nd leaf-mould in
equal proportions. Certain plants will be bene-
fited by placing a mixture of loam, leaf-mould
and sand around tlieim. Tender species may
need proitectdon from severe weather, and
Bracken or leaves should be placed about them
and kept in position with a few twigs. Advan-
tage should he taken of fine weatlier to bring
the work of plantiiiig to a close.

Helleborus nioer.— It ds not advisable to
remove Christmas Roses from the borders to
frames, ais this would check the plants
severely and spoil the flowering ne.xt year. A
better practice is to place spare frames or faand-
lights over the plants in situ. The frames should
be raised about 2 feet from the ground to per-
mit the air to circulate freely. Remove all dead
and decaying foliage, stir the soil lightly with
a small handtork, and thoroughly soak the
roots with manure water.

Cuttings in Frames.— Cuttings of Calceo-
laria, Viola, Pentstemon, Marguerite, and
similar plants are rooted, and the frames should
be ventilated in mild weather. Strict attention
in this respect will harden the plants and
thus enable them to withstand severe weather
much better than if they are coddled. Remove
dead foliage and stir the soil lightly with the aid
of a pointed stick. A good supply of Btacken
or straw .should be kept in a dry shed in readi-
ness to cover the plants during very cold
weather.

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 1^ 1917.

eOlTOniAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisker. — Our corrtspondtntn
tvould obviate delay in obtaining antwers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com,-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

AFBBAGB Mean Tempekaturb for t-he enBUin^ week
<3edue€<l from observai lona during the IfWrt. fifty
years at Greenwich, 41.2.
Actual Tempbraturb : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offlt-e. "i^ WeUinarton Street,
Covent Garden, London, Thursday, November 29.
10 a.m.: Bar. 29.7; temp. 55°. Weather-
Bright sunshine.

DECEMBER.

TUESDAY, DECEMBER 4—

Kov. Haru. iyoc's Coins, meet,
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBHB B—

B.G-A. ExeouUi-e Ooun. meet.
THUBSDAY, DECEMBER 6—

Moral: Jjast quarter 2h. 14m, aft
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14—

New moon ; 9h. 17m. morn.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 21—

Moon : First quarter, 6h. 7m. mom.
TUESDAY. DECEMBER 25—

Cluii^tm.is Dav.
WEDXESnAV, DECEMBER 26—

Boxing Day (Bank Holiday).
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 27—

Roy. Botimie So€. meet.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28—

FuLl moon 9h. 52m. morn.

SALE FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs at 67 and 68. Cheapside, at 3 oVlook, by

Troth e

Morris.

. The sale of Japanese Dwarf Trees and Miniature
Gardens mil be held at Protheroe and Morris' Rooms
on December 7, and not on December 17, as announced,
mttw advertisement columns of the last issue

Muili has bwn written

On Planting Roses. ','," the planting of
lloses, and it will doubt-
less be admitted that
the oijeration is one of the most important
m the Kosariaii's year. Yet the actual
work IS simple enough, the two essential
points requiring care being merely to
see that tlie plant is placed at the
proper .le|.tli in the soil, neither too
high nor too l,>w, .so that in the case of
dwarfs tho innnt of insertion of the bud i«
about one inch below tie .surface of the
ground, and secondly, that th© soil, after
covering the roots, is carefully trodden
down and consolidated.

The proper preparation of the bed is
often a more important matter than the
actual planting, and the amount of pre-
paration required varies greatly with the
character of the soil and the district". In
naturally loamy or alluvial soils Roses will
do well] with comparatively little prepara-
tion, while in gravelly districts the greatest
care and attention should be devoted to
securing a rich and deep root run for the
plants. Having given this caution, our
present ob.iect is to treat of subsidiary
matters well worth considering.

A certain amount of root pruning is
usually desirable before planting, and
when transplanting maiden plants care
should be fallen to cut off the stub of the
stock beyond the insertion of the bud, and
pare it close with a sharp knife. The ob-
.ject of this is to allow the plant to heal
over the wound formed by cutting off the

stock; if the stump of the stock is left pro-
jecting it will decay back to the growing
part, and may, and frequently does, intra
duce a fungous disease into the plant,
which is often fatal. The purjsose" of
root pruning is to reduce ;iuy long roots.
In the case of plants purchased from
nurseries, both these operations will
probably have been pea-formed before they
leave the nursery, but it is well to see that
the work has been properly done, correct-
ing any deficiency, while with plants
moved from one part of the garden to
another root-prunin,g is generally neces-
sary.

Moreover, the root of the plant should
be examined to see that there are no
suckers or upward growing roots likely to
produce them, and if there are any
suckers, to remove them with a sharp knife
or secateurs close against the stem of 'the
plant. This is particularly likely to be
the case with standards that have been in
the same place for some years.

It is often recommended that the hole
for receiving the plant be made 2 feet
square; this is soaroely necessary. It
is, however, desirable that the hole be
ratlier longer each way than the length
of tiie planter's foot, for if not as large
as this, it is difficult to press the soil down
on the root-s firmly and evenly all round.

It is to be remembered that the fine root-
lets through which the Rose has been feed-
ing itself have been torn up and destroyed
in the act of removal, and that in the
coming spring, before any great call is
made upon the roots, numerous white roots
will be formed, with which tlie plant will
be supplied with' water and salts through
the summer.

It often happens that it is necessary
without disturbing a whole bed of Roses
to move out of it one or more of the plants
that are not doing well, and replace them .
by young Rose trees, which are thus
planted among the older plants, the roots
of which are already in possession of the
.soil. Where this is the case, some extra at-
tention to tlie new comer should be given,
in order to ensure that it gets a good start.
One of the liest ways of effecting this is to
scatter a few handfuls of bone meal in the
bottom of the hole, and &lm in the .soil
that is being filled in over the roots ; a
m.ethod that is even better, and which may
be combined with the last, is to bury
a few good-sized pieces of turf under
and around the roots of the newly planted
tree. Somewhat similar considerations
apply where a border has to be used which
is not far removed from trees, and where
their roots may lie expected to invade it.
Roses which have once bfrcome. established
will often do well in borders ko near to
forest trees that the roots of the latter mav
allready have, entered the border. In such
cases as these, before the Roses are planted
the border should be thoroughly trenched
and enriched, and all invading roots cut
away and pulled out. Fresh roots will in
all probabilltv invade later, but in the
meantime the Roses will have become estab-
lished, and it is quite possible thoy may
not be greatly interfered with, provided

vigorous sorts are selected for planting,
and there is no overshadowing of the
plants by the branches of the trees. We
do not suggest that a border liable
to the invasion of tree roots should be
selected as a site for Roses if there is an
alternative. The ideal position for a Rose
bush is in the open, where the plants can
enjoy without compeitition the sun, air,
and root-room; but some cultivators have
not so much free space available that they
can exercise an unfettered choice in the
position of all the beds.

Considerable care is desirable in the
choice of varieties for these tree-rooty bor-
ders, inasmuch as some succeed better than
others. Curiously enough, many of the Tea
section appear to do fairly well there; pos-
sibly the somewhat drier condition of the
soil during winter is agreeable to them.
Whatever be the reason, we have noticed
that Mme. Hoste, the Cochets, pink and
white, Charles Dingee, and Auguste Comte
all do well, making good growth in
bordeirs that) are not Iree from tree
roots. The Chinas, also, will in many
ca.'ie.s submit to these positions with toler-
able grace, particularly Comtesse du
Caylla, if given a certain amount of lati-
tude at pruning time, as also will some of
the Polyantha Pompons.

On the contrary, the H.P.s and most
of the crimson H.T.s appear rather to re-
sent such positions, whilst the only crimson
Roses which we have seen niodei'ately suc-
cessful in such a position have been some
pegged-down plants of Avoca. Varieties
of orange tints, such as Prince de Bui-
garie, Edu Meyer, and Lady Pirrie, have
been uniformly unsuccessful in such posi-
tions, but have done well when removed to
sunnier spots in the garden. Some pink
H.T.s, such as Mme. Leon Pain, Pharisaer,
and Mrs. E. G. Hill, have succeeded per-
fectly.

It ^ight be thought that in dry bor-
ders such as these, hard pruning, which
diminishes the calls of the foliage upon
the roo^, might be beneficial, but the
opposite seems to be actually the case, and
so long as the plants can be prevented from
becoming ieggy and bare at the base, the
more foliage they can be induced to carry
the more successful they appear to bfe.

Regarding the best time for planting,
no doubt it is best done from the
end of October to December, and, if
cxjnditions admit, the earlier part of this
period should be chosen in preference to
the later. It is true that Roses can be
planted, often with tolerable success, down
to the end of March, but after Christmas
there is a greater likelihood of partial
failure. Unfortunately, the idea is still
prevalent with many an amateur tliat
lie is doing rather a smart thing by
delaying his order for the new plants
he requires until spring, this, as he thinks,
allowing the nurseryman to take the risk
of winter. But he is entirely mi.staken.
Very few Roses die during winter. The
tiying time for Rosses is the .spring, parti-
cularly when very oold weather cnnuv just
as they have commenced growth. If, tlien,
it should happen that the Rose has

December 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

221

only just been moved and its roots
iiave no firm hold in the soil, it is
imich more likely Fo suffer injury, and
even to be killed outright, by a oold
spell of east winds, than an autumn-
rooted plant over which the icy blasts may
pa«s harmlessly. There is a great deal of
truth in the old gardener's adage : " Plant
in the spring, you may pray them to grow,
but plant in the autumn, compel them to
prow." White Rose.

A Hybrid Crab (Pyru* floribunda x: P.
NiEOzWETZKYANA).— In the early spring of 1911
a new hybrid Pyros under the name of Malus
floribtmda var. purpurea, was purchased by the
Kew authorities from M. Barbier, of OrleajiB.
The two small trees have since grown well and
promise to become attractive specimem trees of

Westminster. It will be remembered that an
annouocement was published in these pages in
July to the effect that the Government haid com-
mandeered the use of the Hotel Windsor, in-
cluding the room leased to the Horticultural
Club. In view of the fact that there are now
but few hotels in the neighbourhood of West-
minster still available for public use, and the
knowledge that Horticultural Club members are
not able to be in town as often as usual, it is
felt that an arrangement to share the rooms
of the Farmers' Club is the best that could be
made. It is intended that the memibers of both
clubs shall enjoy exactly the same privileges.
Whitehall Court is situated immediately at the
rear of the War Office, and has aD the advan-
tages of a first-dasB hotel.

Allotments.— We have received from the
National Union of Allotment Holders a
copy of a resolution sent to allotment socie-
ties throughout the United Kingdom for
signature, urging " the " President of the

sale of these goods in Fi-ance, also that an en-
gineer in Paris wishes to represeut United King-
dom fiiTns for the sale of all kinds of agricul-
tui-al implements. In making applications fo
the Board of Trade, con espon dents should give
the reference numbers 404 and 405, D.C.I.
53,527.

Thk Traniport of Fertili«er».— Growers

are strongly urged by the Food Production De-
partment to place ordei-s for superphosphate with
their usual meJichants at once. The railways
wUl have great difficulty in providing sufficient
trucks to secure rapid delivery in the sprang,
and it is essential that the traffic should be
spread over aa many months as possible. Makers
have moderate stocks of superphospliate in hiand
at present.

Fruit Farming for Disabled Officers.—
On behalf of officers disabled by war service
the Ministry of Pensions is endeavouring to
arrange with the Umiversiity of Bristol for a
special twelve mouths' course of training in fruit

PvTus floribunda.

Tho liybi-i<i purpui'eLi

moderate size. There is ample evidence of the in
fluence of both parents in the hybrid tree, which
is practically intermediate between the two,
hence it is a distinct addition to the oma-
mentaJ Crabs, attractive both in fJowea- and '
fruit. In habit the tree is more upright in
growth than P. floribunda, while the branching
is light and graceful compared to the stiffer
habit of P. Niedzwetzkyana. There is a slight
shade of purple in the deep rosy-red flowers,
but only sufficient to give them a disrtinot and
pleasing shade of colour. When cut. the young
wr>od, leaves and fruit all show evidence of P.
Niedzwetzkyana as a parent, being permeated
with the distinct purple-red colouring of that
species. Quantities of the dark vinous-red fruits
were produced this season, the stalks and shape
suggesting large Cherries. W^e illustrate the
two parents and the hybrid in fig. 84.

The Horticultural Club.— We understand
that negotiations are in progress for securing
temporary headquarters for the Horticultural
Club at the Farmers' Club, 2, Whitehall Court-,

Board of Agriculture and the Directoi--
General of the Food Production Department
to recognise the necessity of at once extend-
ing the tenancy of allotments held under the
Cultivation of Lands Orders to sruch time as the
said land shall be required either for immediate
building or other urgent public purposes, and
to 'take such steps as are necessary to provide
that where tenants have to be dispossessed of
their allotments from such causes other suit-
able ground shall be made available for their
use. Further, that it is desirable that such
legislation be at once introduced and passed as
shall make it possible for allotments of a per-
manent character to be secured by all who are
prepared to cultivate them."

Trade with France.- The Board of Trade
Jnitrnal statas that H.M. Consul-General in
Paris (Mr. W. R. Hearn) reports that a firm
in that city desires to get into touch with United
Kingdom manufacturers of small tools, garden-
ing implements, and lighting and healing appa-
ratus, with a view to obtaining agencies for the

growing at a cost of about £100 for main-
tenance and £25 for University fees. It is ex-
pected that thereafter an officer will be able to
obtain work for another year on an approved
fruit farm, receiving practical instruction and
maintenance in retui-u for his services. When
an officer's disability prevents liiim from return-
ing to his former occupation, the Ministry can
make liberal grants towards the cost of training.
If a sufficient number of disabled officers come
forward the Ministry hopes to open the course
at Bristol early in 1918.

Railway Rates for Fruit and Other
Garden Produce.— We have received from
the Railway Clearing House, Seymour Street,
London, N.W. 1, particulars of the new
terms on which, at the end of the present
year, perishable and other goods will be
carried by passenger train or by other simi-
lar service. All consignors wishing their goods
to be conveyed at reduced or " owner's risk "
rates wall be required to fill up, sign, ajid stamp
a sipecial agreement (to be obtaamed from the

222

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembee 1, 1917.

address given above, or from the railway sta-
tions), or, failing this, to sign a separate Owjiier'is
Risk Consigranent Note in lespect of each con-
signment forwarded. Unless one of the alter-
native plans is adopted, consignments wiU be
chaa'ged at the ordinary rate.

Sale OF " Immune " Potatos for Eating.

— The Board of Agriculture and FisheiMes have,
by a general licence under the Seed Potatos (Im-
mune Vaj'ieties) Order, 1917, authorised the sale
in England and Wales for consumption of
Potatos of the varieties King George V., Gjieat
Scot, Looliar, aJid T'eeiplar, whicli will not pass
thi-ough a rid'dle liaving a l|-inch mesh. The
Food Production Department, however, points
out that the provisions of any othei' Order of
the Food Controller aii'ecting sucli Potatos must
be complied with in the ca.se of all sales per-
mitted by this licence, and the licence must not
be construed as an authority -bo deal with any
Potatos in contravention of the requirements of
any Order relating to wart disea.se. At a later
date the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries will
be 'prepai'ed to iesue licences for the sale of
these varieties for planting, but, for the pre-
sent, suci licences cannot be granted except in
very unusual circumstances.

A Story of the Late Mb. Marshall.—

The late Mr. Marshall, as we stated in our
memoir (see p. 202), though a man of strong
convictions, was not apt to force his own ideas
upon those charged with responsibility. Fifty
years ago, when his Orchid collection was de-
veloping to its best, his gardener, Mr. Wilson,
was allowed to practise his own methods of
cultivation, and was very rarely interfered
with by his keen Lut tolerant master. In the
Oardrnfrs' ClironirU for 1871, pp. 238, 310,
380, 416, 515, 615, 712', 741, 775, 837, 874 and
907, there took place a somewhat heated argu-
mient in respect to the cool treatment of Orchids,
the antagonists signing themselves respectively
" G. H." and "Ex-Cantab." When all was
over it tui-ned out that " G. jlx." was really Mr.
Marshall and " Ex-Cantab " his gardeiner, Mr.
Wilson. No one was more surprisied at this
discovery than the iimmediate parties concerned,
nior did anyone enjoy the .joke so much as Mr.
Marshall. The curious point about it is that
whilst Mr. Marshall was advocating one kind
of treatment his gardener was practising another
kind and succeeding in a measure that left no-
thing to be desired.

Retirement of Monsi'ur Uafobse.- We

learn from the Revue Horticole that Monsieur
Lafosse, Director of the National Horticultural
College at Versailles, is retiring from that posi-
tion. He has been connected with the College
from its foundation,- and has won the esteem
and affection of all with whom he ha.s had to
do — students, professors, friends, all retain for
hi.m tile warmest sentiments. Although retiring
from the arduous duties of the Directorship,
Monsieur Lafosse will continue to conduct cer-
tain lectures.

A Gardener's Fifty Years' Service. -Mr

Charles Cranston has completed his fiftieth
yeai' of service as gardener at Milton Lockhart,
Lanarkshire. As mementos of the interesting
occasion and in appreciation of his faithful ser-
vice, Mr. Cranston has been presented' hy Mrs.
Lockhart with a watch bearing an inscription,
and a cheque ; and he hajs also received presents
from other members of the Lockhart family.

Wi>"> Iti M. - We regret to learn that Pri-
vate John Hewgill was killed in action in
France on August 30, 1917. Deceased joined the
Army in October, 1916, from Hackwood Park
Gardens, where he was acting foreman. At one
time he was gardener to the late Mr. Robert
FrLLOWEs, Shotesham Park, Norwich.

Publications Received. -//ou; to Collect
and Dry Flowering Plants and Ferns. By

Harold Stuart Thompson. (London : Geo. Rout-
ledge & Sons. Ltd.) Price 7d. net.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

ifhe Editors do not hold themselves respoiisible foi
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

LiLiUM REQALE.— I have mislaid the address
of a correspondent to wihom I promised so'me
seed of this Lily. Will he kindly communiicate
with me? Herbert Maxwell, Monreith.

Results of Spraying Potatos during

1917.— There can be no doubt that during the
past season much spraying of Potatos was
carried out, and many, like myself, who have
been expected to advise, and in many instances
to assume responsibility for cai'rying out the
work on the new allotments, would, I think,
welcome a summary of the results obtained
throughout the country. It is possible that many
have not had i>revious experience of Potato
spraying, as it is known that much of this
work was done rather late, due to the
delay in the delivery of machines. They
fee! that their labour has been wasted, inas-
much as the spraying did not appear to
have the desired effect, and, in many in-
stances, to the surprise and annoyance of
the holders, did real haiTn to the haulm.
It is only fair to add that in such instances the
injury caused was more likely due to the un-
lealthy condition of the haulm from attacks of
aphis, or to the quality of sets used. It will,
however, prove a difficult matter to explain
away tlie injury to the satisfaction of those
whose haulms suffered, and before another
season arrives we certainly ought to be better
informed than at present in order to com-
bat opposition to spraying, and if proof of
its value is forthcoming, pressure in some
way should be adopted. Because of the dis-
appointments and doubts as to the efficacy of
spraying, a summary of the results, together
v;ith growers' experiences and experiments with
soil and manures, cannot be brought to public
notice too soon or 'too convincingly, and any
further efforts of the Board of Agriculture and
the R.H. Society to obtain and publish re-
liable information from ascertained facts would
be greatly appreciated. Queen's Park. Crewe.

Correction.- Probably my handwriting is
accountable for the name of Mr. Todman being
spelt Lodman in the note on " Raising Varie-
ties of New Flowers from Seed " (p. 212). Tod-
man was well known in the London district 40
years ago as a raiser of new flowers. 1)'. T.

United Horticultural Bfncfit and
Provident Society.— It has come to the
notice cjf my committee that some members of
the Society have been under tlie impi-eseion that
they were .not entitled to benefits while they
were serving wit^h the Forces, although thev
hadi ke^t their contributions paid. The com-
mittee would feel indebted to any gardener who
vrould inform the secretaiy of aiiv member who
is either sick or wounded, that his case may be
investigated with a view to giving him the bene-
fits to which he is entitled. .1. C. Hill, Secrc-
tnry.

Tying Materials.- There is likelihood of a
short.age of tying materials. Strawberry run
ners make excellent ties, and they can perhaps
still be collected in other gardens than mine.
All my Endives have been tied with .tiem, and
many of the upper parts of the Tomatos. The
sheatliing spathes of Indian Corn-cobs make
good ties for the latter purpose whem split.
Rushes may also be thought of. Some of th-
climbing plants have a tough fibre, and I find that
the stems of the Chinese Yam are very strong.
In France nonmally much tying is done with
Osier, ajid it gives me more delight to receive
a bundle of young trees tied up with thiiis mate-
rial than with the expensive manilla cord used
by some nurseries. I cleared out some super-
fluous branches fro.n some Lime trees in the
summer, but the bast — perhaps from the season
of the year — ^did not seem any use. What treat-
ment is needed ? H. E. D.

Horticultural Dug outs.— In your issue
of November 3, n. 177, Mr. Rowles calls atten-
tion to the possibilities of dug-outs in the gar-
den. It may be of interest to your younger
readers if I give niv experience of one I
have had in use for 22 vears. Living on the
Surrey chalk hills since 1887, the idea soon

struck me that an ouderground chamber in the
chalk would be an ideal place for Mushroom
cultivation. In the early months of 1895 we had
about ten weeks of real winter, and in looking
round for sometliing to keep the outside staff
employed I determined to carry out my idea.
I may say that the conformation of the
ground here made the undertaking easy, the gar-
den being bounded on the north by a sloping
hill. Conmnencing operations, I drove a nar-
now heading straight into the hill till 4 came
to the chalk formation. This consists of small
lumps, hard, and not of the free nature; by
freeing the bottom the rest would tumble down
quite easily, leaving at the top what we call
locally the "bullhead." This i.s the first layer of
chalk under the soil, which, by the action of rain
percolation, gets welded together like soft
concrete, and therefore forms a, natural roof.
To make use of this I had to turn my
tunnelling operations right and left, tOl I
formed a chamber of some considerable size.
To avoid accidents from falling chalk I had cut
some stout planks of Oak ; these were placed
under the roof, and supported at intervals
by croias-ibeams, these in their turn being
shored up each side by stout props. The night-
hand tunnel, being smallest, 1 partitioned off
with a flint wall and dooiTvay. Excavating the
floor of this some 2 feet deeper enabled me to
put in a bed of fermenting material, on which
I was enabled to grow, in batches, sufficient
Rhubarb ajid Seakale for the establishment,
generally making my first cutting about Christ-
mas. In my left-hand tunnel I made four beds
1 foot deep (leaving an IS-iiich pathway), in
whiiich I ,grew Mushrooms in succession all the
.year round wiith more or less varying success,
till the advent of the motor-car, and latej the
war, stopped the supply of the necessary mate-
rials. As the success of Mushroom "culture
largely depends on an equable temperature and
on preventing an inrush of cold air in the
winter, I built up two walls in my heading, roof-
ing this over with concrete, and covering all
over with soil This formed a passage some
10 feet long, which enabled me to have a door
at each end. By this means the temperature
rarely went below 55°. One word of warning
to those who may contemplate making a dug-
out, and that is, it is absolutely neces-
sary to provide for a gentle circulation of air
by some means or other, or the tender tips of
Seakale ajid Rhubarb will damp off. I also
find that miine is not an ideal place for storing
fruit or Potatos for any length of time. Chalk
naturally holds a certain amount of moisture,
which causes fruit to sweat unduly and Potatos
to sprout. In conclusion I may say that '*
there are any young students interested enough
to give me a call I shall be very pleased to
show them my bomb-proof shelter W Peter.'
Giron.': Gaulevx, Leatherhcn,! .

The remarks of your correspondent,

Ml-. William F. Rowles, are both inter-
esting and instructive. What he says as to
using a kind of dug-out for gentle forcing
purposes, and the adaptation to horticulture of
devices used in war ma.y l)e «■ iilliv of in-
vestigation and trial. One feels. Ii(iw,.\ or. that in
his zeal for cheap contrivanci-s lie goes too
far in the latter part of his article, where he
imagines himself living happily at home in a kind
of glorified dug-out or wooden hut. Now it is a
di.smal fact that the aecomniodation provided on
private estates for both single and married
gardeners in this countn^ has. in many instances,
left much to be desired in the way of dryness,
light, and airiness. Mr. Rowles' remarks might
well be taken by many who are responsible for
the housing of their workpeople as an indication
that a cottage or bothy providing for dry-
ness, light, and air is a superfluity, while such
ideas condone the existence and use of such cot-
tages as one can frequently see tucked away in
(orcers of large estates — mere r-ibbit hutches,
overhung with trees, and often damp. I
agree that the men who return will have " ouite
different ideas of housing," but not, T think, in
the way your correspondent means The men
from remote rural districts will have messed and
coTi\ersed with those from the great centres nf
industry here and overseas, and one may, 1
think, hope that the fresh ideas gained will be
progressive and not retrogressive, otherwise,

December 1, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

223

should there be many wlio lilce Mr. Rowles, fluiit
the idea of a modem buUding £is residence, the
gardener ol the future might be offered as re-
nuneration for his energies, so raueli per week
anc> so much ground whereon to " dig himself
in " (which heaven forbid). .'^. A.

The WEATHfcR IN South Norfolk.- The

first snow of the season fell on Sunday, the 25th
ult Strong gaJes of wind blew from the west
and north-west on the 23rd and 24th ult., ajid
on Sunday afternoon we experienced a snow-
storm of large flakes, followed at night by more
snow, and by Monday morning some 2 inches
had fallen, covering trees, hedges, and house-
tops. The last fall of snow in the winter
1916-17 occurred on the morning of April 18,
1917, when the ground was covered to a depth
of some 2 inches. J. Batters, Gillingham, Nor-
folk.

The Lattice Leaf Plant (Ouvirandra

FENESTRALu).— In the obituary notice of the
lat,> Mr. William Mai-shall (see p. 202) mention is
made of his successful exhibits at the Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition held at South
Kensington in 1866. He also showed in the
MiscellaJieous Class a specimen of Ouvirandra
fenestralis, which was of particular interest to
me, as I had never be<fore seen this singular
plant. Introduced from Madagascar a,boiit ten
years previously, it was at that time verj'
scarce, and attracted great attention by reason
of its singular, .skeleton -like leaves. This speci-
men was commended. It may be of interest
to note that in the class for ten exotic Orchids
in flower, in which the 2nd Prize was awarded
to Mr. Marshall the plants shown by him
were Cattleya Mo.ssiac. C'attleya Skinneri,
Cypripeddum villosum, Dendrobium Dalhousi-
anum, Dendrobium densiflorum album, De.n-
drobium nobile, nendTobium tortile roseum,
Eriop.sis rutidnhulhon. Oiuidium fhillipiiianum,
and Selenipedium oaudaitiim. It will be seen
that there was not a single specimen of the now
popular genus Odontoglossum. TT. T.

SOCIETIES.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL
Scientific Committee.

No\t:mt>ek 20.- Prr^irnt : Mr. E. A. Bowles.
M.A. (in the chair), Messrs. W. C. Worsdell, .1.
Fiaser, W. Hales, and F. J. Chittenden (hoi),
sec).

Fruitij>g of Witfnriii. - - Mr. Bowles showed
fruits of Wistaria multijnga, which freouently
fruits in his garden, thduj^h le-ss profusely this
year than in the past se.uson ; and of W. sinensis
now fruiting for the first time in hLs garden. '

Wheat-f.aT Carnntinn.-Hn also showed a speci-
men of the well-known Wheat-ear Carnation
where a multiplication of the bracts takes the
place of the flower. fOiir illustration (fig. 85) is
from a sketch made by the late Worthington G.
Smith shortly before his death. — Eds.]

Inxect attnclc on ?earp« of Iris foetidimima. —

He also brought fmm his garden leaves of Iris

' foetidissima with the larvae and pupae of a

mining Dipteron sj). ? Several of the larvae

feed together in tlio leaf and pupate in colonies.

Lnt/nrilifrriea nllnrkrd hy ffalf on fle.m.— Mr. .1.
Eraser showed stems of Loganberries attacked
by a gall on the stem, similar to those on the
stems of Bramhh'S and Raspberries recently
shown, and prolialily due to the attack of the
fungus Coniothyrium sp. ^

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

NovE.MBF.R 1. — Commit! fri pre.tenl : The Rev.
J. Cromble.holme (in the chair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth, D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, J. Cypher,
A. fi. F.llwood. .1. Evans, P. Foster, A. Hanmer,
.7. Howes, A. .J. Keeling, J. Lupton, D. McLeod,
J. McNab, W. Shackleton, H. Thorp, and H.
Arthur (secretary).

AWARDS.

First-class Certificates.

C'attlei/a Sava Queen var. Exquisitum {Suzanne
Hye de Croin x Gaskelliana alba), a large, white
flower with distinct markings in the lip; Sopliro=
Cattleya ThwaUesiae {S.-C. grandiji&ra X C.
Mendelii), both from S. Geatrix, Esq.

Cypripedium John Hartley (Reginald Young
X S/iogun), firom John Hartley, Esq.

(Jdontoglossum crispum Xanthotes var. The
Oentlewoman, from W. E. Lee, Esq.

Laelio-Cattleya Myrrha var. Superba [L.-C.
Gottoiana X C. Dowiana), from P. Smith. Esq.

Cattleya Fabia Imperator, from Messtrs.
Sanders.

Awards of Merit.
Odontioda amabile Ashworthiae, 0. punctatiim
var. Princess Maud, Cattleya labiata Pride of
Southgate, C. Corona (Mantinii x Hardyana),
C. Linda Ashworth's var. (arachne x aurea),
and Fabiata [Fabia X Portia), Brasso-Cattleya
Cliftonii var. Ashworthiae, all fiom R. Ash-
worth, Esq.

- Cattleya Astron var. Madonna (Dusseldorfti
Undine X Harrisoniae alba), Laelio-Cattleya
Armada West Point var. {L.-C. luminosa X C.
fulcescens), Brasso-Cattleya Oberon Sander's

Fig. 85. — foii.ms of whe.\t ear carnations.

var. {B.C. Dighyana Mossiae x C Schroderac),
and Cypripedium Actaeus, from S. Gratrix,
Esq.

Caltlcyn Portia Heath field var., and Lnelio-
Cattleya Serbia var. Princess Patricia, both from
J. J. Bolton, Esq.

Cultural Certificates.
First-class.
To Mr. E. Rogers, for Pleione Lagenarin.
To Mr. J. Law, for Cattleya Portia Heath field
var.

Correction. — The Laelio-Cattleya exihibited
by P. Smith, Esq., at the meeting on October 18.
is Marina vrtr. Dreadnought, not Maronii var.
Oreiidnought.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT,

November 12. — Tlie nionthlv meeting of this
society was held in the H.H.S.' Hall on the 12th
ult., Mr. Chas. H. Curtis presiili)ig. .The ordi-
nary sick pay for the month amounted to £68
13s." 4d., .State Section £24 16s. 4(1., and mater-
nity claims £3. The rules having been approved
by the National Health Insurance Commission ,
the Juvenile Section is now open to boys of 32
years and upwards.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

The Electrification of Agricultural Seed.

Seeing the many uses to which electricity has
been applied with beneficial efffects, it is not sur-
ju-ising that attempts are being made to employ
it for the purpose of increasing agricultural
Clops. In my opinion it is now fairly well
established that in the near future we shall wit-
ness results from electiicity of a startling and
satisfactory character.

Some few years ago Mr. H. E. Fry, of God-
inanstoue, near Dorchester, wlio had for some
years previously interested himself in high
velocity electiicity, turned his attention to the
improvement of crops by the aid of electricity
and various chemical solutions, the aim being
to destroy the injurious bacteria and spare the
useful ones.

The present idea, however, is to subject seed
grain to the electric current before it is sown,
w ith a view to increasing its germinating power
and stimulating growth.

The process consists in steeping the grain in
various solutions in conjunction with certain
manures and chemicals before submitting it to
an electrical current. The chemicals that are
used are inexpensive and exist universally. Some
of tile solutions are provided by nature, such,
for instance, as the radio-active mineral waters of
Buxton. Bath, and elsewhere ; sea water is also
specially suitable,

Mr. Fry was fortunate in obtaining the valued
assistajice of the owner of the Godmanstone
Estate for the carrying out of his experiments.
The farm is hilly, some parts 800 feet above
sea level, and not what would be in some counties
called rich land, but quite an ordinary thin soil
o\erlying chalk subsoil.

For thoroughly testing the advantage of treat-
ing seed corn and roots several fields were set
a])art last spring, all being treated in the ordi-
nary way of rotation cropping without any
special preparation in regard to manures.

In August last, whUst the crops were still
standing, I had the privilege of inspecting them
under the guidance of the bailiff, Mr. Smith.
The first field examined was one of 20 acres,
situated on an eastern slope, and sown with
Black Tartarian Oats, half with treated corn and
the remainder untreated. The previous crops
were, 1914. roots, fed off with sheep, followed
in 1915 with dredge corn, Oats, and Barley, with
which was sown Clover and grass for a hay crop
in 1916. In March of this year the Oats were
sown at five bushels per acre.

On approaching the field I at once detected a
difference in the greater luxuriance of the
growth. On a closer inspection the straw on
halt of the field so treated was found to be 8
inches higher tliaii in that untreated. Mr. Smith
seized a handful of straw in quite a haphazard
manner in both plots — treated and untreated.
The comparison .showed much difference in the
thickness of the straw and size of the ears.

The next field inspected was 10 acres of Cham-
pion Yellow Hybrid Turnips. A five-coulter
drill had been used for sowing the seed. The
treated seed occupied every fifth drill. The
difference in the appearance of the plants in this
single row was very striking. The foliage on
many of the roots was much more robust and
jiossessed more chlorophyll than the untreated
phmts in the four remaining drills.

I pulled up roots opposite each other from
the two rows, without any attempt to choose.
That from the treated seed was distinctly
larger. This did not follow down the whole
•if the rows, because in a Turnip field it
is seldom possible to get an absolutely even
|i!ant. as in the ordinary thinning of the
plants it often happens that the larger plants
are cut out and the smaller left, simply because
the larger are not situated quite at the right
distance. The soil, too, varies considerably in,
fields : some )jlants get away quicker from the
st.art.

We then crossed over to Nethercerne, a neigh
bouring farm, owned by Mr. Maby. who has
t.nUen an interest in the subject, and has sown
two fields with treated and untreated seed. The
Barley was being cut. Here the untreated por-
tion displayed less luxuriance of growth in the
thickness of the straw, as well as in height and
in the size of the ears.

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 1, 1917.

The Oats were sown in a field which had pre-
viously lain some years as derelict grass, and
listurally was in poor condition before being
taken over by the present owner. Here the dif-
ference in the treated portion was most striking
in the height of the straw.

The whole of the headland on one side of the
field was sown with the treated seed in March,
but oidy half the field, the remainder being the
.same seed but untreated, the headland especially
showing a greater length of straw. The un-
treated part" of the field was ripening earlier
owing to the less lu.Kuriance in growth.

The conclusions I drew from tliese inspections
:irethat, to use a common phrase, there is "some-
thing in it." If by treating the seed only two
more sacks per acre are produced, which is a low
estimate, in value the two sacks are worth
40.S., and surely the gain is considerable.

The treating of the seed costs about 14s. per
sack of Wheat, 12s. 6d. per sack of Barley, lis,
per sack of Oats, plus rail carriage when treated
at a depot ; quite an inexpensive matter.

It is likely, too that further progress will be
made, as Mr. Fry has niany experiments on
hand, especially with vegetables, notably
Potatos. If in the near future something could
be done to render the plant immune from disease
what a boon that would be ! The Tomato disease.
too, is under investigation, and so is rust in
Wheat, wihich has so harmful an effect on the
crop resailts.

I might quote instances of success with the
treatment of seed Wheat and various results,
but prefer to confine my remarks to what I saw.

Roughly, the method of treating the seed is
this : in a tub 6 feet long, 2 feet 5 inches wide,
and 1 foot 5 inclies deep, is placed seed — Oats,
Barley, or Wheat. In this tub the various
chemical mixtures employed are added. Electric
wires are run througli the bath connected with
a dynamo for electrification. The different seeds
are subjected to the current for various periods.
For instance, Wheat requires 3^ hours, Barley 4^
to 6, Oats 4-^-, Mangold 3, Swedes and Turnips
Ij hours. The seed is then dried and sown as
required.

The scheme of the Wolfryn Co., who have
secured, patents in the United Kingdom, the
United States of America, and many foreign
countries, is to encourage the erection of plants
in various parts where electricity is obtainable,
and treat the seed direct from the farms accord-
ing to individual requirements.

Thus anyone with electricity at command and
the necessary chemicals, can treat their own seed,
bv sanction, of course, from the patentees. /'7.
Mih/ncu.r.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Alpines Under Glas-S : D. M., Broadstairs.
Nearly all Alpine plants are suitable for grow-
ing in unheated glasshouses, such as yours, and
are seen at their fullest beauty in a glass-
house owing to the protection afforded them.
For an Alpine house any form of glass struc-
ture is suitable, and fire-heat is not required.
Ventilation should be freely aft'orded, even in
the depth of winter, for no true Alpine plant
is affected by frost, overhead damp being
the greatest enemy. The following plants
are a selection : — Late autumn and winter
flowej'ing : Alpine Cyclamen in variety,
especially C. neapolitauum; Oxalis lobata,
Scabiosa oaucasica and S. alba, Draba aizoides,
Gentiana. acaulis. Late winter and spring :
Hepaticas in variety. Achillea argentea, A.
rupestris, Anemone alpina, A. narcissiflora,
.\ubrietias in variety, Edrianthus graminifolius,
Erinus alpinus carminus, Gentiana verna, Gera-
nium argentium, G. cinerum, Litium alpinum,
L. perenne. Phlox amoena, P. procumbens,
P. verna, Primulas in variety, Saxifrages in
variety. Summer bloomers : Campanulas in
variety, Alpine Dianthuses in variety. An
•drosace carnea, A. sarmentosa Chumbyi, Edri
anthus dalmaticus, Geum montanum, G
Borisii. G. rentans, Lithospermum prostratum
L. p. Heavenly Blue, Myosotis azordca, Oxalis
enneaphvlla, Sedums in variety, and Semper
vivums in variety. Nurserymen who specialise
in Alpine and rock garden plants would be
able to supply the foregoing species. A neces-
sary adjunct to an Alpine house is a cold frame
or frames, in order to be able to store the pots

and pans safely during the non-flowering
periods, and to give the plants what protection
is required in damp, cold weather. Plants with
leaves that develop down or meal especially
require protection from damp.
Apples Diseased : Mrs. S. The fruits are
affected with spot disease. Spray the trees
next spring with Bordeaux mixture just after
the fruits set, and again three weeks later.
Use a fine, misty spray, and taTce pains to spray
the under-sides of the leaves, as it is there
where the fungus forms its spores, which in-
fect the fruit.
t'ABx.4,Ti0N Blooms Damaged : G. O. The Carna-
tion blooms liave been damaged by thrips,
causing the petals to become speckled, and
the flower to open imperfectly. Thrips
make their appearance in the Carnation houses
towards the end of the summer, and cause
infinite trouble to the early blooms unless dealt
with promptly. Syringing with clear soot water
is a good preventive during the summer, but
fumigation with any suitable nicotine com-
pound is the best remedy at this date ; do the
work on a still day, and when the plaints are
diy.
Chrys.anthemums : B. Chrysanthemum cuttings
may be inserted at any time from now onwards
until the end of March. January and February
are the best months in which to propagate
the decorative and single varieties. After the
old plants have finished blooming, cut them
down to within 8 inches of the pot and stand
the latter in a light, airy position in a cool house
till the time you propose propagating, when
the cuttings (from 3 to 4 inches long) should
be inserted in a light compost in either pots,
pans, or boxes. The cuttings should be kept
in a close frame having a temperature of from
45° to 50°. When they are suitably rooted,
gradually admit air preparatoi-y to affording
the plants cool greenhouse or frame treatment.
The old stocks should be discarded, as you
suggest. A few good decorative varieties are
as follows : — Caprice du Printemps, and its
vaiiietieB, Cranfordia, Market Red, Mrs.
H. W. Thorpe, Mrs. J. W. Streeter, Source
d'Or, Moneymaker, Miss A. Brooker, Winter
Cheer, Heston White, and Autocrat ;
(Japanese) Mrs. R. C. Pulling, Regd. Vallis,
F. S. VaJJis, Lady Talbot, W. Rigby, Mrs.
C. Drabble, Queen Mary, Mrs. J. Gibson, Un-
daunted, Salonica, Frances Jollift'e, Mrs. E. A.
Tickle, William Turner, Mrs. H. Tysoe, Char-
lotte E. Soer, Bob Pulling, Mrs. A. F. Tofield,
Louisa Pockett, Master James, Golden Cham-
pion, and Mrs. Algernon Davis.
Hydrangeas : E. B. Plants of Hydrangea
hortensia should be partly cut back after
they have bloomed in August or Seji-
tember, and placed in a sunnv position
out-of-doore, where they should te allowed
to continue to grow until the foliage
shows signs of turning yellow, when they
should be removed to a cool house or frame.
They must be protected from frost. Plants
tihat have become pot-bound should be re-
potted as soon as they have broken into growth
freely after being cut back. Thijy will con-
tinue to develop roots all through the winter.
Cuttings root freely if inserted in a frame in
a compost made of leaf-mould and sand, say,
during August, and if potted into 48-sized pots
early in October, will develop good single
heads of bloom from April onwards.
Names of Fruits. — In the naming of fruits, we desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VARIETIES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should he properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from.
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not und^tfike
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must TWt be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable

T. .4. Dovcnno du Cornice.— 7?. V. N. 1.
Scotch Bridget; 2 and 3, Brabant Bellefleur;

4, Mabbott's Pearmain; 5, Monarch; 6, James
Grieve. (Tlianks for 6d. for R.G.O.F. Box.)—
W. P. Apple Hubbard's Peannain, Pear
Beurre d'Anjou. — C. G. A. Moor Park Pip-
pin.— /. E. S. 1, Baronne de Mello ; 2, Jose-
phine de Malines ; 3, Duchesse d'Angouleme ;
4, decayed ; 5, Durondeau ; 6, decayed ; 7,
Doyenne du Comice. — li. A. C. Apple Ash-
mead's Kernel;' Pear Berganiotte d'Hollande.
— L. L. I. 6, BeuiTe Cla<irgeau ; the rest de-
cayed'.— ..-1. B., Wolverhampton. 1, None-
such; 2, Malik's Codlin ; 3, Beauty of Kent;

4, Blenheim Pippin; 5, Hessle.— /. C. P. 1,
Lady Henniker ; 2, McDonald's Favourite ;
3, Oalville St. Sauvem-; 4, Golden Ruaseit; 5,
Radfoixl Beauty ; 6, Beauty of Kent.

Names of Plants. — Correspondents not answered in this
issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.
F. Clarke.. Acer dasycarpum. — Salopian.

1, Berberis vulgaris; 2, 0.\alis sp. — send in
flower; 3, too withereid to identify; 4, Aralia
chiin«nsis ; 5, Cuipressus filif era variegata ; 6,
C. Lawsoniana var. albo- variegata. — E. P.,
Dorkincj. 1, Codiaeum (Croton) irregifiare ;

2, C. Burtonii; 3, C. HalLii ; 4, C. piotum ;

5, C. Weismanii ; 6, C. Disraeli.

Potatos Tdrning Black When Cooked :
F. W. G. Certain varieties of Potatos grown
on soils not perfectly suited to them are apt
to turn black when cooked in the usual way
by boiling. Try steaming them instead.

Rich.ardias (Arum Lilies) : E. B. The plants
should be hardened gradually after they have
done blooming, and placed in the open, which
will be from the end of April to the end of
May, according to the flowering period. Water,
or even liquid manure, may be freely given
until the foliage shows signs of turning yellow,
when water should be withheld gradually, and
the plants turned over on their sides for a
week or two. During August and before fresh
roots have formed the plants should be shaken
clear of the soil and re-potted in a rich and
fairly holding compost. Afterwards place the
plants in a frame to protect them from heavy
rains for a time. Treated in this way, they
do not make quite so much foliage, but bloom
earlier than when planted in the open during
the summer, lifted and re-potted in the autumn.
You may not find it necessary to re-pot your
plants eveiy year ; but every second season
would suffice if the drainage is in perfect oon-
ilitioii and a top-dressing of rich compost ap-
plied.

Seed Potatos : H. P. The premature sprouting
of the tubers in a clamp will not spoil them
lor seed if the sprouts are promptly rubbed
oft and others not allowed to grow again in
the heap. The best way to deal with the
tubers is to set them on eftd in boxes in a
cool, airy shed or cellar, free from frost. In
such conditions they will not commence to
glow until the time of the year when the shoots
would be at the right stage for planting such
early varieties as you name. If they cannot
be treated as advised, keep them in small
heaps and turn them over occasionally, re-
moving any shoots that foi-m between the pre-
sent date and January.

Vegetables Growing on Heavy Soil : K. P.
You appear to have cultivated the plot in a
very tliorough manner, and, provided the
road-smeepings are free from peti-ol or creo-
sote, you can use them freely, as you sug-
gest. In turndng up the soil, leave the sur-
face as rough as possible for exposure to the
beneficial effects of frost. Apply the lime and
basic slag now and the sulphate of ammonia
ii- the spring. The stable manure is best
applied now ; it wiU become thoroughly de-
cayed by the time the plants are ready to
make use of it The leather- jackets and m.ost
of the wireworras will doubtless have dis-
appeared next season. The ground cropped
with Brussels Sprouts should be dressed with
basic slag now, and afterwards treated as you
propose. See article on p. 216.

Communications Received.— J. F. — J G. W —
E. B.— H. E. D— .J. D — .T. K.— S. A.— L. D. Waller
Seed Oo.— C. C. Morse & Oo., Sam Francisco— T. W. B.,
.Allah at),acl—il. V. C— F. E., .S.ilisbury, Rhodesia—
H. E. W.— G. W.— W. G. C.-J. A. P.— W. F. P.—
G- QTey— E. M.— R. W. B.— D. O. S.— W. B.— W. T. W.
— T B— W. A. O.— J. O. B.— E. H. B.— A. S. R.— J. C.
— R. M

December 1. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

IMC JL R K IB T S.

rOVEyi OARBEX. yoicmljcr ?s.

Plants in Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

d. s. d. . d. s. d.

Erica, con. —
— gracilis 48's ... 10 0-15 0

Ar-alia .Sieboldii,

perdoz. ... 5 0-60

Asparajjus pUuno-

sus, per doz. . 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, green,

per doz. ... 30 0-S6 0

Begonias, Gloire de
Lorraine, 48's,
per doz. ... IS 0-24 0

— fiO'6 7 0-90

— 72s 5 0-60

Cacti, vanoiis, per

tray of IS's ... 4 0 —

— per tray of 12'8 5 0 —
CJirysantiiemums :

— white, 48's, per
doz.

— coloured, 48*8,
per doz.

Cocoa Weddelliana,

48'8, per doz.... IS 0-30 0

— Bd's, per doz. ... 8 0-10 0
Ericahyenialis,48's,

per doz. ... 12 0-15 0

8 0-24 0
8 0-12 0

72'3... 3 6-40

Cyclamen, 48's, per

doz 18 0-24 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small

and large 60's 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32's, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,

48's, per doz . 10 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis,

60's. per doz_. 6 0-80

larger, each ... 2 6-70
Kentla Belmoreana,

per doz ... 15 0-18 0
larger ..- 30 0-60 0

— rorsteriana,60'8 8 0-10 0
Lilium longiflorum,

per doz. ... 30 0-36 0

— lancifolium ru-

bnim 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

Cut Flowers, fee. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Arums—

— (Kichardias),
per doz. bl'ms.

Camellias, white,

per. doz.
Carnations, perdoz.

— blooms, best
American va(.

Chrysanthemums—

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

2 0-40
2 0-40
2 0-36
2 0-40

s.d. 8 d. Liliums, con. — s.d. s.d.

— — short, per

4 0-50 doz blooms ... 20-30

Lily-of-the-Valley,
2 6-30 per doz. bun ... 30 0-42 0

Narcissus Soleil d'Or,

per doz. bun ... 10 0-12 0
2 6-36 Orchids, per doz:—

— Cattleya ... 10 0-12 0

— Cypripediums 2 6-30

— Odontoglossum
crispum ... 2 6-30

Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet per
doz. bunches... 6 0-10 0

Polnsettia, perdoz IS 0-21 0

Roses : — per doz.
blooms : Frau
Karl Druschki

— Liberty

— Melody

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay

— Ophelia

— White Molly
Sharraan Craw-'
ford

2 0-30' 'ruberoses, pergross

; blooms 12 0-16 0

2 0- 3 0 I Vlolet8,perdoz.bun. 4 0-80

— Double, per.

3 0-36 doz. bun. ... 40-60

— Kien. h l-arma,
3 0-36 per bunch ... 60-70

5 0-80

2 0-40

9 0-1

3 0-

6 0-90

2 0-26

3 0-60
3 0-40

2 8-50

0-3 0

— pink

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. bunches ... 6 0-10 0

— white

— siiiKle, dla-
budded, per
doz. blooms ...

siirays, per

doz- bunches ..
Gardenias, per box 3 0-50
Heather, white,

perdoz. bun....
Lapageria alt)a. per

doz. blouniB ...
Lilium longiflorum,

long

— lancifolium
aloum, lonu ..

rnbrum, per

doz lung

Cut Foliage, &c.: ^verage Wholesale Prlees.

8 d. s.d. s.d. s.d.

Adiantum (Maiden- Asparagus con.—

hair Fern) best, - Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 0

per doz. bun... 6 0-70 Carnation foliage,

Asparagus plu- doz. bunches... 4 0-60

niosiis, long , Cycas leaves, per

trails, per half- I doz 3 0-60

dozen 2 6-30 Moss, gross bun... 60-60

— — medium, Smilax, per bun.

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0 , of 6 trails 16-20

Ubjuarks. — The supply of Chrysanthemums is equal to
llif deinwid. DisbiKldwl blooraj* are olfcnxi from 28. to
8s. per dozen, and oxtra large blooms from 12e. to 18e.
per dozen. Good bunch sort* are offered in whit«,
bronze, yellow, and pink. Richardias (Arums) and
Lilium longiilorum are more plentiful this week. Small
quantities of LUy-of-the-Valley are arriving daily.
Single Violeta are more plentiful, and arriving in first-
olasit condition. A few boxes of yellow Narcissiis Soldi
d'Or find a ready sale. Arrivals of Fixincb fiowere arc
very irregular and very few. Parma Violets are selling
at advanced prices. A few French Rosee are arriving,
chiefly Ulrich Brunncr, Frau Karl Druschki, and
Safrano.

VeKetHbles : Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichoke. C'luncso

Lettuce, Cabbage

(Stachy)per lb.

1 0

—

and Cos, perdoz

u 0- 2 0

Beans:-

Mustard and Cress,

— French(Cliannc

perdoz. punnet

0 10 1 0

Islands), per lb.

1 (1-

1 11

Onions, per cwt .

30 0-3S 0

lieetroot, per bus.

2 0-

2 G

— spring, per doz.

Brnssels .Sprouts,

bun.

16-20

per J bus.

1 6-

2 0

— Valencia, per

Cabbage, per tally

4 0-60

case (4 tiers)

44 0-47 0

Carrots, new per
doz. bunches ...

(6 tiers) ...

46 0-47 0

3 0-

4 0

Parsnips, per hag ..

4 0-50

Cauliflowers, per

Pot.-itos.new.perlb.

1 0 —

doz

2 (i-

4 0

Radishes, per doz.

Celeriac, perdoz....

3 «-

4 0

bunches

16-20

Celery, per bundle

1 D-

2 »

Savoys, per tally...

8 0-10 0

Cucumbers, per doz.

12 ()-

t 0

.Shallots, per doz.

Endive, per doz ...

1 6

—

lbs.

fl 0- 9 0

Garlic, per lb.

3 10-

1 (1

.Spinach, per bushel

2 0-40

Greens, per bag ...

U «-

1 0

'L'urnlps, per bag ...

8 0-40

Herbs, perdoz bui^

4 0-

8 0

— new, per doz.

Uorserailish, per

bunches

4 0 —

bunch

3 0-

6 0

Turnlptops,perbu8.

10-16

Looks, per doz. bun.

2 U-

IsU

Watercress, per doz.

0 4- 0 6

Fruit : AveraffO WhoUsale Prlees.

s.d. s.d. : s.d. s.d.

Grapes, con. —

— iluscats, per lb. 3 0- G 0
Lemons, per case... 80 0-105 0
Medlars, per i bus. 3 0-40
Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 3- 2 1>

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...120-0 —

— Cob, per lb. ... 1 0 —

— mixed, per cwt.llO 0 —
Oranges, per case .. SO 0-140 0
Pears, per i bus.... (i 0-12 0
Quinces, per J bus. 2 6-36
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs. or

peck 9 0-12 0

Walnuts, French
(Grenoble), per
bag 18 0 —

TRADE.

Almonds, per cwt.lOO 0-105 0
Apples :-

— cookiiig.perbus. 6 0-12 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per i bus. 6 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

case (31) quaits) 30 0-310
Figs (Italian) per

box 0 4-10

Grapes, Alicante.

per lb 14-26

— Almerias, per
barrel (3^ doz.
lbs.) 32 0-43 0

— Canon Hall, per
lb 2 0-50

— Gros. Colmar,
per lb. ... 13-26

Remarks.— Braml^y*s Seedling, Newton Wonder, Dume-
low's Seedling (cooking) and Cos's Orange Pippin
(dessert) form the bulk of the supplies of Apples.
Selected fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin are sold by
the dozen, ajid those of lesser quality in half-sieves.
'JlK-ie are fewer Pears. The demand tor Grapes shows a
sligiit increase. The •Ahneria kind is on offer din barrels
contauung 421bs. of fruit. Oranges and Lemons are stall
vexy sLvux-e and expensive. Thei^e ore much fewer
Tomatos. Mushrooms show a slight increase in supply,
but not enough to affect tihe prices, Guernsey dwarf
Btxins aie a fsiirly good supply
(Ohinese Artichoke) and Ohicody
quaflirtities. Onions from ail
prices. Nuts of ail kiiids are

Stacihy tuiberifem

offered in limited

aj-e realising high

hat scarce. The coan-

moner vegetal>Iei< from out-of-doors are plentifuJ, witvh
the exception of Cauliflowers and Cabbage. E. U, R.,
Covent Garden Market, November 28, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr G.

Mr. John Busby, t^rdentr to the late Admiral and
Mrs. Luxo, Blendworth Lodge, Uorndean, as Gar-
dener to NuEL H. Wills, Esq., Misarden Park,
Oirenceester. fTUanks for 2s. for R.G.O.F. box.—
Eds.]

Mr. J. Clark, formerly with Mewrs. J. Watereb &

Sons, o/nd recently in the Arbooretum at Kew Gar-
dens, aa Superintendent of St. .Vlbams Cemeter}'.

SI TUA r IONS WA N TED.

Cantlnued from patre 111-

GARDENER (Head or Single-handed) ;
experienced dliioflv Outride ; first-class t-eetimonials ;
liberty when uuiMxl ; over military age. — A. COL£, Broiid-
twk Cottage. Scale, Familiam, Surrey.

HEAD WORKING GARDENER seeks ro-
uligirgejile-ul u'here se\"cral are employed ; 2A
.\«u^ pract'i<'al exiK'neiu^- gained at flrsl-i.-laj« estab-
lislimeiitd, and well versed in all dep;u-tment« of the
protesjion ; 49 years old ; maiTied.— Apply, J. SOOTNEY,
Fountain Dale, near Mansfield, Nott«

■rjj.ARDENER (He,vd Wobking) seeks re-

^-^ t-ii)faKt''niont ; 3i vcar> I-.ust situation a« Hesid ;
«uiiTi(d . age 37; 2 ohildren ; excellent testimoiiial3 ; 8
years' Foi^eman first-cUse establishmenle ; final dis-
clwi-Re October JO, 1917. HAGGAUT, The Nook, Back-
lord, Oliestcr.

SITUATION required as HEAD WORK-
IXO or good .SINGLE-H-4NI)ED GARDEXEB ; cx-
IKTirnc-ed Indooi-s and Out : goo<l <'1iuKicters.— G. MILES,
29, Wooilland Terrace, .Vherbeeg, Monmoutllshixe.

GARDENER (Wobking General) ; pri-
vate or jobblii(? ; good references ; 12 years last
engagement ; nlvjut 50 miles West of London preferred.
— HO^', 12, Foi-est Road, Oheshumt, Herts.

FOREMAN (Inside), in good establish-
nien/[. Fruit, i'lants, DecoiTatiiig, &c. ; age 29; Aniiy
'liRnlKirge ; highest references.— H. F. THOMI'SOX,
IJivipers Lodge, St. Peter's Road, Margate.

T ADY GARDENER wishes Situation at

-'-^ niirc in me<lium-si/.ed Garden; 14 months' exi>eri-
eiii-e Inside aiid Out; goo<l referenees. — ^M, E., Box 10,
41 Wellington Street, Ooven.t Garden, W.O. 2.

WOMAN UNDER-GARDENER ; strong,
k4*<Mi ; varied experience. Indoor and Out ; resideJiit
post prefptired ; expei'ience of 'horses, poultr>-, pigs; oan
niMIi.— VOHKK, J*it tie Lodge Fann, DowuLhoni, Bramdon.

WELL-EDUCATED GIRL (17) desires
POST under Jiady G-ardener ; no exiierience ; not
lf«s lliiin 30 mides (west or south-west) from London. —
TiALUOCK, The Drive, Baraiet.

IVTANAGER or FOREMAN; well recom-

-*-*-*- mended ; life esperiance Giiapes Peaches, Oucum-
liers, Bedding StuS, general Out Flowej-, Inside amd
Qui , for market or shop suptply ; Tomatoe a speokiiUty ;
8i .years present place.— H . Merton Cottage, WilllBbridge,
neiir Bristotl.

lyTANAGING FOREMAN ; life experience

■*-'-•- in GW'pes, Tomatos, Ouciimbers, and Chxyaanthe-
mmns. .State salai-y. itc.— C. T., Box 27, 41, Wel'ling-
lon Street. Covent. Gaixien, London. 2.

OEED TRADE.— Advertiser at liberty
'^ middle December, i^uires responsible position;
long exiJerience ; able to control maJe and female staff ;
ii«-e 44. Pleai?e state wages.— C. F., Box 2. 41 Welling-
ttin Street, Oovemt Ganden, W.C. 2.

'T'O SEEDSMEN.— Situation as ASSIST-

-■- ANT (permanent); good referenced; age 40; cate-
gorr B 3; di^enigaged.— H. J. C, A, Brunswick Terrace,
Tunbridg>e Wel^

*MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Actiag CkairHin of the Scieetific Cemmittee of ill*
Royal liorticultural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Author.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the S»-ne Author

Price 5/6 each pe<t free from —

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 1, 1917.

The Best Christmas Present.

A Complete Set of

PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON. Managing Editor. " Gardeners' Chronicle."

EACH VOLUME IS WRITTEN BY AN EXPERT.
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SWEET PEAS. By Horace J. Wright, late Secretary and Chairman of the National

Sweet Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for Exhibition," by Thos. Stevenson.

PANSIES, VIOLAS, AND VIOLETS. By William Cuthbertson, V.M.H., and

R. Hooper Pearson.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. Jacob, Chairman of Committee of the Midland Daflfodil

Society. With Preface by the Rev. W. WiLKS, M.A.

ORCHIDS. By James O'Brien, V.M.H., Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the Royal

Horticultural Society.

ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES. By the late Alexander Dean, V.M.H.,
Chairman of the National Vegetable Society.

CARNATIONS AND PINKS. By T. H. Cook, Head Gardener to Queen Alexandra
at Sandringham : James Douglas, V.M.H., and J. F. M'Leod.

RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS. By William Watson, A.L.S., Curator

of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; with Preface by Sir Fred W. Moore, M.A., A.L.S.,

V.M.H. (The only volume published on this subject.)

LILIES. By A. Grove, F.L.S., with Preface by H. J. Elwes, F.R.S.

APPLES AND PEARS. By George Bunyard, V.M.H., late Chairman of Fruit

and Vegetable Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

IRISES. By W. R. Dykes, M.A., with Preface by Prof. Bayley Balfour.

ANNUALS : HARDY AND HALF-HARDY. By C. H. Curtis, late Hon. Sec.

of the National Sweet Pea Society.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By Thomas Stevenson, with Chapters by Charles Shea and
C. Harman Payne.

ROCK GARDENS. By Reginald Farrer, with preface by Dr. J. Bretland

Farmer, F.R.S.

TULIPS. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob. Secretary of the Midland Daffodil Society.

DAHLIAS. By George Gordon, V.M.H. , President of the National Dahlia Society.

ROSES (double volume 2/6 and 3/6). By H. R. Darlington, Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By Wm. Watson, with introduction by Wm. Robinson.

Author of " The English Flower Garden." (Double volume 2/6.)

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{THIKD\
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SATURDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1917.

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For CONTENTS lee page 225.

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HER-

V ready.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND
B.\CEIIUS PLANTS.— Xew Oatologue nc

WATERER'S BRITISH GROWN
BULBS.— New Catalogue now ready

WATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.
Cataiugue aiuJ Supplementary List of new and
nh'ijce \iarietie9 now ready

WATERER*S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.— Oatalo^c free.
AH or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post

fiev on r*'"-ei|>t of nanie and addr<^.

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ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NOUWIOH KOSB.S.— Our new desoriplive price
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roees, now ready,
post free. — Write to-<Jay. A. J. & 0. ALLEN. Rose
Urowere, Norwich (for over 50 >"€ara).

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Consei-va tones,

" * Greenhou.s€«. &c., and Heating Engineers,
D;iiiver3 Street, Ohe'lsea. London. S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Western, London. Telephone : 201, Weotem.

rjISHURST COMPOUND.— Insecticide

^-^ aiKJ FiiiiKii'i'if.— Over 50 >XMir6" repntation ; highly
Oojnmcmded, li.lL.S. Staiaitific^allv-ctrntrolled Trial* at
Wisl.?y, 191415. Sold l>v d<<ileii in Garden Sundries.
Wholesale : I'KICB'S PATENT CAXDI..B 00., I/TD.,
Batteraea, London, S.W. U.

BUNYARD'S FRUIT TREES.—

Xmv Prioe List now ready, and will be sent free
bv return of post

UEOROB BfNYARD & CO., LTD.,
Royal Nurseries, MA1D.ST(TNE.

B

UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new descriptive list is dow ready, end will
i^nt. on receipt of card.

ALPINE STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO. BUNYARU & 00., LTD. lloyuj NiuBaries,

Maidetooe.

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ANDERS, Orchid

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Growers,

W/'ELLS' CHRYSANTHEMUM CATA-

'^ ' LOGUE now readv. Post Iree on application, — W.
WELLS & rx)., Mersthai^, Surrey.

"TkOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
-■-^ Pea«, Ruse.^, Carnationsi, See<lluig and Vegetable
fUaats. 4o., poet tree.— DOBBIE & OO., Royal Florists,
Minibua«h.

s

UTTON'S VElGEfTABLiE

SUTTONS FLOWER SEEDS.
The Best.

SEEBS.

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UTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

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GREENHOUSE P.AINTING & GLAZING
• Vitrolite," superior to Wliite Lead Paint.
•• PLLstine '' superwvies putty. Ftill partioxiiaTS from
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througliout tl»e ooontJcy.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD.. UiwrerK-e Ro,id, Snulli ToMomham, N. 15.
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BARR'S OASH CTiEARANOE SAJiE of
CHOICE D.AFFODILS, April and May flowering;
TILIPS. &c., for in and outdoors. .\lso Bulla for lai-ge
plantdngs. List free.— BARB & SONS. King Street,
Owem Garden, W.O. 2.

BERiBBRIS Sargentiana (see last week's
■ Chronicle "), in 3.incli pot«; 3e. 5d. each.
(;E01t(;B BCNYARD 4: CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,
Maidstone.

'T'HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE occu-

-■-' pies a positiion in the world of horticulture whaoh
is absolutely iinique. Founded in 1841. m the very
dawu of scieutiflo botany, it has advamoed, stop by
st^'p, with (he gracluad d^n-elopment of horticulture to
■thie country. It* foiuMler? were men of hig-h distjinction.
Sir J<»scpU rxxton., tht- (ri-eateiirt p^irdener of liis day;
Dr. Lindley, the wopld-fumoua botanist ; tihe late mr
C. W. Dilke. first Baronet, with his typical Efogliab love
of gardens; those were among the little group of men
who launched the "Gardeners' Chronicle" on a long
and pd-oeperous voyage. The paper has a fine and in-
spiring tradition to mainbain, and has preserved from
the first a progreesi've spirit. It won. long ago, the
conAdenoe of its readers, and that confldenoe it still
enjoys.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
okl pl)ant.s, suitable for stock ; ca^ or exc4iaoge.
See otheir advertisements; catalogues free. — SMITH.
London Fern Nursen-, Lough^rough Junction, London,
S.W.

WT'ANT^ET), Trees, Plants, Shrubs, and
^ ' anvthiitg ii^lul for m-aking up large garden. —
Replv, •■ TREES." Box 13, M. Welliiigton Street, Covent
(iirrtcn, W.O. 2.

'>(!() double flowering PEACH TKEEiS tor
*^"'"' ivilc . grand plaut« and youii*; growths.

9ft., 38. 6d. each.

6ft., 33. 0(i. eaciU.

4ft., 2S. 6d. each.

H. CLARK,

Fariiliiam-Royaa Nua-stry,
Slough, BuckM.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Clmbing

-■- F<*rnt4, Easiest Ferrip, Stove and Greenhouse Fema.
Hardy Garden Ferna; oaiatogues free.~J. E. SMITH,
Lorcloii FeiTi Nurser\'. Loughborough Jimcbion,
UmuIou., S.W.

For Advertlsemsnt Charges see page v.

KELWAY & SON,
NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.
I^e R-o\al HortioultUTists,
LANGPORT. SOMERSET,
are now booking orders for their Clioice Hardy Perenmal
rhuits. Plant a Colour Border this Autunin, a.nd you
wilrl be able to enjoy its exquisite beaut.v for many years
without ajiy additional expeoiee or trouble.
Send measurements of your Borders.
Paconies, Delphiniums, PhJoxes, G-aililmrdias, and other
beautiful flowers, incJoided in their Colour Sdhenies, which
provide blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List

"OHUBARB ROOTS.— The true " Cham-

■^^ I>;ig7ie,'" hrisht Hiiirlt^t.. vpry pix>ductive, ipJimting
seta, 6s. per 100, 60s. per 1,000; roots, with 2 eyes or
over. 10s. per 100. 80s. per 1,000; larger roots, 40s.
■ por 100 ; eaj'iv planting strongtly recommended ; ooi
rails, paclving ' free for c.w.o.— HARRISON & SONS,
Seed Merchants, LeioeeteT*

1 on nno large garden ferns,

■*-^"»'-'^'- 209. 100; r.alms. Begomas, Orotoms,
Draoaena.s, Rose.*, Ericis, Glo.Tinias, Lilies, Hvdixuigeas,
&c. ; catalogue free.-^. E. SMITH, London Fern Nur-
seriee, Loiigbhoi\>ugh Junction. London, S.W.

r\AFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
-'-' siis fur r.r.nw, .Sl)rvibl>pries, and Wild Gardening.
lis. awl 21.*. 1,000 ; selected for forcing, 25s. 1,000 ; as
dug. 13s. per hushed (2,000), 4». 6d. per pet-k (600 bulbs).
—.1. HANDSOOMBB. F.R.H.S., Feltham Nurseries,
Middlesex.

in fiOrt FRUIT treeiS for sale.

