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The Gardener's Companion.

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THE

GARDENER'S COMPANION

BY

SELINA RANDOLPH

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

LADY ALWYNE COMPTON

MILLS & BOON, LIMITED

49 WHITCOMB STEBET
LONDON, W.C.

Published 1909

453

INTRODUCTION.

IT may be said at the present time that in
making many books of gardening there is
no end, and yet there is always room for another,
as one often hears people complain that no book
gives them exactly what they want. Some are
written by gardeners of so much knowledge and
experience that they cannot put themselves in the
place of a beginner, and some by those to whom
gardening is a new art, and who are ready to teach
what they do not thoroughly know.

Miss Randolph has lived and worked in a garden
all her life, under her father, who has made one
of the most charming gardens in Kent. She
teaches, from her own experience, how to make
a garden from the beginning, and how to keep it
always beautiful, with the least possible expense,

vi THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

but with the loving care and labour which are
their own reward.

The pleasure of a garden is one which increases
as one grows older, but few people in these rush-
ing days believe that in the society of one's own
flowers one need never be "dull".

This book shows the way to this "path of
peace," and that, in the words of an old gardener
who has worked forty years in one garden and
is never happy out of it, " everything will grow if
it is properly putt in".

FLOEENCE COMPTON.

ST. MARTIN'S, CANTERBURY

AUTHOE'S PEEFACE.

THEEE are few things in life which give us
more pleasure than the care of a garden ;
from our nursery days, when we took an absorb-
ing interest in growing mustard and cress upon a
piece of flannel, in a saucer of water, or presented
our nurse with radishes as large as walnuts, an-
nouncing with pride that they were the produce
of " our own garden," until our latest years, when
the peace and privacy of a garden are so highly
valued.

To those who have a real fondness for flowers,
what can compare with the constant pleasure of
a garden — always something beautiful to look at,
some fresh interest to watch, some little difficulty
to overcome, something that wants doing, in the
doing of which we forget many little worries, and

viii THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

learn many lessons of patience and perseverance,
often having failures and disappointments, but also
rejoicing in numberless delightful successes.

Now there are many people who wish to make
their garden pretty, but who are very much at a
loss how to begin laying out a new bit of ground,
or improving an old garden which has become
rather a wilderness of weeds.

One often meets people who are ready enough
to admire a beautiful garden, but who remark at
the same time that " they can do nothing "with
their own garden, "the soil is so poor," or "the
situation is so bad". Do not believe them; you
can, with care and patience, make a pleasing
garden in almost any soil or situation.

Look around you at the cottage gardens of
your own village ; some have no attempt at flower
gardens, some have a stiff bed of Geraniums and
annuals, with a few standard Eoses perhaps, while
others are full of carefully tended plants of every
description, Eoses or Vines covering the walls of
the house, tall Hollyhocks grouped in a corner by

AUTHOE'S PKEFACE ix

the door, massive clumps of beautiful white Lilies
(which never seem to grow anywhere else quite
so well as they do in a cottage garden), early
Chrysanthemums, making a bright show of colour
for many weeks in the autumn, and other flowers
too numerous to name.

It depends on the person, not on the place. As
it is with the cottagers, so it may be with you,
" where there's a will there's a way ". If you will
to make a pretty garden, you can do so, whether
your space be measured only by yards, and you
intend to do all the work yourself, or whether it be
a fairly large piece of ground, where you employ
at least one man to do the manual labour, while
the planning and arranging are in your own
hands.

Having had many years' experience of garden-
ing, I hope to be able to help you to some extent
in starting a garden which may be admired by
your friends, and, still better, will be a pleasure to
yourself.

S. R

THE GARDENER'S COMPANION.

GENERAL PLAN OF THE GARDEN.

YOUR garden should be a little world of your own,
representing your own mind, and your own taste ;
made, according as your space and means will
permit, to suit your own special requirements, and
to be a delightful haven of rest at all times and
seasons.

You will want walks of gravel for wet and rainy
days, others of grass for fine weather, and for the
sake of the pretty effects which may be had from
the flowers that border them.

There must be warm corners with seats, shelter-
ing you from the cold and cutting winds in early
spring ; sunny nooks where you can sit and enjoy
the autumn days ; and other delightful spots of
cool shade to protect you from the burning summer

heat.

1

2 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

Now to make these charming corners, you must
plan with care, taking advantage of any rise or
fall in your ground, or of any natural shade or
shelter from surrounding objects. But if you
have no natural features or advantages on your
ground, if it seems to be the most flat and uncom-
promising bit of land possible, you can yet do
much to improve matters.

Possibly it is a new house you are building, and,
if so, you can have the earth that is dug out for
the foundations, placed where you wish to form
your banks of evergreens, or other dividing lines
in your garden ; this will give an immense help to
the appearance for the first few years, when the
newly planted shrubs look so sadly small and in-
adequate.

Then in planning out the arrangement of your
garden, and the paths which are to lead from one
part of it to another, you must use all the ingenuity
possible ; if your garden is square, you must dis-
guise its squareness by constructing blinds and
screens of bushes and small trees, to divide it in
various directions.

If your garden is very long and narrow, you
must construct the lines of your paths and beds so

GENEEAL PLAN OF THE GAEDEN 3

as to give the appearance of breadth, by making
curving lines across the narrow strip.

If your garden is on a very steep slope, I strongly
advise you to make it into terraces, for there is
nothing more disagreeable than to be always climb-
ing up or down very steep paths, and it makes
your garden useless for elderly or invalid people.
The terraces need by no means be stiff, but may
be made any shape that is convenient, one little
garden leading to another, by long easy steps or
by gentle slopes.

If your garden is surrounded with park land,
you will, of course, have great scope for leaving
beautiful views of distant trees, etc., as well as for
making charming bits of garden for special flowers,
or special effects, such as a dell of Ehododendrons
and Azaleas ; or a Eose walk, using all the briars
and hardy climbing roses to grow in rampant pro-
fusion. Wherever your garden melts into the
park land, or the Common, do not be content to
let an ugly iron fence mark the boundary, but
make a ha-ha where such a thing would be suit-
able, or, if you must have a fence, conceal it as far
as you can by plantations.
Whatever is the size or shape of your garden,

4 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

you will need first to think of planting the dividing
lines, and for this purpose banks or hedges of ever-
greens will be needed, such as Yew, Box, Holly, or
Portugal Laurel, which will all, in a few years
time, prove invaluable screens and divisions, and
will thrive in almost any soil.

Pines, Cypress, and Firs of various kinds, I
should advise you to plant as single specimens on
the lawn, or in groups of several together, for mak-
ing dividing lines in your landscape, for in laying
out a garden you must remember not to let every
part be seen at once. Be your garden large or
small, one pretty vista should lead on to another,
each one breaking fresh upon your sight as you
come to it, an opening being left here and there for
a more distant view, where it is possible to obtain
one, but do not let the whole of your garden be
laid bare to the eye, from any one point.

Croquet Lawns, Lawn Tennis Ground. — If you
require a croquet lawn, or grounds for lawn-tennis,
plan what position you will wish them to occupy.

Kitchen -garden Paths. — Arrange open sunny
situations for your Kitchen-garden and Fruit-
garden ; then map out the various paths leading to
them with great care, avoiding any forced curves,

PLANTING THE GAEDEN 5

but let your paths be either straight, or taking easy,
gentle sweeps among the trees and beds.

Nursery Beds. — Above all things, do not forget
to provide for the all-important nursery bed, in
which to grow your seeds, cuttings and young
stock ; this should face north, or north-west, as
nearly all cuttings and seeds will do best if they
are kept from the heat of the sun.

Potting-shed. — Near your nursery should be
the potting-shed, tool-house, etc., and all the little
stores, so dear to the heart of the gardener, of sand,
lime, leaf mould, etc.

Frames. — Your frame, or frames, should also be
close at hand, but these must be in the sun, and
facing south, if possible.

PLANTING THE GARDEN.

Trees. — Trees that will grow to a large size
should not be planted very near the house, but one
or two large trees on, or near, the lawn, are very
desirable, such as a Copper Beech, or a Walnut
Tree, for these trees are, as a rule, free from
caterpillars and insects, and are pleasant to sit
under.

Evergreens. — Banks of evergreens near the

6 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

house are often most useful in screening ugly
corners, or concealing fences, making a green and
cheerful sight, even in mid-winter when other
things look bare and naked. Box and Yew mingle
well together, and grow quickly. Groups of Holly
can be left to grow in their natural forms, or
trimmed into a thick and lasting hedge. Portugal
Laurels make splendid clumps in a few years,
reaching a great height, while the Laurestinus is
beautiful for hedges, but will only thrive where
there is chalk in the soil.

Flower-beds. — The flower-beds should be formed
to fall in with the general idea of your garden, and
may be of any shape, either simple or fantastic,
that happens to fit in with their surroundings, or
with the direction of your paths ; a narrow ribbon
bed twisting in and out among the specimen trees
on the lawn is very pretty, and an excellent shape
for perennials, most of which enjoy having plenty
of air; and you will want large beds of various
shapes such as "bean shape" or "palm shape,"
etc., for the more massive plants and flowering
shrubs.

I do not recommend putting any flowering plants
in the same beds as the evergreens, or at all events

PLANTING THE GAKDEN 7

not with conifers, for the roots of these are always
near the surface, and wide-spreading, absorbing all
the goodness from the ground, and the poor per-
ennials would get starved.

Flowering shrubs of many kinds look well in the
larger beds with perennials, and are of great use in
giving a substantial look to beds and borders be-
tween the more fleeting beauties of the flowering
plants: many of the shrubs, too, although called
deciduous, are objects of great beauty far into the
winter months, and again early in the spring. (Par-
ticulars of various shrubs will be given in a later
chapter.)

Thus with beautiful trees and evergreens to make
your landscape, and with choice deciduous shrubs
for the main features of your garden, you will have
free scope for fancy, or for experiments, when you
come to planting the actual flowers.

Shelter from cold winds, shelter from hot sun,
shelter from the public eye, these are the first re-
quirements of the ideal garden ; then make your
sheltered world as beautiful as you can, allowing
distant views here and there to give the idea of
space ; and providing beautiful forms and lovely
colours near at hand in abundance.

8 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

THE SHRUBBERY.

If a shrubbery forms part of your design, let the
colder northern side be planted to a great extent
with evergreens, Pines, Firs, Cypress, etc., in all
their lovely variety ; the more sunny side being
devoted to groups of Guelder-rose, Berberis,
Spiraeas (the larger growing kinds), Eibes, Cornus,
Brooms, Crataegus, etc., in all their endless varia-
tions of foliage and colour ; and, if your soil will
grow them, of the peat-loving Rhododendrons and
Azaleas.

I have not mentioned Laburnum and Lilac, for
I should always place them well in sight of the
windows, or at all events near the house, for no
English garden would seem complete in May with-
out these lovely flowers. Do not think from what
I have said that I am advising what will lead to
very heavy expense; I am well aware that with
most people the .expense of the garden must be
kept down as much as is possible, and with care
and forethought we can do a great deal without
spending much money.

For instance, if you have a large space which
you wish to fill with trees and shrubs, you should

THE SHRUBBERY 9

select a few choice ones, for which you need not
give more than one shilling and sixpence or two
shillings each, and plant them at such distance
from each other as will be required when they are
full grown, and fill in with a very cheap kind which
will grow quickly, and which can be removed as
required to make room for the good ones ; such as
a few choice (or moderately choice) Firs and Pines
(I will not frighten you by their names), filled in
with Larch, Arborvitae, or Privet, which can be had
for about five shillings a hundred or less.

With deciduous shrubs you may fill in with
Elder, Thorn, Berberis, Bubus, etc. ; choosing
those things that grow most easily on your own soil.

This plan serves the purpose of economy, and
also furnishes a good shelter for your more precious
shrubs while they are growing, each inferior plant
being moved as the better one grows up to it ; so
that in years to come your space will be filled, and
well filled, with good things only.

People are very apt to make the mistake of
planting too closely, which ends in the good plants
spoiling each other, or else entails their being moved
at an advanced age when there is great risk of their
being damaged.

10 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

One can often get very cheap lots of conifers, or
of shrubs, at the sales which are constantly adver-
tised, and these prove very useful where there is
much ground to be covered ; and from the large
nurseries such as Sampson, Kilmarnock, you can
be very reasonably supplied at all times.

TIME FOB PLANTING.

All conifers and evergreens are moved in the late
spring (April) with far less risk of damage, than in
the autumn ; Hollies must not be moved until they
begin to grow, in May. Deciduous shrubs may
be moved any time in the autumn, or early spring,
if the weather is open ; and young trees should be
transplanted when their leaves have finished drop-
ping off

PLANTING THE FLOWER BEDS.
When you come to the interesting moment of
planting your flower beds, you will find that it is
desirable to have one side, or one end, or perhaps
the centre, higher than the rest of the bed, and
this is where the flowering shrubs should find their
place. The choice of these is enormous, but very
puzzling to the novice, so I have given a detailed
list of some of the best in a later chapter.

PLANTING THE FLOWER BEDS 11

Berberis of almost every kind grow easily, and
can hardly be surpassed for beauty of form and
colour. Mahonia, Darwinii and Stenophilla are
some of the lovely yellow flowered ones, the fruit-
ing Berberis, so beautiful in autumn, and last, but
not least, the purple leaved Berberis, which is such
a delight to the eye, and such an enchanting con-
trast to the surrounding green.

Spiraeas should be your next thought. S. airae-
folia, growing twelve feet high, and becoming
one mass of feathery cream flowers in July.
S. opufolia aurea, showing its golden foliage in
early spring. S. thumbergii, which is one of the
first shrubs to put forth its white flowers, followed
by the exquisite light green foliage, which takes
all the colours of the rainbow in autumn. S.
Anthony Waterei, three to four feet high, gives a
magnificent sheet of crimson flowers in July. In-
deed with Spiraeas one can hardly go wrong, for
almost all are both beautiful in foliage and prolific
in bloom.

Brooms are very desirable in making a complete
change of foliage from the other plants. The
Spanish Broom is coarse growing, and only fit for
shrubberies, but the delicate white Portugal Broom

12 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

is a delightful sight in early June, and should be
planted where it has an evergreen background.
The cream-coloured Genista scoparia florealbo, is
low growing and spreading, flowering late in June.
Cytisus nigricans is of delicate and graceful beauty
in July and August. The common yellow Broom,
Cytisus scoparias, and its red variety C. andreana
are good for massing in places which are seen
from a little distance.

If it is a new garden you are laying out, you
must be careful to consider what is likely to grow
well and easily in your particular soil and climate,
and to ascertain this, it is well to look around you
and see what kind of things flourish on your
neighbour's land.

Our British evergreens of Box, Yew and Holly,
are safe to do well in almost any soil, and always
make a good background for flower beds, provided
they are not overdone. Guelder-rose, Elder (cut
leaved and golden), Colutea, the common Berberis,
and Crataegus of various sorts, all start easily on
the poorest of soils ; while on a clay soil or moist
loam you may plant Weigela, Eubus in every
variety, Pyrus, Deutzia, Cornus, and many of the
Spiraeas.

PLANTING THE FLOWEK BEDS 13

Do not forget that even in a small garden you
may find considerable variety of soil, and to take
advantage of this is far better than making the
soil, even if you have the means of such an ex-
pensive proceeding.

If you have to deal with a garden which is al-
ready made, as far as the placing and planting of
trees and shrubs are concerned, your first care
must be to put each new plant in the situation in
which it is most likely to thrive.

We often find people who have got some new
plant putting it at once into some empty space
which they are anxious to fill, without considering
at all what the plant likes, and then they are very
much surprised to find the poor plant in a bad way,
when it was perhaps pining for shade, and had
been put into the hottest place in the garden.
Now such conduct as this is very much to be
avoided if you wish your garden to be a success,
for you may be sure that no success will be so
great as that of getting your plants to grow
happily, and only growing such things as you
can make really thrive in your own particular
garden.

When there is a vacant space in your borders

14 THE GAKDENEE'S COMPANION

which you wish to fill, you should consider first
what would be likely to thrive in that particular
position, and to have a good effect there ; likewise
when you become possessed of a new plant, your
first thought should be to place it where it will have
what is most beneficial to it, in the way of soil,
shade or sun. You may not always be able to find
out the requirements of each plant at first, but if
you study the subject you will soon learn.

Do not make a garden of herbaceous flowers in
a stiff pattern, by planting rows of one sort of
plant ; though of course it is allowable, and often
pretty, to put some one sort of plant as an edg-
ing, such as Pinks, Iceland Poppies, Thrift or
Nasturtiums, but avoid putting several rows, one
behind another, as is done with bedded-out plants.

Arrange your flowers in groups for the main part,
but not in large groups, for this makes such large
bare patches when that particular flower is over ;
but small groups of Oriental Poppies, Delphiniums,
and Lupins at intervals along a straight border, look
very well, and can be replaced in effect by succeed-
ing groups of Campanula grandis, and C. persifolia,
Foxgloves, Scarlet Lychnis, and Phlox, planted
alternately with them, to be followed later by Heli-

PLANTING THE FLOWEK BEDS 15

anthus, Hollyhocks, Michaelmas Daisy, etc., in
great variety.

In planting beds and borders your aim will of
course be to have those beds bright and gay for as
long a season as possible, so I will give you a short
list of those plants which seem to me most indis-
pensable, in the order in which they flower, details
of which plants you will find in a future chapter.