-»-^' 'Vrv/U Newton Woniler, (3ox Orange, Lame's
Prince Allxrt, 2 year mi Crab, Bramley SeedUmg, Laaie's
Co.T Orange, Charles Ros.i, Bamack Beau^-, HoubJon,
3 vear wi IVwadi.se busli ; all 12s. dozen, 70s. 100.— W.
HCIRNE & SONS, C^itTe, Rochester, Kent.

" PESTITE " destroys all soil

jtiv-ts (uirewoniis, dub-root, wart disease,
ic). Priix- 10s. 6<I. pel- cwt., £8 per ton., eaimage paid.
- U. LAXG & SONS, LTD., HouusJow, Middlesex.

SPORTSMEN, FARMERS, HORSEMEN.
- Try our sptelldid YorkSliire Whipcord Tweed ;
wears liUe leatiher ; ffhowen)roof. 7 vards for 21s. Pat-
terns frri'.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN ' CO., 71, Bradford.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,
DEREHAM— Send for Rose Catalogue, post free.

H

OBCrHID PEAT, 7s. M. per sack ; Rhod..-
deudron Peat, fieo from bracken, ISs. per yard,
6 to 18 yard trucks. IXTgs 30s. dozen ; Lo.im, Leaf MoukI,
Silver Sand and Fibre. Rlhubairb Boots (10 acres),
(•lumps (or foi-ciiig, 50.<. 100; fruiting, 20s. 100; Sea
Kale, forcing* crowns .and sets, list free ; Daw's C3hani-
pion and Ha-wke's Clwmipagne, List free. — J. HANDS-
COMBE, The Nurseries, FeMmm. Middlesex.

TO M.^RKET GARDEN'ER.S. FARMERS. AND
ALLOTIyiENT HOLDERS.

'T'HE Council of the Metropolitan Boroxi>;Ii
'- of St. MojTiebone have for disposal DRY HO.\D
SWEEPING, also FINE ASH. .mitable for heavy l.iinl
or allotments; delivered in boat loads of ahout 30 tons
aiionigai<le Gnand Junction Cniiijal. — Furt'beir particuJiars
and samples of t/hc Fine .Vsh can be obtained from Mr
F. WEBSTER. 27, H:inimond Road. SoirthaJI. Middlesex,
ur by appJdcation to Highways Engineer, Town H;ill,
Marylebone Lane, Oxford Street, W. 1.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION.

BVSIMESS TO LET.

MILFORD, near GODALMING.

By Older of tlie Exeoutrdx. Clearance Sale.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell Ity Aurtion on tJie premises,
Young's Nurseries, Milford, Surrey,
On Monday next, December 10th, and two following
days, al 12 oeloek precisely,
tlie whole of Oie

NURSERY STOCK,

including
2.500 Conifers and Evergreens.
1.000 Young's Golden Juniper.
2 600 Spruce for Ohristmas Trees. -
6.000 Firs and Pinus.
5.000 Flowering Shrubs.

10.000 Forest Trees, suitable for Poles and Fencing.
8,000 Rhododendrons. Pontioum, and othere.

Thousands of Privet.
30.000 Manetti Stocks.
10,000 Quick.

8,500 Standard and Feathered Apple.s, Pears and Pluma.
Three Greenhou-scs, Pits, Piping, Cart«, Implements,
Flower Pots, and numerous other effects.

Catalogues hid on tte premises ; of C. Butcher. Esq.,
Solicitor. 32. Gresham Street, and of the Auctioneers,
67 and 68, Cheapside, EC. 2.

WILMSLOW, CHESHIRE.

Absolitte Olearmoe Sale, by Order of tihe Exeoutoirs of
the late Elijah" Ashworth. Esq.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will Sell by .\uction on the premises,
Harefleld Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire
(Alderley Edge Station),
On Wednesday and Thursday, December 12th and
13th, 1917, at 12.30 o'clock precisely eaeh day,

2,900 ORCHIDS,

including 800 Crpripediuras,
OdooiitoglogsujTi crispiun in variety, MasdevaJlias,
Lycastea, Dendrobiums, Cattleyas, Laelias,
L aelj o -Ca ttJleyae.
Many choice and w&U-known white Oattleyas.
On view one week prior to sale. Oatalog-ues had on.
the premises and of the auctioneers, 67 OJid 68, Cheap-
side. E.G., 2.

WALTHAM ABBEY.

FREEHOLD NURSERY.

One Acre of Glass for Tomato and Cucumber

Grooving.

By Order of Trustees of Mr. 3. Shearman, deceased,
with possession.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS
will SeU by Auction
At tbeir Sale Rooms, 67, Cheapside, E.G.,
On Thursday, December 13th, at 5 o'clock,

tlie compact and easily worked

MARKET NURSERY

In Honey Lane, Waltham Abbey,

22 Greenhouses, total length 2,500 feet, 10,000 feet pip-
inig, Shedis, &c., and 4^ aci-es of La-nd, with important
Building Frontage to Honiey Lane. No incoming valua-
tion.

May be viewed. Particulars had of Mr, J. H. Shear-
man, Rose Bamk, Honey Lane, WoJitham Abbey ; of
D. M, Paul, Esq., Solicitor, 2, Kew Cauxt, Lincoln's
Inn, W.O. 2 ; ajid of the Auctioneers, 67 and 68, Oheap-
side. E.O. 2.

HANWELL.

Clearance Sale of Fruit Trees and other Stock.

IVfESSRS. T'ROTHEiROE & MORIRTS

-■■'-■- wil Sefll by Auctiom at the
Osterley Park Nurseries, Windmill Lane,
near Hanwell,

On Monday, December 17th, at 12 o'clock,

by order of Mr. G. Oannon, 3,500 well-^own standard
Bush and trained Fruit Trees of the best varieties,
including 1.500 A|iples, 200 Pears, aoO Plums Imoftlly Vic
toria), 1,100 standard and dwarf-trained Peaches and
Nectarines, 4,000 Gold and Green Privet (3 to 5 ft.), 500
Laurels (3 to 4 ft.). Flowering: and Evergreen Shrubs,
Standard and Dwarf Roses, &c. Mav be viewed.
Catalogues had on ttie premijes, 'and of the Auc-
s, 67 and 68, Oheapside, E.G. 2.

^^

SALES BY AUCTION OF

BULBS

Every

Monday, Wednesday, an

ROSES,

d Friday.

FRUIT

TREES, HERBACEOUS PUNTS, &c.,

Every Wednesday.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE &

MORRIS,

B7 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, E.C.

2.

Sixpence

ill Stamps will ensure Twelv

Catalogues.

FOR SAUE, a MiAHKET NURSERY;
about 8 acres and 60.000 super feet of Glass ; ex-
cellent local majkets : South of En^rlaJid ; or a partner-
ship would be enter-tained with a tihoroughdy capable
grower with ft view to ultimate paixchase. Principals
..iilv dealt with.— M. H., Box 4, 41, WeBington Street,
Coveiit Garden, 'W.O. 2.

PARTNERSHIP.

W^ANIM), a Gentleman, with £1,000

^ * capita,!, to join another in a good Fruit, Flower,
and Vegetable Business, well estiahlighed ; return for
oaipital and heJ.p in business to be '£225 per year, plus
half all pixjfits above £450 per year; retuma based on
Income Tax figures for past 3 yeais. Anyone in touch
with Fi"uit and Flower Growers prefeired, and if not
free hiianseilif, with a d^ghter orr sister who could help
in business.— Write, GWYETH, Box 2, 41, Wellington.
Street., Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

BOOK WANTED.

WANTED TO PURCHASE

second-hand copies of

Dr. HOGG'S

"FRUIT MANUAL,"

(Fifth Edition )

WHAT OFFERS?

" Amateur," Box 27,

41, WEUINGTON.STftEET, COVENT

GARDEN, W.C.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),
6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to tend them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

GAKDENTBR (Head) required.— Reply,
. stating age. experience, wages, &c., to E. J,
BENTHAIL, Trewithen Estate Office. Grampoumd Boad,

OornwaU.

WANTED, experienced HEAD (Working)
G.\EDENER, end of December ; over two at pre-
sent : for ali-round work.— Apply, JIKS. SANDBAOH
I'ARKER, Ponfield, Hertford.

^^7" ANTED, GAEXffiNEiR (Single-handed),

* ' with help : .permanency if competent ; Flowers,
Vegeta.bles, Orchard, poultry ; in all a;bout 14 acres ; one
waiin House, two Oold ; no cottage. Oall Siuixlay, or
write, stating wages, &o., MOBBRLY, Ravensburj Gar-
dens, Mitcham.

WANTEH), good all-round WORKING
GAEDENER. one with Imowledge of toying out
Gardens preferred : also an ASSISTANT. — STOREY,
Ibornden Hall, Biddeaden Kent.

WANTED, 'GARDEINER, for Outside
work; chiefly Kitchen Garden; ineligihle or dis-
chairged maJi , to i^^rk under Head Gardener, where
others are kept. — Wrile, with full partioulajs, stating
vages required, with Bothy &c., to WM. BAOK,
Bix>^ynt.yn; GaPdeins, Oswestiy. Salop.

WANTED, good MAN (ineligible) for
general work in 'arge Gardens ; -wife look after
Bothy ; wages to fmitablc mam 27s.. with good cottage ;
88. for Bothy attendjnce ; son can be employed. — State
age and experience to HEAD GARDENER, King's
W'iulden, Buiy, Hitchin.

^AS. per week offered for good all-round

'i" GARDENER for Private Gaixien; able to milk
cows; lad kept for help.— State age. married or single,
when disengaged, seird copies of references ho A., 84,
Orossbiook Street, Waltham Ctross.

WANTED, GARDENER; good all-round
man.— WRIGHT, Gwalior House, Old Southgate,
bondon, N.

WANTED, SINGLE MAN, ineligible, for
Outside G.iird6ni work ; one able to take Sunday
duty ; overtime paid.— Particulars of experience to H.
KING, Stevenstone Gardens, Torrington, N. DeTOD.

WANTED, GARDENER; ineligible, mar-
ried ; wife help as cook and working housekeeper
to two bachelors, girl and other help given ; man good
all-round ; take charge of cow. horse, goats, and pigs ;
m-ust be willing, obliging, good temper; no grumbler;
make himself useful ; firat-closs references indispencable ;
rooms, fire, and garden. State lowest combined salary
expected ; country Keat.— Write, " GARDENER," c/o
Segg, 289, Regent Street, London, W.

MARRIEID OOUPLE wanted for country
cottage, 20 miles from Londoai, between Rick-
inansworth and Gerrards Cross ; to live in house during
winter months and in cottage close by during summer;
man to a^t as Gaixlener ; a few pouJtry, and possibly
ipimy and trap to be looked after in summej ; wife to
act aa cook when owTier in residejice for week-ends
during winter, and to assist in house during summer. —
Write. HUNTER TOD. 11, Upper Winipole Street, W. 1.

WANTED, by 17th, married couple as
GARDENER and CARETAKER doiring winter
months; to Jave in cottage in siunmer and be Head of
two; mixed Garden, GreejLhouse, fowls; good refer-
ences; wages 40s.— K. T., 9, Gloucester Terrace, W. 2.

A\rANM:D, Two Men, for Inside and Wall

'* Fruit; discharged soldiers or ineligible; Botfhy
and vegetables. — State wages and partiouLars to F.
PAHKES, Woaiaton HalJ. Notting-ham.

WANTED, several young AIEN, dis-
charged liXMli the .^riuy, with previous Gardening
experience, for Outside, Wages a>ccording to condition
and oapabilitdes ; excellent Bothy ; 1 p.m. Saturdays. —
A. J. COBB, Dullryu Gardens, neai Cardiff.

WANTED, FOREMAN (Inside); single;
well up in iTuit and Plant Growing; lodgings
on estate ; wages 40s. to good man.— J. GILBERT, Han-
worth Park Gardens, Feltham.

WANTED, T^wo experienced JOURNEiY-
MJiN; also IMPROVER tor Inside; 24s. and 18s.
per week respectively to start-, with Bothy, milk, aaid
vegetables.- Apply, O. H. WHEELER, Swinton Gardens,
Masham, Ripon.

WANTED, JOITRNIE-YTMEN, experienced
in Inside work, also Fruit Trees. &c. ; ineli-
gible, or disoh,Tjged from Army.— State experience anid
wages a-equiired to W. R. GODBEEB, Dransfleld Ootirt
Gardens, Sevenoaks, Kent.

WANTED, TWO LADY GARDENERS
(Inside) ; £1 per week, Bothv, &c. ; duty alternate
Sundays. — Apply. GIBSON, Alfreton Park, Alfreton,
Derby^ire.

T^ANTED, a FOREWOMAN for Gardens,

» » with some knowledge Inside and Out; board
at lodge ; state wages ; staff 2 men, with help.— Ad-
dress, FARWELL, The Priory, Burnham, Bucks.

WANTED, T^vo LADY GARDBNEKS for
Inside and Outside work in Kent.— Write, stating
waKes, age, and experience, to GARDENER. Box 23, 41,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O, 2.

December 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

WANTED, strong YOUTHS, Inside and
Out: wages 20s. to 223., with Bothy, milk,
and vegetables, according to experience ; duty paid
eitra: 1 o'clock Saturtoj-s.— C. GARRATT, Oanwell
Hall Gardens, Sutton Coldfleld, Birmingham.

WANTED, niPROVER, inside Houses;
age 16 ; wastes £1 weeklv. with Bothy, vegetables,
milk.— E. .MORG-\S, Wa^sand "Hall Gardens, near Hull.

WANTED, LAD, about 16, for Inside and
Out ; take duty ; wages 209. per week. Bothy and
vegetables.— Apply, J. L. WATERMAN. The Gardens,
S\-ndale, Faverahain.

TRADE.

WANTED, HARDY PLANT FOREMAN.
— Apply, stating full particulars, age, experience,
and wages required, " FOREMAN," Box 1, 41. Wellington
Street, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, a thoroughly qualified MAN,
for the Xonh of England, to take charge of a
quajitity of Gla^s, Oucimvbets, Tomatos, Olirysanthemums,
&e. — .\ddress, giving full particulars, exjwrience, wages,
&c., S. F., Box 6, 41, WeUingtom Street, Covent Garden',
W.O. 2.

WTANTBD, Smart, Active GREENHOUSE

'" FOREM.AN" for North Country Ntirsery ; ineli-
gible for Army. — State age, experience, references, and
wagea asked to NORTH, Box 2. 41. Wellington Sti-eet,
Covent Garden. W.C. 2.

"VyANTED, first-class PROPAGATOR o!

' ' Clematis, Roses, and Flowering Trees and Shrubs.
— Write, stating wages and experience, W. W., Box 26,
41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

•l^ANTED, PROPAGATOR; not eligible

" ' for .\rmy, Ohinese flowering Trees and Shrubs,
dematis. and iUxscs. in, quantities.— Write. W. C. Box
27. 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden. W.O. 2.

TY'ANTED, CUCUMBER GROWER, or

' " M.4X willing to luulertake and loam Cucumber
grow ing. State previous experience aiid wages, with
copies of references.— Apply, SMITH, Hopwiis Nursery,
Tainworth.

VyANTED, MAN or WOMAN GAR-

" " DENER ; used to potting and watering Pot
Plsintg, to take diargo of Gla^ under Foremain if ciip-
able; would suit energetic young woman who wishes to
(jain all-round knowledge in growing for tho trade. —
Ai>ply. C70LE PARK NURSERY. Mogdea Laae. Iflle-
worth.

\\

^T'ANTm), MAN for Budding and graft-
ing.—stctens. Nurseries, Coventry.

Ij^LORISl S Furnisher ' and Decorator

-* wanted ; good po^'ition ; must be tSioroughly ex-
periencpvl. — Write. •• DECORATE," c/o Gouldfl. 54,
New Oxford Street, W.O. 1.

WTANTED, First-class FLORISTS; per-

• ' nianency. — CLEMENT LEROY, 153. Higtl
Street, Netting Hill Gate.

T1/'\NTED, MAN for Agricultural Seed
' ' Department ; well experienced in executing
orders. — .A.pply. stating age. experience, and aaJory ex-
pected, to W., c/o Hurst &. Sons, 152, Houndaditoh,
London.

\YANTED, SEED ASSISTANT; ineU-

" " gible. — Please give particulars of experience and
sala/ry required to JOHN PEED & SON, Seedsmen, West
Norwood, 8.B. 27.

TiTANTED, PACKER, for Plants, Seeds

" ■ and Bu'lbrf. — Flense apply, giving particulars of
experience and salary required, to JOHN PEED & SON,
.Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E. 27.

WANTED at once, an energetic and cap-
able ASSISTANT in the .Seed Department; two
or three seasons' experience would be necessary. — Full
particulars, stating wages. Sec, to HILLIER & SONS,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, &c., Winchester.

WANTED, IjADY GARDENERS, as
SHOP AS.SI.STANTS.— Apply by letter, stating ex-
perience and salai-y retjuired. to the Holbom Manager,
JAMES CARTER & CO., 237, High Hoftom, London,
W.O. 1.

WT" ANTED, young LADY FIX>RIST, with

' ^ some knowledge of Seeds. — ^Particulars of ^ualifl-
c.itions and wages required to W. THOMAS PERKINS,
notist and Seed Merchant, Eeitering.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 16, and 6d. for each

succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters «o addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

GARDENER (Head) or Gardener and
Small Estate Management where required ; life
experience - in all hpanclxes. Inside and Out ; early and
late forcing ; several years' Head in good families ; tho-
TOUg^v reliable ; highly recommended ; married (no
oliildren).— WOODHOUSE. Possingworth Gardens. Croes-
in-Hand, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head), where several are
kept : thorough expeneiK^ in large establishments
where Fruit, Vegefables. and Flowers are well grown ;
good manager of Garden and Estate Work ; age 48.— F.
BENNEIT, Mapleburst, Woodhouse Eaves. Loughborough.

GARDENER (Head) seeks engagement in
a good establishment, where several others are
kept : life experience in oil branches ; highly recom-
mended by late employer after 11 years' service; left
through place being sold ; married ; age 49.— C. BAULK,
9i, SliiUiioor Road, Balham, London, S.W.

G^UIDENER (Head Working) desires re-
eng.igemeiit ; good oU-round knowledge, including
Orcfiids ; hifo expcjier.ce ; well pecoirrmended ; over nrih-
tary aj-e.— State wages and particulars to OONINGSBY,
.\bbots l«igt, Bristol.

GARDENER (Head Wobkino) seeks per-
manent situation ; life experience in all branches ;
age 45; marriwl (two children, 14 and 16); excellent
references.— RENNIE, Leoaide, Hertingfordbury. Herts.

G'»ARDENER (Head Working), where
^ several are kept ; life experience in all branches ;
gfKxl relerenoei ; married : age 28 ; disdiarged from Army.
— D.\Y. 4, Lower Town, Tuinohaple, Plymouth.

AD^TIRTISER, with 20 years' experience

■^^ in the management of Landed Property, Woods,
Farms, Gardens, seeks engagement, temporary or other-
wise; highest credentials can be furnished; moderate
sjlarv i( permitted to give outside advice.— A.. Box 14,
41, VVellington Street, Ooicnt Garden, W.O. 2.

GARDENER (single) seeks situation in
Nursery or Private Garden; 12 years' experience
Inside and Out ; ineligible ; please state wages. —
NEWNII.VM, 90. Somerset Road, South Farnborough,
Hants.

TRADE,

X^OREMAN (Wokkin'g); life experience in
■*• Cucumbers, Tomatos, Bedding Stuff, and Chrysan-
thennims ; married ; good refs. Staie balary. — O. LIND-
QUIST, 8, Clifton Terrace, Spencer Road, Mifcoham,
Surrey.

THE ROCK GARDEN

A practical work on the cultivation and manage-
ment of Rock Gardens, written by Reginald
Farrer. One of the best and most popular works

on the subject.
Cantaim S platts in colour. Price l/IO pott /rtt.

THE POBLISHER,

The Gardeners' Chronicle, Ltd., 41, Welllnstoii

Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C. 2.

GARDENING CHARITIES.

GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION,

QEO. J. INGRAM, Sec,

pa, Victoria Street, S.W

Telephone— Tiotoria 614

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is the only gardening paper with seventy-
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8, 1917.

BULL'S FOOD
FOR PLANTS,

FRUIT & VEGETABLES.

CANNON HALL MUSCAT

Crown with Bull's Food for Plants
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December 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

22o

THE

Xo. 1615 —SATURDAY. DECEMBER S. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Agricultural machinery Orchid notes aud giean-

lor Spaia ,. .. 231 ings—

Allotments at Bemiond- ' New hybrids .. ,. 227

sey 231 osoqueria latifolia .. 226

Apple William Peters ,. 227 Potato crops, North

Kooks. notices of - American ,, 231

Khododeudrons and Printeri' wages, increases

the V.riouB Hybrids 230 in., .. ., 231

Bulb garden — Red Currants, a revision

Autumn Crocuses .. 223 of the 232

Caselton, Mr. George .. 233 Rhododendrons, plant-

CoDserving depot, a Welsh 231 ing 23S

Crops, effects of sunlight 231 Scottish National Tnion

Dug-outs in the garden.. 233 of Allotment Holders 230

Effect of one plant on Seeds, lost names of ,. 226

another, the .. 233 Societies, local .. .. 231

Farm, crops and stock on Societies —

the home .. .. 231 Perpetual -flowering

Food production, on in- Carnation . . . . 234

creased— E^yal Horticultural .. 233

Gardens and allot- Trees and shrubs—

raents . . . . . . 228 Abies balsamae macro-
Ground operations . . 228 carpa 226

Potato Windsor Castle 228 Petrea volubilis .. 226

Garden allotments at Winter-fruiting trees 226

Chester 2:i3 Weeks work, the. . 228, 229

Unnean .Society, a Swedish ;30 Welsh small • holding

Market iruit garden, the 225 colony 231

iLLUSTRATIONa.

Apple William Peters 227

Posoqueria latifolia 226

Red Currants: Gondouin, -231 ; Scotch 232

THE MARKET FRUIT GARDEN.

FOKTUXATELY, November proved a
comparatively dry month, which
was welcome after the deluge of
October. Only 0.58 inch of rain fell
before the 2Gth, when 0.90 inch was regis-
tered, with 0.12 inch on the 30th, making
the total 1.50 inch, which feill on eight
days. The land, however, dried very
slowly, and the digging of fruit planta-
tions was not easy work. Nor oould good
work be done, as there was too much grass
to turn in well — a legacy of the wet
summer and the heavy rainfall of October,
wiiich rendered hoeing almost useless.
Owing to the great shortage of male
labour, women have to be dejjonded
upon mainly for digging. They do the
work passably, considering the condition
of the land ; but they make it cost about
double the amount paid to men at pre-
war rates, and probably 50 per cent, more
than would have to be paid to men now.
I'lobably soldiers could be obtained to do
the digging, but there would be the
chance of inefficient men being sent, while
there might be trouble in obtaining lodg-
ings for them. As for the National Ser-
vice women, I prefer to employ the local
women, who work for me regularly during
a good part of the year. Digging is
not properly women's work, and, at the
best., they are only makeshift."? at it.
Pruning Apples.
In settling down steadily to the long
lu'uning campaign, we find evidence of in-
jury to the condition of those Apple trees
which were unavoidably mis.sed last sea-
.son, in oon.scqucnce of the shortness of
lal>our. Shoots on comparatively young
trees, which should have been cut back last
winter, in many oases, have become thickly
studded with fruit spurs, which will pre-
vent the free extension desired. Further,
there is a thick growth of slender laterals,
crowding the interior parts of trees of
free-growing varieties. The worst victims of
last season's neglect axe trees of AUington

Pippin, planted eight yeajrs ago. As a
pruner this variety is my particular aver-
sion, on account of its tendency to make
slender growths studded up to near their
ends with fruit spurs, forked terminals,
and unnecessary laterals pointing in
wrong directions. If I were planting a
thousand fresh acres, I would not put in
a single AUington. It fruits profusely in
alternate years only, and, when it does
bear, it requires a great amount of thin-
ning. Moreover, it is badly subject to
scab. The variety requires sevei'e pruning
until it has become well furnished with
branches kept well apart, and most of the
laterals, which it throws out in great pro-
fusion, should be cut off entirely. No
artificial spurring is needed, as natural
spurs grow only too thickly. The par-
ticular trees under notice were trained
on these lines, and they had been grow-
ing a« satisfactorily as AUingtons ever
do grow, up to last year, when, unfor-
tunately, they were among the minority of
.Apple trees not reached by the pruner,> by
the end of the pruning season. Some
Blenheim Pippins, also planted eight
years ago, have likewise suffered from
the lack of pruning last year, the
long branches being thickly covered wilb
fruit .spurs, a feature not common witli
young Blenheims. But the variety is a
vigorous one, and it will recover its ten-
dency to wood growth after the severe
treatment it has just received. By the
way, sonie rows are on the free stock and
others next to them on Paradise : yet ther<'
is no decided difference in the sizes of the
two lots of trees, while the developmont
of fruit spurs is as abundant on one stock
as on the other. It is easy to make sym-
metrical trees of this va.riety, and it is
a pleasure to prune them.

There is not much to do to Worcester
Pearmain beyond the thinning out of
.shoots from the interior parts of trees.
With me, this variety is a miserably poor
grower. The only trees of it that lmv<>
branched out well are some on the Para-
dise stock, all the rest being on the free
stock. The former are growing in the
lightest soil on the farm. The pruning of
Cox's Orange Pippin is aOways a tedious
operation, in con.sequence of the immen.so
number of new shoots that have to lie cut
out or spurred, and manv more requiring
to bo cut back below scab-infected wood.

In dealing with Lane's Prince Albert,
the main object is to cut back so as to
promote extension growth, to secure which
there should not be any hesitation in
sacrificing fruit spurs when the trees are
dwarfed, as they are too likely to be. This
variety should be pruned severely for .some
years after planting, in order to force
vigorous wood growth before fruit in?
comes to exercise its dwarfing effect.

Insthuctions in Pritning.
The details of pruning cannot be
taught by printed instruction. The
variations necessary in practice are too
intricate. Only general principles can be
laid down safely as rules to be followed.
Even in the cajse of trees for the first
three or four years after planting, no

precise instructions are infallible. Varie-
ties of a robust habit of growth recjuire
much less severe pruning than those of a
feeble habit. There is no fear of the
former fruiting prematurely, as there is
of the latter. In nearly, if not quite, all
pruning instructions a grower is advised
to cut to a bud pointing outwards. This
is right on the occasions of the first cut-
ting back of freshly planted trees, and
it is usually right in the second season.
After that, the extension growths of trees
of a drooping habit of growth often need
to be pruned to buds pointing upwards;
and this is quite commonly the proper
I roceeding among older trees, particularly
after the weight of fruit has caused the
branches to bend downward. Even
among spreading trees planted only eight
years ago, most of the cutting this'se.asoii
has been to buds pointing upward, though
occasionally a sideways direction is desir-
able. The only universal rule is to cut
to a bud pointing in the direction in
which extension growth is desired. With
varieties of an upright habit of growth,
however, cutting to a bud pointing out-
w.ards is the rule to be observed. These
remarks apply to Apple trees ; but the case
is similar with Plums. Victorias, for
example, with overhanging extension
growths, need to be cut to buds pointing
upwards almost invariably, while with
Monarchs cutting to buds pointing out-
wards is almovst as generally advisable.

Misshapen Apples.
There is a larger proportion of dis-
torted Apples among a few varieties this
season than I have ever seen before. This
is strikingly the case with Bramley's Seed-
ling. The fruit of this variety is generally
of good size, and' much of it is quite large
and of an extraordinary beauty of colour.
But among the fruits this season,
/large and small alike, there are
some of the ugliest of shapes, caused
by deep clefts, often two or three in
the same fruit. That the cause wa*;
injury to the surface of the Apples
in their very young state by the bite of
some insect is almost certain. The capsid
bug is known to cause such deformity, and
the bitc^s of caterpillars are also believed
to have a similar effect. The capsids sent
from my place for identification in pre-
vious seasons have been declared to be of
specie^ regarded as harmless. But it is
reported that capsid injury has been seri-
ous this season in places where it has not
been noticed Ijefore. A curious point,
however, is that capsids found this season
when search was being made for Apple
suckers were much fewer than usual.
Caterpillars, as every grower knows, were
very much more numerous than they oonv
monly are. But Bramley's Seedling was
much less .seriously attacked by caterpillars
than were many other varieties ; yet it has
suffered more than any other from the bites
of some pest, that have caused contortion
in shape. When the skin of a fruitlet has
been pierced by an insect, the wounded
spot does not swell in unison with the rest
of the Apple, and, in consequence, a deep
cleft is left,

226

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decbmber 8, 1917.

Causes of Apple-Rotting.
Messrs. Brooks and Cooley, in the American
Journal of Agricultural Research, enumerate no
fewer than ten micro-organisms which cause the
rotting of Apples in store, first living as para-
sites, and only becoming saprophytes when the
increased growth of their mycelium permits them
to find, in the decomposed tissues, the sub-
stances necessary to their development. The re-
searches of the writers were extended so as to
cover the various temperatures at which the
several micro-organisms could develop and attack
the fruit : but, as all but two of them, when in-
oculated into the pulp of healthy fruit, grew
normally at freezing point, while we are not told
how much below 32° F. it would be necessary to
keep the temperature of a fruit-room to secure
safety from attack, further enlightenment is de-
sirable. The question is. Whether a sufficiently
low temperature could be maintained without
freezing the Apples? Southern Grower,

TREES AND SHRUBS.

WINTER-FRUITING TREES AND
SHRUBS.

I HAVE never before seen such a wealth of
fruit on ornamental trees and shrubs as is the
case this year, and consequently the out-door
otardens in winter were never more atibractdve
than they are this season. Many of the newer
introductions, especially from China, are provid-
ing us with a fine touch of colour, and from this
point of view alon.e are grea.t acquisitions,
whilst the American species an<3 varieti^es orf
Crataegus must be seen to realise their true
worth. I am venturing to send the Bddtoirs a
few sprays of various kinds and varieties,
gathered on November 29.

.-\ few that strike me as among the most beauti-
ful are Berberis aggregata, B. orthobotrys.
Cela.strus acuminatus, C. rugosa, and C.
.scandens. simply liaden with their bright fruit,
Cotoneaster salicifolia rugosa, C. species, For-
rest, C. Za.belii, C. frigida (Aldenham variety),
and C. divaricata.

Crataegus monogyna fructu-luteo is coT?ered
with its bri,ght yellow fruit; C. monogyna foliis
var. , and C. chippewaensis, are very beautiful,
as also is Acanthopanax Henryi. Euonymus
europaeus fructo-albo is remarkably effec-
tive, and should be grown much more largely
thian it is. Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea Buck-
thorn) was never before so beautiful here. Pyrus
Mains aldenhaimensis is most distinct and beauti-
fu3. Rhamnus erythroxylon is covered with
its fine, black fruit. Pyracantha Gibbsii, in, my
opinion one oif the finest berried plants in exist-
ence, Stransvesia Davidiana and S. undulata
are both gramd plante. Symphoricarpus race-
mosus laevigatuB (the new iSnowberry) is a de-
lightful axldition, aJad Very conspicuous amongst
other sTinibs.

Many of the new Viburnums are a magnificent
sight, V. ovalifolium being one of the best.

What an opportunity this bountiful fruit yield
affords all who are interested in this branch of
horticulture to increase their stocks by collecting
seeds and raising them personally. To watch
these germinate and grow into effective speci-
mens must surely be one of the real pleasures of
life to all who care for beautiful trees and
shrubs. For the benefit of those intending to
do this, I would say that I have found it best
to sow the seed immediately the ripene<l fruit
is gathered, and raise the plante in cold frames.
Edwin Beckett.

PETREA VOLUBILIS.

There is a fine specimen of this twiner in one
of the glasshouses at Holland House, Kensing-
ton. It covers an area of the roof measuring
20 to 25 feet by 8 feet, being wider than high,
owing to the method of training. The stems are
of considerable thickness, showing that it must
be an old plant. It is very handsome when in
bloom, the flowers being furnished with a

petaloid calyx of fiv« long blue sepals aojd a
violet corolla. The sepals are showy long after
the corolla drops, as in speciee of Clerodendron,
which also belong to the Verbenacejae. In the
genuis Petrea some of the species are of erect'
or arborescent habit. The plant flowers
at various periods of the year, apparently as a
result of differences of temperature. Mr. Dixon,
the gardener, says it sometimes blooms in Feb-
ruary, but is best in March. Last year it was at
its best in May, and this year it was later still,
owing to less artificial heat being given a.nd to
the severe winter. The species forms the sub-
ject of the Bupplementary illustration in Oard.
Chron., Jan. 13, 1906. The genus was named in
honour of Robert James Lord Petre, and the
name is often spelt Petraea. /. F.

ABIES BALSAMAE MACROCARPA.
A NOTE in Gardening (Chicago, Nov. 1, 1917)
states that Mr. A. D. Hill, whilst travelling in

LOST NAMES OF SEEDS IN EIGHTEENTH-
CENTURY CATALOGUES.

The remarks by Mr. Roberts (p. 130) on an
18th centui-y catalogue awaien a sense of long-
forgotten or obsolete nomenclature. The distin-
guished writer himself acknowledges the dif-
ficulty experienced by anyone wishing to under-
stand the sto<^ks of seed of that period, and what
is meant by the various names.

I have found by studying my earlier garden-
ing works the modern equivalents of some
names of seeds mentioned by Clarke and others.

The ToKER Bean. This is very obscure. I
have never seen it nor anyone who has. It ap-
pears in almost all the early lists. It may have
been derived from Tokat, in Turkey, as we had
a Bean a few years ago called Sword or Turkey,
which wa« a long-pod, and the Toker was elasised

Fig. 85. — posoquehia latifolia flowering in Glasgow botanic gardens.

northern Wisconsin, has found this handsome
foiTTi in a wild state. It is characterised by long
needles, lajge cones, dark foliage, and by the
fact that evem old trees hold their lower
branches, characters which make of this variety
one of the most beautiful of Firs.

POSOQUERIA LATIFOLIA.

The plant illustrated in fig. 86 will be best
kno\vn to the majority of gardeners as P.
revohita, the leaves having revolute margins,
but the correct name is V. latifolia. The photo-
graph was taken in the Glasgow Botanic Gardens,
and is sent us by Mr. Whitton to show how well
the species flowered during the past summer in
one of the glassihouses. The genus Posoqueria,
conBists of about twelve sipecies, all natives of
tropical America. Like most members of the
Rubiaceae, they have wliite, sweetly-scented
flO'Wens, with long corolla tubes.

witl) the Windsor type. Switzer spells it Stoker,
and Miller, Tokay.

BooRCOLE or Borecole, with " neighbour " >
■ind Boorman (an old Kentish family name), i-e-
mind us of earlier ties with oui' gallant cousins
in South Africa.

Bog Bean is Faba, and has no relation to the
Buck or Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliaba). It is
identical with Dwarf Fan or Cluster of the gar-
dens ; it was strongly recoimmended about 1760
for marsh and bog lands, the tall varieties re-
quiring strong, clayey loam. It bears well, and
has erect pods. The Menyanthes is an aquatic
plant, intensely bitter, and has been used in-
stead of rennet for coagulating milk.

Broccoli : Ptteple and White. Switzer re-
ports three kinds growing in his garden at Vaux-
hall, and gives an interesting account of his
having procured the seeds from Italy. Many
garden seeds were imported, as now, fixym that
country, and, not having Engli-sh names for
them, they boi-e na.me3 in Latin, as Brassica

December 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

227

capitata. I have seen such paper
on old seed drawers. Several had the word
Capitata contracted to Cap, which no doubt led
to the name of " Cape " to Broccoli and Savoy.
The first Broccoli and Chou de Milan (Savoy)
were Sprouting varieties.

BucK\VHE.\T, or Brank {Polygomun fago-
pyrum). The specific name is derived from the
likeness of the seed to Beech nuts, although only
about one-third of the size. Cakes are made
froon the flour in the United States, but here the
seed has been only used as pheasants' food.

Kidney BE.tss, Dwarf and Tall. Nearly all
the dwarfs have a tendency to produce running
varieties, or " roguea " — for example, Canadian
Wonder, and its now popular climbing form. We
might include Scarlet Runners as French Beans,
but the French call them Haricots d'Espagne.
They are herbaceous.

Burnet (Poterium Sanguisoriba) is tie small
salad, or Sheep's Burnet, and quite distinct from
Sanguisorba officinalis, a marsh plant, and a
very shy seeder, often infertile.

C.'^RDtrcs BENEDlcrrs was formerly used to cure
cancer, but long since discarded. The old name
of Carduus esculentus (Eating Thistle) appeared
in some lists. It was in all probability the
Spanish Chardon (now Cardoon). It is described
as a wild species or kind of Artichoke.

LoVAGE (Ligusticum scoticum), very frequenit
on the rocky coasts of .Scotland, was reckoned a
good carminative. It has now dropped out of
cultivation, and is raxely seen except in botani-
cal coUectione.

Mustard. Black or Brown (Sinapis nigra).
This is still cultivated, like the white, in the
Eiastcm Counties, and formerly in the North,
where it was known as Durham Mustard. The
seed of the black species looks more like Turnip
seed, and is very pungemt. The white Mustard
has yellow seeds ; the flowers of both are yellow.

FiNOccHio, or Italian Fennel. The foot-
stalka at the base of this plant fold up like
Celery. These overlapping pedicels become
quite solid, and when boiled they form a very
agreeable dish, but, like boiled Lettuce, have
not been popular with British oooks.

Humble Plant (Mimosa pudica).

Sensitiv>: Plant (Mimo.sa sensitiva).

PoMPiONS and PcMPKiNs were represented by
what the Americans call Squash. Gourds were
mostly edible, the mammoth Pumpkin and orna-
mentil gourds of various shapes were also ooilti-
vated. Loudon says the Pompion was the Melon
or Millon of our early horticultural lisrt«, the
true Melon being formerly distinguished by the
name of Musk Melon. The Vegetable Marroiw
came later from the Levant.

Poppies (Papaver somniferum) (white seed)
were grown for the head.s or capsules, and the
blue seed as maw for birds.

Smallaoe, or Wild Celery (Apium graveo-
lens). The name Smnllage for the plant that
was the original of the gandem Celery was re-
tained in gardening books of the early 19th
century.

Peas. Just as it is coinlmon now for grocers to
apply "Marrow" and "Marrowfat" to blue
boiling Peas, so many round varieties bore these
descriptions, but the terms Marrow or Marrow-
fart in the modern sense to wrinkled Peas could
not have been applied before Knight's Tall
White Marrow, the first of the new race of
wrinkled Peas. It was produced from a very
rema.rkable crossin/g of a small, round, white
garden Pea and an earthy-coloured tall variety
with purple flowers, almost like a grey field Pea,
but quite distinct; probably this variety may
still be found here and there in the neighbour-
hood of Hereford by the najme of Grey Jack.
It has a nice, marrowy taste, and is muoh liked
by oottaigens.

To those who may be interested in the Men-
delism of the wrinkled Pea, I would refer them
to a small 8vo work published at Ludlow in 1802
by T. A. Knight, entitled The Apple and Pear.

Wrinkled Peas when dry are no good as boilers.

They seem to contain loss starch, or the graipe
sugar develops too quickly.

Reading Pea is a misnomer ; it should be
Roading, or Essex Reading.

Svritzer, in his Compendium. 1731, writing
about this Pea, says " not Reading, as by some
falsely so called." It was similar to the o!d Hot-
spur of Early Emperor type. J. Miirison.

APPLE WILLIAM PETERS.

The Apple illustrated in fig. 87 was exhibited
by Mr. W. Peters, Givons Park Gardens, Leather-
head, at the autumn fruit show of the Royal
Horticultural Society, held on
October 9, and gained an
Award of Merit from the
Fruit and Vegetable Com-
mittee after a deputation
had seen the variety in
growth at Givons Park. It
is a seedling from an e.xtra
large fruit of Cox's Orange
Pippin, and in general appear-
ance is a little suggestive of
smooth, moderate-sized fruits
of Blenheim Pippin. It is
probably at its best at the
middle of October, when we
found it to possess a very
rich, vinous, and agreeable
flavour. We give the follow-
ing descriptive details : — Eye
open, set in a deep basin of
even shape ; calyx segments
long and spreading ; stamens
median ; lube conical ; stalk
1 inch long, thin, and set in
a medium-sized, even cavity ;
cells round, axile. Skin when
ripe greenish - yellow, with
broken stripes of bright red
on the side exposed to the
Bun, marked witih spots and
patches of grey, and a few
specks of russet ; flesh green-
ish-yellow, very tender, juicy,
sweet, and of good flavour.
Foliage small, ovate, acu-
minate, much serrated; the
tree is fruitful in a young
state on the Paradi.se stock.

and steminode resembling C. villoeum. The
bix>ad, upper sepal is white, with a gam-
boge-yeHow base having numerous dark purple
blotches extending upwards linto the white
above. The sepals and petals are whitiah-yellow
tinged with purple.

Laelio-Cattleya Mrs. R. P. Murray. — A
very effective hybrid of bright colour and
attractive form, raised between Laelia pumila
praestans and Laelio-Cattleya Issy (L. tenebrosa
X C. Leopoldii). The flower, wliich is 4 inchesi
across, has nearly equal-sized sepals and petals of
bright rose-purple colour, the petals having also
a veining of darker reddish-purple. The lip.
which has the tubular form of the Laelia pumila
section, with the margins folded over the column

ORCHID NOTES AND
GLEANINGS.

NEW HYBRIDS.

Flowers of the following
three new hybrids have been
sent to us by Mr. Frederick
J. Hanbury, Brockhunst,
East Grinstead : —

Lakijo-Cattleya Lydaurea
(L.-C. Lydia (C. Gaskelliana x
L. CowaniiJ and C. Dowiana
aurea). — A very pretty flower
of bright chrome-yellow, the
lip veined and tinged with orange, the wavy
edged front lobe ruby-red, and the exterior of
the side lobes a lighter shade of the same colour.
Laelia Cowanii combines with C. Dowiana aurea
in fixing tlie bright yellow colour, but there is ra>
trace of the rose and purple of C. Gaskelliana.

Cypripedium Miss Ruth Bonsall (C. Actaeus
Drewett's variety (insigne x Lceanum var.)
and C. Miss A. Audrey Locke (Garret A.
Hobart X Troilus var. Amy Moore). — Following
a very good strain in which C. insigne, C.
Spiceranum and C. villosum are blended, the
presertt hybrid haa a large and finely formed
flower. The dorsal sepal is nearest to a large,
liglut foran of G. insigne, the broad petals, lip

r^SERT APPLE WILLIAM PETERS

in the lower half, is white tinged with rose at
the base, and the front and margins of the re-
curved side lobes ai'e bright ruby-purp,e. Thei'e
are several raised lines i-unning from the bsiise to
the yellowish-cream disc of the lip.

Jaboro«a intigrifolia.— This pla/nt is ex-
ceedingly attractive when in bloom, but tho."ie
who have cultivated and flowered it find that its
re7>uta.tion for tendejTiess is only too well
founded. In a sunny nook, in dry, loamy soil,
it is very fine indeed. Its height varies from
6 to 12 inches, and above the broad leaves are
.shown Ithe handsome, white, tubular flowers,
about 2 inches long, and sweetly scented.

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8, 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

GARDENS AND ALLOTMENTS.
Much has beeai written on the necessity of
makiiin^ tie most of laiboui- and capital, but not
much has been said and still less has been dwiie
in the direction of making the most of oui<
limitetl smpplies of land. The needi for a more
rational utilisation of this third gi-eait agent of
production is clear. Notwithstanding that
there is land aaiailaible, and that there are thou-
sands of men and women anxious to work
that laaid, we see every day large ai^eas
on municipal outskii-ts only " e.xtemsively "
faitmed and paying a reait of 20s. to 50s.
per aci-e. We have, on the one hand, multi-
tudes dwelling in a wilderness of bricks and
moi"tai', and on the other hand acres of land
" extensively " and inadequately utilised. It is
e.stimated that thea-e are 750,000 war gardens or
allotments now in this country. If 750,000 per-
sons can be found wifi sufficient enthusiasm to
work aUotments, how many would be willing to
work in real gardens attached to real homes '.
For the tremendous superiority of a ga^rden at-
tached to one's home, as compared with a mere
.allotment, need's not to be emphasised. These
willing workers and these acres must be brought
together. Everyone would benefit, including the
landowner.

In the first place the mimicipal authorities of
a town should have control of the land on the
outskirts, i.e., the municipal " fringe," and they
should be enabled to acquire it on equitable
tenns, tliat is to say, in most cases as purely
agricultural land, and not with a heavy burden
of " unearned increment " tacked on to the price.
Probably the powers given under recent Small-
holdings Acts would be sufficien* This fringe
should be made as extensive 'and accessible as
possible by improved travelling facilities. It is
surprising how very unevenly population is dis-
tributed, even in this country. On the one hand
there is the overcrowded city, while a few miles
out one might imagine oneself in the wilds of
British Columbia.

The idieal to aim at should be the provision of
at least ^ acre with each home. In a town with
a population of 100,000 we may supixise that
there are 20,000 households, of which at
least half will be office or factory workers.
Ten thousiairwl ihouses with i acre each will
require 2,500 acres, exclusive of roads.
X town of this siae should have a municipal
fringe of many times this extent. On a quar-
ter of an acre it should be possible to produce
vegetalbles and fruit equal or neaily equal in
value to the rent paid for house and land.
Thus the householder, by some expenditure of
his spare time, would live pTactically rent free.
It might be possible in many cases to have hold-
ings ^ acre in extent, or even more tha.n this,
thus providing a progressive scale for the ambi-
tious, offering finally the possibility of owner-
ship under certain ■conditions. " Give a man
the secure possession of a bleak rock and he w.ill
turn it into a garden," said Arthur Young. The
provision of sufficient land to pay the rent by
.spare-time gardening would introduce a fresh
factor in municipal finance.

This comlbination of industry and horticulture
might form the beginning of a.n industrial system
wherein a anam could work at two occupations,
involving the highest economy of labour and re-
ducing some of the disadvantages due to the
monotony of ultra-specialisation and division of
labour.

Another I'esult would be that the food sup-
plies of the country would be greatly increased.
It is said that the world is now racing with
.citarvation. Sir William Crooke-s, lin 1908. said
that we should soon be in a deadly peril for
lack of food. Grossly exaggerated and unduly
alarmist these statemenits may well be, and
merely uttered for dramatic effect. Neverthe-
less, we cannot afford to neglect any means for

increasing the home supply of food and making
the most of our lland., W. G. C.

POTATO WINDSOR CASTLE.
I .\u quite in agreement with Mr. C. Davis
(p. 198) when he says that the albove Potato is
stUl to be recJconed wiith for cropping, exhibi-
tion, and quality. This had a First-class Certifi
cate in 1893, and hae stood the test of time well.
As for cropping, it varies from good to very
heavy. I have watched enthusiastic and highly
successful exhibitors carefully cultivating it,
lifting the crop when matui-e, selecting the most
shapely tubers, sponging them with vraitei' and
then wrapping them in tissue-.paper to wait the
eventful day of the exhibition, so I know it is a
handsome Potato for the purpose. Nearly all
of the big nurserymen and Potato growers' cata-
logues I have list it as a second early, which,
in my estimation, means mid-season — say, fixxm
the middle of August to the middle of Septem-
ber, earlier or later, according to soil, season
and district. To get the flavour- of a new Potato
the titbers .may be lifted earlier, if large enough.
I never dig up a plant to see if the tubers are
sufficiently large, but scrape away the soil and
see how they axe progressin.g. No doubt Wind-
sor Castle is more subject to disease than for-
merly, but even a big market grower will prefer
to risk a little loss from this cause than to grow
a poor ci-opping variety wiith few good qualities
to its credit. J . F.

Windsor Castle Potato, when grown as an
early variety, sprouted in boxes or trays, and
planted out at the end of March, is ready to lift
early in Jujy. The flavour, on our ligM land, is
excellent. Having tried during the past 16 yeaj-s
as many as six new early vanietios in one year, I
can safely say I have no better early Potato for
June lifting or for f/orcing in pots or frame than
May Queen. It is my best-flavoured variety.
I know two other sorts that run it close in
coming to maturity, but when judged by flavour
(without the Mint) May Queen comets out on
top. Duke of York and Windsor Castle
follow next according ' to season and the con-
dition of sprouting of the sets. This year, 1917,
Epicure was planted as second early (as both of
the above-named varieties were scaree), and
yielded well at the rate of 2 cwt. 1 lb. from
50 square ya.ixls, .and in the whiole halif hundred-
weight of seed' not one vras larger than a Wal-
nut; they were much shrivelled and dried, but
responded well to generous tre<itment on newly
bi'oken up grass land, as did DaUiousie, wWcK
returned 10 tons to the acre with samilar treat-
nent, all the work beins hastily done as a
national necessity to provide food. Our crickc't
field, used for a review of the y.T.C. cm Easter
Sunday, before Whit Sunday was crapped to its
fullest" extent. .7. O. w'ihon, Chevet Park
Gnrdens. WahcfirW.

GROUND OPERATIONS.
It would be interesting if Mr. Davis would
try tile system I call " ridge-trenching," whidh
I described some time ago (Q. C, 4, iii, 16,
p. 136). With simple ridging about half the
area of .the second spit is exposed ; with the
ridge-itrenchinig the third spit is only covered
by one spit. If time permits to ad'd the trench-
ing to the ridging I shall add lime and xnaitured
ashes to the thiid spit. E. E. D.

The Week's Work.

BULB GARDEN.

AUTUMN CROCUSES.
In regard to the remarks on autumn Crocuses
piinted on p. 212, I may say that I have given
up the aultivation of these Crocuses here in
Hereford — they make splendid leafage, and then
thei'e are a few or no blooms which rarely last
nrre than a day; they do not seem to like our
damp mists. A year or two back I was amazed
to see what a show they made in a garden at
Reading I have tried about 10 species. H. E. V.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. DusN, Foreman. Royal Gardens, Windsor

Early Potatob.— A few Potatos may be
forced in heated pits. If the sets have been
placed in boxes to sprout they should be planted
before the shoots have grown very long, or they
will be liable to injury. The material of the old
hot-bed should be removed, and a quantity of
freshly fermented leaves substituted. Let them
be packed tightly together to provide a mild and
lasting warmth, and cover them with soU to a
depth of 9 or 10 inches. When all the materials
of the new bed, including the soil, is warmed by
fermentation, plant the tubers, allowing them
plenty of room. If only a small number of New
Potatos is required the forcing may be done in
pots, which should be well drained, and half
filled with light, rich soil, thus allowing room
for subsequent top-dressings. The temperature
of the house or frame should be 55°. Place the
pots near to the roof-glass.

French Beans.— Make a sowing of French
Beans in 7-inch pots, with a view to obtamdng
a supply of pods in February. Successional sow-
ings made at intervals of ten days will main-
tain an unbroken supply of Beans. The pots
should be placed not more than 18 inches from
the roof-glass. A night temperature of 60°,
rising to 70° by day, with sun and a moist
atmosphere, are necessary. Plants which are
producing pods should be given weak liquid
manure from the farmyard. On bright days the
foliage should be lightly syringed to keep red
spider in check.

Seakale.— There should be no difficulty in
forcing Seakale from now onwards, and batches
of roots should be placed in warmth at intervals
of eight or ten days. Grow Uie roots in per-
fect darkness and in a moist atmosphere in a
house or shed having a temperature of 60°. As
the roots are lifted "for forcing, young, straight
thongs of suitable size should be selected and
prepared for next season's stock. Let them be
cut into 7-inch lengths and laid in a horizontal
position closely together in a light, sandy
border, and covered with the soil to a depth of
4 inches. Protection from severe frost is neces-
sary, and this may be provided by placing sifted
ashes over them to a depth of 4 inches. The
cuttnigs will be ready tor planting in the be-
ginning of April.

Cucumbers.— Make a sowing of Cucumber
seeds in small, clean pots, to obtain seedlings
for planting out early in the new year. Use
soil that is moderately moist that , will not re-
quire moistening again until the seeds ger-
minate. Mice should be guarded against by
placing sheets of glass over the pots as soon as
the seeds are inserted. Cucumber plants in
(bearing need careful attention ; all decaying
leaves and shoots should be removed, as these
harbour red spider. Keep the atmosphere of
the house moist by syringing the walls and floor
several times daily, and syringe the foliage
liirhtly in fine weather. Do not allow the plants
to become overcrowded, which would necessi-
tat? tlie removal of large quantities of foliage at
one time, and cause a check to growth. When
watering the roots, moisten the whole of the
soil. The application of light top-dressings of
loam and leaf-mould in equal parts on frequent
occasions will do much to keep the growth clean
and healthy. The temperature of the house at
night in mild weather should be 70°, but in very
coll weather it may be allowed to drop to 67°.
Open the ventilators a little on sunny days, but
not sufficient to expose the plants to cold
draughts.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

By J/vs. Hudson. Head Gardener at Gunnersbury House,
Acton, W.
Old and Exhausted Vines. — Vines that
have become exhausted through old age or other
ca.uses may be rejuvenated by cutting them down
and training in young growths as new rods.

December 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

229

fhis treatment is applicable to all vines,
vvhetier early, mid-season, or late. I have re-
cently practised it with distinctly good result*
in the case of late vines. Such treatment offers
an excellent opportunity of ridding vineries of
insect pests, especially where they have been per-
sistent a-nd difficult to eradicate by other
iiieans. I have never been troubled with mealy
bug on \*ines, but it is one of the worst pests
the indoor gardener has to contend with. In
(rord Chron., Jan. 6, 1917, p. 4, I dealt with the
treatment of vines that were infected with such
pests. Such drastic measures as cutting down
the vines afford opportunities of dealing with
the border in a thorough manner. I remember
in my younger days some old vines that, with
one exception, were all rooted out, the one left
being at the end of the vinery. The border was
chiefly outside the house, only about 3 feet being
inside. All the matei'ial of the outside border
was removed, and all this old vine had to grow-
in was the inside border. With the making-up
of the new border, however, it quickly put on
I'-enewed vigour, and was in bearing again before
the young vines tliat wei'e plajited.

COVERINQ OF ViNB BORDER*.— I do not
advocate the covering of vine borders to any
great extent. A light oovei'ing of leaves, or a
top-dressiiLg with farmyard manure, may, how-
ever, he used with advantage. By this 1 chiefly
mean the use of fermenting material for eariy
foi'ced \'ines. A border that is completely inside
the house is to be preferred for early forcing.
In cold districts, or whei'« it is known that the
bordei' becomes excessively wet in winter, it
pays to cover it with ooiTUigated iron sheeting or
spare lights. In doing this, however, see ttiat
the rainfall is carried off completely fix>m the
border, or matters will not be improved. Beifore
the covering is placed Ln position, give a light
tup-dressing of rich loaimy soil, and if the vines
halve borne a heavy crop, add a sjirinkling of
vine majiuire.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davby. Abbot.s Wood. r.oJalinini;, Surrey.

Training Wall TRtEs. -Defects in trained
trees are apparent as soon as the leaves have
f;dlen. The shoots or branches of horizontally-
trained trees need to be nailed at regular inter-
vals of space, which are easily measured on walls
where the lines of bricks are visible. Otlier-
wise, a chalk line or similar means should be
adopted. This, of course, would chiefly be neces-
sary for beginners, of which there are a good
many, even in the best gardens this season. The
brandies should be trained about 14 inches apart,
which will equal about tlireo courses of bricks.
Fan-trained trees are very useful for forming
into large specimens. A good wall of horizon-
tally-trained trees is also a good feature in any
garden : Pears are e.-ii)rcially suitjible for this
purpose. The bottom branches of the fan-trained
tree should be practically horizontal, the next
ones at a very slii;ht anyh', and .s<i on. till the
whole fan is formed, with the central branch in
a vertical position. These trees should be now
pruned and trained as fast as opportunity per-
mits. Any scions required for grafting in the
spring should be collected, labelled, and well
"heeled " in on a nortli border.

Plantino.— .Ml kinds of fruit trees and
bushes may still be planted in mild, dry weather.
The Bullace and Damson should not be omitted,
as these fruits are most useful. They do well,
even in hedgerows, and can be planted to form
the boundary of an orchard, thus serving a
double purpose. The fruits arc often found
useful when the Plum crop is short. Shepherd's
Bullace has large, green fruits ; Black Bullace '
is a very late variety, and excellent when used
with Apples ; Veitch's Bullace is a very prolific
bearer. Among Damsons, Bradley's King (some-
times called King of Damsons), Cheshire, and
Frogrnore are throe desirable varieties.

Spraying and Manuring.- Fruit trees may
now be sprayed. Choose a calm day for the
operation. Grass-grown orcliards may be much
improved by manurial dressings.

Fruit Room.— Examine the fruits regularly,
and remove all decaying specimens.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

B\' ,1. G. Weston, Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Eastwcll Park, Kent.
Perpetual- FLOWERING Carnations.— Car-
nations are some of the best of winter flower-
ing plants, and can be grown with very little
hre-heat. The main batch of winter-blooming
plants is now at its best. To keep both plants
and blooms in good condition, abundance of
fresh air in all but the most inclement weathei-
is necessary. If the weather is fairly dry and
bright, scarcely any fire-heat need be used ; in
very damp weather a little warmth will be re-
quired. Under normal conditions tlie night
temperature should be from 47° to 52°, but there
is not the slightest danger if the temperature of
the house drops 10 or 12 degrees lower on cold
nights. Coddling is very injurious to Carnations,
and they are easily damaged by excessive fire-
heat. Watering should be done fairly early in
the morning, so that aU dampness is dispersed
before nightfall. If little or no fire-heat is used
the plants need not be watered more than two or
three times a week. When watering, be sure to
fill the pots quite full, thus ensuring the whole
of the soil in the pot getting watered. If signs
of Carnation rust are seen everj- infected leaf
shoidd be cut oft and burnt, but do not spray
the plants at this season. Rust is sometimes
caused by too much heat and moisture ; over-
fed plants are also very susceptible to disease,
as the growth under such conditions is apt to be
soft and flabby. During the next few weeks
artificial manure should not be given. If any
difliiculty is expeiienced in finding sufficient
room for the plants, sooner than crowd them to-
gether pliace some in a fruit house at rest, such
a,< a vinerv' or Peach house. The conditions
there will suit the plants, and though, if the
weather is severe, the blooms will not open very
fast, those which, do develop will last a long
time, and the plants will remain Wgorous for
bloojning in the spring. Half-a-dozen excellent
varie'ties are May Day, Triumph, Mary All
wood. Salmon Enchantress, Wlute Wonder, and
Mikado.

Souvenir de la Malmaison Carnations.-

Till' old pl.mts of " Malmaison " v.irirliis
m.-iy be wintered in cool houses, the priiiii]i,-il
points to be remembered in these conditions
being, first that they should never be watered
unless quite dry, and, secondly, that they need
an abund,^nce of fresh air. Growth is now
liractically dormant, and the grower need not be
disturbed if the thermometer in the liouse should
register a few degrees of frost — it will not harm
the ])lants. After such a rest they will start
into growth verv^ strongly in the spring, when
more water and some stimulants can be given.
This year's layers, if well rooted, can be potted
into 6-inch pots. Unless well rooted, however,
they .should be left over till the new year ; there
is then less danger of over-watering than if
potted now.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv 1. Cou.TBR. Gardener t^ Sir .Teremuh Colman,
Bart.. Gatton Park, Reigate.

CvPRiPEDiUM.— Cj-pripediulm oon«olor, ('.
niveum, C. Godefroyae, C. bellatulum, and the
many h\-fbrids of these plants should receive
very caii'aful treait.me.nt in winter. They all
Jiave thick, fleshy leaves, and do not require so
,much moisture at the roots as other Cypri-
,pe<Kunns. The compo^ should .beooime quite dry
.befone water is applied, when the receptacle
.may be immersed nearly to the rim, oo- the
water may be poured around tlie outer edges
of the comipost to pi-e^vent moisture lodging in the
a:xils of the leaves. Take care thai waier drip-
ping irdan the roof does not fall on the foliage.
In removing the flower-soapes cut tlieim out
clean to the base, for if any poi^tion of the
stalk be left it sometimes sete up decay, whicli
jsoon pivives faAal to the plawts. Other Cypri-
pediums of the flat-leaved section, including
C. Lowi.i, C. EiolthschildianuTn, C. laevigiatirm,
and C. Stonei, are rooting freely, and may, if
necessary, be repot*ted. Specimens requiring
jncreiased rooting space should bs turned out
of their re'ceiptacleis and the old dira.inaige meiite-
rials removed from between the roots, diisen-
itangling the latter as much as possible, but
.ta.king care not to break oir damage thean. Select

a. pot laige enough to accommodate the plant
for two seasons. Plants of the Selenipediuim
section, such as C. oardinale, C. Sedenii, and
('. macropliyllum, that need re-potting, may be
dealt with in a similar manner.

Pleionb.— As plants of P. lageoiajia, P. con-
coloi-, P. praecox, and P. Wallichiana pass out
of flower they should be repotted, and this is
best done when new roots are developing fixmi
the bases of the young shoots. Ordinai'y shal-
low Orchid pans without side holes are the most
suitable receptacles for these plants. The old
compost should be shaken from the roots, and
all dead portions of the latter cut away. About
one dozen of the pseudo-bulbs may be plaaited
together in a 6-inch pan, or the old. plamits may
be broken up and the finest p.seudo-biilbs selected
and potted together. The smallei- specimens
that are not likely to bloom soon may be grown
on for anothea- seiison. The potting compost
should consist of fibi-ous loam, chopped Osmunda-
fibre, and Sphagnum-moss, m equal parts, mix-
ing a. quantity of broken crocks and coarse silver
sand witlh these mateiials. The pans should be
filled one-third their depth with clean crocks
for draiuiage, covering the daiainage with a layer
of Sphagnum-moss, and a little of tJie compost.
Place the pseudo-bulbs evenly over the surface,
leaving sufficient space between each planit for
a season's developnneht. After being repotted
the plants should receive little or no water for
several weeks, and afterwards- only suffi'cieint
to keep the comipost moist. When in full
growth afford the pla.nts copious supplies
of water. A liglit, airy position in tlie inter-
mediiate house is the most suitaible place to grow
these Oixihids, and thiey need plenty of sim-
light. Pleione humilis and P. Hookeriana have
finished their .season of active growth ; the
plants should be suspendied in a cool house,
and given only sufficient water to keep the soil
moist. The rare P. yunnanensis should receive
similaT treatment-.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Gdisb, Gardener to Mr
Hall. Staflordahire

Dbmp3TE!R, Keele

Wall Plants and Climbers.— In removing
old and exhausted shoots from wall plants and
climbers leave sufficient young growths to fill
the vacant spaces. Make large branches secure
against winds. Tendea- plants need protection
from severe frosts, such as is afforded by ■ in-
serting Bracken or dry litter between the
branches. Heather and shoots of Yew may be
employed for the same purpose.

Earlv-flowering Gladioli.— It corms of
early Gladioli are not already planted they
should be set foitliwith. Varieties of the Colvilei
section planted in pots or bo.xes may be forced
gently in flower by May, but care must be exer-
cised, as very little fire-heat is necessary, and
only when the plants are throwing up their
flower-spikes. To obtain a succession of blooms
plant corms on a well-drained, sunny border ; if
the soil is of a retentive nature, incorporate a
quantity of old potting soil, or sand and leaf-
mould, with it. Plant the corms 4 inches deep,
and cover the surface to a depth of 2 or 3 inches
with decayed leaves as a protection from severe
weather. It is a good plan to place spare lights
over such sorts as the Bride, Peach Blossom,
Salmon Queen, and others of the more delicate
shades, directly they commence to bloom, to pre
vent the flowers being soiled in showery weather.

Spiraea argota.— The slu-ubby Spiraeas
are excellent plants for the mai'gins of lakes
and stieomis. One of the earliest to bloom is
S. airguta, the branches of which are completely
covered during April with compact clusters of
ipure white flowers. Spiraeas thi-ive in most
soils, and are quite haixly, but the early-flower-
ing varieties do besit in a sheltered position, as
the flowers are easily injured by cutting winds.

Carnations.- Border Oaamationis which are
being wintered in frames must have plenty of
ventilation during mild weather. Keep the
foliage as dry as .posisible ; frost will not harm
.the plam-ts, but a close, damp atmosphere would
be very injua-.ious. Young plaaits in beds should
be e.xaimiined after frosits, and' pressed firmly
inlto the soil if they liave become loose.

230

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8, 1917.

KDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editor* and Publieher. — Our eorrttronitnlt
would obviate d*laj/ in obtaining antwers to
their communications and save us much time and
trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plaiits to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— Tfce Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold them.selves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local Ne\TS. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Atebaqe Mean Temperaturb (or the ensuiiv week
deduced from observation* during tihe lE«t fiftv
years al Greenu irli, 40.6.
Actual Temperatdkb ; —

Gardeners' Chronicle Offlce, 11. Welllnv'ton Street,
CoTient Giirden, Li^niton, Thursday, Deoeniber 6,
10 ii.m. : Bar. 29.9 ; teanp. 38.5°. WeaMier—
Bright sunshine.

Rhododendrons.*

SALE FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 3 o't:lock, by
Protlieroe & Morris.

The discovery of a large
number of species of
llhododendron in China
by French missionaries,
and by Dr. Henry, Wilson, Forrest, and
others, has increased the interest and im-
portance of the genus, botanioally as well
as horticulturally. Many of these species
are now in cultivation in British and Irish
gai'dens, and, although still on trial with
respect to hardiness and attractiveness,
enough is known about them to satisfy
gardeners that they are worth growing.
Owing to tJie wide distribution of many
and their consequent variation, probably
also to their crossing readily with each
other, the naming of tbe new Rhododen-
drons is difficult. Certainly too many
species liave been made, and this matter
will have to be righted when more
is known about the plants. Meanwhile,
both amateur gardeners and nurserymen
are forming collections of them, and in
those parts of the country where the condi-
tions are favourable to Rhododendrons
the collections are napidly becoming of
great interest.

WiiLson has stated that tile centre of the
greatest concentration of the genus is the
wild and rugged region of the China-Tibet
borderland, a continuation of the Hima-
layas. Consequently, the Sikkim-Hima-
layan species and those found in China
show a close family resemblance. We owe
a great deal to the Sikkim set, which Sir
Joseph Hooker introduced and helped to
popularise as garden shrubs about three-
quarters of a century a,go. Plant
breeders were at first slow to turn some of
the best species to account, R. arboreum
and R. campanulatum being the only V,
two that were much used, in combination jj

• Phniiodcndrms and "•( Various Hubrids. By J. G.jP
.Millais. Price 8 guineas. (Longmans, Green & Co.) flj

with the older caucasicum x cataw-
biense race. The best work had been
done with Azalea indica, and the
8wa,mp Honeysiuckles, and we are not
likely to get anything out of th©
new comers to beat these two races.
But we do know now how to mate, how
to breed plants, and almost every gar-
dener tries his luck at crossing plants of
some kind. For this reason the acquisi-
tion of such a wealth of fresh material as
is provided by tJie Chinese Rhododendj-ons
makes an epoch in British gai'dening.
There will be no difficulty in growing
them, nor in breeding from them, and
before long we shall liave them as gener-
ally in favour as Roses are at the present.
Indeed, it may be said of Rhododendrons
now that they are by far the best of all
hardy shrubs

Comparatively little has been written
a)>out Rhododendrons as garden plants.
Sir Joseph Hooker published several inte-
resting essays, which heilped gardeners to
some extent, and his big book, The
Rhiidodetidrons of Sikkim-h.iiiialaya, re-
vealed tlieir beauty. One of the first
to become enthusiastic ahout them was the
lat-e J. H. Mangles. He got together a
collection of the species in his garden at
Haslemere, where he made many crosses
that had not been mad'e before. He was
generous with his plants, a.nd it is more
than likely tliat good hybrids which ap-
peared in other gardens owed their origin
to his skill. He contributed inspiring
articles on Rhododendrons to the
dardenns' Chronicle, ronsing an interest
in the plants which has since spread with
good results.