Crocus, Daffodils, Primroses and Polyanthus,
Scillas, S. Brigid Anemones, Tulips, Myosotis,
Silene pendula, Arabis fl. pi., Aubretia, Geums,
Wallflowers, Pansies, Iris, Poppies, both Alpine
and Iceland, and the glorious Oriental Poppies,
Paeonies, Pinks, Lupin, Spiraea, Canterbury Bells,
Aquilegias, Pyrethrum, Delphinium, Antirrhinum,
Sweet William, Campanula persicifolia, C. grandis,
C. carpatica, and C. Pyramidalis, Scarlet Lychnis,
(Enothera, Gladiolas, Gypsophila, Phlox of all
colours, Salvias, Montbretia, Helianthus, Japanese
Anemones, early Chrysanthemums, and Michael-
mas Daisies in abundance.

With a groundwork of these flowers to begin
with, you will have a garden gay from early March
till late November, and, as you go on, countless
other plants will come under your notice, and be

16 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

added to fill up all the vacant spaces in your
borders.

June is, of course, the most lovely month of all in
herbaceous gardens, for then everything seems at
the height of its beauty, nothing gone off, nothing
cut down ; but the careful gardener must prepare
for the sad moment when the first glory of June
is over, when Irises are withered, and Poppies and
Lupins have to be cut down ; and you will do well
to remember to plant next to them, groups of
Delphinium. Spiraea Aruncus, the beautiful Ma-
donna Lilies, etc., to take their place in making
a fine effect from a distance.

Another thing to remember is that your nursery
bed must always be supplying you with plants to
poke into empty spaces as they occur ; many of the
larger plants can be brought on in pots for this
purpose, by which means they will not be checked
by the move.

Seeds of annuals should be sown about the end
of April (or later for succession) in any spaces
where they can grow well. Opium Poppies are
one of the most useful annuals, making a delightful
bit of colour in July.

Dianthus Heddewigi treated as a half-hardy

PLANTING THE FLOWEK BEDS 17

annual is most useful for putting in odd corners,
while patches of Linum grandiflorum, Pharcelia,
Salpiglossis, Godetia, Love-in-a-mist, Eschscholt-
zia, etc., are invaluable as a help in giving colour to
the beds. Dwarf Nasturtiums will form a lovely
edge, taking the place which double Daisies or
Pinks filled in the early summer, Petunias and
Lavatera are delightful in the late summer, also
Delphinium grandiflorum treated as an annual.

There are so many different things to consider in
arranging a garden that it sounds very difficult
when you only read about it, but when you come
to the actual work, experience will soon teach you
what to look out for, and the study of your neigh-
bours' gardens will do much to show you what to
do, and what to avoid doing.

The height, the colour and the time of flower-
ing have to be kept in mind when planting your
beds, and the study of the good catalogues of
herbaceous plants will be found an excellent guide,
as all the best nurserymen give these particulars.

There are two great faults one often sees ; one
is that of having the beds not nearly full enough,
just separate plants at respectful distances from
each other, looking as if they had quarrelled ! and

18 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

leaving ugly patches of earth between them ; where-
as a really pretty bed should be full of plants, small
things nestling in front of larger ones, tall, slight
things towering gracefully above the sturdy ones,
all making one harmonious whole.

The other fault I would warn you against is be-
coming greedy of plants, until your ground is al-
most all given over to the flower beds, only narrow,
grudging room being left for paths or lawn, and
the whole having the effect of a nursery garden.
More than one garden of moderate size have I seen,
where the owner seemed so anxious to possess every-
thing in the way of plants, that all idea of restful-
ness and beauty had entirely departed from that
garden.

Now that it is no longer the fashion to have
gardens exclusively devoted to " bedding out," some
people are apt to consider that a garden may be al-
lowed to grow untidy looking ; now this is a very
grave fault in a garden, and you should always
make a point of having the lawn kept well mown,
and the paths attended to. This latter point is,
perhaps, the most important of all in giving a plea-
sant finished look to your garden ; gravel or cinder
paths must be constantly gone over with a hoe to

SPECIAL TEEATMENT 19

keep down all weeds, and the edges of grass neatly
clipped as often as they require it, for if your paths
are well kept it gives at once a pleasant look of
order and neatness to the whole garden.

In beds of herbaceous flowers a certain degree
of untidiness is allowable, and one often gets pretty
effects from one flower mingling with another, a
strong growing plant, perhaps, supporting a weaker
brother ; but I do not mean by this that you can
neglect the staking and tying up of tall growing
plants in exposed positions ; Lupins, Delphiniums,
Michaelmas Daisies and hosts of others almost
always require very careful tying, and you should
try and remember to do this in good time, before
the Delphiniums have grown "bow-legged " or the
Michaelmas Daisies laid flat down on their next-
door neighbour.

SPECIAL TREATMENT OF CERTAIN FLOWERS.

Bulbs. — Bulbs are often rather a difficulty in the
flower garden, as, if they are planted among the
herbaceous plants they are apt to be forgotten, and
perhaps dug up; or they are overshadowed by
other plants and do not get as much sun as is good
for them in ripening the young bulbs ; so I should

20 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

always advise Daffodils and Crocus having their
own special corners in your garden, where the bare
ground may be ignored later in the year, or perhaps
lightly covered by some annual.

Tulips will look well in some large groups, and
if these are allowed in the borders their place
could be marked by some special spreading plant,
such as double white Arabis, being planted over
them; while clumps of the pretty white Scilla
campanulata might mingle with Veronica rupestris,
or Pansies. Beds of S. Brigid Anemones may
possibly be arranged in a border of the kitchen
garden, side by side with Lilies of the Valley,
where both may be covered, after flowering, with
leaf mould, to keep them cool in the hot sun of July
and August.

Primroses. — Primroses and Polyanthus are so
welcome in March and April that they should cer-
tainly be grown in your garden, but they do not
lend themselves to mix well with other perennial
plants, and should be given special beds, or borders
of their own, where they get a good bit of sun early
in the year, but shade from the heat of the summer.
Primroses do not grow well under trees, but they
are quite happy under bushes, or partly under

SPECIAL TKEATMENT 21

bushes, such as the hazel nut, or broom, and will
grow all the better for the shade thus afforded at
midsummer; Polyanthus are taller and require a
rather more open situation, as they continue to
flower all through May. Both these plants prefer
a clay or loam soil.

Japanese Primroses are handsome, and flower in
June, but these will only do well in a very moist
soil.

There will be more variety in your garden if the
centre of interest is not always in the same spot,
so that it will be no harm to have parts that are
specially beautiful in spring, and other lovely
corners in autumn, while the more central parts of
your garden are devoted to the glory of summer.

Carnations. — Carnations are another of the
flowers which I think look best, and do best, in a
place by themselves. They do not like to be crowded,
as they are one of the plants that really like wind
and air ; an ideal situation for them is the top of
a stone wall, or a steep bank, where they may grow
hanging down, instead of being severely tied up to
little green sticks ; but where there is only a flat
garden to deal with, you may derive great pleasure
from beds of Carnations on the level; I prefer,

22 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

myself, growing them from seed, as these plants
always give such abundance of bloom, and if fresh
good seed is sown in August you will have good
plants to put into beds for next year, and though
there are sure to be some single ones among them
the larger proportion will be double, and will pro-
vide you with sheaves of flowers for gathering in
August when other flowers are scarce. Carnations
like a sandy soil.

Irises. — Irises certainly show themselves off
best where they are massed ; if there is a sunny
border on the outskirts of your shrubbery, German
Irises, in great variety of colour, planted with an
unsparing hand, would look well there, or in front
of the shrubs bordering a carriage drive ; or they
may be grown in a border with tall perennials
behind them ; but they require something behind
them, and do not look their best if they are planted
in beds with no background.

Iris Sibirica orientalis is a variety that looks
very well in the mixed border, as its leaves do not
die down until quite the end of the summer ; it is a
good dark blue in colour, about two feet high. There
is also a lovely white variety, /. S. snow queen.

In a light soil all these Irises grow and increase

SPECIAL TEEATMENT 23

very quickly, the roots can be divided in autumn
to make fresh plants.

There are a number of different species of Irises,
some of which flower very early in the year ; but
the most showy and effective ones for the garden
are certainly the German Iris in all its colours,
including the large blue /. pallida, which is most
beautiful.

The rush Iris with bulbous roots, Spanish Iris
and English Iris are very bright and pretty, suc-
ceeding each other in June ; their place in the
garden should be among the beds of Daffodils and
Narcissus.

The Japanese Irises are extremely beautiful, but
require very special treatment, as they like their
roots very moist, practically in the water, but will
only flower where they have full sun.

Sweet Peas. — Though only an annual, Sweet-
Peas are a very important part of a charming
garden, from their extreme beauty, and also from
the immense quantity of flowers they produce, if
the old blooms are cut off to prevent the plant
wasting its strength in producing seed. They
may be sown in three different ways: (1) in the
open, in early autumn, September or October;

24 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

(2) raised under glass, three or four seeds in a
pot, in January, hardened off in a cold frame, and
planted out in April ; (3) or sown in the open in
February. In any case the preparation must be
the same, deep digging of the trench, and, if pos-
sible, a liberal quantity of manure dug into the
trench; it is well to soak the seeds in paraffin
before planting, to prevent mischief from mice or
slugs. Plant six inches apart in a double alternate
row.

Roses. — I have said nothing at present about
Roses, for I think that Hoses look their best in beds
or groups by themselves, rather than mixed with
other flowers ; either in a border with standards
behind and dwarfs in front, or in a group of beds
on the lawn, with some pillars and chains, and
bush Roses below them ; or on each side of a " Rose-
walk " with arches and climbing roses at intervals.
Most lovely of all to my mind are the Roses that
can, and may, be let to grow rampant over walls
and arches, or against buildings of any sort.

A steep bank covered with the almost evergreen
Wichauriana Roses, with bushes or groups of the
hardy China, or monthly Roses, dotted here and
there among them, is a lovely sight.

SPECIAL TEEATMENT 25

Of the many different kinds of Hybrid per-
petuals, Teas, and Hybrid Teas, I will say nothing,
for everybody has their own ideas as to which Eoses
please them most, and where all are so beautiful,
it is difficult to go far wrong.

Briar Roses. — If possible a place must be found
for Briar Eoses ; Eoses which are a never failing
delight when they are planted in some place where
they can be left to grow in their own rampant
way. Have you not some dell where there would
be shelter from the north and east, which would
make a nice bowling-green, or a small lawn where
you could plant masses of Briar Eoses round two
sides facing south and west ; or perhaps there is a
path through some wild bit of the garden that
might be banked on one side with these lovely
bushes, supported and protected on the colder side
by Portugal Laurels, or other evergreens. If you
can afford space to plant them in either of these
ways, or in any other way that may commend itself
to you, be sure to allow plenty of room for growth.

Begin by planting the beautiful Penzance Sweet
Briars in all their various shades of colour, for
the back row — you can reckon on their growing not
less than ten feet high, and wide in proportion, as

26 THE GAKDENEE'S COMPANION

they are rampant growers, throwing out beautiful
drooping shoots of great length, giving a sheet of
bloom in July, and filling the air with their delici-
ous scent at all times, but especially after a summer
shower. In front of the Penzance Briars you must
have large groups of the brilliant double yellow
Persian Briar, which grows into bushes some five
or six feet high, spreading itself freely by root
suckers, flowering in June.

Austrian Briar with its large single flowers of
scarlet and gold, showy and distinct.

Xanthina, the pale yellow briar with darker
centre, early flowering and very hardy.

The Scotch Briar with its button-like white
roses by the thousand, in May, the fine foliage
turning to such lovely colours in the autumn that
it is worth growing on that account alone.

Calif ornica II. pi. with innumerable "rose de
chine " single flowers in July.

With these you can place groups of the dear old
Pink Monthly Rose, or China Rose, that never fail-
ing friend which gives us its lovely rose-coloured
buds right up to Christmas, and is one of the first
to bloom again in the summer. You may also
have its lovely salmon-pink hybrids,

STEAIGHT BOEDEES AND TEREACES 27

Laurette Messimy and Madame Eugene Resal

and any of the hardy old-world bush Eoses that
you can possibly collect.

Maiden's Blush with its shell-pink flowers, semi-
double and dark blue-green leaves.

Moss Roses of all shades.

Rosa Alpina blooming in May, single bright pink

Rosa Indica of the same colour, late in the sum-
mer, and many others.

If you can give a bit of garden for growing such
Eoses as these I am sure you will be well rewarded,
for you will have a beautiful wealth of flowers for
the whole summer. It will be no use attempting
this sort of Eose-dell or Eose-walk unless you
can give them plenty of space, and an open airy
situation ; this I believe to be of more importance
than a quantity of manure. Let them be well
planted (in November), well pruned back the first
year after planting, and then let them grow as
rampant as they will, only cutting away dead or old
wood, so as to give full play to the young shoots.

STRAIGHT BORDERS AND TERRACES.
Most gardens have some place where a straight
wide border seems to be a necessity, and these can

28 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

be made a wonder of beauty if love and care are
bestowed upon them. If the straight border is
backed by a wall, it is a comparatively easy matter,
for the wall can be covered with such lovely things
as climbing Roses, Clematis, Jasmine, Magnolia,
etc., but I should advise you always to break the
line here and there by tall growing bushes which
enjoy the protection of the wall, and make a pleasant
variety to the look of your border : I mean such
things as Ceanothus, Solanum crispum, Cistus,
Carpentaria, Choisya, Rhus cotinus.

The shrubs should not only be allowed against
the wall, but should be encouraged to come for-
ward almost to the edge of your border at inter-
vals ; for by this means, besides the beauty of a
more graceful variation, by having bushes in your
border, you also get the advantage of shelter for
pet things. Supposing your border faces west, you
would get nice little sideway nooks in comparative
shade for your Aquilegias, Lychnis, or other shade-
loving plants, and charming sunny corners on the
reverse for Canterbury Bells, Poppies, Oxalis, etc.,
which are children of the sun.

Do not put an edging of one flower all the
way along a straight border — there is no greater

STKAIGHT BOEDEES AND TEERACES 29

mistake ; the effect is seen all at once, and is very
monotonous ; whereas, if you have the long broad
border divided, as it were, into bays, there is con-
stant fresh interest at every step.

If your straight border be cut off the edge of
your vegetable garden, it must be treated differ-
ently, for it is not desirable to have any but decidu-
ous plants in such a case, it would be robbing the
vegetables of their full measure of sun. For such
a border as this the back row of plants may con-
sist of the taller growing Michaelmas Daisies,
Helianthus, Delphiniums, Oriental Poppies, etc.,
or it may be made lovely by Clematis, Honeysuckle,
Everlasting Peas, etc., growing over a rough made
" post and rail " sort of fence ; the front rows being
mixed kinds of perennials, or large groups of spring,
summer, and autumn flowering plants.

If it is a terrace border you have to deal with,
which is seen from a distance and from which
the distance is seen, there should be some sort of
stiffness and formality in the arrangement ; it need
not be entirely stiff in design, but certain plants, or
groups of plants at stated intervals, will give a
stately effect, which is often desirable in such a
case. For this purpose some of the evergreens

30 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

or conifers specially lend themselves, being equally
beautiful in form and colour at all times of the
year.

PERGOLAS.

Pergolas are now the fashion, so we see Pergolas
wherever we go ! but too often they are built in so
unsuitable and so obtrusive a position that we
could wish them removed. These arcades can be
made very lovely, but they lose their loveliness if
they have the appearance of being forced or un-
meaning ; they are never suitable, in my opinion,
across a path in the kitchen-garden, for they give
too much shade to be healthy for the vegetables.
They should, if possible, lead to some pretty opening
in the garden, or to some favourite seat. The idea
of a Pergola is to shade one from too much sun ;
but, alas, in England we do not often get too much
sun ; therefore you must be careful not to put your
arcade so that it should spoil your most bright and
sunny walk, making it useless for the colder and
damper seasons of the year. What can be more
unpleasant than to go out soon after a summer
shower, and feel the drip, drip, from roses and vines
falling heavily upon you? I think that a short

KOCKEEIBS 31

distance of arcade is always preferable to, and more
effective than, a long one ; the latter soon becomes
monotonous, and we long to be at the end of it by
the time we are half-way through.

But if it is well placed and not overdone, you
may have truly lovely effects from your arcade of
Roses, Vines, Honeysuckle, Clematis, etc., choosing
your climbers so that some are in beauty as early
as May, while others do not make their display
until September, many of the most showy being
midsummer flowers, so that there may always be
some plants in full effect during the season.

ROCKERIES.

The rock-garden is sometimes placed so as to
appear incongruous with its surroundings. It
is a form of gardening that is delightful for those
who cannot do much hard manual labour them-
selves, but who can weed, and cherish a corner of
rockery, when they have, perhaps, a very small
garden, and only " a man to help " occasionally.

If you are one of those fortunate persons who
have their garden in a land of stone, and of rippling
brooks, you will have but little difficulty in finding
a suitable place for your rockery ; but I strongly

32 THE GAKDENEB'S COMPANION

advise you to begin it in a small way, and let it
grow ; for in the end it will assume a far more
natural appearance than if laid out from the
beginning.

By the side of a little stream would be the
best place for a rockery, if not overhung or over-
shadowed by trees, for rockeries must have full
sunshine for the display of many of the most
effective plants.

You may not, after all, have a stream, but yet
you may possess some low-lying spot where a
small amount of digging would find water, and if
this is in a suitable situation, with some shelter
from the north and east, it would be an ideal spot
for your rockery; the earth that is dug out to
form your pool would help to build a bank for the
rocks on one side, rising in as irregular a way as
possible to your highest level, and well banked in
on the colder side with low-growing shrubs and
bushes.

It is difficult to convey any instructions as to
building a rock-garden. Eemember the first prin-
ciple is to place your rocks so that they may
attract the heat of the sun, but keep the soil be-
hind them cool and moist. The second considera-

TREATMENT OF PERENNIALS 33

tion is to provide some corners on the reverse,
which are sheltered from midday sun, where your
shade- and damp-loving plants can revel in their
coolness ; but bear in mind that these are in the
minority in making a really pleasing rock-garden.
If your rocks can extend into one of those pretty,
roughly made stone walls, where you can have a
" wall-garden," you will have still more scope for
showing a blaze of beauty in the various Dianthuses,
Wallflowers, Campanulas, Helianthemums, etc.

Much depends on the background, and you must
have plenty of green background, if your rock-
work is to be really effective ; with flowering
shrubs and small evergreen shrubs, and with
such a wealth of lovely things as you have to
select from in the nurserymen's catalogues, this
should be no very difficult matter.

LIST I.

PRACTICAL TREATMENT OF THE MOST USEFUL
PERENNIALS.

If you are a beginner in the practical work of
gardening, you will wish to know how to grow
and increase the various groups of plants, although

you may very likely know them well by sight
3

34 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

and by name ; so I will now give you working
directions for those I have recommended you to
start with.

Anemone. — Nearly all Anemones are good, but
the Irish strain, A. coronaria S. Brigida, is most
valuable for making a gay appearance in the garden
from March till June, and also for providing cut
flowers for the house. They are of every imagin-
able colour and form, both single and double, and
have beautiful fern-like foliage; they thrive best
when raised from seed in your own soil. Sow the
seed as soon as ripe (in May or June), prick out
into boxes and keep moist. As soon as large enough
plant them in the open in shade ; they can be moved
into their flowering quarters in the autumn, and
should by that time be good plants with a quantity
of root ; they like a certain amount of chalk in
the soil, and seem to benefit by manure from the
poultry-yard. They flower best in an open sunny
situation, but it is not good for the bulbs to be
too much dried up in the summer, and it is well
to cover them in July with some fresh soil or leaf-
mould. The plants will flower well for several
years, but it is advisable to renew your stock about
every three years.

Japanese Anemone, A. japonica, is quite a dis-

TEEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 35

tinct, tall-growing, autumn-flowering plant, most
valuable in the garden, for when they have become
well established they spread themselves into most
artistic groups, and come in late in August when
other flowers are getting scarce. There are white,
pink, and dark-pink — the former are much the most
effective ; they prefer growing where there is some
shade, and look well against a background of
shrubs ; bits of the running root will grow very
easily if planted late in the autumn.

Antirrhinum. — These can be raised from seed
sown under glass in January, or in the open in
April ; they are perennial, but often get spoilt or
injured by severe frost. The tall kinds are far more
effective in a garden than the dwarf ; dark-red,
white, coral-pink, or yellow, are the most useful
colours; if you have any special pets, they can
be increased by cuttings late in the summer.
Antirrhinum requires a very dry, well-drained
soil.

Aquilegia. — These lovely plants can be raised
easily from seed, and become good flowering plants
in the second year, by sowing fresh seed in the
open in shade, and pricking them out into beds
when large enough. The long-spurred varieties are

36 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

charming, flowering profusely in June ; the old-
fashioned double sorts are also very pretty and
effective in a garden, and flower several weeks
earlier ; the double white and dark-purple are
specially good ; they all prefer some shade and
moisture, growing best in leaf-mould, because these
plants are natives of woods.

Arabis. — The old single white Arabis, or " Snow-
on-the-mountain," is one of the first flowers to
welcome the spring, and a few patches of this
make pleasant company for the Crocus, in March.
Nearly a month later the double variety Arabis
alpina fl. pi. comes into bloom, and here we have
one of the most pleasing and useful of modern im-
provements, for it is a plant of great beauty and
immense vigour. The flowers are on quite long
stalks, and somewhat resemble a spike of small
flowered white Stock; it is excellent for cutting,
and lasts long in water, it continues in bloom for
many weeks ; the plant spreads with extraordinary
rapidity, and a small plant will, in one season, be-
come a patch several feet wide. A bed of this,
with red Primroses next to it, is a beautiful sight ;
or you may plant Daffodils to grow up through the
Arabis. The double variety does not seed, but it

TEEATMENT OF PEKENNIALS 37

is easy to make fresh plants by breaking off pieces,
and planting them in a shady place.

Aubretia. — The pretty low-growing Aubretias
flower about the same time as the last-named
flower ; the mauve and purple shades are prettier
than the red ; the best dark purple is A. Dr. Mules.
You can raise them from seed, but they do not all
come true, so the best way is to increase by layers.
To do this, cover them thinly with earth, when the
best of their flowering is over ; the young shoots
will soon come through, and root themselves, after
which they can be carefully divided from the old
plant, and be put out in a shady corner to grow
into good plants. Aubretias prefer growing on a
rockery, or on a stone wall, as their roots require
lime, and the flowers look their best when hanging
down.

Campanula. — There are so many, and such
different varieties of Campanulas, but those I have
found most useful are C. muralis (or porten-
schlagiana), about six inches high, covered with
lilac flowers in June — grows best on a bank or
rockery ; increased by division.

C.persicifolia, white or blue, will grow anywhere,
but likes shade in which it sows itself freely, and

38 THE GABDENEB'S COMPANION

the young plants give the best spikes of bloom ;
two feet, flowers late in June.

G. grandis, rather like the preceding, but the
flowers are set close to the stem, and it flowers a
little later.

C. carpatica is about nine inches high, blue
or white, grows into large tufts (which can be left
unmolested for years), likes a sunny place, and
flowers in July and August ; it is easily divided.

C. pyramidalis is a very tall species, three to
six feet, blue, or white. It makes lovely effects in
August and September when planted in groups;
the seed should be sown in May and grown on for
the following year. Though it is called perennial,
it generally behaves like a biennial and dies after
flowering, so you should bring up a stock each
year.

C. celtidifolia is good, two feet high, pale-lilac,
flowering in July, and of long continuance.

C. macrautha, blue or white, is a handsome-
looking plant with tall upright spikes of hanging,
bell-shaped flowers, and has the merit of growing
quite well in shade or under trees, but the flowers
last a very short time; it is easily raised from seed,
or it can be divided.

TEEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 39

C. grandiflora (now called Platycodon grandi-
flora) is a very beautiful bulbous root, and a slow
grower, but can be raised from seed, sown as soon
as ripe ; it flowers in August, and lasts a long time.
It has reddish stems with a soft blue bloom on
them, and is a very aristocratic-looking plant ; the
shoots show themselves very late in the spring, and
the place should always be marked before the
flowers die down, to prevent damage when the
beds are forked in the spring. Campanulas like
soft sandstone, or rough sand.

Canterbury Bells. — Campanula medium. These
are biennials, and should be sown in May for the
next year's flowering. Sow in pans or boxes in the
shade, and prick out into the nursery bed, remov-
ing them into their flowering quarters in early
autumn. You can get them in purple, mauve,
white, and, prettiest of all, clear bright pink ; they
look best in groups of from three to seven plants,
or more, together, either in separate colours or
mixed ; the cup and saucer (calycanthema) varieties
are the most showy. In a good soil these plants
will go on flowering if you pick off the blooms as
they fade; they grow best in a chalky soil and

40 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

an open, sunny situation, and should be planted
eighteen inches apart.

Chrysanthemum. — The showy white Ox-eye
Daisies, Chrysanthemum maximum, are well
known to every one, and are useful in a garden,
though one can easily have too much of them. But
there is a beautiful variety with fringed petals (G.
leucanthemum Robinsoni) that is of much more
elegant growth, and an extremely good plant. They
can all be increased by division of the roots, but
they can also be grown easily from seed, and this
is rather a good plan, for they then flower late in
August and September and are doubly welcome.

The early out-of-door varieties of the autumn
Chrysanthemums are well worth growing; you
need not have all the small pom-pom flowered
sorts, for these are apt to be either brickdust red,
magenta, or greenish orange, but the yellow and
white Japanese sorts, and some of the pink, are
lovely, and should be grown in every garden. You
can increase them either by division or cuttings,
taking the new young shoots after the plants have
flowered, and striking them under glass, pot them
separately as soon as they have rooted ; they must
be kept under glass for the winter, or in a cold

TBEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 41

frame, and planted out early in the summer, where
they will get plenty of sun. If you possess a
greenhouse or conservatory, it is nice to grow a
few plants of better, late sorts, treating them in the
same way, only lifting them and putting them into
pots and under shelter as soon as the bad weather
begins ; all Chrysanthemums are very good-natured
about moving, and will put up with it even when
they are in bud.

The single pink and white are good for out-of-
doors, and give a mass of bloom in October; the
white is later than the pink.

Crocus. — I have named these bulbs as some of
the most indispensable for your garden, as their
brilliant colours come to cheer us in February, in
spite of wintry weather, when we have nothing else
in flower. It is well worth while to buy the best
and largest sorts of the gold and the purple, as they
do not deteriorate, but slowly and surely increase,
making a lovely border for some of your beds, and
need not be moved for some years, as other things
can be planted close behind them, or alternate with
them, for later effects.

Daffodils. — No garden would seem complete
without a good supply of Daffodils (or Narcissus, as

42 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

they should be called). The long lists of these bulbs
in the nurserymen's catalogues are enough to alarm
any one, but you will find that for ordinary garden
decoration eight or ten different varieties will keep
you in flowers for several months. I advise the
following : Obvallaris or the Tenby Daffodil, bright
yellow, rather small but very early ; bicolor Hors-
fieldi, early, very large, very free flowering and
most beautiful ; Golden spur, bright yellow, fine
and early ; Incomparabilis cynosure and Incom-
parabilis soleil d'or, I. flore plena (butter and
eggs), /. orange Phoenix (eggs and bacon), Biflorus,
very late flowering; Poeticus (pheasant's eye
Narcissus), Poeticus plenus (gardenia-flowered
Narcissus). With these you will have flowers last-
ing from February till May, and as all those I
have mentioned are cheap, you will be able to plant
them in large quantities. This is far better in
effect than having a great variety of new and ex-
pensive kinds, which can only be had sparingly.
A bed or border full of these spring flowers is a
beautiful sight, or they may be planted in the
grass if you have a convenient place.

The bulbs should be planted in September, five
or six inches deep (less deep if they are in grass),

TKEATMENT OF PEKENNIALS 43

in clumps of eight to twelve bulbs ; after the flower-
ing is over, the leaves should be left to die down,
and must not be cut off. About every third or fourth
year you should dig up each clump, as soon as
the leaves are withering, or they will become too
crowded. Select and replant the largest bulbs, and
put the middle sized and smallest bulbs into the
nursery bed, to grow to maturity. All Narcissi
like an open, sunny situation, and they increase
very quickly in a light, well-drained soil.

Delphinium. — These are, I think, the most beauti-
ful of all our perennial plants ; great clumps of
blue spikes, often growing eight feet high, in every
shade from sky blue to the deepest ultramarine.
They are very easy to raise from seed, and if you
can save some from a good light blue, and some
from a dark blue, you may bring up any number
of plants for the following year. Put the young
plants in a nursery bed for the first season, and
select the best for the flower-garden in the follow-
ing summer. They soon grow into large clumps,
and look their best so; or you may plant several
in a group.

Slugs are a great enemy to the seedling plants,
and they must be carefully guarded against with

44 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

soot and lime. If you sow seed in early spring
under glass, you will have nice young plants com-
ing into flower in August, which prove very useful
in filling in gaps in the borders. D. grandiflorum
is a quite distinct plant, and a very useful one ; this
does not flower in spikes, but is a branching plant
twelve to eighteen inches high, dark blue or white.
Both are very pretty, and come into bloom a little
later than the tall ones, and last a long time ; they
are best treated as annuals, and raised under glass
in February.

D. cardinale is a very beautiful variety with
scarlet flowers on branching stems usually about
three feet high, but I have had them as much as
five feet. It is not a very easily grown plant, as
the slugs are even more fond of it than they are of
the blue ! All Delphiniums should be moved in
early spring, when the shoots are just above ground,
or else immediately after flowering, but not in the
autumn. Delphiniums prefer a deep soil, but not
clay.

Geum. — Geum coccineum is a very useful plant
in the border, as it flowers for the whole summer,
never making a great blaze of colour, but always
providing a nice glint of scarlet. They grow easily

TKEATMENT OF PERENNIALS 45

from seed, but not very quickly. A light soil suits
them.

G. Heldreichii superbum is an orange variety
which is beautiful and very showy, having larger
flowers than the former (nearly as large as a penny),
giving a mass of flowers in May, and some again
in the autumn. It is a good plant for rockeries.

Gladioli — The spring flowering Gladiolus Col-
villei, (" The Bride "), is pretty, and good for cutting,
but the scarlet G. Brenchleyensis is most indispens-
able, flowering in July and August. It is quite
hardy, and the bulbs may be left in the ground for
some years before it is necessary to lift and divide
them ; they look best in masses, with low-growing
flowers for a carpet. The other kinds of Gladioli
are very beautiful, especially G. Childsii, but they
are more delicate, and require to be planted each
spring (April), and the bulbs stored for the winter,
so they are more troublesome to grow, but their
colours are lovely and very various, and can be
procured from one shilling and threepence to two
shillings a dozen.

Gypsophila. — The dwarf variety G. cerastioides,
nine inches high, is a pretty plant for early spring ;
white flowers with a little red about them.

46 THE GAKDENEB'S COMPANION

G. Stevenii is excellent, flowering in June, tall
and good for cutting, with white flowers rather larger
than G. paniculata which follows in July, giving
a charming bush of tiny feathery blossoms. The
double variety, G. paniculata fl. pi., is several weeks
later in flowering, and lasts a very long time ; a
most valuable plant. They can all be divided in
the autumn, the three first-mentioned can also be
raised from seed. Gypsophilas are said to require
chalk, but they seem to grow almost anywhere.

Helianthus. — The perennial Sunflowers are very
good autumn flowers ; I do not advise you to grow
the earliest varieties, for you can have better
flowers still blowing in August ; but H. multiflorus
maximus and the double flowered variety of the
same, with H . rigidus, are delightful in September
and October for the back row of herbaceous borders,
growing from four to six feet high, their golden
flowers mixing well with the tall Michaelmas
Daisies and Pyrethrum uliginosum. They grow
quickly, and can be speedily increased by division.
Any soil will suit them.

Iris. — What should we do without this most
lovely and most easily cultivated of flowers ; so
delightful in form, and so diverse in colour. The

TEEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 47

German Iris and its varieties look their best when
grown in masses, or in a long border, perhaps
bordering a shrubbery, with their leaves falling in
graceful curves to meet the grass walk. They
thrive in rather a light soil, and must have plenty
of sun ; they grow quickly, and can be increased
by division in the autumn, but moving always
checks their flowering for the next year or so. All
the colours are beautiful, but the variety Dalmatica
(Pallida) is the largest and most beautiful of all.

The bulbous Iris, " Spanish," flowering in June,
followed by the "English," have rush-like leaves,
and are beautiful in soils that suit them; they
should be planted in August or September, and
not moved unless of necessity.

Iris Sibirica orientalis (sanguined) is a lovely
dark -blue variety for growing in the border among
other plants, also its white variety " Snow Queen ".

The Japanese Irises are quite a different shaped
flower, their petals spreading out flat like a large
clematis. They can be had in splendid variety of
colour, and are quite lovely, but require special
treatment ; roots in bog, and flowers in full sun.

Lupin. — Here are plants that require to be seen
in large quantities to show themselves off. Lupinus

48 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

polyphyUus, in its various colours of lilac, blue,
white, is beautiful in a mass, the tall spikes reach-
ing up to five or six feet high ; or small groups
at intervals down a long border, coming in with
the middle-time Iris and the Oriental Poppies,
make a grand display of colour. Care must be taken
to stake these plants in good time, for they grow very
quickly, and the effect is quite spoilt if their spikes
do not go straight up.

The Tree Lupins (Lupinus arboreus} are also
very beautiful plants ; the yellow variety I have
seen in bushes seven feet high, and wide in propor-
tion ; the white one, " Snow Queen," does not grow
quite so high, but spreads itself in width with great
rapidity. It looks best where it can be allowed to
grow as it likes, and not tied up, for it then forms
dense bushes of elegant light-green foliage, which,
however, are smothered in pure white blooms for
quite six or eight weeks in the spring. It is very
sweet scented, and excellent for cutting, altogether
a charming plant. It is sometimes cut by severe
frost, but grows again very quickly. All Lupins
can be raised very easily and quickly from seed ;
they like a light soil, and plenty of sun.

Lychnis. — Good groups of Lychnis are most

TEEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 49

useful in a garden, especially L. chalcedonica with
its flat heads of scarlet flowers, coming in with the
Delphiniums and Spireeas in July. L. Haageana
follows next in various shades of red and pink,
growing from twelve to eighteen inches high, while
L. coronaria is a very different looking plant with
white woolly leaves and a branching head of
crimson flowers in August, about eighteen inches
high. The ordinary form is rather too magenta in
colour, but there is a dark-red variety, L.C. atro-
sanguinea, which is excellent. L. viscaria is again
quite another sort of plant, spikes of rose-pink
flowers coming out of tufts of grass-like foliage in
the early part of June. All these are plants of
great effect in their different ways, but they require
a damp soil and some shade to show themselves at
their best. They can very easily be raised from seed,
but slugs have a terrible fondness for L. Haageana.
Michaelmas Daisies — Asters, as they are properly
called, are surely the most varied and delightful of
all our late-flowering plants; the early dwarf
varieties such as A. alpinus beginning in July; A.
acris and A. amellus come in with their charming
mauve and lilac flowers at the end of August,
followed by the Novce Anglice, and other tall

50 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

varieties. They are so numerous that it is hard to
select the most charming, but you should choose
one or two good mauve and purple ones, with a red
one or two, and be sure to have plenty of the
lovely white varieties. A. ericoides, A. Esme, A.
vimineus perfectus, are all very beautiful, with
large feathery sprays of small white flowers. All
the Asters grow quickly and can be increased by
division in late autumn, or they can be raised from
seed, but are not certain to come true ; they prefer
moist soil.