The first book about them was the excel-
lent Is. 6d. treatise, by Mr. William Wat-
son, which is one of the Present-Day
Gardening sieries, and was published
about five years ia.go. Now another
book many times larger than, and a hun-
dred times the price of, that little effort,
has been furnished by Mr. J. G. Millais,
an amateur fancier, the author of a fine
illustrated work on The Manimnls of Great
Britain and Ireland, and of other books
of the Edition de Lv^ve. kind. In dealing
with Rhododendrons, Mr. Mililais has been
assisted by other amateurs, including Sir
Edmund Ix)der, Mr. John Williams, and
Mr. Percy D. Williams, whilst Mr. Hutch-
inson, of Kew, has helped with the botany
of the subject. Mr Millais tells us that he
has visited all the best gardens where Rho-
dodendrons are grown, and that for some
years he has had a collection of his own
at Compton's Brow, Susses. The illustra-
tions, which are numerous, some coloured,
.some collotype, others reproductions of
photographs, have been made from culti-
vated plants. They are on the whole good,
some particularly good, a few not gocKl
enough. It was a big undertaking for a
comparative beginner in the fancy, but
Mr. Millais has got through with it very
creditably. The book is not intended for
professional men, but for wealthy ama-
(teurs w'ho like large volume® (it is
jlarger than the old-fashioned family Bible)
land who want to know something about
Rhododendrons as garden plants. The

chapters are on Gardens GeneraUy ; Dis-
tribution; Chinese Species; Hybrids;
Cultivation ; Gardens where Rhododen-
drons are a Special Feature ; Description
of Cuiltivated Species, Hybrids, and Varie-
ties, with notes on tlieir Habits in
Gardens. The last chapter is hy far the
most valuable. Many of the species
that arei included are as yet scarcely
known, but they are all supposed to be
represented by living plants in British col-
lections.

A reviewer is expected to point out faults
as well as good qualities, and there are
some in Mr. Millais' book. Mistakes in
spelling are too frequent; there should be
none in a book of this character. The use
of italics and of initial capitals is inconsis..
tent, and, in some places, really irritating.
Carelessness in the oollation of descriptive
and historical information is also in evi-
dence, as, for example, R. Batemannii is
given as a variety of R. arlx>reum, a
hybrid between R. campanulatum and R.
arboreum, and as a distinct species. It
was scarcely worth while to give lists of
supposed crosses which have not yet
flowertfid. Every breeder knows that this
is counting the chickens before the eggs
are hatched. The big trade collections of
Rhododendrons appear to have been over-
looked in the text. The- nurseries of the
Waterers, John and Anthony, have done
much for the Rhododendron cult, and
their collections to-day lare unrivalled.
Nor, for that matter, has Kew received as
much credit as she is entitled to. Hooker's
work was really Kew worit, and tlie col-
lections there now are a great national
asset.

These criticisms are by the way. Mr.
Millais has done a great service to horti-
culture by collecting this big bookful of
information about and pictures of Rhodo-
dendrons. He would add to it not a little
by publishing the work as a small volume
at about 10s., giving all the letterprass
and a few of the illustrations.

A LiNNCAN Society for Sweden —At the

meetiag of the Linnean Soaiety, heJd on the
29tih uilt,, the seci'etiary stated that a n«w Lin-
neaii Society had beeji recently established in
Sweden as " Svenska Linne-Siillskapet," in-
tended as a means foi- spreading iniormation
about Sweden's gresftest natui-ali.st, Carl von
I.iNNE (1707 78). It purposes to do this by the
publication of works by LiNNt and has pupils ;
by throwing new light from modem standpoints
on Llnne's personality; by drawing up a cata-
logue of all known memorials ; and by founding
a complete Linnean library. The president is
Dr, Tycho Tullberg, a lineal descendant of
Ljnne.

Fruit for the Red CRO«».-0n p. 211 we
crave some particulars of a sale of Apples at Liver-
pool aj-ranged by Messrs. Ker, Ltd., in aid of
the Red Ci-oss funds. On the 29th ult. another
display m 80 ddshes was made by the same firm,
which, being raffled for, realised £101 10s. On
this occasion, 5 per cent, of the takings will
be given to the gardening charities.

1 Scottish National Union of Allotment
Holders.— A conference is to be held in Dowell's
Booms, 18, George Street, Edinburgh, on Decem-
ber 15, at 4 p.m.. for the establishment of a
Scottish National Union of Allotment-holders.

December 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

231

It has been estimated that there are 30,000 allot-
ment-holders in Scotlajid, of whom about 5,000
are in Glasgow, and sniiie 3,000 in Edinbur,gh.

North American Potato Crop.— It is

estimated that the Totato crop in U.S.A. is
100,000,000 biLshels in e.xcess of last year, but m
spite of the large sui-ph;s prices rule as high
as 2 dollars a bashel.

Welsh Small-holding Colony.— It is

reported that the Board of Agriculture has com-
pleted the purchase of 1,400 acres at Pembrey, in
Carmarthenshire, for a small-holding colony for
discharged Welsh soldiers and sailors. The
Board will take possession next Michaelmas, and
the land will be turned into market gardens.

Priconers of War.— The total number of
prisoners of war working in agriculture is now
5,063, Schemes for the employment of a further
1,400 men are about to be started.

Allotments at Bermonosey.— A remark-
able quantity of good vegetable produce has been
obtained during the year from the allotment
grounds cultivated under the direction of the
Gardens ajid Open Spaces Committee of the
Bermondsey Borough Council, The district is one
of the most thickly populated in London, and
the ground availaible was of the most unfavour-
able character, which imakes the results aJl the
moi-e creditable, A special letter of aipprecia-
tion was s«nt to the superintendent, Mr. W, H,
AoGETT, from the Director of Horticulture,
Boai'd oi Agriculture and Fisheries, for the
valuable work done under his direction.

Local Societies.— The annual meeting of
till- Garden City Hnrticultural .Society was held in
thr Howard Hall. Letchworth. on Monday, the
president (Mr. W. H. G.M'Nt) in the chair. Mrs.
G.iuXT |ire.sentpd the prizes for the Potato-grow
ing competition, and Messrs. Harbouk and
Hkrrixoton gave an excellent report of the school
gardens. Mr. C. F, Ball was elected president

for the coming year. The accounts

presented at the annual general meeting on
Thupsdlay of {he Croydon Horticultural Society
showed a credit balance of £25 10s., which was
handed to the ^layor of Croydon's War Fund.
The Mayor (Alderman Howard HorLDKR) occu-
pied the chair, and was re-elected president of
tlie Society, and Mr. L. R. Welstead as secre-
tary.

Increases in Printers' Waoes.— The
Federation of Unions in the printing and allied
trades, comprising fourteen unions, has recently
put forward demands for an increa.so of wages
of 6s. per week for every man, the conversion
of the present war bonus of 7s. per week into
wages, and payment for all public holidays.
The matter has been compromised by Uie con-
cession of an advance of 43. per week, payable
from November 2, 1917, and a further advance
o^ 2s. from .January 4, 1918. The second and
third claims have becm shelved for the present.
These and other concessions since May last add
to the already high pr'ces of printing another
25 per cent, increase.

Agricultural Machinery for Spain.—
The Board of Trade Journal informs us that
H.M. Consul has recently received a letter from
,1 British subject, who is the manager of a joint
stock company in Malaga dealing in agricultural
implements. The writer points out that to expect
.Spanish firms to purchase a large number of agri-
cultural implements, and at the same time to re-
quire payment on a cash basis, f.o.b. British
ports, render business out of the question. Manu-
facturers of agricultural implements in the
United Kingdom who are desirous of exporting
their goods should, whenever there is an oppor-
tunity for so doing, form an .\ssociation and ap-
point agents or representatives in Malaga, to
travel the agricultural districts and study the
customs and requirements of the Andalusian and
North .African farmers. Extensive propaganda
would be productive in a short while of the best
results to the maniifacturers. The writer states

that unless the hand implements above referred to
are of the required form they would be useless
m the Andalusia district. The question of the
supply of agricultural machinery and implements
suitable for Andalusian soil is a complicated one,
and he instances the case of hand implements
used in ordinary everyday work in the field or
garden, which require special attention. This is
due to the peculiar angle at which the Spanish
agriculturist holds his head when working, for
Spaniards in .\ndalusia work in a stooping posi
tion instead of in the nearly upright position
preferred by labourers in most countries. H.M.
Consul at Malaga also states that a commission
agent in Granada desires to obtain agencies for
United Kingdom manufacturers of agricultural

A Welsh Conserving Depot. -A movement
is on foot, in the Llandudno district for the
better orgaaiisatiion of the fruit and vege-
table supip'ly of the .surrounding area. An enor-
niniis quantity of fruit and vegetiablels, fresh
or preserved, is imported to Llandudno, Colwyn
Bay, and other coast towns of South Wales in
the holiday season, from outside sources. On
the other hand, many tons of fruit and vege-
tables grown in the district are said to be wasted
in every year of good crops from sheer lack of
local organisation, A conference is' being held
this week-end at Llandudno Junction with a view
to the creation there of a Horticultural Depot.
It seems likely that this depot will be run on
co-operative lines, and that canning, drying, and

*If:. aB. — RED CTHHANr

(See

machinery and chemical products. This province
is mostly agricultural, and up to quite lately agri-
cultural machinery -was very rarely employed.
There is no doubt that British firms have at the
present time an opportunity of developing busi-
ness in the Granada district. Further in this con
nection, H.M. Consul has collected and forwarded
to the Department of Commercial Intelligence a
number of catalogues of agricultural machinerj',
etc. Moat of these catalogues do not appear spe-
cially adiapted to Andalusia, but they show bow
non-British firms are working. The catalogues
may be consulted by British 'manufacturers of
aigriculituiial machinery and implements at the
Deipartment of Commercial Intelligence, 73,
Basinghall Sitreeft, London, E,C. 2,

[Drawn by Misa Frances Bunyard.

II IN (^ NAT. SIZE).

pulping will be undertaken, in combination with
the handling of fresJi fruit and vegetables.
Llandudno Junction is a good centre for dealing
with the produce of Anglesey, Caniarvonshire,
artd parts of Merionethshire. It need hardly be
isaid that local efforts of this sort have tlie
waiuest sympathy of the Food Production De-
partment and the Ministry of Food. Their
general adoption throughout the country would
go far to solve many of the minor problems of
food production and distribution.

Effects of Sunlight on Crops.— At the

Royal Society, on November 20, Colonel
H. E. Rawson, C.B., read a .papei- before tllie
Fellows of the Royal Colonial Institute on " The

232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8. 1917.

Sun as Empire-builder." The lantern there is
fitted with an epidiascope, and enabled him
to show a speciallj' interesting collection of
" sports," wliicli are said to have been pro-diu-ed
at will by his system of selecti've screening. This
consi.'sts 'of ■placinig a iplamt in isuoh a posiitioai that
it will only geit full sun on it at selected periods
of daylight, and will be in the shade of distant
trees, a house, or a wall at otlier times ; or if i'ti,s
growing in a conservatory, will be screened by a
post or a shelf, or perhaps a strong blind at such
times. He has found that the amount of red
and blue light falling on tlie plant varies greatly
with the sun's altitude, and that screening affects
their siaturation. By taking advantage of this
,the well-known "^aports" of spur-peloria, pro-

Fin.

IDmim 6j/ ilixs Frances Bunyard.
-RED CURRANT " SCOTCH " (5 NAT. SIZE).

lif ei'ation, f asciation, and leaf-divisixMi have been
produced several years in succession, and some of
them have been fixed in the case of Nasturtiums.
Eight flowei-s have gi-own where one grew
before, and ten cords have bifurcated whea'e
there wias a single stelm before. Aocording
to the author of the paper, the effect of a
.shadow on a fruit tree should be noted, for the
scent of flowers varies with the selective sci'een-
ing and the flavour of fruit should vary also.
The colour of the light found on a fruit tree
growing in grass land is not the same as when in
cultivated soil. Speaking generally, pruning
fruit trees increases red light and diminishes
blue, while increased illumination through leaves
excites a different response from the plant from
that where there are no leaves. The e.xperiments
are quite in their infancy, but the results already
obtained are interei^ting.

A REVISION OF THE^RED CURRANTS.

(Cnnti lived from page 217.)
GONDOUIN GBOUP.
This vei-y distinct group contains the descend-
ants of El. petraeum. The stout wood, long
buds, red campanulate flowers, and the stout
coriaceous leaves all render them easily dis-
tiiiguisliable.

GoNDOUiN (see fig. 88). Syn. Brid.gefoiid Red.
— Flowers. — Closely resembling R. petraeum,
buds crimson, flowers campanulate, dark claret-
red, sepals overlapping, not ciliated, petals
broadily wedge sliaped, rachis very hairy.

Leaves. — Young growth red, adult blackish-
green, very thick and bullate, stiffly held up-
ward.

Fruit. — Bunich medium size,
berries large and even, vei'y
bright clear red, a little
flattened, rachis downy.
Season. — Late.
Buds. — Large, long and
flat, pressed close to wood,
all'most exactly lesembEng
Prince Albert, and indfa-
tinguishiable in this state.

Growth. — Very vigorous,
stout, uipiight shoots.

Orirjin. — Raised by M. Gon-
douin at St. Cloud and de-
scribed by Janczewski as R.
Gondouiiii, a hybrid between
petj-aeiun an<l> vulgare. It
vei"y closely resenibies Pnince
Albert, but can be disltin-
guished by the onore hairy
racliis and the much thicker
and darker leaves aaid darker
colour tyi the flowers. Like
all this group it retains its
leaves late in the auttiimn.

Prince Albert. Syns.
Rivers' Late Red, German
Sour, Knights and Hol-
landische Bote (on the Con-
tiinemt), Rubm Von Haar-
lem, Verrieres Rouge. —
Flowers. — Almo&t exactly tlie
same as in R. petraeum,
buds very dai'k crimson-red,
flowers campanulate, red,
sepals overlapping,, ciliated,
petals very broad wedge,
i-achis hairy.

Leaves. — : Young state
strongly red-tinged as aa-e
the young shoots, adult very
<lark gi'een, fairly thick, ajid
very stiffly held upright.

Fruit. — Bunch medium size,
ben-ies large, even, bright
red, a little flattened, 6.hin-
iiig, iiachis downy.
.'Reason. — Late.
Suds. — Long and flat, diark
brown, a. little hairy, clinging
close to the wood, the leaf
soaj- light brown and very prominenrt,.

Growth. — Very stout, vigorous, and upright.
Origin. — This variety has been grown for some
200 years or longer. It is the R. pallidum of
Otto and Dietrich, and considered by Janczewski
to be a hybrid of petraeum and vulgare.

GoEGGiNGERS Pyrijorm. — This curious foitm
has Pear-shaped fruits, and there is also a wMte
variety. In foliage and other charaotens it is
like Gondouin, and a true petraeum derivative-
Raised by Heinrich Goegginger, a market gar-
dener in Riga, and first described by Dr. Kegel
in 1878.

Seedless Red. Kemlo.se. — This curious
variety is also a form of Gondouin, alike in all
respects save its d'warfer habit. The seeds do
not set, and there are thus only tlie soft, un-
fertilised ovules in the berry. So far as I ha.v<»
tried it its great fault is that the berries are

very apt to run off, and if this haibit is main
tained it will be valueless for garden u«es
Found by Herr Petzold in Hessen.

THE SCOTCH GROUP.

This group contains those varieties which show
their descent from R. rubrum. They have in
common the bell-shapedi flower, more or leas
tinged with red, the liabit of holding out the
flowers at right angles to the stem, the stiff,
wiry rachis and the stiff, upward-folding foliage.
It is somewhat difficult to pick out the distinc-
tions between some of them, as they are nearly
iid:entical in many cases. One of the oldest of
this type is doubtless the Chiswick, but as it is
now so little grown I have adopted the Scotch
as the type, as t-his form is very largely gi-own
for market purposes around London, and will
therefore be known to a large number of people

Scotch. Syns., Millearn Red, London Maa'-
ket. Fowler's, London Red. — Flowers. — Uroeo-
late, green, striped with red, buds faintly red,
sepals overlap, petals wedge shaped, rachis a
little hairy, stiffly held outwards.

Leaves. — In young state green, late in open-
ing, adult, pale green, rather small, strongly
up-folded, holding on late in the autumn.

Fruit. — Bunch medium length, compact, ber-
ries held firmly to one side, rachis stout, hairy.

Season.' — Early.

Buds. — Winter state, moderately large, dark
brown, very slightly hairy, rather away from
wood.

Growth. — Very sturdy and rather upright.

Orif/in. — Undiscovered.

This Currant is very largely grown for mar-
ket purposes and is remarkably prolific and of
bright colour.

La CoNSTANTE.^FMioers. — Slightly urceolate
with slight ring, sepals slightly brown-tinged,
petals broad wedge shaped, bunoh held stiffly
outwards, rachis with demse curling hairs, which
distinguish it froim Scotch. Very l.ate in open-
ing.

Leaves. — Young state green, adult very dark
green, upward- folded, stiffly held.

Fruit. — Bunoh moderately long, stem (before
fruits begin), 1| inch, berries bright red, held to
one side, rachis turns yellow when fruit is ripe.

Season. — Very late.

Growth. — Vigorous and very upright.

Origiaj. — Undiscovered. Though very like
Moore's Ruby it is distinct in many characters,
and is one of the latest and best of the Red
Currants.

Moore's Rtiby. — This resembles Scotch very
closely in all characters, but the foliage is of a
darker and slightly glaracous green, and the
fruit ripens late, bunch a little longer. Hardlv
distinguishjable in winter state.

Chiswick Red. — Flowers. — Ureeolate, yellow-
ish-green, sepals hardly meetins. turned back,
petals markedly wedge shaped, rachis downy.

Leaves. — In young state slight yellow, brown
tinge, adult exactly resembling Scotch, except
that the silver edge is rat'her more pronounced.

Fruit. — Bimch longer than Scotch, berries on
staff, wiry stems held to one side.

Buds. — Fairly large, outward held, slightly
hairy.

Season. — Early.

Growth. — Vigorous and sturdy, upright.

Origin. — Undiscovered. This seems to agree
witib the Chiswick as described by Thompson
and Barron, but it is apparently now almost out
of commerce, as I received it from one nursery
only.

{To he eonchided.)

The Acorn CROo.-The Food Production
Department of the Beaded of Agiicultm-e ui'ges
that in places where Aoomis are still lying on
the ground, collecting parties should be organised
without deJay. A leaflet on the Feeding of
Acomis may be obtained post, free from the
Secretary, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries,
3, St. .James's Square, S.W. 1.

Dece-mbeh 8, 1917. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

233

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

tf/ie Editors do not hold therruelvet respoiitible foi
the opinions expressed hy correspojuients.)

Plantinq Rhododendrons.— Vour corre-
spondent, p. 212, states that better results are
obtained from mid-April planting than autumn
planting. I have my doubts about this, except
in the case of garden hybrids, as many of the
Himalayan species and hybrids are then in bloom.
or about to bloom. I do not say that planting
at that date is nevet- successful, for I have
practised it myself in a suitable season, and
when I was obliged to do so ; but I have planted
in the winter for many years, and have handled
thousands of these plants. Himalayan species
and garden hrybrids. Regarding soils, any
soil that will grow Bracken and Heather is
suitable for Rhododendrons, provided the
ground is well broken up to a depth of 2 feet
5 inches, and plenty of good cow manure incor-
porated. An important point is to plant fairly
thickly, so that the plants will partly shade each
ether's roots. Then, after two or three years,
the bed should be re-made or the plants thinned.
The addition of some more manure, and after
this mulching, will be sufficient for many years.
R. praecox is showing colour now, and with
open weather should soon unfold its flowers.
At the present time all seed-pods will
probably be ready to gather, especially those of
the earlier-flowering hybrids and species, such as
R. praecox, R. Thomsoni. and R. ciliatum. The
seed collected will be carefully labelled and
stored in a dry place until the end of February,
when it will be sown in shallow boxes or seed-
pans in a temperature of about 55° or 60°. W. A.
Cook.

The Effect of One Plant on Another.—
Although I do not assert that it is an example
of the effect of a t<jxic excretion, I think tliat
the following observation is of interest. After
three years, during which they had yielded fairly
good crops, had been manured lightly, and
niulched, four or five rows of Strawlierries were
dug rap and the ginund dug and plante<l with
spring Cabbage. The rows of Cabbage occupied
not only the Strawberry quarter but ground on
one side of it as well. Within a week of plant-
ing a remarkable diffei-ence was to be observed
between the Cabbage plants planted on the old
Strawberi-y quarter and that |ilanted l)eyond its
limits. The latter throve and made good growth,
and left the former behind. Now a matter of
6 weeks after the planting the Cabbagee on the
ground from which the Strawberries were lifted
are still puny, and have n irtarved look. Toxin
or no toxin, it is hard to believe that their
miserable growth is to be ascribed to poverty of
soil, for the Strawlienies did not show any lack
of viguur. .1. .V.

Mr. Qeoroe CA«ELTON.-Readers of the

Odrdcnrrn' ChTonirfr. will remember Mr. (Jeorge
(Jaselton, w)k>. for nearly twenty year's, filled the
position of Garden Superintendent at the Crystal
I'alace. Kverv- exhibitor who attended the shows
held at the Palax:* will know how r«idy he
always was U> give any assistance in his [Kiwer
to lh<«e in tlie slightest difficulty. Owing to .i
seiious illness, together with changes at the
• lystal Palace, Mr. Caselton was forced to re-
limiuieh his charge. For n«ijly three yeais he
has been, under tlw doctoi- and has had a uui'.>ie
in thf hoiuse. At the presen* time he is in btM^I
Utr twe«ilty-one out of each tweniy-fouj- hours.
It is .scaix'sOy any wonder that the siivings 1k>
had put iby Ihaive vajiishe<l. He has only £20 per
aimum he re<'eiv<?s frcan the Gardeners' Royal
Benevolent Inrtitution. 5s. per week from has
cliuS), land occasionaJ help fixmi his soni, who is a
[nHva,te in the Arfmy. As treasurer and secre<tary
of the Natiinrval Chiryaant homnm Society, Ave
fi-el certain th.'it there are many who would wish
to render hiim isome praW.ical assistants in. his
t.im« of need. Let us seiy, therefore, that any
hellp readers may be dispose*! to give should be
forwarded immodiatelv to Mr. Curtis, 35, Wel-
lingl«n Street. Ctovent Garden. W.C. 2. Jo?ni
arei-ii. Tfirhnrd .). Witli/. CJiarles B. Curtix.

Qardcn Allotment* at Chester. -A
census taken in .lune last revealed the fact that
there were 1433 ■'i^'''™ "*' '"'"' uu'ler cultivation
in the neighbourhood of Chester, representing
1 .229 allotments, 433 of which are under the

control of the Chester Corporation, the re-
mainder being under the control of the Hoole
Urban Council and oCher public bodies in the
neighbourhood, as well as private owners, in-
cluding the Duke of Westminster. The Chester
Paxton Society, that for a long series of years
has done much educational work in various
l)ranches of gardening, has dealt with the allot-
ment question in a very practical way. It was
felt by that body that as the majority of these
new allotment tenants would be novices at
gardening, a short treatise giving cultural hints,
and namiug some of the best varieties of vege-
tables to cultivate in the neighbourhood should
be issued. The treatise was written by Mr.
N. F. Barnes, and copies of the work were sup-
plied free of charge to the allotment holders in
March. The Society furthei' offered a series of
prizes amounting to £15, Tft addition to cultural
certificates for tlie best and hea\'iest cropped al-
lotments. (A) The best kept and heaviest cropped
allotment which has been cultivated for two or
more years, for the pui-pose of providing a food
supply in war 'time. (B) The best kept and
lieaviest cropped allotment on land cultivated
for this purpose for the firet time. (C) The best
Icept and heaviest ci-opf^d cottage garden for the
purpose of providing a supply of food in war
time. Over a hundred eritries were received for
these prizes. Repeated visits were made by those
appointed' to make the awards, and the results
were made known in August. By request of the
Board of Agriculture the honorary secretary
undertook to act as its local representative,
and in consultation with the executive of the
Paxton Society it was decided for working ar-
rangements to group these 1,200 odd allotments
into six colonies. To assist the beginners, twelve
practical men belonging to the Society were then
appointed to act as honorary advisers to these
colonies, and the services rendered by these
practical men have gone a long way towards
bringing the movement to its present high
standard of efficiency. Not an instance is known
( f any holder wishing to give up his allotment,
but many of them are quite prepared to take
long leases of tlie plots they are now cultivating.
The area of these plots varies a little, but the
average holding represents 500 square yards.
Potato culture enters largely into the crop
ping of these allotments. Peas, Beans Cab-
batres. Cauliflowers, and a succession of other
vegetables were also cultivated. One example
will suflfice. ."V piece of land 4^ acres in
extent, which was bought some few years ago for
luilding pui-poses, but not utilised, was, until
this spring, lyinc idle. This is now occupied by
60 allotment holdei-s. and the owner's rentroll
has in consequence risen from an average of 50s.
per annum to £26 10s. per annum. Another
interesting case illustrating intensive culture was
recently noted where a piece of grass land close
to the goods yard of a railway station in the
.xubiirbs was given over to a few platelayers.
This was divided into six plots, about one
eighth of an acre each, at a nominal rental of 2s.
]>er plot. On one of these the bolder sold off
hi.a ))lot last ye«.r 4 cwts. of Onions, at prices
ranging from 3d. to ii^A. per lb. This by no
means represented all his produce, as in addition
ho sold other vegetables amounting to over
£20, and in addition he was able to sup-
plv the wants of a moderately large family with
a plentiful supply of Potatos and othei' vege
li.bles for the whole of the year. Q. D. Miln.

OUO'OUTS IN THE GARDEN.— If foreign gov-
eivmient treaties .ire to be mei'e " sci'a.ps
cf )>aper" in the future, tlie possibilities
of garden dug-outs are worthy of eveiy
consideration. Miniature tunnels ca.n be bored
in hillside jxisitions in such a way that the
entrances are disguised, or, at any rate, that they
.ire inconspicuous, so as not to mar the beauty
(f a garden. The following are some of
the most important uses of a dug-out : —
(i) As a comparatively safe retreat from " air
raids," (2) It may be used as a summer-
house or shelter from inclement weather.
f3) The interior might serve as a motor
garage or a photographic "dark-room." (4) An
exterior slope of the ground would be advan-
tageous as a stai-ting place for an aeroplane. (5)
A siiitable place fcu' the storage of Apples,
Pears, tuberous roots, and vegetables. (6) It
should pi'ove useful for the cultivaticm of Mush

rooms, Seakale, Rhubarb, blandied Chicory,
white Lilac, Lilies-of-the- Valley, etc. The dug-
nut could be heated, if required. (7) If sufficient
light could be affoa-ded the place would be suit-
able for wintering large Palms in tubs, Tree-
feiiis, standard Bays, and large specimen
Fuclisias. These could be placed out on
terraces during the summer months. On the
Cotswolds, Apples and Pears are already
stored in dug-outs, the interiors of such
plfces being sometimes lined with dry Gorse
cr Bracken. Rushes might also prove suit-
able. This is a matter of importance when
've read that tons of fruit are spoilt for lack cf
marketing baskets ! Why not store the fruit,
in ideal conditions, in tunnelled dug-outs?
Where large quantities of clay are excavated it
could be made into bricks, tiles, drainage pipes,
and flowerpots. Burnt ballast is also useful for
many purposes. Fertile soil should never be
deeply buried or otherwise wasted. It is more
useful at the surface for puri>Dses of cultivation.
WHiere there are .large areas of infertile soil this
might be surfaced with dredgings from the
ri^-ers, waterways, and canals. Frank James,
Mitcham.

soci£:ti£:s.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

December 4.— The .meeting held in the Drill
Hall on Tuesday Last completed the lisit of fix-
tures for the year.

Novelties wea-e sulbmitted to the Floa-al Com-
mittee, ajid Awards of Merit were won by two
luow Oaj-nations. The only other awaavds in this
section were a Silver Flora and' a Silver Bank-
aian Medal, both awarded to groups of Per-
.petual-floAvei'ing Carnations, staged by Messi's.
Allwood Bros, ajid Stuart Low and Co. re-
spectively.

There wei'e several attractive gi'oups of
()rchids, and a number of novelties, for which
three Awards of Merit were given.

The Fruit and Vegetable Comanittee made no
award to a novelty, but awarded three medals
fcKi- collections. Apart from the- floral exhibits,
there wei'e severaj of a miscellaneous nature, in-
cluding a collection of artificial manures staged
by Messrs. Lang and Sons, Hounslow.

Floral Committee.

Present: Messrs. II. B. May (chairman), W. .1.
Bean, J. Green, J. F. McLeod, C. R. Fielder,
F. Page-Roberts, T. Stevenson, W. Howe, J.
.Jennings, W. P. Thomson, J. Heal, C. Dixon,
.1. Dickson, A. Turner, W, H. Morter, C. E.
Pearson, E, H. Jenkins, E. A. Bowles, R. C.
Noteutt, E. F. Hazelton, A. G. Jackman, and
R. Hooper Pearson.

Awards op Merit.

Carnation Marlon Wilson. — A pale yellow-
gn.'und fancy variety of the Perpetual-flowering
type, the petals irregularly striped with ver-
milion. The bloom is of large size, and possesses
a long, stout stalk and firm calyx. Shown by
.Messrs. Allwood Bros.

Carnation Mrs. Edward Douti/. — The colinir
of this novelty is exactly s'imilar to that of
Carola, but the petaJa are not of such firm sub-
stance. Pot specimens of the flower were ex-
habited, showing that the plant is of good liahit
and ii(*bust gi'owih. Sliiown by Messrs. Sttiart

Low AND Co.

Opchid Committee.

Present: Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart, (in the
chair). Sir Harry J. Veitch, Messrs. Jas.
O'Brien (hon. secretary), William Bolton,
Walter Cobb, E. R. Ashton, Arthur Dye, R.
Brooman-Whiite, Frederick J. Haivburv, Pauiltia
RaUi, C. H. Ciirtis. T. Annstrong, W. H.
Hatcher. S. W. Florv. R. A. Rolfe, J. Cliarles-
worth, J. E. Shill, and Fred K. Sander.

Award.s of Merit.
Soij/iro-C'attleyu Faboris {C. Fabia X S.-C.
Doris), shown by Mr. J. E. Shill, The Dell
Gardens, Englefield Gi'een. — The flower is nearly
as laiige as that of C. Fabia, and the sepals aiwl
petals are pale yellow. The lip is rOse-coloured ,
with a reddish-pur/ple tinge aiid da^-ker veining

234

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembbs 8, 1917.

over the front lobe, which ha^ a narrow cream-
coloured raargin aiiid gold lines extenidmg from
, the base to the centre.

Cypripedium insigne var. Louis Sander, from
MtSBJ's. Sanders, St. Albans. — A fine, imported
variety of large size and good form. The bix>ad
doi-sal seiJal is white above and yellowish-green
on the basal lialf, dark reddish-bixjwn blotches
extending from the base, chaaiging to purple in
the white area. The lip and petals are coloured
as in the type, but they are of broader propor-
tions.

Groups.

Dr. Miguel Lachoze, Bryiidir, Roehamipton,
showed Sophro-Laelio-Cattleya Marathon, Bryn-
dir variety, with deep rosy-mauve flowers, the
sepals having white midribs at the base, and
the peitals tinged with crimson up the middle j
the lip is ruby -crimson with thin gold lines at
the base ; also Laelio-Cattleya Serbia var. Opal,
a grand floweir with white sepals and petals and
rich claret-puiiple-coloured front to the lip.

Messrs. Armstrong and Brown, Orchidihui-st,
Tuiibridg© Wells, were awaj>ded the VVillia.ms'
(rt)ld Medal for a group, in which about
forty plaaits of their famous white-ipetalled
strain of Cattleya Maggie Eaphael alba were a
featiu-e, two of the best varieties being Dread-
nougiht and splendens. Good novelties wei'e
shown m Laelio-Cattleya Diana var. Buttereup
(L.-C. Jacobus X L.-C. Ophir), a distinct hybrid
with a showy flower having yellow sepals and
petals, the lip and short side lobes veined
with purple and reddish-ixree front lobe; Cypri-
ped'imn Aaithujianum niobilior (insigare Harefield
ilall X FaiiTieanum), with a finelynblotched
dorsal seipal ; and Odoaitoglossum hybr-ids flower-
ing for the first time.

Messrs. Chaklesworth and Co., Hay-wards
Heath, were awai-dedi a Silver Banksian Medal for
a group which included finely-flowered Odocito-
glossums at the back, fronted by Catitleyas and
Laelio-^Cabtleyas, the best of the latter being
the new L.-C. Selene (L.-C. Fascinator x C.
Trianae), a large white flower, slightly tinged
with rose, and broad pui-ple lip with yellow disc.
A novelty among the Odontoglosisums was 0.
xanthinum (ardentissimum xajithotes X luteo-
pui-pureum Vuylstekeanum), with white ground
. colour blotched with light yellow.

Messrs. Sanders. St. Albans, were awaixled a
Silver Bankisian Medial for a group of Cypri-
pediums of excellent quality, a.mong which we
noted C. Hippolyta (Dante X Hera Etiryades).
a new foiim of good size amd shape, and Cattleya
Maggie Raphael albo-coerulea, clear white with
violet-colom-ed front to the lip.

Mesisrs. E. H. Davidson and Co., Orchid
Dene, Twyfoi~d, showed' Sopliro-Laelio-Cattleya
L. MicKenna (S.-L.-C. Oedipus x C. Dowiana
aureal. a dark claret-coloured flower; and
SoiphiTi-Cattleya Doroas (S.-C. Dora x C.
Dofwiana aurea), yellow, with rose lip veined
with orange at the base.

Messrs. Stuart Low and Co., Jarvisibrook,
Sussex, staged a selection of hybrid Orchids, in-
cluding good Sophro-Cattleya Doris, S.-C.
Pearl ; Laelio-Cattleya Alex, and Cattleya Aki-
meda allba.

Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

Present: W. Poupart (in the chair), and W.
Wilks, E. W. Roach, J. Harrison, A. W. Met-
calfe, A. Bullock, J. GT Weston, W. H. Divers,
E. Beckett, Owen Thomas, W. Bates, and F.
Jordan.

Colonel W. N. Davis, Salt Hill House, Slough
(gr. Mr. W. R. Bullock), was awarded a Silver
Knigbtian Medal for a collection of Apples and
Pears. This was a fine exhibit ; the fruits were
model specimens in every respect. Fruits of
Apple Court Pendu Plat were of a remarkably
high colour, and the same remark applies ijo
Adams's Pearmain, Christmas Pearmain, Win-
teir Codlin, Cox'is Orange Pippin, aiKl Blenheim
Pippin. American Mother and Blenlieim Pip-
pin were tne best and most richly coloured fruits,
being far above the avei'age.

Sir Daniel Gooch, Highlands, Chelmsford,
sliowed a collection of Apples, for which a Silver
Banksian Medial was awarded.

Mrs. Miller, Marlow-on-Thames, showed
"Movleen" preserves, for which a Stiver Bank-
sian Medal was awia.rded.

PERPETUAL-FLOWERING CARNATION.

December 4. — The annual meeting of this
Society was held on the 4th inst. at the offices
of the British Wholesale Florists' Federation,
Wellington Street, Covent Garden. Mr. J. S.
Brunton preside^d. War conditions have Umited
the operations of the Society and resti-icted its
income. One show was held, in December, 1916,
and the Society published a, Year-toook in 1917.
The membea-shjip stands at 197, and on a tiini-
over of £134 3is. 6d. thea'e is a balance in hand
of £26 8s. 4d., ae compared with the balan'ce
of £46 3s. brought .forward from 1916. There
was no la.ck of enthusiasm on, the ■part of the
metmlbens present, and they re-elected the whole
of the officei-s, added Mr. T. Stervemson and
Mr. Pin'clies to the committee to fill vacanoies,
and agreed that a Year-book should be published
next year but no exhibition be held. The name
of the Society was altered. Originally the
Winteir-Flowering Carnation Society, it became
the Peiipettual-Flowerinig Caniation Society, and
in future is to be known as the British Cai-naAion
Society. Efforts to amalgamate with the
National Caniation Society have not mate-
rialised, and tihe new title has beem adopted so
that new types of Caraations may receive con-
sideration and the scope of tlie Society be
widened. Mr. T. A. Weston was voted a,n hono-
rarium of twelve guineas for his services as hon.
secretarv.

The Floral Committee met at the Drill Hall,
in conjunction with the fortnightly meeting of
the Royal Horticultural Society, on the 4th inst..
and made the following awards : —
First-class Certificates.

Carnation Winter Glow. — A well-foi-med
bloom, possessing plenty of substance in the
petals. The colour is glowing cerise, of ex-
ceeding depth and brilliancy. Shown by Messrs.
Stuart Low and Co.

Carnation Marion Wilson. — (See award bv the
R.H.S. Floral Committee.)

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

Pigs.

All who have the convenience to keep breed-
ing sows should not fail to do so, as the short-
age of pigs in the couptry is a matter of some
seriousness. In view of tJie prices obtained for
[lork, bacon, and stores, no one can say pig keep-
ing is not profitable. I do not say that with the
present high price of feeding stuffs every cot-
tager can fatten even one pig with a lair return
for labour and outlay. We look more to dairy
farmers, especially those who make butter, to
rear and fatten pigs in quantity, as with an
abundance of milk from the latter source small
pigs thrive amazingly. The cost of keeping sows to
the ordinary farmer is not an expensive matter
if some provision is made for growing Cabbage,
Maize, and Mangolds, for with the surplus small
Potatos but little else is required beyond a small
quantity of bran twice daily. These are inex-
pensive foods, within the reach of every person
who tries to produce them. Of the foods named,
Cabbage produces an astounding quantity from
quite a small area when good cultivation is prac-
tised. A further advantage to the pig keeper is
a small meadow where the sows can roam, obtain-
ing much food, and what is of considerable im-
portance, exercise. All breeding animals require
gentle exercise. WTiere a yard with a snug straw
bed is available for night, and an outside roam
during the day, the conditions are favourable to
success.

Sows in such conditions should produce fine
litters of young within two years. From the
right sort of pig it is reasonable to expect ten
stores, sometimes more. Of late, good quality
stores ten weeks old have made from 30s. to 40s.
each, sometimes more.

In counties there are fashions in breeds of pigs,
also the local requirements, of what the pork
butcher and bacon factor require personally. I
have a strong penchant for a cross between a
Large Yorkshire White sow and a Middle White
Yorkshire Boar or a Berkshire boar. From the
former I obtain a larger number of pigs gener-
ally than from a Berkshire boar. Therefore, as
numbers tell, I prefer the former. A Large

Sussex sow and a Berkshire Boar answer capi-
tally ; some reverse the sows and boars. iSio
breed of pigs come to hand so quickly as pure-
bred Berkshires alone, but the general fault in
my experience is small litters of young. 1 allow
the boar to run with tlie sows always, as exer-
cise is conducive to health, even in the sire. The
u:-pigs sows are separated fioni the rest only two
or three weeks before the young are due. IN atur-
ally in the winter the sow occupies as warm a
sty as is possible in reason, free from draught,
and with a southern exposure, so that the newly-
born pigs can have the advantage of sun, which
they revel in. A close wood floor, with a gentle
slope, is an advantage over brick, cement, or
earth, being warmer, and naturally prevents to a
great extent cramp in the young jJigs, which is
all too common on cement floors. After birth of
the yoimg the sows should be carefully and liber-
ally fed with milk and meal. The young pigs,
too, sliould be quickly encouraged to drink milk
in a separate trough in an adjoining stye, where
they are secure from the ravages of food by the
sow, who seems to think all is for herself only.
My plan is to have a temporary hole through the
partition of one sty to tJie next, thi-ough which
the small pigs quickly find their way. The more
attention that is paid to the sow and her young
in regard to food, warmth, and cleanliness, the
quicker the growth assured. E. Molyneiix.
Agricultural Wages Board.
Ihe Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, after
consultation with the Ministry of Labour, has
estaibfehed' an Agi-icultural Wages Board for
England and Wales under the provisions of
Part II. of the Corn Production Act, 1917. The
Board, in accordance with the regulations made
on Noveiraber 8, conisists of 39 members, of
whom seven are appointed as impartial persons,
and the remainder as representative of the
interests of employers and workers respeobively
in equal numlbens. Of tlie sixteen representa-
tives of employers, the Royal Agi-iculltural
Sooiety, the Naitional Famiers' Union, tJhe Ceni-
tnal Chamber of Agriculture, and the Welsh
Agricultural Council, were each invited to elect
two members, and of the representativee of
woii-kere, the National Agricultm-al Labourers'
and Rural Workers' Lfnion were invited to elect
six. and the Workers' Union two. The remain-
ing repi'esentative membens have been nominated
by Mr. Pirothero, after consultation, in regard
to the representatives of workers, with Mr.
G. H. Roberts.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Address : ./. T. W. The address of the secre-
tary of the London and Southern Counties
section of the National Union of Allotment
Holders is Mr. D. Chater, 8, Buckingham
Street, Strand, London, W.C. 2.

Allotment : .1. /''. The sample of clay you
sent us is inert and dead, and quite unsuit-
able for the cultivation of any crop. Where
this clay forms the subsoil you should not
trench in such a way as to bring it to the
surface, but keep on the surface the loamy
portion you mention, enriching and deepen-
ing it by the addition of leaf-mould and
rotted (not fresh) manure. You can also
apply basic slag now, and leave it to work it-
self in during the winter. With regard to
the gravel, this also makes poor soil for culti-
vation, and should not be brought to the sur-
face, unless it is well mixed with loam, and
forms only a small proportion in the conditions
you have described. It is hardly probable
that Onions, which require rather rich soil,
would thrive; we should advise you to plant
only a few as an experiment.

Apple Cultivation : Blackheath. Maiden Apple
trees frequently bear crops that look out of
proportion to their size and strength. Of the
statements made in the newspaper cutting we
know nothing. You may make experiments.

Commumcations Received. — A. C. B. [Please
send name and address, not for publication, but for
OUT own information.]— H. E. D.— S. A.— E. B.—
J. -A. P.— W. H. a, BaiTow^T. B. H., Oamtoddge,
Mass.— H. A. D.— 0. L.— 0. 0., Orordon,— W. B.— O. O.
— T. W. B.— A G. D.— Catherine— W. I.— M. N.— 0. S.
— B. B. K — J. O., Reading— E. H. B.— J. 0. .1.

Deckmbeb 8, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

V.

AS A R K £2 rr S.

CUVEXT GARDEN, December i.
Vie cannot accept any responsibility tor the subjoined
reports. They are furnished to us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

. d. Er

Aralia Sieboldii,

per doz. ... 5 0-60

Asparagus plumu-

sus. per doz. . 10 0-12 0

— Sprengeri ., 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, green,

per doz. . . 30 0-SO 0

Begonias. Gloire de
Lorraine, 4a's,
per iloz. ... 18 0-24 0

— tiOs 7 0-90

— 72s

Cacti, various, per

tray of IS's ...

— per tray of 12'e
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48 8, per
doz

— coloured, 48*8,
per doz. ... g 0-12 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

48'8, per doz.... 18 0-80 0

— 60'8, per doz.... 8 0-10 0
Ericas, per doz. —

— gracilii, 48 8 ... 10 0-16 0
72'8... 3 6-40

. d. 8. d.

bye

5 0-60

8 0-24 0

alba,

... 15 0-18 0

— nielanthea, 4S s 30 0-3B 0
Cyclamen, 48 a, per

doz 18 0-24 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per low 12 0-16 0

— per 100, in small

and large eo's 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32'8, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,

48'8, per doz .. 10 0-12 0
Oeonoma gracilis,

60's, per doz_. 6 0-80

larger, each ... 2 6-70
Kentia Betmoreana,

per doz. ... 15 0-18 0
larger ... 30 U-«J 0

— Farsteriant,60'8 8 0-10 0
Lilium longiflorum,

per doz. ... 30 0-36 0

— lancifolium ru-

brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

Solainims lu 0-15 U

Cut Flowers, Ice. : Average Wholesale Prices.

Arums—

— (Klchardias),
per doz. bl'ms.

lierbeiis, per doz.

Camellias, white.

per. doz.
Carnations, per doz.

— blooms, beet
AinericaD var.

Chryeauthemums—

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink ...

— yellow

— coloured,
doz. buDchei

— white

— single, dis-
budded, per
doz. blooms ...

per

6-4 0
2 0-40

s.d. s.d.
Liliums, con. —

rubrum, per

doz. long .. 3 0-36

short, per

doz blooms ... 3 6-40
Lily-ofthe-\ alley,

per doz. bun ... 30 0-42 0
Xarcissus.Holeil d'Or,

per doz. bun ... 10 0-12 0
Orchids, per doz; —

— Cattleya ... 10 0-12 0

— Cypripediums 2 6-30

— Odontoglussum
crlapum ... 2 6-30

per

2 0-40
9 0-12 0

sprays. .

doz. bunches..
Croton leaves, per

bun 13-16

Gardenias, per box 3 6-60
Heather, white,

per doz. bun....
Lapageria alba, per

doz. blooms ...
Llllum lougitlorum,

long

— lancifolium

aloum, lon^ ...

2 0-36 Pflargouiume, dou-
•> a- A n I '''* "carlet per
* o- 4 u j joj^ bunches... 10 0-12 o
6 0-10 0 Pc'Tiettias.perdoz 10 0-12 0
6 0-90 Poinsettia, per doz. IS 0-21 0
Koies : — pttr doz.
blooms :

— Liberty ... 4 0-60

— Melody ... 3 0-60

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay 2 8-50

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford 2 6-30

6 0-90 luberoses, per gross

blooms 12 0-15 0

2 6- S 0 V'lolets.perdoz.bun. 4 0-80

— Uouole, per.
4 0-40 doz. Dun. ... 40-60

— French Parma,

3 0-36, per bunch ... 5 0~ 7 0

Cut Foliage, &c.: Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d

Adiantum (Maiden I Asparagus con

hair Pern) best, — .Sprengeri

per doz. bun... 7 0-80

Asparagus plu-
mosus, long
trails, per half-
dozen 2 6-30

— — medium,

doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

s.d. a.d.

8 0-10 0
Carnation foliage,

doz. bunches... 4 0-60
Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Moss, gross bun... 6 0-70
Smilax, per bun.

of 6 trailB ... 16-20

KKMARKa.— The demand for cut flowers continued to
be vei-y good througliout last week, and ppacticaBy aHl tJio
f^alesmen's aUindi^ were cleared befoie cQosing time on
Saturday morning last. Late variet4ee of Ohrj'santlbe-
miuns, including: Winter Cdieer, De<«mber Gold,
.Vegoy.i, Mrs. TIioini)»oni, aiwl Xiveua are lih-eady e^eelL
in Oovent G;irden. Mrs. Wileux and Winter ilheer are
|>erhaps in most demand, with Heaton White aa the
best white variel.v. A return of oolder weather will
doubtless soon le!^sen iJie supplies of all flowers, and
a shortage was already in evidence thi;: morning, ea-
peciilUy of Oarnatioiw, Rosea, .and Violets, and pnces
are advancing for all Liliums. There are no fresli
subjects to record. Tlie majority of French flowers
are arriving in an uji.^ut i sf aclory condition. Parmit
Violets appear to suiler tile deast in fciiansit. Paper
Wlhito Narciwsua sent in i»ad baskets are arriving in on
iinsaMsf.'ictory condition. The packages are generally
11 "III MIX to eight drt^s on the joumej'.

VoBetables ; Average Wholesale Prices.

Artichoke, Chinese

(Stachyjper lb.

Aspar.igus, Paris

Green. per bndie.

Beans:-

10-70

3 0-40

— rrench(Channel

Islanda), per lb. 13-20
Beetroot, per bus. 2 0-20
Brussels Sprouts,

per k bus. ... 2 0-20
Cabbage, per tally 4 0- 0 0
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ...
Cauliflowers, per

doz 2 6-40

Celeriac, per doz.... 4 6-50
Celery, per bundle 2 0- S 0
Cucumbers, perdoz. 12 0-14 0
Endive, per doz ... 16 —
Garlic, per lb. ... 0 10- 1 0
Greens, per bag ... 0 6-10
Herbs, perdoz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, per

bunch 16-60

Leeks, per doz. bun. 3
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 0
Mustard and Cress,

perdoz. punnets 0
Onions, per cwt. ... 30

— spring, per doz.
bun. ... 1

— Valencia, per
case (4 tiers) .. 44

(5 tiers) ... 45

Parsnips, per bag .. 4
Potatos,new,perlb. 1
Radishes, per doz.

bunches ... 1
Savoys, per tally... 6
■Shallots, per doz.

lbs. 8

Spinach, per bushel 2
Turnips, per bag ... 3

— new, per doz.
bunches ... 4

Turnip tops.per bus. 2
Watercress, perdoz. 0

0-47 0
0-47 0
0-5 0
0-12

0-12 0
0-4 0
0-4 0

Fruit : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d.

2 0-26

Almonds, per cwt. 150 0 —
Apples : —

— cooking.perbus. 6 0-12 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per 4 bus. 6 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

caae(3ii(iuaits) 30 0-31 0
Grapes, Alicante,

per lb 18-26

— Almerias, per •
barrel {H doz.
lbs.) 3a 0-,".0 0

— Canon Hall, per
lb 2 0-60

— Gros. Colmar,
per lb. ... 16-26

— Muscats, per lb. 3 0-60
Lemons, per case... 70 0-110 0

Remarks ._ __

viilh Eu^liali Apples, the bulk oooeisting of 'oooking
varieties. Peacs are a luuited suji)ply, and Oranges,
LemouB, and Sut« are all iraree and expensive. Grapos
are not so plentitid as in the lost few weeks. The
crop o( Toiiiatos is finishing, but siippUes of Mushi-oonis
show a alight increase. Dwarf Beans lU'e not so pleiita-
ful as last week. Asparagus (French) is now making
its uppcaraiu-e in CVivcnt Garden. All ordinarv outd'.'or
vegetablec are plentiful. i'. U. K , Cocenl Garden
Market, December 6, 1917.

Medlars, per 4 bus.
Mushrooms, ciUti-

vated, per lb. ■
I^'uts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...125 0-135 0

— Cob, per lb. ... 10-1 2

— mi.ved, percwt.UO 0 —
Oranges, per case... 80 0-140 0
Pears, per i bus..'.. 6 0-15 0

— Doyenne du
Cornice, perduz 18 0 —

Quinces, per A bus. 2 6-36
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs. or

peck HI 0-15 0

Walnuts, French

(Grenoble), per

bag IS 0-20 U

iiarket coutinues to be well suppli<

DEBATING SOCIETIES.

DERBV8HIRE QAROENERS'.-Un November 19 a
lecture on '■ Soils and Manures " wnas given by Dr.
Goodwin. Tlie cliair «js tiikeii by .Mr. J. H. Ooley. Dr.
Goodw-in drew attention to the importance of aotiuiring
a knowledge of the educational side of g.^rdeaing. He
explained the composition of the soils and the treatment
ncceesary to obtain the best results. The actilon of
nitrogen was to stimulate growth; phosphate acted on
the rcprodiv-tive organs; while the speuflc tunotion of
poluHh was to jiroduce sugar and stajcJi in the plant,
and it lind been proved beyond doubt that potash in-
cr<►,l«t^d iJic weigJit of the crop. Lmie prevented soil
acwlily which would luuidicap the work of bacteria. Dr.
Gowlwin afterwaixis discussed the properties of farm-
yard numure, and the uses arol effects of artiflciia
manures. A niunber of qujestions were asked and
anBwere<l, aiul a vote of thanks was accorded to the
lecturer.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr. W. H. Salter, for the past 10 years Gardener
to 0. 1'. I'AUSUAM. Esq., Quorn House, Lough-
borough, as Gardener to Lieut.-Ool. Sir F. PoN-
SoNiiv, Great Tuinglev Manor, Guildford, Slirrev.
I'lluinks fw 9.H. for H.G.O.F. box.— Ed8 )

THE WEATHER.

THE WE.VTIIEK I.V SCOTL.«D.
Noveanber was a dull but mild montlh. The nic-OJi
temperature was slightly in excess of that of the pre-
vious month, but corresponded cxai-th with that of
.Voveiliber, 1916. It i^ notable tliat all extremes of
temiieraturc ocruTred within tlie Jast six days of tlie
niontli, fi-oni Uic sudden fall on the 25llh to the re-
markably mild days following the 26Uh. There wei'C
nine "rain days" ,a»id eigihteen days of precipitation,
giving in all 2.96 indies. The heaviest fall of 1.11 dncai
was on the 29th. Of sunshine we liad a record of 66.8
Qiours, being an average of 2.2 Jiours per day. and a
percentage of 27. The mean barometric pressure was
29.925 inches, witll a highest of 30,426 inches on tlie
ISth, and a lowest of 29.027 inches on the 24Ui. On
l,be 27tih tbe 'highest maximum temperatupe of 58°
was i-ecorded, and on the 26th tbe lowest mindmum of
28°. Tlie lmve.5t maximmn was 41° on llie 25th, and tie
liighent minimum 51° on the 29th, while Ohe meana for
the m.ixima and minima were 50° and 37° respectively.
The mean temperature was 44°, the mean range 13°,

pciature teU below the freezing ' point of water. For
tne arj- builb tnerinometer we obtained a mean of 43 2°.
and for the wet bulb a mean of 41.4°. giving a relattvi
huimdUy of 86 per cent. On the grass the mean minimuin
3,^r; r i." '?'"' <** 22° on the 26th. There were
thirteen nights of ground frost. At 1 foot deep tlie
SOI teniperature hrst fell from 40° to 39°, a;nd then
w tb shght flue nations rose to 43°. The prevailing
1^. MM j"'o*,*',"''-'' '° south-westertv, with gales on
fZ ?Q i, "^ It?- -^ ^■"?^'- ™i"f"Vwas obeeTiS on
rr!„f?, "/'. n" ''■"■■ /"""'»' ^Moch, St. Andrews
Dimdee ' °"'''"' ««'■''<■"«, Kirkton-of-Mains, near

AUCUBA JAPONICA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
{Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the above 3 ft. to 4 ft. bushy, good plants for Covert
Planting. Must be sold, cheap, to make room for potatos.
It not disposed of must be burned.— A BARGAIN >

Particnlars from :—

R. MANSON Nurserymar., Qateacre
• "*^^*'<>J^^i'<t LIVERPOOL.

LARGE POPLARS,

12 to 20 feet, GOOD ROOTS.
Consisting of Lombardy, Black Italian, and
Ontario. Fine trees for Screen or Shelters.

N" itnsonablc otter refusid.

Ground wanted for Potatos.

R. MANSON '^"'•seryman, Gateacre
• "mfmiiu\^l-l, LIVERPOOL.

ORCHIDS.

A large and fine stock. All clean and healthy ami at very

COWAN'S NEW OfticHID MATERIAL,

Is the bus' ami by far the cheapest
Catalogues, with full parliculars, post free ..11 applk-atioii to

JOHN COWAN & Co., Catea^orLrrpool.

The Gardeners' Chronicle.

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issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 8, 1917.

Books as Christmas Presents.

There is nothing so helpful to a young gardener as
carefully selected books written by successful
cultivators in the various branches of gardening.

Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and

School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With

195 Ilhistrations. 6s. 4d.
China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest

Henry Wilson. Illustrated, in Two Volumes.

£1 lOs. 6d.
Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.

Bentham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.

Seventh Edition. 93. 5d.
Fertilisers and Manures. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S.

5s. 5d.
Insect and Allied Pests ot Orchard. Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. Bv F. V. Theobald, M.A.,

etc. 328 Illustrations. 30s. 6d.
Insects, Injurious and Useful. An Introduction

to the Studv of Economic Entomology. By

L. C. Miall, F.R.S. 100 IUu.strations. "3s. 9d.
Intensive Culture of Vegetables on the French

System. Bv P- Aqiiatias. Illustrated.

3s, lid.
Iris, the Book of the. Illustrated. By R.

Irwin Lynch. 2s. lOd.
Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary. New Edition.

9s. 6d.
Judging, Rules for. Issued by the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society. Latest Edition. Is. 6d.
Land of the Blue Poppy, The. By F. Kingdon

Ward. W'ith Illustrations and Maps.

12s. 6d.
Landscape Architecture, The Art of. By Samuel

Parsons. A practical and authoritative work.

Illustrated. 15s.
Lawns. By Sutton and Sons, Reading. In

paper cover. Well Illustrated. Is. 3d.
Lawns and Greens. By T. W. Sanders. A

Guide to the Formation and Management of

Lawns, Tennis Courts, etc. Illustrated.

Paiier, Is. 8d.
Lily, Book of the. By W. Goldring. Illustrated.

2s. 9d.
Little Gardens and How to Make the Most of

Them. By H. H. Thomas. A handy and

useful work for the Amateur. Paper,

Is 3d, ; cloth. Is. 9d.
Mango, The. By G. Marshall Woodrow.

account of its Culture and Varieties, Is
M anures and the Principles of Manuring.

C, M, Aikman, 6s, lOd,
Manures for Garden and Farm Crops.

Dyke. Cloth, Is. 9d.
Manuring, The Science and Practice of. By W,

Dyke, with introduction' by J,. W^right.

A most practical work for the Amateur,

Market and Professional Gardener. Is. 2d,
Manuring of Market Garden Crops, The. By

Bernard Dver and F, W. L, Shrivell, New

Edition. Is, 3d,
Market Gardening, The Book of. Bv R,

Castle. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.
Mendelism. Bv R. C. Punnett, F.R.S,

and Enlarged Edition. 5s. 4d,

An
Id,

Bv W,

Lewis

New

Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Bv W, Bate-
son, F.R,S. 12s, 6d.

Mushrooms, and How to Grow Them. By John
F. Barter, An excellent Treatise, Illus
trated. Is. 2d.

My Garden in Spring. By E A. Bowles, M.A.,
Chairman of Scientific Committee of Royal
Horticultural Society. With Preface by

Reginald Farrer. " Mr. Bowles

has the time to be his own gardener, and
has thereby gained that .first-hand know-
ledge of plants without which any writer on

horticultural subjects is apt to be

neither interesting nor informing," Price
5s. 6d.

My Garden in Summer. By the same author.
Price Ss. 6d.

My Garden in Autumn and Winter. By the
same author. 5s. 6d.

Orchids and their Cultivation. By James
O'Brien, V.M.H., Hon. sec, of the R,H,S.
Orchid Committee. Contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates from colour photography.
Is. lOd. ^ ' ■^

Orchids: Their Culture and Management. By
W. W'atson (Curator, Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew), and H, J. Chapman. Illustrated
with 180 Engravings and 20 Coloured Plates.
25s. 8d.

Orchids, Fertilisation of. Bv Chas. Darwin.
Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Orchid Grower's Manual, The. By the late B. S
Williams. 800 pages. Numerous Illustra-
tions. 16s, 8d,

Pansies, Violas and Violets. By W. Cuthbert
son and R, Hooper Pearson. With 8 full-
page Coloured Plates from colour photo-
graphy, is. lOd.

Pansies and Violets. By D. B. Crane. Paper,
Is. 2d, ,- cloth, Is, 9d.

Peach, The Book of the. By H. W. Ward.
A Practical Handbook on the Cultivation of
Peaches <and Nectarines under Glass ,and
Out. of-doors. 2s. lOd.

Pears and Plums, The Book of. By the Rev. E.
Bartrum, D.D, Illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Pinus, The Genus. Bv George Russell Shaw.
Price £2 13s. 6d.

PlantBreeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Domestic Plants. By Prof.
L. H. Bailey. Illustrated. 8s. lid.

Plant Life. By C. A. Hall, £1 Os. 6d.

Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick
Keeble, F.R.S. Illustrated. 3s. lOd.

Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets, The
Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the
Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.

Plants and Trees, Diseases of Cultivated. Bv
George Massee. Well Illustrated. 7s. lid."

Plants, A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.

By Dr. Paul ,Sorauer. Translated by F. E.
Weiss, D.Sc, With 33 Illustrations. " 9s. 6d.

Primula, Handbook of the Hardy. By H. M.
Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
Mode of Growth and Utility of Primulas,
Is. lid.

Pruning. A Compendium of Outdoor Work, with
special chapter for Small Holders. Reprinted
from the " Fruit Trades' Journal." Illus-
trated. Is. Id.

Pruning, The Handy Book of. With Chapters
on Grafting and Budding. By James Udale,
with introduction by the Right Hon. Viscount
Cobham. New Edition, Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With preface by Sir. F. W. Moore, F.L.S.
(Tlie first popular volume published on this
subject.) 8 full-page Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Rock and Alpine Gardening. By H. Hemsley,
rockwork expert. A practical guide to the
making of Rock, Alpine, W\all and Water
Gardens. Profusely Illustrated. Is. 3d.

Rock Gardens. By Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. .1. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S,
Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is, lOd.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture, Contains
500,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late Alex-
ander Dean, Contains 8 full -page Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Rose, The Book of the. By Rev. A. Foster
Melliar, M.A. Illustrated. New Edition.
5s. Sd.

Roses. By H. R. Darlington. Contains 8 full-
page Coloured Plates. 2s. lid.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
W^eathers. Description, Culture, Propaga
t.ion. Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations
5s. 4d,

Roses in Pots. By Wm, Paul. Ninth Edition
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation ol
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other
wise. 2s. 2d,

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and Under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper, Is. lOd.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W, Irving and
R. A, Malby, A practical work on the Cul-
ture of .Saxifrages, Well Illustrated in
Colour and Half-tones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc
tion to the Scientific Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. 5s. 5d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN.
41. "Wellington Street, Covent Garden,

W.C. 2

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/ THIRD X
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SATUKDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1917.

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For CONTENTS lae page 235.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisers will please noie the pages of the
•'Gardeners' Chronicle" are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the tame week
MUSI reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

KELWAY & SON,
NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

The Roval Horticulturists,
LASGl'ORT, SOMERSET,
ate now bookinK orders for their Choice Hardy Perenmal
Mints Plant a a.louT Border this Autumn, and you
will b^ able to enjoy its exquisite beauty ior many years
without a*iy addiUoDttl exponeo or trouble.
Send measurements of your Borders.
Paconies Delpliiniums, Phloxes, Gaillkirdias, and other
Loautiful Howere, iuclnded in iheir Colour Schemes, wh.cli
provide blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to the RKTAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
• Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.
■■Plastine- supeiaedes putty. Full partiouiaie Irom
W. CAKSON & SONS. Grore Works, Batteniea. AgenU
throoiighout the country.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
I'eas Roses, Carnations. Seedlmg and Vegetable
BlBoits, &o.; post tree.— DOBBIE & 00., Royal Florists,
Edinburgh.

BARR'S CASH OLBARANOB SALE of
CHOICE D.AFI'ODILS, AprU and May flowcrmg ;
Tl'I-lPS iic. for in and outdoors. Also Bulbs lor laJge
planting's. List free.— BARK & SONS. Km? Street,
Ctfveal Garden, W.O. 2.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, South Tottemiham, N. 15.
Conservatories, Winter Gardema, Vineiiea, PeadhJhouaes,
I'orUble Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratia.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
SORWIOH ROSES.— Our now descriptive price
U«t Willi Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
post tree. - Write to-day, A. J. & 0. ALLEN, Rose
lirowem, Norwich (tor over 60 years).

GISHURST c6mP0UND has over half a
wnturv's reptita<don for effectiveness in prevent-
ing and destroying Red Spider, Scale, MeaJy Bug,
Thinip .American Blight, Green and Brown Fly, &c.
Sold in boxes about lib . 31b.. and 121b., by Deaaers
in G<i,rdon Sundries. Wholesale: PRICE'S PATENT
OANDl.E CO., LTD., Battersea, London., S.W. 11.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
• Greenhouses. &o., and Healing Engineers,
Donvcrs Street Chelsea, London, S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Western, Ixindon, Telephone: 201, Western.

HOBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,
DERIJHAM — Send for Rose OataXogue, post free.

UTTTON'S VEGETABLE SEEDS.

5 SUTTON'S FtOWEE SEEDS.

The Best.

SUTTON & SONS, Tlie King's Seedsmen,
READING.

B

S

UNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.

Our new deacriptive list is now ready, and will
sent on receipt of card.

\LP1NB STRAWBERRIES a speciality.

GEO.' BUNYABD & CO., LTD., Royal Nurseries,

liaidetone.

Growers,

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albans.

WANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old planti, suitable for stock ; ca^ or exchange.
S«i other advertisements; catalogues tree. — »'"'>°>
{ZdTv^ll^rs^. Loughborough JuncUo«, London,
S.W.

ri"^HERE is no more delightful occupation
■l for the long evenings of winter (ihan, reading.
To make up a good Are. and take in one's hand a
favoitrUe book; this repi^e^its the acme o*. """^-rt,
iJter a hard day's work. In reading, as an_ even-
thing else, it is "everyone to his taste , and
the garden enthusiast, be be professional or an-ateux,
Zl choose for Ins wuitcr e.-mii.K« :. book -1^-b -leals
wUh the subject neareet to bis l^art-tliat o( horticuU
ture Vnd un this tlienie, old, .vet ever nevv. no volume
can 'give so much and such varied inlormation wiUhin
a short compass as a bound volume of the ■' G^-'d'^""
Chronicle." Ou one iK«e it telto of the late^ discovery
in horticuttural science, amd describes the rich Mrvest
of new plants introduced into cultivation by loitrepid
nlaiit collectors from the i-cmot*st parts of Chma and
■Tibet On another puge it relates the progress of the hor-
tiovilt«ri«ts ol to^ay in the raiding o< new plants by
li5l>ridi6ation; and, again, it te.ll8 the mnantoo We-
liistory of the latest recruit to the legion of plant^pests
-nie "Gardeners' Clironicle " has been pruifang such
records for over seventy years.

4 ppLES —Wanted, from 30 to 50 bushels

^ good sound Apples, Cox's, EJenlieims, and other
eood keening varieties, for cash. Send samples; fau-
priS ^™S'-R0BERT GREEN. 28, Crawford Street, Lon-
don, W.

SEAKALE wanted; extra strong forcing
roots; any quantity.— Quote price to Box 381,
G.P.O., Maiidieeter.

1 f\t\ AAA LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

X\f\J *yf"^20s 100; Palms, Begonias, Onotons,
Draoaems, Eoees, Ei-icas, -GloxinJas Lilies, Hydrangsis,
^ ; catalogues free.-J. E. SMITH LoiKion. Fem Nur-
series, Loughborough Junctioin London-, S.W.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet rtarcis-
.=.119 fuT Grass, Shrubberies, and Wild Gardening,
153 and 2l8. 1,000 ;' selected for forcing, 25s 1,000; as
dug 13,. per bushel (2,000), 49. 6d. per peck (6O0 bulbs).
-J HANDSOOMBE, P.R.H.3., Felfcham Nurseries,
Middlesex.

WELLS' CHRYSANTHEMUM CATA-
MGUE now ready. Po* free on appUoation.— W.
WELLS & CO., Merstham, Surrey.

For Advertisement Charges lee page ill.

WATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Catalogue now ready.

WATERER'S
BULBS.— New

BRITISH GROWN

Catalogue now ready

ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES

Oatalc«ue amd Supplementary List of new and

choice viajieties now ready

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
OHOICE SHRUBS.-Catalogue free . . „ ^

All or any of the above Catalogues forwarded post
free on reoeint of name aaid addi-ess.

JOHN WATERER, SONS & ORISP, LIMITED.
The Nurseiies, Bagshot, Surre.v, and T\vytord, Berks.

" PESTITE " destroys all soil

pests (wireworme club-root, wart disease,
&c ) Vvice 10s 6d. i>er cwt., £8 per ton, oarruage paid.
— G.' LA.NG & SONS, LTD., Horaielow, Middlesex.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-
dendron Peat, free from bracken, 15s per /"rd,
6 to 18 vand tracks, bags 30s. dozen ; Loani, Leal Mould
Sihei W and Fibi^ Rhubaa* Roots (10 acres),
, unins te tOTcing 30s. 100; fruiting, 2O3. 100 ; Daw's
cSpion and H^vkes' Champagne; Sea Kale forcing
"l^mZi ^s. List. free.-J. HANDSCOMBE. The Nur.
series, Feltham, Middlesex.