Montbretias. — These are valuable from their
time of flowering, late in August and September,
but they are sometimes rather troublesome and
capricious things to grow. They like a certain
amount of moisture, and even shade, but, on the
other hand, they flower most abundantly in a rather
light soil. Some people advise replanting the
corms every year, but I have found them do best
if only disturbed and replanted about every fourth
year ; they grow and increase quickly in places
where they make themselves at home. As the
leaves do not appear until rather late in the spring,
you must take care that they are not overlooked or
smothered.

TREATMENT OF PERENNIALS 51

Myosotis. — I consider the " Forget-me-not " is
one of the indispensable flowers in a garden, for
even if we do not want it for a little bit of " spring
bedding " in some corner near the house, we could
not do without its lovely sky-blue colour in the
border in May. Groups of M . dissitiflora, " Star of
Love," contrasting with cushions of the lovely pink
Silene pendula, making our beds look bright and
lively before the wealth of summer flowers begin.
It should be raised from seed sown in May or June,
for flowering the following spring, or pieces of the
old plants may be broken off, and these soon make
roots for themselves if put into a moist shady
corner of your nursery bed to grow.

(Enothera — or Evening Primrose — is of delicate
beauty, the variety (E. Lamarckiana is by far the
most showy in a garden, as it grows to a height of
six or seven feet and lasts in bloom for two
months, beginning late in July, the primrose-
yellow flowers opening day by day in great abund-
ance. It is a biennial, but as it always sows itself,
you have no further trouble when it is once estab-
lished in a bed, care being taken in the spring to
leave only those plants that are wanted.

(E. Fraseri is a very good perennial sort growing

52 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

about eighteen inches high, with bright yellow
flowers and red tinted buds. The white (E. speci-
osum is good, eighteen inches high, with creeping
roots, and (E. taraxacifolia has a large white flower,
the plant trailing on the ground with somewhat
weedy-looking, flabby leaves ; but it is very sweet
scented, and worth growing.

Paeony. — There are two very distinct kinds of
Paeony, the Tree Paeony, P. montan, and the Herb-
aceous Paeony. The former are magnificent
plants, unfolding their beautiful leaves as early
as April, and giving a shower of enormous
blooms in May or early June ; they live for a very
long time when once established. I am well
acquainted with one that is at least thirty-seven
years old, and is still giving a mass of enormous
rose-pink flowers every spring. They are con-
sidered rather tender, but I have not found them
so ; a west aspect probably suits them best, so that
their early budding in April may not be injured by
the spring frosts.

The Herbaceous Paeonies come in later, during
June and July ; they are all very beautiful plants,
but the double varieties last longer in flower than
the single. They look very well in mixed borders,

TEEATMENT OF PEBENNIALS 53

but like rich soil, and if you mean to go in for
choice sorts, they are better put in a border specially
devoted to them, where they can have plenty of
manure, and be divided and replanted when they
show signs of having exhausted the soil, about
every five or six years.

The old-fashioned cottage garden Paeony, P.
officinalis, is to my mind the really nice one for
garden borders ; it is not so fastidious, or so greedy,
and gives one flowers in plenty every year ; there
are several shades of pink and red.

The time to move Paeonies is late August, or
early September, and they can be increased by
dividing them ; they can also be grown from seed,
but require about five years to become flowering
plants. The Tree Paeony can be increased by cut-
tings, or by layering them. The foliage of all
paeonies takes beautiful colours in the autumn, and
is very decorative, either in the garden or with cut
flowers.

Phlox. — Herbaceous Phloxes are certainly one of
the most valuable plants for the garden, giving us
grand masses of brilliant colour in July, August
and September; they are very easily grown, and
though they prefer a good soil, and a moist soil,

54 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

they can be persuaded to do very kindly in a poor
one, by giving them some manure when they are
first planted, and watering them in very dry
weather. The right time for moving them is in the
autumn, but they are very good-natured in this re-
spect, and with care they can be moved at any
time, even when they are in bud, without suffering
any check.

When they are throwing up shoots in the spring,
these should be carefully thinned, and if you want
very fine blooms, only quite a few shoots should
be left, but for garden effect it is not necessary to
thin them quite so much.

There are two very distinct varieties, those that
flower early in July, called P. sujfruticosa, and the
rather later ones, which are, as a rule, more showy
and more robust, P. decussata. As to the names,
every nurseryman seems to have his own distinct
list, and there are such quantities that it is puzzling
for a beginner. I advise you not to have too great
a variety, but rather to have a fair number of each
colour, in about a dozen different sorts, choosing
a few from the early flowering ones, but most
from the " decussata " section. " Coquelicot " and
" George Stohlein" are splendid scarlets, " Fraulein

TEEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 55

G. von Lassberg," an enormous pure white, very
robust, " Gruppenkonigen " and " Pantheon,"
salmon and rose, with white eye, both very
beautiful; but, no doubt, you will soon make
favourites of your own, from what you see at
exhibitions, or in your friends' gardens.

Good plants of Phlox need not be disturbed for
four or five years, but when they begin to show
signs of growing bare in the centre, or send up a
quantity of weedy shoots, they should be taken up,
and the outer bits replanted in fresh soil, the old
bits thrown away.

Besides this division of root, they can be easily
increased by taking some of the spring shoots as
cuttings, when they are a few inches high; and
also by stem cuttings, taken as soon as they
have flowered, and put in shade in the open.

The low-growing Phlox canadensis and Phlox
setacea which flower in April, May and June,
are pretty carpeting plants, or useful on a rockery.

Pinks — Dianthusplwrnarius. — A good supply of
garden Pinks is absolutely essential ; they are among
the sweetest and best of flowers for cutting. The
large double white " Mrs. Sinkins " is very strong
growing, and free flowering ; the dear old pink sort

56 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

with crimson centre, " Anne Boleyn," and the
white with brown centre, " Painted Lady," are all
beautiful. The mule Pinks, Dianthus hybridus,
both pink and crimson, are very strong growers,
and a large plant of these gives a grand blaze of
colour in June. All Pinks are easily increased by
breaking off pieces of the old plants in August, or
in early spring, and planting them in the shade
until they are well rooted. " Mrs. Sinkins " makes
a beautiful edge to a bed on the lawn, for even
when the flowers are over the grey foliage is a
striking and pretty contrast to the green of the
grass.

There are endless beautiful Pinks (Dianthus)
besides the few I have mentioned, and any kinds
are acceptable in the garden, especially on rock- or
wall-gardens.

Poppies — Papaver. — First in importance, as well
as in size, comes P. orientate bracteatum ; blood-
red in colour, on stiff stems four feet high or more ;
it is a magnificent sight to see a plant with thirty
or forty blossoms of dazzling red, each as large as
a breakfast plate. A very quick-growing plant ;
if you sow fresh seed the young plants will flower
the following year, and in two or three years

TKEATMENT OF PEKENNIALS 57

become large clumps ; they root very deeply, and
are not easy to move after the first year. The
varieties of the P. orientalis are now numerous,
and some of them are lovely shades of pink and
red, but beware of getting any but the clear colours,
some are muddy and dirty looking.

P. nudicaule, or the Iceland Poppy, I place
next in importance, for it continues in flower from
early June to the end of the summer. This plant
makes a delightful edging to a bed, and seems to
thrive in almost any position ; the orange variety
is the most effective in a garden, but the yellow
and white are also charming. It is rather touchy
about being moved, and care should be taken to
do this in damp weather, and with young plants
only ; it is quickly and easily raised from seed,
and sows itself freely in most soils.

The lovely little P. alpinum must not be for-
gotten ; it is only about six inches high, with very
pretty glaucous foliage growing in nice compact
tufts, with either orange, pink, or white flowers,
rather smaller than P. nudicaule. It blooms pro-
fusely for two or three months, and is quite hardy,
but it sometimes suffers in the winter from the
frost lifting the roots out of the ground, and for

58 THE GAEDENER'S COMPANION

this reason it is most at home on rock-gardens, but
with care it can be grown on the flat, and is very
easily raised from seed.

P. pilosum is another valuable border plant,
with grey-green leaves, branching stems about
eighteen inches high, and flowers of a lovely
apricot colour three or four inches across. Its
flowers are apt to fall after midday, but there is
a fresh supply every morning for many weeks.
When the plant begins to look untidy it should be
cut down, and will soon send up new shoots and
look fresh again ; this also should be raised from
seed.

For the sake of the unlearned, perhaps I may
be excused for mentioning here the Welsh Poppy,
which is really not a Papaver but Meconopsis
cambrica. It is a charming, sturdy-growing plant,
throwing up masses of clear yellow flowers early
in May and continuing in bloom for many weeks.
It will grow in complete shade under bushes and
shrubs (as well as in sunny places) and sows itself
freely, making pretty effects in peeping out from
dark corners, and is invaluable in a north border ;
there is a newer double variety of an orange
colour.

TKEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 59

One more plant I must speak of as a Poppy,
though the catalogues will call it Glaucium, but
the Horn Poppy gives us such beautiful colour
and form in its glaucous blue foliage, and yellow
flowers, that it is a great help in our borders, as is
also the variety Q. flavum tricolor, with its orange-
scarlet flowers. These you should raise from seed
each year, sowing early to make good plants.

Primrose and Polyanthus. — Whatever the size
of your garden, I would advise you to find a corner
for these delightful spring flowers. Primroses,
Primula acaulis, or vulgaris, begin to flower in
March ; you may either use them as an edging for
beds, and move them to other quarters when they
have done flowering, or you may give them a
corner to themselves, where they can be left in
peace during their untidy season, but in this case
it must be a corner where they will get shade from
the midsummer sun. The blue Primroses are most
prolific bloomers, and make a pretty border, but
there is a lilac one which is still prettier, and is
charming in the house, for it keeps a beautiful
colour by lamplight. The double varieties are
good, but more difficult to cultivate in most soils.

A bed of many-coloured Primroses raised from

60 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

seed is charming, but care should be taken to weed
out the muddy, uncertain colours, keeping only the
clear ones.

Polyanthuses (Primula elatior) are easily raised
from seed also, sown fresh when ripe, and provide
magnificent bunches of flowers, especially the
white and yellow varieties. They begin to flower at
the end of March, and continue for two months or
more ; they prefer a 'clay soil. There are numerous
other hardy Primulas worth growing. P. denti-
culata has large round heads of pale-lilac flowers,
and handsome foliage. P. japonica has crimson
or white flowers in whorls ; fine and showy, bloom-
ing in June, but will only grow well where its roQts
are kept moist.

The special sorts of Primroses that you wish to
preserve can be increased by division of the roots
when the flowering season is over ; indeed the old
plants will die off in a year or two, unless they are
divided and replanted every second or third year.

Pyrethrums (Pyrethrum roseum) .are most ait-
tractive plants, and can be grown from seed in one
season. If the seedlings are started under glass, they
will flower a little late in the summer, and will be
good plants the following year. The - fern-lik$

TKEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 61

foliage is pretty all the year, and they give a pro-
fusion of flowers which last in beauty for a long
time, beginning early in June. You can procure
seed of either single or double varieties ; both are
beautiful flowers, and can be had in white, buff,
and every shade of pink and red. The double
flowers last rather longer than the single ; they are
all very useful as cut flowers.

Pyrethrums do not move very kindly as full
grown plants ; the best time is immediately after
flowering, but it is far better to bring them up
from seed, and put out the young plants where you
want' them ; they grow best in a cool moist soil.

Pyrethrum uliginosum is quite a distinct plant,
growing four to six feet high, in habit like a
Michaelmas Daisy, with branching heads of large,
white, daisy-like flowers. It is qne of the best and
most indispensable of our autumn flowering plants,
beautiful. in the garden, or as a cut flower, and
shoul/kbe largely grqwn. The flowering season is
a long one, beginning in September; the plant
grows quickly, and can be increased by division of
the roots in autumn.

Salvia. — This is a large class of plants which
are hardly as much grown as they deserve to be.

62 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

Most people know the half-hardy S. patens with
the lovely gentian-blue flowers, and if you have a
greenhouse this is quite worth the trouble of
growing, either raising it each year from seed sown
in January, or lifting and storing the dahlia-like
roots in autumn, keeping them in a boxful of dry
earth or sand in the cellar. S. ringens is quite
hardy, and has spikes two and a half feet high
with large blue and white flowers in late August
or September ; a good plant, as is also S. pratensis.
S. splendens is another half-hardy sort that must
be raised under glass in January. It has scarlet
flowers, grows about eighteen inches high, and is
very showy and beautiful ; the variety S. splendens,
" Star of Zurich," is very early, flowering in July,
the others come in a month later. These are greedy
plants, and like as much manure and as rich a soil
as you can give them ; they grow very quickly as
seedling plants. You must be careful to prick them
out into pots, and later into larger pots, seeing that
they never get checked or starved. Last, but not
least, I must mention S. Grahami, a delightful
plant. It should be put in the hottest and most
sunny place in your garden, and if given a little
help in the way of protection, such as cinders over

TKEATMENT OF PEKENNIALS 63

its roots, in winter, it will prove quite hardy, and
grow into a bush three or four feet high, or still
higher if against a wall, and will flower for the
whole summer and autumn, the blossoms being of
a lovely soft red colour. Cuttings of this plant are
easily struck any time in the summer, and a few
young plants should always be kept in stock, in
case of extra hard frost killing your old favourites.

Scilla. — The little blue Scilla sibirica is so lovely
that it is hard to resist getting a good supply of the
bulbs to gladden our eyes in the early days of the
spring ; they look delicious in the grass if there is
some little corner of lawn which need not be mown
until their leaves have died down. Their relations,
the Chionodoxa lucillce, are also very pretty, rather
larger, rather later, and a little less brilliant, than
the former ; they are a good blue, with white centre,
and look very well as an edging to a bed of Daffodils.

Scilla campanulata is the most useful in our
borders, the white variety being specially beautiful.
In form like large, fringed, glorified blue-bells, they
should be planted in clumps of about twelve bulbs,
raised and divided every few years, as they increase
rapidly. They flower in May.

Spiraea. — Of the herbaceous Spiraeas, the most

64 THE GAKDENER'S COMPANION

important in point of effect is S. aruncus. It has
very beautiful large foliage, and throws up erect
spikes of creamy flowers in June, which grow about
four or five feet high. A large plant of this with
twenty or thirty feather-like blooms is a fine sight,
contrasting well with the blue Delphiniums. It
looks best when seen against a background of
shrubs or evergreens, the dark colour showing off the
stately white plumes ; it grows fairly quickly, and
can be increased by dividing the roots in autumn.

S. idmaria is a garden edition of the pretty wild
Meadow Sweet, and is worth growing where you
can give it a damp situation, in which it delights.

S.filipendida is also an indigenous plant and very
pretty. It has low-growing fern-like foliage, from
which rise many ivory-coloured flowers with reddish
buds on stems eighteen inches high ; they are in
large sprays, and last in beauty for a long time. A
very pretty plant in our borders, for the leaves are
ornamental, even when the flowers are over. It is
easily raised from seed.

One more that I would specially recommend is
S. palmata ; bold foliage, ending in beautiful sprays
of carmine-coloured flowers, growing three to four
feet high. A very handsome-looking plant, but one

TREATMENT OF PERENNIALS 65

that must have fairly moist soil to do well; it
flowers in July, and can be increased by division
of the roots in autumn. Of the many beautiful
shrubby Spiraeas I shall speak elsewhere.

Sweet William — Dianthus barbatus. — You may
think this is rather too common a plant to put in
a list of the "most desirable," but its very homeli-
ness makes it seem like an old friend when we
meet with it in our gardens, and now that it is
grown in such lovely colours, it makes a beautiful
bit of brightness when we see a group of from
three to a dozen plants, according to the available
space. To my mind the plain colours are both the
prettiest and the most effective, especially the dark-
red (not magenta) and the newer lovely shades of
salmon-pink, which vary from pale-pink to almost
scarlet. The seed should be sown in June to make
good plants for the following year, and it is advis-
able to bring up fresh plants about every two years,
as some of the old ones are sure to die off, and some
to get straggling and untidy. Sweet Williams will
grow in any soil, and last in bloom for several weeks.

Tulips. — The bright colours of Tulips are always
so cheering in May that one could hardly do without

a few of them. Either the double Tulips or the
5

66 THE GABDENEB'S COMPANION

Parrot Tulips are most lasting in effect, and a few
groups of them among our herbaceous plants
are a great help and addition to the garden in early
spring ; the foliage also is pretty. They can be left
to die off, and the bulbs allowed to remain in the
ground when other flowers take their place in June.

Veronicas. — There are such a large number of
Veronicas that it is sometimes difficult to dis-
tinguish them, but those I have found most hardy,
and most effective, are V. rupestris, a creeping
plant, giving a sheet of brilliant blue flowers in
early spring, spreading very quickly.

V. spicata, which grows about eighteen inches
high, with spikes of violet-blue flowers in July.
Both of these can be very easily increased by
dividing the roots in autumn.

V. Hendersoni is far the most handsome Veron-
ica that I know. A strong-growing robust plant,
quite two and a half feet high, bearing large branch-
ing spikes of rich violet flowers in August. It is
quite hardy ; prefers a moist soil with some shade ;
this can be propagated by cuttings which strike
very easily, if taken just as the flowers are fading.