PROTHEROE & MORRIS, Horticul
TDUU. M.IRKET UAIIDEN, AND ESTATB AUOTIONBERS

AKU VALuiius, 67 and 68, Oheapside, London, B.C.. and
.tt Leytoaistoa4. E. Monthly Horticultural Register had
00 a4>pJicatiO'ik

Xj^OU SALeTT market NUnSERY;

-T about 8 acres and 60,000 super feet of Glass; ex-
cclUait local m^irkets ; South of England; or a partner-
ship would be entertained witji a Itooroughiy capable
CTower with a view to ultimate purcOiase. Pruwipals
Mity dealt with.-M. H., Box 4, 41. Weliingtoo Street,
Covent Garden, W.O 2.

NURSERY, to be Let or Sold ; old estab-
li, bed house and siliop ; main road; 200ft. Glass-
houses (heated) ; acre good land : having to jam Army.-
W. PARSONS, Branston Road, Olacton .on-Sea.

BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE

SCHOOL OF HORTICULTURE, PE-NNINGTONS,
264 Oxford Road, Manchester. — Complete courses for
Bii S Senior Jnmor, Teafhers', and National Diploma
M Horticuiltural Examinations. Fees moderate.-Wnte,
SECRETARY.

PARTNERSHIP, either sex, Market Gar-
deii Fruit &o. ; 10 miles S.W. London; Dear rail,
good mar'hetfl.-bAMEEON, 47, Eflra Road, Wunbledon,

SPORTSMEN, FARMERS, HORSEMEN.
—Try OUT splemdid Yorkshire Whipcord Tweed;
wears like leatlher ; slinwerproot. 7 yards tor 21». Pat-
teims free.-BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71. Bradford.

FERNS ' FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing
Ferns, Basket Ferns, Slove and Greenhouse Ferns.
Hardv Garten Ferns; catalogues ,free.— J. E. bMllu,
Ixindon Fem Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 15, 1917.

SALES BY AUCTION,

HANWELL.

Olearance Sale of Fruit Treei and oth«r Stock.

MESSRS. PKiOTHEKOE & MORiKIS
\viB Sefll by Auctioo at the
Osterley Park Nurseries, Windmill Lane,
near Hanivell,

On Monday, Decembep 17th, at 12 o'clock,

bT order of Mr. G. Cannon, 3,600 weJl-grown Etandai-d
Bush and trained Fruit Trees of the best varieties,
includrag 1,500 Apples, 20O Tears, 400 Plums (mostly Vic.
torin), 1,100 standard and dwarf-trained Peacies and
Neotarimea, 4,000 Gold and Green Privet (3 to 5 ft.), 500
Laurels (3 to 4 ft.). Flowering and Evergreen Shrubs,
Standkard and Dworf Roees, &c. May be viewed.
Cataloguep had on tlie premises, and of the Auc-
67 and 68, Oheapside, E.O. 2.

SALES BY AUCTIOtf OF

BULBS

On Monday and Wednesday next.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, &c.

On Wednesday.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE & MORRIS,

67 and 68, CHEAPSIDE, E.C. 2.
Sixpena; in Stamps will ensure Tmh'e Catalogues.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full imrticulaTS, otherwise no
notice will be tahen of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to eend them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offlces, as all
Letters sq addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

HEAD GARDENER required, chiefly Out-
side work ; some Glass ; good cottoge ; liberal mages.
—Apply to J. W. LITTLE, Hill House, Mitcham.

WANTED, HEAD WORKING GAR-
DENEJl, Ijeginninig (A Jaaiuary ; over two at pr«-
senit ; for all-pound won-ir ; permanent ; good wages and
cottage — L B Bo.^ 18. 41, WeMimgton Street., Oovent
Garden, W.O. 2.

WANTED, good all-round HEAD WORK-
ING GARDENER ; knowledge of Outdoor Pniit
Culture esseetial ; smaHi Vinerj'.— -Apply, with references,
to AGEXr, Bisbrook Hall, Uppingham, Rutland.

WANTED, good WORKING HEAD
GARDENER; wages 30s.., coal and very good
house.— Write all parlicnila.r8 to MRS. JEFFREYS, Sher-
woods, Winohfleld,

WANTED, GARDENER; ineligible, mar-
ried ; wife help as cook and workiii^ housekeeper
to two bachelors, girl an<l other help given; man good
all-round ; take charge of cow, horse, goats, and pigs
must be willing, obliging, good temper ; no grumbler
make himself useful ; first-claas references indispensable
rooms, fire, and garden. State lowest combined Kalar>'
expected ; country Kent.— Write, " GARDENER," c/o
Seeg, 289, Regent Street, London, W.

TITANTED, GARDENER, for Lady Stu-

* ■ dents^ Hostel ; 2-acre GaaxieJi, f utrnaces ; man or
wxMnan, jnarried or eisngle. can^ be arranged for, but
Dhere is work for wife if desired. — St. Midhael'«, Grove
Park. S.E. 12.

"WANTED, SINGLE MAN, ineligible, for

' ' Outside G.Tirden; work ; one able to take Sunday
duty ; overtime paid.— ParticuLirs of e.tperience to H.
KING, Stevenstone Gardens, Torrington. N. Devon.

T^TANTED, MAN ; married or single ; able

' ' to take Bole chai-ge of Plants and Tomatos under
Glass.- OHAS. LOUOH, ColbuiT House, Tott«in, Soutlh-
anipton.

MARRIED OOUPLiE wanted for country
cottage. 20 miles from London, between Bick-
mansworth and Gerrards Cross ; to live in house during
winter months and in cottage close by during summer ;
man to act as Gardener ; a few poultJO', and possibly
pony and trap to be looked after in eummer ; wife to
act as cook when owner in residence for week-ends
dui'ing winter, and to assist in house during summer. —
Write, HUNTER TOD, 11, Upper Wimpole Street, W. 1.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER; ineli-
gjble ; tt» work under Head ; single ; good lodgiiig
^aiii be had cliose to Gardens; wages 30s. per week.—
Apply by letter to MAXWELL, Great Ck>mp, Borough
Green,

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER ; mar-
ided or isdngle ; ini^igible ; good cottage or Bobby,
milk and TegeLables, general work, chiefly Outside. —
Apply, stalling age, wages, &c., to T. HERBERT, Tilstone
Lodge Gardens, Tairporle}', CQieshire.

WANTED, UNDER GARDENER;
Kitdheii Gaiiden and Hardy Firuit; cottage pro-
vided.— Apply, stating wages land experience, COOK, Sun.
doable Castle Gajxlens, Shrewsbury.

T\/^ANTED, FOREMAN (Inside) ; also

^^ JOURNEYMAN; ineUgible or disdharged soldiers;
wages 30&. amd 20s. a week, witli Bothy and attendance.
— S. POPE, Holniewood Gardens, Langton Green, Tun-

hridge Wells.

WTANTED, FOREMAN (Inside) or good

'' JOURNEYMAN; wages 30s., Bothv. &c. ; four in
B<.tb>-.— E. BRISTOW, Leyswood Gardens. Groombridge,
Tuiibmidge Wells.

TirANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for a first-

'* elass establislunent, near London; an ineligible
man or discliarged soildjer preferred; attractive wages
ixiid.— Apply, in; the first place, to JOHN PEED & SON,
The King's Seedsmen, Weat Norwood, S.E.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for Houses;
wages 21s., Bothy; also IMPEOVEE, wages 18s..,
Bothy, &o. ; ineligible— Apply, J. HOWARD, Benham
Valence Gardens, jfewbury.

"WANTED, JOURNEYMAN (Inside

' " and Out); Botliy, vegetabQies; duty every third
Sunday. — Apjidy, stating \^■ages, to O. EARL, Somci'hill
Gardens, Tonbridge, Kent

Ty^^TED, WOMAN GARDENER, to

* ' take ohajge of Glasshouses under Head Gar-
dener ; must have previous knowledge and experience.
State age and wages required, witli board, dodging, and
laundrj-.— Appdy to MRS. INGHAM WHITAKER, Gray-
sliott Hall, Hindliead, near Haslemere, Surrey.

WANTED, MARRIED COUPLE ; man to
work in Vegetable Gajxlens ; to live in. Gar-
den?.— For further iparficuJars apply to ^^SS TIOE, Head
Gairdener, Eastliompstead Park Gardens, Wokingham.

T\rANTED, a LADY GARDENER for In-

* * side and Out; Bpthv, 21s,, duty extra ; a beginner
would suit if ihealtliy and 'willing to learn.— SMITH, Gar-
dener, Bookhoni Gi^ve, BooMiam, Surrey'.

■WANTED, LADY GARDENER ; trained

■ ' Inside and Out ; work with ladigs ; live in. State
wages, references.— MISS D. HASELL, Bacre Lodge, Pen-
ritJi.

T ADY GARDENERS wanted ; all suited

■*-^ entirely free otf charge. Head and Under for (1)
Heafta ; 55s., vegetaWea, coal, and good rooms ; old man
and boy kept. Souithiampt^m ; good dejil Glass; 2 men
kept. Near Maidenhead ; Forewoman and Under wianted ;
303., good Bothy, ve^tritbles ; Head Man and 6 Undere
kept ; Glass. Unders for (I) Norfolk ; Head Lady tliere
seait by us; In and Outside work; 20s. and furnished
oottage. (2) Somerset; Head Man kept; able to drive and
milk ; good trainiiing given in Glass and Fruit. (3) Near
Wind[Sf>r: good Head kept : must unrlci^and Glass. — MRS.
HUNT. LTD., 86, High Street, Morylebone, W. 1.

TITANTED, young WOMAN GARDENER ;

' * excellent oppoi^xmity for acquiring gneral know-
ledge ; no Bothy, but comfortable lodgings ; wages ac-
i?oMing to experience. — Particulans to TAYLOR, The
Gamdens, Framewood, Stoke Poges, Bucks.

TirANTED, WOMAN UNDER GAR-

' I DEXER ; strong ; ex(jei-ieaice<I ponies, chickens,
goats (milking) ; live cottage. — Apply, MRS. LITTLE,
Whi'tohiU, BJechingley, Surrey.

T^ANTED, MAN or WOMAN (single) for
" * Dairy and Poultry wort. Please state wages re-
quired.—HEAD GAEDENEH, Fulwdl Park, Twickenham,
S.W.

WANTED, in good Garden, a well-experi-
en.cecl I.MPROVEH for Inside; age 17; wages £1
weeW^y, with Bothy, &c. ; 7s. for duty every third or
fouTtli week ; 6d. per hour overtdnie ; 1 o'clock Satur-
days.—Apply, H. LLOYD, Tewin Water Gardens, Wel-
wyn, Herts.

T\7" ANTED, Two IBIPROVERS (Inside),

' ' 15 to 17 ; wages 18s., Botliy, &c. ; duty and over-
time paid.— W. J. EARL, The Gar<lens, Tianby Oroft,
Hull'

WANTED, IMPROVER, age 16-17 ; wages
22b., with Botihy, milk, and vegetables; Sumdaiy
duty paid; 1 o'clook Satiirdiiys.— GARRATT, OanweH
HiiU Gardens. Sutton Coldtield, 'BLrmingliam.

WANTED, Two YOUTHS; about 16;
wages 18s. peir week, Botihy, milk, vegetiibles, &o. ;
Sunday djuty paid. — J. McOOMBIE, Smallwood Manor Gar-
dens, UttoLseter, Sbaffa.

WANTED, LAD, about 16, for Inside and
Out; taJte duty; wages 20s. -per week, Botliy and
vegetables.— J. L. WATERMAN, The Giirdens, Syndale,
Faversham.

TRADE.

E.\PERIMEJWAL ST.4TI0N, OHESHUNT, HERTS.

EXPERIENCED and careful GARDENER
required eai'ly in the New Year to take charge
of sii expea-imental Tomato Houses (about 5^000 pkinte),
and to ciilitiviate according to tlie instructions of the
Director. Experience in a Market Nursery ia not easen-
tiail ; help given with picking, stoldng, &c. Only those
ineligihie for military service need oipp'ly. Appldcatione,
enclosing copies of two recent testimonials, should be
received by the DIRECTOR (from whom fiu-ther partiou-
ki^ra can be obt^ained) not later than December 29.

WANTED, a PROPAGATOR and
GROWER, witlh a knowledge of Ououjnbers amd
Toiniatos and Pot Plants. — Please sitate wages required,
witJi copy of testimonials (pemnanent place) to A., Box
19, 41, WeBington, Street, Coven* Garden. W.C. 2-

W ANTED, a GROWER; experienced in
Cuiiuimbers, Toniatog, and Chrj-santhemums. —
Plea.se state wages re-juired, with copies of testimonials,
to B., Box 17, 41, Welling*o«i Street, Covent Garden,
W.O. 2

\YANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, in-

* " eligible for Army, for small branch Nursery ;
Pajlms, Ferns, and Tomatos grown ; good courtage and
firing found.— State age, wages, and exiwrience to E.
OURRY, WliiteliaiU Lane Nurserj'", Chingford, Essex.

WANTED, Smart, Active GREENHOUSE
FOREMAN for North Country Nursery; ineld-
gible for Ai-my. — State age, expea-ience, references, and
wages aske*! to NORTH, Box I?., 41, WeJliiigtodl Street,
Covent Gairden, W.C. 2.

Tl/'ANTED, HARDY PLANT FOREMAN.

' ' — Apph', statjng full particulars, age, experience,
and wages required, " FOREMAN," Box 1, 41. Wellington
Street, Oovent Gajden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, iminediaiely, experienced
GARDENER for Greemhouse Department. —
WTtte, state k'i.ge, expeiieucei, wiages required, to
JAME.S CARTER & CO., The Nurseries, Houston,
R<xid, Forest HiU, S.E. 23.

\YANTED, SEED ASSISTANT; ineli-

" ^ gible. — I'lease give particulars of experience and
salan- required to JOH.N" PEED & SON, Seedsmen, West
Norwood, S.E. 27.

"WANTED, PACKER, for Plants, Seeds

• » and Bulbs.— Please apply, giving particulars of
experience and salary required, to JOHN PEED & SON,
Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E. 27.

"PEMALE GARDENER required for Lon-

-*- don Florist, work. — Apply, stating age, experience,
and wages required io WILLS & SEGAR. Royal Exotic
Nur^eiy, Onslow Oi-escent, South Kensington.

Y^rANTED, pushing MAN, to help work

in every wray a small Nursen', under Glass ; Fires,
&c. ; speciality Out Fooage ; wages 40j. to 45s.— CHIPPER.
FIELD, Hampton Hill, Middlesex.

T^ANTED, young LADY FLORIST; fill

" ' in i-i>are tipie with Seeds. — Particulars of qualifioa-
tioiis :md wages rijquired to W. THOMAS PERKINS,

Flon.* and Seed MercJiajit, Kettering.

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words fop 16, and 6d. for each

.succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

PRIVATE.

i?J_ARDENER (Head), where several are
^^ kept ; thiM-ougb experienee in liarge establishments
where Finjit, Vegetables, and Flowers are weill grown;
good manager of Garden and Estate work ; age 48. — ^F.
BENN'ETT, Mapiehurst, Woodliouse Eaves, Loughborough.

^ARDENER (Head) seeks re-engagement
^-^ in a good establitflimemit ; lai-ge and varied experi-
ence in all brooiches; 11 years in pireseait place ; age 44;
jmirried (3 children). State wages.— G. B., Box 16, 41,
Weifldngton Gti-eet, Oovent Gaoden^ W.C. 2.

Decembeb 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

GARDENER (Head) or Gardener and
Sm^ Eswte ILintigement where required ; life
expeheiK-e in all branches. Inside and Out ; early and
late forcing ; several yekirs Head in gcxiil families ; tho-
roug-hly reliable; highly recormnended : married (no
children). — WOODHOUSE, Possingworth Gardens, Oross-
inrHaind, Sussex.

GARDENER (Head) seeks engagement in
good establashment, where several ai'e kept ; could
manage small estate ; highly recommended by laite em-
ployer after 11 years' service; left through place bemg
sold; married; age 49.— C. BAULK, 9a, Midmoor Road,
B.i(Lham, London, S.W.

GARDENER (Head) ; thorouglily compe-
tent m all branches; Land. Stock, I'lmber Repairs,
and General Estate Work if required ; life experience
in first-class establishments. — C. J. D.. 108, Wiverton
Road, Sydenham, S.E. 25.

GARDENER (Head Woeking) seeks situa-
tion ; life experience in aJl branches ; over military
age) ; married ttwo children) ; excellent references.
State wages.— REX N"IE, Leaside. Hertingfordb»rr>-, Herts.

MR. ROGERS, Wotton Gardens, Ayles-
bury, can highly recommend a GARDENER, aged
55, for a good place ; id years as Head ; a good all-round
man ; well up in early forcing and general routine, In-
eide and Out. Please state terms to above.

ADVERTISER, with 20 years' experience

-^~*- in the management of Landed Property, Woods,
Farms, Gardens, seeks engagement, temporary or ofaher-
wise ; higheet credentials can be furmshed ; moderate
salary if permitted to give outside advice. — A., Box 14,
41, \Vellington Stireet, Oovent Garden, W.O. 2.

SITUATION required as FOREMAN in
iajrge establishment, mwier good Head ; eiyht years'
practical experience in Plant and Fruit Culture; college
trained.— MISS HEBDITCH. Grimsdyke, Harrow Weald.

VOUNG WOMAN (Danish) seeks post by

-^ January, under exp. Head Gardener, Iiiside or
Out as required ; accustomed to duty and stocking. —
Please state particulaJB to MISS HANSEN, The Gordeim,
Ashhj St. Ledger, Rugby.

VOUNG LADY requires Post under Head

•^ GATclener ; one year's experience in large vicarage
garden ; good references ; Lanes, preferred. — MISS
BUOKLEY, Tilery Cottages, near Longton, Staffordshire.

TRADE.

MANAGER, market or retail; life experi-
ence Oucumberf?, Tomatos, Chrrsanthemume,
Foms, Soft-wooded and Bedding Stutl, Bulb Forcing, &c. ;
also Outside Fruit, Vegefat»k-3, Salads, J:c. ; married ;
age 45; not eligible. — K. A., Box 13, 41, Wellington
Street, Corent Garden, W.O. 2.

The Gardeners' Chronicle.

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisement* intended for insertion in the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 8. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0

Facing matter and Haok Page ... „ „ 12 12 O

Half and quarter pn^eB, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

£ 8. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns _ ... 14 0

Per inch, across 3 columns „. ... ... 110

Front page (no display allowed) 1/- per line space,

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For dtacoDOta apply to address below.

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and 6d. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 15, 1917.

TURF LOAM.

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For VINE BORDERS, CAKKATIONS,
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IT IS THE
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December 15. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

235

No. 1616.— SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Comma, th«, i.i botani-
cal names . . .. )i
Edinburgh, new plants at i
Farm, crops and stock on

the home . . . . S

Farmyard manure . . i
Food production. . ,. i
Food production, gn in*

Allotments .. .. '
Ground operations . . t
Mu hrooras .. ,. '.
Potato trial . . , . !
Sugar Beet .. .. !

Fruiting trees and shrubs ;

Fruit register —
Peach Marquis of
Downshire . . .. '.

Fruit trees, gift of, for
Franoe . . , . . . ;

Gardeners, seventeenth
and eighteenth century '.

Mushrooms, dear .. I

National Union of Allot-
ment Holders . . .. '.

Obituary

Hope, James E. .. S

Plant, the effect of one
on another . . .. !

Primula sinopurpurea .. '

Raftla and camouflage .. '.

Red Currants, a revision
of the ;

Rhododendrons, planting '.

Root crop yields for 1917 '

Societies-
Royal Horticultural . . '.
Southampton Royal
Horticultural . . i

Stable manure for army
camps .. .. .. :

Trees and shrubs-
Flowering shrubs in
Wiltshire .. ,. !

Trials at Wisley .. ,. :

Week's work, the—
Flower garden, the .. 1
Fruits under glass .. !
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the .. !
Orchid houses, the .. '.
Plants under glass .. :

Women's National Land
Service Corps .. .. '

Wood pigeons . .

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Currant Vict«)ria, '^6; Fertility 237

Primula sinopurpurea "241

SOME 17th AND 18th CENTURY
GARDENERS. - .•■:^:

THE hi.story of gardening must largely
consist of a piecing together of many
shreds. The subject is so full of
ramifications, and spreads over so many
centuries, that the gathering of the multi-
tude of data is a matter of time, patience
and research. Every student may con-
tribute his share to the building of the
fabric by taking up some unexplored line
of research and by publishing the results
of his inquiries. A complete history of
the subject may be written eventually, and
the future historian 'vill be assisted by
such details as can bo brought to light in
the meantime.

I have been able to glean a good many
facts concerning gardeners of the 17th
and 18th centuries from one of the most
useful books of biographical reference ever
printed — the six large octavo volumes
published by the Harleian Society from
1899 to 1901, and generally known as
Musgrave's Ohifuary. This stupendous
compilation, which deals almost exclu-
sively with British names, was the work
of sir William Musgrave (17.35-1800); it
remained in MSS. for nearly a century,
and is now in the British Museum. Mus-
grave extracted his obituary notices from
many hundreds of volumes, among others
the Gentleman' s Magazine, and biographi-
cal memoirs of all kinds. Musgrave ob-
served no definite system of selection, but
took whatever notices were printed, and
threw the whole into an alphabetical ar-
rangement. His system had the supreme
advantage of preserving for us a very
large number of names of men and women
who, in a general way, were not celebri-
ties, except perhaps in the minor walks
of life. His volumes, as edit-ed by Sir
fJeorge J. Armytage, enumerate over
60,000 names, and give references to the

original sources of ajuthority, where in
most cases further and often very impor-
tant additional information may be found.
Tlie work, in fact, may be described as an
index to English obituary notices from the
earliest times to the end of the year 1799.
There are some hundreds of names
which are of interest to students of the
history of horticulture and botany. This
interest is naturally of a very varied
character ; and many gardeners are here
recorded, not because they were famous for
their technical skill, but for some extra-
neous reasons. For instance, to take the
earliest name I have extracted : a certain
Trestram who was a gardener at Brent-
ford, Middlesex, and who died in 1619,
at the age of about 76 years. He is en-
shrined in Fuller's Worthies of England,
1684, and in Winstanley's Lives of the Most
Eminent Persons in the English Nation,
1660, and his title to notice is that,
being " seized with an extreme fever and
violent inflammation of the lungs, re-
covered after the loss of 60 ozs. of blood
in three days " ; he was under the care of
Dr. Theo. Deodate, physician to Prince
Henry and Lady Elizabeth, and to have
been attended by a Royal medical man
shows that Mr. Trestram was a personage
of some importance. In the same year —
1619 — we have the record of the death of
another gardener, Vincent Corbet, who has
a double title to fame, first because he was
the father of Richard Corbet (1.582-16.35).
successively Bishop of Oxford and Nor-
wich, and secondly, because his virtues
have been immortalised in a fine epitaph
by Ben Jonson. He lived at Twickenham,
and was famous for his nurseries and
plantations of trees. Jonson tells us :

" His mind as pure and neatly kept
As were his nurseries,"
and his own son, the Bishop, who ranks
as a poet, further informs us :

" Years he lived well-nigh fourscore.
Hut count his virtues he lived more."

The Corbet.s, moreover, have another
intert-it for us to-day, for Peter Corbet,
'' a descendant and worthy representative,
bating the point of sanctity, of old, face-
tious Bishop Corbet," figures in Charles
Lamb's " Character of the Late Elia."

We may conveniently group together the
names of the various men recorded by Mus-
grave who acted as gardeners to the Royal
family. At the head of these in point of
time is John Rose, who died on September
11, 1677, aged 58. He was chief gardener
to Charles II., and in the Royal collection
there is a portrait of him presenting the
first Pineapple cultivated in England to
the King. He is a familiar figure in the his-
tory of English gardening. In 1738 the
London Magazine records the death, " of
a dropsy, at his hou.se at Kensington," of
Charles Bridgman, " gardener of all his
Majesty's Royal gardens, a place of con-
siderable profit." A notice of him appears
in Johnson's History of Gardening, and in
the first supplement of the Dictionary of
National Biography. He was succeeded by
a Mr. Dent, concerning whom history is
silent, and whose reign was apparently not
long, for in the Gentleman's Eegister of

1749, the King'* " master gardeners " are
entered as Sam. Milward at Kensington
and St. James's, and George Lowe at
Hampton Court. In 1757 (September 2)
the death occurred of Thomas Greening,
gardener to George II., and his widow
died at Turnham Green in June, 1781,
aged 70. The above-named George Lowe
remained at Hampton Court until his
death on November 24, 1758; and six
years later (September 8, 1764) there was
another death in the Royal gardens in Mr.
Brian, who was kitchen gardener to
tlie King. Evidently living in retirement
at Molesey, and not far from the scene of
his active labours, was Mr. Pettit, " master
gardener at Hampton Court to King
George I." (who died in 1727), and here
he died on March 9, 1771 ; and another
veteran passed away on September 10,
1772, in Mr. Sheppard, "gardener to the
King," at the great age of 109.

A num,ber of my extracts are of men
who, like the last-named, were centen-
arians. John Storey, gardener to the
Duke of Bedford, who died on April 9,
1770, reached the age of 105 years ; Archi-
bald Nisbet, of Aughtvfarmale, Co.
Lanark (June 21, 1792)," aged 103; a
Bristol gardener of the name of Hobbes
(1763), aged 107; an Exeter gardener,
John Jackson (July 17, 1764), aged 113;
R. Ashley, of Streatham (June 7, 1782),
" late gardener to Mr. Stallard," aged
100; John Hammond, of Maidstone (May,
1789), aged 100, " the oldest Freeman and
inhabitant of Maidstone " ; Anthony
Noble, gardener to Henry Bevan, Esq.,
of Milltown, Ireland (May, 1790), aged
115; and, older than all, John Watson,
park-keeper at Limehouse, Cheshire
(April, 1778), aged 130. It may be ques-
tioned if all these centennial claims could
withstand severe testing. The 18th cen-
tury was an age of easy faith in such
matters.

Southwark to-day does not suggest
either nurseries or gardens, yet two cen-
turies or more ago it must have been an
agreeable suburb of the City. What was
formerly Kent Street, and is now Tabard
Street, is full of historical associations ;
it was the route taken by Chaucer's pil-
grims, and through it the Black Prince
conducted the captive French King; but
in the 18th century Smollett described it
as " a most disgraceful entrance to such
an opulent city." It was near Kent Street
Turnpike, on' October 11, 1736, that a
florist of the name of Jones came to an
accidental death. He had, according to
the Gentleman' s Magazine, " several times
been robbed of valuable flower roots," and
"had provided a gun with several wires
to the trigger that when touched would
go off," and scare the intending thieves;
he unfortunately forgot the trap which he
had set for others, and fell a victim to
his own contrivance. Ten years later
(June 17, 1746), we read of the death of
Richard Atltinson, gardener, of South-
wark, at the age of 90, " worth £30,000."
He was probably a gentleman who resided
in the district, who made a hobby, rather
than a business, of gardening. Rother-
hithe, too, has its horticultural celebrity

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Decembeb, 15, 1917.

in John Warner (he died February 24, 1760,
aged 86), who lived in Eftsit Lan-e; he is de-
scribed as " a gentleman eminent for his skill
in the most curious articles, of horticulture." I
identify him with the Warner mentioned in
Hns^hson's History and Survey of London, as
having attempted to restore the cultivation of
vineyards in England. ' Observing that Bur-
gundy Grapes ripened early, and conceiving that
they mdght be grown in England, Mr. Warner
obtained some cuttings which he planted as
standardis, and, 'although the soil was not par-
ticularly good, he, with care and skill, was so
successful that he obtained crops so ample that

hnve tJie record of the death of -"William
Smith Esq., a curious florist," at South Lam-
beth, probably a private resident with a large
garden rather than a tradesman. Another
"eminent florist," a Mr. Dennet, died in the
same parish on April 18, 1739; and in Novem-
ber, 1743, the London Magazine announced the
death of a Mr. Kingman, "Master of the Arti-
choke Alehouse in Lambeth Marsh, and the most
eminent fiorisl in England." The combination
of the two callings of publican and florist is dis-
tinctly unusual, but it is not unique ; for in-
stance, in that somewhat scandalous little book.
Memoirs of the Green Room, 1814, we are told

[Brawn hy Miss Fr

Fig. 90. — red currant victoria (i nat. size).
(See p. 237.)

Bunyard.

it afforded him upwards of 100 gallons an-
nually, and he furnished cuttings to growers in
many other parts of England. The memory of a
famous botanist is recalled by the announcement
of the death at Stratford in March, 1781, of
Jolm Morrison, "an ingenious botanist" and
principal gardener to Dr. John Fothergill (who
liimseli died in the December previously), whos )
celebrated garden was at West Ham. Fothjr-
gill's name is to be found in most biographical
djctionaries, but that of Morrison, to whom
probably Fothergill owes much of his fame as a
botanist, may be sought in vain.

Lambeth's celebrity for ite gardens and
nurrtrios is well known, and in March, 1738, we

that the Drua'y Lane actor, Mr. Penson, was the
son of a nurseryman and seedsman, who also
kept the Red Lion Inn at Chester. At least one
of Lambeth's nurserymen developed into a very
big swell indeed, for Thomas James, of Cuper's
Bridge, Lambeth (opposite Somerset House),
who died on January 2, 1791, was in the Com-
mission of the Peace for Surrey, and Sherifi of
that county in 1774. Islington had a nursery-
man in William Watson, wlio died on January
29, 1793, aged 75 ; Brompton, one of many in
Joseph Ku-ke (July 1, 1791) ; and at Molesey
John ViUet (April 1, 1769) is described as
"famous for raising Pineapples." Two of our
names are of gardeners who died from the effects

of dog-bites, Abrahajn Spencer at Twickenham,
1747, and Mr. Jackson at Fuihajn, 1778 ; Joseiph
Longlh'unst, a CheiUsey gardener, who died June .
12, 1769, aged 69.

London seedsmen figure somewhat promi-
nently in my lista, and most of these had shops
in the Strand. The earliest of these was "J.
Foster, Esq.," "formerly a seedsman in the
Strand," who died at an advanced age at
Cheshunt, Herts, January 2, 1781. Both Mr.
Feme (of Feme and Thatcher, seedsmen andi net
makers, 147, Fleet Street) and his wife died
within nine hours of one another on March 30,
1782. Two years later (November 5, 1784) we
have the announcement of the death of Warren
Luker, seedsman and nurseryman, of City Road
Alexander Eddie, the founder of the firm of
Eddie and Dupin, seedsmen, of 68, Strand (in
1783 the firm was Eddie, Taylor, and Chambers,
and in 1795 Wright and Beck), died at Lamibetli
May 3, 1788. Charles Minder, the founder of
one of the longest lived firms of seedsmen in
London, at 63, Strand, died at Kew on March
22, 1790, the firm existing untiil our own Itimeis.

Two at least of our names may rank as those
of pioneers, if the claims of those who wrote
their obituary notices hold good. For a Mr.
Evane, of ICilbroyth, Montgomeryshire (May,
1774), it is stated that he first inta'oduced the
culture of Tui-nips into Wales ; whilst for Henry
Prentice, who died at Edinburgh, Januairy 24,
1788, a.ged' 85, the claim is adviuioed that it was
he who first introduced the cultivation of
Potatos into Scotland. It is Very difficult
to accept lthii£ statement. A seleidtion of
other names can only be dealt with briefly.
Thomas Engeham, a gardener, who died at Can-
tei'bury, March 4, 1792, claimed to be a lineal
descendant of Sir Thomas Engeliam, of Good-
neston, Kent, who died in 1611, and of whom an
account appears in Hasted'e Kent, Vol. III.
From Frome, in Somersetshire, came the an-
nouncement of the death, on March 24, 1774, of
John Moody, " an ingenious florist," who " won
the prize at the Florists' Feast for upwards of
thirty years past." The death of another note-
worthy man, Mr. Close, gardener to John FuUer,
Esq., of Rosehill, Sussex (January, 1788), "re-
markable for his skill in the management of
hot-houses," calls for notice, not so much for
what he accomplished as for the extraordinary
man by whom he was employed — " Jack Fuller,"
as he was generally called. Fuller, who died in
1834, was a stormy petrel in Parliament. He was
committed to the Tower for insulting the
Speaker, and on (receiving an offer from Pitt of
a peerage is reported to have thrown the letter
into the fire, exclaiming " Jack Fuller I was
born, and Jack Fuller I will die." He was a
.patron of Turner, the artist, and erected an
observatory and several ornamental buildings in
his park and gardens, where Turner painted
several pictures. Some account of .Tack Fuller
wa.5 published in the Times of March 19 and 23,
1908 ; and if a,ll the stories which have been told
of " Jack Fuller " are true, Mr. Close, as hid
gardener, could not have lived in a bed of Roses.
W. Roberts.

FRUIT REGISTER.

A GOOD LATE PEACH.

It may interest some who are contemplating
plamtLng Peaich trees this autumn to know of a
first-rate variety which is, I think, very
little cuMavated. I purchased trees some 25
years ago from Messrs. J. Voiitch and Sons,
under the name of Marquis of Downsiire. This
tree is still producing good crops in an unheated
house facing west. When the tree is not heavily
cropped the fruits are of large size and good
colour, and, Tvhat ds often lacking in late
Peaches, of good flavour. Some years I ha,ve
realised 12s. per dozen for the fruits in Covent
Garden late in Septemiber, W. Peters.

Decembeb 15. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

287

A REVISION OF THE_RED CURRANTS.

(Concluded from page 232.)
THE DUTCH GROUP.
These varieties of the Dutch group have
flow6i"s of the vulgai-e tj^pc, and the leaf 'is large
aiid rather like Versailles 'in poise tout lighter
green in colouir, neaiiy all being a lighlt pea-
greein.

Dutch. Sjiifi. Old Duitoh, Red Champagne,
Goliatt. — Floicers. — Vulgare type, rathej? large,
slight ring, greenish-yellow ; seipaJs apart, petals
wedge-shaped, buds quite green, rachis glabrous.
Leaves. — Young slightly brown, rather hairy
in this stage, adult, Pea-green, rather large,
upward folded, but not so much as Scotch,
boldly serrate.

Fruit. — Bunches long, stem long, often 1^
inch, fruits medium size, pedicels short, rather
stiff, so that the fruit is held to one side, calyx
rather prominent.
Season, — Medium.

Buds. — Bound pointed, well away, slightly
hairy.

Growth. — Vigorous, rather upright. Very free
cropping.

Orif/in. — A Dutch Currau't has been known
for several centuries, but it is impossible to say
if it is this one. The variety I have described
I have received f'rom many sources, all labelled
a,s Dutch, so there is little doubt that it is
1,'enerally known •under this name. The C'urirajit
known om the Continent as Dutch is Prince
AtbeJt, described in the Petraeum group.

Uteecht. — Flowers. — Vulgare type, pale yel-
low, sepals well apart, liardly folding back,
petaJfi wedge-shaped, rachis slightly downy and
mth a few dlark glandular hairs.

Leaves. — Young state slightly brown tinted,
adult yellowish green, a little upward folded.

Fruit.- — Bunch medium, stem quite half total
length of bunch, rachis very stout, slightly
downy, fruits hang loosely.

5urf.?.— Rather small, dull brown, close to
wood, very slightly hairy.
Season. — Medium.

Growth. — Strong spreading, intemodes rather
short.

Orltjin.—TJnVnawii.

This useful Currant is at first sigiht very like
the Dutch, but the long stem of the bunch and
the more spreading growth ser^-e to distinguish
it from the type variety.

PEBfEfrnoK. (Laxton). — Flowers. — Vulgare
t_\'T)e, green, sepals overlapping, petals T-shaped,
raohis almost glabrous.

Leaves. — In young state slig^htly brown tinged,
adult grevish green, very rugose.

Fruit. — Bunch very long, berries very large,
of even size, held laxly, rachis unusually stout
and keeps preen.

Season. — Mid to late.

Buds. — ^Rather small, roundish, dark brown,
away.

Growth. — Very stout and vigorous.
Oriqin. — Raised bv Messrs. Laxton Brothers
and introduced in 1910. This proves to be the
finest Currant of recent years, as the fruit is
large without special culture, keeps a bright red
even at the end of August, and is extremely
prolific. From the character of the leaves it
seems to be of the Dutch type cro.ssed with
Raby Castle. The American varirtv of the
same name de.scribed under the Versailles group
is quite different, and with me greatly inferior.
Sktnvf.r's Karly. — This resembles the Dutch
very clo.'ielv but is earlier ; the bunches d'O not
have the long st«m of Dutch, the rachis turns
yellow and the fruits decrease dm size, more to
the end of the bunoh. A distinct and vigorooi!
variety much grown in Kent for early market
US'!. Origin uncertain, but probably rai-sed in
Kent.
VARTKTIRR OUTSTDK THE ^GROUPS.
Knight's Red. — There are several Currants '
tMfl name in commerce, but they have proved

so different, varieties of the petraeum, ruibrum
and vulgare groups all bearing this name, that I
ihave !been unaible to sedect any one as the -true
tj^pe.

The varieties described below are ' ' mono
typic," and do not fit in to any of the groups
previously described.

Victoria (see fig. 90). Syns., Wilson's Long
Bunich, Hougbtom Castle (in eiTor), Dang-
Itraubige, A longue grappe.

Flowers. — Vulgare type, ring marked, sepals
well apart, petals markedly wedge-sha.ped, rachis
almost glabrous, buds green.

Leaves. — Brownish tinge when young, adult a
little yellowish, held flat and very lax and ir-
regular, petioles long.

quite greeniish-yellow, sepals not touching, much
folded back, petals wedge-shaped, sJiigihtly
downy, with a fcjw glaiidular hairs.

Leaves. — Young state, yellowish-green and
malt, with faint brown tinge, later they are very
dark green, rugose, held nearly flat, coriaceous.

Fruit. — Bunches rather long, berries large, of
even size.

Season. — Early.

Buds. — Pointed, a little away, slightly hairy.

Growth. — Rather spreading.

A very distinct variety, one of the earliest to
start growth, and by its dark green coriaceous
leaves stands out as distinct from any other
kind. Frorai the leaves alone one would
suspect a petraeum x vulgare cross, but no

[Drawn by Hiss Frances Bunyard.
Fig. 91, — red currant fertility (i nat. size).

Fruit. — Bunch long, but the stem is unusually
long, often 2 inches, making it appear longer
than it really is. Rachis glabrous, turns yellow,
berries inclined to be held to one side.

Season. — Very late.

Buds. — Remarkably long and thin, dark
brown, away, glabrous.

Growth. — Very straggling and uneven. Moder-
ately fertile.

Origin. — I have not been able to discover the
origin of this variety, but it is probably wel'
over 100 years old'.

This cannot be the Victoria which was con-
fused with Raby Castle, and I expect May's Vic-
toria was probably Houghton Castle. The stock
of this variety seems fairly true.

La TuRiNOiSE. — Floioers. — Vulgare type,

evidence of this is found in any other part of
tho plant.

Fertility (see fig. 91). Syns. Le Fentile, A gros
Fruit Rouge.

Flowers. — Vulgare type, sepals well apart,
irnich turned back, petals slightly wedged, eye a
little red.

Leaves. — Young, decidedly brownish, very
early starting. Adult, pale green.

Fruit. — Bunches remarkably long, often as
many as 25 flowers, rachis slightly woolly, berries
held on one side. Season. — Late.

Buds. — Small, round, a little away, scales
edged hairs, dark chestnut-brown.

Growth. — Moderate, upright.

Quite the longest bunch in my collectinii,
E. A. Bunyard.

238

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Becembek 15, 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

GROUND OPERATIONS.
On p. 200 Mr. C, Davis seeans to imply that
he Relieves it to be good policy to dig light
groiuid early. On p. 215 Mr. J. Paaoe stetes
tliat the digging of light soils early is a misibake.
Which advice is the more sound ? I believe that
of Mr. Paice to ibe correct ; certainly it is jhe
practice most generally followed. There may
be occasional times when the accepted methods
of dealing with soils may seem at fault — some
peculiarity of texture requires tliat the rule sha.ll
be reveopsed. But 99 out of every .100 times
there can be no doubt it is best to trench
heavy land as early in the season as possible.
When heavy groTind! ds dug rains pass
away more quickly, air has a longer time to per-
meate the moved layers, and frosts, winds, amd
sun, effect a disintegrating influence on the mass.
Some gardeners when trenching or digging heavy
soils omit to break or loosen up the soil in the
bottom of the trencli, which 'makes all the dif-
ference to the rcondition of the top soil. Light
soils should not be prepared 'until spring ,is a,p-
proaching, because they do not require the same'
disintegrating process as heavy land, and also
'because there is the danger of valuable food
.being washed away in the drainage water. C.
Turner.

ALLOTMENTS.

It is eissenitial tlhat there should be a large
increase in the numbeo- of allotments tliroughout
the country before next spring, and the Com-
misislioneais hiave been asked to give all ihe
assii,sitiarace they can to see that any unsatisfied
demand for land foi- this pui-pose is met as far
as possible.

In urban districts and non-county boroughs
the local authorities have adequate powers to
take over land for allotments, subject, in the
casc' of occupied land, to the consent of the
Ccunty Agricultural Executive Committee. In
county boroughs no such consent is required.
Most urban local authorities are exercising their
powers wherever necessary, and arrangements
have been made by the Department for this
uork to be stimulated and supervised by officers
of the Department.

The number of allotment plots so far re-
ported as laid out under the Cultivation of
Lands Order in England and Wales is 183,004.
In Surrey alone over 1,000 acres of additional
allotments have been provided under the powers
exercised by the Food Production Department
and the local authorities.

MUSHROOMS.

It lis a little sua-prising that Mushrooms
are not more e.^otensively cultivated in this
country than is the case. When one takes into
considiera.tion the laige deniamd for them
throughout the year, the good prices invari-
ably obtained for them, and their value as a
food, combined vvith their extremely appetising
quality, it is strange that larger numbers do
not grow them wherever horse-manure is ob-
tainable easily. Old Mushi-oom-bed manure is
one of the most valuable materials for nearly
every branch of gardenmg, consequently there
is no waste in the manure used for the beds.

Many may be imder the imjiression that 't
is a costly proceeding, and that unless one is
pTOvid'ed with elaborate Mushroom-houses this
useful fungus cannot be satisfactmily produced.
This, however, is not the case, as, with a little
experience, large crops can easily be produced
in any out-of-tthe-way building, disaised cellar,
or even in the open ; indeed, it frequently hap-
pens that much better crops are obtained when
grown in such conditions.

One of the mo9t imiportant rules to observe
is to place the material for the beds under cover
and turn it a iem times to sweeten it. The

ihort litter should not be removed, aa this i«
beneficial rathej than otherwise. In placing the
mateilial together to f oiim the bed lit can scarcely
be made too firm. The spawn should be obtained
from a reliable source. It should be brokeai inito
small pieces and iburied at regular intervals when
the bed is at ft. temperature of 70° to 80°. Af te'-
about a week the bed should be soiled, using,
if possible, the top spit of an old pasture,
which should be broken up finely, or passed
thi'ough a coarse sieve, using aa much fibre as
possible. It should be spread to a depth of Ij
to 2 inches, and beaten perfectly level with the
back of a spade or shovel. When the bed is
made in a cool shed, or in the open, a good
thickness of stable litter should be placed over
the whole, and the beds should never be allowed
to become too dry. In six weeks or two months
the Muishrooms should begin to appear. Never
cut the stalks with a knife, but simply twist
them off when gaithering the crop. When the
bed shows signs of exhaustion give a thorough
watering wiith diluted liquid manure from the
fai-myard, warmed before being applied. Edwin
Beckett.

POTATO TRIAL.

The following results of a careful trial of
Potatos m,ay prove of interest to readers of the
Oiirrleners' Chronicle. The tubers were grown
in shallow soil over chalk, with stable manure
added at the time of digging, but no artificial
manure was used. The haulm was sprayed
three times during the season. The results show
tlint seed tubers of large size do not produce
the heaviest crop, also that new seed is essen-
tial. M. Nicliolh^, St. Clerc Gardens, Kemsing,
neiir Sei'cnoaks.

Variety Up-to-Date, planted Ap^il 26 : —

Six seeds, 1 oz. weight ; crop 36 lbs. ; heaviest
tuber 17 ozs. ; sample 2nd.

Six seeds, 2 ozs. weight; crop 41 lbs. ; heaviest
tuber 24 ozs. ; sample 1st.

Six seeds, 3 ozs. weight ; crop 24 lbs. ; heaviest
tuber 11 ozs. ; sample equal 3rd.

Six iseeds, 3 ozs. weight (sprouted before
l^lanted) ; crop 23 lbs. ; heaviest tuber 15 ozs. ;
sample equal third.

Six seeds, eye with section of tuber; crop 18
lbs. ; heaviest tuber 15 ozs. ; sample 6th.

Planted May 1, from pots inserted in pot«
one month previous : —

Six eyes, with only skin attached ; crop 20 lbs. ;
heaviest tuber 9 ozs. ; sample 5th.

Six cuttings ; crop 25 lbs ; heaWest tuber 17
ozs. ; sample 4th.

Planted April 26 :—

Arran Chief, 4 rows, 1 oz. weight seed, 14 lbs.
new seed , crop 4 cwt. 77 lbs.

Arran Chief, 5 rows, 1 oz weight seed, home
saved ; crop 3 cwt. 50 lbs.

King George, 14 lbs. home saved, mixed sized
seed ; crop 1 cwt. 621bs.

King George, 14 lbs. new seed, mixed sized
seed ; crop 3 cwt. 70 lbs.

Sharpe's Express, new seed, 14 lbs. ; croi)
2 cwt. 56 lbs.

British Queen, new seed, 14 lbs. ; crop 4 cwt
37 lbs.

Harbinger, new seed, 14 lbs. ; crop 2 cwt. 34
lbs.

Epicure, new seed, 14 lbs. ; crop 3 cwt. 5 lbs.

W'indsor Castle, new seed, 14 lbs. ; crop 2 cwt
95 lbs.

SUGAR BEET.
The British Sugar Beet Co., which has ac-
ijuired an estate near Newai'k for the purpose
of growing Sugar Beet under the auspices of
the Board of Agriculture, takes, possession of
the estate at Lady Day next. For various
reasons ii will be impossible to put the greater
part, of the land under Beet for next season,
and the company hopes to utilise 1,500 acres
for corn.

The Week' sV/ork.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By I. DUKM, Foreman, Boyel Qardem, Windsor

Early Pea«.-As soon as tJie ground is dry
eaiough a sowing >af early Peas may be made on
a sheltered boidea- the soil of whidi has been
trenched and prepared for the p'unpose. Foa-
this sowing naiTow bi-enches may be made to the
depth of 6 inches and the soil placed in a position
to afford protection from cold winds during the
spring, as young Pea plants are more frequently
injured by rough winds in spring than by frost.
Sow the seeds thicker than is usual for Hater
croips and cover tlwm with 2 inches of fine soil.
A sharp watch should be kept for mice, as much •
injm-y may soon be done if these pests are not
destnoyed. The Pilot is a suitable vai'iety for
present sowing, and a space of 5 feet should oe
allowied between the rows.

Cauliflowbrs.— Framieis conitaining Cauili-
flower plants in pote intended for planting out in
April sliould be freely ventilated whenever the
weathei- is favoui-able. On mild days the lights
may be i-eanoved enitiii-ely early in the day and
replaced at night. Examine the plants fre
quentdy for watering, and when moisture is
necessary soak the soil with soft water. A cold
brick pit is the best place in which to wintea-
the plants, but a protective covering must be
used to ward off frost. Slugs should be kept
in check by placing lime round the edges of the
bed. Seedlings still in the seed bed should be
carefully potted or pricked out in boxes for
successional dropping. If the stock of these
plants is short mi;ike a sowing of a good early
variety at once in boxesor pans and genminate
the seeds in a house or pit having a itempem-
ture of 50°. When the seedlings are large enough
to handle they should be taunsfeiTed. to 3-inch
pots and grown in a slightly heated pit close
to the roof^giasis. Dean's Early Snowball and
Great Dane are two excellent varieties.

Endive in Unheated l»iT».-In order to
maintain a supply of blanched heads a numiber
of plants may be covei'ed with sheets of papea',
over which a layer of di^ Bracken Fern should
be placed to ensure perfect darkness. Keep t<he
atmosphere of the pit as dry as possible.

Lettuce* in Pit«.— Pits in wiiich Lettuce
plants aj-e well advanced should be freely veniti-
lated and the soil lightly stirred with a small
hoe to prevent damping. " The plants should be
protected during fowsty weather.

FoRciNQ OF Chicory. — Continue to lift
roots of Chicory and place a batch in heat every
eight diays. A dark cliamber with a dry atmo-
sphere is necessary, as the young leaves soon
decay if subjeotied to an excess of moisture.
When the roots are placed in the forcing quar-
teirs keep the orowns cleai- of the soil, wliich
should be made finn round the lower jiart' of
the roots. If only a small supply is necesisary
the forcing may be done in pots.'

Autumn Cauliflowers and Broccoli.—

These crops should be pi-otected during frosty
weather. If the plants liave been lifted with
a good quantity of soil adhering to the roots and
placed closely together their protection will be
a siumple matter, provided sufficient clean cover-
ing maternal is available. Dry Ba-acken Fem is
a useful material for the pui-pose, and should
be laid lightly over the plants, but removed
again as soon as the weather turns warmeir. In
lifting the plants for repla/iting closely togetlier
exercise great care, and place the roots deeply
in the soil. We ao-e cutting good heads of
Hallo weeoi Giant Caulifl owei-, which are well
pi'otected by their own foliage.

Late Turnips.- Late Turnips which are '^of
sufficient size for use may be lifted and placed
under cover for use duming the winter. If pro-
tected from frost veiry late Turnips still under-
sized may be left in the gronnd aJJ the winter.

DECEilBEE 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

239

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv J- Collier, Gardener to Sir Jsrsmuh Colman,
Bart., Gatton Park, R«igat«.

Zygopetalum.— J-lie partially developed
pseudo-bidbs oi Zygopetaluui Mackaj'i are now
send/uig out theii- Dovver-spmes, and, from now
onworOs until the iiowei'uig season is over, extra
oare muat be talseii in watering the roots, for
au excess of moisture may cause the leaves to
become sipo^ted. Water should oaily be applied
when the comjx>st is dry, and sulhcient should
be given to soai it thoroughly. When floweaung
is past oi' the spikes ai-e cut the plants may be
re-po/t/ted if necessai-j', and as it is a tree,
deep-rooting species, plenty of pot-room and a
good deipth of compost are required. The jKtts
should be filled to aJx>ut a quarter o£ their
d-epth with drainage mateilials ; a mixture of
good turfy loam and Osmundia or A 1 hbre, with
plenity of ca'ushed crocks mixed in, will form
a suitable potting medium. Pot the plants, with
the compost up to about hali an inch of the
top of the receptacle, and place a layer of the
composit and Sphagnum-moss, chopped rathea"
short, over the siuiace. This species genenaUy
does beet in a wann, stove-like teaniperiature.
Zygopetalum crtoitum, Z. Clayi, Z. Perrenoudii,
Z. Bui-kii, Z. Gottianum, Zygocolax Wiganiantis
anxl Z. Charlesworthii are in full growth, and
should be affoi-ded liberal supplies of water at
the roots until their new pseudo-bulbs are com-
pleited, and should be grown in a cooi, shady
position in the interjnediate house. Zygo-
petalum Balliae, Z. rostratiun and Z. Roeblingi-
aniun should occupy a posation near the roof-
glass in a moistor and warmer atmosphere.
The surface moss should be given frequent
sprimklingB in order to keep it in a healthy
condition. Z. Gauteri and Z. maxillare will be
piroduciug roots from the base of the young
growths, and plants that require increased root-
ing space shoiild be given attention. Theee two
species have a rambling habit of growth, and
are not suitable for growing in pots or pans ;
they do best if fixed to a portion of the stem
of a tree Fern. If necessary, the rootimg space
may be extended by wiring anfrther piece (rf
■gtem on the top of the old block, and the plante
should be suspended in a moist, shady position
in the warmest part of the intermediate hon.«e

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. Arthur J.
Davby. Abbots Wood. Godalming. Surrey.

Berry-bearinq PLANT».-Blackl.erri(s should
be phnited a<: soon as possible, and the stakes
or wires for training should be in reiidiness.
The Loganbei'i-y is probably the most popular
of 'berries, a.nd the most prolific and easy
rf culture. The Malidi (Haspbeny and Black-
berry) is also a useful and good-flavoured fruit,
and Rubus phjieiiecolasius is suitable for jam
n.aking. All these berry-bearing plants will
grow in heavy soil, and are, as a rule, very
vigorous.

Orcharob.— All the weak growths should be
cut out from orchard trees that are in a bad
condition, more especially from the centre of the
tree. Expose every branch, if possible, to the
.sunshine, remembering that one bushel of good
fruit is equal in value to three or four bushels of
inferior quality, whether for market or for home
consumption. Inferior trees should be rooted up
and replaced by young and vigorous trees. Some
carefully selected varieties should be planted, of
which the fruit can be used from .lanuary to
April.

Fio Tr«68.— In very cold districts Fig trees
slhonld now be unf.iatened from the wall and
their liranches tied together to keep them
,is inactive as possible. In very severe weather
the branches should be protected by means
of old mats. Bracken, Heather, or any dr>'
material that i.5 at hand. It must be fastened
securely, so that the wind will not blow
it out of position. Figs need a restricted
root area. Should root-pruning be necessan,-
it may be done at any time now, when
the weather permits. Plenty of old mortar
rubble should be placed about the roots, and
the soil made very firm. The best variety for

outdoor culture is Brown Turkey. Negro Largo
is a finely flavoured variety, and in some placet
does exceedingly well on a warm wall. Bruns-
wicl; is another desirable variety, and WHiite
Ischia does well, but the fruits are small.
White MaiiseiUes 'bears large, rich fruits, ibut is
a shy bearer out-of-doors until the trees are of
considerable age. Fig trees should be planted
in poor but sweet soU, on well-drained land. A
sandy soil in which are incoi-porated plenty of
brickbats is one of the best rooting mediums,
and liquid manui-e sJiouJd be supplied' during the
season of growth.

FRUITSi UNDER GLASS.

Vines in Pots for Early Forcing.— There

is no better method of obtaining ripe Grapes
by the end of May than to force pot
vines. Preparatory to starting pot vines, it
will be as well to select some Oak or Beech
leaves as a fermenting material. These can be
put direct into the house, and the vines stood on
but not plunged in them, for a few weeks to
come. Bend the rods down at once, and use the
syringe freely. A night temperature of 55° is
suitable when the weather is above freezing
joint. W'ith frost the temperature may be some-
what lower. Varieties suitable for early forc-
ing are Black Hamburgh and Koyal Muscadine.
The Cherry Hoube. — In previous notes
I have given details of the management of
Cherry trees in pots. The cultivation of these
trees is profitable, for the house in which the
plants are gro^vn may be used from the end of
Jime until the end of January for other pur-
poses. At Gumiei-sbury House Figs are grown
in the Cherry house until November, and at the
present t'me it is used for Palms, whOst, if
occasion arose, late Chrysanthemums could be
gro-wn in it. Span-roofed houses are best for
pot Cherries, and they are euita.ble for trees
planted out. A three-quarter span house is also
suita'ble. With Cherries under glass the fruits
will hang for some considerable time after they
are ripe, aiid by a judicious seJection of varie-
ties the seasom may be made of considerable
length. The cost of growing Chenies indoors
is less than in the case of either the Peach oa-
Neotarine, and they form an agreeable addition
to choice dessert fruits from the latter part of
April until the wirlie.* sorts are ripe oai open
walls during the month of June. Where too
many indoor Peaches and Nectarines are grown
one of the houses might well be planted with
Cherries. Only a little fire-heat is needed, but
an abundance of ventilation is neces'siary, for
the Cherry is impatient of a close ateiosiphere.
I prefer to have the bottom of the border con-
creted, for excessive vigour in gTO\vth must be
guarded against. The soil should consist of
rich, fibi-ous loam of a calcareous character, and
beyond some old mortar rubble nothing else need
be" added. A border of not more than 2^ feet
in depth is prefera.ble, but let this Ibe made up
piecemeal, as in the cas»e of Vines. Vanieities
suitable for euccessional cropping are (black)
Guigne d'Annonay, a fir.st early variety, fol-
lowed by Early Rivers and Late Black Bigar-
reau ; (coloured varieties) Governor Wood anid
Frogmore Earlv Bigarreau, with Bigarreau
Napoleon as a "later sort. All the varieties
enumerated are excellent croppers. Our collec-
tion includes a tree or two of May Duke, for the
sake of the pollen. The double nr triple cordon
is the best form of tree ; these are easy to con-
trol, very sinqile in training, and_ they come into
'bearing sooner, in average conditions, than other
sfvles of tree.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Bv -W. J. GnisB, Gardener to Mrs. Dempster, Keele
Hall. Staffordshire.
VieLETS IN Frames.- During the next few
months pay strict attention to ventilating the
frames in "which Violets are grown. If the
frames are heated, use just sufficient fire heat
towards evening to dry up an excess of
moisture. The top of the light should be raised
a little at night and the heat turned off next
morning, except in severe weather. Remove all

dead and decaying foliage at frequent intervals,
and stir the soil lightly with a hoe or small hand-
tork. Small black slugs are a pest of the Violet,
and difficult to detect at night, but they may
be kept in check by light dustings of soot.
Flowers of sulphur will keep mildew in check,
and light dustings of fresh lime over the surface
of the soil is a good preventive of spot disease.

Renovating Old Shrubberies. -The
pruning, cleaning and forking of shrubbei-ies
which have beem in existence for ,many years
can be done a/t this period, when weather con-
ditions make it impossible to carry out the usual
routine. If the specimens of Laurels, Yew,
Hollies, Privet, and sdmUar shrubs are very
old, however carefully they are prtined, the
effect is poor ; in such cases grub out these
old trees, thoroughly prepare tlie ground, and
replant with better varieties. The ground must
be trenched and enniohed with a liberal dressing
of decayed manure. With the exception of
fallen leaves, which should be dug inito the
sod, all rubbish should be burnt, and the ashes
scattered over the surface. If it is necessary
to retain some of the old specimens, they may
be headed back to within 3 or 4 feet of the
ground, and in certain oases even less, without
fear of injury. Space may be reserved in the
foreground for herbaceous plants. Care must be
taken to prepare these spaces thorouglily, as they
are usually full of fibrous roots from the shrubs.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

.Plants in Frames. -Plants in cold frames
should be matured carefully. In some cases little
or no water will be required before the New
Year. Ventilate the frames freely in mild
weather, and remove all decaying foliage. Ar-
range the plants thinly apart, and if they are
growing (as distinct from resting), place them
near to the roof-glass.

Chrvbanthemums.- au but the very latast
varieties of Ciu'yBanthemums are past tlwir
best, and plants that are over and not required
for stock pui-poses may be discaided. Cut the
stems down to within a few inches of tftie soU,
and place the stools in a sJiallow frame, or light
gliasshouse, near to the roof-glass, for sturdy cut-
tings inivai-iably make the best plants. The
latest batch, for bloomiog about CluiiStraas and
tlie New Year, may be aiTaiiged with other
plants in the conservatory. Keep the atmo-
sphere of the houses dry ; this may be accom-
plisihed by wTatei-ing the plants early in the day
and mopping up tlie water that drains from the
)pots. Ventilate iinuch or little, aooordinig to the
weather ccmditions, and keep the house freely
aired in mild weather.

The Propaoatinq HOUSE.-After the autumn
batches of cuttings from stock plants ai'e struck
tlie propagating house will not be required much
for the present. Advantage sJiould be taken,
w.hile it is comparatively little used, to cleanse
the woodwork and glass thoroughly. Clear out
ail hot -bed or plunging mateinal, which often be-
comes infested with wood-lice, cockroaches, and
similar insects. Before bringing fresh plunging
material into the house, dust under the pipes
and stages with vermin powder or soil fumi-
gant. Having finished the cleaning, use may
be m^ade of the house almost immediately, by
inseating a batch of Carnation cuttings. Car-
na'tion plants that are Jiow flowering usually fur-
nish the best shoots for cuttings at this season,
the growth being healthy am'd vigorous, and not
too hard. In proper conditions they will
strike readily, and they root freely in
shallow boxes' or pans filled with sand. Water
the cuttings thoroughly once, and keep their
t.)ps fresh by occasional dampings, but on no
account keep" the sand saturated with moisture.
The temperature of the house should range be^
t-ween 55° and 60°. To get good plaJits for
blooming next winter, a long season of growth
is required, for Carnations will not be hurried
into growth. One cannot make up for lost time
in growing Carnations. The main lines to fol-
low are, to propagate early and grow the plants
on gently all the season.

240

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 15, 1917.

EDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editor! and Publiiker. — Our comiponitntt
uould obviatt itlay in obtaining answers t»
their communications and sav§ us much time and
trouble, if they uould kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to financial matters and to advertisements should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
munications intended for -publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations. — The Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they camwt be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Kotice to Correspondents. — The

Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

XiOcal News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOES, 41, Wellington Street, Covent
Garden, London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OP THE PAPER, sent OS

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

A^KRAGB Mean TEHPBBATintB toT the ensuing week
deduced from observatioziB diirin^ the la«t fifty
.if.Ms .11 GieenwK-h, 39.9.
Actual Temperaturh : —

Gardeners' Chronicle Office, 41, WeMngttm. Street,
Ooveiit Garden, London, Thursday, December 13,
10 .i.m. : Bar. 29.9 ; temp. i)5.0°. Weathec— Fair!

SALE FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

WEDNESDAY—

Bulbs at 67 and 68, Cheapside, at 3 o'clock, by
Protheroe & Morris.

Food Production.

An appeal to horticul-
turists wliicli has been
made by Sir Arthur
Lee, Director of Food
Production, has been forwarded to Fel-
lows of the R.H.S. by the president and
council, and the text of the appeal, with
the accompanying letter from the R.H.S.,
is printed below. The letter demonstrates
the serious necessity for increasing the
production of food by small cultivators
as well as by farmers. Readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle are aware that
we have consistently urged this course
upon all those who have, or can obtain,
the necessary facifities, and we again
urge it. As Sir Arthur Lee says in his
letter, all the food which can be produced
will be wanted, and it beho\es everyone,
not only to produce as much food as' pos-
sible, but also to exercise the greatest care
in its use and distribution. Gardeners
in particular, who are experienced cultiva-
tors, should devote as much space as pos-
sible to the growing of early crops, and in
particular early and second early Potatos
of those varieties of which there is a plen-
tiful supply of .seed. By this means they
may raise fresh food supplies at a compara-
tively early date, and may use the ground
which has produced them for successional
crops. We understand that the object
which the Horticultural Division of the
Food Production Department has set itself

to achieve is the doubling of the area
under smaJl cultivation. The task which
lies before use is clear. In order to
en.sure that the total shall be doubled,
it is necessary that everyone who al-
ready has ground available, should en-
deavour to triple his own area under vege-
tables. Special efiorts are being made to
increase the allotments in urban areas, and
thereby to bring new land under inten-
sive spade cultivation. Every gardener
should become a missionary on behalf of
the cause of garden and allotment cultiva-
tion. There is still time to bring fresh
land into oultivation. The results ob-
tained last year showed that even where
it was not possible to turn up land under
grass before the early spring, good crops
were obtained ; needless to say, however,
the sooner the work of preparation is
taken in hand, the better the chances of
success. Another direction in which gar-
deners can help is by raising seedlings
under glass, for planting out in the
spring. Local organisation should render
it easy to ascertain the total number of
plants of the different kinds which can be
raised in this manner, and also to secure
their distribution to those who are pre-
pared to grow them. We trust that every
owner of a garden, and every gardener,
both profe.ssional and amateur, will give
serious heed to the authoritative appeal
which has been addre.'ssed to them, and will
help the Food Production Department to
achieve the object ■w'hich it has in view.

KoyaJ Horiticttltural Sooiety,
VinceiDit Square,
Deal' Sir tsr Madam, — Ihe eaiclosed letter
fro)n Sir Arthur Lee, Di.rectoa--General of Food
Prod action, sets forth, in dear language the
great urgency of making yet further efforts to
inlorease food produafciou.

The Fellows of the Society have alrea<dy done
invaluable 'wiork in this direction, ibut if suf-
ficient Bupplies oi iooid are to be produced duirinig
the coming year still more enei-geltic efforts will
be required.

We therefore Itrast Ithat you will give the
fullest possible (practical effect to Sir Arthur
Lee's lappeal, and tliat, in additiion to increaising
so far as is possible the vegetable cultivation
in your own garden and' grounds, you will bring
the contente of the letter to tthe notice of all!
others in your neighbourhood who would be
able to render a similar assistance to the State.
Grenfell,

Vice-President.
Balfour of Burleigh,
Lambourne,
.James W. Lowther,

Members of Council.

W. WiLKS,

Secretary.

November 16, V^Ll.

Deair Sir or Madam, — The harvests have been
in large part gathered in. The food produced
*h)is year by the chief counitries of the world is
known, ajid the quantity of food required by
this country and Ms Allies is also known. From
this knowledge it is clear that the security of
the nation demaaids that the greatest possible
effort Ifcomand'e ihicreased food production should
be made.

It is on the farmers of the country liii the
fimslt place that this task fa-lils. ibut the coumtry
must also look to horticulturists to bear their
share in it. The yet further increase in food
produiOtioii by Ihorticulturiats — both amateur ' nd

prof-essiomjal — is of vital iraportanjce. The small
cultivaltoT has shown this year what canisadeirable
conitributions he oan make to our food supplies.
Our meeds next year will .demand yeit further
contributionfi from ihim, and I thei^efore appeal
most earnestly to eveiy hoirtticuKunist — to the
amateur and' profesisional gardeiner, nmxsei'yim'am,
florist, fruit-grower, .anid to the alloittment-
holder — to do everytihang that lies within Ms
power to inicrease the supply of food, to leave
no garden groumd tuMsropped, and to use etvery
available 'gHasehouise and! fname for the purpose
of ifood production.

If everyone possessing .garden land ajid even
paitial [leisure will do has utmost, .hortdcultuiral
food production may be increased far beyond
the already remarkable stage to which it has
a.ttanned during the past season. The presemt 'S
no tiime for speU'ding labour on the mere pre-
servation of garden amienities, on tJie rolling of
paltlhs, the tending of lawns, or the plaJibimg of
flowerJbedis, or the maintenance of glasshouses
for the cultivation of shrubs and flowers, witli
the possible exception! of sucih rare aind valuiable
planibs as the labonrs of a lifetime might no*
be able to replace. The situation de/manida that
a.ll these pleasures of the garden should (be fcffe
gome, and that the whole energy of the 'giarden
ing community ehould be devoted to the growing
of food,

I appeal, therefore, to all owners of and
workers in gardens to concentrate their energies
on the vitally necessary work of increasing the
area of .ground under vegetable cultivation, and
of using to their fullest ca.pacity 'all glasshouses
amd gardein frames for the production of food
crops.

For, (more than «ver laefore, th« coumibry will
have need in the coming year of every ounce of
food which can be raised in these islands.
A. Lee,
Director-Generlal of Food Production.