Violas. — No flower is more welcome than the
Violet, and even if we do not go in for growing

TKEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 67

Violets in frames, we can all have and enjoy borders
or beds of them. In good rich soil they grow and
prosper with hardly any care, and give showers of
bloom, but in hot or poor soils this is not the case,
and you must take a good deal of trouble with
them if you want to get plenty of bloom. As soon
as they have done flowering in April you must take
up the roots, cut off all runners, and divide the
roots into separate crowns, planting them in a cool
shady place with a good depth of the best soil you
have, as Violets root very deeply. At the end of
August they should be again moved into a sunny
place where they can blow during the autumn, and
again more lavishly in the spring.

V. tricolor is the Pansy, an invaluable plant for
the garden. You can have Pansies in flower almost
the whole year ; they grow easily in almost any soil,
and move without difficulty at any age. You can
sow seed early in the year for summer flowering,
and again in the autumn for spring beds, or, if
you have special favourites, they are easily struck
from cuttings, tearing the young shoots off the old
stem. If the old plants have become straggling, cut
them right back, and you will soon have plenty of
new shoots which you can take as cuttings. Pansies

68 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

will not go on doing well in the same place for more
than a few years, as the ground gets " Pansy-
sick,' ' and a fresh position must be found for them.

There is a fashion now in preference for the
"Tufted Pansies," but I do not think they are
nearly so pleasing.

Viola cornuta is a very good plant, bearing
masses of rather slender mauve flowers in June and
July, spreading very quickly, and covering the
ground thickly. Do not keep very old plants of this,
as they get untidy-looking; you will always find
plenty of seedlings round the old ones in the
autumn, as the seed-pods scatter their seeds in
bursting when ripe.

Wallflowers — Gheiranthus. — " Gilly flowers "
are such early bloomers, and so sweet, that it
would be a great loss of pleasure for our gardens
to be without them. Although they are perennials,
they are rather apt to die off in some soils, or to get
very untidy-looking as old plants, so it is advisable
to bring some up from seed each year. They
should be sown in May, and planted out in August
or September for spring flowering, or sown under
glass in January for summer flowering. The single
kinds are best for beds, or borders, but the tall
double-rocket varieties, which flower later, are

TKEATMENT OF PEEENNIALS 69

beautiful for the mixed border, in small groups,
among the other plants ; many of them growing
as high as twenty- four inches.

The list I have given of herbaceous plants may
seem a very short one, but if you provide yourself
with these, or most of them, to start your garden
with, you will certainly have a very gay garden for
many months, and it will be an easy matter to
add hundreds of others if you choose, selecting
from nurserymen's catalogues, or collecting ideas
from your friends and neighbours, or you may
like to try some of those which I recommend for
your consideration in my second list below. I
strongly advise you to buy any plants you may re-
quire from one of the many first-rate herbaceous
nurseries ; you do not have to pay more, and you
are sure of getting the right thing, properly named.
If you happen to live in Kent you may safely
trust either Messrs. Clark, Dover, or George
Bunyard, Maidstone, to supply you with good
things. The same remark applies to seeds, but
this is a more difficult matter, as there are compara-
tively few seedsmen who offer seeds of many of the
herbaceous plants. I have always got mine from
Messrs. Thompson and Morgan, Ipswich, and
found them highly satisfactory.

LIST II.

GOOD HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF SECONDARY IM-
PORTANCE.

Achillea — A. ptarmica " The Pearl " — is a good
variety, two feet high; small, button-like double
white flowers in large heads, in August.

Alstromeria — or " Peruvian Lily " — is a beautiful
bulbous plant, with large heads of yellow or pink-
ish flowers. A. peruviana is one of the prettiest ;
they are not quite easy to establish. If bulbs are
procured they must be planted very deep, ten to
twelve inches, but the best way is to procure fresh
seed, sow them in a large pot, about one inch deep,
and transplant into the open ground as soon as they
are a few inches high, protecting them with cinders
for the first winter ; they root very deeply and re-
quire rich, well-drained loam.

Anchusa. — This is one of the fashionable plants
of the moment, at least A. italica (Dropmore
variety) is. It is a beautiful bright blue flower, in
(70)

GOOD HERBACEOUS PLANTS 71

the nature of borage, four feet high, very effective
in large groups among shrubs, or plants of large
growth ; will grow in any common soil.

Bergamot. — Monarda didyma. — A nice old-
fashioned plant with red, nettle-like flowers. It
grows about two feet high and spreads easily in
rather a moist soil ; the roots are near the surface,
and will not bear scorching sun.

Bush Clematis. — The white - flowered bush
Clematis (C. recta fl. pi.) is a charming plant, and
well worth a place in your beds; the blue 0.
Davidiana and its hybrids are somewhat disap-
pointing, as they are not plants of much effect.
All Clematises require chalk or lime in the soil.

Candytuft — Iberis. — Useful hardy plants, six to
nine inches high, with white flowers ; /. semper-
virens is a good variety. They will grow in poor
soil and sunny situations.

Centaureas. — Most of these are coarse-growing
plants with thistle-like flowers in various colours,
only fit for use in the rougher parts of the garden,
but G. ruthenica is tall, growing four to five feet
high, has very light pretty foliage, and curious
straw-coloured flowers in July. Centaureas prefer
calcareous soil.

72 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

Christmas Roses — Helleborus. — These charming
white flowers are in bloom early in January, or
sometimes earlier, and are well worth growing, but
they increase slowly. When once established, they
should not be disturbed, as they go on for many
years. They are quite hardy, but if protected by a
hand-light as the buds appear, you will get better
and cleaner flowers; they like a damp or clay
soil.

Cistus — Helianthemum. — Charming little wiry
plants giving masses of bloom in every shade of
white, pink, and yellow, in June. They like a
sunny dry bank, or rockery. You will often find
them put among " shrubs " in the nurserymen's
catalogues ; they must be grown in chalky soil to
make good effect.

Crane's Bill — Geranium. — Very useful and pretty
plant, with blue, pink, white, or purple flowers,
and graceful foliage turning nice shades of red in
autumn ; they will grow in any soil or position, and
flower for a long time.

Crown Imperial — Fritillaria imperialis. — Very
handsome bulbous plants, flowering in early spring,
growing three feet high, with a sort of crown of
leaves, having pendant flowers below them, either

GOOD HEEBACEOUS PLANTS 73

pink or yellow ; they root deeply and require good
loamy soil.

Day Lily — Hemerocallis. — Free-flowering plant
with Iris-like foliage. H.flava is very sweet scented,
with yellow flowers in May and June ; increases
rapidly in a dry soil. H. aurantiaca is a fine orange
variety, flowering rather later.

Desmodium penduliflorum. — A very valuable
plant for the autumn, with pea-shaped flowers in
long elegant sprays of a red-purple colour ; prefers
a rich soil.

Dictamnus Fraxinella. — A very handsome plant,
three feet high, with bold sturdy foliage, and up-
right spikes of red and white flowers which last a
long time ; there is also a variety with white
flowers. It is sometimes called " the burning bush,"
for the flower stem and calyx are possessed of aro-
matic oil, and if a lighted match is held to it, while
in flower or immediately after flowering, the whole
spray is for a moment enveloped in a sheet of
flame. It can be increased by root cuttings, or
from seed, but is very slow growing, and dislikes
being moved ; preferring poor soil, and a sunny
position.

Double Daisies — Bellis. — These are very easily

74 THE GABDENEK'S COMPANION

raised from seed, and the old plants can be divided
into any number of fresh ones ; they are very use-
ful for spring borders and edgings.

Dielytra — Dicentra, — An excellent old-fashioned
plant with graceful foliage, and heart-shaped
flowers of coral-red and white ; about one foot high,
flowering in April. Light rich soil and partial
shade.

Erigerons. — All the Erigerons are useful, daisy-
like flowers, very free blooming. E. speciosum
is much the most showy — mauve with golden eye.
It flowers in June, and if cut down immediately
after flowering, will give a second crop in the
autumn, equal to the first. Increased by division
or seed ; grows well in any common soil.

Eschscholtzia — or " Californian Poppy " as it is
sometimes called — is a most useful and ornamental
biennial. The old colour was brilliant yellow, but
now you can get the charming E. mandarin, bril-
liant orange, and E. carmine king, a bright and
beautiful crimson. They thrive in poor soil, and full
sun, and are very easily grown. When once estab-
lished will always reproduce themselves on the
same spot, and go on flowering the whole summer ;
a poor dry soil seems to suit them best.

GOOD HEEBACEOUS PLANTS 75

Epimediums. — These are plants which are useful
for their pretty evergreen foliage, on wire-like
stems, growing about nine inches high. The roots
are spreading, but not very quickly. The flowers are
inconspicuous ; they grow well in cool peaty soils.

Eryngium. — These are the plants of which Sea
Holly, E. maritimum, is one variety. E. Oliveri-
anum is the handsomest, three feet high, with
beautiful blue thistle-like flowers and stems. The
roots spread quickly, and grow easily in light warm
soil.

Foxgloves — Digitalis. — The pink and white fox-
gloves are excellent flowers for borders; a well-
grown group of these is a fine sight for many
weeks. They are easily raised from seed, but take
two years to grow into good flowering plants; a
loamy soil suits them.

Funkias or Plantain Lilies — are very handsome
plants ; the foliage large and effective, flowers rather
like the Anthericums; they grow well in moist,
half -shady positions.

Gaillardia. — Very showy August flowers, for
sunny situations ; red and yellow in various com-
binations. The dwarf variety, G. grandiflora com-
pacta, is the best one to grow, as the taller ones

76 THE GAKDENEB'S COMPANION

fall about, and are untidy-looking plants ; they like
rich soil, but are apt to die off in a very damp one.

Gentians. — Nothing is more lovely than a group
or border of the lovely dark-blue G. acaulis in the
very early spring ; it is only four or five inches high,
but has very large flowers. The Gentians grow
best in damp, loamy soil, but must have full
sunshine.

Gillenia trifoliata. — A very pretty " aristocratic-
looking" plant, sometimes classed with Spiraeas;
two feet high, producing in July sprays of very
light-looking white flowers, with red calyx and
stems ; will grow in any well-drained soil.

Globe Thistles— Echinops— Tall and effective
plants for the outskirts of the garden. E. ritro is
a good blue variety, and E. nivus is white; will
grow in the most arid dry places.

Golden Rod — Solidago. — I do not think these
deserve a place in the garden, but they may be
useful for filling in rough places in the background,
with their large sprays of yellow flowers in the
autumn; almost any soil will suit them.

Heaths — Erica. — All the heaths are pretty, but
most of them require peaty soil to do well. The
two most hardy kinds are E. carnea, which is

GOOD HEEBACEOUS PLANTS 77

dwarf, and E. Mediterranea, which grows into
a large bush.

Helleniums. — These are yellow, or yellowish
daisy-like flowers, one or two feet high, flowering in
July and August. They are not favourites of mine,
as they are not very pretty, and they give an
autumnal colouring to the garden before one need
have it, but they thrive easily in any common
soil.

Heuchera. — This is the genus of the well-known
" London Pride " ; slender stems of flowers, grow-
ing out of tufts of foliage. H. sanguinium is a
lovely coral-red flower, and keeps in bloom for a
very long time. They like moist soil, and a sunny
situation; the roots should be divided and re-
planted every year.

Hollyhocks — Althea. — These handsome tall
spikes of flowers are best raised from seed in your
own soil. They are greedy of good feeding, and may
be given any amount of manure. They should
always be planted in groups, and look their best
with a wall behind them, or in a corner by a
doorway; if possible they should be sown where
required and not transplanted.

Incarvillea Delavayi. — A very handsome plant,

78 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

two feet high, bearing heads of large rose-coloured
flowers ; it requires rich soil to grow well.

Jacob's Ladder — Polemonium. — Eather a pretty
plant, with light grey-blue flowers in June, about
eighteen inches high ; very easily grown. P.
Richardsonii is the best variety.

Libertia grandiflora. — A plant with rush-like
leaves. When well grown it bears a quantity of
white flowers early in June, and has an exceedingly
good effect ; it is quite hardy in a light dry soil.

Lily : Madonna Lily. — Lilium candidum is the
well-known white lily of cottage gardens. No one
seems able to say what suits this lily, for it appears
to do best in one way here, and another way there,
so the only thing is to try for yourself, as it is well
worth an effort.

Tiger Lily — Lilium tigrinum. — Orange-coloured,
drooping flowers, with dark spots, and recurved
petals ; is quite hardy, and easily grown in good soil.

Orange Lily. — Lilium croceum is the most
hardy, and the most effective lily for use in the
borders ; it has heads of up-standing orange flowers
in July, growing about three feet high. The bulbs
should be planted in a good large group ; prefers a
light soil.

GOOD HEEBACEOUS PLANTS 79

Turk's Cap Lily — Lilium chalcedonicum. — A
pretty and hardy little lily, with rather small
scarlet flowers.

S. Bruno's Lily — Anthericum liliastrum. — A
charming plant, with spikes of white flowers in
May or June, about eighteen inches high. There
are several varieties of Anthericum, all pretty and
quite hardy, growing best in a sandy soil.

Linums. — The most useful of the perennial
linums is L. arboreum, one foot high ; a continuous
bloomer with yellow flowers ; it likes chalky soil.

Mulleins — Verbascum. — Plants with thick, flan-
nel-like leaves growing in a rosette, which throw up
a tall spike of flowers ; most of them are yellow,
and have a handsome effect from a little distance.
Raised from seed (biennials) will grow well in the
poorest and driest places.

Oxalis floribunda. — A charming plant with tre-
foil leaves and rose-coloured flowers in great
abundance, about twelve inches high. Should be
put in a warm sunny place, and it will then begin
flowering in June and continue till the frost comes ;
warm dry soils suit it best.

Pentstemons. — Handsome and useful plants,
which can be had in great variety ; the best way

80 THE GABDENEE'S COMPANION

of making use of them for a garden is to bring up
some from seed every year. P. Hartwegii will give
you a choice of lovely reds and pinks ; they will
flower in August and September, and in a well-
drained soil they are hardy. P. heterophyllus is a
lovely sky-blue variety.

Plumbago lapentae. — This hardy Plumbago
should be grown in every garden. The flowers are
of a clear bright blue, and the foliage tipped with
red ; it only grows nine to twelve inches high, but
spreads very quickly, and as it does not begin to
flower until September, it is most valuable as an
autumn plant, and should be placed near the house
in a sunny situation ; it prefers a warm dry soil.

Potentillas. — Strawberry - shaped leaves, and
flowers in all shades of red and yellow ; very pretty
and effective in a clay or loam soil, but they will not
do well in a very light soil ; they are easily raised
from seed.

Rhazya orientalis. — This does not seem to be a
well-known plant, but it is a very pretty one, with
erect sprays of small light-blue flowers in pro-
fusion, about eighteen inches high, remaining in
beauty for a long time, increased by division of
roots ; grows well in a light soil.

GOOD HERBACEOUS PLANTS 81

Rudbeckias. — Yellow Daisy-shaped flowers.
R. californica flowers in August and September,
eighteen inches high, golden flowers, dark centre ;
its roots grow very near the surface, so it easily
suffers from drought, but is very hardy. R. lacin-
atus and R. lacinatus, " Golden Glow," are both
about six feet high ; a rich bright yellow, and very
effective and handsome, coming in at the same time
as the tall Michaelmas Daisies ; they are not par-
ticular as to soil so long as they are not allowed to
get parched.

Scabiosa Caucasica is a useful perennial, with
large mauve flowers late in the summer, nearly two
and a half feet high ; chalky soil.

Sea Lavender — Statice. — Wiry flowers almost
like Everlastings. S. latifolia is a coarse-growing
plant, with large branching heads of lavender
flowers in August. 8. incarna is a dwarf variety,
with darker coloured flowers in June ; a sandy soil
suits them best.

Solomon's Seal — Polygonatum. — This graceful
plant grows best in moist places, where there is
plenty of shade and loamy soil.

Spiderworts — Tradescantia. — Rush-leaved plants

with pretty blue or purple flowers, eighteen inches
6

82 THE GABDENEB'S COMPANION

high ; very easily grown, and increasing quickly, in
light rich soil.

Thalictrums. — These are plants with ornamental
foliage and heads of fluffy flowers ; very pretty and
effective in the borders. T. aquilegicefolium is the
prettiest, with white flowers ; it grows three feet
high. T. adiantifolium, one foot high, is good for
cutting, and grows well on rockeries.

Thrifts — Armeria. — Tufts of grass-like foliage,
with pink, white or rose-coloured flowers about
nine inches high ; they delight -in dry sandy soil,
flowering abundantly in early summer; a good
plant for edges of beds. A. Laucheana is a good
bright-coloured variety.

Thermopsis caroliniana has flowers like an
erect Laburnum, about two feet high. It is pretty
but difficult to control, as the roots spread about ;
it flowers in May and June ; will grow easily in
any loamy soil.

Tritoma or Kniphofia.— The plant familiarly
known as " red-hot-poker ". There are a great
number of different varieties, but all are very
similar ; tuberous roots, which should be planted
in good large groups. As they flower in September
they are especially useful ; a light soil suits them,

FILLING IN BOBDEKS 83

with a good dressing of manure and leaf-mould in
the autumn.

Trolliuses. — These are like large double butter-
cups ; very pretty plants in early summer, about
one foot high. They are sometimes called " globe
flower " from their round shape ; there is a pretty
orange variety called T. " orange globe ". Trollius
can be raised from seed, if it is sown as soon as it
is ripe ; will thrive almost anywhere.