New Plants at Edinburgh.— In No. XLVI.

of Notes from the Boyal Botanic Garden, Edin-
burgh, is continued the " Descriptions of New
Plants in the Herbarium," from 251 — 350. T.heee
are .^ll Asiatic and, with few exceptions, Chinese,
having been collected by F. Kjnodon Ward, G.
Forrest, R. E. Cooper, E. E. Maire, Pere Mon-
BEIG, A. Henrt, and several others, but mainly
by Forrest. The plants described are mostly
shrubs and small trees belonging to well-known
genera, such as Lonicera, Viburnum, Euonymus,
Osbeckia, Cotoneaster, Spiraea, Eriobotrya, and
Photinia. Among less famUiar genera are
Acanthopanax, Bnassaiopsis, lUigera, Stamona,
Sabia, Brandisia, Myricaria, and Caryopteris.
Two new genera are described, namely,
Spoo-oxeia and Traiiliiaedoxa. The foraner '■
allied to Oxyspora-Melastomaceae. Trailliae-
doxa (Rubiaceae) is so named by Mr. W. W.
Smith in honour of Mrs. G. Forrest. It is a
lowly shrub with small yellorw, rosy-white or
creamy -whiite flowers. We are glad to see other
commemorative na.mes. Buddleia Fallowiana is
given to keep Ln memory Sergeant George Fal-
low, 6th Batt., The Royal Scots, a former gar-
dener on the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, who died in Egypt from wounds re-
ceived in action at GaUipoli. Pyrus Harrowiana
is named in honour of Mr. Robert Lewis Har-
row, head gardener of the Royal Botanic Gar-
den, Edinburgh, since 1892.

Gift of Fruit Trebb for France.— A

con»ignment of a thousand standard fruit trees,
the gift of the Mayor of Huntingdon (Coun-
cillor H. Perkins, of the well-known nursery
fiiim of Wood and Ingram), has recently been
seint to France to re-plant the orchards devas-
tated by the Germans. The gift forms part of
a jM-esent of 10,000 trees from the nunserymen . f
England , organised by the AgricultupaJ Relief of
Allies Committee, The trees were grown at

Decembeb 15, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

241

Branupton, anid ocaniprised Pears, Apples, and
Pluims. Each tree, apart from bearing the namie
of its variety, also bears a label to the effect
that it ie a gift from Great Britain. The trees
were packed in 50 large strawed bundles, and
filled six railway trucks. All the trees wei-e dug
and packed by Gei-man prisomere.

Women's National Land ServiceTCorps

— The annual report of this corps has just been
received from 50, Upper Baker Street, where the
administration is now being carried on. It is
a record of good work well organised, and the
cheerful letters from workers, which form a large
portion of the report, show how well the women
in the corps are performing their duties. We are
informed that, now that the prejudice of the
farmers against female labour has been largely
broken down, the demand for such labour exceeds
the supply.

Root Crmp Yields for 1917.— The tot&l
production of Potatos in England and Wales in
1917 is estimated at 3,339,995 tons, or 835,000 tons
(33 per cent.) more than in 1916, and is the largest
crop recorded since returns of the production of
crops were first collected in 1835. The yield per
acre, 6.57 tons, is three-fourths of a ton heavier
than last year, two-fifths of a ton above the aver-
age of the last ten years, and has only been ex-
ceeded four times in the last 30 years. The yield
per acre of Turnips and Swedes is estimated at
12.55 tons, or two-thirds of a ton below average,
and 1 2-5 ton less than in 1916 ; the decline being
due to the unfavourable weather of the early sum-
mer in the north-eastern counties. The total
production, 12,163,624 tons, is 820,000 tons
smaller than last year, but 350,000 tons heavier
than in 1915. Mangolds, on the other hand, are
a very .satisfactory crop ; the total production,
8,481,578 tons, is 1,400,000 tons greater than in
1916, and the yield per acre, 21.89 tons, is about
2^ tons heavier than last year.

Stable Manure at Army Camps.—

Enquiries have been made by the Food Produc-
tion Department with regard to possible accu-
mulations of stable manure from Army Camps
in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset and elsewhere.
Generally speaking, it seems that all manure now
made is being removed, but there are one or
two dumips that were accumulated in the early
days of the war. The Hampshire Agricultural
Executive Committee is takLig active measures
in connection with the mntter, and has obtained
orders frcon local farmers for 18,000 tons to be
carted from a dumip at Pitt Comer, near Win-
chester. This manure is distributed within a
radius of five milos at 3s. 6d. per ton, the Army
iproviding horses and wagons, and the Com-
imittee lending soldier labour from the Win-
chester Depot.

Farmyard Manure.— In the year before the
war the amount of farmyard manure used on the
land was estimated at 37.000,000 tons, of a value
of £11,000,000 — nearly three times the value of
all other manures what.soevcr. Having regard to
th'" general use of farmyard manure, it is probable
that there is no other means which would be so
calculated to increase food production as the
more general improvement in the storage of
this manure. In this connection the first
point to realise is that the liquid excreta of
animals is richer both in nitrogen and in potash
than is the solid excreta. In the next place, as
confirmed by the experiments* carried out by Dr.
RrrsSBLL and Mr. L. H. Richards ithe consolida-
tion of the heap is a means of reducing loss.
Similarly and no less important is it to store the
heap under shelter. If the heap is both sheltered
and made compact, loas of nitrogen is reduced
itri a imlnimum.

Dear Mushrooms.- In reaped, to Mr.
BEr-KETT's note on Mushroom cultivation on
p. 238, and the high prices frequently a.sked for
thi« highly flavoured and nutritious food pro-

• Joum Royal Agrio, Socitty oj JEniland, 77, 1915.

duct, lilt may be notsd that laat week the retail
iprice in the London stores was 4s. a pound.

Raffia and Camouflaqe.— It is stated in
Gardening (Chicago, Nov. 1, 1917) that evei^y
ball of raffia in New York has been comman-
deered by the U.S. Army authorities, who have
requisitioned it on behalf of the troops in France
for the purposes of camouflage.

Wood Pigeons.— A considerable amount of
damage has been done this year in some
counties by wood pigeons, and in Derbyshire
and Worcestershire, among others, drastic
measures are to be taken for the suppression of
pigeons. All the Saturdays in December have

is used even when the name is of Latin forma-
tion and therefore susceptible of inflection.

PRIMULA SINOPURPUREA.

The members of the nivalis section of
Primula have so far proved difficult of cultiva-
tion, being short-lived' aaid shy in flowering, but
P. sinopurpurea (fig. 92) is a liandsome species,
which promises to be an exception to the rule.
The plant is a native of Yunnan, China, and
specimens were collected by Mr. George Forrest
in open, moist, pasture 1-aud on mountains west

FiS. 92. — PEIMULA SINOPURPUREA

[Photograph by W. Irving.
FLOWERS ROSY-PURPLE.

been notified for organised pigeon shoots
throughout Derbyshire, and advertisements to
this effect have been issued by the County Com-
mittee.

The Comma in Botanical Names.— An
interesting point is raised by Monsieur S.
MoTTET in the Revve Horticole as to the desir-
ability or otherwise of the comma in botanical
names such as Campanula patula, Linn. Mon-
sieur MoTTET follows the English practice of in-
serting the comma, but in this respect he differs
from most Continental botanists, who hold that
the signature, being in the genitive case, should
follow the specific without the comma, which is
superfluous ajid even misleading. In our own
case, and in the Index Kewensis, the comimia

of Fengkow at an altitude of 12,000 feet. The
leathery leaves are dark green above, and
coated beneath with a golden meal ; they grow
to a length of 12 inches, while the stems rise
to a heighlt of from 12 to 20 inches. The
flower-stalk, like the under side of the leaves,
is covered with a golden farina. In May the
rich, rosy-purple, fragrant flowers are pro-
duced in trusses of 5 to 12 or more ; each is
&,bout 1 inch in diameter, and has a grey " eye."
Kew is indebted to Mr. J. C. Williams for
seeds of this Primula, which has grown vigor-
ously, and promises t« be easy to cultivate,
flowering freely, and producing plenty of seeds.
P. isinopurpurea grows best in a moist, partiaUy-
shaded situation, andl in rich Boil. W. I.

242

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 15, 1917.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

FLOWERING SHRUBS IN WILTSHIRE.

The year 1917 has been remarkable for the
wealth of bloom on all kinds of flowering trees
and shrubs. The severe weatiier experienced in
the early part of the year prevented any gi-owth
for some time, and afterwards there were no
late frosts to do mischief. Buddleias flowered
well, and the varieties of B. variabilis made
a fine show. B. asiatica is pleasing, but
it requires a wall to succeed here ; B. nivea, too,
with its woolly leaves, is very attractive. Car-
penteria californica, although hit hard by the
severe weather, flowered well ; its large, Ane-
mone-like flowere are very fine — here it is OJi
a west border, and does well. Clerodendron
triehotomum was superb ; we have a fine biish
ot it, and its delightful perfume fiillsthe garden.
The Bladder Senma (Colutea) is very tardy
and ornamental; oruenta and C. arborescens
both flowered well. Cotoneasters also make a
good show ; the berries and foliage at tliis date
make a pleasing bit of colour, especially the
cd'eeping plants on the rockery, such as ad-
pressa and congesta. The various Cytisuses
(Broom) all did well, Praecox and Andreanus
(Daisy Hill) especially. Deutzias coiymbiflora
and kalmiflora are both good, also the old cre-
nata fl. pi., and. all aire very hardy. Dieii.'illa ,
or Weigela, all flowered most profusely. The
varieties Abel Carriere and Eva Ratlike ai-e
both good ; Mont Blanc is i-eally vei-y
fine. Eucryphia pinnatifolia is a treasure
not often met with ; its fine white flowers are
freely produced, but it requires a somewhat shel-
tered position. The Spindle tree, Euonymus
euiopaeus,is pretty just now; the pale red fruit
and orange-flowered seeds are very attractive ;
this grows and flowers well in the shade of trees.
Forsythias are very fine when planted in groups,
and they are quite hardy ; they need careful
ipruming after flowering. Fremontia calif ornica
is extremely handsome. There is a fine tree of
in the garden of the late Canon EUacombe, at
Bitton.

Hydrangeas all flowered well, especially in
the soum and west counties and near the coast.
Tndigofera Gerardiana is an uncommon and
distinct shrub ; here on a eouUi bordei- it flowei'S
profusely, producing rosy-pink flowers in
July and August — ^but it is very seldom
seen in these parts. Magnolias : these are
hardy and beautiful trees and shrubs, and
flowering as they do in succession are
very valuable. Grandiflora succeeds best
on a wall, although it does faii'ly well
as a shrub. Conspicua, Lennei, parviflora,
and stellata are all good. A fine North
American species flowered well with us thi.s
year ; it has immense leaves and fine white, frag-
rant flowers. Usually late spring frosts have
spoilt many of the blooms. Olearias, although
not really hardy in cold districts (with the ex-
ception of Haastii) are all valuable free-flower-
ing shrubs. Macrodonta (very ornamental),
with fine trusses of bloom, and stellulata, are
both good. Nummularifolia is very quaint and
quite distinct. 0. insignis is vei-y beautiful
but only to be found in very favoured spots.
One should always have spare plants of
Olearias, especially in cold and damp situations.
Philadelphnses have all flowered here with the
greatest of freedom. Avalanche was really
su}'erb, with its long, clean growths, wreathed
with bloom, arching over most gracefully.
Bouquet Blanc, too, was exquisite ; Boule
d'Argent and Fantaisie were also vej-y good, the
latter a beautiful hybrid ; thesi all need careful
pruning after flowering. Pittosporum Tobira
flowers well here on a south border. P. crassi-
folium and P. undulatum are both fine and
fragrant. All kinds of Prunus flowered
well, such as Amagydalus, persica, Mume,
triloba, nad Pissardtii, the latter in this
neighbourhood fruiting very freely. Pseudo-

cerasus and Cerasus pendula also did well.
Pyruses, too, flowered freely, including the genera
Malus and C'ydonia, and have been followed
with highly coloured fruits. Robinia hispida,
although, strictly speaking, a tree, but kept
here somewhat shrubby, is another beautiful
flowering plaait, its long racemes of rose-pink
flowers, resembling a Wistaria, aj'e charminig ;
it requires a sheltered situation, as the wood is
very brittle.

Of the shrubby Spiraeas, S. Aitchisonii, with
its fine flowere and red bark, was very fine;
this somewhat resembles S. Lindleyana. Of
Syringa (LDac), the attractive and sweet-
smelling flowers all bloomed very freely, and
some are very beautiful. Madame Lemoine,
piiro white, is a great favqurite, and all
iire good for early forcing. Veronicas are best
for seaside and mild districts. Salicifolia does
well here, also varieties of Andersonii. The
lovely Hulkeana succeeds best on a wall, but
I have seen it as a bush, and a fine sight it
is. V. camosula glauoa, Autiunn Gloiy, and
rihathamica are all fine on the rockery. Unless
it be in favoured spots a reserve of these should
be kept ; last winter played sad havoc with most
varieties in this neighbourhood, and even in
inrre sheltered and favoured spots. The well-
krown Guelder Rose, Viburnum Opulus sterile,
flowered grandly, huge balls of purest white
Carlesii and macrocephalmn deserve a place in
evei-y garden : the latter sometimes needs a wall.
Plicatum, too, is lovely, and fine for grouping ;
thj.< is a Chinese species, as also is rhytido-
phyllum, which is very attractive ; the flowers
are succeeded by fiei-y-red berries.

In ordei' to have them at their best, care-
ful attention must be paid to the pruning of
all kinds of flowering shrubs ; no haphazard
methods will do ; experience and close observa-
tion will soon teach one how and when to prune
to obtain the best results. R. H. Lerif/. Mr'ic-
slifim House Gardens, Wiltshire.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

\.The Editorfi do not hold themselves responsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)
National Union of Allotment Holders-

— I would esteem lit a great favour if you would
be so good as to give publicity to an alteiaition
in the time limit fixed for the pa^eing of the
resolution by allotment sooiebies on the question
of security- of .tenure, wliiich I issued some days
ago, and which wais ajinounced in the Press.
The daite originaiUy given fpr the receipt of the^e
resolutions, which will be presented in bulk to
the Boaa-d of Agniculltiu-e, ^va.s Decembea' 10, but
it has been fouiidi that the time allowed for the
pr-ssing of the resolution was too brief, and it
ha.s therefore been decided to exte^id tlie diate
to JaJiuary 31. D. Chater. 8, Buckingham Street,
London, W.C. 2.

Fruiting Trees and Shrubs («ee P- 226).
— Mr. Beckett's note on the winter fruiting
o<f trees anid shrubs interested me. In
the gal^dens at Abbotsbury we bave had
this season an abnormal number of fruits
on trees and shrubs that ihave fi-uited
very Biparsely in ^previous years. The
various Crabs liave produced fruits of extras
oixllniai-y colour and in large nuimbei's, and the
nien^bers of the genera Crataegus and Coton-
easter have been equally good. Apart from
Cotoneaster frigida, of rwihioh we have many
large trees at the present time laden with ifniit,
one of the showie.st species is S. Simonsii, and
lanother very graceful species is C. pannosa.
Sonne of .the VibuiTi'umis .have also been laden
v.ilh fruits, especiallv Virbunum Opulus var.
sterile. Amongst Wilson's plamts, Lonicera
Maaokii, omitted by Mr. Beckett, is still a
inr.,i.'nificent sight. We have raised a number of
phmts of this Honeysuckle from seed, and they
are now about 14 feet high. .\t the time of writ-
ing they are like huge bushes of Red Curramte.
Lni.icera Koekneana is also heavily laden with
ifruitis, but the berries are not so brilliant in
< olnur. Skimmias in variety are verv full of ber-
ries, but probably the most striking plant is

'';i-nus capitata, syn. Benthamia fragifera.
All our plants of this species suffered severely
during last winter, but they recovered, and
now tJie fruits are colouring ; the brancheia are
being weighted down with the quantity. Some of
Qur plants are 25 to 30 feet high, so the effect
can well be imagined. A large plant of Rhaphi-
th\mnus cyanr:carpus, probably 30 to 35 feet
high and 20 feet across, has been very
striking with its brilliantly coloured purple
fruits, but, strange to say, a plant of Strans-
^esia glaucescens, over 30 feet high, although
it floweredi freely, hais never yet set any fruits.
When in flower the tree is a magnifi-
cent picture. Rhamnus Alaternus argenteus
has fruited more than usual this year, and
with its bright coral fruits amidst its pretty,
\'ariegated foliage, is veiy striking. Ruscus
racemosus also has fruited more than usual
this season, and tlie same remark is true
of Ruscus aculeatus. _ One of the most strik-
ing plants in the gardens, when its foliage
was a very deep copper, was a large plant
of Lagerstroemia indica, about 25 feet high
and nearly 20 feet across. The tree did
lUit flower freely this year, having produced
only about 50 spikes of bloom, but, seen
in the afternoon's sun, its foliage was mag-
nificent. Laurus nobilis has fruited freely,
also various species of Prunus, such as P. Pis-
sardtii, which has never fruited freely in pre-
viouis years. We also had a heavy crop of fruit
on a small " Mirobella " Plum. The fmiits
were delicious. Apart from fruits, this is an
extraordinary season. At the time of writing
(December 10) I have picked flowers of Narcissus,
Rhododendron, Acacia neriifolia, Camellia, Chi-
me nanthus fragrans, Polyanthus, Wallflower,
Berberis hyemalis, Roses, and manv others. H.
Kemp'ihnU. Ahhotshini/, Dorsetshire.

Planting PHODooFNORnNs (see pp. 212
and 233). — With regard to Mr. Cook's note on
the planting of Rhododendrons, I am quite
aware tliat some groovers believe that aTutuiraii
plainting is the best. A prominent characteristic
of Rliododendrcms is the densely fibrous nature
ff their roots, they always lift with a
'.'ood ball of earth, and consequentlv can be
transplanted with very little risk about mid-
April. If the plants are well supplied with
water after planting they are little affected
by disturbance. There is a widespread be-
lief that peat in the soil is necessary for
the successful cultivation of Rhododendrons.
This opinion would be dispelled df mote were
taken how well they flourish in a good. opsn.
moderately moist loam. The plants will, of
'Course, do well in peat, where the situation is
not too dry, but not better than in rich, open
loam. Thei-e is, therefore, no need to go to the
expense of taking oait a considerable depth of
soil and replacing it by peat in order to maie
the staple suitable for Rhododendrons. Stiff,
clayey soils are unsuitable, also soils containing
lime, hence it is useless to look for anv measure
of success in gardens -where chalk' abounds
Rhododendrons are greatly benefited bv a top
dressing in earlv spring, and especiallv where
the soil is at all dry. . A suitable material for
the nujinose consists of leaf-mould, mixed with
a little loa.ra and well-decayed manure Perma
nent T>lainting is, in my experience, however
besit. done in April. Rbodndendrons, as a rule',
seed very freely, and this has a decidedly
weakennn? effect on t.h° plants, hence, in the
case of choice varieties at least, the oM flower-
headls should be cut off as soon as their beaaity
is over. Jnmes A. Pnice, Aldenhmn Viearaqe
Garden.^. Watford. Herts.

Th= Eff'^ct of 0"f Blxn-' on Another.—
My experience in planting Cabbages om old
Strawberi-v beds is the reverse of that of .f. N.
I hnve for years adopted the followinrg pradtioe
when doing awav with Strawberry beds : As
soon as the Strfawberrieis are finished tihe plants
are grubbed up and allowed to lie for a d.ay or
moire accordinig to the weatber, then they are
bm-ned, together wp'th the litter, and th<> asihies
snrend over the soil. No manure is apiplied. but
just before pla,nrt.in'ff the Oabbases lime is spread
and isifuffled in. I have never had a failure w,'th
Cnbbaiges grown in this way. Again, wihen
miakiinig a new bed of Strawberries, setting the
plants at 2 feet apart, I put Cabbages be/fcween

December 15. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

243

the ix)ws, and Ui-e^e <vre pulled before the Stffaw-
berries iieed all the space. OM Stna-wbeairy beds
are haiboai-ere of injimous uiseicts, and there
aJie other factors that may lea<i to failm-e, such
as bad weather and soil qiialitdes, and I think
that A. iV. sho'uld look for Bomething beside
" toxin " if he would know the tnie cause of
his iiM-success. C. E. Bridgett, Red Roofs Gar^
dens, Broom Road, Tcddington.

SOCICTICS.

kROYAL HORTICULTURAL.
Scientific Committee.

December 4,—Prese7it : Mr. E. A. Bowles,
M.A. (ill the chair), Me&sa-s. J. Hudson, J.
Eraser, W. C. Woredell, J. OdeOl, H. E. Jiaw-
son, and F. J. C'liittenden (hon. sec.).

Cidysteijiu sepiwiit. ronea. — Mr. J. Eraser
showed s[>eeimens of the pink foiin of C. sepiuni
which he had coUcoted in apparently wild locali-
ties in SuJTey. Possibly the seed fwas carried
by some means from a gaaxl«n, for the variety
is often seen in gardene.

Convolvulus arvensis hastatits. — He also
showed a curioujs foiim oif the common Biiid^N'eed
with veiry naiTow leaves which he had found
near Molesey, and it was found to a.gree with the
description of the variety haslatus.

House refuse. — Mr. Hudson showed a sample
of finely powdered house refuse wihdch was being
offered as a manure. Since such samples con-
tain large quantities of coal ashes it is unlikely
that their value will be great, though if it is to
be had for a nominal sum and at email cost
for carting the material may be worth using.
It is bound to be somewhat variabie in com-
position.

Supposed influence of Unht on faaciation and
flower production. — Col. H. E. Rawson showed
furtiber ilhistraitions of fascialion appear ng in
plants of Tropaeolum tubei-osum which were
screened in the open gaiden. Successive cords
had bifurcated till the .'ite<nis. 22 in number,
had become fasciatod flat ribbons 10 to 21 mm.
wide, closely covered with leaves and w-ithout
any flowers. In the same position for the two
previous years and unst^reened the plant showed
no signs of fasciation and bore flowers freely.
Inflorescence. — Further examples were shown
of increased flowering arising on selectively
screened plants, all leaves being suppressed aud
the flowers apipea.ring in clusters. Spectroscopic
examination had shown that red light had beem
in exccsrs during the increased flowerijig and
blue lisht during fasciation.

Seedling Pi/rus with adrentitiou.9 roots. — Mr.
Bowles showed a seedling of Pyrus Miedzweitzky-
.ana with adverolitiouis roots in consideirable niun-
hers appearing' at the nodes as in the <ild Burr-
Icnot Apple, and as hapipens in seedling Crabs
at times.

Chinionfmfhu.i fragrant.— 'Hlv. Bowles also
showed flowers of the variety .gramdiflora. of
Chimwiianthus fra.grares appearing thus early in
the winter.

Stunrtin Pseudo-cnmellin fruiting. — Kev. W.
Wilks s».nit ripe firuits of Stuartia Pseudo-
cq.me'lfa from his garden, where, for the first
time, fruits had been produced abundantly.

Highly Commended. — Nos. 57, 68, and 69,
Daep Blood Red Non-bleeding, sent by McLen-
nan, R. Veitch and Sons, D. Bell (raised and
introduced by D. BeU) ; No. 65, Sutton's Black,
sent by Sutton and Sons ; No. 66, Dobbie's
Pui-ple, sent by Dobbie and Co. (the Committee
consider 65 and 66 to be identical) ; No. 48,
Market Favourite, sent, raised, and introduced
by Sutton and Sons ; No. 29, Veitch's Inter-
mediate, sent by Sutton and Sons ; No. 73, Yates'
Nonpareil Red, sent by Barr and Sons, raised by
Yates.

Commended. — No. 31, Carter's Perfection,
.sent, raised, and introduced by J. Carter and
Co. ; No. 52, Pragnell's Exhibition, sent by Barr
and Sons ; No. 23, Queen of the Blacks, sent by
Barr and Sons.

POTAIOS.
The following awards were made to Potatos
resistant to wart disease, grown at Wisley, to
compare the ci-opping and cooking qualities. The
names in brackets following the name of the
variety are of those who presented the seed
tubers, or from whom they were purchased. The
"seed" was, in each case, grown in Scotland or
Ireland.

Awards of Merit. — Nos. 30 and 31, Golden
Wonder (Dobbie and Co., Sutton and Sons) ;
Xos. 6, 7 and 8, Great Scot (Dobbie and Co.,
Sutton a.nd Sons, R. Veitch and Son) (the Com-
mittee consider that No. 9, Sir Douglas Haig
(.Sands), and No. 10, Southampton Wonder (Too-
good and Sons), are identical with Great Scot) :
No. 20, ATinj /l?6er< (Sands) ; 'Ho. S.King George
(Sutton and Sons) : Nos. 27 and 28, Langworthij
(Dobbie and Co., Sutton and Sons) (the Com-
mittee considered No. 29, What's Wanted (Sut-
ton and Sons) to be identical with Langworthy).
Highly Commended. — No. 26, Bumhouse
Beauty (Dobbie and Co.) ; No. 4, Conquest (Sut-
ton and Sons) ; No. 45, Dominion (Dobbie and
Cc.) ; Nos. 13 and 14, Favourite (Dobbie and Co.,
Sutton and Sons) ; Nos. 32 and 33, Rob Roy
iMcAIister, R. Veitch and ikm) ; No. 44,
St. iMalo Kidney (Fidlcr) ; No. 22, The Crofter
(Dobbie and Co.); No. 24. Twentieth Century
(Sutton and Sons) ; Nos. 42 and 43, White City
(Dobbie and Co., Sutton and Sons); No. 49,
Western Hero (R. Veitch and Son). The last
\ariety has not yet been grown in the trials
carried out under the Board of Agriculture for
wart resistance.

TRIAL OF SPRING-SOWN BEET.
The following awards have been made by the
l!<yal Horticultural Sociotv after trial at
W;Vley : —

Beets.

First-class CEKTrrxCATE.— No. 41, Green Top,
M'lit by Sutton and Sons.

Awards of Merit.— No. 67, lirydon's Kxhihi-
iioii, sent by Barr and Sons; No. 45, CheHen-
linii. Green I'np, sent by Sydenham, Ltd. ; Nos.
36 and 37, Dewar's Nnrlliumlierland lied, sent
liv Barr and Sons and Nutting and Sons; No. 7,8
(sent as Cor-'nt Gorden Cnmpnct Top by Barr
,.nrl Rons, but considered idontical with Nos. 36
:ind 37) ; No. 49, Sutton's Perfertion, sent,
raised, and introdnred by Sutton and Sons; No.
53, Nutting's Selected Red, Sent by Nutting and
Sons.

SOUTHAMPTON ROYAL HORTICULTURAL.

At a recent meieting of the CounoU of the
above Society Mr. C. S. Fuidge, who wiU com-
plete 45 years' continuous seinice as secretary
at the end of this yeai-, and is in his 79th year,
tiMidored his resignation. The Council, however,
induced him .to continue in office, w^iith the help
of aJi assistant secretary, and Mr. J. T. Robb
was appointed to the latter position.

The audited statemenit of accounts for the
twelve months ending November 30 showed a
ci-edit balance of over £131.
, It was decided to ,hold, next year, a Boise
Show at South Stoneham House giiounds, un
.luiio 26, and' the Sumimer Show, on the Pier,
on July 23 and 24.

It was also decided to hold a fruit and vege-
table show to encourage food production, with
special classes for allotment culbi vators , on
OcUiber 15 and 16.

©bttuar^.

JAME* E. HOPB.— We regret to record tliie
di'ath, from acute pireumomia, on Deceonbea- 8, of
Mr. .Taimes Edward' Hope, of Belmont, Mid-
lothian. Mr. Hope was nearly related to the
late Miss Hope, of Wardie Lodge, Edinburgh,
and, like her, was a keen, ^horticulturist. He was
specially interested in Alpine anid hardy flo-weirs,
an«l had one of the best-kept gardens in the
Edinburgh district. Deceaised, who was born in
1852, was formerly in charge of the Estate Duty
(Scotland) Office.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM.

WHEAT IN 1918.
The exti'emely dry weather experienced dui'-
ing the whole of November and the latter pai-t
of Ootober was almost a recoa-d foa- that ipei'iod
of the year, vea-y different from that expea-ienced
iai Octoibei- and November, 1916, wheai ojily
twenty -five da'y days were recorded for the two
months, and the sowing of Wheat was in coai-
sequehce much hindea'ed. The present season
lias beeai quite ideal for this work, and
-tliere have been a few sharp frosts to
d'isijutegiiate tenacious clods and moke har-
rowing all the easier. In epite of what
was thought to be a bad harvest season for seed
Wheat, the plant, now well established and
coming through the soQ, is very strong, and
gives promise of satisfactory growth later. In-
deed, it is admitted generally that Wheat neveir
looked better than it does at the presemt time.
The favourable weather, too, is encoiuraging an
extended seeding season. More acres will be
sown thaii would have been the case had the
weather been unfavourable. Rooks have been
less troublesome than irsnal, and 'this is indeed
a boon in these days of labour shoi'tage.

I note a tendency bhis season amongst fai-meris
to make use of the newel- varieties of Wheat,
especially those that produce heavier yields, if
not of quite such high quality. No douut. thiis
is wise when it is considered that quantity is
the main object to ^tudy at present.

It is pleasing, too, to note that t(here is a
greater desire to sow seed that has been well
prepared, by screeining the smaUer and inienior
grains from the bulk, thus starting with a
uniform sample of seed.

Much grasis-land and old leys ihave been
ploughed and sown with Wiheat in the
genera] wisih to produce an inorea.sed crop.
Wlveire a prepared Wheat manure was sown along
with the Wheat the plant is .promisiin,g in growth
and colour alike. With a dressing of sulphate
of ammoniia in Febmiary at the rate of 1 cwt.
pel- acre these ley-sowm Wheats should produce
satistfaotory results.

No doubt there are stOl many plots yet to
sow, where the previous ci-op is Rape ajid i'ur-
nipis to be fed off by the sheep. If a
difficulty is found in working the sod into
a siatisifactory tiltiH, and to save time, it
is a good plan to sow the seed first and
plough it in, harrowing the surface afterwards.
Tn the case of "catchy " weather this is a good
plan if only a small poa-tion is sown daily. On
thin soils overlying ohalk it is a good' plan to
use a heavy pressure to aid in solidifying the
soil, as Wheat, likes a firm rooting medium, and
esipeoirally is this an advantage where rooks
abound.

Fallows tliiat were ploughed up out of stubble
■a.fter harvest, and intended for Swedes and 'J'ur-
ni'ps should be cross- ploughed when, the weather
is suitable. In mo circumstances should stiff
fallows "be trodden upon when wet, a.s that only
brings trouble latei- on when a fine surface tilth
is reqiilred.

Owing to strong winds, much rain, and' in
many oases hen.vy ears of grain, Oats were bad.ly
laid last autumm' and there was much " butted "
Com, which is now growing freely. The dis-
tuirlbing of the fallows now will destroy these
self-sown plamts and check the growth of weeds,
including Docks, which may eafiily be collected
aftfir the plougih and burnt. I notice that there
.are increasing numibeiis of this weed, especially
in, aiiable fieilds. The Docks may be due to
Hiay fed to sheen on the landi, neglect to take
the' weeds out of the previous Com crop, and
by can-ting out m'anure where Hay w,i.s fed to
cUtle in the yai-d. Any stubble intendod for
i-oobs and not vet ploughed should be attended
to without delay. This is the time to plough
the land an extna inch or two deep for this
cix)T>, especially if the soil is heavy and the suib-
soil somewhiat' perviouis to water. All subse-
quent p.lon.ghiin,gs .ihould be less deep, as Tur-
nips app'reciate a firm rooting medium'. Th'C
fi'iist or second flloughinigs will aid In pulveriiisi-nig
tlile surface soil bv ex'posure ; too fine a Beed-bed
is not possiible for roots, therefore any help

244

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DECEMBEfi 15, 1917.

giveai in that diieetion now will ba valuable
later on.

Mangold.

The present is a go<xl time to cant manure
on the land for this crop. The dung
sihouM be ploughed in at once to enem-e it beang
thod'ouglily decayed and initegnated with tlhe soil
by tlhe time sowing is done in April. With the
use of 15 to 20 tons pex acre of half-decayed .
manm-e, ploughed in in the autumn, and 4 cwt
of supenphospha.te per acre at so.wdmg-time, ex-
celleiiit onjps may be obtained without tlh« aid
of fui-ther sitimulanlts in the form of nitrate of
soda or sulphiate of ammonia.

Again, good Manigoilds are obtained by the aid
of artificial mamii-e only. Wliere fanmyard
manm-e ds scarce or required for other crops
no one need despair of growing good' Mangolds.
I liad fully 35 to 40 tons per acre on one 6-acre
plot enriched with 4 cwt. of superphosphate and
8 cwt. of agricultua-al salt per acre ; not a scrap
of any ammonia stinralant was used. A good
tilth, earfly sowing, and keeping the land clean,
are the essentials to success. The superphos-
phate was not drilled with the seed, as is com-
monly done, but sowri broadcast in front of the
drill and worked in iby the harrows when pro
paring tihe seed-bed.

Caerots.

The crops of both Red and Wliite CarTots
have been reanarkably good this season where
the land was thoroughly prepared and the
attention given the plants in their early sta.ges
of gi'owth in keeping them free from weeds.
Ca-rrots, apart from their value for feeding pur-
poses, are a remunerative crop.

Now is the time to prepare tlie land by extra
deep ploughing to etnsure a free rooting medium,
as good Carrots cannot be grown in shallow ■301].
E. Moiyneux, Swanmore Park Farm, Bishop's
Walthnm, Hants.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Apple, Pear and Plum Trees Fruiting UN'
SATISFACTORILY : D. G. S. Give the cordon
Pear, bush and standard Apple trees, tihe
dressing- of basic slag now. Trees of the age
you mention would benefit most from a good
dressing of fanmyard manure if available, or
they could be mulched with tbis material in
the spring. The same remarks apply to tlie
Plum trees you are dressing with lime. The
Apples also would^ ibe benefited by a dressing
of lime.
Aspidistras : C. M. Mix a little bone-meal
-with the potting soil and -water the plants
occasionally with a viesk solution of some
nitrogemouB fm-itilisea', such as sulphate oif am-
momia or nitTate of potash. If you wish for
a connplete fertiliser use Tonk'is manure, whnoh
is made as foiUo^-ws : —

Supei-phosphate 12 pai-ts.

Nitiiate of Potash 10 ipwie.

Sulpbaite of Magnesia 2 parte.

Suliplhate of Iron 1 part.

Sulphate of Lime (Gy[56um) ... 8 pailtis.

Climbers for a North-East Aspect : /. C. B-
Suitable sweet-scented climbers for a low,
north-east wall are ChdmonaJithus fi-agrans,
Choisya ternata, Loniceira aurea reticulata, L.
fnagrantissdma, ajid Philadelphiis Monster.
The following Roses wiU also do well in such
a situation : Common China, Grass an Tep-
litz, Reine Marie Henriette, Reve d'Or, and
all the memberns of GJoire de Dijon dass.
Oth'er useful plants, althougih not scented, are
Clemaitis, Cotoneaster, Jasminum nudiflorum,
and J. officinale.

Creosote for Spraying : O. L. The creosote
would probably be less effective than the ordi-
mairy caustic washes at present used for winter
s-piiaying. At the same time, if the trees are
not badly affected by pests, and are free from
Lichens and Moss, the creosote oil insecticide
would probably meet the case very well. In
general, the good effect of any of these washes
is due primarily rto their cleansing properties.
Creosote, if vised strong, is fairly caustic, and
must be handled* -with caiie.

Gardener's Notice : C. C. It is usual for a
gaiidener living in a house on his master's pro-
perly to give or to a'eceive a month's notice
before leavijig his situatiuiu. The agreement
you made Willi your- employer at the 'time cf
the appointiment should have been committed
to paper ; a verbal agreement is useless. We
note the reason you sta^te for your discharge ;
this iiact, if cori'2ct, may make all Uie dif-
ference in regard to the amount of notice re-
quired. You should consult a local solioitoir.

Names op Fruits.— /n the naming of fruits, wt desire
to oblige our correspondents as far as we can,
but the task would become too costly and too
time-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents should observe the rule that not more
THAN SIX VARIETIES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk »f increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case is un-
avoidable.

W. A., Bristol. Doyeim^ du Comioe. — W. D.
and Sons. Fondante d'Autoanne. — E. E. P.
Reimatte Fram'clie. — .-1. T. B. 1, Honmead
Peanuain; 2, Striped Beefing; 3, Small 's Ad-
minable ; 4, not recognised ; 5, Old Nonjpareil ;
— .4. It. P., Windle. 1, Fiianklin's Golden
Pippin; 2, Gascoyne's Scarlet Seedling; 3,
AJfriston ; 4, Flower of Kent ; 5, Doyenne du
Cornice ; 6, Uvedale St. Germairis.- — R. C. W.
Pear Beurre Clairgeau ; Apple Beauty of
Keot.— /. G. D. 1, Dumelow's Seedling; 2,
Annie Eliza.beth; 3, Sturmeo" Pippin; 4,
Wyken Pippin ; 5, not recognised ; 6, Jose-
phine de Malines.- — G. B., Cranleigh. 1,
Crolden RiLsset; 2, Lady Henniker ; 3, Hamble-
don Deux Ane. — S. E. 1, Hacon's Incom-
paraible ; 2, Marie Louise ; 3 and 4, decayed ;
5. Dumelo'W's Seedling (syn. Wellington) ; 6,
not recognised. — R. W. R. One large Pear.
Beurre Die! ; two Pears, SoldaA Laboureur.
— Cestrian. 1, Round Winter Noneeuoli;

2, Wyken Pippin ; 3, Triomphe de Jo-
doigne. — F. N. 1, Striped Beefing ; 2,
The Queen ; 3, Golden Harvey ; 4, Reinette
van Mons ; 5, Northern Spy. — R. M. 1, Rose-
mary Russet ; 2, Cockle Pippin ; 3, not recog-
nised ; 4, Reinette dm Caax ; 5 and 6, de-
cayed.— A. S. Apple Castle Major. — Triton.

1. Peasgood's Nomieisuch ; 2, Norfolk Beefing;

3, Golden Spire ; 4, Norfolk Stone Pippin. —
D. W. Green, Winter Greeming ; flushed,
Api Rose.— F. 0. N. 1, Nanny ;'2, Reinette
du Caux ; 3, Dumeloiw's Seedling (isvn. Wel-
lington) ; 4, not found ; 5, Golden Pippin. —
.4. E. H. 1, Pear decayed; 2, local, not re-
cognised' ; 3 and 4, Hanwell Souring ;
5. Wooimsiley Pippiin ; 6, Yorkshire Beauty. —
.7. C. 1, Triomphe de Jodoigne: 2, White
Doyenne ; 3, Van Mons Leon Leclenc ; 4,
Josephine de Malines ; Apple Pine Golden
Pippin.— 77. B. P. 1, King of the Pippins;

2. Lady's Finger ; 3, Er'anmeU Souring.

Names of Plants. — Correspondents not answered in this
issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.

J. 0., Reading. Juniperus communis fastigi-
ata, the Irish Juniper. — F. S. M., Wrexham.
The flower sent ie a Catitleya la.biata of the
autumn-flowering type. , C. labiata is a very
variable species, both in the form and tint
of its flowers, the shape of its pseudo-bulbs
and width of the leaves. There is little doubt
that the other one described by you is of
the same species. Send specimens of the other
Orchids as they bloom, for naming. — F. W. J.
Linaria Cymbalaria, I-vy Toad Flax.
Pears Spotted : /. E. U. There is no fungus
present on either of the Paars, and tins injury
appears to be only superficial. Spray the trees
in the spring, when the leaves are .just open-
ing, two or three times, at intervals of a feAV
days, with weak Bordeaux mixture.
Plant " Fixtures " : T. B. Plants which are
growing in the soil are part of the freehold

and belong to the landlord. Confiequently
they caoiiiot be removed by an outgoing tenant.
There is not any legal decision i-eiported
to the ettect that a tenant has any raght to
relaiove plants which are necessarily pDiiced in
the soil terapoiarily with a view to repot-
tying, although we may expect to find, sooner
or later, a test case fought out, in which the
tenant will plead " cusiolm " to that effect.
Plants standing in pots or growing in a de-
tachable window-box have been held to be
removable by the tenant, but there ai'e cases
reported in which it has been held that hedges,
plants, and a border of Box ifoinned of such
plants oannot be so removed. These cases
aptply to a private garden only ; the nursery-
mam, for instance, has the right to remove
gi'owing plants from the soil, as this right is
a necessary incident to his business by reason
of its sipeoial nature.

Pruning Rhododendrons : T. Clewlow. Rhodo-
dendrons and similar hardy shrubs should be
pruned in early spring before growth com-
mences. Rhododendrons, by 'W. Watson,
deals with the pruning and propagation of
tliiese flowering shrubs. You can obtain the
book from our publiishing department, price
Is. lOd., post free.

Raising Orchids from Seeds : W. W. Orchids
have both the male and female organs in the
sajne flower. The pollen is found in a mass
known as poUinla, at the apex of the column.
When the flowers are ripe it is usually pos-
sible to withdraw the polliiiia by means of a
pointed stick, and it should be transferred to
the stigma of the plant intended to be the
seed-bearer. You will find, information cm the
crossing and raising of new Orchids in
Orchitis, Present-Day Gardening Series, o^b-
tainable from our Publishing Departanent,
price Is. lOd., free by post.

Raising Vegetable Seeds ; D. H. S. We know
of no work dealing exclusi-vely with the rais-
ing of vegetable seeds, but any good cultivator
of vegeitaibles wouldi be able to inform you as
to the planting of specimrais desired for seed-
ing purposes.

Timber : E. H. B. A good work on timlbeir is
Wood, by Prof. G. S. Boulger, published
by Edward Arnold, London, 1908, price
12s. 6d. The following are the names aited
for : Padouk (Pterooarpus indicus), SaUn-
wood (Chloroxylon Swietenia), Rio Rosewood
(Dalbergia nigra) probably, Borneo Rosewood
(P'terocarpus sp.), Canary Wood (Lirioden-
dron Tulipifera), Pitch Pine (Pinus australis).
Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis and P. ponderosa),
Red Deial (Pinus sylvestris), Cedarwood.
There are over 60 different Cedarwods, and
we do not know which one is meant. SUveT
Gray Sycamore is not known to us.

Vegetables Lender Glass : Catherine. You are
right in assuming that every possible use
should be nuide of glasshouses for the produc-
tion of earily vegetables. To advise you how
to apportion the space available we should
require to know the requirements of the house-
hold as to any particular vegetable. Assum-
'ing an average demand, one-half should be
devoted to eanly Potatos, such as Midlothian
Early and May Queen ; one-quarter to Peas
and climbing French Beans, and the reet
divided between early Turnips, Carrots, Cauli-
flowers, and various kinds of salads. The solil
of the cultivated ground on whiich the glass-
hotises are to be erected will, if of good
quality, be suitable for the purpose of grow-
ing vegetables.

Young Espalier Apple Trees : W. L. W.
Generally sipeaking, it is necessary to reduce
the extension shoots of espaEer Apple trees
about one^hird their length. All the side
Sihooits should be pinched back to two or three
lea-ves during the summer, the leaders only
being allowed to grow their full length
throughout the season, shortening them as re-
commended above at the winter pruning.

Communications iReceived.— W. E.— H. A.— G. P.
— R. -W. R.— E. H.— ,T. S.— E. S. M.— P. T.— A. R.—
E. O.— W. T.— W. O.— W. E.— E. H. A.— O. P.— Ignor-
ance—H G.— W. B. H.— <3. T.

December IS, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

1^ JL I^ K £2 T S.

COVEN T GARDEN, December n.

Plants In Pots.

Aralia Sieboldii,

per doz.
Asparagus plumo-

sus, per doz. ...

— SpreDgeri
Aspidistra, green,

per doz.
Begonias, Gloire de
Lorraine, 48's,
per doz.

— 60's

— 72's

Cacti, vanoHS. per

tray of 15"8 ...

— per tray of 12's
Chrysanthemums :

— white, iS's, per
doz.

— coloured, 48'b,
per doz.

Cocos Weddelliana,
4b'8, per doz....

— 60's, per doz....
Ericas, per doz.—

— gracilis 48's ...

&e. : Average Wholesale Prices,
s. d.s.d. Ericas, con.— . d. s. d.

— hyemalis alba,
48's 15 0-lS 0

■— melanthera,4S's30 0-36 0
Cyclamen, 4S'8, per

doz IS 0-24 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small
and large 60"s 24 0-30 0

— in 4S's, perdoz. 7 0-80

— in 32*8, perdoz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,
4S's, per doz... 10 0-12 0

Geonoma gracilis,

eo's, per doz«. 6 0-80
larger, each ... 2 6-70

Kentia Bel
per doz,

6 0-60

10 0-12 0
8 0-10 0

30 0-S6 0

18 0-24 0
7 0-90
5 0-60

4 0 —

5 0 —

8 0-24 Q

8 0-12 0

18 0-30 0
8 0-10 0

12 0-15 0
4" 6- 6 0

— Forsteriana,60's
Lilium longiflorum,

per doz.

— lancifolium ru-
brum

album

Solanums

15 0-18 0
30 0-60 0
8 0-10 0

24 0-30 0
24 0-30 0
12 0-18 0

Cut Flowers, &e. : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d.

4 0-60
2 6-30

1 G- 4

Arums-

— (Rlchardias),
per doz. bl'ms. 5 0-60

Berberis, per doz.

bun

Camellias, white,

per. doz.
Carnations, perdoz.

— blooms, best
American var.

Chrysanthemums —

— white, per doz.
blooms

— bronze

— pink

— yellow

— coloured, per
doz. bunches ... 10 0-15 0

— white 12 0-18 0

Croton leaves, per

bun 13-16

Gardenias, per box 4 0-50
Heather, white,

perdoz. bun....
Lapageria alba, per

doz. blooms ...
Lilium longiflorum,

long

— lancifolium
album, loni,' ...

lilii

s.d. s.d.

— rubrum, per

doz. long ... 3 0-36
short, per

doz blooms ... 3 (i- 4 0
Narcissus 8oleil d'Or,

per doz. bun ... 10 0-12 0
Orchids, per doz; —

— Cattlej-a ... 10 0-12 0

— Cypripediums 2 6-30

— Odontoglossum
crispum ... 2 6-30

3 0-40 Pelargoniums, dou-
"6-40 '^'^ scarlet per
o « o « •'"^ bunches... 10 0-12 0
_ B- J 8 Pernettias,peidoz 10 0-12 0
2 6-40 Poinsettia, perdoz 18 0-21 0

Roses ; — p«r doz,
blooms :

— Liberty ... 4 0-60

— Melody ... 3 0-60

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
ford

2 6-30 Tuberoses, per gross
blooms 15 0

4 (!- 5 0 Violets.perdoz.bun. 4 0-80

— French Parma,

3 D- 3 6 f per bunch ... 6 0-70

6 0-90

3 0-50

3 6-40

Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prlees.

Adiantum (Maiden
hair Fern) best,
perdoz. bun...

Asparagus plu-
musuB, long
trails, per half-
dozen

— — medium,
doz.

id. 1

8 0-10 0

t Asparagus con. —
; — Sprengeri
0-80, Carnation foliage,

dcz. bunches... 4 0-50
' Cycas leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

6-3 0 SIoss. gross bun... 6 0-70
iSmilaic, per bun.
bunches 12 0-18 0 ' of 0 trails ... 16-20
Uemahks —Supplies consist chiefly of those elreaay
given fur the CliriHtjnaa trade. The cold weather ha»
i^hecked the supply of Roses and CbiTniations, and the
prices for these flowers are adv.iineing, and will doubt-
less continue to Ti**e throughout next week. BuBdness
is very brisk in pot plant*. Large quantities of plants
aire being <lespal<^hed to the provinces. Kricas and
Befr^miia-s are tlio most attractive flowering plants. a:iq
growers find no diffloulty in clearing their stocks. There
is ^tiilv .1 limited supply of Palma. Ferns are only of
nn-iliiiin ■nialit.v. but they are selling freely at a<lv;incc.l
pricta.

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d. s.d.
Artichoke, Chinese

(.Htachy)pcrlb. 10-13

— .liTusalcin per

i bushel ... t 6- 8 0

A-simrnKMsCEnglish),

per bundle ... 10 0-10 6

— (i'aris Oreen),

per l)unrlle ... 6 0-70
Beans :-

— French(Cliannel
Islands), per lb. 13-20

Beetroot, per bus.
Brussels .Sprouts,

per i bus. ... 2 0-26
Cabbage, per tally 4 0-00
Carrots, new per

doz. bunciies ...
Cauliflowers, per

doz

Celeriac, perdoz.... 4 6
Celery, per bundle 2 0- S ()

per

2 0- 2 .6

s. d. s.d.
Horseradish,

bunch ...
Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0-40
Lettuce, Cabbage

and Cos, perdoz. 0 6-20
Mustard and Cress,

per doz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, per cwt. ... 26 0-30 0

— spring, per doz.

bun. ... 16-20

— Valencia, per

case (4 tiers) 43 0-46 0

(6 tiers) ... 45 0-46 0

Parsnips, per bag .. 4 0-50

Peas, per \h.

Potatos,new,perlb.
3 O- 4 0 ■ Radishes, per doz.

bunches
2 0-40 Wavoys, per tally

i;eiery, per tiundie 2 "- a " „ , ""^ ■. t 1, a

Cucuinbera,perdoz. 8 0-12 0 ; Splnaoh, per bushel 2 6 -

_ ,. , , „ „ ,. umips, per bag ... 2 6-30

Endive, perdoz ... 1 0- 2 ii _ neV, per doz.

Fruit: Average Wholesale Prlees.

s.d. s.d. I s.d. s.d.

Mddlars, per i bus. 3 0-40
Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 0-29
Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...140 0 —

— Cob, per lb. ... 12-13

— mixed, per cwt. 110 0 —
Oranges, per case 120 0-lSO 0
Pears, per i bus. ., 6 0-16 0

— Doyenn6 du
Cornice, perdoz 18 0 —

Quinces, per J bus. 2 0-26
Tomatos, English
per 12 lbs. or

peck 12 0-lS 0

Walnuts, French
(Grenoble), per
bag (16 lbs.) ... IS 0-20 0

Almonds, per cwt. 170 0 —
Apples : —

— cooking, perbus. 6 0-12 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per J bus. 6 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

case (30 quarts) 40 0 —
Dates, per box .. 14_0-1S 0
Grapes, Alicante.

per lb 1 S- 2 6

— Almerias, per
barrel (3J doz.
lbs.) 40 0-70 0

— Canon Hall, per
lb 2 0-50

— Gros. Colmar,
per lb. ... 16-30

— Muscats, per lb. 3 0- 6 0
Lemons, per case... 60 0-100 0

Remarks.— The m-arket is well supplied with Apples of
seasonable vaiieties, but Peais are Umited in mumbera.
The demand for Grapes ho.? not been so great during the
past week oa hitlherto, and this may be due to the in-
oreased prices. The consignments of Grapes from the
Ohamnei Islands >.re practically finished. Oranges,
Lemona, Nuts, Bananias, and Dates are all scarce and
e-'cpemsive. The Tomato crop is finishing. Asparagus,
both English and Freadh grown, is on ofTer. Mush-
rooms are a shorter supply. The following forced vege-
tables ore obtainable:— Peas, Dwarf Beans, new PotatoB,
Ohickorv, and Mint. -Ul outdoor vegetables are plerutiful.
E. H. R., Covent Garden Market, December 13, 1917.

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. D. H. Rose, ^-r the past five years Gardener to
B S. SlLLEM, Esq.. Oantley Manor, Norwich, as Gar-
dener to F. H. Ringer, Esq., Summerfield, Docking,
King's Lynn

Mr. J. Mann, for the past ten years Gardener to F. S.
Low, E.*]., Rookery Park, Yoxfold, Sufloik, and
previously at Kilshane, Tipperary, as Gardener to
Mrs. Batnbridge, Kirklin^ton HaJl, Kirklm^on,
Southwell, Nottingfhamshire.

Mr. W. J. Ne-wberry, formerly of the Royal Botanic
Gajrdens, Kew, and the Royal Bot.anic Society's Gar-
dens, Regent's Park, Lodun, and for the past seven
yeai-3 Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Pietermaritz-
bxrrg, Natal, as Superintendent of Public Parka to the
Pietermarit«l>urg municipality.

AUCUBA JAPONICA.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
RHODODENDRON PINK PEARL.
(Finest Named Hybrids.)

All the above 3ft. to 4 ft. liushy, good plants for Covert
Planting. Must lie sold, cheap, to make room for i>otatus.
If nut disposed of must be burned. -A BARGAIN '.

Particulars from :~

R. MANSON, '*Ji:i'':rv1?S?bSt*t^^

'MY GARDEN' SERIES

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Acttag CkairaaH of the ScientiBc CvmiMttce of lh«
Royal Horticultural Society.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Aaihor.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::
AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By the Sam* Author.

Oarlic, per lb.
Greens, per bag

new,

buDcbes
Turnip tops, per bu3.2 0- 'J G

Uerbs, perdoz bun. 4 0- S 0 Watercregs, perdoz. 0 6- 0 7

Price 5/6 each pott free from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE "6ARDENERS' GHROfllGlE." LTD..
41. WEUINfiTDN ST.. OOVENT BAROEN. LONDON. W.G. 2.

GARDENING CHARITIES.

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Telephone— TIctori* 514

Do Not

Forget the
Gardener-
Soldiers.

" Many thanks for the GAR-
DENERS' CHRONICLE, which
I have received safely each week
through the kindness of Lady
Theodora Guest. You will see
that I am now in Mesopotamia.
The CHRONICLE is very
welcome to me out here ; it seems
good to read all the news in
the old paper, and surely the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE is
the king of all gardening papers."

This letter was sent us by
a soldier in the Mesopotamia
Force. YOUR soldier friend,
who was a gardener before
he went to the front, is a
gardener still in sympathies
and interests. HE longs to
know what is going on in
the gardening world now,
and has no means of knowing
unless YOU help him. Send
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CHRONICLE. Keep him
in touch with current gar-
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act of friendship. Send us
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— 8/9— and we will take all
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friend, also reminding you
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Write to us now, and
, give us his address.

41, WELLINGTON ST., STRAND,
LONDON, W.C. 2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 15, 1917.

The Best Christmas Present,

The following volumes of

PRESENT-DAY GARDENING

1

i^HI

p

1

Oj

si*

^Ki.

x*^

^1

s
*-1

m

¥'

*■ -

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle."

EACH VOLUME IS WRITTEN BY AN EXPERT.
ILLUSTRATED WITH EIGHT PLATES REPRO-
DUCED FROM COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS. ^ d»

^■(ly^

" E-veryone who loves his garden should make a point of getting the whole series
ilkistrating ' Present-Day Gardening.' " — Tlic Conntry Home.

SWEKT PEAS. By Horace J. Wright, Kite Secretary and Chairman of the National
Sweet Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for Exhibition," by Thos. StevensON.

PANSIES. VIOLAS. AND VIOLETS. By William Cuthbertson, V.M.H., and
R. Hooper Pearson.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. Jacob, Chairman of Committee of the Midland Daffodil
Society. With Preface by the Rev. W. WiLKS, M.A.

ORCHIDS. By James O'Brien, V.M.H., Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society,

ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES. By the late Alexander Dean, V.M.H.,
Chairman of the National \ egetable Society.

CARNATIONS AND PINKS. By T. H, Cook, Head Gardener to Queen Alexandra
at Sandringham : jAMES Doi'GLAS, V.M.H., and J. F. M'Leod.

RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS. By William Watson, A.L.S., Curator
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; with Preface by Sir Fred W. Moore, IVI.A., A.L.S.,
V.M.H. (The only volume published on this subject.)

APPLES AND PEARS. By George Bunyard, V.M.H. , late Chairman of Fruit
and Vegetable Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

ANNUALS : HARDY AND HALF-HARDY. By C. H. Curtis, late Hon. Sec.
of the National Sweet Pea Society.

ROCK GARDENS. By Reginald Farrer, with preface by Dr. J. Bretland
Farmer, F.R.S.

TULIPS. By the Rev. Joseph Jacob, Secretary of the Midland Daffodil Society.

DAHLIAS. By George Gordon, V.M.H., President of the National Dahha Society.

ROSES (double volume 2/6 and 3/6). By H. R. DARLINGTON, Joint Secretary of the
National Rose Society.

CLIMBING PLANTS. By Wm. Watson, with introduction by Wm. Robinson.
Author of " The EngUsh Flower Garden." (Double volume 2/6.)

Price 1/10 each (Roses and Climbing Plants, 2/10).

Post Free from —

The PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, WX.

^''■^^«tS^:r^s^^t^'M "^zsir^z^^^x^^,^^^, ^^-^f^-^^i^^^^ <^—

Established 1841

No. 1617. Vol. LXIL {/S]

gVBSOBIPTIOlf— Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 221- per mnnum.
Postal Addrej<— 41, Wellington £treet, Covent Qarden, W.C. a.

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SATURDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1917. JReiHstered as a Newspaper.] PRICE •

' ' \, IP03T-FREB,

For CONTENTS see page 245.

SPECIAL NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.

Owing to the Christmas Holidays, all copy

for advertisements intended for the isftie of the

Gardeners' Chronicle /or December 29 must

reach the office on or before Saturday,
December 22.

w

ATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-
BACEOUS PLANTS.— New Oatalojue now loady.

w

ATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

BULBS.— New Catalogue now ready

W ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.
C'atal'«iie and Supptementary List Of n«w and
ohince varietiea now rea<>>'

W ATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRUBS.- Oataloirue free.
All or any ci the above Cataloffues forwarded po8I
free on rfceipt of mime aJul addr^is.

JOHN WATEBER, SONS 4; ORISP. LIMITED,
Thp Nurseries. Bajcshot. Surrey, and Twytord, Berks.

s

ANDERS, Orchid

St. Albana.

Growers,

WELLS' CHRYSANTHEMUM CATA-
LOGUE now readv. Post tree on appUoaUon.— W
WELLS i CO., MersthKin. Surrey.

ROSES. — ALLEN'S GOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new deecriptive price
1m<, with Hinta on How to Grow BMee, now ready,
post free. — Write to-day. A, J. 4 O. ALLEN. Roae
Growers, Norwich (for over 60 yeara).

BUNYARD'S STRAWBERRIES.
Our new descriptive Iwt is now ready, and will
be sent on reneijJt of oard.

ALPINE STHAWBEURIEa a speciakty.

GEO. BUNYABD & CO., LTD., Royal Nuraariei,

Ualdstone.

WM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,
LTD., Lawrence Road, Soul-h Tot/tetuham, N. 15.
Conservatories. Winter Gardems, Vincnes, Poacih -house",
Portable Buildings, &c. Catalogues gratis.

GREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING
" Vitrolite," superior to White Lead Paint.

" PkLstino " supersedes putty. Full partiouilaio frcoxj
W. CARSON k .SONS, Grove Works, Batlemea. Agents
throughout the country.

BARR'S CASH CI^ARANCE S.\LE of
CHOICE DAFFODILS, AprU and May flowering;
TULIPS &c. for in and outdoors. Also Bulbs for large
plantings. List free.— BARB & SONS. King Street,
Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

DOBBIE'S Autumn List of Bulbs, Sweet
I'ens Rfises. Carnations, Seedling and Vegetable
Pl«uvt«, Ac, post tree.- DOBBIE 4 CO., Royal Flori**,
Edinburgh.

ANTED, geccnd-hand LAWN MOWER,

Shan.lts or Ransomss ; 12, H or 16in.— RECTOR,

Moniton, Andover.

F

GOD PRODUCTION AT HOME.

Consult

SCTTONS CATALOGUE OF

FOOD PRODUCTION SEEDS for 1918.

Now readv. Ordsr at once from

SUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,
READING.
FEEDS' SEEDS.

►EEDS' SEEDS FOR PLENTY.

Peeds' See<l Catalogue is distributed this
week. Custoniers not receiving a copy are
requested to apply at once.
.TORN PEED & SON.
The King's Seedsmen and Nurserymen,
WEST NORWOOD, S.E.

J GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,
" Greenhouses. 4c., and Heating Engineers,
Dtuivors Street, Ohoilsea, London. S.W. 3. Wire. 201,
Wostem, London. Telephone : 201, Western.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurwries,

DERBHAM — Send »or Rose Oatalogua, post free.

H

GISHURST COMPOUND.— Insecticide
and Fungicide.— Over .SO vears' reputation ; higlily
Ooniman/ied, R.H.S Sciientificaily-controlled Trials at
Wislev, 1914-15. Sold by d-oalers in Garden Sundries.
Whnl^le: PRICE'S P-\TENT CANDLE 00, LTD.,
Battereea, London, 8.W. 11.

'I'^HERE is no more delightful occupation
■'- for tie long evenings ol winter than reading.
To make up a good fire, and take in one's hand a
favourile book ; this represents the nome of comfort,
after a liapd doy's work. In reading, as in even'-
thing else, it is "everyone io his taste"; and
the gar<lcn cnthuaioHt, be he professionttl or amateiu',
will cilK'ose for his winter evenings a hook whic'.h deals
with tile subject nearest to bis heart — tliat of horticul-
Iriire. And on this theme, old, yet ever new, no volume
cin give so much and such varied infonnation wit4iin
a short compass as a bound volume of the " Gardeners'
Ohroniclc." On one page it tells of the latest discovery
in hortioultural science, and desorihes the rich liarveat
of new plajits introduced into cultivation by imtrcpid
plant collectors from tlie remotest parts of China and
Tibet. On another p.ige it relates the progress of the hor-
ticulturists ol to-day in the raising ol new plants by
hybridisation ; and, again, it telU the roniaatic life-
history of the latest recruit to the legion of plant-pcsls.
The " Gardeners' Chronicle " has lieen printing such
records for over seventy years,

■pERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

^ Ferns, Basket Ferns, Stove and Greenhoiuse Ferns,
Hardv Gar.len Ferns; catalogues free.— J. K. SMITH,
lyondon Fern Nursery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus f"r Crass, Shruhherie^i, and Wild Gardening.
153. and 21». 1,000; selected for forcing, 25i. 1.000; as
dug, 13s. per bushel (2,000). 4». 6d. per peck (600 bulbs).
—.1 HANDS(X)11BE, F.R.H.S., Feltham Nurseries,
Mi.ldle»ei.

1 nn flOA LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

■^'-'" »""" 20s. 100. Paimi, Begonias, Crotons,
Dracaenas, Roses, Ericas, Gloiinisa, LJies, Hydrangeas,
4c. ; ratalosrues tree.— J. E. SMITH, Ixindon Fern Nuir-
series, Loughborough Junction, London. S.W.

For Advertisement Cbarges lee page II.
TZ ELWAY & SON,

-*■*■ NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

The Royal Horticulturists,
LANGPORT, SOMERSET,
are now booking orders for their Choice Hardy Perennial
Plants. Plant a G.)lour Border t.hi6 Autumn, and you
will! be able to enjoy its exquisite beauty for many years
witiout any additional espemee or trouble.
Send measurements of your Borders.
Paeonies, Delphiniums, PhJoses, GaiHardiaa, and other
l>eautiful flowers, included in their Colour Schemes, which
provwie blooms from early Spring to late Autumn.
WRITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
tor Reduced Price List.

POR SALE, a MARKET NURSERY ;

•*- about 8 acres and 60.000 super feet of Glass ; ex-
celOent lotial marUets ; South of England ; or a partner-
Shi]) would be entertained with a thoroughly capable
gr^>wer with a view to ultimate purchase. Principals
only deuJt with.— M. H., Box 4, 41, WeUdngton Street,
Covent Gaixiecn, W.O. 2.

WANTED, 1.000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,
old plants, suitable for stock ; cash or exrfiange.
Sco other adverti-semenls ; catalogues free. — SMITH,
LoTwlon Fern Nursery, Loughboi-ough Junction, Lon-
don, S.W.

SPORTSMEN, FARMERS, HORSEMEN.
—Try our splendid Yorksliire Whipcord Tweed ;
weans like leather ; showerproof. 7 yards for 2l3. Pat-
terns free.— BRADFORD WOOLLEN CO., 71. Bradford.

ORCHID PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack; Rhodo-
dendron Peat, free from bracken, 15s. per yard,
6 to 18 vard trucks, hags 30s. dozen ; Loam, Leaf Mould,
Silver livnd and Fibre. Rhubarb Roots (10 aci'Cs),
clumps for forcing, 30s. 100; fruiting, 20s. 100; Daw's
Champion and llawkes' Cliampsignie ; Sea Kale, forcing
crown Mid sets. List tree.- J. HANDSCOMBE, The Nur-
series, Feltham. Middlesex.

" PESTITE " destroys all soil
pests (wirewoi-ms, dub-root, wart disease,
&c ) Price, 28 lbs. 4s. ed., 56 lbs. 78. 6d., 10s. 6d. per
cwt,.', £B per ton, carriage paid.— G. LANG & SONS,
L'Td'., Hounslow, Middlesex.

COUNTY BOROUGH OF GRIMSBY.

E<iucation. Committee.
INSTRUCTOJl OF SCHOOL GARDENING.

ANTED, a qualified INSTRUCTOR

of GARDKNING : cojiuiiencing salary £140 per

w

year.

Forms of application may be obtained fi-om tuie,
uiKler&igned on receipt of a stamped addressed enve-
lope from

DOUGLAS OH.\NDLEB.
Clerk to the Educstion Committee.
Education OIBces, Grimsby.
14th December, 1917.

E.XPERIMBNTAL STATION, OHESHUNT, HERTS.

EXPERIENCED and careful GARDENER
required enrlv in the New Year to take charge
of six experinie.ntjii Tomato Ilcmses (about 6,000 plants),
and to cultivate ncwrding to the instructions of the
Dirsotor. Experience in a Market Nursery is not essen-
tial ; help given with picking, stoking, 4c. Only those
ineligible for mflitary service need apply. Applications,
enclosing copies of two ref-ent testimonials, should be
received by the DIRKCTOR (from whom further prtiou-
lars I'an be nlilaincd) nut later than December 29.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 22, 1917.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must ytvc lull particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originnls. On no account shnuld they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require .a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters so addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

WANTED, HORTICULTURAL IN-
STRUCTOR for the Coimty of Bedford for six
months from Jajiuary 1, 1918; Jee aiid allowamce for
expenses, £70.— Apply, SPENCER, Pickering, Harpen-
den.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
ing) for Liinpne Castle, Kent; no Glass.— Apply,
stating age, experieJice, and wages required, ALFRED
J. BITIROWS, Land Agent. Asiiiord, Kent. ^^

/"^ARDENER (Single-handed) wanted;

*-^ must be well up all round and willing to look
after ixm^v.— Full partieulars aa to wages (with cottage)
required, 'i-c., to E. S, WEBB, WiJdwood Lodge, North
End, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

"Y^ANTED, a GARDENER (Single-

' * HANDED), with occasionail help. — Apply, J. H.
M.4,STER, Esq., Montrose House, Peter^am, Richmond,

Su^rrey.

Y\7"ANTED, SINGLE - HANDED GAR-

' ' DENER ; male or female ; experienced Inside and
Out.— State fulil particulars to H, POTTON, The Home-
stead, Rayleigh, Efisex.

WANTED, good SINGLE - HANDED
GARDENER; experienced in .all branches; no
cot.t..ige. — Write, stating wages required, C, Haling
Cottage, Brigliton Road, South Croydon.

WANTED, about the middle of January,
a tliorooiffhly experienced WORKING G.AR-
DENER ; niortli countryman preferred ; to work under
Bailiff's orders ; wag:es 35s. per week ; good hoarse and
garden ; permanent. — Apply, with references, THE
BAILIFF, Rufford Hall, near Ormekirk, Lanes.

WTANTED, SINGLE MAN, ineligible, for

* ^ Outside Garden work ; <me able to take Sunday
duty ; overtime paid. — ParticulaTs of experience to H.
KIXG, Stevenstone Gardens, TorriByton, N. Devon.

T^ANTED, at once, good MAN for the

* ' Vegetable Garden at g-ent-leman's pltace ; married
or single ; cottage provided ; good wages.— Write, LIS-
TER-KAYE, Esq., Monley Manor, Derby.

Tl^ANTED, UNDER GARDENER; ineli-

^ ' giblp ; tn work under H^iad ; single; good lodging
can be had close to Gardens; wageis 30s. pear week.—
Appliy by letter to MAXWELL, Great Oomp, Borouffb
Green ^.

WTANTED, UNDER GARDENER; mar-
ried or single ; ineligible ; good cottage or Bothy,
milk and vegetables ; general work, chieflv Outside- —
Apply, statjng age, wages, &c., to T.' HERBERT, Til-
st-one Lodge Gaiviens, Tarporley, Cheshire.

"W-'^NTED, FOREMAN or good FIRST

'' JOURNEYMAN, for Inside and Out; wa^es 50s.
and Bothy; also JOUENEYlffAN or strong IMPROVER,
Inside and Out ; ineligible ; wages 26s. and Bothy ;
duty and ovCTtime paid.— H. A. PAGE. The G-ardelis,
Belsizc Oooirt, Hampstead, N.W. 3.

VyANTED, FOREMAN or good JOUR-

-' ^ NEYMAN (Inside) ; good wages to competent man ;
ineldgible or discharged soldier.— J. WILSON, SUver-
l.an<ls, Ohertsey.

\7yANTED, FOREMAN (Inside) or good

' » JOURN'BYMAX : wages 30b., Bothv, i-c. ; four in
Bothy.— E. BRISTOW, Le\swocd Gardens, Oroomhridge,
Tunb ridge Wells.

WANTED, .lOURNEYMAN (Inside) ;

Bothy, milk. &c. ; good wages offered; 59. extra
for Sunday duty; 1 o'clock Satuirdavs.— Apply wit(h
fultl partdciiilars, to T. WALLER. Tredegar Park Gar-
dens, Newport, Moo.

WANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for a first-
class establishment, near London ; an in«ligibl«
man or disi'harged soldier preferred ; attractlTe wage*
piiid.— Apply, in tJie first place, to JOHN PEKD b SON,
The King's Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E.

WANTED, two JOURNEYMEN for the
Plant and Fruit Houses.— Apply, stating wages
required, with Bothy, &c., to C. H. WHEELEE, Swin-
ton Gardens, Maahaiu, Ripon.

WTANTED, LADY GARDENER early in

' ' Jawuarj- ; assist Inside smd Out ; rooms, coal,
light, vegetables, ajid attendance ; 1 o'clock Saturdays.
—Address, " HORTUS," Mere Road, Barby, Northants.

WANTED, LADY GARDENER for pri-
vate Garden ; able to miik cows ; 12 miles from
London, in Heo-ts. ^Stat^ age, experience, wheo disen-
gaged, witb eopiei of references, to R. W., Box 21, 41,
Weliliung-lon St-reet. Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

TITANTED, early January, SINGLE MAN
• * (imeilig'ible Army) to attend to pigs and poultry
and help in Garden —Apply, letter, to HAMILTON-
MILLER, MaTior House, StaJimore, MiddJesex.

WANTED, several YOUTHS for the
Houses ; live in Botlhv ; wages according fco ex-
perience.—Apply, O. H. WHEELED, Swinton Gardens,
.Mashajn, Ripon.

WANTED, strong LAD for Garden work,
no G1.^9s ; age 15 to 16 years ; good wages given,
according to experience. — HAYES, St Serfs Lodge,
Priory Lane, Roehajnpton, S.W'. 15,

IRADE.

UORTICULTURAL E.XPERT required

-*"-*- for extensive Nursery Business, situated in the
Lea VaJlef>\ Applicants sbould be qualified to give ad-
vice on (1) the culture of Oueumbers and Tomatos
under Gkisa ; (2) the preventitive and remedial] measureis
for bacterial, fungodd, inoect, and physdolog-icoil diseases
of these crops ; (3) the sterilisations of soils ; and sihouM
bo capable of conducting experiments and investiga-
tions relative to the above. Salary £500-£500 per
annumi, aocordiing to qualifications and experience, —
Furthefl- panticulara on application, R. B., Box 20,
41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, W.O. 2.

TITANTED, a GROWER; experienced in
^ ^ Oucumbers, Toniatos, and Ohrysanthemuirie. —
Ple.ise state wages required, with copies of testamoniaJs,
to B., Bo.\ 17, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden,
W.C. 2,

"YVANTED, a FRUIT FOREMAN ; over

^ * miUtary age ; well experieaiced in oJll the rou-
tine of Fruit Tree growing. — Full particulars, with
wages, to EDWIN HOLLAMBY, The Nurseries, Groom-
bridge.

^T^ORKING FOREMAN wanted at

* * Wal'tliani Gross for Market Nursery, Cucumbers
and Tomatos ; good ^wages to experienced' and reliable
man. — State age, experience, when disengaged with
copies of reference, to R. B.. Box 22. 41, WelllBington
Street, Covent Gawieai, W.O. 2.

Ay ANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, in-

' ' eligible for .\rmy. for small branch Nursery ;
Palms, FerniS, and Tomatos grown ; good courtage and
firing found. — State age, wages, ond experienice to E.
OURRV, Whitehall Lane Nursery, Ohingfo(rd, Essex.

''pWO good KNIFEMEN wanted; experi-
-^ enced men only. State wages required, previous
experience, and seuid copies of testimonials. — Apply by
letter onlv to W. SEABROOK & SONS. The Nureeries,
Chelmsford-

TirANTED, MAN for Nursery (Second) ;

" ' experienced soft-wooded stufl. Oarnations, &c.—
Apply, HOPWOODS, 58, High Street, Cheltenham.

TITANTED, PACKER, for Plants, Seeds

' ' and Bulb3. — Please apply, giving particulars of
experience and salary required, to JOHN PEED & SON,
Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E. 27,

OEED TRADE,— ASSISTANT for Garden

'^ Seed and Eulb Department required by weU-
known firm in the North. — Apply, with copy of testi-
monioils, atatlng oge, experience, and saliary expeoted
to W. N., Box 24, 41, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden
W.C. 2.

■\XrANTED, an experienced ASSISTANT to

' ' take charge f<f tools and sundries department-
Apply, stating age, qualifioatiaas, eal.^n• expect^, &c.
DICKSONS, LIMITED, Chester.

WANTED, ASSISTANTS for Counter

■VITANTED, young LADY FLORIST; fill
* '^ in spare time with Seeds.— Particulars of qualifi-
catioTiiS and wagea required to W. THOMAS PERKINS,
Florist and Seed Merchant, Kettering

SITUATIONS WANTED.

Twenty-six words for 1/6, and 6d. for each
succeeding Eight words or less.

Gardeners desiring tbeir Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their, communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVA TE.

r^ARDENER (Head), in good establish-

^-^ ment ; life experience En^liamd and Scotland ; 13
yeare in present eiiuation as Head ; excellent reier-
enrces ; maiTied ; age 4fi ; family two. State wages. —
HAWKE, Riviera Palace Grardeiifl, Sate Polwithen, Pen-
zance, Cornwall.

QARDENER (Head); well up in all
^-^ branches aaid life experience ; 3 years present ;
long service previous ; Oigc 45 ; married (2 boys, home,
14 and 11),— W. VEALE, Cranage Hall Gardens; Hodmea
Chaped, dheshire.

(^ARDENER (Head Working) ; aged 46;

^^ married (3 ohildren) ; 30 years* first-class experi-
ence ; expert Fruit and Oarnotion Grower ; good manr
ager ; capable of taking charge of large Garden and
Fmall home farm ; 4^ vears' first -class character fKwn
present employer.— BKN BOW. Henley Hall, Ludlow.

XTEAD WORKING GARDENER wants

-"--*- pilac* where five or more are kept; expert aB
branches (Lands'.iape work); qualified Oi-dhid grower;
at libeirtv ; North oir Midlands preferred. — A. B., Box
23, 41. Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

/^ARDENER requires situation, as
^-* SECOXD preferred ; Ufe experience Inside and

Out; excellent references; willing and obliging; single;

ige 40; Class CG.^T. SYMONS. 2. Beirkley Oobtagea,

FaJniouth, Cornwall.

TRADE.

UEED TRADE. — Situation required as

^-'SHOPM.\N; aJlJTound toowledge .Seed; wholesale
find retail. Nursery and Floral tr.ide ; age 24 ; dis-
charged.—Write, stating wages offered, &c., G., 9, Mul-
liii^r .Street, Coventry.

The Gardeners' Chronicle.

SCALE OF CHARGES FOR
ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisements intended for insertion iu the nex
issue MUST reach THE PUBLISHER not later than

WEDNESDAY, 5 p.m.

£ 8. d.

Ordinary Positions per page 10 10 0*

Facing matter and Back P.ige ... „ „ 12 12 0

Half and quarter rages, column and half column

spaces, pro rata.

£ «. d.

4 line space not exceeding 20 words 3 0

Per inch, single column 7 0

Per inch, across 2 columns _ ... 14 0

Per inch, across 3 columns „. .„ 110

Front page (no display allowed) I/- per line space

[Headline counted as two lines.]

For dlscoants apply to address bnlow,

SITDATIONS WANTED.

26 words Is. 6d., and Grt. for every additional 8 words

or fewer.

These AdTertlsementi mait be prepaid. AND APPLY ONLY

TO GARDENERS, &c., OUT OF EMPLOYMENT.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

The UNrrED Kingdom 1 9/6 per annum.

ABROAD 22/- „ „

Cheques and P.O.s to be madf. payable to "GARDENERS'

Chronicle," Ltd

41, WELLING ON STREET,
COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

Telegrams: "Gardohron, Rand, London."
Telephone : 1643 Oerkars.

Decejcbeb 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

Books as Christmas Presents.

There is nothing so helpful to a young gardener as
carefully selected books written by successful
cultivators in the various branches of gardening.

Botany, A Year's. Adapted to Home and

School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With

195 Illustrations. 5s. 4d.
China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest

Henry Wilson. Illustrated, in Two Volumes.

£1 10s. 6d.
Flora, British, Handbook ol the. By Geo.

Bentham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.

Seventh Edition. 9s. 5d.
Fertilisers and Manures. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S.

Ss. 5d.
Garden, Chemistry ol the. A Primer for

Amateurs and Young Gardeners. By Her-
bert H. Cousins, JI.A. Is. 5d.
Garden Craft in Europe. By H. Inigo Triggs.

£1 ISs. 6d.
Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard. Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. Bv F. V. Theobald, M.A..

etc. 328 Illustrations. 30s. 6d.
Insects, Injurious and Useful. An Introduction

to the .Study of Economic Entomology. Bv

L. C. Miall, F.R.S. 100 Illustrations. 3s. 9d.
Intensive Culture of Vef^etables on the French

System. By P. Aquatias. Illustrated.

4..'. 5d.
Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary. New Edition.

93. 6d.
Judfjin^, Rules for. Issued by the Royal Hor-
ticultural .Society. Latest Edition. Is. 6d.
Landscape Architecture, The Art of. By Samuel

P.irson.-.-. A practical and authoritative work.

IUustrate<l. 18.<i. 6d.
Lawns. By .Sutton and Sons, Reading. In

paper cover. Well Illustrated. Is. 3d.
Lawns and Greens. By T. W. Sanders. A

Guide to the Formation and Management of

Lawns, Tennis Courts, etc. Illustrated.

Paper, Is. lOd.
Lily, Book of the. By W. Goldring. Illustrated.

2». 9fl.
Little Gardens and How to Make the Most ol

Them. By H. H. Thomas. A h.indy and

useful work for the Amateur. Paper.

Is 3d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.
Mango, The. By G. Marshall Woodrow. An

account of its Culture and Varieties. Is. Id.
'M anures and the Principles of Manuring. Bv

C. M. Aikman. 6s. lOd.
Manures for Garden and Farm Crops. Bv W.

Dyke. Cloth, Is. 9d.
Manuring, The Science and Practice of. By W'.

Dyke, with introduction by J. Wright.

A most practical work for the .\mateur.

Market and Professional Gardener. Is. 2d.
Manuring of Market Garden Crops, The. By

Bernard Dyer and F. W. L. Slirivell. New

Edition. Is. 3d.
Mendelism. By R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. New

and Enlarged Edition. 5s. 4d.
Mendel's Principles of Hereditv. Bv W. Bate-
son, F.R.S. 12s. 6d.

Mushrooms, and How to Grow Them. By John
F. Barter. An excellent Treatise. Illus-
trated. Is. 2d.

My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
Chairman of Scientific Committee of Royal
Horticultural Society. With Preface by

Reginald Farrer. " Mr. Bowles

has the time to be his own gardener, and
has thereby gained that first-hand know-
ledge of plants without which any writer on

horticultural subjects is apt to be

neither interesting nor informing. " Price
53. 6d.

My Garden in Summer. By the same author.
Price 53. 6d.

.My Garden in Autumn and Winter. By the
same author. 5s. 6d.

Orchids and their Cultivation. By James
O'Brien, V.M.H., Hon. sec. of the R.H.S.
Orchid Committee. Contains 8 full page
Coloured Plates from colour photographv.
Is. lOd. r < .

Orchids: Their Culture and Management. By

W. Watson (Curator, Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew), and H. J. Chapman. Illustrated
with 180 Engravings and 20 Coloured Plates
25s. 8d.

Orchids, Fertilisation of. By Chas. Darwin.
Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Orchid Grower's Manual, The. By the late B. S.
Williams. 800 pages. Numerous Illustra-
tions. I63. 8d.

Pansies, Violas and Violets. By W. Cuthbert-
.«on and R. Hooper Pearson. With 8 full-
page Coloured Plates from colour photo
graphy. Is. lOd.

Pansies and Violets. By D. B. Crane. Paper,
Is. 2d. ; cloth, Is. 9d.

Peach, The Book of the. By H. W. Ward.
A Practical Handbook on the Cultivation of
Peaches and Nectarines under Glass and
Out of-doors. 2s. lOd.

Pears and Plums, The Book of. By the Rev. E.
Bartrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Pinus, The Genus. By George Russell Shaw.
Price £2 13s. 6d.

Plant-Breeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Domestic Plants. By Prof.
L. H. Hailev. Illustrated. 8s. lid.

Plant Life. By C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.

Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Dmbmier 3e, 1917,

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THE BOOK OF
THE MOMENT.

Root & Stem
Vegetables

By ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

At the present crisis the food problem
bulks largely. The question of which
vegetables contain the most food is a
pressing one, and it is found that root
and stem vegetables, such as Potatos,
Carrots, Turnips and Parsnips, contain
much higher percentages of food value
than green vegetables, valuable though
these are as adjuncts.

" ROOT AND STEM VEGETABLES "

is a book which treats only of those
vegetables the root or stem of which is
eaten, and is therefore especially valuable
to all who are endeavouring to concentrate
their attention on growing the most
economical forms of food. It contains
eight coloured plates reproduced from
photographs.
To be obtained from —

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GARDENING CHARITIES.

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December HI. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

245

THE

® arbrnrrs' CljrrmirU

No. 1617.— SATURDAY, DECEMBER S2, 1$17

CONTENTS.

Auckland Institute and
^fusetim

British Honduras, new
plants from

Chinese species making

Farm, crops and stock on
the huroe

Food production, on in*
creased —
Continuous croppine
Pliaaeolus or Dutch

Uean
Potatn trial at Barrow

Fruit n-_- trt-es and shrubs

flay, a crop of, in mid-
Atiantic

Holy Land, botany and
geography of . .

0 .itUAiy
Smale. F C. . .
Ware. Walter T.

Orchid notes and glean-
ings-
Blenheim, Orchids from
Cypripedium hybrids

Potato, the food value of
the

250

Shorea and Gordonia .. 252

Societies —

Manchester and North

of England Orthid.. 253
United Hurt, lieueflt
and Provident . 203

Soldiers' children, blinded 2o')

Trees and shrubs —

Berheris virescens , 252
Lonicera Maackii 'Ih'l

Vitaniines 251

War items :5i

Week's work, the —
Flowtr garden, the 249
Fruits under glass . 249
Dardy fruit garden, the -J48
Kitchen garden, the .. 248
Orchid houses, the .. 248
Plants under glSKS .. 240

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Galilee, shores of the tea of ..251

Gethsemane, the gaiden of . . . . 24U

.lerusalem to Beihtehem, load ftoni 246

Lonicera Maackii 252

Na<arelh, view of the country round 247

ON THE BOTANY AND PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND.

0\KK aii.l above tla- iiiUTot tint li./s in
their religious and historical asso-
ciations, Palestine ani Syria form
oiic of the luofit wonilcrful regions in the-
world. The physical, climatic, and geo-
logical characters of the country are so
varied that within a tract, with an area
of 50,000 square miles, about the size of
Kngland or tiie State of New York, .'5,oO()
species of plants, not going down lower
in the scale than Ferns, liave l>een already
collected, and in all probability further
fXi)loratIon of the hills on the east
side of the Jordan will raise the
number to 4,000. The total number of
species known in Great Britain is 1,500,
:ind in the whole of -Europe 10,000. The
w hole of the country west of the Jordan
has now been well explored at different sea-
sons of the year. A wealthy Swiss
botanist who died long ago devoted his life
to the study of the Oriental region and
published a Flora Oritiitalis in five large
volumes, in which he brought together the
results of his own explorations, and the
work that had been done by his prede-
cessors. Founded upon this. Canon
Tristram has drawn up, for the Palestine
Kxploration Society, a list of the
plants of the Holy Land, and still more
recently my friend, the late Dr. Post,
who was for a long time connected

with the Syrian Protestant Coll«g« at
Beirut, published a flora of Syria and
Palestine, in which all the genera and
species are described. In the autumn of
18G0, Sir J. D. Hooker, in company with
the late Daniel Hanbury, paid a visit to
the Holy Land and the' former wrote for
Smith's Dictionary of the Bible a general
sketch of its botany. One of my latest
official acts at Kew was to lay out a large
and beautiful set of Palestinian plants
gathered in 1897 by a botanist named
BornmuUer. In the following notes all
the sources of information have been
drawn upon. Palestine in its botany com-
bines in a remarkable manner the char-
acters of the East and West. From a physi-
cal point of view we have a very remarkable
and abnormal feature in the Jordan Valley
and the Dead Sea, which form a trench
deep!}- excavated below sea-level, so that if
the hills were pierced from the head of the
Plain of Esdraelon, the waters of the
Mediterranean would flow in and form a
long, narrow lake like Tanganyika in
Central Africa. There is a continuous
trench that runs north and .south parallel
with the sea through 10° of latitude, from
Antioch to the Gulf of Akaba. First it
forms the Valley of the Orontes, then that
of the Leontes, .separating the Lebanon
from the Anti-I.«banon chain of moun-
tains, where it reaches .3.6{)0 feet. Then
it descends deeply in the valley of the
Jordan, so that the Lake of Tiberias is
C80 feet and the Deid Sea 1.300 feet bolo-.v
the level of the Mediterranean. It is con-
tinueil south along the Wady el Arabah,
at the head of which it is a few hundred
feet above sea level, and then sinks to the
Gulf of Akabah, which forms a long arm
of the Red Sea. Whilst the rest of Pales-
tine has a climate like Greece and Italy,
thi.s excavation is more like Egypt and
.\rabia, and the vegetation varies accord-
ingly. We may therefore in Syria and
Palestine trace out four different, zones of
temperature, as follows, viz.: —

1.— The SnB-TROPiCAi, Region.

This includes the southern deserts ami
the Jordan Valley. A group of sub-
tropical plants adapted to sandy soil and
a climate with very little rain e.xtcnd.s
from Senegambia, through Egypt and
Arabia, to the N.W. of India, and many
of these which are entirely absent from
Europe enter the Pak\stinian flora in this
region. Sir J. D. Hooker writes: "No-
where can a better locality ]x found for
showing the contrasts between the eastern
and western districts of Syria than in the
neighbourhood of Jerusalem. To the west
and south of the city the valleys are fidl
of the Dwarf Oak, two kinds of Pistacia,
Smilax, Arbutus, Rose, Aleppo Pine,
Rhamnus, Phillyrea, Bramble, and Cra-
taegus Aronia. For the first few miles
the Olive groves continue, and here and
there is a Carob and Lentix or Sycamore,
but beyond Bethany thev are scarcely seen.
On descending 1,000 feet below th« sea
to the valley of the Jordan, the siib-
tropical and desert vegetation of Arabia
and West Asia is encountered in full force.
Many plants wholly foreign to the Western

district gudd«nly appear, and the flora
is that of the whole dry country as far
east as the Punjab. The commonest plant
is the Zizyphus Spina-Christi, forming
bushes or small trees. Scarcely less abun-
dant and as large is Balanites aegyptiaca,
the fruit of which yields the oil called
by the Arabs " Zuk," which is reputed
to possess healing properties. Tamarisks
are abundant. Acacia Farnesiana is very
plentiful and celebrated for the delicious
perfume of its yellow flowers. Capparis
spinosa, the common Caper plant,
flourishes everywhere in the Jordan Val-
ley. Alhagi maurorum (a favourite food
of the camel) is extremely common, as is
the prickly Solanum coagulans, with
purple flowers and globular yellow fruits,
commonly known as Dead Sea Apples. On
the banks of the Jordan itself the arboreous
and shrubby vegetation chiefly consists of
Populus euphratica, Osyris alba, Peri-
ploca, Acacia, Prosopis, Lycium, Arundo
Donax, and Capparis spinosa. As the
ground becomes saline, Atriplex Halimiis
and large Statices appear in vast abund-
ance. Other tropical plants of this region
are Zygophyllum coccineum, Boerhaavia,
Indigofera, Cassia, Gymnocarpum, and
Nitraria. In addition to the plants men-
tioned in the foregoing extract, I may add
Moringa aptera, Salvadora persica, the
Betam Broom, and two species of Ephedra,
and amongst herbaceous types Anastatica
hierochuntica (the Rose of Jericho).
F'agonin cretica, three species of Mesem
bryanthemum, two species of the allied
genus Aizoon, Ochradenus baccatus,
Lippia nodiflora (a prostrate Verbena),
Cucumis prophetarum (Jonah's Gourd),
Daemia cordata, several Amaranths and
members of the Chenopodiaceac. The
stems of these plants are often prickly,
and the flowers inconspicuous. Ferns are
a:lmost absent.

2.— Tub Co.^st Pl.mns.

A tract of level ground 12 or 15 miles
in breadth extends Ix-tween the sea and
the hills through Judaea and the isouthern
iialf of Samaria. In the south it includes
the ancient lands of the Phili.stines and in
the north it is called the Plain of Sharon.
At the north end of it the limestone pro-
montory of Mount Carmel juts out into
the .sea with the village of Haifa beneath
it on the north side. North of Motint Car-
mel the Plain of Esdraelon extends for some
distance inland, past Tyre and Sidon and
Beirut, the hills come up close to the sea,
but further north, past Tripoli and
Latakia to Mount Cassius, there is ft level
plain, and also north of Mount Cassius
from Antioch inland. The coast plains
consist of rich, loamy soil, and are the
most fertile portion of the Holy Land. The
Philistine plain is described as follows
(Smith: Concise Diet, of Bible, p. 671):
"The whole plain appears to consist of
loamy soil, light but rich, and almost with-
out a stone. It i.? to the absence of .stone
that the disappearance of its ancient towns
and village.^ is to be traced. It i.'* now, as
when the Phili.stines possessed it, one enor-
mous cornfield ; an ocean of Wheat cover*
the whole expanse between the hills and the

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 22, 1917.

dunes of the seashore, without interruption of
any kind— no break or hedges, hardly even a
single Olive tree. It.s fertility is marvellous, for
the prodigious crops which it raises are pro-
duced, and probably have been produced almost

Amaranua, and on the east of the Jordan the
hills of Moab and Gilead. On the west of the
Jordan the hills are all limestone and chalk,
but on the east side this is much mixed with
basalt. The average rainfall of Beirut is 36

Fig. 93.— the garden of gethsem.4NE as at present laip O'JT and enclosed.

vear by year for the last forty centuries, with-
out any of the appliances which we in Eng-
land find necessaiy for success." Wheat
is the principal grain ; sometimes tAhe variety
with compound spikes so well known in
Egypt. There are also Maize, Barley, Rice,
Tobacco, Hemp, and Sesamum. May is tlie
harvest month, and after that through the
dry season up to Octol)er the country looks
brown and desolate, as there are no meadows
or pastures. About the towns and villages there
are groves of Olive, Sycamore, Plane, Date-
palm, Walnut, and Giupes of Eehcol. The wild
plants of the region are very much like those of
the plains of Greece and Italy. Amongst the com-
mon weeds are blue Nigellas, scarlet Adonnises,
crimson Poppies, many Delpliiniurais, species of
Euphorbiaceae, Boragineae, and Cruciferae, red
and blue Pimpernels, purple Specularias, great
yellow Marguerites (Chrysanthemum coronarium),
and such grasses as Darnel digitaria, Setaria.
and Panicum Cruis-galli. The Mandrake (Maji-
dragora), to which many kinds of mystical pro-
perties have been credited, is as common now
as when Reuben gathered a basketful of its red
berries like Potato Apples and gave them to his
mother. There are a great many interesting
plants on the sandhills. A large proportion of
BornmuUer's collection was made on the sand-
hills about Jaffa ip. March and April, but taken
as a whole the plants of this region are much
fewer and less interesting than that of the next.

3. — Zone of the Hills itp to 4,000 feet.

This is the most extensive and botanically the
richest of the four zones. At Hebron the. hills
reach a height of 3,000 feet above sea-level. At
Jerusalem the Mount of Olives is 2.683 feet above
the Mediterranean and 4,000 feet above the Dead
Sea. In Samaria and Galilee the watershed ridge
is lower. It reaches 2,373 feet east of Samaria,
1,843 feet in Mount Tabor, 1,600 feet in the
Mount Carmel spur. Northward this region in-
cludes the long Nassairy chain, which borders
the valley of the Orontes on the west, and the
slopes of Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon, Cassiua, and

inches ; that of the Lebanon is estimated by Dr.
Post at SO inches, of the Anti-Lebanon at not
more than half of this last figure, and of the
hills on the east of the Jordan at 10 or 12 inches.
The mean temperature of London is 48° F., sink-

At Beirut and Damascus, the temperature is con-
siderably higher than at Jerusalem, with as great
a difference between summer and winter. The
highest peak in the Holy Land, Mount Hermon,
does not reach the limit of perpetual snow, which
is about 10,000 feet in Central Europe.

The plants of this zone, like those of the one
below it, closely resemble those of the Medi-
terranean basin, and esipecially of the hills of
Cireece and Italy. The prevalent orders are Com-
positae, Leguminoseae, Gramineae, Labiateae,
Umlbelliferae, Cruciferae, and Boragineae. This
zone and the one below it show the Mediterranean
characteristics of often having a large number of
species to a genus, which is a rare thing in
Britain, of Astralagus. TaJiing Syria and' Pales-
tine as a whole, there are 142 species ; of Cen-
taurea 47, of Allium 42, of Euphorbia 41, and of
vSalicia 39 — nearly 300 s|]ecies to five genera.
The common trees of the hill slopes are Gall Oak,
Valonia Oak, Pinus halepensis, P. Pinea, OHve,
Terebinth, Plane, Bay Laurel, Styrax, Cedrus,
and Cratiaieguis Aronia ; tlieje are no Beech, Ash,
Birch, English Oak, Chestnut, Elm, Holly, and
Yew. Of shrubs the most notable are the Carob
(Cea'astonia), Arbutus Unedo, and Andraohne,
the Judas tree, which, with its red flowers, is
very handsome in spring ; Rhus Coriaria, Cle-
matis cirrhosa, C. flammula, Paliurus aculeatus,
Myrtle, Bay, Calycotome, and other shrubby
Genistas, Laurel, Pistacia, and Cistus. The Vine,
Fig, Pomegranate, Orange, Mulberry and Wal-
nut flourish. Fences are often made of Prickly
Pear (Opuntia), and its fruit is eaten, but, like
Agave amiericana, the Opuntia has been intro-
duced from America, so that artists should be
warned against inta-oducing it into Biblical pic-
tures. Among.st the beautiful spring flowers of
this zone are Anemone coriaria, red and blue
Cj'claraien persicum, Hyacinthus orientalis,
Ranunculus asiaticus, Tulipa Oculus-solis, Pusch-
kinia, Libanotica, Muscari comosiun. Crocus
hyemalis, and Gaillardotii. There are consider-
able numibers of species peculiar to the Holy
Land, belonging principally to the larger Medi-
tea'ranean genera.

^•^-~'

Fig. 94. — palestlne : road from Jerusalem to bethlehem.

ing to 37° in January and rising to 62° in July,
with a difference between the two of 25°. The
mean temperature of Jerusalem is 62°, sinking
to 48° in January and rising to 77° in July, with
a difference between the two extremes of 29°.

4. — The Region of the Mountains over
4,000 feet.

Tills includes a long ridge on Lebanon and
Anti-Lebanon, another equally long ridge of

December 22. 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

247

Mount Amanosa, north of Antioch, the southern
end of Mount Cassius and the two highest peaks
of the Jebel-el-During range, which forms a semi-
circle round the head waters of the Jordan. The
highest peak of Lebanon rather exceeds 10,000
feet. Mount Hermon, at the S.E. of Anti-
Lebanon, which forms a conspicuous object from
Galilee and the plains of Damascus, reaches
6,400 feet. There is nothing over 4,000 feet in
Palestine proper — i.e., Judaea, Samaria, and
Galilee. The great pecuharity of this mountain
region of the Syria flora is that, as in mountains
of tropical Africa, the ordinary Arctic-alpinis
types so abundantly represented in Britain, the
Alps, the Pyrenees, and Carpathians, do not
enter it, although many of them reach the
Caucasus, the mountains of Armenia, the moun-
tains of Central Asia, and the Himalayas. The
plants of the mountains of Syria are either the
common plants of Britain and Central Enrope
or endemic species of Central European and Medi-
terranean genera. Sir J. D. Hooker describes
as follows the ascent of the Lebanon range : —
The Oak forms the prevalent arboreous vegeta-
tion below 5.000 feet. Quercus pseudo-Coccifera
and infectoria (a variety of lusitanica) are not
seen much above 3.000 feet, nor the Valonia Oak
at so great an elevation, but above these heights
some magnificent species occur. At the same
elevation Junipers become common, but the most
remarkable plant of the upper regions is cer-
tainly the Cedar. At the elevation of 4.000 feet
on the Lebanon many plants of the Middle and
Northern latitudes commence. Amongst the most
coiispicuous are Hawthorn, dwarf Elder, Dog
Rose,- Ivy. Butcher's Broom, a variety of the
Barberry. Honeysuckle. Maple, and .Jasmine. .\
little higher, 5,000-7.000 feet, occur Ootoneaster
Nummularia. Rhododendron ponticum, Prim-
rose, Daphne oleoides. several Ro.ses. Potentilla.
.Tuniperus communis, J. foetidissima, and Cedar.
Still higher up, 7,000-10.000 feet, there is no
shrubby vegetation. At the elevation of 8,000
9.000 feet the beautiful silvery Vicia canescens
forma large tufts of pale blue where scarcely any-
thing will grow. The most boreal forms
ar.; confined to the clefts of rocks or patches of
snow. Pteris aquilina, which we look on in
Britiin as marking the upner limit of cultiva-
tion, ascends Lebanon to 6.0C0 feet.

Plain of EsnR.n:iON.

The Plain of Esdraelon extends from the
coast to .Jordan valley, farming a triangle with
its apex to the west. It takes its name
from th" old royal city of Jezrc^l. where Ahab
built a splendid palace and formed a large
park. The three sides of the triangle are from
1? to 18 miles long. This' was the scene of the
victory of Gideon and the overthrow of Saul and
Jonathan. Mount Gilboa overlooks it. It is
very fertile, but now. through Turkish misrule.
is totally desolate and uncultivated. It was at
Jezreel where Naboth had his vineyard.

Above 9,000 feet are Draba arcnaria, a small
Potentilla, Raabis alpina, and others, and
Oxyria renifopmis. the only decidedly Arctic
plant in the whole country, ihere is no Calluna,
no Gorse, no Erica, no Sphagnum, no Foxglove,
no Birch, no Anemone, no Wood Hyacinth, no
Bilberry, no Nardus, no Juncus squarrosus, no
Luzula, so that it is very different from a moun-
tain in England or .Scotland. Of common Eng-
lish plants to be seen here, but not lower down,
I may mention Beech. Hazel, Yew, Primrose,
Wild Strawberry, Fe.stuca ovina, Carex remota
and C. gylvatica, Nephrodium, Filix mas, Os-
munda, and Aspidium angulare. As instances of
endemic or rare Oriental species I may mention
R.ib»B orientale. Ranunculus, Fritillaria her-
montis. Crocus hermoneus and C, zonatus, Viola
libanotioa, Vinca libanotica. Rosa Thuretii, Poly-
e^num libani, Potentilla Kotschyana and P.
libanotica. /. G. Baker, F.Ii.S., F.L.S.

{To he concluded.)

ORCHID NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

CYPRIPEDIUM HYBRIDS.

Flowers of the following four fine hybrids are
sent by Mr. R. Windsor Rickards, Usk Priory,
Monmouthshire : —

Cypripedium Frexchay, first shown in Decem-
ber. 1914. and recorded in error as between C.
bellatulum and C. Lawrebel, is really the result
of a cross between C. Antigone and C. Lawrebel.
The broad dorsal sepal has a whitisli ground
tinged with rose and bearing many branched
purple lines from the base to the apex. The
broiid petals are coloured Like the dorsal sepal,
with the addition of a green shade on the inne.r
halves and dense ciiocolate-purple spotting over
the whole surface. The lip is greenish-white,
with a purplish face.

Cypripedium rayonatum; obtained ■ by Mr.
R W, Rickards from the Walton Grange collec-
tion, has a fine white dorsal sepal with
emerald green base and ascending spotted lines
of deep purple colour. The petals are very
broad, purplish-chocolate on the upper halves,
and greenish-yellow on the lower halves, with
dark spotting at the base.

ts^t^<^3^-^.

Mr. Smith also sends a two-flowered inflor-
escence of the rose-pink Brasso-Cattleya Maron-
iris (B.-C. Madame Chas. Maron x C. Iris), in
which the latter parent gives the form of the
lip, and Laelio-Cattleya Gothaurea (L.-C. Got-
toiana x C. Dowiana aurea), of good size, and a
remarkable colour. Both the Brasso-Cattleya and
the Laelio-Cattleya have previously been recorded
from Blenheim.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

I'OXTlN'rOUS CROPPING Ol' \'K(;i': lABLES
ON THE SAMK -UK,
On p. 216, /. /•'. nfris i.. ()iii..iis whirli have
occupied the same limilrr I'.ir '2?i yii-s, .\riother
instance Ckf continuou.s iiMM|.inL; was mentioned
by Mr. Brotherston in t.hi> is.^ii.- Ut June 2 last,
when he stated that Bnis-rU SpiMuts had occu-
pied the same ground for 20 yeajs in succession.
In this neog.hbourhood Celery has been grown for
20 years on the same plot. Mr. Beckett has
sta.ted that he has grown Onions and P<itoto3
on the same piece of land for many continuous
venrs. Dmibtlpss other t™,>;twnrthv ii>s*,iTices of

'.r:^!**vrt^i^

Fig. 95, — p.\lkstike : naz.\

HK NORTH-EAST. SlIOWING THE U.NDUL.WING COUNTRY AROUND.

('. PvRAMUS, var. Black Knight, between
Hera Kuryades and Mrs. Wm. Mostyn, has the
white dorsal sepal heavily blotched with cboco-
latepurple, the larger basal blotches being al
most black. The petals and lip are similar to
C. rayonatum, but narrower and much darker
in colour.

C. B.tRo.v .Schroder, Hybrid Unrecirdkd, —
A very pretty flower, darker than C. Baron
Schroder, the white dorsal sepal of which has
a pale green ba.se and dark purple spotting. The
petals and lip are tinged with purplish-brown,
with dark purple spotting on the inner halves nf
the petals.

"tTkCHIDS FROM BLENHEIM,
Mr. Jas. Smith, Orchid grower to the Duke of
Marlborough, Blemheim, Woodstock, sends a
flower of Cypripedium Mauviriui, a cross be-
tween C. Alaudiae (Callosum Sanderae x Law-
renceanum Hyeanum) and C. viridissiimum
(aureum X villosum). The bloom measures 7
inches across. It is whitish-green with a white
margin to the dorsal sepal, some indistinct
purple lines also appearing on it and the petals,
and there ia a tinge of brown on the lip.

continuous cropping could be cited, Jjut enouigh
have been given to make one question
whether rotation is necessary. The following
queries ai"is« in my mind as I ponder the
above citations : (1) If a few vegetables c.tji be
so grown, why not all ? (2) If vegetables, why
not farm crops? (3) What becomes of the sup-
posed necessity and virtue of cropping in rota-
tion? In accepted standard works on agri-
culture and horticulture we have been (and still
are) taught (1) that Insect and fungous pests
are more liable to attack crops grown continu-
ously on the same ground ; (2) that such crops
lose vigour and are consequently less able to
withstand attacks; (3) that a variation of crop-
ping minimises, if it doca not altogether with-
hold, the food of particaW insects; (4) that
.alteration in cropping is mosit economical from a
manurinl standpoint, because some crops require
more of one kind and others more of anothef
kind of food ; (5) that shallow-rooting crops
should be followed by deep-rooting crops ; and
(6) that the rotatory .system ensures a better till-
age and cleaning of the ground — each crop get-
ting that particular cultivation best suited to it«
needs.

.248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DiciMBBK 22, 1917.

Now, what are we to say to this teaching of
rotation in view of the above unquestionably
succ'iss|ul examples of cropping by repetition of
any one crop? It is not merely a book question.
Gardeners have taught their young men and far-
mers their students that cropping by rotiition
is the better way. Either such teaching i.s neces-
sary and sound or it is not. If a crop ii'tll
grow satisfactorily on a given site year after
year need it be moved? C. Turner. Ampfhi/l
Park Gardens, Bedfordshire.

POTATO . TRIAL AT BARROW-IN-
FURNESS.

A TRIAL of " twenty-four varieties of Potatos
conducted by Mr. W. H. Christian, Parks Super-
intendent at the Public Park, Barrow, gave the
following results : —

Twelve well-sprouted whole sets of each
variety were planted on April 25, 1917, 15 inches
apart, in drills 6 inches deep and 2 feet 5 inches
apart ; the sides and bottom of the drills were
well sprinkled with wood ash before planting,
and when the plants were 4 inches high sulphate
of ammonia was applied at the rate of 3 ounces
per square yard. Early varieties : — Eclipse.
4O2 lbs. ; Sha'rpe'i Express, 33^ lbs. ; Improved
Ringleader, 22 lbs. ; May Queen, 22 lbs. ; Webb.'s
Improved Ashleaf, 16| lbs. ; Midlothian Early,
15 lbs. ; Harbinger, 14^ lbs. ; Pioneer, 12i lbs.
Mid-season and late varieties : — Great Scot,
62 lbs. ; Scotch Russet, 56 lbs. ; Heather Bounti-
ful, 52^ lbs. ; Lord Ancaster, 52^ lbs. ; British
Queen, 50i- lbs.; King Edward VII., 48 lbs.;
Lochar. 46 lbs. ; Goldseeker, 44 lbs. ; Golden
Wonder, 42i lbs. ; Come to Stay, 42 lbs. ; Vic
torv, 40t lbs. ; What's Wanted. 32i lbs. ; Arran
Chdef, 31 lbs. ; Up-to-date. 30 lbs. ; Factor.
28i lbs. ; Snowdrop, 28 lbs.

A trial oi artificial manures was also maxle.
Great Scot Potatos being used. In each case
the cost of the manure was 6d., and the manure
was used for 24 sets of Potatos applied before
planting, which took place on April 25, the
details of planting being the same as already
named. The crop was lifted on September 6,
thi results being as follows, viz. ; —

Weigh'

Weicht of

No.

lot 6d- ot

Alanure.

Potatos

Manure

lifted.

. IhB.

St. lbs.

1

3i

Equal parts. .'Superphosphate of

Lime and Sii phal e of Ammonia

7 7

2

7

Barrow Corporation No. 1 Aiti-
flcial Manure

; 7 ^

3

23

Sulphate of Ammonia

6 12

4

4i

Equal parts. Superphosphate of
Lime, Sulphate of Ammonia,

and Wood Ashes

' 6 12

6

7

Bairow Corporation No. 2 Arti-

ficial Manure

6

9

Wood Ashes

7

44

Supei phosphate of Lime . .

.1 8

8

No manure

PHASEOLUS OR DUTCH BROWN BEAN.
Through the kindness of Mrs. E. Labouchere,
of Billing Hall, Northampton, who was good
enough to send us a little more than ^ lb. of
seed last spring, we were afforded the oppor-
tunity of growing and testing the quality of
the dwarf Dutch Brown Bean. The seeds
were sown during the second week in May, on
a south border, and the plants harvested
immediately the crop was ripe ; they were hung
up, head downwards, in a dry, airy shed.
We have now shelled them, and find the
yield to be 24 lbs. I have had the opportunity
of testing their cuhnary value cooked much in
the same way as Haricot or Butter Beans, and
with a little butt«r, pepper and salt they are very
delicious and appetising. I hope to grow this
Bean on a much extended scale during the cominn
year. When better known it should do much to
stimulate the imnortant industry of harvestinc
dried Beans in this country. The cropping quali-
ties of the plant are excellent, and there wag very
little worthless seed in the yield. Edwin Beckett.

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Dunn, Foreman, Royal Gardens, Windsor.
Seed Potatos.— Tubers intended for plant-
ing, either in pits or early borders, should be
selected and placed eyes upwards in shallow
boxes with as little delay as possible. Some
early varieties are already making growth, and
if not placed in a favourable position at once,
weak, spindly shoots will be the result. It is
advisable to procure as many seed Potatos from
another district as possible, and to place them
where they will receive the full benefit of light
and air without exposure to frost or cold
draughts. Tubers intended for planting in
heated pits should be placed in gentle heat at
once, so that short, stocky shoots may be pro-
duced before planting takes place. Seed Pptatos
intended for later plantations should be laid out
thinly before growth commences.

Rhubarb —A supply of fresh roots of Rhubarb
should be placed in gentle heat eveiy fortnight.
If only a small qiia.ntity is required Rhubarb may
beiforced under a greenhouse stage or in a Muish-
room house, provided the roots are covered with
fine soil and not allowed to become di-y. At Frog-
more we force Rhubarb on beds of leaves in a
slightly heated pit. The mild heat produced by
the leaves is very suitable, and the same bed of
leaves retains sufficient heat to force several lots
of roots, providing the bed is shaken up and a
Idttle fresh material is mixed with it when a fresh
lot of i-oots is introduced. The present is a good
time to trench and manure ground for new plan-
tations of Rhubarb. If time will permit the
ground should be trenched to the depth of 2 feet
and a good dressing of farmyard manure ap-
plied, leaving the surface as rough as possible
until March, when the plantation should be made.
WiNTFR Spinach and other Green
Crops.— Spinach will benefit by the frequent use
of the hoe during favourable weather. Remove
all decaying leaves or plants, and keep the ground
free from weeds. The same remark applies to
young Cabbages, which should be hoed and all
blanks made up. Cabbage plants which still re-
main in the seed-bed should be transplanted
into light, sandy soil with a view to spring plan-
tations ; allow 4 inches between the plants each
way.

Parsley.— A few box frames or spare lights
shculd be placed over a part of the Parsley bed
in order to make quite certain of a supply in case
of snow. Remove all decaying leaves and other
rubbish from between the rows, and stir the soil
lightly with a hoe. Parsley in pits must be freely
ventilated and the soil kept free from weeds.

Mushrooms.— Continue to collect and prepare
manure for making up new Mushroom beds.
Turn the material every second day. and never
allow it to become sour through placing large
quantities together. Beds from which supplies
are being gathered should be kept as near 55° as
possible. Maintain a moist atmosphere hy fre-
quently damping the walls and floor of the house
with a syringe. If this work is carefully carried
out very little will be necessarv to the bed in the
wav of waterina. ns watering is frequently detri-
mental to young Mushrooms. A co\'erin,g of
clean straw over the .suT-face of the bed does
■much to keep the surface from becoming dry.

Root*.— A quantity of Parsnips, .Temsalem
.Artichokes, and other roots should be lifted ,and
placed in store for immediate use, and sufficient
lirotective material secured for covering the beds
in case of sharp frost.

t,r*ine car* «nd w&tchfulnesi 00 the pftrt of the
cultivator a:r« necessary. P. amabilis, P. Stuarti-
ana, P. Sanderiana, and the hybrid P. leucor-
rhoda, are now developing their flower-spakes.
Watering should be done with the greatest care
dui-ing the winter montlis, as an excess of mois-
ture at the roots may cause decay in the leaves.
The plants should be examined each morning,
and ii tlie Sphagnum-moss is dry it should be
Lightly sprinkled, as soon aa the tempei'ature of
the house rises above 65°. At the same time
damp the sid'eis of the receptacles, and the roots
that are clinging to them, with tepid rain-water.
Care must be taken that water does not lodge in
the centres of the plants or in the axils of the
leaves. The spikes should not be allowed to re-
main on the plants long after the flowers are de-
veloped, or the plants will be weakened and per-
manently injured. The plants should be placed
in a light position, but not exposed to direct
sunshine. Green-leaved vajieties, such as P. vio-
lacea, P. speciosa, P. Sumatrana, P. Marie, and
P. Luddemaimiana are still growing actively, and
should be afforded sufficient water to keep the
Sphagnum-moss fresh and green. The surround-
ings of the plants should be damped morning and
afternoon, regulating the amount of moisture ac-
cording to the weather. The temperature of the
house during mild nights should be about 65°.
with 5° increase during tlie daytime. Admit
fre,sli air on all favouiiable occasions, but cold
draughts must be prevented.

Calanthe. — Deciduous Calanthes of the
vestita section, and their hybrids, are opeiiing
their flowers. When about two-thirds of the
number on the spikes are expanded the plants
should be removed from their warm growing
quarters to the Cattleya house. Placed among
the other occupants of tlie house they will make
a cheerful display for some weeks. After the
inflorescences are cut, the plants should be
allowed a complete rest on a dry shelf near the
roof-glass, well exposed to the light. The tem-
perature should not fall below 55°. Withhold
water from the roots until the plants start into
growth again in the spring.

PHAius.-Fram now onwards until the early
spring the species and hybrids of Phaius will
require very little water at the roots, pro-
vided their sunxiundings are kept moist. P.
C'ooksonii, P. Norman, P. Marthiae, and P.
amabilis are freely-flowering hybrids, and require
less room than plants of the P. grandifolius and
P. assamicus varieties. Phaio-Calanthe Sanderi-
ana, P.-C. Berryana, P.-C. Colnianae, and P.-C.
Arnoldiae shoiUd be accorded similar treatment
to the above. The plants are subjeot to
attacks of thrip and scale insects, which should
be kept in check by sponging the leaves fre-
quently with an insecticide. They should be
grown in an intermediate temperature, and af-
forded plenty of fresh air at all times.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv J. COLITIH. Gard«n»r to Sir .Tctfmiah ColmaN,
Bart,. Gatton Park. Reigate.

PH»LAFNnoBia — The speoies of Phalaenopsis
a.re ajnong the most difficuiH to manage during
the winter months. The succulent nature of their
leaves, and the nbsence of pseudo-bulbs, make
them p-specially susceptible to injury, and ex-

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN,

By W. A. Cook, Gardener to the Hon. .Arthur J.
Davey, .\bbots Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

Walnuts.— On many estates most of the
Walnut trees are old, and a few trees should
be planted to succeed them. Walnut trees
grow very rapidly, and make valuable tim-
ber if planted and staked. When planted
on park or meadow land the branches should
be kept about 7 feet from the ground, to
allow cattle to walk or graze under them. 1 ne
variety known as Mayette-Charbette producer
very large nuts of fine flavour. Ingram
Fertilis is of dwarfer habit of gixywth ; the
shells are thinner, and the Nuts ripen 10 days
earlier. These trees are satisfactory as isolated
scpecimens or planted in groups of five or seven
at not les« than 12 to 15 yai-ds apart. When
planted in grou;ps they are better able to with-
stand wind storms, as single specimens are liable
to be injured by ga}es.

FiLBFRTS AND C0B8 oaji now be pruned;
standard trees should have some ot the inner
branches pruned out. Close and short-jointed
wood produces the best results. Keep the heads
of bush trees shapely. Fork over the surface
of the soil and keep it free from weeds and
suckers. Do not allow Moss and Lichen or Ivy
to grow on or near the steins. By way of top-

DieuiuB 28, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

249

dressing, spread some old potting-shad refus*
over the roots. When making new plantations
Cobnuts should form the larger portion, as they
are more valuable from an economic point of
view.

The Strawberry Bed.— On light, sandy
soils it is necessary to go over the plajitation
after frost to see if the young plants have been
loosened. Well tread the soil down around them,
and see that there are no weeds. A good top-
dr?ssing of garden refuse from the fire heap can
be appUed this season with much benefit to the
plants. The present is a good time to prepare a
plot of land for a new bed next year. This
should be well trenched and left rough for ex-
iposure to the weather. It may be forked back
for e^pring planting, or, if not required in the
spring, the ground need not be idle until next
season, as a crop of early Peas or Potatos can
Ibe got off it before July.

The Fruit Room. -Apples are keepmg well
this season, and King of the Pippins, Cox's
Orange Pippin, and Blenheim Pippin are in
prime condition. Keep a little air circulat-
ing to dispel damp and prevent a musty smell.
Pears Glou Morceau, Winter Nelis and Nouvelle
Fulvie for dessert, and Catillac for stewing, are
now in season. Cobnuts will never be in better
condition for use than now, but they can be kept
yet for a considerable time. They should be
stored in th«ir husks in large pots or earfcheaware
\ essels in a dry room.

General Work.- Continue the pruning of
aU kinds of trees, excepting Peaches, Nectarines
and Apricots, as the weather permits. Tyi]i/g,
nailing, top-dres.';ing, root-pruning and spraying
should also be pushed foi-ward. This last opera-
tion should be done very thoroughly, and if pos-
sible a second time, as I have found several
living specimens of the Lackey Moth after a
first spraying. Where there are evidences of
a plentiful supply of bloom, cut the shoots well
back, with due regard t<) a proper distribution of
the branches, especially of young trees If a
branch is required to fill a vacant space, prune
one of the shoots either abrjve or below the vacant
spot (whichever is the stronger) to the base, ap i
then train in two shoots from the break next
season. In the case of a fan-shaped tree, rear-
range the whole of the branches. Be on the alert
for span-ows taking the buds from Gooseberries
and Currants in cold weather, and take protec-
tivi- measures. Lime or soot mixed with
petroleum, sprayed over the trees, is a good pre-
ventive, or either may be applied in a dry form,
birt this requires to be done often, as heavy rajns
will wash off the materials. Small quantities of
trees may be protected with black cotton or
thread with good results.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Old Cherry Trees under Glass.— These

trees .«}iould be pruned forthwith, and if the
growth has been to<i In.xuriant the roots should
also be pruned a little. Then let the house be
thoroughly cleansed and the trees be lightly
dressed with a safe insecticide against dorm.ant
insect pests. After that work is completed fork
the border lightly and apply a top-dressing of
rich loam mixed with fine mortar rubble. When
th-" whole of the work is completed throw the
house wide open.

YouNa Pot Vines.— Examine the soil of pot
vines to see if moisture is needed, for it must
ncjt be allowed to become excessively dTy. I
prefer to grow the plants out-of-doors, with the
pots plunged to safegiwrd them from damage
by frost. Citi iJie rods back to within 2 feet
of the pot. Meanwhile prepare sail for potting
th«m into their fruiting pots soon after the
turn of the yoar. The soil should be in a fairly
dry cond'"tion. and consist chiefly of good turfy
loam with a little finelv-sifted farmyard manure
and .lifted mortar rubWr. Select th» fresh pots
and wash hhem in good time. Do the final prun-
ing rather in advance of the potting, cutting
b.nck to a prominent eye at the base. After
the vines are potted they should still be keipt
cool for a few weeks. Thev mav be started in

» M«lon pit, bat bottam h»i>t should not ba «m~
ployed for some time to come — in fact, it may
be dispensed with altogether.

Late Grapes.— Pay constant attention now
to bunches still hanging on the viiies. Three
times a week they should be examined for
diseased berries and signs of drip. Wind a little
wadding round the point of a small stick, and
when a berry is taken out, wipe the adjoining
berries Remove all leaves as they fall, and
kee]i the house as drj' as possible, with just suf-
ficient warmth in the pipes to dispel any damp.
Make it a practice to use those bunches first that
show any signs of shrivelling. In order also to
extend the supply reduce the quantity cut eaoh
day to the lowest acceptable minimum. Get the
bottles in readiness for bottling the crop soon
after Christmas Day. Clean the bottles well, and
place some sanall pieces of chai'coal in each bottle,
filling them with rain-water. As soon as these
late Grapes are cut the vines should be pruned.
Apply st^-ptic to each cut ; it may not at present
be needed, but it will help to check bleeding when
the sap rises again. Thoroughly soak the border
and clean the vines, prick over the surface,
and add a top-dressing of good, loamy soil. Then
throw the house open to the wind and weather
if possible. Late Grapes have kept better than
usual this autumn, especially late Muscats and
Oi-os Colmar.

Fios IN Pots,— The young roots of Figs
are susceptible to injury by frost. Keep them
in a temperature above freezing point if pos-
sible, or, /failing this, bed them in coal ashes.
Do not use litter, or the shelter thus given will
be taken advantage of by rats and mice. The
latter do a great deal of damage to the stems
by gnawing them. If any Figs have been at-
tacked by scale insects, dress them with an in-
secticide. A good method is to lay the pots on
their sides, and so prevent the liquid from run-
ning down the stem. Clean'se the walls, the paint,
and the trellis work, removing at the same time
the surface soil of the borders, and lightly to()-
drees them with turfy loam and finely-sifted
mortar rubble.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

Primula sinensis - Plants non commencing
ui throw up their fluwcrspikos should be en
couraged by a pinch of .xrtificial plant food, and'
<x little weak manure-water or soot-water ap-
plied about once a w^eek. Keep the tempera-
ture of the house from 50° to 55°; the lower
figure will suit quite well for the night tempera-
ture. Give a little air when the temperature
rises above 55°, and let the heat run up to 60°
by sunshine before increasing it further.

Primula OBOONicA.-This thrives best in a
cool, rlamp atmosphere, such as a cool frame
affords, but .as the flower-spikes develop the
plants should be removed to the conservatoi-y or
flowering house. When established in the flower-
ing pots, and well rooted, a good supply of water
is required. Drvness at the root, a dry atmo-
sphere, or a high temperature, will soon cause
*habbv foliage and stunted flower-spikes. Gentle
stimulants should be afforded .is recommended
for P. sinensis, and this will tend to keep the
plants flowering over a long period.

P. MALACOIOPS AND P. KEWENSIS. — Both

these species, and the one above, are excellent
plants for the amateur grower, as they .ill suc-
ceed in similar conditions. P. kewensis has clear
yellow blooms, and m,ake9 a change from the
range of colour found in the other varieties. It
throws up a good spike, and if well treated will
r-^main in good condition for several months. All
Primulas which thrive in cool treatment arc very
much .at home planted under the stages of the
greenhou.se. f.iirly close to the path.

General Rfm<rks. — In bad we.ather, when
work out-of-doors is at a standstill, thoroughly
clean nnd rearrange the plant houses. W«wh
thf wood and ironwork, and limewash back
walls and the brickwork under the .stagft-s. A
little pa.rafl^n oil in the limew,aRh is of great value
in m.aking the wash more adhesive, and it also
inoreasos the cleansing value, by penetr.ating

holes and crevices, which are often the Tvinteir
haunts of insect pe«.ts. If small gravel or spar
is used on the stages this should be washed,
or replaced with fresh material. If the
house contains climbers trained to the roof or
piUars the plants should be examined, all super-
fluous giH>wth cut out, and the remaining shoots
cleaned. After the house is thoroughly cleansed
the plants should be tastefully rearranged.
Above all things, do not crowd the plants at
this season. It is better to devote time and
space to growing six plants well than to have
double or treble the number of poor specimens.
Foliage plants will be much benefited by spong-
ing their leaves ; such plants as Palms, Codi-
aeunis (Crotons), and Dracaenas should be
siponged once or oftener during the next month
or two. The greatest care is necessary m
sponging fine-foliage plants to prevent sjplitting
or cninipling the leaves. The simaller plants,
which may be required for use as table specimens,
are beet kept together on a shelf near the roof-
glass, where they will be fully exposed to sun-
light.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Perennial Asters.- Thea'e is no advantage
in retaiiiiing the old clumps of Micliaelmas
Daisies, as much be>tter results are obtained by
lifting and dividing the plants every two or
three ye-xTS. Select small pieces from the out-
side of the old clumiips ; the centre portions .are
usually weak and exhausted, and should be dis-
caided. Surplus plants can be used to furnish
vacant .sipaces in shrubberies, or a reserve bed
can be plante<l to furnish cut floweis for deco-
ration. Aster mesa grandiflora is a very rich
blue, compact, and dwarf in habit, and is some-
times mistaken for Erigeron speciosus. It is
excellent for decoraitive purposes, and lasts a
long time in water. Grouped in the foregiound
of herbaceous or mixed borders the plants are
very effective.

LiLiUMS -In cold, wet districts it is safer to
pot up, directly they are received, bulbs of
Liliuni auratum, L. long'floruim, and L.
specjosum. Place them in a cool house or frame,
and keep them rather dry until .growth com-
mences. By March they should be ready for
planting in t'u ir flower'ng quarters outside. Many
Lilies are hardy, and may be planted now. A
deei)3, moist loam, in whdch well-decayed manure,
peat, and leaf -mould have been incorporated,
will suit them. Suitable positions and aspects
must be selected for the varioULS species and
varieties. Care in pla.nting is an ianpontant de-
tail, espeoially with the stem-rooting \Tarieties.
Lilies are mo'sture-Ioving plants, but they will
not tolerate sitagnant moisture or sour soil.

Protecting Spring Sodding Plants.— It
will be advisable at this period to afford some
slight protection to spring bedding plants, espe
ciallv Wallflowers. In m^any gardens last winter
nearly all the Wallflowers were killed by frosits
and winds. Suitable protection may be obtained
by inserting branches of Yew or other evergreens
about 18 inches in length round the inside of the
verges. When dealing with large beds it will be
necessary to place a few branches among the
plants about 2 feet apart.

Hardy Heaths. -Soil containing lime does
not suit Rhododendrons or hardv Heaths. The
ground for these plants should be prepared
some time in advance, and dug to a depth
of at least 12 inches. Incoj^jorate a liberal
quantity of well-decayed manure and leaf-
mould. Peat may be used with advantage, but
it is not necessary where the soil is loamy and
free from lime. Leave the surface as rough as
jiossible for several weeks before planting ; the
levelling process can then be done with a wooden
rake. On no account should the ground be forked
over, as firm planting is essential. Heaths are
excellent plants for covering banks, but the best
effect is obtained by planting bold, irregular
groups along woodland walks. A selection of
varieties may be made that will give flowers
through the greater part of the year. Erica
c.ai-nea and the white variety. E. henbacea, alba,
should be included in any selection.

250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 22, 1917,

BDITORIAL NOTICE.

Editors and PubUaher. — Our corrt$pondeiUi
would obtiatf itlay in obtainini amwert U
their communicationt ami lavt u» much timt onJ
trouble, if they would kindly obterve the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letteri relating
to financial matter) and to advertieementt should
be addressed to the Publisher; and that all com-
munications intended for publication or referring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The two
departments, Publishing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecessary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rfte Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they canrwt be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Editors do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illustrations, or to return unused com-
munications or illustrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local Ne^ws. — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
the notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
plants for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOBS, 41, WelUngton Street. Covent
G-arden. London. Cot/imunications should be

WRirTEN ON ONE SIHE ONLY OF THE P.iPER, sent as

early in the week as possible, and duly signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature will not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

ArsBAGB Meab TKilPERATCTRB 'or the en&ujn^ week
deduced from ob&<-rvuuoiiB dntixig lilie b«t liUy

i at Grc

3.e.5.

Actual Temperatuuh : —

Uardeners' ('lir„„iitr iiBlce, 41. WeUingtoa Street,
Ooveiit, Ci.r.l.'ii, l,,in.ln,i, Thursday, DewJmbea- 30,
10 a.m. ; B.u. 29.? ; temp. 45,3°. Weathei-— ITuck

At the preseait time,

J!^^!"?'* v*'"« "*■ wlten m much' interest
the Potato : Facts . , ,

and Superstitions. IS Centred upon the

Potato, it may be re-
cidltMl tliat it took many year.s aft^r it.s
iiitrodncliim to Kiiri>}je in the .•sixteenth
ceiitlirv fi.'f tla- tiilier to he reeugnisetl as
one Ml' th«: eliief fooils. In tile'- earlv
ihiy.s the (hutofs jciineil witli the pub-
lic in h>nkiie_! :i.^l-.:iiiee at the " new-
comer, ll waN :u(ii.vi.l el' iKiiigii begetter
o'f leprevw jimI l;<iiiii\ , in his Tractc de
DrogiK s Sill, J. /'^. irl'eiivil l.t th<- Potato
so contein|.i neii-l\ ileil ihi " m^hle tuber
remained uji to the <'ml <>f the l.^th cen-
ttiry under a cloutl of siL-^pieieii.

It Wa.s urged again.st the Potato that
it provokes tiatuleiice, that it couhl never
be cleaned of it.s " impuritie.s," tliat it
caused those who fed on it to grow stout
and lazy. On the contraa-y, Parmentier
and Venel vaunted the value of the
Potato in scarcely less extravagant
terms, a.scril^ed to it medicinal virtues,
and averred that it possessed the power
of conferring fertility on peoples, citing
as " evidence " the rapid increase in popu-
lation in Germany and the large propor-
tion of twins in Ireland.

The Press of the period joined in the
denunciation of the Potato, and the
French Government was overwhelmed
with petitions calling for the stippression
of all cultivation of the Potato."

In order to settle the matter, Tc-"iy,
the Controller-General of Finance, ad-
dve.s.sed a letter to the Faculty of Medicine

on February 26, 1771, inviting ita mem-
bers to inquire into the allegations. Thus
the Potato was put upon its trial.

It was decided to submit it to trial by
ordeal — of chemical analysis. As a result
it was discovered that Potatos contain a
white powder similar to the starch of
cereals, woody fibre, a mucilaginous
juice with no special properties, and a
large quantity, 75 per cent., of water.
From that time the Faculty took the
Potato under its wing. Tissot, the cele-
brated French doctor, writing to the Swiss
agriculturist, Herzel, assured him of the
value of the Potato and its edibility —
you can eat it as often as you can eat
bread — and the same authority main-
tained that it is the best of all diets for
nervous women .

At about the same time another savant
— and it is interesting to observe that
savants can exaggerate like unlearned
folk — expatiated on its anti-scorbutic
properties. These properties the Potato
intleed possesses, and having regard to
the fact that Potatos make up a large
proportion of the fresh food of large sec-
tions of the community during winter,
they are undoubtedly important. Yet,
according to the most recent researches,
the Potato is inferior to many other vege-
tables— Onions, Cabbage, and others — in
an ti -scorbutic property.

The hymn of Potato praise chanted by
the learned continues. Saint Hilaire pro-
claims it a specific a^gainst insomnia, and
states that he had tried it with good effect
on his servants : though some may incline
to the observation thiit the malady of in-
somnia is not now prevalent among
domestic servants ! Parmentier expre.sses
himself as doubtful. He thinks that the
sedative effects would be likely to wear off
as the domestic became accustomed to
Potatos ; but admits that a Potato diet is
'■ calming."

The Italian doctor, Filippo Baldini,
studies the influence of the Potato on the
circulation, and claims that it is a good
corrective of " acidity." Later on the
potash salts contained in the Potato were
regarded as the purifying elements.

The most recent attack on the Potato
is perhaps the gravest. It is claimed in
the Brevinre de In Brant e — composed by
a lady — that all who wish to remain young
and pretty must eschew the use of the
Potato; but the doctor's championship
has prevailed — combined with the poor
quality of war-bread — to induce even the
youngest and prettiest among us to go on
eating Potatos and — risk the consequences.

The last word on the subject was said
long ago by the poet, Heinrioh Heine:
" Pourquoi chanter la rose? Que le po^te
ohante la pomme de terre qui nourrit le
peuple."

New Plants from British Honduras.-

Mr. S. F. Blake describes, in Cnnlributinns
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Vnivtr-
.■fity. niew series No, LIT., a numiber of novelties
fr"iTn this still little known British Possession,
Myiiocarpa panictilata, an arboreous imember of
the Urticaceae ; Millopaughia leiophylla, a third
species of a genus of Polygoiiacpae peculiar to

th« region ; .a numiber of LaiiraceAe, AIimosac«a«,
Mid various other familieiS make up a total of
nearly 50 additions. Belandra is a new geintxa
of ApocynAceae, allied to Echitea and Odomta-
d«niia.

'S. A Crop of Hay in Mid-Atlantic— The

vegetation of remote islands offers many anoma-
lies and many surpriBes, Ascension is an ocean
peak with a forty-square-mile base and no climate
worth mentioning, and little visible vegetation
in its lower parts. Suddenly, as we learn from the
Kew Bidhtin, a grass has appeared in great
abundance in the lowland plain, and the crop
this season was so heavy that many tons of hay
might have been saved had the authorities been
prepared for it. As it was, a small stack was
made as an experiment, and horses and mules
of the garrison were turned out to graze.
" Whether," the Kew correspondent writes, " the
grass is a perennial and really useful remains to
bo seen; but the animals are very fond of it."
Bountiful rains, the first experienced for a genera-
tion, preceded this heavy crop of a single species
of grass. Dr. Staff has identified the grass as
Enneapogon mollis, which has not previously been
recorded from Ascension ; but it is scattered over
a wide area in dry districts of tropical Africa, and
has also been collected in Madagascar and the
Punjab, A photograph illustrates the ariticle
showing the hayfield and haymakers.

Chinese Species Making.— " W, B, H,," in

the sympathetic obituary notice of the late
David Oliver, which he has contributed to
the Proceedings of the Rni/al Society*, recounts
several curious instances which go to show the
confiding nature of soone systematic botaniste,
and to confirm Beet Harte's diagnosis that

"For ways that are dark,
For tricks that are vain.
The heathen Chinee is peculiar,"

As an illustration : — Among A. Henry's
Chinese plants was a specimen with leaves like
an ^seuius, and terminal clusters of Viburnum-
like flowers. On this specimen was founded a
new genus, Actinotinus, A little later another
botanical puzzle presented itself. This time
'papilionaceous flowers ,and foliage, unlike that
a-ssociated with the Leguminoseae, presented
themselves. The specimens were shown by
Oliver to Bottting Hemsley and N, E,
BwoWN, the latter of whom recognised that the
species was made by the art of man and not by
Nature, Reference to the specimen on which
.Hctinotinus was founded revealed a like evi-
dence of guile. Dr. Botting Hemsley confesses
that he also was victimised in a similar manner
some years later, when he described the leaves
of a Daphniphyllum and the flowers of a Rhodo-
dendron as a new species of the latter genus,
but in that case Justice Albert tardily came to
the assistance of British botany, for once agajin
the same Chinese hand tried its cunning, this
time with Mr. E. H. 'Wilson, and lost three
weeks' wages in the transaction.

Blinded Soldiers' Children. -In con-
nection with the Sir Arthur Peabson's fund in
aid of the children of blinded soldiers, a special
branch of the fimd has been inaugurated to
cover the seed and allied trades. Mr, Aubyn
Trevor-Battye, Ashford Chace, Petersfield,
Hants, has the matter in hand, and he states that
Messrs. Sutton and Sons have promised fifty
pounds. This fact encourages the hope that other
prominent horticultural firms will shortly follow
suit. The cause is so well known to our readers
through the c«lumns of the daily press that we
need not reproduce all the details supplied by
Mr, Trevoe-Battte, but we feel that such a
deserving fund is certain to receive due support
from those to whom this special appeal is made.
Letters should be sent to Mr. Trevor-Battye
at the address given above.

• Ko. B. 624.