Winter Cherry — Physalis. — A favourite plant
with some people, who keep the curious red bladder-
like calyx for winter decoration. P. Bunyardi is a
large and beautiful variety ; they require fairly rich
soil, and a warm situation to flower them well.

FILLING IN BORDERS.

Herbaceous borders are not, like the bedding out,
done "once for all" in a season; but the careful
gardener who wishes to keep up the beauty and
interest of his beds, is always " poking in " fresh
plants, as the earlier ones die off, and have to be
cut down ; so I will now try and give you a few
hints as to suitable plants to bring up for " filling
in " your gaps.

The first serious gaps are always made by the

84 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

beautiful Oriental Poppies, as the leaves of these
die right down, leaving large patches of bare earth ;
these of course are unsightly, so something must
be done to cover them. If you are prepared
beforehand with some Campanula pyramidalis
in pots, or early flowering Chrysanthemums, or
Michaelmas Daisies, these would be excellent to
plant as near as possible to the roots of the Poppy,
and would 'at once prevent any look of bareness.
Again with Lupins, it is a very good plan to sow,
early in April, a good sprinkling of Opium Poppies
round them ; they will be just growing into nice
plants as the Lupins are over, and their beautiful
colours are a welcome help to the garden in July,
when there is apt to be a paucity of red and pink
flowers.

Indian Pinks (Dianthus Heddewigi) are excellent
for filling in small spaces in front of the borders ;
they move easily, and can be raised under glass
early in spring, or jn the open if sown in April or
May. Their colours are lovely, and in a moist soil
they grow into nice sturdy little bushy plants,
and can be put out in groups of three, or more,
together. D. H. " Vesuvius " is a 'beautiful sca'rlet
variety.

FILLING IN BOEDEES 85

Petunias. — Petunias are other low-growing
plants,. which come in well in the late summer ; they
prefer a moist soil, but plenty of sun. The single
kinds are best for growing out of doors ; the dark
velvety purple are most beautiful.

Sunflowers. — Annual Sunflowers are handsome,
and can be very well used among the taller plants.
They grow very quickly and need not be sown until
June, and should be pricked out into pots, if you
intend to use them for filling in the borders, as they
require very careful transplanting.

Mallow — Lavatera. — Mallows, and their cousin
Lavatera trimestris, are perhaps the most useful
of all flowers for making our beds gay in August
and September ; especially the latter, for it can be
sown, in the open in June, and the young plants
move very readily, if well watered, and can be used
to cover patches of bare earth where bulbs have
died down. They will grow into fine branching
plants more than two feet high, bearing an immense
number of flowers for many weeks ; the pink variety
is a^ lovely clear colour. They last long in water
as cut flowers.

Asters. — Asters (Callistephus) are very import-
ant flowers for our late summer gardening ; they

86 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

can be had in such splendid variety of colour, in such
different degrees of height, and can be brought
into bloom at such a wide distance of time, that
we should indeed feel lost without them. A border
of Asters in our kitchen-garden is a joy to behold,
and also to cut from ; but besides this you will do
well to have groups of Asters among your mixed
flowers. Especially are the single Asters (C.
sinensis) suitable for this, as they grow into fine
branching plants, bearing a quantity of flowers of
equal size and beauty ; they can be had in lovely
clear shades of mauve and pink, and also in white.
There are so many kinds of Asters to select from that
it is puzzling for a beginner, but I advise you to have
some "Victoria Asters," some "Ostrich Plume,"
especially the salmon-pink, and some Paeony-
flowered ; and do not leave out " Vick's late white,"
which are very large, with delightful long stalks,
and come into bloom long after any others, about
the end of September or October.

Asters must be liberally treated if you want
them at their best, and if you mean to use them
for filling in borders you should prick them out of
their seed-pan into large deep boxes of really good
soil, at some distance apart, and let them grow there

FILLING IN BORDERS 87

into good plants ; they will then move easily, with
a good ball of earth to their roots, whenever you
are ready for them, even if they are almost in
flower.

Perennials treated as Annuals. — Another good
plan for keeping yourself supplied with plants to
" poke in " to the vacant places in your borders,
is to bring up young plants of perennials so that
they will flower late, such as Delphiniums sown
in the early spring, under glass, and brought on
without a check ; these will give you some nice
spikes of bloom late in the summer, and will prove
very valuable. Treated in the same way Delphinium
grandiflorum is invaluable, as it goes on flowering
for many weeks, and can be had in white as well as
blue ; the height is about eighteen inches.

Ox - eye Daisies. — Chrysanthemum maximum.
The large white Ox-eye Daisies can also be had in
bloom in September by the same means.

Pentstemons. — Pentstemons may be treated in
the same way, and make a beautiful show in a
good soil. P. Hartwegii is the best variety to get.

Antirrhinums. — Antirrhinums are good and
showy plants ; if sown in early spring, they will
go on flowering right into winter.

88 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

Pansies. — These plants are invaluable, for one
can have them in almost any colour, and move
them, or bring up young plants, at any time of
year; raising them from seed, or from cuttings,
taking the young side shoots off a plant that has
been cut down after flowering, or these same side
shoots may be rooted before they are removed
from the old plant, by pegging them down, and
sprinkling soil over the plant; in this way they
will be rooted and ready to move in a few
weeks.

Salvias. — "Salvia splendens (scarlet), and S.
patens (blue), can both be treated as annuals if sown
under glass in February, and are invaluable for
effect, until the frost comes.

Victoria Lobelia — Lobelia fulgens, with its dark-
red leaves and scarlet or crimson flowers in spikes,
will also blow from seed sown the same year ; it is
a charming plant, but difficult to keep through the
winter, as it is apt to damp off.

TRANSPLANTING.

I must remind you, while we are on the subject
of transplanting, that everything depends on doing
this at a suitable moment, and if you can seize the

ANNUALS 89

opportunity of moving your plants after a good
heavy shower, when the ground is moist all round
them, and the air is moist above them, you will have
the best chance of seeing your new arrivals look none
the worse for their removal ; but if from the dry-
ness of the season this is impossible, then you must
do the best you can by moving them in the evening,
so that they have the comparative coolness of the
night to recover in, and of course you must give
them a good watering as soon as they are planted.
Never neglect to give the plants, of whatever
kind, a thorough soaking before you attempt to
take them out of their pots or boxes.

ANNUALS.

There are a certain number of hardy annuals
which are very useful if sown in patches among
herbaceous plants, as well as those I have mentioned
which can be transplanted.

Alonsoa. — A most useful plant with scarlet
flowers in spikes, beginning in August, and con-
tinuing until they are cut down by the frost.
Alonsoa Warscewiczi is the most beautiful, grow-
ing two feet high ; they should be thinned to at
least eight inches apart. This plant is really a

90 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

perennial, but not hardy, and is most useful if
sown as I have suggested.

Godetias. — Charming flowers, and very effective,
but they will not move, and must be sown where
you want them to bloom. The colours vary from
white up to dazzling crimson, and the texture
of the flowers is very shining and bright. Each
plant should be given plenty of room, at least ten
inches apart, as, if they are crowded, the flowering
season is short, from the plants being poor and
starved ; but if you have a good group of plants,
each ten or twelve inches from the other, they will
soon fill up the space, and present a blaze of flowers
for some weeks ; they grow from one to two feet
high, according to the kind selected. There is a
double variety, G. Schamini fl. pi., which is distinct
and pretty, pale salmon-pink, and grows two feet
high in rich soil.

Larkspur. — Branching Larkspur (Delphinium
consolida) is a beautiful plant, growing three feet
high, flowering in August, and lasting a long
time. The young plants should be thinned to eight
or ten inches apart, and a large patch of this is very
showy and pretty in the dark-blue variety, or in the
newer scarlet which is really a brilliant salmon-

ANNUALS 91

rose colour. The " Eocket Larkspur " (D. ajacis),
is pretty, but not so tall or so effective.

Linums. — Linum grandiflorum is one of our
best annuals ; brilliant carmine in colour, about one
foot high. The seedlings should be thinned out to
several inches apart, and they will then grow out
well, and give a beautiful bit of colour for many
weeks. The seed should be soaked in water for
an hour or two before sowing ; this makes it rather
like a jelly, but if some dry sand is mixed with it
you can handle it more easily.

Love - in - a - Mist. — The old-fashioned flower
"Love-in-a-mist," Nigella damascena, is always
welcome, its clear bright sky-blue colour being so
valuable among other plants ; the variety " Miss
Jekyll " is the prettiest. It can be sown in autumn
for June flowering, or in April for the later
summer, and when once it is established you will
not easily lose it, for it sows itself very readily.
Do not let the plants be thicker than six inches
apart ; they will transplant when young if they are
carefully handled and watered.

Mignonette. — You ought not to be without some
patches of Mignonette (Reseda odorata), but it is
not one of the most easy annuals to grow, for in

92 THE GABDENER'S COMPANION

some seasons it seems as if it would not come up.
It likes to be sown on very firm ground, and when
you have put the seed in, you had better walk on
it ! I do not think that the " giant " varieties are
nearly so pretty or so sweet as the ordinary sort.

Nasturtiums. — Tropceolum. — Nasturtiums are
delightful ; so good-natured, so fresh and clean-look-
ing, and their big seeds so easy to sow just where
you want them ; they hardly ever disappoint or fail
you. Sown in May they will flower in July and
August. They look very well used as a border for
a bed, or, if you have some earlier flower, such as
Pinks for your border, it is nice to poke in some
Nasturtium seeds just between, and behind the
plants, for they will come in just as the Pinks are
over, and keep a bright look for some time; of
course I am speaking of the dwarf varieties T.
nanum. They look very well in mixed colours and
shades, or, if you prefer, you can keep to one colour
for one bed ; the crimson colour called " Koseum "
is good, and so is the dark "Empress of India".
The tall varieties, T. majus, are often very useful
as climbers.

Nemophila. — Nemophila insignis is another old-
fashioned annual that is pleasing from associations,

ANNUALS 93

as well as from its pretty sky-blue colour. It is
very low-growing, and flowers in June if sown in
April, or it can be sown later for succession; thin
the plants to five or six inches apart.

Pharcelia. — Pharcelid campanularia is a cousin,
or at all events some relation, of the last-named
annual, and very valuable from its brilliant gentian-
blue flowers in July ; plants should be four or five
inches apart.

Portulaccas — Portulaccas are most interesting
little plants, with tiny fleshy leaves spreading over
the ground like a carpet ; the flowers are like small
single roses, in every possible shade of red, pink,
crimson, yellow and white, with quantities of
yellow stamens. Portulaccas only open in the sun
and like the hardest, driest and most sunny situa-
tion that you can give them. A border of these
flowers on a sunny morning is a beautiful thing ;
but if the summer should prove wet and cloudy,
your Portulaccas will not make any show. There
is a double variety, but they are not nearly so pretty
or effective ; they transplant easily, and should be
thinned out to leave six inches between them.

Salpiglossis. — In Salpiglossis sinuata you have
one of the choicest of annuals. There is no other

94 THE GAEDENER'S COMPANION

flower, I think, in which you can find such infinite
variety of colours, and colours which it is so im-
possible so describe, for they are so shaded, so shot,
and so beautifully marked and veined with gold, that
one cannot define them, but every one will agree that
they are truly beautiful, and are at the same time
perfectly easy to cultivate. The old-fashioned way
was to sow them under glass and bring them up
in pots to be put out in the borders, but any one
who has tried, will, I am sure, agree with me that
you get far better and stronger plants by sowing
them in the open in May or early June, and trans-
plant them if you wish ; but to my mind they are
never so beautiful as when they are seen in a large
mass together, if you can find a nice corner to give
them, facing west if possible, so that the setting sun
lights up their beautiful colours. They grow two
feet high, but do not branch widely, so the plants
may be left pretty close together, and should be
supported by short bits of pea-sticks stuck among
them. Like most other annuals they enjoy rich soil,
and will well repay trouble in attending to them.

Salvia horminum. — The annual Salvia hor-
minum, variety "Blue Beard," is an easily grown
plant reaching twelve to eighteen inches high, each

PLANTS FOR CARPETING 95

spike and side spike ending in bright purple bracts,
which make it extremely effective ; it lasts practi-
cally the whole summer, and sows itself lavishly.
It is a plant that seems equally happy in shade or
in sun, and has no troublesome prejudices as to
soil ; the young plants will move easily. Four or
five plants are enough to make a good patch of
colour, as each plant branches out to a considerable
size.

There are, of course, hundreds of other hardy
annuals, many of which are favourites with other
people, but I have given you a list of those which
I have found most useful and most effective.

PLANTS FOB CAEPETING.

If your garden is somewhat large and rambling
you will be sure to have some rather hopeless-look-
ing corners, which are perhaps too shady for most
plants, or too much exposed to cold winds, or
maybe they are overhung by trees, or it has proved
an exceptionally poor bit of soil, in some way or
other ; so it will be well to tell you of a few plants
which you can rely on for carpeting such a corner,
and hiding all its deficiencies.

Periwinkle. — The small Periwinkle (Vinca

96 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

minor) is a perfectly hardy evergreen plant, which
spreads very quickly, and will grow under trees or
shrubs, entirely covering the ground ; it has pretty
violet-blue flowers in May. There is a white-
flowered variety also, but the best is V. minor
variegata, which has white and green foliage, and
blue flowers.

S. John's-wort. — Another evergreen plant that
will grow anywhere, either in shade or sun, is
S. John's-wort (Hypericum calycinum). Its large
yellow flowers are too well known to need descrip-
tion, but it is as well liked as it is well known, and
deservedly so, for it comes to our aid in covering
the most unpromising banks and corners, making
them look furnished and comfortable the whole
year round.

Speedwell.— The little bright blue Speedwell
(Veronica rupestris) is a very fast-growing plant,
and is not particular as to soil, seeming rather to
prefer that which is poor and stony ; it will make
itself at home anywhere. Its cheerful royal-blue
flowers appear in June ; the foliage remains green
all the year.

Alkanet. — Another blue flower is Anchusa sem-
pervirens, our indigenous " Evergreen Alkanet ".

PLANTS FOE CAKPETING 97

It is an excellent plant for filling in rough and cold
places; it is a sturdy thick-leaved plant growing
about eighteen inches high, bearing quantities of
starry blue flowers, a beautiful shade of blue, like
a large Forget-me-not. It spreads very quickly, and
a few plants will soon fill a large space, and when
once it is well established the appearance is excel-
lent, for it is a handsome plant and not at all
" weedy " looking.

Valerian. — The well-known Valerian (Cent-
ranthus') is a grand plant for massing in odd corners
and crannies, for it will grow in the poorest of soil,
or indeed where there is no soil, as it is quite at home
on brick, and even on flint, walls, but yet will
thrive also where it is in almost complete shade
under trees. The red and the white varieties are
much more beautiful than the pink ; the two former
make lovely effects of colour if left to group them-
selves. It grows readily from seed, and the young
plants flower the first year ; you will find masses of
self-sown plants round the old ones every autumn.

Arabis. — The double white Arabis is another
plant that will spread with extraordinary rapidity.
It does not appear to be at all fussy as to soil, but

I fancy it is at its best in a light one, and situated
7

98 THE GABDENEB'S COMPANION

where it has a fair share of sun ; it then presents
a sheet of white blossom in April and May, standing
about nine or twelve inches high. The foliage is of
a greyish colour, and lasts through the year.

Aubretias. — Closely allied to the Arabis are the
Aubretias, and though they do not spread with any-
thing like the rapidity of the former, they increase
fairly quickly, especially in light soils, and on
chalky or rocky banks ; a few good plants make a
beautiful show and keep in flower for a long time.
" Dr. Mules " is a beautiful dark purple variety,
and makes a charming contrast to the more com-
monly seen pale mauve.

Wichuriana Rose. — An entirely different sort of
carpet plant is theBose " Wichuriana," a plant that
seems as easily grown as it is possible to imagine,
and is quite happy trailing over the ground, making
shoots twelve feet long, or more, in one season.
You can train these long shoots to go any way you
please, and within two or three years of planting
they will have rooted themselves, and be sending
out fresh branches on their own account, covering
an enormous space, and throwing up sprays of
single white Boses with yellow stamens in August.
The scent of the flowers is perfectly delicious ; the

PLANTS FOE CAEPETING 99

foliage is small and very shining, almost evergreen.
Cuttings of this Eose are very easily struck.

Cyclamen. — Again another kind of plant is the
hardy Cyclamen ; one peculiarity of this bulb is that
it will thrive under Beech trees, which very few
other plants will do. The best variety is G. nea-
politanum, which has rose-coloured flowers in the
autumn, the flowers being succeeded by the large
handsome leaves which make a magnificent carpet
for the ground; the only difficulty about these
bulbs is their price, for they cost from three to five
shillings a dozen.

Aconites. — Winter Aconites (Eranthus hyemalis)
are charming little plants which must not be for-
gotten. They will grow and flourish under any trees,
or in the open, their yellow buttercup-like blos-
soms pushing up even through frost and snow
in January; they are very cheap, and spread
quickly.

There are many other plants which will suggest
themselves, as you gain experience in gardening ;
but there is one which I should like to warn you
against, and that is Polygonum cuspidatum. Be
careful how you introduce this into your garden,
for it becomes a perfect pest ; the roots go down so

100 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

deeply that it is impossible to get rid of it when
once you have got it.

PLANTS UNDER TREES.

The difficulty with overhanging trees is that the
ground underneath is generally very dry, as no dew
falls on it, and at other times it is beaten down
hard after rain by the heavy drops falling from the
leaves and branches. However, the triumph of
gardening, as in every other art, is to overcome
difficulties, so if you cannot do away with any beds
or borders that have become overshadowed by
trees, you must do the best you can to make them
look furnished.