December 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

251

ViTAMiNcsi Nature's Preventive Medi-
cines.—^^Tien Captain Cook cured his men of
scurvy by providing them with fresh vegetables
he made a discovery the importance of which,
miisked by the banality of the medicine, it has
taken a hundred years to estimate. It is now
known that the vegetables which exorcised the
scurw did so by reason of the fact that they
contain minute quantities of definite chemical
substances — of unknown kind — which are
Nature's indispensable and infallible preventive
medicines. A dish which lacks these remark-
able substances, no matter how generous it may
be in respect of fats and carbohydrates and pro-
tein, no matter how liberal its allowance of
calcrics, is nothing else than a negative poison.
Not only does an animal or human being fed
on such a vitamineless diet fail to thrive, but

aleurone grain layer) of the Wheat or Rice or
Maize grain, but rather and chiefly in the germ
or embryo. Now in the modern method of mill-
ing every ingenuity has been expended in sepa-
rating not only the chaff from the Wheat, but
also in removing the embryo, with the result
that machine-made white flour is seriously de-
ficient in those vegetable preventive medicines —
the vitamine — the presence of which in food is
essential to the maintenance of health. Whole
meal bread, on the contrary, contains the em-
bryo or germ of the Wheat grains, and hence
the vitamines. That these are dour facts has
been amply proven by actual investigation,
and the authors. Miss Chick and Miss
HiME, have carried our knowledge further by
demonstrating on the one hand that it 's the vita-
" mines contained in the germ of cereal grains

unless they are accompanied by a sufHcient ration
of food which contains the vitamines they lack.
In the case of the beri-beri vitamine, it is satis-
factory to learn that this, one of the genii of
health, is not destroyed by an exposure to boU-
ing point (100° C.) for two tours. Hence bread
or bisctiit, provided they contain tli« germ as
well as the endosperm of the Wheat grain, will
I'etain its vitamines unimpaired.

War Items M. Ai,ex.\x])ke DuE.iND, son of

M. DuB.4.ND-V.\iLL.4NT, Vice-President of the
French National Horticultural Society, was killed
in action on September 8.

M. Maubice Blot, eldest son of >f.

Francois Blot, a foreman in the employ of
Messrs. Vilmobin, Andrieux and Co., rue de
Reuilly, Paris, has also been killed in action.

Fig. 96. — Palestine : D.^TE I'ALMs

OPUNTIAS, AND OTHEK PLANTS GROWING AT TIBERIAS, ON THE
(Sec p. 2Ab.)

SHORES OF THE SEA OF GALILEE,

it contracts diseases, such as scurvy and beri
beri, to which it rapidly succimibs. Further
mere, the vitamine or natural preventive medi
cine which protects the body from beriberi ap
pears to be quite distinct from that which pro
tect.i it from scurvy. The occurrence of such
diseases as those just mentioned among our ex-
peditionary forces has caused attention to be
directed yet more closely to the vitamines, and
to the rations supplied to these forces. The most
recent investigations* show tha-t the vitamine
which is the natural preventive of beri-beri, is
contained not so much in tlio bran (pericarp and

• "The Distribution in Wheat, Rice, ami Maize Grains of
the Substance tlie Deficiency of which in a Diet Causes . .
Bori-berl in Man," by Harriette Chick and E. M. Hume,
Proe. Roij. Soc, B. 90, No. 13.S24.

which are responsible for defending the iwdy
from the diseases already mentioned, and that
if food substances are deprived of their vita-
mines, disease subvenes. The authors, in a sub-
sequent paper* have inveetigated tJie effect of
temperature in the beri-beri vitiimine, and con-
clude from their researches that these substances
are as fragile as they are fateful. If food sub-
stances are heated for even a short time to a
temperature 20° above boiling point, the vita-
n'ines disappear, and the healthfulness of the
food is in consequence impaired. In so far
therefore as preserved foods are prepared by pro-
cesses involving such high temperatures, their
use as a main source of food is to be deprecated,

, .1 ... .....,.• Op. c)t., Pi 60.

The First Fifty Years of the Auckland
Institute and Museum.— The citizens of
.•Vuckland (New Zealand), have celebrated the
jubilee of their scientific foundation by the issue
of a condensed illustrated history of its develop
ment, from the sympathetic pen of Mr. T. F.
Cheeseman, secretary and curator almost from
the inception of the establishment. The " New
Zealand Institute " has now branches in the
leading towns ot the Dominion, but the Auckl.and
branch is twice as numerous as the next highest.
It was started, and has been maintained, by
private and civic enterprise. At the close of its
first year it had a roll of 68 members ; its total
revenue amounted to the same number of pounds,
and there was a small balance at the end of thn
year. Now there is a membership of nearly 400,

252

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Dkcembih 22, 1917.

with an income of £1,700, and invested capital of
about £25,000. This sounds like a prosperous
condition ; but larger premises are urgently
needed, and Mr. Chkesemax's report is an appeal
{or funds. The Maori Collection i.« a very valu-
able section of the Museum, and irreplaceable ;
yet it is not safely housed.

Shorea and Gordonia.— The Straits Branch
of the Riiyal Asiatic Society Journal, No. 76,
contains two or three articles by Mr. J. H.
BuEKiiL, Director of the Singapore Botanic
Gardens. In " Notes on Dipterocarps " the

TREES AND SHRUBS.

BERBERIS VIRESCENS.
The profusion in which new species of Bar-
berry have come into cultivation in this eountv.
O'UgJit not to lead to the neglect af some of the
older kinds. Berberis virescens was foun-d by Sir
Joseph Hooker in Sikkim so long ago as 1849.
It is deciduous and not to be highly esteemed
fo" its flowers, which are pale greenish-yellow
(whence its specific name), nor for its red fruit,
which it declines to ripen with me. But it is an

it wa» introduced by Wilson, from China.
In an old issue of the Kew Bulletin, en-
titled "A Published List of Plants in-
troduced to Cultivation, 1876 to 1896,"
the species is mentioned as having been figured
in the Florist and Pomologist in 1884, and is
also included in the first Keiv Hand List of
Trees and Shruhs. 1894. In Trees and Shrubs
Hardy in the British Isles, Mr. Bean states that
it was first introduced to St. Petersburg about
1880 from Manchuria, and from China by Wilson
in 1900. The Chinese form is, according to Mr.
Bean, superior to the typical kind, and is known

Fig. 97. — lonicera maackii : flowers creamy- white.

author describes and figures the speeds and their
KerminatiO'n of some species of Shorea. Gor-
donia is represented by two species on the At-
lantic seia-board of North America., namiedy,
G. Lasianthus and G. pubesceos, and about 20
species widely spread in tropical Asia. Both
the American species are, or have been, in cul-
ti\Ta.tion in this country ; but G. ,pube6cens is
said to be extinct in a wild state. G. axillaris,
a Chinese species, was in cultivation at Kew in
1842, and it was figured in the Botanical Maga-
zine, plate 4019. A figure of the sanw species
appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle on June
23. 1917.

e.vceedingly pleasing object at this season of mid-
winter, for the gracefully arching stems are of
a bright, ruddy orange, much the same hue as
the upper branches of an old Scots Pine, but
simooth and shining. I know but one private
garden, besides our own, where it groiwis ; I
should be sorxy to be without it in the short,
dark days. Herbert Maxwell, Monrtith.

LONICERA MAACKII.
This shrubby Honeysuckle (see fig. 97). which
is so highly spoken of by Mr. H. KempShall on
■p. 242. was known in this countrv before

as variety podocarpa. Franchet. He refers to it
as one of the most beautiful of bush Honey-
suckles. An interesting feature connected with
this Jjonicera is that it was given an Award
of Merit by the Floral Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society on June 7, 1907, and again
on June 8, 1915. It is one of the few instances
in which the same award has been made twice to
a plant. Hydrangea Madame Emile Mouillere
is one of that limited number. 11'. T .

Publications Rtczw/to.— Around the Year
in the Garden. By Frederick Frye Kockwell.
(London : Macmillan & Co.) Price 10s. net.

December 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

253

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

ifAe Editort do not hold themselves responsible lot
the opiuiong expressed hy correspondents.)

Crops and Stock on the Home Farm.—

I am much interested in the articles by Mr. E.
Molyneux on I'ai-m matters : they are very help-
ful to the many gardener bailiffs, What has
been done this year with the land by the work-
ing-classes clearly- shows what they would do if
given greater opportunities. The Royal Horti-
cultural Society has given good advice through
its panel gardeners to the laj-ge class of new
small cultivators. I should like to see every
cottager able to keep his pig, with a garden to
support the same (and his family). L. R. Adams.
Watlington Park, Oxon.

Fruiting Tries and Shrubs (see pp. 226,

242). — Lagerstroemia indica is fuUy deserving of
all the praise bestowed upon it by Mr. Kempshail,
and the specimen at Abbotsbury must indeed be
a beautiful one. There is a very good tree in
these gardens, which passed through last win-
tei' quite unliaimed, and though I have not hi:d
the pleasure of seeing it flowei' it is a real gcni
when in its autumn garb. Another shrub of
great value in the sajne manner is Andromeda
arborea. Liquidambar styraciflua, generally re-
cognised for its beautiful autumn tints, excelled
itself this autumn, and the specimen at Fota.
which, when last measured, was 52 feet high,
with a girth of 7 feet at 4 feet from
the ground, made a pleasing sight. Parrotia
persica is carrying nut-like clusters of fruit,
and this season's flower-buds are just ex-
panding. Two other shrubs carrying solitary
fruits are Osmanthus Delavayi and Ilex
Pemyi. Drimys aromatica carried a profu
sion of clusters of blaok fruits not unlike
Privet berries, and Azara microphylla fruited
freely. On the morning of the 3rd inst. we had
12° "of fro«t, which completely spoilt our
Hydrangea.'*, both blue and pink-flowered, but
which had up till then retained much of their
fre.«hness of colour. Similarly Ce.anothus Gloire
de Versaille.s suffered, but Lapageria rosea
flowering on a north wall entirely unprotected i.^
not one bit the worse for the cold. Erne.il
/ierkett. Fota Oordenn. Qiirennlnwn.

SOCIETIES.

MANCHESTER AND NORTH OF ENGLAND
ORCHID.

XovEMBEK 15. — Commillru present: The Rev.
.1. Crombleholnie (in the chair), Messrs. R. Ash-
worth. D. A. Cowan, J. C. Cowan, J. Cypher,
.K. G. Ellwo<id, J. Evans. P. Foster. J. Howes,
A. ,1. Keeling, J. Lupton, D. McLcod, F. K.
Sander, W. Shackleton, H. Thorp, and H.
Arthur (secretarj').

Groups.
The following medals were awarded to collec-
tions : — Silver-gilt Medal to R. Ashwohth, Esq.,
Nowchurch (gr. Mr. Devonport). Large Silver
Medals to Col. Bir J. RUTHERFORD, Bart, M.P.,
Ulackburn (gr. Mr. J. Lupton) ; and T.
WoRSLEY, Esq., Haslingden (gr. Mr. T. Wood).
Silver Medals to .John Hartley, Esq., Morley
(gr. Mr. Coupe) ; Messrs. f'YPiiER and Sons,
Cheltenham ; and Messrs. Sanders, St. Albans.

AWARDS.

First CLASS Certificates.

OdntilntiloR^inn Golden Oriel and Sophro-Cal-
llci/n Dorca mm/nifica (C auren x S.-C. Dorisf),
both from S. Gratrix, Esq.

Odrrntn//lo.f''um Edna var. Brmiti/ {liossii x
(irdentixximum), Ladio-Cattlti/a Gothyut (C.
Tilyrm x L.C. St. Gothnrd). both ifrom P.
Smith, Esq.

Oyprinedium Gen. Allenby (Hera euryades x
lloyrd George), from T. Worsley, Esq.

Ciitlhya Fabia alhoPegina, from Me«n.
Sanders.

Awards of Mertt.

t'attleya armninvillir.renre .Ashih-nrthine igigut
X Mende.Ui), C. Fahto alhn var. Afhwnrthiae, C
rnr. iralihmdcn.'e. C. tnhialo Rrigrj.'i.Bury. Laelio-

Catthya Hadrian Ashworthiae, L.C. Orien Aih-
worthiae. and Brasso-Laeho-t.'attleya Ashwerthiae
(B.L.-C. Cooksonii x C lebiata). all from R.
Ash WORTH.

Cyprij/ediiim Gen. Pershing (Harri-Leeanuiri
XCtiryaUes spUndens), and 6'. Horroclcsianum
iHarri.iianiim x St. .ilban). both from T.
WoRSLEY, Esq.

LaeVw-Cattlcya Alc.t West Point car. (L.-C.
Cappei X 0. uiirea). and Cypripedium Golden
Fleece West Point car., both from S. Grateix.
Esq.

Odontoglossuin crispum Siptah, from Dr.
Craven iroORE.

Cattleya Triclotho (C. Trianae Grand Mon-
arch X C. Clotho), from P. Smith, Esq.

First-class Aw'ard of Appreciation.
Odontoglossum Dorothea (Doris x crispum).
from Dr. Craven Mooee.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT
AND PROVIDENT.

December 10. — The monthly meeting of tJii.s
society was held in the R.H.S. HaU on Monday,
the 10th inst., Mr. Charles H. Curtis presiding.
Seven new members were elected.

The sick pay for the month on the ordiniary
side amounted to £77 10s. lid. , ajid on the State
section to £26 lOs.. and matemitv claims to
£4 10s.

©bttuarig.

Frcd C. 8MALE.-We regret to record the
death, on the 8th inst.. of Mr. F. C. Smale, son
of Mr. W. 13. Sinalc, nurseryman, of Torquay.
Deceased, who was fifty-two years of age, had
assisted his father to a considerable extent in the
management of the nurseries. He took an
especial interest in the cultivation of Chi-ysan-
themums, and was in the habit of lecturing on
the subject and judging at the exhibitions. Be
sides his work in the nursery, he was in the habit
of writing for a number of magazines.

Walter T. Ware.— We learn with deep re
gret of the death of Mr. Walter T. Ware, at
Barrow Castle, Bath. Mr. Ware had been ill
for about two years, and on Friday, the 14th
iivst., he had a stroke, which terminated fatally
two days later. Decctised, who was sixty -two
years of age, was the son of Mr. F. S. Ware,
who established a busine-ss at Tottenhiwn. Mr.
Walter T. Ware engaged in business on his own
account, and subsequently became one of the
foremost flower-growers in the trade. In the
• development of the British bulb-growing industry
Mr. Ware occupied a very prominent position,
and lit Inglcscom.be, in Lincolnshire, and in
Wiltsliire, he had a large area under Daffo-
dils, Tulips, Lily-of-the- Valley, and other
flowers. As a grower and forcer of Tulips he
hfld no superior and few equals. In recent years
he became an enthusiastic raiser of Tulips, and
during 1916 and 1917 he exhibited a number of
e.vcellent seedlings, notably Empire, Nirvana,
Winner, Lady Love, Inglescombe Mauve,
Zorilla, and Asturias ; these varieties secured
the Award of Merit of the Royal Horticultiual
Society. Mr. Ware's enthusiasm for Tulips was
almnsrt equalled by his interest in new Diiffod^ils,
of which he purcfiased many for the purpose of
raisiiUg .stocks. Few men could bo speedily ap-
praise the value of a new Tulip or Daffodil
.frcm the market point of view. For many years
iMr. Ware was a me<miber of the R.H.S. Nar-
cissus and Tulip Committee, and during the pre
sent year he was the holder of the Peter BaJT
Meimorial Cup, awarded unanimoiLsly by the
Co'mm'tlee for goo<l work done in comneotaon
with Daffodils. He vias also treasurer of the
London Doffodil Show Fund until hii henlth
b»gan to fail, nnd he was rarely ab*ent from
thf London and Birmingham shows. He w««
also a member of the Comimitte* of the British
Whol.rftile Florists' Federation and a geaierou*
Mipporter of its work, and »• member of the
Hort.iruHural Club. The burial took place at
Lock-slbrook Cemeter\'. Bath, on Thursday last.

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM

Hedges.

Xow is the time to trim, cut down, and relay
liedges where they are overgrown. Many an Oat
crop last harvest was retarded in its ripening and
drymg owing to the high hedges, which prevented
a free circulation of air, wind, and sunshine,
especially in the case of the sheaves near the
hedges. Some discrimination is, of course, neces-
sary in cutting hedges around pasture fields
wliere cattle are grazed, as in such fields thick
hedges are of the utmost value in providing
shelter for the animals during wet or cold
weather.

Where a hedge has become thin at the base,
and it is desired to produce a closer growth,
it should be cut within 6 inches of the groimd,
unless it is required at once as a shelter. In
such cases it should be splayed, i.e., partly cut
through and laid to the heiglit required for a
foundation.

In the case of cereal or Clover fields, it is wise
to cut the hedges down to within a few inches
of the ground, unless it is imperative that there
should be a cattle fence around the fields.

Ditolies for draining the surplus water fi-om
wet land should be closely attended to and
cleaned well below the pipes or open drains which
connect with the main outlet. Waterlogged soil
is detrimental to the Wheat plant, especially in
the autumn and winter, when late-sown plants
«re coming through the soil.

Swedes.

On the whole, the growth of Swedes is satis.-
factory in bulk. Where the seed was sown too
e.arly, however, there are already signs of prema-
ture decay of the roots, especially among plants
affected by mildew during October. The period
of sowing the seed varies much in different
comities. In the North of England and Scot-
land Swedes are sown during the first half of
May, while in the South of England the middle
of June is early enough. Indeed, those sown at
the end of tlie month often keep best, and if
not so large in the root, are of better quality.
and less liable to decay or to run to seed.

Mildew is generally caused by the plants
having attained their full growth by the time a
spell of drought sets in in August and Se]iteniber.
The growth is then at a standstill, and the plants
more liable to a fungous attack. In sonic jyarts
"pitting" the roots in the field is a general
practice, especially where they are required as
early spring feed for ewes and lambs on the
fields. With such severe weather as that experi-
enced last winter the " pitted " Swedes were a
lioon to those who took the jjrecaution to prepare
them. Many acres weie spoilt by frost, and
much valuable sheep food lost.

The method of "pitting" the roots is quite
simple. Pull them up without interfering with
the tops or root«, throw them into round, com-
pact heap.s of about four bushels each, and cover
them with 6 inches of soil. The "pitting " also
ctiecks the spring growth, which lowers their
quality as feed for April and May. The roots
s.^'^ould be thrown out of the pits several days
before they are required by the sheep to alUnv
the blanched 8hoot.s to wilt. The shoots are not
wholesome- for sheoii, often causing scour. F.
.Mntyneiix.

(.'attle and Horse Fodder.

The President of the Board of Agriculture
draws attention to the danger of using as food for
horses or cattle any foods of mixtures containing
poisonous seeds, such as Castor seed, Rangoon
Reaii, Lathyrus, etc. Seeds that have been ye
moved from tho.se recpiired for crushing in oil
mills are sometimes sold for use in the compo-
sition of feeding stuffs, but in order to avoid the
risk of poisoning stock it is necessary that all
i.'rams of unusual appearance, especially foreign
f»rain!, should be submitted to qualified experts
foT identification before being used for this pur-
pone. It should be borne in mind that n selljr
of ft feeding «tuff which contftins deleterious in-
Ifredienls is not only liable to prosecution under
the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1906, but
may also be hold liable for injury caused to stock
bv the use of such foods.

254

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

tDacEMBBB 22, 1917.

Farming Outlook.

The monthly agricultural report of the Board
of Agriculture states that, except in Wales and
the north-west, the weather during November
was favourable for autumn cultivation and the
sowing of crops, especially on the eastern side of
the country. Sowing in the important corn-grow-
ing counties has consequently been pushed on
rapidly, and is more forward than last year, and,
in the north-east more particularly, is often more
advanced than usual. In the west, where the
season has been much later, work is not so well
advanced, but progress was made during the
latter part of the month. ^

About 70 per cent, of the area intended for
wheat has already been sown ; and, as compared
with December 1 last year, the area actually
seeded appears to be from 10 to 15 per cent,
greater, this percentage being exceeded in the
north-east. Generally speaking, mogt of the work
was done in favourable conditions, and where
the crop is up, it is everywhere a healthy and
satisfactory plant. In some parts of the west
and Wales, however, much of the land was too
wet to be worked. Other auitunnn-sown. crops
also apfiear quite satisfactory. Of Winteo" Bar-
ley and Beans rather less is reported to have
been sown, and of Oats and Rye about the same,
as at this time last year, but, as with Wheat,
(sUgihtly more has been got in the east than in
the west.

Potatos have niow practically ail been
harvested, except in some western districts; and.
with the same exceptions, the tubers are gener-
ally sound. The total production on farms is re-
turned at 3,340.000 tons— 835,000 tons, or 33 per
cent., more than last year, and the largest crop
raised since returns were first collected in 1885.
The yield per acre, 6.57 tons, is also very good.
Turnips and Swedes produced 12,164,000 tons,
or 12.55 tons per acre ; this is below' the average,
owing to a shortage mainly in the north-eastern
counties. The quality of these roots is variable ;
Turnips being frequently rather poor, but Swedes
are, in most districts, better. Mangolds are a
large crop, and generally of good quality ; their
yield amounts to 8,482,000 tons, or 21.89 tons per
acre, which is 2i tons above average. The total
pi'oduction of these roots is thus greater than
last year. Turnips and Swedes being 820,000 tons
less, but Mangolds being 1.140,000 tons more.

Ali-OTments : J. T. Write to the Secretary,
Scottish Nationa,! Union of Allotment Holders.
1, Rutland Square, Edinburgh.

Apples and Pears Spotting : W. 0.' Presum-
a.bly you refer to spotting by scab. It is use-
less to sipray in the winter unless there is scab
on the wood, and even then it is doubtful.
Scaibiby iyhooitis shoiildi be cut off below the
diseased parts, the cuttings being burnt.
After the blossom is set, spray with
Bordeaux mixt-ure or lime-sulphur of
summer strength, again a fortnight later,
and' a third time three or four weeks
later still if .^cab shows on foliage or fruit.
Once spraying is not sufficient. In the United
States lime-sulphur has proved at least as
effective as Bordeaux mixture, and it is less
likely to injure the foliage of tender varieties
oif Apples. For Cox's Orange Pippin onJy a
very weak solution of either specific is sale.

Aspidistra Leaves Spotted : W. H. S. The
injury has been caused Ibiy isomei external
agency, and is not due to fungous disease.
The appearance of the spots suggests damage
by a corrosive fluid. Leaves are often spotted
in this manner in summer by burning, through
the sun's rays falling on drops of moisture,
which act as lenses, and focus the rays ii^ the
same manner as a magnifying glass.

Cost ok Pruning Fruit Trees : E. S. M.

Wages vary so greatly in difiercnt parts of

the coujitry that no fixed rate can be given.
But as an able-bodied man employed on the
land is legally entitled to at least 253. per week,
and pruning is skilled work, 3d. per hour
would not be excessive. A jobbing gardener
should now get at least 6d. per hour when
he works aU day in the same place, ajid at
least 8d. per hour if he goes for only half a
day or less at a time. In some parts of the
country these rates are exceeded.

Grubs on Cyclamen : D. R., Newton. The
grubs are those of the ordinarj' weevil. You
should take the plants out of the ground or
from their pots, shake them free of soil, and
plant them again in fresh soil, spraying the
roots with bisulphide of carbon. If you find
the beetles into which the grubs turn aiter
a while, group the plants in pots all together
on a greased sJieet of paper, and at night come
suddenly into the house where they are with
a bright light. This will cause any insects
feeding on the leaves to drop off, and they cam
then be destroyedi.

Jerusalem Artichokes and Sugar Beet : Igno-
rance. The tops of the Jerusalem Artichokes
may be cut off and burned. The roots are per-
fectly hardy, and frost will not injure them,
but if the soil is water-logged in winter there
is a danger of their rotting. The tubers may
be lifted, placed in a heap, and covered with
fine soil to make a pie. "The Sugar Beet may
be lifted and stored in dry soil or sand, as in
the case of the Red kind.

Keeping Fruits and Potatos : C. P. Apples
keep best in trays in a frost-proof fruit cham-
'ber. Pears the same, but they will not keep
Jong aftei- they are ripe. Plums cannot be kept
many days after they are ripe, unless in a re-
frigerating stm-e, and they quickly rot after
being taken out. Grapes keep best on the vines.
Nuts .should be spread out thinly on the floor of
a lo<ft. There ,ire aiumerous varieties of Apples
and Pears which keep over Christmas, and
some A,pples keep till March or April, includ-
ing Bramley's Seedling, Newton Wonder, and
Duoneloiw's Seedling. Any fruit nurseryman's
catalogue will give you lists of varieties of
Apples and Pears which will indicate keeping
qualities. AU Potatos keep best in clamps,
covered' with straw and earth, with a wisip of
striaw or a drain-pipe on one side of the clamp
near the top to act as a ventilato-r.

London Manure : Enquirer. If you will send
us your name and address, we wUl give you
the name of a firm which will probably be
able to supply you with manure from London.

AIealy Bug on Vines : E. C. As you cannot ob-
tain methylated spirits, try the following
specific : Take one part coal tar and six parts
clay ; dry the clay and powder it so that it
may be passed tlirough a ^-inch sieve. Work
the tar and clay together thoroughly, adding
sufficient boiling water to make the mixture of
the consistency of paint. The specific should
be smeared on the vines, filling all the crevices,
but avoiding coating the buds. The best
method of destroying mealy bug on vines is
that of fumigating with hydrocyanic gas.

Mitharia coccinea and Ourisia coccinea ;
/. /. H. Mitraria coccinea may be grown in
pots, but it needs a cool, shady situation. The
soil should consist of moderately close, fibrous
peat, mixed freely with sand. 'The flowers are
scarlet, about 1^ inch long, and are developed
singly in the axils of the leaves on pendent,
slender pedicels. The leaves are small, ovate
in shape, and serrated. Ourisia coccinea has
also scai'let blossoms, and they are about the
same length as those of Mitraria. The spike
grows from 6 to 12 inches high, and bears
about 8 or 10 drooping tubular flowers. The
plant is best grown as a ground creeper in a
cool house. Shade is necessary, for hot, drj'
conditibns are fatal to success.'

Names op PRtirrs,— 7n the naming of fruits, wc detire
to ohli/je our correspondents as far as we ean,
hut the tasTc would become too costh/ and too
tim,e-consuming were there no restrictions. Corre-
spondents sliovJd observe the rule that kot more

THAN SIX VARIETIES be sent at any one time. The
specimens must be good ones; if two of each
variety are sent, identification will be easier. The
fruits should be just approaching ripeness, and
they should be properly numbered, and carefully
packed in strong boxes; cardboard is often
smashed in the post. A leaf or shoot of each
variety is helpful, and in the case of Plums,
Peaches and Nectarines, absolutely essential. In
all cases it is necessary to know the district from
which the fruits are sent. By neglecting these
precautions, correspondents add greatly to our
labour and run the risk of increased delay and
incorrect determination. We do not undertake
to send answers through the post, or to return
fruits. Fruits and flowering plants must not be
sent in the same box. Delay in any case ia un-
avoidable.
F. W. H. Norfolk Beefing.

Names op Plants.— Correspondents not answered in this
issue are requested to be so good as to consult
the following number.

B and Son. Cuipressuis macrocarpia. ■ —
F. S. M. 1, Cypripedium insigne ; 2, Cypri-
pedium HaiTisianum (villosum x barbatum) ;
3, Cypripedium nitens (insigne X villosum),
wliich may have been imported or home-raised.
— F. E. S., Bath. 1, Francoa appendiculata ;
2, Browallia elata ; 3, Nephrolepis exoltata.

Potato Sale : H. P. W. The farmer or grower
requires no licence to sell Potatos grown by
him. Clause 4 of the Potatos Order, 1917,
states : " Except a, grower selling his own
Potatos no person shall after September 30,
1917, sell Potatos by wholesale either on his
own account or as agent on commission unless
he is entitled to and has applied for registra-
tion as a wholesale dealer, or by retail unless
he is entitled to and has applied for registra-
tion as a retail dealer under Part II. of this
Order, and except a grower selling his own
Potatos, no person shall aiter October 31, 1917,
sell Potatos by wholesale either on his own
account or as agent on commission unless he
holds a certificate of registration as a whole-
sale dealer under Part II. of tliis Order for
the time being in force or by retail unless he
holds a certificate of registration as a retail
dealer under Part II. of this Order for the
time being in force. Provided that this clause
shall not prevent a wiholesale dealer from sell-
ing direct to consumers in quantities of not
less tha,n 1 cwt." Thus the farmer or grower
requires no licence to sell Potatos grown by
him. But a dealer requires to obtain a licence
him.

Kaspberries and Currants : Ignorance. These
small fruits may be planted in favourable
weather, but if the ground is cold with frost
delay the work until the ground is warmer. If
the Currant plants are lifted with a gjood ball
of soil at the roots and planted immediately,
they will doubtless bear satisfactorily next sea-
son, but in the case of the Raspberries, cut the
canes down to within one foot of the ground,
to encourage the plants to develop strong
suckers next year.

" Stringfellow " Method of Planting Fruit
Trees : F. T. This method is well known in
America, and' a book on the subject has
also been paiiblished in France, entitled La
Pomologie Nouvelle. Experiments made in
Kenthave succeeded well. The mejthod should
be called the " Laurence " method, as the Rev.
J. Laurence practised and recommended it in
Tudor days.

Tree Stumps : .4. G. There is always a possi-
bility of fungous diseases spreading from de-
caj-ing stumps to young trees newly
planted in ground that was occupied by old
trees. As a rule the fungus enters the injured
roots of the fresh trees, the spores and
mycelium of the fungus finding an easy means
of entry through the wounds. Uninjured
rcots and branches are, as a rule, safe against
attack. You need not fear any serious trouble
in the case of the trees you mention.

Communications Keceived.— Sir H. V — T. W. B.
— W. A. H.— H. G.— E, W. T.— G, Henslw— T. N. M.,
Liveipool^^. S— J. E.— T. Humph're.va— W. F. R,—
B, B. F— W. A. B.— W. T.— Capt, White.

Piciian 22, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

M A.RKE: T

COrEXT GARDEN, Dectmber 19.
We cannot accept any responsibility for the Bubjoined
reports. They are furniehed to us r^ularly every
Wednesday- by the kindness of several of the prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quot*-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the date of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day,
but occasionally several times in one day.— Eds.
Plants In Pots, &c. : Aver&gQ Wholesale Prices.
8. d. 8. d. Ericas, con. — . d. s. d.

Aralia Sieboldif,

per doz. ... 5 0-60

Asparagus plumo-

8U8. per doz. ... 10 0-12 0

— SprenReri 8 O-IO 0
Aspidistra, green,

p«r doz. ... 30 0-86 0

Begonias, Gloire de
Lorraine, 48's,
per doz. ... 18 0-24 0

— 60a 7 0-90

— 723 5 0-60

Cacti, varinns. per

tray of 15's ... 4 0 —

— per trav of 12's 5 0 —
Chrysanthemums :

white, 48s, per

doz.

8 0-24 0

— coloured, 48'
per doz. ... 8 0-12 0

Cocos Weddelliana,

48*8, per doz.... 18 0-30 0

— 60'b. per doz.... 8 0-10 0
Ericas, per doz. —

~ gractlii 48*8 ... 16 0-18 0
72'8... 5 0-60

— hyemalis alba

48'8 18 0-21 0

— melanthera,48's36 0-42 0
Cyclamen. 48 s, per

doz 24 0-30 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-15 0

— per 100, in small

and large 60*8 24 0-30 0

— in 4fi'8, per doz. 7 0-80

— in 32'b. per doz. 15 0-18 0

— choicer sorts,

48'8, per doz .. 10 0-12 0
Oennnma gracilis,

60*8, per doz... 6 0-80

larger, each .. 2 6-70
Kentia Belmoreana,

per doz ... 15 0-18 0
larger .. 30 0-^ 0

— Forsteriana.fiO's 8 0-10 0
Lilium longiflorum,

per doz. . 56 0-48 0

— lancifolium ru-

bn-m 24 0-30 0

— — album ... 24 0-30 0
Solanuras 12 0-18 0

Cut Flowers. See.

Arams—

— (RIchardias),
per doz. bl'ms. 10

Azalea, white, per

doz. himchcs ... 5
Camellias white,

per. doz. ... 3
Carnations, perdoz.

— blooms, best
American var. 5

Chrysanthemums—

— white, per doz.
blooms 3

— bronze 2

— pink ... 3

— yellow 3

— coloured,
doz buDchi

— white 15

Croton leaves, per

bun. ... . 1

Gardenias, per box 8
Heather, white,

per doz. Imn,... 6
Hellebdru.s niger,

per do/, blooms 2
Lilium longiflorum,

long 5

— lancifol iuin
album, long ... 3

per

Averaere Wholesale Priees

s.d. s.d.

Llliums, con.—

rubrum, per

doz. long ... 3 0-36

short, per

doz blooms ... 3 0-40
0-3 6 N'arcisBUsftoleild'Or,

per doz. bun ... 10 0-12 0
Orchids, per doz;—
0-6 0 _ Cypripedinms 2 6-30

Pelargoniums, dou-
„ Q n ^''^ scarlet per

.^: doz. bunches... 12 0-lS 0
^ ^ ^ Pernettias.perdoz 10 0-12 0
Polnsettia, perdoz 18 0-21 0
Rosea : — per doz.
blooms :

— Liberty ... 8 0-ln 0

— Melody ... 6 0-10 0

— Mme. A. Chat-
enay 5 0- S 0

— White Molly
Sharman Craw-
rord .', 0- S 0

0-3 0 Tuberoses, per (fross

I blooms 15 0 — -

0-5 6 Violets,pcrdoz.bun. 5 0-80

— Krenrh Parma,

0-3 6 per bunch ... 6 0-70

0-12 0
0-6 0

0-6 0

0-10 0
0-9 0

VeRetables : Average Wholesale Priees.

s.d. s.d. : 5. d. s.d.

Artichoke, Chinese ' Leeks, per doz. bun. 3 0-40

tStachy)per lb. 10-13 Lettuce, Cabbage
— Jerusalem, per and Cos, per doz. 0 6-20

J bushel -.. 2 6- S 0 ' Mustard and Cress,

AsparEtgus (English), - 1 perdoz. punnets 0 10 1 0

per bundle ... 10 0-10 6 j Onions, per cwt, 24 0-2S 0

spring, perdoz.

6 0- 7 0 I bun. ... 16-20

; — Valencia, per
j case (4 tiers) .. 43 0-45 0

1 9- 2 0 I (5 tiers) ... 45 0-46 0

2 0-20, Parsnips, per bag... 40-50

* Peas, per lb. ... 2 0 —

2 6-30 Potatos,new,perlb. 10-12
4 0-60 Radishes, per doz.

I bunches ... 16-20

Rhubarb, forced,
per doz.

— (Paris Green),
per bundle

Beans:-

— French(Channel
Islands), per lb.

Beetroot, per bus,
Brussels Sprouts,

per i bus.
Cabbage, per tally
Carrots, new, per

doz. bunches ... 3 0-40
Cauliflowers. perdoz 4 0-60
Celeriac, perdoz.... 4 6-50 Savoys, per tally
Celery, per bundle 2 0- S 0 Seakale, per punnet 2 0-26
Cucumbera.perdoz. 8 0-12 0 Shallots, per doz.

Endive, per doz ... 10-20 lbs. t 0-12 0

Garlic, per lb. ... 0 10- 1 0 Turnips, per bag ... 6 0-60
Greens, per bag ... 0 6- 1 6 — new, per doz.
Herbs, perdoz bun. 4 0-80 bunches ... 40-60

Horseradish, per Turnip tops, per bus. 2 0-2 6

bunch 16-60 Watercreis, perdoz. 06-03

Ppult : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. sd.
Lemons, per case... 50 0-100 0
Medlars, per J bus. 3 0-40
Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 6-29
Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...140 0 —

— Cob, per lb. ... 12-13

— mixed, per c^vt.llO 0 —
Oranges, per case 120 0-130 0
Pears, per J bus.... 6 0-15 6
Tomatos, English

per 12 lbs. or

peck 12 0-20 0

Walnuts, French
(Grenoble), per
bag (16 lbs.) ... IS 0-20 0

Kkm ARKS. —The supply of English Apples is plenti-
ful. Bramley's See<lling, I>umelow'6 Seedling, and Blon-
rtniu Pippin esjH'cinil'ly. Am<nig dessert varietiee a fair
supply of Ooi'a Or.inge Pippin is available. Pears now
obiaiiio.hle are CUm Mor<-edU and Rx-ster Beurrt^. Fair
Rupplies <4 Gr;ipe.s Gros Colmar, Black .\licante, and Mus-
ml of Ailexaiidria are available. Nuts, Oranges. Lemons,
ami Bananas ooniinue very scATce. arid after tihis \\"eeK
there wiU probably be no more Tomatoa. The folJ«w-
iii^ forced vegetables are available :—Seak«le, Aspara-
gyi». Peas, Dwarf Betui^, new Potatoft. Chir*uniher.s and
KhuNarb. Holly is very plentiful, and there is a fair
Hupply of Mi«Ieto, both Kngliah and French. Cauli-
fli»wfTs are limited in supply, but other outdoor rege-
table« fairlv jtlemtiful. E. H. R., Covent Garden
Market, December 19, 1017.

Almonds, per cwt. 170 0 —
Apples : —

— cooking.perbus. 6 0-12 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per j bus. 6 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

case (30 quarts) 40 0 —
Dates, per box .. 1 4-18 0
Grapes. Alicante,

per lb 18-26

— Almerias, per
barrel ()^ doz.

lbs.) 40 0-70 0

— Cauon Hall, per

lb 2 0-60

— Gros. Colmar,

per lb. ... 1 6- 3 'i

— Muscats, per lb. 3 O- 6 0

GARDENING APPOINTMENTS.

Mr. Chas. Frost, recently Gardener to H. A. Trot-
ter, Es<i., Wcxlum Springs, Stoke Pogee, SlougOi,
.w G.ir-lfner to Col. Hahdcby, Hitit^^m House,
Fbimham, Biirkinffhajn^ire.

Cut Foliage. &C.I Average Wholesale Prices. « ^Y GARDEN' S£RIES

8 d. s.il.

Adiantum (Maiden-
hair Fern) best,
perdoz. })un... 7 0-80

Aspar^us plu-
mosus, lonK
trails, per half-
dozen 2 6-30

— — medium.

doz. bunchei 12 0-18 0

- Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 0
Remarks.— The se

pl\' of rut flowfTS f»
of' Arnma is limited
Very hig-h prii-ea aj
n«f i oil s du rin^ the

Berberis, per doz.

bnn

Carnation foliage,

doz bunches...
Cycas leaves, per

doz.

Ivy leave , per doz.

bunches...
Moss, gross bun..,
Smllax, per bun.

of 6 traili

1 fr- 2 0

;re weather is reducing the eup-
the Christmad trade. The supply
pri'^ea are already much higher.
likcJy to be maintained for Oar-
next few days. Lily-of-Uie-V alley.
more plentiful and lower in price
than for »omo weeks pa.=t. OiTcumstanci»s point to the
.tupply of CJhrj'santhejnunis being limitrfxl, zroA high
priL>e« are likely to be made for good spray white and
disbudded blooms. Spray yeUows appear to be the
lea*^ plentihil m bunched kind.M. There is no guaran-
tee as to the arrivals of Frejirh flower** during the
next few <la>-». A few pods of paper white yaroiawu.^
and bunches of »carlet Ranunculus *r« fetching high
prices. Parm« Violet* al<«o And a ready mIc imm<xli
ately they arrire. PoiufteUiAJ, toarlet P^largmiiums, and
wcajHet CamatioTL* are the leading bnea in w^rl«t
flowers offered for the Christmas trade. Tulips, early
r>aflfo«lilfl, and several other flowers will be miaeLng: this
year, tmd there will not be much selection for buyers.
Several boxes of Christmas Roses are being received
in goorl condltiloa.

MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

By E. A. BOWLES. M.A.

Actwg Cliainata of the Scieatific CamBUIee «f th*
Rojral Horiicnltnral Societjr.

MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

By the Same Aalhor.

:: MY GARDEN IN ::

AUTUMN AND WINTER.

By iha Sam* Author.

Price 5/6 each port free from —

THE LIBRARIAN,

THE "6AR0ENERS' CHRONICLE." LTD..
41. WEUIKCTON ST.. GOVENT QAROEN. LOMDON. W.C. 2.

IN PRAISE

OF THE

GARDENERS
CHRONICLE.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE
is the only gardening paper with seventy-
six years of history behind it. It was
founded in the dawn of what is com-
monly termed the scientific age. It has
seen the rise and development of the
railway, and its partial supersession by
motor road-traffic ; the discovery of
the power of electricity, and its appli-
cation to a bewildering multiplicity of
every day affairs ; the economic
emancipation of women, and their entry
into industrial life ; and, last of all,
the discovery of the flying machine — so
long believed to be impossible. The
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE has not
remained static through all these
marvellous changes. It has grown, de-
veloped, expanded. It has remained
throughout its whole career completely
in sympathy with its readers. It has
advanced with them, explored with
them the realms of experiment, ex-
amined with them in a spirit of intel-
ligent sympathy every new theory of
botanic or horticultural science, pro-
vided a medium whereby they have been
enabled to communicate with each other
and make their discoveries known. It
is revered for its great age, yet re-
spected for its modernity ; it has the
experience of years and the elasticity
and progressiveness of youth. Through
the storm and stress of the past three
years it has stood unmoved, and it looks
forward in full confidence to the enjoy
ment of the ampler scope and increased
opportunities which the termination of
the war will bring.

AN ADMIRER.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[DaSEMBER 22, 1917.

By Special Appointment to

His IVIajesty The King:.

MACKENZIE & MONGUR, U

HOTHOUSE BUILDERS,
HEATING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, etc.

Although we are at present employed largely on National War
Service, we are still in a position to carry out urgent private
work. We ask our patrons to give us as much time as possible
for the carrying out of such work, so that we may arrange
to have it done without reducing our War Service output.

LCNDCN— 8, eamden Road, N.W. GLftSGOW— 121, St. Vincent St

EDINBDRGH (Hegistered Offlca and Works)— Saicarres Street, Morningside.

Telegram*: "GLASSHOUSE, CAMROAD, LONDON," and "HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH."

Present-Day Gardening Series

Edited by R. HOOPER PEARSON, Managing Editor, " Gardeners' Chronicle.'

1/6 net

per

Each Volume is written by an Expert. Illustrated ^7 '^OLs.

with Eight Plates Reproduced from Colour Photo- Now

Volume. graphs by T. ERNEST waltham, f.r.h.s. :: Ready.

ORCHIDS. By JAMES OBRIEN, V.M.H.,

Secretary of the Orchid Committee of the

Royal Horticultural Society.

APPLES and PEARS. By GEORGE

BUNYARD. V.M.H., late Chairman of R.H.S.

Fruil Committee.

ANNUALS HARDY & HALF-HARDY. By

C. H. CURTIS, late Hon. Sec. of the National

Sweet Pea Society.

ROOT and STEM VEGETABLES. By

ALEXANDER DEAN, V.MH.

DAFFODILS. By the Rev. J. JACOB,

Chairman of Committee of the Midland

Daffodil Society. With preface by the Rev.

W. WILKS. M.A.

CARNATIONS and PINKS. By T. H.

COOK, Head Gardener at Sandringham :

JAMES DOUGLAS. V.M.H.. and J. F.

McLEOD.

TULIPS. By the Rev. JOSEPH JACOB.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. By THOMAS
STEVENSON,with Chapters by CHARLES
SHEA and C. HARMAN PAYNE.

LILIES. By A. GROVE, F L.S., with
preface by H. J. ELWES, F.R.S.

ROCK GARDENS. By REGINALD
FARRER. with preface by Dr. J. BRET-
LAND FARMER, F.RS.

DAHLIAS. By GEORGE GORDON,
V.M.H.

IRISES. By W. R. DYKES. M.A., with preface
by Prof BAYLEY BALFOUR, F.R.S.
SWEET PEAS. By HORACE J. WRIGHT,
late Secretary and Chairman of the National Sweet
Pea Society. With Chapter on " Sweet Peas for
Exhibition." by THOS. STEVENSON.

PANSIES, VIOLAS and VIOLETS. By

WILLIAM CUTHBERTSON, V.M.H., and R.
HOOPER PEARSON.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

By W. WATSON, with preface by Sir F. W.

MOORE, M.A. (the only volume published

on this subject).

ROSES (double volume 2/6). By H. R.

DARLINGTON. Joint Secretary of the

National Rose Society,

CLIMBING PLANTS. By WM. WATSON

with introduction by WM. ROBINSON.

Author of "The English Flower Garden."

(Double volume 2/6.)

Each Volume 1/10 post free (ROSES & CLIMBING PLANTS, double volumes, 2/10) to be obtained from
THE PUBLISHER, "GARDENERS' CHRONICLE," 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed for the GardjEers' Chronicle Limited, by Love and M.ilcomson, Ltd., Dane Street, High Holborn. London. W.C. and Published weekly by the Gardene
Ohroniole, Ltd., 11, Wellington Stre«t, Covent Garden, City of Westminster, Satubd.it, December 22. Agent for Manchester, John Heywood.

91918

OLtltVl'

Established 1841

No. ^oi8

No. 1618. Vol. LXII.

/ THIKDl
\8EMK8/

SATUEDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1917.

JReglsteped as a Newspaper.! f^^'CE *d.
\ I Post-free, l^d.

MVBBCBIPTIOy— Inland, 1916 1 Foreign, 221- per mnnum. Entered at yetc Tork Peat Office ae seeoni-olaaa matter.
Postal Addresa— 4 1 , Welllaston Street, Covent Qarden, W.C. a. Telegraphic Address— " Qardcbron, Rand, London." Telephone— Qerrard 1(43,

Fop contents see page 255.

LATEST TIME FOR ADVERTISEMENTS.

Advertisere will please note the pages of the
" Gardeners' Chronicle " are made up on
Wednesday evening each week. All advertise-
ments intended for insertion the same week
MUST reach this office not later than 5 p.m. on
Wednesday, otherwise they will be held over
until the following week.

K

NOW IS THE TIME TO PLANT.

ELWAY & SON,

H

The Renal HortioulOuriats,
LANGI'OKT, SOMERSET,
are now booking order:^ for tlieij c'hokie Hardy Peretknial
l'l»nt«. Plant a Ooiour Bonier tins Autuimi, -vujl you
will be able to enjoy its exciumtc beauty Jor niany yeors
without any odditiomial exiwrise or trouble.
Serud meaeuremeiit« of jour borders.
Paeonieiv I>eilpbuiiiim«, PlLLoxe«, Gaulardias, and oWier
beautitut flowers included m Uieir tVjIour S<4enie«, whioli
provide blooms froin early Spring to late Autumn,
WRITE NOW to the RETAIL PLANT DEPARTMENT
for Reduced Price List.

DOBBIE & CO., Royal Seedsmen, Etliii-
burgrh, will send a copy of their 1918 Oatolo^e
luid Guide to Gardening, free, if this paper ia meatione<l.

OBBIES, LIMITED, Norfolk Nurseries,

DEREHAM. —Send for Rose Catalogue, poet free.

BAIIR'S CASH CLEARANCE SALE of
CHOICE DAl'FOUILS, April and May flowering:
TULIPS, &c., few in and outdwjrs. Alao Bulbs for large
plantings. List free. BARR & SONS, King Street,
C.jvent Garden. W.C. 2.

QISHURST COMPOUND has over half a

^-^ i;':nliiry'8 leputa/jon l-ir eScctivences in prevent-
ing ajid destroying Red Spider, Scale, Mealy Bug,
Tluip, Ainencan Bligiit, Greca and Bpown Fly, &c.
.Sold in boxee abuut lib.. 3lb., an<l 121b., by Dealers
in Garden Sundries. Wholesale : PRICES PATENT
CANDLE 00., LTD., Battersea, London. S.W. 11.

(^JREENHOUSE PAINTING & GLAZING

'-* " Vitrolitc' " superior to \Vhite Lead Paint.
■' PUytine " suporKotkw putty. P\iU paa-ticulan Iroin
W. CARSON & SONS, Grove Works, Battersea. Agents
throughout the country.

SANDERS, Orchid

St. Alhone.

Growers,

\YM. DUNCAN TUCKER & SONS,

' ' LTD., Lawran.ce Road, South Totteniham, N. 16.
Oonaervatories, Winter Ga^cns, Vineries, Peaoh-housen,
l'ortat>le Buildings, &c, CbbaJogues gratis.

w

ELLS' CHRYSANTHEMUM GATA-

lAUilE NOW READY. Post free on appfeition.—

WELLS & 00., Mersthani. Surrey.

VyANTED, 1,000 Large ASPIDISTRAS,

' " oW pLiTitfj, ffuitable for etock ; cash or exdhiiUKf.
See other advertasemiente ; culaLogues free. — SMITH,
lian<i<m Kern Nursery, LoughbLTOugh Jiuictioii Lou-

doQ, a.w.

pOOD PRODUCTION AT HOME.

SUTTOXS OATALOGUE OF
POOD PRODUCTTIOX SEEDS for 1918.

s

Now ready. Ord«r at once from

iUTTON & SONS, The King's Seedsmen,

READING.

FEEDS' SEEDS.

LEEDS' SEEDS FOR PLENTY.

Pwds' Seed Oatalog-ue in distributed this
week. Customec-B not receiving a copj* a^rc
r«iqueftte<l to aj'plv at onoe
JOITN PFED & SON.
The King's Se«d8nion and Nuxsen'men,
WEST NORWOOD. S.E.

ROSES — ALLEN'S (JOLD MEDAL
NORWICH ROSES.— Our new desoriptive prk-e
list, with Hints on How to Grow Roses, now ready,
poirt. tree. — Write to-day, A. J, & O. ALLEN." Rose
(Irowerfl, Nor\\i<ih (for over 50 yearn).

^'^HERE is no more delightful occupation

for tho long evenings of winter than reading.
To make up a good fire, and take in one's hand a
fiivoarit© book ; this repreaenis the acme of comfort,
ufter a hard day's work. In reading, as in every-
thing else, it is " everj'one to hie taste"; and
the garden ent'hiisia*t, be he professional or amateui',
\mU choose loT his winter e^eninga a book w'hioh deals
with the subject nearefii to his heart— thi\t of horticul-
ture. And un this theme, old, yet ever new, no volume
can give w> much and «uch varied information witihin
;r short compass as a bound volume of the " Gardeners'
Clironicle." On one pa^ it tells of the latyost discovery
in horticultural ecienoe, and desoribes the rich harvest
of new plants introduoed into cultivation by intrepid
plant collectors from the remotest pQirt« of China and
"Tibet. On another page it relates the prugrese ot the hor-
ticulturists of to<lay in the raising of new plamte by
hybridisation ; and, again, it tells the romajiiic life-
history of the latest recruit to the legion of plant-pests.
'llie " Gardeners' Chronicle " has been printing suoh
records for over seventy years.

''PO THE TRADE.— COOPER, TABER &

-■- 00., LTD., 90 and 92. Southwark Sta-eet, London,
have po<stod their Wholesale Catalogue of Seeds to <aM
ihfir iiiiHi<nTicrt». If not rw^eived another copy will' l>e
!*ent on application.

1 ftO rtnO LARGE GARDEN FERNS,

-■-^^ •^^" 203. 100; Palms, Begonias, Oroton.s
Dracaena-, Roses, Ericas, Gloxinias, LUie.s, Hydrangeas.
&<;. ; catalogues free.— J. E. SMITH, London Fern Nuir-
series, Loughborough Junction, London, S.W.

W/'ANTED, second-hand LAWN MOWER,

' ' Shan.ka or Ransomes ; 12. 14, or 16in.— RECIOR,

Sloni'ion, jindover.

" PESTITE " destroys all soil

pertts (wirewoi-ms, olub-ro<>t,
ic.). Price, 28 lbs. Is. 5d., 56 lbs. 7s. 6d., 10a. 6d, per
fwt., £8 per ton, cai-riage paJd.-C. LANG & SONS,
LTD., IlouiLglow, Mjiddlesex.

l^OR SALE, a few cases of Horticultural

-■■ Oliase, 21oz.. IB bv 20 —D. U , Box 24, 41, WeUiJig-
ton Street, Covent Garden, W.O. 2,

For AdTePtisemant Charges see page ii.

WrATERER'S ALPINES AND HER-

' ' B.\CE0US PLANTS.— New Oatilogue Dow ready.

WATERER'S BRITISH GROWN

' " BULBS.— New Oatalog-ue now tready.

w

ATERER'S WARGRAVE ROSES.

Catalogue and Supplonieiitiairy List of new and
varietie.a now ready.

WATERER'S RHODODENDRONS AND
CHOICE SHRt^BS.— Catalog'ue fre^
All or iuiy of the above Catalugues forwaixied post
(lie on receipt of n^jue and addres,?.

JOHN WATEUKR. SONS & CRISP, LIMITBiD,
Tho Nursei'ies, Hagsliot, Sui-i-ey, and Twyford. Berks.

PERNS ! FERNS ! !— Tree Ferns, Climbing

-^ Eei-ns, Basket Ferns. Stove and Greemhonse FeraiB,
Hai^y Garden Ferns ; catalogues free. — J. E. SMFPH,
London Fern Niusery, Loughborough Junction,
London, S.W.

T GRAY, LTD., Builder of Conservatories,

" • tireenliouse*, &c.. and Heating Eiigineci-s,
Uanr\er8 Stj'eet. Clielsea, Lomioii, S.W. i. Wire, 201,
Western. Londoiv. Teleplione : 201, Western.

SPORTSMEN, FARMERS, HORSEMEN.
—Try our splendid YorksJiire Whipoord Tweed ;
wears like leatber ; showerproof, 7 yarxls for 21s. Pat-
terns frcc.-BRADFOKD WOOLLEN 00., 71, Bradford.

()RCH1D PEAT, 7s. 6d. per sack ; Rhodo-

dendJTon Peat, free from bracken^, 15s. per ya.rtl,
b to ly \aiy| trwks, Ik4?.-i 308. dozen; Loain. Leaf Mould,
Silver Sand, and Fibre. Rhubarb Roots (10 aci-es),
clumps for forcdiig, 30s. 100; fruiting, 20s. 100; Daw's
Uhampion. and Hawkcs" Ol'.-amimguc ; Sea Kale. forciUK
crown and sets. Lists frec.-J. HANUSOOMBE, The Nuir-
eeriee, Feltluun, Middlesex.

DAFFODILS and large Trumpet Narcis-
sus for Grass, Shrubberies, and Wild Gardening,
15s. aiKl 218. 1,000 ; seleoled for farcing, 25«. 1,000 ; as
dug, 139. per bushel (2,000), 49. 6ii. per peck (600 bulbs).
—J. HANDSOOMBB, F.R.H.S.. Feltham Nurseries,
Middlesex.

BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE

SlillOOL OF HORTICULTURE, PENNINGTONS,
^54, 0-\ford Road, Majiohester. — Oonnpleta courses for
R.ll.S. Senior, Jujuor, Teuchers', and National Diploma
of Hui-tioujltural Examinations. Fees moderate. — Write,
SECRETAilY.

DORSET COUNTY COUNCIL.

Education Coimnittee.

COUNTY INSTRUCTOR IN HORTICULTURE.

PPLICATIUNS

^' of CullMlv illstni. 1.

20th December, 1917.

ic irivitrd for the post

II lliiiiiriiMurc. Salary £150
1 1. iririits of £10 to '£200

i^|i'ii-i>.; ai.'oording to scale.

'i I i-.\cnipt from niili-

I I" iiiadc on forms, to

I i.;iii.l. to whom they niu*
jii, Hi;ui I5th January, 1918.

CLEMENT G. BONE.
County Offices. Dorchester.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 29, 1917.

SITUATIONS VACANT.

Four Lines 3s. (Head-line counted as Two),

6d. for each succeeding line.

Gardeners desiring their Advertisements repeated

must give full particulars, otherwise no
notice will be taken of their communications.
Name and address alone are insufficient.

Gardeners writing to Advertisers of Vacant
Situations are recommended to send them
copies of testimonials only, retaining the
originals. On no account should they enter
into communication with unknown corre-
spondents who require a fee beforehand.

Advertisers are cautioned against having Letters
addressed to Initials at Post-offices, as all
Letters So addressed are opened by the
Postal Authorities and returned to the
Sender.

PRIVATE.

consry borouCxH of grimsby.

Education Oomniitfcee.
INSTRUCTOR OF SCHOOL GARDENING.

ANTED, a qualified INSTRUCTOR

oi GARDENING; commencing salary £140 per

Forms of appiioatioat may be obtained from the
undersigned on receipt of a stamped addressed enve-
]oi>e from

DOUGLAS OHANDLEE.
Clerk to the Eduoation Committee.
Education Offices, Grimsby.
14t;h December. 1917.

w

year.

WANTED, HEAD GARDENER (Work-
ing).—Tiiis Tacanoy, as Jately advertiised, has nmv
t>een tilled up. Tliaiiks to numieaxiius applioaaita-^THE
ESTATE STEWARD, Dalkedith House, Beading Road,
H*?'!! lie>'-mi)-Th am e s

TYANTED, GARDENER; ineligible; mar-
* ' lied ; wife to help m house ; 'girl and other help
g:iven ; man (■grood) make liimseli generally useful ; tirst-
L'laes references indispenis,nMe ; roomp, fii^, ookI giai-
deiv. State lawesi combined salairy expected ; eountrv,
Kent..— Write, -GARDENER," c/o Segg, 289, Regenx
StTeet, Ixmdon, W.

W/'ANTED, SINGLE MAN, ineligible, for

"* Uutisi-Je Garden work; one able to take Sunday
duty ; overtime paid. — Particulars of experience to H.
KIN'G. Steven-stone Gardens, Torrington, N. DeTon.

TITANTED, JOURNEYMAN, for a first-

' • class establishment, near London ; an ineligible
man or discharged soldier preferred ; attractive wages
paid.— Apply, in the first place, to JOHN PEED & SON,
The King's Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E.

Tl/'ANTED, strong LAD for Garden work,
" ' no GIa«s ; age 15 to 16 yeairs; good wages given,
aooordin^B to eiperieno*. — HAYES, St Serfs Lodge,
Priory Lane, Roehampton, S.W. 15.

TRADE.

\YANTED, a PROPAGATOR and

' ' GROWEK, with ii Iviiowledge of Ououmbers and
Tomatos amd Pot Pliunjts. — Plea^se state wages requii-ed,
wit'h copY of te;lim<inials (permanent pilace) to A. Box
19, 41, VVeUingtoii Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2.

TITANTED, a GROWER; experienced in

' " OiwMimbers, Tomjatoe, and Obrysanitihesnnim*. —
Please state wayes required, with copies of tesfcimoaijals
to B., Box 17, «, WeUington Street, OoTent Gaixlen,
W.O. 2.

WANTED, GARDENER for Greenhouse

' ' worii, &c. ; wages 309.— TAYLOR, 85, Hook Road,
Epsom.

\YANTED, WORKING FOREMAN, in-

' ' eligible for Army, for small branch Nursery ;
Palms, Ferns, ajld Tomatos grown ; good coWage and
tiring found. — State age, wages, and experience to E.
OURRY, Whitehall Lane Nursery, Ohingford, Essex.

T^TANTED, a FRUIT FOREMAN; over

militarj' age ; well experienced in ajl the roii-
tflue of Fruit Tree growing. — Full particulars with
wages, to EDWIN HOLLAMBY, Tlie Nurseries, Groom-
Si ridge.

"YYANTED, for Greenhouses, a person

(either sex) used to wateiing, potting ; one with
kii«wile<lge of handwood plants preferred. — State age,
wages, experience, and references to V N CiUNTLETT
& 00., LTD., Ohiddingfold Surrey

'T'AVO good KNIFEMEN wanted; experi-

-^ eiiced men onh-. State wages required, previous
experience, and send copies of testimonials. — Apply by
letter onl.v to W. SBABROOK & SONS, The Nurseries,
Chelmsford-

^Y^NTED, CLERK (male or female) for

* ' responsible position with wholef^ale Seed Mei-
ciliomts in the counLr}' ; niu^ liav« had good office ex-
perience and be thoroughly reliable. — Apply, stating full
pairtiouJars and wages reqliired, S. K., Bos 26, 41, Wel-
lingiton Street. Oovent Garden, W.C. 2.

WANTED, PACKER, for Plants, Seeds
and Bulbs. — Please apply, giving particulars of
experience and salary required, to JOHN' PEED & SON,
Seedsmen, West Norwood, S.E. 27.

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CLIMBING PLANTS

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(Introductton br William Rebinion.)

21 Practical Handbook on the Treatment of Olimb-
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By ALEXANDER DEAN, V.M.H.

At the present crisis the food problem
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

TURF LOAM.

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For VINE BORDERS, CARKATIONS,
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Sample CRET Pot MY GARDEN IN SPRING.

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Bides ** Recruit." LARGE POPLARS,

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MY GARDEN IN SUMMER.

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:: MY GARDEN IN :;
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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 29^ 1917,

XLbc

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Sold in Sealed Packets.

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

255

^o. leiS.—SATURDA r, DECEMBER S9. 1917.

CONTENTS.

Beans, Dutch Brown . . -^W
Books, notices of -

Botanical Magazine . . 257
Co-operative milk dep6ts 258
Cross-breeding for in-

creased production .. 257
Farm, crops and Block on

the home . . . . 2G1

Food production, on in-
creased—

Allotments in France 256
Fruit walls, the colour of 261
Fuel, economy in the use

of 2P0

Galloway garden, notes

from a 255

Gardcninfr lectures for
school teachers .. :

Ground operations . . '.

Holy Land, botany and
geography of the .. :

Potato - spraying cam-
paign

Primula chionantha .. '■

Vanda teres . . .. '■

Week's work, the —
Flower garden, the .. !
Fruits unier glass .. !
Hardy fruit garden, the
Kitchen garden, the ..
Orchid lionses. the ..
Plants under glass

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Oreocharis Forrestli
Primula chionantha

NOTES FROM A GALLOWAY

GARDEN.— XIV, AND LAST,*

IT woulil be difficult to find any tuna in
tiorticultme wliicli covers so many
degrees of good, not so good, and bad
a-i '■ the lierbaceoiis l)order." Much mis-
chief has been wrouglit since liardy peren-
nials became the fashion by aiming at
effects similar to those ])roducc(l by bed-
ding out. Now, the decorative character
of l)edding out was the result of the con-
tinuous flowering of certain half-hardy
exotics, which ensured a brilliant display
for three or four months out of the twelve.
Gardeners fovuid that nine employers out
of ten were easily gratitiod l)y breadths of
showy colour, and competition grew keen
who should produce the brightest blaze.
But the system held within it the seeds
of transition. It excited the eye, but left
the imagination cold. Neither interest nor
association couhl attach to jilants that had
to be flung on the waste heap after the
first frost, and the sweet o' the year was
robbed of part of its charm when every
garden was drilleil into servile rei)ctitii>n
of a hundred others. Wherefore, when
Mr. Robinson raised the standard of
revolt in the early 'seventies, an eager
band of reactionaries rallied to him,
which now includes practically everyone
who takes an understanding part in the
ordering of a flower-garrlen.

But whereas it is not every owner of a
garden who has either leisure or knowledge

• Previous articles appeared in the issues for Jan 13,
Feb 17, Mar. 10, April 14, April 28, .lune 2, June 30, July 21,
Aug. IS, Sept. 8, Sept. 29, Oct. 20, anil Nov. 10, 1917.

to apply to the cultivation of flowers, the
management and arrangement of hardy
perennials must be left in most cases in
the hands of professional gardeners, and
it is to that class that I venture, greatly
daring, to address a word of warning,
lest the blight of monotony, which killed
bedding out, should prove as deadly to the
flower gardening which has taken its place.
Bedding out, with all its monotony, whs
never dismal ; but dismal efiect is inevitable
if the present tendency to treat hardy
perennials in the formal arrangement
appropriate to Ix-dders gains ground.

And they are being so treated in certain
large gardens. " Come and look at my
herbaceouB border," said a lady to me
recently. It was certainly, to use a
colloquialism, "very fine and large." It
was about 140 yards long, straight as a
line could lay it, and devoid of a single
feature to vary its shadowless uniformity.
Everv half-dozen yards of it was an exact
replica of every other half-dozen — a clump
of Asters, of Torch Lily, and Helianthus in
th" back row, with plants of descending
stature arranged with mathematical pre-
cision towards the front. Examination of
the first few yards left one without any
inducement to go further. True, it was
eiiill October : Asters glimmered uncer-
t.iinly amid tarnished Torch Lilies and the
Helianthus flashed a few stars over the
dreary scene : no doubt there may have
been plenty of colour in July, but none of
the mystery — none of tiie surprise — which
enhance the attraction of a well-chosen col-
lection. Neither was there any suggestion
of permanence, which is one of the chief
merits in liardv perennials : to maintain
the rigid discipline prevailing in this
border, these herbs must be taken u]) and
rejilanted so soon as they betray the lea.st
tendency to liberty.

Let me cite another example. Tliis time
it was not long past midsummer ; to de-
scrilje the woatiior of the time tempts one
to Ixvrrow from that master of iwrveise
l)hra.se, Lewi.s Carroll:

"Twas bri'Uig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe ;
.\ll minisy were the borogoves.
And the mome raths outgrabe.
It was an old Scottish garden, four-square
and spacious within lofty walls of red
sandstone. Everything was rectangular ;
broad grass walks crossed at right angles
in the centre and the flower beds were but
wide strips of border in front of the
kitchen stuff. Not a romantic design, you
will say ; and, indeed, there was no strain-
ing after effect ; but age had so dimmed the
obtrusive hue of the masonry, ancient,
moss-grown Apple trees broke so tenderly
the border-lines, casting cool shades across
tlie paths; there were such fascinating
nooks within the ample space, with iiere
a choice siirub and there a breadth of Bell-
flower or scarlet Lychnis, that the critic
of garden design should liave been dumb.
The special glory of this garden was the
i\Iadonu.a Lily. It had spread into wide
mats, sending up sheaves of five-foot stems,
with leaves untarnished by the foul fungus
that wrecks so many hopes, and with
crowded flower-trusses that gleamed like
friendly ghosts in the summer gloaming.

But the place changed hands ; a new
laird and a new gardener undertook to
renovate the grounds; money was freely
spent, and when I last saw the garden,
gone were the ancient Apple trees ; the
borders were filled with spoil from distant
lands, all scrupulously labelled; and at
measured distances among them were the
Lilies, broken up into little clumps and
wilting sadly with botrytis. It will take
two generations af men to restore the
tranquil beauty of that old pleasaunce.

Happily, there are many examples of
felicitous disposal of herbaceous plants.
The first inkling I received of it — fifty
years ago, alas I — was in the grounds of
the Oxford College so paradoxically called
New (it was founded by AVilliam of Wyck-
ham in 1380 1), and the impression has
been revived and checked by hours spent
among the borders of St. John's College,
so lovingly tended by the Rev. H. J.
Bidder, where lofty trees cast slanting
shadows across glades of immemorial turf
and lowlier treasures lurk in the bays to
offer glad surprise to him who strolls into
that secluded Eden.

Let it not be supposed that I underrate
the attention needed to keep a herbaceous
border in condition. To do so requires far
more varied knowledge and more constant
care than the bedding-out system. But
perfection can never be approached if the
plants are constantly being shifted. Some
of them must be taken up and divided at
short intervals if the best is to be got out
of them, such as Asters, Chelone and
Perennial Sunflowers ; but Lilies and many
deep-rooting herb.i intensely resent reV
moval. The average life-term of forest
trees has Iwen pretty accurately ascer-
tained ; but who can evstiinate the duration
of a clumji of Clu-istmas Roses or Hepatica?
It is the ])ermanence of such lowly growths,
linking one generation with another, that
imparts a i)eculiar charm to the herbaceous
border — a charm that vanishes under the
treatment which prevails in .some largo
gardens.

There is, of cour.sc, a risk of the enthu-
siast falling into the other extreme — of
cherishing every new exotic simply be-
cause it ?s new and rare. Of the myriad
species which intrepid collectors have sent
home during tiie last five-and twenty years,
the majority are only suitable for a botani-
cal garden, though it is true that in the
minority are plants of surpassing beauty
and interest.