The shrubs that I have found most easily grown
under these conditions are Rosa rugosa, Spiraea
sorbifolia, Snowberry (Symphoricarpus), Deutzia
crenatafl. pi., Butcher's Broom (Rvuscus aculeatus),
and Alexandrian Laurel (Ruscus racemosus), but
the two last are very slow growing.

The common "Male Fern" from the woods is
always beautiful, and will grow under almost any
conditions ; while for flowering plants I would
recommend Campanula persicifolia, C. grandis,
C. macrantha, Foxgloves. Hepatica, and the little

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS 101

Welsh Poppy (Meconopsis cambrica) are valuable
in the foreground ; Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum)
is quite happy in the deepest shade ; many of the
Michaelmas Daisies, Herbaceous Phlox, Rudbeckia
californica, and Pceonia ojficinalis, will all do mod-
erately well, and the old-fashioned double Colum-
bine (Aquilegia vulgaris) thrives and flowers well.
Do not make the mistake of planting bulbs of
Daffodils, Narcissus, etc., under trees, or in com-
plete shade ; they may live but they will not flower,
and will only end in disappointing you. Snowdrops
will do well, and so will Scilla campanulata, also
Anemone apennina, and A. blanda. Honesty
(Lunaria) will grow under most trees, but to my
mind it is an untidy, weedy-looking plant, and its
absence is better than its company in the garden.

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS.

There are a very large number of climbing
plants which are suitable for growing up the walls
of a house, and many others which, though not
strictly speaking "climbing plants," are glad of
the protection of a wall in our climate, and will
produce lovely effects if they have this support.

Among the most easily grown and most effective,
of these climbers I must place Virginian Creeper

102 THE GAEDENER'S COMPANION

(Ampelopsis quinquefolia). The old-fashioned
large-leaved Virginian Creeper, which grows fast, is
not at all particular about aspect, and turns most
glorious colours in autumn, with the lovely young
shoots hanging about in such artistic fashion.
Still more valuable is the small-leaved Ampelopsis
Veitchii, which has that delightful quality of attach-
ing itself to the wall, without requiring nails or
wires. It prefers a south or west aspect, but when
once it is happily established it grows with great
rapidity, and one plant will soon cover an enormous
space.

Cotoneaster horizontalis. — An evergreen with
small white flowers in spring, and crimson berries
in the autumn.

Pyracantha Laelandi. — With white flowers in
clusters in spring, and orange-scarlet berries in
autumn ; evergreen.

Cydonia japonica. — Is often spoken of as " Pyrus
japonica ". A charming plant which is equally
happy on a south or a north wall, and gives a
blaze of scarlet flowers in early spring; there is
also a variety with white flowers and pink buds.

Magnolia grandiflora. — With massive evergreen
leaves, and gigantic white flowers.

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS 103

Magnolia conspicua. — Deciduous, with an end-
less profusion of white flowers in early spring.

Wistaria sinensis — Deciduous ; covered in June
with trailing bunches of mauve flowers, which are
succeeded by the pretty acacia-like leaves.

Berberis Darwinii. — This is a very beautiful shrub
which appreciates the protection of a wall, and pro-
duces a fine effect, with its shining dark foliage
and masses of orange-coloured flowers in June.

Forsythia suspensa. — Has drooping yellow
flowers in early spring, succeeded by handsome
bright-green foliage; it should be kept well cut
back after flowering.

Jasminium midiflorum — This also bears its
yellow blossoms before the leaves, and is very
valuable in making a display of cheerful colour in
the first months of the year.

Jasminium officinale is the well-known sweet
white Jasmine.

Jasminium revolutum. — A delightful Jasmine,
with large yellow flowers, and evergreen leaves.

Honeysuckle — Lonicera. — There are many
varieties of Honeysuckle, and they are all pretty ;
the golden-leaved variety, L. aurea reticulata, is
specially good as a climber.

104 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

Clematis — C. montana, has lovely wreaths of
medium-sized white flowers in June; one of our
best and most rampant-growing climbing plants.

(7. flammula, and, a little later, C. paniculata,
are both charming autumn-flowering varieties, with
masses of tiny white flowers with very sweet scent.

C. JacJcmani has large purple flowers in
summer. There are numberless other beautiful
large-flowered varieties, in every shade of colour,
details of which you will find in any nurseryman's
catalogue. All Clematis require chalk in the soil.

Vines — Vitis. — All the vines are very beautiful
as climbers ; but they are, I think, more suitable
for pergolas and arches than for walls. The purple
Vine, V. purpurea, is lovely, but very slow growing ;
F. Cognetice is somewhat massive and heavy, but
F. Thomsoni is extremely light and pretty.

Roses — I have left it to the last to mention
Eoses, for they are to be had in such endless
beauty and variety that it is hard to choose, and
harder still to advise; but Aimte Vibert, with its
evergreen foliage and large clusters of double
white Eoses, and pink buds, is delightful on the
walls of your house, with its pretty flowers peeping
in at your window.

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS 105

" Macartney." — Another evergreen Rose, with
brilliant dark foliage, and large single white flowers
with showy golden stamens.

Gloire de Dijon, and Madame Berard, if you
want a sturdy quick-growing rose for a north or
east aspect.

W. A. Richardson, Madame Abel Chatenay,
Papa Gontier or Comtesse de Nadaillac, if you
like a Eose that flowers for almost the whole
summer.

Select from one of the good catalogues, or go
and look for yourself what Eoses flourish in your
own neighbourhood.

One word of warning I must give you ; do not
put a Crimson Eambler against a wall, it prefers
growing in the open, over an arch, or on a pillar ;
and I think the same is true of nearly all the
Eambler style of Eoses ; but the Teas, and Hybrid-
teas, delight in the protection of a wall.

All the plants I have mentioned are perfectly
hardy ; but if you are one of those persons who
live in a specially mild part of England, or in a
particularly favourable situation, there are hundreds
of lovely things that you may safely plant in
addition ; such as —

106 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

Solatium Jasminoides, which will soon cover a
house with its bunches of white flowers in August.

Ceanothus. — Ceanothus " Gloire de Versailles,"
which is evergreen, and has heads of fluffy blue
flowers in late summer. There are also many other
beautiful varieties, such as C. brilliant and G.
rigidus, the latter being a spring bloomer, in April
and May.

Bignonia carpreolata has beautiful scarlet
flowers of trumpet shape in September, or B. radi-
cans, which is more hardy, and flowers rather
earlier.

Cistus Laudernifernus is a beautiful plant,
commonly known as " Gum Cistus," and bears
innumerable white flowers with a crimson blotch
in each petal.

Escalonia macrantha. — An evergreen with
beautiful shining leaves, and rose-coloured flowers
of a trumpet shape, in great profusion, looking as
if they were made of wax, and continuing all
the summer.

Indigofera floribunda, with pretty finely divided
foliage, and pink pea-shaped flowers in autumn.

Passion Flower — Passiflora, with its beautiful
mauve flowers, and orange fruit.

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS 107

These, and such as these, are plants of never-
failing interest and beauty, making our houses
into veritable fairy palaces.

CLIMBING PLANTS FOB FENCES AND ARCHES.

Nasturtium — Tropceolum majus. — This well-
known annual can be had in all shades of red and
yellow, and is very showy and effective in the late
summer.

Canary Flower — Tropceolum peregrinum, has
numerous bright yellow flowers, and pretty light
foliage ; a hardy annual.

Flame Flower — Tropceolum speciosum. — A most
lovely perennial, but will only grow in favoured
localities; it is a rampant climber in Scotland,
North Wales, and many parts of the West of Eng-
land. A plant that requires a thoroughly damp
atmosphere, and the best chance of success is to
give it a north, or north-west aspect, with shade and
moisture to its roots, but the blossom in full light.

Everlasting Peas — Lathyrus. — The earliest and
handsomest of these flowers is L. grandiflorus,
which blows early in June ; flowers, pink and car-
mine, two on a stem, as large, or larger than
Sweet Peas, growing to a height of five or six feet ;

108 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

a perennial which spreads and increases by root.
L. latifolius is the kind that flowers in clusters,
both pink and white; grows seven or eight feet
high, and flowers in August ; a perennial that can
be easily raised from seed.

Convolvulus major — Ipomcea purpurea. — A
lovely half-hardy annual climber ; the seed should
be sown where it is to grow early in June, and will
quickly reach a height of twelve feet, or more, if
trained on strings, wire or sticks. It bears masses
of flowers for a long time, of every lovely colour
in the rainbow, and is a beautiful sight on a sunny
morning, but the flowers generally close at midday.
Like all half-hardy annuals it enjoys a rich soil,
and should be put in a position where it gets plenty
of sun.

Cobaea scandens. — A half hardy perennial which
climbs very rapidly ; it has dark purple bell-shaped
flowers, and handsome foliage ; one plant will cover
an enormous space in the course of the summer.

Mina lobata. — This is another very rapid-grow-
ing half-hardy annual, with small scarlet and yellow
trumpet- shaped flowers.

Clematis — C. coccinea. — A coral-red flower of
curious vase shape, very pretty, and worth growing ;

PLANTS AGAINST WALLS 109

it reaches to a height of about twelve feet, and
flowers in late summer ; perennial.

C. montana, flowers white, about four inches
across, in great profusion in June; a rampant
climber; perennial.

G. flammula, and C. paniculata, are both
charming perennial climbers for covering rough
fences, or arches ; growing in great masses, with
profusion of tiny white flowers, in autumn ; both
are very fragrant, and in appearance rather like
the wild Clematis.

C. Jackmani has large purple flowers in July
and August ; this and the other large-flowered
Clematis are beautiful, but must be grown with
other things to support them, as they have not
foliage enough to look well quite alone. The kinds
called Clematis of the Patens-type, and Florida-
type, bear flowers in the spring on the old wood,
and must not be cut back, but the Viticella-type,
Launginosa-type and Jaekmani-type bear flowers
on the summer shoots, and may be cut right back
to two or three feet high, after flowering, if you
wish to make them flower near the ground ;
"Nellie Moser" is a very beautiful variety of the
Launginosa type.

110 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

SWEET-SCENTED FOLIAGE.

Do not forget to keep a sunny corner in your
garden for the plants with sweet-scented foliage.
They are favourites with most people, and there are
not many who pass by a bush of Eosemary or
lemon- scented Verbena without touching it, for
the sake of the delicious scent left on their hands.
For this reason it is nice to have them near the
house, or close at hand in some sunny border,
where every one who passes can enjoy them ; or
there may be some spot where you want a short
low hedge, and where some plants of the quick-
growing Southernwood would come in well, or
bushes of the ever popular Lavender. These little
hedges can often be introduced with great effect,
leading from one bit of garden to another, and
they can be formed of China Eoses, Scotch Briar,
Fuchsia (Riccartoni) or Berberis Darwinii, as well
as of Lavender, Eosemary or Southernwood.

Lavender — Lavandula will grow about two
feet high, and the plants should not be allowed to
grow old and straggling, but be renewed every few
years ; they strike very easily from cuttings. The
plants should be grown in full sun and they like
sandy loam.

SWEET-SCENTED FOLIAGE 111

Southernwood or Old Man — Artemisia abro-
tanum is of feathery foliage and very quick
growing ; it should be kept well cut back to form
bushy plants about three feet high; strikes very
readily from cuttings ; should be grown in full
sunshine, and thrives in poor soil.

Rosemary — Rosmarinus officinalis, will also
strike from cuttings put in in August, but is some-
times rather capricious about growing well, and
should be given a South or West aspect ; the scent
is delightful, and the plant of pretty growth.

Lemon-scented Verbena — Aloysia citriodora, is
a universal favourite, and if it can be given a nice
sheltered corner, and protected during the winter,
with cinders over the roots, and a light covering
in severe frost, you may grow quite large bushes
out of doors, even if you are not in one of those
favoured localities where it will climb half-way up
your house.

Balm — Mellissa. — This has also a pleasant lemon
scent to its foliage, and is very easily grown any-
where, even under trees ; the young foliage is pretty,
but it gets rather untidy late in the summer, and
dies right down in autumn.

Salvia Qrahami. — I have mentioned this plant

112 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

before, on account of its flowers, but the leaves
have such a pleasant sage-like smell, that I think
it should also be included among the plants with
fragrant foliage. It must be grown in as much sun
as possible.

Those people who have only lately taken up
gardening as a hobby often feel somewhat at a
loss how to find their favourite trees and shrubs in
the catalogues of the nurserymen. These cata-
logues are delightful to those who know, but often
a terrible worry and mystery to the beginner,
who has not yet learned the botanical names of
homely things. So I will give you a list of the
most well-known and desirable trees and shrubs,
with a short description where it seems needed.

LAEGE TBEES.

Acacia — Robina. — These are beautiful flowering
trees, of considerable size ; the foliage is very light
and pretty, the flowers in drooping bunches rather
like laburnum. R. pseudacacia has white flowers,
and R. hispida, rose-pink.

Alder — Alnus. — Medium-sized trees, with dark-
green foliage. They do best when planted near
water, and are valuable for cutting.

LAEGE TEEES 113

Ash — Fraxinus. — Very large and handsome
trees, growing to a great height, and very sturdy.
F. excelsior is the common variety, F. pendula the
very handsome weeping variety.

Beech — Fagus. — Beautiful trees both in form
and colour ; one of the latest to come out in the
spring, but taking lovely colours in the autumn.
F. silvatica is the ordinary one, and F. purpurea
the lovely Copper Beech; they are very wide-
spreading trees.

Birch — Betula. — There is no such beautiful
tree, to my mind, as the common Silver Birch,
B. alba, with its lovely silver bark, and straight
trunk ; it is always a beautiful sight, either in
summer or winter, reaching to a great height, and
always seems to look like an aristocrat among trees.
The Weeping Birch (B. pendula Youngii), is also
lovely.

Catalpa syringaefolia. — I have placed this among
large trees, but it does not as a rule grow beyond
quite a medium height in our country ; it is
handsome, with very large 'leaves, and pale-lilac
flowers.

Chestnut — Castanea. — This is the well-known

Sweet Chestnut, or Spanish Chestnut.
8

114 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

Deciduous Cypress — Taxodium distichum. — A
tree not very commonly seen, but one of great
beauty ; in growth and foliage somewhat like a
Cypress, reaching to a very considerable height
where it does well ; the light feathery foliage takes
most beautiful colours in the autumn. It is said
to like growing near water, or in places where the
roots soon reach water ; but I have seen it growing
splendidly where there was no water near, but in
good rich soil.

Elm — Ulmus. — Elms are fine-looking trees at a
distance, but have nothing to recommend them for
planting near at hand, and they are very brittle,
more often getting injured by high wind than most

Horse Chestnut — (Esculus Hippocastatum, has
white flowers. (E. H. rubicunda is the red-
flowered variety.

Ilex — Quercus Rex, or Evergreen Oak. This
well-known evergreen tree is very beautiful in
spring when the young shoots of light green
show up against the dark foliage; it is a slow-
growing tree, but attains a considerable size. The
foliage of the wide-spreading branches is very dense,
so that the tree affords splendid shelter from rain,

LARGE TEEES 115

or shade from sun ; it is not a good tree to have
very near the house or lawn, as it sheds its leaves
all through the summer.

Lime — Tilia. — Lime trees are much used for
avenues or screens ; they have very sweet-scented
pale-green blossom in July.

Maple — Acer. — Nearly all the Maples are
beautiful trees, and there are an immense number
of varieties. A. platanoides, A. saccharium the
" Sugar Maple," and A. rubrum, are some of the
handsomest of the large-growing kinds. A.
negundo, A. colchicum, and their varieties, are
smaller trees, and can be grown as bushes ; while
A. palmatum, is the type of the "Japanese Maples,"
which are lovely, but very slow growing.

Oak — Quercus. — Q. robur is the ordinary English
Oak, so handsome, but so slow growing ; there are
several varieties, which can be had from all large
nurseries.

Paulownia — Paulownia imperialis, is a beauti-
ful tree with immense leaves and blue flowers ; it
grows to a medium height in this country.

Plane — Platanus orientalis. — A tree which
grows to an enormous height, and the branches
of which cover an extraordinary extent. It is

116 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

valuable as a tree which will grow uninjured in
the heart of London, and other large towns, for
which reason it is often spoken of as the " London
Plane".

Poplar — Popidus. — This is a name given to trees
of widely different appearance. The tall, narrow,
upright trees which we so often see by the river-
side, P. fastigiata, is the Lombardy Poplar.
The Silver Poplar (P. alba) is of moderate size,
with grey leaves, white on the underside. The
Black Poplar and the Aspen Poplar are both trees
of quick growth and immense size, but of no great
beauty, nor of any use as timber. And there are
many other varieties.

Sycamore — Acer pseudo - platanus. — A fast-
growing tree, very like the Maple in appearance.

Walnut — Juglans. — The well - known Walnut
tree is a very beautiful one ; it is of slow growth, but
is always of excellent form, and lives to a great age.
It is a pleasant tree to sit under, as insects seem to
shun it, from the slight aromatic scent of its leaves.

Willow — Salix. — Generally recommended as a
tree for the water-side ; the weeping form, S. pend-
ula, is very graceful.

SMALL TEEES 117

SMALL TREES.

Almond — Amygdalus. — A beautiful tree about
twenty feet high, which bears pink blossoms in
March, before the leaves appear.

Cherry — Cerasus. — There are several varieties of
Cherry which are grown as ornamental trees.
C. padus or Bird Cherry, bears quantities of double
white flowers in May ; it grows quickly.