" All very well," I hear some critic
murmur, "but what has all this to do
with a Galloway garden? " The rebuke is
just. I have wandered from the theme for
which I have been accorded space in these
columns far out of proportion to the
modest demesne that has furnished the
notes. The year wanes : the reader per-
haps yawns, and I lay down the pen in
earnest hope that some fresh hand will
take it up and ply it ; fo.- it is from records
of experience and observation under vari-
ous conditions of soil and climate that we
make progress in the craft that Andrew
Lang once described as "a device of
Providence for the pottering peace of
virtuous eld." Heihert MnxweU, Mon-
reith, W if/lnwnshire.

256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

L December 29, 1917.

ON INCREASED FOOD PRODUCTION.

ALLOTMENTS

IX THE YEAR
IN 1917.

1793 AND

It IB curious how often hietory repeats itself.
The remains of ridge and furrow on common
land long ago gone back to grass, yet persisting
as an eloquent memorial of the food crisis of
the Napoleonic wars, and the present-day turn-
ing up of grass land to meet an impending food
shortage. Similarly may be found a like his-
torical repetition in the conversion of public
parks into vegetable plots. As it was iji the
year 2 (of the French Revolution : 1793), so
is it again now. Then, as now, it was decreed

vfas reaching France from England, Holland, or
Germany. Hence, in order to educate the public
it was decided that the public gardens should be
converted into allotments, and the flowers re-
placed by vegetables. It was not that the Com-
mittee of Public Safety hoped to feed Paris
with the allotment produce, but that it did
hope — and the event justified it — that public ex-
ample would encourage private practice, and that
everyone with vacant ground would be led to
do for his part what the State regarded as good
for all. That officialdom then as now sometimes
suffered — or rather caused others to suffer —
from excess of zeal is evident from the reproof
which was administered at the plaint of " le
Gitoyen Georget " to the Commissioner of his

Fig. 98. — primula chionantha : flowers ivory-white.

by the Committee of Public Safety, that the
borders of tlie Paris parks, including the ancient
Luxembourg Gardens of " Monsieur " and
" Madame," should grow not flowers but
Potatos and legumes generally.

.\nd wlien the First Commissioner of Works
determined to start demonstration gardens in
the Boyal parks he was consciously or unconsci-
ously adopting precisely the same procedure, and
from the same causes as that adopted on 18th
Ventose 1793 by Messieurs Barrere, Carnot.
Robespierre, and their colleagues of the Com-
mittee of Public Safety, with respect to the
gardens of Paris.

The world was at war with France. Food
was scarce, and but little of the usual supplies

section. The C'ommissioner evidently was the
revolutionary replica of the whole hogger of
modern times, and wanted to make Citoyen
Georget dig up his fruit trees and grow Cab-
bages instead. Citoyen Georget objected, and
tilt Convention supported his objection, voting
penalties against those " evil-doing spirits who
would tear up a tree in order to plant a — Cab-
bage." Trop de zele then could, of course, be
matched by a like complaint now, and doubt-
less tliis defect of the quality of enthusiasm will
always remain with us.

Three days after the decree of the 18th
Vtrutose of the year 2, instructions were
issued for the conversion of the flower beds at
the Tuileries, Luxemburg, and other public gar-

dens. Then, as now, there was a tendency to
overdo the planting of Potatos to the exclusion
of other vegetables, and then, as now, it was
necessary to take steps to prevent pilfering of
the allotments ; although history does not record
that the pilfering went so far in the year 2 as
it has sometimes gone this year, when adroit
thieves have gone, as it were, tickling for
Potatos — running their hands along the rows
and picking out the half-foi-med tubers — a, crime
of the same order as seething the kid in the
mother's mUk ! The question of seed for the
Potato crop was a burning one in the year 2, as
it was in 1915-17, but in both cases it was solved
in a similar way — by the purchase of seed in
districts a long way off.

As a result of the experiment of year 2. many
thousands of town bred citizens made the ac-
quaintance for the first time, outside a green-
grocer's shop, of such vegetables as Turnips,
Radishes and Artichokes. Crowds went to see
the Maize and Beans, the Haricots and Lentils,
and the rest of the vegetables growing in tlie
Tuileries, and learned from the labels that
these things had names like themselves. The
war bread of year 2 helped to rub in the lesson,
but the description "the crumb is only fit for
rabbits," was more flattering than that which
has been passed on its modern countei-part.

So as it watched the experiment the Conven-
tion grew well content with the results, and
judged that the expenditure (12,000 livres for
165 toises) was well spent, for thousands of
those who went to see would go home and do
likewise. The 1916 repetition was, we fear, less
happy ; it gave an opportunity for silly ques-
tions in the place where they are so often asked ;
but should these lines meet the eye of the First
Commissioner of Works, perhaps he will be
emboldened to do on a large scale, and with
large labels, what he began to do last year —
make demonstration gardens after the model of
the Tuileries and Luxemburg allotment gardens
of the year 2.

Yet, after all, the silly questions were asked
by the citizens of year 2. They claimed tliat
this public park gardening was nonsense, asking
whether it was not true that a field of Oats was
worth all the produce of the Tuileries, and so
it will be to the end of things. Men will struggle
and subdue Nature, and explain that all inno-
vation is vain, and obstruct — and succeed—
" Phis ^a change, plus c'est la meme chose."

PRIMULA CHIONANTHA.

Primula chionantha (fig. 98) is a noble
species, belonging to the nivalis section. The
plant is a native of Yunnan, China, where it
was found by Mr. Forrest on the mountains of
the Chungtien plateau at an altitude of 12,000
to 13.000 feet, in open, alpine meadows. It is
very robust in habit, with a tuft of leathery
leaves, each 8 inches or more long, and 2 inches
wide at the broadest part, from which are pro-
duced the stout stems, rising from 12 inches
to 20 inches m height. Like the under part of
the leaves, the stems, pedicels, and calyx are
coated with a golden meal. Strong stems bear
two or more whorls of flowers ; those shown in
fig. 98 have 27 flowers in each whorl. The
flowers are ivory-white, nearly 1 inch in
diameter, and produced on drooping pedicels
varying from f of an inch to 2 inches in
length.

Seeds of this plant were received at Kew
from Mr. J. 0. Williams in 1915, and a good
batch of plants were raised. Many of them
flowered in May of this year in a shady posi-
tion, and some plants produced flowers in
November. Notwithstanding the vast number of
Primulas recently introduced to Europe, P.
chionantha is likely to prove one of the most
popular species. W. I.

December 29, 1917]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

257

eOlTOHIAL NOTICE.

Editors and Publisher. — Our cerretpondtnti
would oUitate ietuy m obtatning ansirers to
their comiiiunicatiout and save us much time and
trouble. If they would kindly observe the notice
printed weekly to the effect that all letters relating
to ftnunrtal matters and to adverttsementt should
be addressed to the Publisher ; and that all com-
municatiims intended fur publication or re/erring
to the Literary department, and all plants to be
named, should be directed to the Editors. The tw^
departments, I'ublixhing and Editorial, are distinct,
and much unnecensary delay and confusion arise
when letters are misdirected.

Illustrations.— rftc Editors will be glad to receive
and to select photographs or drawings, suitable
for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable
flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon-
sible for loss or injury.

Special Notice to Correspondents. — The
Edil'irs do not undertake to pay for any contri-
butions or illiiatrations. or to return unused com-
munitatians or illuHrations unless by special
arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves
responsible for any opinions expressed by their
correspondents.

Local Ne'ws- — Correspondents will greatly oblige
by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local
events likely to be of interest to our reuders, or of
any matters which it is desirable to bring under
Ihc notice of horticulturists.

Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of
])l<tiUs for naming, should be addressed to the
EDITOES, 41. Wellington Street. Covent
Garden. London. Communications should be

WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE 0OT.Y Oy THE PAPER, sent O.!

early in the week as possible, and duty signed by
the writer. If desired, the signature ii ill not be
printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith.

A7RRA0B Mean Tbmperaturb for the ensuing week
deduced from observatioiu during tlie la«t flilv
.veai.^ Hi GrciJUMfli, 3B.5.
Actual Tkuperatorr : —

Gardener^' Chroiiiclr Otlife. 11, Wellineton Street.
Cijveiil CJanlca). Loiiii m, Thursday, December 27,
10 a.m.: Rir. 30 2; temp. 36.0°. WeaHier— Fine.

It is a well-established
Pncrat'ea^lTo^a!" ^■'»«' that in certain
tion. Tumatosand plants — Maize, for ex-
ample — hybrids pro-
duced by cross-fertilisation show a marked
superiority in productiveness over the
parents between which the cross was made.

Hence the suggestion has often been
made that it should be possible in the case
of food plants which are habitually self-
fertilised and are easily cross-fertilised by
artificial means, to raise seed each year by
cross-artificial fertilisation, and thereby
obtain first generation hybrids which
would repay the trouble by their extra
yield.

One of the plants which lends itself
readily to experimentation along these
lines i.s the Tomato. It i.s .>«:'ilf-fei'tile,
and yet win l)e euLsily cro«.s?d by artificial
means. In ordinary conditions of
cultivation it is almost, but not quite,
always self-fertilised. In the open, at all
events, occasional crosses occur. Honce
it might be supposed that this plant,
grown year after year from self-fertilised
seed, might be all the better for occasional
nr regular crossing. Against this idea,
however, is the striking fact that the yield
from the best varieties of Tomato is
already remarkably high. It is, for ex-
ample, not uncommon for Tomatos grown
under glii.s,s in the Lev Valley and cl.sc-
where to yield so much as 40 tons to the
acre, and this amount is said to be ex-
ceeded occasionally.

In spite of the apparent improbability
of obtaining yet higher yields, it is most
desirable that the question should be an-
swered by the authoritative method of ex-
periment. Trials made at the beginning

of the war at Wisley, where the varieties
Sunrise and Merivale were crossed with
one another, gave only negative results.
The hybrid was as good as either parent,
but no better so far as yield was con-
cerned. Unfortunately, the trials had to
be broken off owing to the exigencies of
the war. In the meantime the subject has
been taken up independently by Messrs.
Hayes and Jones,* with results which
cannot fail to be of interest to the Tomato
grower.

As a preliminary the yields resulting
from self-fertilised seed of selected
varieties were ascertained over a period
of several years, and it was found that
self-fertilisation during three or four years
caused no noteworthy diminution of yield.
All that happened was that a number of
types was isolated, some of which were of
higher- and some of lower-yielding
capacity. In other words, self-fertilisation
gives an opportunity to the grower to
select seed from the higher-yielding
strains. This, of course, is what good
growers already do. But, in spite of the
fact that there was no falling-off in yield
in self-fertilised strains, it was ascertained
experimentally that in the case of some
varieties the result of cross-fertilisation
was to produce a definite superiority of
yield over either parent. Thus in the case
of the cross Stone and Dwarf Champion
the first generation hybrid gave a regular
8 per cent, over the parental average.
This, in terms of j-ield per acre, wotild
mean an extra ton and upwards — to be
obtained at the very slight expenditure of
time and trouble required for the work of
artificial fertilisation. That operation is
of the simplest. When the plants are
growing under glass the chance of acci-
dental fertilisation may be ignored. All
that is required is that the ring of
stamens should be lifted off before they
burst. This may be done with the point
of a penknife. Pollen from the other
ji-ireiit should be dusted in the stigma of
\\\- eina«'ulated flowers which are marked
by a coloui-ed tliread and left to .set their
fruits. If absolute certainty is required,
the emasculated flower may be covered
with a paper bag so as to prevent any
pollen — other than that of the variety
chosen as the male parent — from reach-
ing the stigma. In Messrs. Hayes and
Jones' experiments with the two varieties
already named (Stone and Dwarf Cham-
pion), not only did the first generation
hvbrid show an 8 per cent, increase in
weight over the parental average, but it
also produced about the same number of
fruits as the better parent, so that pro-
ducing as many, or nearly as many, fruits
as the one parent, and as heavy, or nearly
as heavy, fruits as the other parent, the
superiority of the first generation hybrid
over the better parent was not 8 but 15
per cent. In the course of the four years
during which the experiment was con-
ducted the superiority of the hybrid ranged
from 11 to 17 per cent.

It must be borne in mind that the

• The Effect "f Cro's. and Self-FeHilisation in Tomatos.
Rupolt of th • Connecticut Agric. Exp. Station, New Ilnven,

hybrid seed must be raised artificially
each year, for hybrid vigour only mani-
fests itself to the full in the first genera-
tion.

It is also to be remembered that it is
not to be expected that any two varieties
mated together will inevitably produce so
good a result as that yielded by Stone and
Dwarf Champion. Thus the authors found
that when Lorillard and Best of All were
crossed together the hybrid gave no
higher yield than that given by the better
parent.

No less interesting, and possibly of
greater practical importance, is the ob-
servation made by Messrs. Hayes and
Jones that when two varieties of Tomatos
differing with respect to earliness are
crossed with one another, the first genera-
tion hybrid is earlier than either parent,
whereas in the actual experiment the
eai'lier of the parent varieties (Dwarf
Champion) produced 55 per cent, of its
crop by a given date, the first generation
hybrid produced 59 per cent, of its crop
by that date. The importance of a market
gardener being able to modify in this way
the time at which his produce is market-
able is self-evident. As the authors point
out, the vigour imparted to the hybrid as
a result of crossing differs from vigour in-
duced bv specially favourable external
conditions ; for whereas the latter tends to
prolong the vegetative and delay the fruit-
ing stage, hybrid vigour hastens the stage
of fruit formation.

Messrs. Hayes and Jones have also ex-
tended their experiments to Cucumbers,
with similar results. The varieties used
for the purpose were : Early Russian,
White Spine, London Long Green, and
Fordhook Famous. In all the crosses the
first generation hybrid exceeded the moi-o
prolific parent by an average of from 1-6
to 8 fruits per plant — that is, from 6-27
per cent. The smallest result was ob-
tained from the cross London Long Green
and Fordhnnk F.'vmous, which two varieties
arc of very similar habit and character.
Where, as was the case in the other crosses,
the parents differed markedly from one
another, the hybrid vigour of the first
generation hybrid was pronounced.

Botanical Maoazinc- The follow.i.iiig plaiit-s
are illusitpated and ■described in the issue of tlie
Botanical Mmjazine. iot July, August and Sep-
teirtber : —

PiNus TtJBERcULATA, twb. 8,717. — This species
was first illustrated and described by the late
Dr. Masters in Curd Chrnn., December 19, 1885,
p. 786, from a. specimen furnished by Mr.
Baker, of Bayfordbtu'y, from his Pimetmni.
A pcrtion of a brairch of this tree, beai-ing ovoi'
forty oones, is still preseirved in the museum at
Kew. The native habitat of the species is
Western North Americ.a, where it is known
as the Knob-Cone Pine. It was discovered
by Hartweg in 1847. The species usually makes
a tree 20 to 25 feet in height.

Odontoglossum platycheilum, tab. 8,718. —
This species wa>s illusibrated and diescribed in
Grird. Chron., May 7, 1892, when the plant re-
ceived an Award of Merit from the Orchid
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

OrI'XJCHaris Forrrstii, tab. 8,719 (see fig. 99).
— Thi.«i new Chinese plant wa.<( illustrated in (lard.
Chron., October 30, 1915, fig. 97, under its

268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[December 29, 1917.

synonym of Rottlera Forrestii. It forms rossttee
of Icavse about 5 inches in diameter aft«r th»
manner of Ramondia, and bears scapes about
6 inches high with yellow, cylindrical flowera.

SmoFRAXOHETiA CHrxExsis, tab. 8,720. — This
plant has been naimed Holboellia cuneata and
Parvataa chineiisis ; it is a m-ember of the Ber-
beridaceae. It forms a wide climbing shrub,
with twining stems; specimens raised at
Wairley Place, Essex, flowered and fruited in
th-eir third year, aind proved perfectly hardy.
The inflorescence is a long raceme beaa-ing small,
flesh-colom-ed bloBsoms ; these are succeeded by
pinkdish-mauve fruits about the size of Hazel-
nuts.

Rhododendron Cuffeanum, tab. 8,721. — This
species is named in hoiiour of the discoverer.
Lady Wheeler Cuffe, who met with it on an
elevation of 6,000 feet in. Upper Burma. The
floweais are white, with a little orange-yellow
colour in the throat, and form a bold truss of
fragrant blooms.

Berberis aggregata, tab. 8,722.— This Bar-

UDONTOOLOSSUM CHIRIQBENSE, tab. 8,725. —
Thi* plant has been regarded as a vai-iety of 0.
coronarium, but it is readily distinguished from
that species by its largei- and very undulate
flowers. It is particularly handsome, with rich
oranige-coloured flowers.

Oresitrophe RrpiFRAGA, tab. 8.726. — An illus-
tration and description of this plant were given
in Oard. Chron. for April 14, 1917, p. 155. It
is the solitary member of the genus, which be
longs to the N. 0. Saxifragaceae.

Rhododendron neriiflorum, tab. 8,727. —
Originally discovered by the Abbe Delavav in
Yunnan, this charming Rhod-odendron was in-
troduced \tAo cultivation by Mr. G. Forrest.
The plant forms a dwai-f shrub, flowering when
le.'^s than 18 inches in height. In the wildlings
the flowera vary in shade fi-om rose-colour to
crimson or scarlet, and provide brdlliant patches
of colour.

.A.ster fuscescens, tab. 8,728. — Tbie plant is
a hardy perennial, growing about 2 feet high,
and is recommended as a good garden plant, lie

Fig. 99. — oreocharis forrestii : flowers yellow.

berry is one of the numerous new species dis-
covered recently in Westei'n China, and is at-
tractive both in flower and in fruit. It forms
a shrub some 5 feet high, and produces con-
gested racemes of flowers, s^ucceeded by clustere
of coi-al-piiik bejries.

BULBOPHYLLUM LTLAflNUM, tab. 8,723.- -This
Orchid has been for a long time in cultivation
in gardens in this country , and was included in
the collection given by the late Lady Lawrence
to Kew Gardens. The inflorescence forms a dense
spike of rose-tinted flowers, with crimson and
purple spots.

Polygonum Griffithii, tab. 8,724. — Th's
Knot-weed was discovered in 1857 by Dr. W.
Griffith, in Bhutan, but it remained for Mr.
G. Forrest to introdoice it irtto cultivation in
1904. Judging by the illustration, the s^pecies
should _ make a good garden plant, and as its
height is only about 18 'nchea it would be suit-
able for the rock-g; rden. The arching racemes
i>{ blight crimson flowers are exceedingly attrac-
tive.

habitat is China, whence it was introduced into
this oounti-y by Messrs. Bees, through their
colkiotor, Mr. F. Kingdon Ward. The inflo-
rescence forms a ooi-ymb about 6 inches across ;
and the stalked flowers make a lax head. The
colour of the florets is rosy-mauve.

The following plants are illustrated and de-
scribed in the monthly parts for October, Novem-
ber, and December : —

Pleione Pricei, tab. 8,729. — This new species
of Pleione is named in honour of Mr. W. R.
Price, who, with Mr. H. J. Elwes, discovered
the plant in Formosa, The sepals and petals
arc rosy-lilac coloured ; the large, whitish lip
is blotched with pale brown, and has yellow
ridges.

Castilleja miniata, tab. 8.730. — This old gar-
den plant was illustrated in (Jurd Chron., July 8.
1916, fig. 4, from a specimen in Mr. Elwe.s'
garden, ilr. Elwes gave an account of its history
and cultivation in " Notes from a Cotswold
Garden " in the same issue.

Urthrosanthus chimboracensis. tab. 8.731. —
See Gard. -Chnm. 1876, Vol. VI.. p. 67, where

the plant was originally described by Mr. ; Jl G-.
Baker. , '.

Daphne Gtraldii, tab. " 8,732.--Named aftsr
Pere Geraldi, who discovered the species in
China, this shrubby, dwarf plant has small
corymbs of golden-yellow flowers.

Prunus suBHiRTELLA. tab. 8,733, var. autum-
nalis, tab. 8.733. — This plant is sometimes met
with in gardens under the name of P. Miqueli-
ana.

Meoacarpaea polyandra, tab. 8,734. — See
Gard. Chron, July 2, 1892, fig. 4, and May 13,
1916, figs. 107 and 108.

Primula nutans, tab, 8,735. — See Gard.
Chron., May 13, 1916, fig. 110.

Rhododendron Fargesii, tab. 8,736. — See
Gard. Chron., July 6, 1912, fig. 4.

Sarcochilus solomonensis, tab. 8.737. — This
plant is like a Phalaenopsis in habit, but differs
greatly in the inflorescence and floral details.
The petals and sepals are pale buff colour spotted
with brown.

Sechu'm edule, tab. 8.738. — .Kn old plant in
gardens, and one frequently described in Gard.
Chron. The fruit is illustrated in the issue for
December 22, 1900, figs. 144 and 145.

Syringa Wilsonii, tab. 8,739. — A species
closely allied to S. tomentella ; it is valuable be-
cause it flowers later than other Lilacs.

f^RYPTOPHORANTHUS Dayanus, tab. 8,740. —
This plant was named Masdevallia Dayana by
Reichenbach, and is generally known by that
name in collections. The openings at the sides
of the flowers are known as " windows," which
gave rise to the name of " Windowed Masde-
vallia."

Grevillea oleoidbs, tab. 8,741. — A shrub of
New South Wales, having leaves in threes and
pairs, and racemes of bright carmine flowers.

Co-operative Milk Depots.— A scheme for

the establishment of a number of Co-operative
Milk Depots in England and Wales is being pro-
moted by the Board of Agriculture through the
.Xnrii'ultural Organisation Society.

Gardening Lectures for Teachers. -The

Board of Education has circularised education
authorities on the importance of training ele-
mentary teachers in gardening, with a view to
increasing the output of garden produce in the
coming year. In consequence of this suggestion
special courses are to be arranged during the
spring and summer for L.C.C. teachers.

A Potato - spraying Campaign.— Arrange'
ments are practically complete for the Food Pro-
duction Department's winter educational cam-
paign in connection with the spraying of next
year's Potato crop, and the new scheme for the
distribution of Knapsack Sprayers and chemicals
will shortly be in operation. The scheme will
be worked through the trade. Dr. Kbeble, the
Director of Horticulture at the Department, and
Lieut. AscROFT, the spraying officer, as the re-
sult of a series of meetings with the leading
manufacturers of Knapsack spraying machines,
representatives of the Ironmongers' Federation,
the National Association of Implement Dealers,
and the Wholesale Hardware Association, have
completed arrangements for the widespread and
economical distribution of sprayere and materials
in good time for next year's campaign. The
provisional price of a Knapsack Sprayer is 70s.,
but it may be necessary to raise this figure in the
near future. Arrangements are being made for
the manufacture of thousands of tons of the
necessary chemicals and for a vei-y large number
of machines, but the transport facilities are
likely to be heavily taxed in spring and summer,
and the sooner buyers get delivery of the goods
the better. The price of copper sulphate will
probably be Government controlled, and a reduc-
tion made on early purchases. The country is
lu'ing mapped out into county areas for .purposes
<.f organisat-on, with an Organiser and Sub-
Organiser in each area, to co-operate with and
help the existing authorities.

Decembeb 29, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

259

The Week's Work.

THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

By J. Duxx, Foreman, Roval Gardens, Windsor.
French Beans.- A sowing of French Beans
mav be made now with good prospects of the
plants yielding a successful crop. The plants
will not be in flower until the days lengthen
considerably. Large pots should be carefully
crocked and filled to within 3 inches of
the rim with a rich compost, which may
consist of three parts loam from an old
Melon bed, and one part old Mushroom-bed
manure. Make the compost moderately firm
with the hands, and sow a sufficient number of
seeds in each pot to ensure a full crop, as it is
an ea-sy matter to remove a plant or two if
they are too numerous. Place the pots in a
house having a temperature of 60°, and when
the plants are well through the surfa<?e expose
them fully to the sunlight." When growth is suf-
ficiently advanced a top-dressing of rich soil may
be applied, and a few twigs placed in each
pot to keep the growth in an upright position.
Syringe the foliage twice daily in favourable
weather, and give frequent applications of weak
liquid manure from the farmyard. The Belfast
is an excellent Bean for forcing.

Cucumber*.— Young Cucumber plants raised
from seed sown at the beginning of the present
month should be carefully potted in 4-iiich pots
before they become stunted. Pot lightly, place
a small stick to each plant, and plunge the pots
in a gentle hotbed within 18 inches of the roof-
glass. Leaf-mould and rich loam in equal parts
will form a suitable rooting medium. Cucumber
plants which will furnish fruits through the re
mainder of the winter require verj' careful at-
tention in regulating the growth. Very little
stopping of the plants will be necessary, but
the growth must never be allowed to become
crowded. Remove all rough leaves and deformed
fruits, and only leave sufficient fruits on the
plants to kee|) up the ."upply. Top-dress tlie
r<jots lightly as often as young roots show
through the surface, as this is the best means
of promoting healthy growth. Maintain a moist
atmosphere, and when water is necessary at the
roots let it be given in sufficient quantity to
moisten the whole of the soil. The temperature
should be 70° at night in mild weather, rising to
80° by day with sun-heat. In very cold weather
the temperature may be allowed to drop 5°.

CtRROT* IN PiT8.— As soon as young Car-
rot.-i lire througli the surface soil the lights should
be opened to admit air. Examine the bed, and.
if necessary, water the soil with rainwater
thi'ough a fine rose. Keep a close watch for
slugs, which would soon ruin the plants. Sue
cessioiia] sowings of Carrots should be made to
maintain an imbroken supply of roots.

THE ORCHID HOUSES.

Bv I, CoiLiER, Oard«n«r to Sir Jekemmh Cooian,
Bart., Oatton Park, Reigate.

Tr CHOPiLLiA.— The various species of
Tricho;jillia flower at different times of the
year, and, for that reason, their repotting should
be carried out at intervals, the proper time
being when roots begin to develop from the
base of the new p.*eu<lo-bulbs. T. sauvis is the
most handsome sjpecies, and is most comimonly
grown. T. coccinea. T. tortilie, T. sanguino-
lenta and T. Backhousiana are other gmA gar
den species. Mast of the plants have finished
growing, and must not be watered so frequently
as hitherto, or their ps«udo-bulbs and leaves will
soon become spotted. So long as the pseudo-
bulbs remain jjluimp very little or no water is
requirf<l. but if they shc«v signs of shrivelling
a mod 'rate amount of moisture should be
afforded the roots. During their resting periml
the plants should be suspended near the roof-
glass in a dry position in the intermediate liouse.
Expose them to the light, but provide shade
from direct sunshine; rather deep Orchid-pans
form the best re-ceptac.les in which to grow them.
T. fragrans is a white, srwcet-scented species,
and is now showing its flower-spikes. The

plant thrives best in the wanmest part of the
Odontoglossmn house.

MiLTONiA.— Plants of Miltouia vexillaria and
its hybrids are growing freely. Sufficient water
should be given to keep the Sphagnoni-moss on
the surface . in growth. An inteiinediate teim-
perature is most suitable to these Orchids in
winter, as the compost will not become dry
ijiiickly in * house where little fire-heat is ean-
ployed. Stand the plants in a light position
and ailow them to develop their growths
steadily. The young leaves frequently adhej-e
to each other, and should be separated by means
of the thin part of the handle of a budding-
knife. A brown, damp-looking outer sheath at
the base of tie young growth often clasps the
stem so tightly that the roots push upwarde
inside instead of growing into the compost. This
brown covering should be slit in several pla<;es
and removed in small pieces, without causing
injury to the plant. If the leaves show signs
of damping at the tips give the roots rather
less water and ventilate the house rather more
freely. The foliage should be sprayed on all
fr.voui^ble occasions to keep down attacks of
ii'.-iect pests. The above remarks apply also to
Miltonia Bleuana and its hvbrids.

THE HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Hy W. .\. CuoK, Gardener to the Hon. .\rthur J.
Oavev .\bbois Wood, Godalming, Surrey.

General Remarks. -If the weather con
tiuues fro.sty make a large garden-fire to bua'H
tree prunings and rubbish. When the base
of the fire is red-hot place on all rakings and
weeds from the fruit quarters. These latter
will .smoulder, and there will be no risk of a
blazing light at night, which is prohibited in
these times. When thorouglily burned the whole
mass should be turned and mixed together ;
it will form useful material for future plant-
ing and top-dressing. Compo.sts should be
got ready, mixed and turned several times
in a, dry shed ; stakes of all kinds and sizes pre-
pared, and labels Med in bundles. Large stakes
should be stripTied of the bark and either
painted or treated with creosote. Shreds should
be cut in lengths and aiterwards soaked in a
nicotine preparation to prevent insects lurking
in them. Tools should be ground or otherwise
sharpened. The store-room should be put in
order at least once a year and the stock taken.
Walls may be whitcfwashed, nets overhauled, and
notes made of anything that will be required
for next season.

The Fruit Room.— Pears required for cur
rent use should be handled carefully, and taken
from the fruit-room in a. covei'ed basket to a
warm atmosphere 24 hours before being sent to
table for dessert. Carefully look over all fruits
and reimove any that are the least specked.
Make notes of the keeping qualities of various
fruits, especially of new varieties.

FRUITS UNDER GLASS.

Potting Loam. -A plentiful supply of good'
loam is essential in ahnost all phases of garden-
ing, and in none is it more needed th.in in fruit
culture under glass. I prefer to renew the stock
of loam at this season of the year, if the
weather is open. Trimmings from the road
sides in country districts furnish a good mate
ri.al for adding to the main bulk of loam ob-
tained from heavy land, being sharp .and gritty.
Caution in the use of this material is, how-
ever, needed, now that tar is used to lay dust.
I have had no difficulty in obtaining good loam
for years past. For fruit culture choose <a cal-
careous loam with plenty of fibre in it. If the
.wvil be too heavy or retentive, add road-scrap-
ings in making up the stack. Old mortar rabble
is a valuable material for adding to the loam-
in preparing special composts. Stack the loam
where rains will not permeate it and make it
.sodden. The soil-yard should be open to light
and .air. A few cart-loads of well-decayed farm
yard manure .should be secured whenever it is
po-^iaiblc, and it should be stacked iii such a man-
ner as to throw off rains. A calculation should
be made as to the requirements for another sea-

son with respect to the quantities in any given
case. Do not make shift with soil that is knowji
to be of inferior quality.

Lkaves for Hot-bed«.— Where fallen leaves

are required for making hot-beds a supply s.hou;d
be secured and stacked, bat not in large heaps,
or they would ferment and lose their heat. Oak
and Beech leaves are the best. Now that stable
manure is not .«o plentiful as formerly leaves
should be made the most use of. Where early
varieties of Figs, such as St. John's, are being
forced for the first early crop, the leaves wifl
prove useful at once. I stand the pots on a
bed of leaves for the first few weeks, and when
fresh growth is plainly in evidence plunge them
lightly in the leaves. Fallen tree leaves, spread
over tile surface of inside vine tjoivlers, will
help to create a genial atmospheric moisture. In
no case do I advise their use for either Peaches,
Xeotarines, Plums or Cherries, for these fruit
trees require a some\vh,at drier atmosphere.

PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

By J, G. Weston, Gardener to Lady Northcotb,
Bast.well Park, Kent.
FREE8IA8.— Early plants of Freesia are in
bloom, and the house sliould be kept somewhat
cooler as the flowers develop. Successional
b.itches should be grown in a light position and
allowed plenty of ixxim for the foliage to de
velop sturdily. Freesias do not require much
water before they have made considerable roots.
Plants that were potted at a late ditto should be
kept in frames for the present tor flowering late
in spring.

Early-flowerinq Gladioli.— The conns of
early-flowering Gladioli sht>u,ld l)e potlted or
planted in boxes as soon ,as they come to hand.
If the spikes are required especially as cut blooms
boxes answer admirably, and their use saves a
lot of labour. As decorative plants Gladioli should
be grown in 4^ to 6-inch pots. The compost
should consist of two parts turfy loam and one
part leaf-mould, with sharp sand added. Place a
little siind under the base of each corm, arrang-
ing six to twelve of the latter in each pot, ac-
(•ording to their size. Leave a good margin of
room in the pot for watering. G. Colvilei The
Mride will furnish a good quantity of white
flowers. Other excellent varieties for pot cul
tiire are Queen of Holland, Delicatis&ima,
Crimson Queen, Pink Perfection, Ackermanii,
and Rosy Gem, -After the plants are potted,
place them in a cool frame on a layer of ashes,
and cover the tops of the pots with Cocoa-nut
fibre refuse or fine leaf-mould. The corms will
quickly start into growth, and later the covering
material may be removed. Only a little water
is required at the roots until top growth is well
advanced. Introduce fresh batches in gentle
warmth as required. Give similar treatment to
tbivt recommended for Freesias.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Protectino Plants and SHRues.-Many

plants and shrubs need a little protection from
severe frosts and cutting winds ; but in open
weather only slight coverings are necessary.
Tufts of dry Bracken placed round the stems
and bases will cany many plants safely through
very cold weather. Branches of Yew or Spruce
may be placed around the heads of shrubs in ex-
posed situations. Iii very cold districts Olearias,
15uddleia madagascariensis, Cordylines, Andro-
mediis, Eupatorium Weinmannianimi, Phor-
miums, and Teucrium betonicum should have
protection of this description. Tiffany forms a
suitable covering for wall plants, as it can be re-
moved quickly during a spell of mild wealher.
Magnolias should not be exposed to cold winds,
which are often more injurious to them than
frosts. Place tufts of Bracken among.st the
branches of climbing and standard Boses, and
Yev/ for Tea and other dwarf lloses. Give a
mulching of stable litter or leaves to .all newly-
planted trees and shrubs. Place half-decayed
leaves round the bases of tender Alpine and her-
baceous plants, with the exception of Del-
jiliiniums. Phloxes, Gyp.sophila, and Hollyhocks;
for these, sifted ashes will afford sufficient pro-
tection.

260

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

[Deotmbee 29, 1917.

ON THE BOTANY AND PHYSICAL
CEOCRAPHY OFJTHE HOLY LAND.

(Concluded from p. 247.)
Tkees of Stria and Palestine.
Nothing shows the delicate gradations of
climate better than the trees, which are above
ground all the year and have to bear both the
winter cold and the summer heat and drought.
Tlie trees of the Holy Land are as follows : —

There are nine species of Tamarix, of which
that most familiar to us in England (T.
Gallica) is not one. They are mostly confined
to tlie coast of Southern Palestine and
the lower part of the Jordan valley. There
are no Limes (Tilia), and the Horse Chestnut,
which is wild in the mountains of Greece, is
also absent. There are three species of Maple,
Acer hyrcauum, Monspessulanum, and syria-
cuni, the two first confined to the northern hiUs.
Pistachia vera is commonly cultivated for its
nuts, and is probably wild in the Lebanon dis-
trict, and the Terebinth (P. Terebinthus) and
its variety, Palaestlna, are common from north
to south. " These have compound leaves, like an
Ash. Next to the Gall Oak the Terebinth is the
commonest tree in the hills. Holly has been
found lately in one place on Jlount Amanus.
Moringa aptera, a sub-tropical type from the
seeds of which oil is extracted, is confined to the
Dead Sea and Sinaitic peninsula. The Carob
(Ceratonia siliqua) is everywhere common,
reaching a height of 30 feet, and swine
are fed on the husks. The Judas tree
(Cercis Siliquastrum) is common in rocky
places, flowering before the leaves open in
AprU. There are six Acacias, but these,
like the Moringa, are almost confined to the Dead
Sea and southern desert. The Almond (Amygda-
lus communis) is common, both wild and culti-
vated. The Plum is said to be wild in the
northern mountains, and the word Damson is de-
rived from Damascus. Apples and Pears do not
.■succeed well, but there is a wild Pear (Pyrus
.syriaca) which is sometimes eaten. The Rowan
tree is absent, but three other species of the same
subgenus (Sorbus Aria, torminalis, and trilo-
hata) are found wild in the northern hills. The
Medlar (like the Quince) is cultivated, and is
said to be wild in Samaria. There are four
species of Crataegus, of which monogyna, our
English Hawthorn, and Azavolus, with a haw as
large as a Cherry, are common. The place of
the Lilac with us in gardens is filled with the
Persian Lilac, Melia Azedarach. The Elder
(Sambucus nigra) is cultivated, and a drink used
in fevers made from its berries. Arbutus
Unedo and Andrachne are both frequent. There
are three species of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior,
oxycarpa, and Ornus), confined to Lebanon and
the northern hills. The first and last reach a
lieight of from 50 to 60 feet. The Olive is culti-
vated eveiywhere for the sake of the oil from its
fruit, and is found wild among the northern
hills. The Bay Laurel is common, like the
Myrtle, from the coast to the middle zone of the
mountains. The Silver Berry (Eleagnus horten-
sis) is common, both wild and cultivated. Our
common Elm is confined to the extreme north,
about Aleppo and Aintab, montana being un-
known. Celtis australis (the Hackleberry, or
Nettle tree) is common in cultivation as a shade
tree, and is wild among the northern mountains.
The Black and Wliite Mulberry (Morus nigra and
alba) are both commonly cultivated. Ficus
Carica (the Fig of commerce) is common, both
wild and cultivated. F. sycomorus (the Sycamore
into which Zaccheus climbed) is a common shade
tree in the south. The Banyan and Indiarnbher
are both, sometimes cultivated. Platanus arien-
talis is common, ascending to the sub-alpine zone
of the mountains. The Walnut (Juglans regia)
is everywhere cultivated for the sake of its nuts
and timber. An Alder, " Abraham's Oak." near
Mamre, of which Sir J. D. Hooker gives a sketch,
has a trunk with a girth of 23 feet, and a ,.-rown

with a diameter of 90 feet. In the winter of
1856-57, when the snow lay for many days in
the streets of Jerusalem, a branch of this was
broken off. Mr. Finn, the Consul at Jerusalem,
wished to have this, but owing to a superstition
that anyone who cut it would lose their firstborn
son, had great difficulty in getting anyone to saw
it up. Finally this was done, and several camels
were loaded with the wood of this single limb.
It is valued alike by Jews, Christians, and
Mahometans. It extends to Spain and Portugal,
and is the commonest tree in the hill region of
Palestine.

Alnus orientalis is common on the banks of
streams. Two Hornbeams (Carpinus duanensis
and Osti-ya cai-pinifolia) are found wild amongst
the northern hills. Our common Corylus avel-
lana is found wild in Cassius and Amanus, but
does not reach further south. There are six Oaks,
of which two, Quercus .coccifera, Q. aegetops
(the Valonia Oak), of which the very large
acorns are used by tanners ; Q. Cen'is, and Q.
Uisitanica (infectoria) are less common. Q. Ilex
is confined to the Syrian coast, and of the British
Q. sessiliflora there are two varieties in the woods
of the middle zone of Lebanon. The Beech
(Fa'gus sylvatica) is wild in the middle zone of
Amanus, but the Sweet Chestnut, which might
probably be introduced with advantage, is absent,
although it extends from Europe to Japan and
the Himalayas. There are eight Willows, of
which Salix alba and fragilis are frequent, the
Egyptian S. Safsaf is confined to the sub-
tropical zone, and S. capraea and nigricans are
rare in the north. Popijus alba is common, P.
nigra and pyi-amidalis are rare, and P. euphra-
tica common on the banks of the Jordan and
other lowland streams. The Cypress is wild in
the middle zone of the mountains, and the con-
gested variety is often, as in the Mediterranean
regions, planted in cemeteries. There are five
Junipers, of which the common European J. com-
munis is not one. The Yew is found only on Mount
Amanus. There are two Pines, Pinus Pinea and
halepensis, both common, but P. sylvestris is
absent. P. Pinea, as in Italy, is often trained
into the umbrella shape so familiar to us in
Turner's pictures. The Cedar of Lebanon is not,
as is often supposed, confined to the sub-alpine
zone of Lebanon, but occurs also on Amanus and
many of the mountain ranges of Asia Minor. The
Larch is imknown. Abies cilicica, allied to the
Spruce, forms forests in the sub-alpine zone of
Lebanon and Amanus, reaching a height of 60
or 80 feet. The Date Palm is cultivated in the
south of Palestine, and ripens its fruit at Jaffa.
The celebrated Date Palm groves of Jericho
have been destroyed. The Egyptian Doum Palm
(Hyphaene thebaica) is found in a few places in
the Sinaitic peninsula, but does not reach the
Dead Sea or the Jordan valley.

It will be seen that the common trees of
Britain and Central Europe are, with slight ex-
ceptions, only found in the middle zone of the
mountains of Syria, and do not reach Palestine,
and that in Palestine their place is filled by
more southera types, many of which have a wide
range in Southern Europe.

Ff.ens of Syria and Palestini.
Nothing can well show more forcibly the dif-
ference there is in climate between Britain and
Palestine than the presence and distribution of
the Ferns, The Filmy Ferns are entirely absent,
as are also the Woodsias, Cystopteris fragilis is
frequent on Lebanon and the northern hills,
Pteris aquilina is common up to 5,000 feet on
Lebanon, P- longifolia, a cosmopolitan species,
that does not reach Britain, is common on the
banks of streams, Lomaria Spicant is confined
to Lebanon and the northern hills, Scolopendrium
vulgare is common up to the alpine zone, and the
Mediterranean S, hennonitis is confined to the
middle and alpine zones of the Lebanon range,
.\diantuB Capillus-Veneris is common in damp
caverns and about the mouths of wells, Cheilan-
thes fragrans, common throughout Southern

Europe, is frequent in the clefts of limestone
rocks in the hill region. Of the Aspleniums, Tri-
chomanes and Adiantus-nigrum are common,
Bourgaei, Euta muraria, and septentrionale are
on Lebanon and .\manus. The Lady Fern is not
known south of Amanus, Ceterach is frequent
amongst the limestone hills, Polystichum angu-
lare is confined to the northern hills, Lonchitis,
of course, like AUosorus crispus, is entirely
absent. Of the Lastreas there are only three,
Filix-mas and rigida frequent amongst the lime-
stone hills, Thely pteris, rare on the anti-Lebanon,
Oreopteris, dilatata, spinulosa, recurva, are
absent. Of the Polypodiums, vulgare, which is
the only species, is common on shady ixjcks.
Notholaena lanuginosa occurs at Nazareth and
around the Sea of Galilee, N, marantae only on
the limestone rocks of Cassius and Amanus,
Gymnogramme leptophylla is associated with
Adiantium in caves along the coast, Osmunda
grows in damp woods of the middle zone of
Lebanon, Ophioglossum vulgatum has been
found in grassy pastures on the anti-Lebanon,
There are no Lycopodiums, Seiaginella denticu-
lata is found on rocks along the coast. And,
finally, there are also two Equisetums, Telmateja,
and ramosissimum , both common.

This gives us 28 Ferns for Palestine and Syria,
against 62 for Britain. Of the 28, eight species
are unknown in Britain, of which all but one are
widelv disjoersed throughout Smithern Europe.
J. li. Bahnr. F.R.S., Kew.

HOME CORRESPONDENCE.

iThe Editors do not hold themselves res-ponsible for
the opinions expressed by correspondents.)

Dutch Brown B = ans.— I was much in-
terested in the remarks of G. H. H. W., on
p. 216. on Haricot and other Beans, and espe-
cially the Dutch Brown Bean. Since that daite
rthe R.H.S, has sent out to its Fellows a very
ifa\'ouj-able report on this Bean, including its
analysis. As regards weight of crop, I can re-
cord a much heavier yield than G. H. H. W.
He gives his crop as 27^ pints from J pint of
seed, I had BOs pints from 1 pint of .seed, ex-
clusive of, perhaps, 2 pints given away and
consumed before weighin.g, 'The bulk of the
crop was grown under glass, as I considered the
date (.June 4) too late to risk outside sowing in
our Scotch climate. I sowed one row out-of-
doons, and the plants gave a fair crop, but, with
other Beans, they were destroyed by frost on
Ocitnlber 7. The Beans gi'own under glass were
a splendid sample. E. S. /.., Berwichsltire.

Ground Operations (see pp, 179, 200
238). — I have dug and trenched light ground
early for many years, and always have secured
good results, I have been told Mr, Edwin Beckett
tremches light ground early, and heavy ground
in the spring, when preparing gi'omid for
Onions. I should be greatly obliged to Mr,
Beckett if he would state which is his practice.
iMany are pushing on the work of digging and
trenching, on account of "'->• ■■■■ scaa-city, no
matter what is the nature of the soil. Is heavy
igi-ound, trenched now, in a fit .state in the spring
to receive Onions, Leeks, a.nd Cauliflowers raised
under glase? Also is heavy soil sufficiently
warm and dry for the plants to make satis-
factory growth at the commencement? O.
Darix. Holy Wells Park Gardens, Ipswich.

Economy in Fuel.— It behoves all to con-
sider what can be done to economise fuel in the
present scarcity of coke and coal, as well as en-
hanced prices. In some instances wood can be
advantageously used, and choice fruits need not
be forced so early as usual, //,

Van DA TERE8. This Orchid requires a dif-
ferent treatment from others of its family. The
plants have finished their season's growth, and
should be given a long season of rest, affording
only sufficient water to prevent the stems and
terete leaves from shrivelling. They should be
placed in a light position in a house having an
intermediate temperature. Plants of V, Hookeri-
ana and V, Miss Joaquim are still growing freely,
and should be allowed to remain in their present
quarters until growth is completed, C.

Decembek 29, 1917.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE.

261

CROPS AND STOCK ON THE HOME FARM

Renovating Pastures.
With a rediictiou of the grass aci-eage owing
to tne uectssity for incresisu.g lUe ceisal crops,-
It behoves all to improve tne remaining gratis
laud, thereby increa.suig the lee<l tor cows an<i
Hay for the winter.

Vv'hfiie grass helds are not too wet there should
be no difhcmty in procuring a full crop of grass
or Hay as requirea. Wet j-astui'es may be ini-
provea by draining.

The present is a suitable time to undertake
the work of renovating such pastures that have
become inupoverished owing to poverty oi soil.
Many persoius start renovatmg their paistuies
three months too late, and because an extra
yield of grass is not obtained at once they are
apt to blame the manure. Especially is this the
caisa when applying basic slag ; they do not stop
to consider, or perhaps they do not know, thac
this manure is slow m action, and requires double
the time to show its eiieot than most other fer-
tilisers.

There ie a wide choice of artificial maaares
Weil adapted foi- pastures. Fai-myard majiure,
properly prepared and applied, is an exceilei.^
si/UuulaJit for glass, especially when mixed with
wood ash, decayed vegetable mattei', and road-
side refuse. If the manure is not well decayt-ii
allow the heap to remain for a month before
spreading the material over the land. This com
post forms a valuable, Uisi.ing fertiliser for
grass, and should be spread evenly over the sur-
face at the rate of 15 tons per acre. In a month,
if the weathei' is dry, draw sharp-toothed iron
harrows over the field to disintegrate the pieces
and, by scratching the surface of the grass, the
manure will come quicker into contact with the
roots. The harrowing should be repeated at
intervals antil the whole of the manure dis
appears. Afterwards collect all stones and sticks,
and finally roll the pasture to obtain a smooth
sui'face for the grass-cutter'.

Of artificial manures for improving pastures
ba^ic slag is one of tlie best for lasting on almost
any land, with the exception, perhaps, of sandy
soils. Basic slag alone has the effect of
inducing a free growth of Clover among the
grass, which is a valuable addition to the crop.
When the subsoil is chalk, basic slag is usually
effective, giving good results for five years
afterwards. This fertiliser does not appear to
be equally effective in all districts, but when
kainit is added at the rate of 2i cwt. per
acre to every 5 cwt. of basic slag its effect is
a large increase of grass. Some apply basic
slag at the rate of 10 cwt. per acre. I prefer
to apply that quantity in two applications with
a four-years' interval.

The higher grades of basic slag may contain
as much as 34 per cent, of soluble matter, and
by using the liigher grades there is a saving of
labour in sowing, ae lefs bulk is required. I
am experimenting this season with some contain
ing 42 per cent, of soluble matter.

Before sowing the slag it is well to harrow
the surface, thus enabling the manure to more
quickly reach the roots.

If the meadows cannot be shut off from cattle
until March basic slag camiot be economically
applied, therefore iiecourse should be had ti^
some other stimulant, such as a good quality
super|>ho8phate of, say, not less than 33 per cent,
purity. This manure should be applied in March
f>T the early pa.rt of April at the rate of 5 cwt.
ipcfr acre. If the weatlier in May or June is dry
this 'Iressing may not show much effect on the
Hay crop, but it will stimulate the aftermath,
which usually continues good right into the
autumn and will be valuable in aiding increased
milk production. To give an iimmediate fillip to
the Hay crop, sow 2 c%vt. of sulphate of ammonia
,per acre evenly in April. This mamiT« aids the
growth of the finer grasses, thus adding to the
quality of the Hay.

Nitrate of soda, good though it is, is dJfEcult
to obtain, and sulphate of ammonia, a quick-
acting manure, is the best .inbstitute.

For aandy soils guano an<l bone-meal are valu-
able fertilisers, the former mtvin at the rate of
4 owi. per acre in February or March and the
latter in November, as it is slow of action, but
la.iting in its effects. E. Molyneux.

Ai A R K E rr s.

COVEXT GARDEN, December S6
We cannot accept any responsibility for the subjoined
reports. They are furnished io us regularly every
Wednesday, by the kindness of several of ttie prin-
cipal salesmen, who are responsible for the quota-
tions. It must be remembered that these quotations
do not represent the prices on any particular day,
but only the general average for the week preceding
the dat-e of our report. The prices depend upon the
quality of the samples, the way in which they are
packed, the supply in the market, and the demand,
and they may fluctuate not only from day to day.
but occasionally several times in one day. — Eds.
Plants In Pots, &e. : Average Wholesale Priees.

s. d. s.d.
Aralia .Sieboldii,

per doz. ... 5 0-60

Asparagus plumo-

sus, per doz. ... 10 0-12 0

— .Sprengeri 8 0-10 0
Aspidistra, green,

per doz. 30 0-S6 0

Begonias, Gloire de
I/)rraine, 48's,
per doz. ... 18 0-24 0

— 60's 7 0-90

— 72's

Cacti, vanoiis, per

tray of IB's

— per tray of 12's
Chrysanthemums :

— white, 48s, per
doz

— coloured, 48'b,
per doz.

Cocoa Weddelliana,

Eri48'8, per doz. ... 18 0-80 0

— 60'a. per doz... 8 0-10 0
cas, per doz. —

- gracilis 48'8 ... 15 0-18 0
T2's... 5 0-60

5 0-60
4 0 —

8 0-24 0
8 0-12 0

Ericas, con.— . d. s, d.

— hvemalis alba

48's IS 0-21 0

— melanthera,48'8 36 0-42 0
Cyclamen. 4Ss, per

doz 24 0-30 0

Ferns, in thumbs,

per 100 12 0-16 0

— per 100, in small

asd large 60's 24 0-30 0

— in 48's, per doz. 7 o- s 0

— in 32'b, per doz. 15 0-18 o

— choicer sorts,

48's, per doz .. 10 0-12 0
Geonoma gracilis,

60's, per doz„. 6 0-80

lareer, each ... 2 6-70
Kentia belraoreana,

per doz ... 15 0-18 0
larger . 30 O-60 0

— Forsteriana,60's S 0-10 0
Lilium longiflorum,

per doz. . 36 0-48 0

— lancifolium ru-

brum 24 0-30 0

album ... 24 0-30 0

Solaiiums 12 0-18 0

Cut Flowers, fte. : Average Wholesale Prices
s.d. a d.

6 0-60

Arums—

— (llichardias),
per doz. bl'ms. 10 0-12 0

Azalea, white, per

doz. bunches ...

Camellias, white,

per. doz.
Carnationa, perdoz.

— blooms, best
American var. 5 0-6

Chrysanthemums—

— white, per dOK,
blooms

3 0-80

3 0-60

per

Uliuma, con.—

rubrum, per

doz. long ... 3 0-36

short, per

doz blooms ... 3 0-40
3 0-30' Narcissus.Soleil d'Or.

per doz. bun ... 10 0-12 0
Orchids, per doz:—

— Cypripedluma 2 6-30
Pelargoniums, dou-
ble scarlet per

„ dot bunches... 12 0-18 0

^ r" ; " Pernettias, perdoz. 10 0-12 o
3 0- J 0 p„j„3p,t|„ perdoz. 18 0-21 0
Rosea : — ptr doz.
blooms :

— Liberty ... 8 0-10 0

— Melodv ... 6 O-IO 0

— Mme. A. Chat-
cnay 5 0- 8 0

— White Molly
Shamian Craw-
ford 6 0-80

2 0-30 Tuberoses, pergrosa
blooms 16 0

5 0-661 Vloleta.perdoz.hun. 50-8"

— French Parma,

3 0-361 per bunch ... 60-70
Cut Foliage, &c. : Average Wholesale Prices.

a d. s.d. s.d. a.d.

Ilcrlieria, per doz.

bun 5 0-60

Carnation foliage,

doz. bunchea... 4 0-50
Cycaa leaves, per

doz 3 0-60

Ivy leave , per doz.

bnnchcs 2 0-26

Moaa. gross bun... 6 0-70
Smilav, per bun.

of 6 trails . 16-20

6 0-00

— bronze..

— pink ...

— yellow ..

— coloured,
doz bunches ... 12 0-24 0

— white 15 0-30 0

Croton leaves, per

bun 13-16

Rardenias, per box 8 0-10 0
Heather, white,

per doz. bun....

Hellebonia niger,

per doz. blooms

Lilium longiflorum,

lOBg

— lancifolium
album, long ...

0-8 0

Asparogue plu-
mosua, long
trails, per half-
dozen

— — medium,
doz. bunches 12 0-18 0

— Sprengeri ... 8 0-10 (i

2 6-30

Vegetables : Average Wholesale Prices.

s.d. s.d. 1
Artichoke, Chinese

(.Stachy)perlb. 10-13' Lettuce, Cabbage

— .reruaalem. per
i bushel 16-80

Asparagus ( Engl iali),

per bundle ... 10 0-10 6

— (Paria Green),

per bundle ... 6 0-70
Beana:-

— Krench(Channel
Islands), per lb. 19-20

Beetroot, per bus. 2 0-20
BniBsels .Sprouts,

per k bus. ... 2 6- .1 0
Cabbage^ per tally 4 0-00
Carrots, new. per

doz. bunches ... 3 0-40
Cauliflowers perdoz 4 0-00
Ceb'Piac, perdoz.... 4 6- 5 0
('elery, per bundle 2 0- 5 0
'■iioiiiiiber8,perdoz. 8 0-12 0
Endive, per doz ... 10-20
llarlic, per lb. ... 0 10- 1 0
(ireens, per bag ... 0 8-16
irurlis. perdoz bun. 4 0-80
Horseradish, per

bunch

,d Cos, perdoz. 0 6-20
Mustard and Cross,

perdoz. punnets 0 10 1 0
Onions, per cwt ... 24 0-26 0

— spring, perdoz.

bun. ... 16-20

— Valencia, per

case (4 tiers) . 43 0-46 0

(5 tiera)

Parsnips, per bag .
Peas, per lb.
Pntat"s,new,perlli.
Radishes, per doz.

bunches
Rhubarb, forced,

per doz.
Savoys, per tally...
■Seakiile.per punnet
Shallots, per doz.

Iha

Turnips, per bag ...

— new, per doz.
bunches

p tops, per bus. 2 0-

46 0-4li
4 0-60

2 0-
10-12

16-20

3 0-30
8 0-10 0
2 0-20

Fruit : Average Wholesale Priees.

s.d. s.d.
Almonds, per cwt. 170 0 —
Apples :—

— cooking.perbus. 6 0-12 0

— dessert (Eng-
lish), per J bus. 6 0-12 0

Cranberries, per

case (30 quarts) 40 0 —
Dates, per box .. 1 4-lS 0
Grapes. Alicante,

per lb 1 s- 2 6

— Almerias, per
barrel (3^ doz.

lbs.) 40 0-70 0

— Canon Hall, per

lb 2 0-50

— Gros. Colmar,

per lb. ... 16-36

— Muscats, per lb. 3 0- 6 0

s.d. s.d.

Lemons, per case... 50 0-100 0

Medlars, per i bus. 3 0-40

Mushrooms, culti-
vated, per lb. 2 6-29

Nuts, Brazils, new,

per cwt. ...140 0 —

— Cob, per lb. ... 12-13

— mixed, per cwt. 110 0 —
Oranges, per case 120 0-180 0
Pears, per } bus.... 6 0-16 6
Tomatos, English

per i2 lbs. or

peck 12 0-20 0

Walnuts, French
(Grenoble), per
bag (le.lbs.) ... IS 0-'20 0

©bttuar^e.

Mrs. Bull.— We regret to announce the
death, on Saturday last, the 22nd inst., in her
74tli year, of Mrs. BuU, widow of the late
William Bull, founder of Jlessrs. Bull's Nurseries,
Chelsea.

GARDENING APPOINTMENT.

Mr- 'W. East, late Gardener to Sir Samuel Boclton
Bt., Oopped HaJl, Tott«ridge, Hertfordshire, as Gai--
dener to Sir Piiiup W.ITBRLOW. Tro.*ley Towers

1 6- 6 0 ' WatePcreBi,'perdoz. 0 6-0*

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

.(JOLOUR Of Fkuit W,\i.ls : J. A. C Although
black materials absorb the most and reflect
the least amount of sun-heat, it is not wise to
paint fi-uit-walls black, for the trees would
push into flower early, and be liable to a
check in cold springs. Moreover, experi-
ments have proved that trees grown against
black walls do not ripen their fruit earlier
than those on walls of ordinary colour. If the
waJl is full of crevices, offering hiding places
for insect pests, the mortar should be re-
pointed, and holes in the brickwork filled in.
After this is done coat the brickwork with the
following mixture : — One peck of lime, half a
peck of soot, and a quarter of a peck of
sulphur, mixed in petroleum and skim milk
in equal proportions, to the consistency of
paint.

Orchid Leaves Spotted : Varic</ata. Orcliit}
spot disease results in tlie collapse of the tissues
affected, causing brown or blackisli spots on
leaves or bulbs. Imperfect nutrition from
lack of healthy roots is a frequent cause of the
disease, and every effort should be made to
keep the plants clean and vigorous. If a plant
is badly diseased it should be destroyed, but
if only slightly affected it can often be re-
stored Ui health by propagation, which frees
tlip new [larU of the (ilants from the wnrn-out
back jjoi'tioiis. It is also benpfi<iial to change
the jKJsition of the plants in the house. Do
not use paraffin emulsion or any paraffin spray.

Pkunino Rosks .\ni> Fruit Trkes : J. A.
Chriftie. The National ]?ose Society's Select
lAst of JtosPK anrj TiiRtrurtiniia for Prunin<f,
price 5s. 3d., and The Himd-Bnnk of Pruning,
l)y James Udalo, price Is. 9d., w<niid be suit-
able for your puqiose. The books may be
obtained from our Publishing Department at
the prices given, which include postage.

Spray foii Apple Scab : /. .'I. C. Lime-sulphur
is as effective as Bordeaux mixture for Apple
and Pear scab, and less likely to injure the
foliage of tender varieties. See reply to
W . 0. in the last 'ssue, p. 254.

Wood Rot : W. B. It is rather difficult to know
what is meant by ytnir question. Wood rot is
a diseased condition of the wood. We presume
from the term " pickled wo<id " that creosoted
■ wood is referred to. If you wisli to creasote
wood against rot, the creosote may be procured
from Messrs. English Bros., Ltd., Wi.sbech.
Creosoted wood is treated with oil of tar as a
preservative.

Communications Becelved.— H. T. W— R. W. R.
-W. K.-W. T— H. J. G. W— J. F.— S. A. (many
tlianks)— 0. 0. L. P.-.I. E. C— F. & P.— H. W.—
J. O. B.— E. M.— T. H.— W. H.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

[December 29, 1917.

Books as Presents

There is nothing so helpful to a young gardener as
carefully selected books written by successful
cultivators in the various branches of gardening.

Botany, A Year's. Adapt&d to Home and
School Use. By Frances A. Kitchener. With
195 Illustrations. 6s. 4d.
China, A Naturalist in Western. By Ernest

Henry Wilson. Illustrated, in Two Volumes.
£1 lOs. 6d.
Flora, British, Handbook of the. By Geo.

Bentham. Revised by Sir Joseph Hooker.

Seventh Edition. 93. 6d.
Fertilisers and Manures. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S.

Ss. 6d.
Garden, Chemistry of the. A Primer for

Amateurs and Young Gardeners. By Her-
bert H. Cousins, M.A. Is. 5d.
Garden Craft in Europe. By H. Inigo Triggs.

£1 ISs. 6d.
Insect and Allied Pests of Orchard. Bush and

Hothouse Fruits. By F. V. Theobald, M.A..

etc. 328 Illustrations. 30s. 6d.
Insects, Injurious and Useful. An Introduction

to the Study of Economic Entomology. By

L. C. Miall, F.R.S. 100 Illustrations. 3s. '
Intensive Culture of Vegetables on the French

System. By P. Aquatias. Illustrated

4s. 5d.
Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary. New Edition

9s. 6d.
Judging, Rules tor. Issued by the Royal Hor

ticultural Society. Latest Edition. Is. 6d.
Landscape Architecture, The Art of. By Samuel

Parsons. A practical and authoritative work.

Illustrated. 18s. 6d.
Lawns. By Sutton and Sons, Reading. In

paper cover. Well Illustrated. Is. 3d.
Lawns and Greens. By T. W. Sanders. A

Guide to the Formation and Management of

Lawns, Tennis Courts, etc. Illustrated.

Paper, Is. lOd.
Lily, Book of the. By W. Goldring. Illustrated.

2s. 9d.
Little Gardens and How to Make the Most of

Them. By H. H. Thomas. A handy and

useful work tor the Amateur. Paper,

Is 3d. ; cloth. Is. 9d.
Mango, The. By G. Marshall Woodrow. An

account of its Culture and Varieties. Is. Id.
'Manures and the Principles of Manuring. By

C. M. Aikman. 6s. lOd.
Manures for Garden and Farm Crops. By W.

Dyke. Cloth, Is. 9d.
Manuring, The Science and Practice of. By W.

Dyke, with introduction by J. Wright.

A most practical work for the Amateur,

Market and Professional Gardener. Is. 2d
Manuring of Market Garden Crops, The. By

Bernard Dyer and F. W. L. Shrivell. New

Edition. Is. 3d.
Mendelism. By R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. New

and Enlarged Edition. 5s. 4d.
Mendel's Principles of Heredity. By W. Bate-
son, F.R.S. 12s. 6d.

Mushrooms, and How to Grow Them. By John
F. Barter. An excellent Treatise. Illus-
trated. Is. 2d.

My Garden in Spring. By E. A. Bowles, M.A.,
Chairman of Scientific Committee of Royal
Horticultural Society. With Preface by

Reginald Farrer. " Mr. Bowles

has the time to be his own gardener, and
has thereby gained that first-hand know-
ledge of plants without which any writer on

horticultural subjects is apt to be

neither interesting nor informing." Price
5s. 6d.

My Garden in Summer. By the same author.
Price Ss. 6d.

My Garden in Autumn and Winter. By the
same author. 5s. 6d.

Orchids and their Cultivation. By James
O'Brien, V.M.H., Hon. sec. of the R.H.S.
Orchid Committee. Contains 8 full-page
Coloured Plates from colour photography.
Is. lOd.

Orchids : Their Culture and Management. By
W. Watson (Curator, Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew), and H. J. Chapman. Illustrated
with 180 Engravings and 20 Coloured Plates.
25s. 8d.

Orchids, Fertilisation of. By Cbas. Darwin.
Illustrated. 3s. lid.

Orchid Grower's Manual, The. By the late B. S
Williams. 800 pages. Numerous Illustra-
tions. 16s. 8d.

Pansies, Violas and Violets. By W. Cuthbert-
son and R. Hooper Pearson. With 8 full-
page Coloured Plates from colour photo-
graphy. Is. lOd.

Pansies and Violets. By D. B. Crane. Paper,
Is. 2d, ; cloth, Is. 9d.

Peach, The Book of the. By H. W. Ward.
A Practical Handbook on the Cultivation of
Peaches and Nectarines under Glass and
Out-of-doors. 2s. lOd.

Pears and Plums, The Book of. By the Rev. E.
Bartrum, D.D. Illustrated. 2s. 9d.

Pinus, The Genus. By George Russell Shaw.
Price £2 13s. 6d.

Plant'Breeding. Being Five Lectures upon the
Amelioration of Domestic Plants. By Prof.
L. H. Bailey. Illustrated. 8s. lid.

Plant Life. By C. A. Hall. £1 Os. 6d.

Practical Plant Physiology. By Frederick
-Keeble, F,R.S. Illustr.ated, 3s, lOd.

Practical Tree Repair. By Elbert Peets. The
Physical Repair of Trees — Bracing and the
Treatment of Wounds and Cavities. Illus-
trated. 7s. lid.

Plants and Trees, Diseases of Cultivated. By
George Massee. Well Illu.^trated. 7s. lid.

Plants, A Popular Treatise on the Physiology of.
By Dr. Paul Sorauer. Translated bv F. E.
Weiss, D.Sc. With 33 Illustrations. ' 9s. 6d.

Primula, Handbook of the Hardy. By H. M.

Paul. An Illustrated Work on the Culture,
Mode of Growth and Utility of Primulas.
Is. lid.

Pruning, The Handy Book of. With Chapters
on Grafting and Budding. By James Udale,
with introduction by the Right Hon. Viscount
Cobham. New Edition. Illustrated. Is. 9d.

Rhododendrons and Azaleas. By W. Watson.
With preface by Sir. F. W. Moore, F.L.S.
(The first popular volume published on this
subject.) 8 full-page Coloured Plates.
Is. lOd.

Rock Gardens. By Reginald Farrer. With
Preface by Dr. J. Bretland Farmer, F.R.S.
Contains 8 Coloured Plates. Is. lOd.

Rock Garden, The English. By Reginald Farrer.
A complete dictionary of Hardy Plants suit-
able for Rock Garden Culture. Contains
500,000 words and 300 Illustrations. In 2
Vols. Price, £2 2s. lOd. post free (in the
press).

Root and Stem Vegetables. By the late Alex-
ander Dean. Contains 8 full-page Coloured
Plates. Is. lOd.

Rose, The Book of the. By Rev. A. Foster-
Melli.ir, M.A, Illustrated. New Edition.
58. 5d.

Ruses. By H. R. Darlington. Contains 8 full-
page Coloured Plates. 2b. lid.

Roses for the Garden and Greenhouse. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Propag.i-
tion. Manures, etc. Coloured Illustrations.
5s. 4d.

Roses in Pots. By Wm. Paul. Ninth Edition.
An invaluable Guide to the Cultivation of
Roses in Pots, whether for forcing or other-
wise. 2s. 2d.

Salads and their Cultivation. By T. W. San
ders. How to grow them in the Open, on
Hot Beds, and Under Glass, etc. Freely
Illustrated. Paper, Is, '''d.

Saxifrages or Rockfoils. By W, Irving and
R, A. Malby, A practical work on the Cul-
ture of Saxifrages. Well Illustrated in
Colour and Half-tones. 2s. lOd.

Soil, The. By A. D. Hall, F.R.S. An introduc
tion to the Scientific Study of the Growth
of Crops. New Edition. 5s. 5d.

Species and Varieties, their Origin by Muta>
tion. By Prof. Hugo De Vries. Second
Edition.' 21s. 6d.

Trees and Shrubs, Beautiful Flowering, for
British and Irish Gardens. By John
Weathers. Description, Culture, Planting,
Pruning, Propagation, etc. Coloured Illus-
trations. 3s. lOd.

Vegetables and Flowers, The Culture of, •jom
Seeds and Roots. By Sutton and Sons, Read-
ing New Edition, Ss. 6d.

Complete New Catalogue sent Post Free on application to —

THE LIBRARIAN.
41. Wellington Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2

■inted for the Gardeners' Chronicle. Limited, by Love and Malcomsoh. Ltd,, Dane Street. High Holborn, London, W,C., and Published weekly by the Gardener:
Chronicle, Ltd., n, Wellin^fton Street, Covent CSarden, City oS Westminster. Satcbday. December 29, Agent for Manoheeter, John HiTWOOD.