Dogwood — Gornus. — Many of these are very
beautiful both in their flower and foliage, most
of them turning lovely colours in the autumn.
0. sanguinea has red stems, and the silver-leaved
variety, C. s. argentea marginata, is very pretty.
C. siberica spathi is variegated with gold,
C. florida rubra, C. Kousa and C. macrophylla,
are some choice varieties for growing on a lawn.

Elder — Sambucus. — The common Elder is of
quick growth, but a coarse-looking tree; the
golden variety, S. aurea, is useful in shrubberies.
S. lacinatus, the cut-leaved Elder, is a very pretty
small tree, and its golden variety is one of the best
golden-leaved shrubs for a lawn.

Filbert — Goryllus. — The most ornamental of this
species is the purple-leaved Filbert, C. purpurea,

118 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

which is a beautiful deep colour, most effective
among the other trees and shrubs.

Hazel — Coryllus, the same as the last.

Hornbeam — Carpinus. — This is often used for
high hedges, as it is very close growing, and its
leaves do not drop in the autumn, when they change
colour, but remain on the tree throughout the
winter.

Judas Tree — Cercis siliquastrum. — A small tree
of about fifteen feet high, round, bluish-green leaves,
and red-purple flowers, which bloom all along the
branches before the leaves appear. It grows best
in a sheltered shady position ; several in a group
make a fine effect.

Laburnum — Cytisus Laburnum. — A small
beautiful tree with drooping bunches of yellow
flowers in May. There are several varieties.

Lilac — Syringa. — No garden should be without
this, and if space permits, plenty of it ; nothing
else can equal the beauty of masses of Lilac and
Laburnum in early spring. The white Lilac, the
purple Lilac, and the old-fashioned Persian Lilac,
should be planted in variety, and if possible massed
in large clumps. They grow slowly, but live to a
considerable age.

SMALL TEEES 119

Mulberry — Morus. — This tree is a great favourite
with many people, but I think it is a very heavy-
looking one, and it certainly is a very untidy one
for a lawn.

Mountain Ash — Sorbus Aucuparia. — A beauti-
ful small tree, with fern-like foliage, and orange-
scarlet berries in the autumn.

Plum — Prunus. — Several of the Plums are grown
as ornamental trees on account of their flowers.
P. sinensis alba plena has pretty double white
blossom. P. sinensis rosea plena, double pink
flowers. P. Pissardii is a handsome variety with
dark -purple foliage. P. myrobalum grows very
quickly, and is much used for hedges.

Spindle Tree — Euonymus. — E, europceus is the
well-known bush or small tree that has lovely
rose-coloured berries, which split open and show
scarlet seeds inside ; it prefers growing in the shade
of taller trees, and is quite hardy.

Sumach — Rhus. — R. typhina is a small tree, with
large, palm-like leaves ; it thrives in poor soil, and
should be kept well cut back. A group of this at a
little distance, or by water, is very lovely in autumn,
as the leaves take gorgeous colouring, but it is not
specially pretty for the garden.

120 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

Thorn — Cratcegus. — There are a great many
varieties of Thorn, some are trees twenty or thirty
feet high, such as C. carrieri and C. crus-galli, with
white flowers in spring and large red berries in the
autumn. The pink and red flowered Thorns are
beautiful in early June ; nearly all varieties take
good colours in the autumn.

CONIFEES.

The names of conifers are often a great puzzle
to beginners, and indeed are not easy for those who
have some experience, for many of them, especially
among the Cypresses and Abies, often show such
varied growth that it is difficult to class them.
The following short explanations may be a help
to some.

Arbor Vitae — Thuja. — Shrubs, also often used
for hedges.

Cedar — Cedrus. — Large trees.

Cypress — Cupressus. — C. Lawsoniana is the best
known of these ; they are beautiful trees growing
to a great height, in the form of a sugar loaf.

Juniper — Juniperus. — Useful shrubs in many
varieties.

Larch — Larix. — Quick-growing deciduous trees ;

EVBEGKEEN SHEUBS 121

very hardy. The bright-green shoots in spring
are lovely against dark firs.

Monkey Puzzle — Araucaria.

Pine — Pinus. — Trees with needle-shaped leaves.

Scotch Firs — Pinus sylvestris.

Silver Firs — Piccea and Abies.

Spruce Firs — Abies.

Wellingtonia — Seguoia gigantea.

EVEEGBEEN SHBUBS.

Aucuba — Aucuba japonica, or Spotted Laurel,
are shrubs with large shining leaves mottled with
yellow. To get berries, the male form (with green
leaves) must be planted near the spotted kind.

Arbutus — Arbutus unedo, "Strawberry Tree".
So called from the fruit, which is very like a straw-
berry. It is a beautiful shrub, growing ten or
twelve feet high ; it has white flowers, followed by
the red fruit in great abundance in autumn, pre-
senting a grand appearance, but it requires a
sheltered position.

Azalea — Azalea mollis. — These are most charm-
ing shrubs, with flowers of every shade of yellow,
pink and red ; they must have a peat or iron soil,
and a sheltered position ; but if they are situated
in a place and soil that suits them, nothing can

122 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

exceed their beauty when they have grown to be
large bushes of seven or eight feet high, crowded
with bloom in early summer. They should be
massed together, with a background of Ehododen-
drons or other dark evergreen to show them off well.

Barberry — Berberis. — The Berberis are not all
evergreen, strictly speaking, but I have placed them
together to avoid confusion. B. aquifolium, or
Mahonia, is a beautiful and distinct plant, with
large evergreen foliage, wiry stems, and bunches
of lemon-yellow flowers in June ; it grows very
easily, even under trees, and reaches a height of
ten feet or more.

B. Darwinii. — A very fine-leaved plant, with
beautiful orange flowers in April and May. It is
not quite so hardy as some other varieties, but
makes a beautiful plant to train against a wall.

B. stenophilla is very hardy, likes a dry soil, and
grows quickly, with immensely long graceful droop-
ing shoots, which are one mass of golden flowers
in May and June ; no more beautiful sight can be
imagined than a bush such as I have often seen of
this plant, ten feet high, and twenty feet through,
looking like a sheet of golden fireworks in the
light of the setting sun.

EVEKGKEEN SHEUBS 123

B. vulgaris is the fruit-bearing Berberis, a slow-
growing tree, but will reach some twelve feet or
more eventually. It is pretty and graceful, and
when the berries turn red in autumn, it is a charm-
ing sight, but does not bear fruit until it is some
age.

B. vulgaris purpurea is the purple-leaved variety,
a most beautiful shrub at all times of the year.
This plant is at its best in a poor dry soil, growing
vigorously till it reaches ten feet high or more,
and spreading wide on every side. The soft bloom
on the purple leaves gives a sort of shot appear-
ance, which is very attractive ; in autumn, the
foliage dies off in beautiful shades of red and
yellow, its beauty often lasting up to Christmas.
B. Knighti, a pretty small evergreen shrub, with
yellow flowers, in June. There are also a great
many other varieties.

Bay — Laurus nobilis. — An evergreen shrub with
fragrant foliage, not hardy everywhere.

Box — Buxus. — This is a most useful evergreen,
quite hardy, and very close growing ; mixed with
Yew, Holly, Juniper, etc., it forms splendid solid
hedges and screens, reaching a very considerable
height. The more you cut it, the better it grows.

124 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

Butcher's Broom — Ruscus aculeatus. — A curious
stiff-growing plant, leaves very dark green, with
sharp points; the bright-red berries grow on the
leaves. This plant will nourish quite well under
trees ; it increases very slowly, and only reaches
about three feet high.

Camellia — Camellia. — These are really very
fairly hardy plants, and it is quite worth while to
try them, as their beautiful flowers are so charm-
ing in the very early spring ; against a wall facing
west is the situation which would probably suit
them best.

Carpentaria — Carpentaria califomica. — A very
lovely shrub, which has beautiful white flowers,
about the size and shape of a wild rose, with
quantities of yellow stamens, forming a charming
sight when in bloom in July, if given a soil and
situation that suits it. Some people treat it as a
wall shrub, but this is not necessary if it be given
a south-west aspect and loamy soil.

Choisya — Choisya ternata. — A low-growing
shrub, not hardy everywhere ; it has very sweet-
scented white flowers in spring, but is not other-
wise a pretty plant

Daphne — Daphne. — D. pontica is a very useful

EVEKGKEEN SHEUBS 125

shrub, about four feet high, and spreading wide. It
has inconspicuous greenish flowers in spring, with
delicious scent ; the stems have an elastic feel about
them, which makes it a valuable plant for windy
corners, as the wind makes no impression on the
shape of the plant. D. cneorum is a lovely little
prostrate shrub, with rose-pink flowers in May.

Ecsal Ionia — Escallonia. — These are specially
seaside shrubs, but they will grow in other places
against a wall, and are well worth trying on account
of their great beauty; the leaves are small and
very glossy, the flowers somewhat like Begonias
and very numerous. E. macrantha is the best.

Euonymus — Euonymus. — Another evergreen
which is specially adapted to the seaside ; it is a
neat-growing shrub, with each twig very much
like the next one, and does not grow over five feet
high, as a rule. There is a pretty golden variety,
E. ovata-aurea. They are much used for hedges
by the seaside.

Garrya — Garrya elliptica is a very noticeable
and effective bush, with grey-green foliage, and
long grey catkins in the winter, reaching six or
seven feet in height. It is not specially hardy, and
should be given a west aspect.

126 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

Holly — Rex. — Holly is one of the evergreens
which we could hardly do without in our gardens,
not only for the sake of the beautiful berries, but
the bushes or trees are highly ornamental them-
selves ; absolutely hardy, and very dense in their
growth, so that they afford excellent shelter from
wind or sun.

There are an immense number of varieties.
/. aquifolium is the common holly; the golden
and silver hollies are beautiful, and must not be
left out ; they vary very much as to size and growth,
so you must consult your nurseryman as to which
to choose, according to your requirements.

Holly makes a beautiful and lasting hedge, about
three or four feet wide, and kept cut square at the top.

Ivy — Hedera. — The bush Ivy is H. arborea, a
plant which is often very useful and effective. Of
the climbing varieties there are a large number,
including both gold and silver variegated kinds.

Laurel — Cerasus. — The common Laurel is a
very handsome shrub, with large shining leaves of
bright light green, very close and compact in its
growth. If the young shoots are kept well cut
back, it will prove perfectly hardy. There are
several varieties.

EVEEGEEEN SHEUBS 127

Laurustinus — Viburnum Tinus. — A charming
shrub, growing eight to ten feet high, covered in
early spring with large heads of white flowers with
a dash of red about them ; it is quite hardy, but
grows best on a chalky soil.

Magnolia — Magnolia. — Most of the Magnolias
are quite hardy, M . acuminata is a quick-growing
plant, with enormous leaves and huge white flowers ;
there are also deciduous varieties, of which M . con-
spicua has white flowers in great abundance.

Napal Laburnum — Piptanthus nepalensis. — A
beautiful shrub, about ten feet high, with leaves
like a magnified Laburnum of dark glossy colour,
and large bunches of yellow flowers ; it is good as
a wall plant.

Olearia — Olearia. — These are pretty and neat
small shrubs with white flowers ; most of them are
quite hardy by the sea, or in sheltered positions.
0. Hastii is the most hardy.

Portugal Laurel — Cerasus lusitanica. — An in-
valuable shrub, very hardy, growing quickly and
reaching a height of fifteen to twenty feet. When
well established it flowers profusely in spring,
sprays of small white flowers covering the whole
bush, followed by reddish berries, which, however,

128 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

are very quickly devoured by the birds. Two or
three of these shrubs planted near together will,
in a few years, form a splendid bank of evergreen.

Privet — Ligustrum. — The common Privet (L.
sempervirens) is useful for hedges, and for filling in
rough wild places. There are a number of orna-
mental varieties, including the gold and silver
Privet, useful among other shrubs, and very hardy,
but rather prim-looking, reminding one of little
town gardens and of public recreation grounds.

Rhododendrons. — These well-known shrubs are
very beautiful in a soil of loam and peat, where
they will grow into enormous bushes, and are
covered with flowers in April and May ; but it is
useless trying to cultivate them in an unfriendly
soil.

Roman Laurel — Rascus racemose. — Wands of
Smilax-like foliage, growing up from the ground,
very pretty for decorative purposes ; the sprays
may be freely cut each year, as new ones are
produced each spring to take the place of the old ;
the plant is about three feet high, and is slow to
increase.

Tamarisk — Tamarix. — This is the feathery shrub
which grows so freely close to the sea ; it is quite

EVERGREEN SHRUBS 129

hardy, and is pretty for using inland by the water-
side. There is a new variety, T. hispida cestvralis,
which has brilliant carmine flowers, in feathery
sprays, and is most effective.

Veronica. — The evergreen Veronicas are all pretty
neat shrubs, with lilac, blue or white flowers, freely
produced ; most of them are not very hardy, and
grow best in sheltered corners, or against a wall.
There are several silver variegated varieties, and all
are desirable plants for a garden which is not ex-
posed to very severe frost. Veronicas like chalky soil.

Yew — Taxus. — T. baccata is the common Eng-
lish Yew, so invaluable in our gardens for making
grand hedges, either by itself or mixed with Box,
Holly, etc., or allowed to grow into huge bushes,
for screens or shelter ; its dark green foliage makes
a charming background here and there as a setting
to the lighter plants.

If it is planted for a clipped hedge, be sure you
do not clip the top until it has grown to the height
you wish, but clip the sides as much as you like.
Let me warn you also to be careful what is done
with the clippings, for if they are left in the way of
horses, cattle, or poultry, they will eat it, and die,

for newly cut Yew is most poisonous.
9

130 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

The Irish T. fastigiata is the one that grows in
a narrow upright way, of which there is also a
golden variety T. fastigiata aurea.

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

Berberis. — See "Evergreen Shrubs".

Bladder Senna — Colutea. — A pretty little shrub,
or rather tiny tree, with light Acacia-like foliage,
and quantities of yellow pea-shaped flowers,
succeeded by curious bladder seed-pods; there
are several varieties, and they have the amiable
character of rejoicing in a poor soil.

Broom. — The Brooms are delightful plants, as
their foliage is so light and pretty; it makes such
a pleasing contrast to every other kind of shrub.
They belong to the two large families of Genista
and Cytisus.

Cytisus scoparius, the common yellow Broom ;
C. scoparius Andraana, the red variety of the
same ; Genista multifolia alba, white Portugal
Broom ; Genista scoparia /lore alba, is a lovely
cream-coloured Broom, growing about three feet
high, and spreading wide ; Genista radiata, creep-
ing yellow Broom ; Spartium junceum, Spanish
Broom, a large and coarse-growing bush, and

DECIDUOUS SHKUBS 131

many others; they thrive on light dry soils.
There is a new variety called Pink Broom, Noto
Spartium Carmichaelice.

Buddlea. — The Buddleas are very quick-grow-
ing shrubs, something after the manner of Elder,
the foliage whitish on the underside. B. globosa has
flowers in summer like a bunch of small oranges,
and is rather pretty. B. variabilis Vietchiana
is a very beautiful and striking shrub, with spikes
of brilliant lilac flowers in August. The long shoots
droop with the weight of the flowers, so that the
purple spikes all seem to point towards you ; they
are of astonishing beauty and size, many of the
spikes being fifteen to eighteen inches in length,
composed of myriads of lilac flowers with red
throats, and at the base of the centre spike come
side spikes, and again below that more side spikes,
so that the whole effect when in flower is perfectly
gorgeous. The scent is delicious, like honey, and
the plant is beloved of all insects, so that it is alive
with bees and butterflies, thus adding to its own
attractions. The shoots should be shortened back
after flowering, and again more severely in the
spring, as it is a rampant grower, making
shoots eight feet long or more in one season.

132 THE GAKDENEE'S COMPANION

B. variabilis magnified, only differs from the
former in being a redder colour.

Caryopteris. — " Blue Spiraea," as it is sometimes
called, is a low-growing shrub, rather dull dark
leaves, white on the underside, and soft blue
flowers in autumn, not very showy. It should be
put in a sunny situation.

Oeutzia. — The Deutzias are all hardy, and very
floriferous. D. gracilis, which one so often sees in
greenhouses, grows and flowers even better in the
open. There are numerous hybrids of this variety,
both white and pink flowered, all useful and pretty.
D. crenata is quite a large-growing shrub, reaching
eight to ten feet in height. The double-flowered
variety is a most beautiful sight when in flower in
July ; it prefers a shady situation.

Elder — Sambucus. — I have placed this in my
list of good shrubs for the sake of S. laciniata
folis aureis, which is the most lovely golden shrub,
the foliage so light and pretty, and keeps a good
colour all the summer.

Forsythia. — A shrub with drooping yellow
flowers the shape of a hyacinth, which appear before
the leaves, in early spring; it is often used as a
climber against a wall.

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS 133

Fuchsia. — Not a very hardy plant, but in mild
districts, or by the sea, growing to a great size ; and
it is so beautiful that it is well worth trying.
Against a wall facing west would give it the best
chance. F. Riccartoni is the most hardy.

Qorse. — The common Gorse is Ulex europceus,
not very fit for a garden ; but the Spanish Gorse,
Genista hispanica, is a beautiful plant ; low grow-
ing (about two feet) and spreading ; a mass of
golden flowers late in May.

Guelder Rose — Viburnum. — The well-known
" Snowball Tree " is a lovely shrub for the garden.
V. optdus sterile grows ten to twelve feet high,
with pretty foliage and masses of round white balls
of flower in June. The leaves take beautiful
colours in the autumn, which makes it a specially
desirable shrub. There are also a number of newer
Japanese and Chinese varieties, of which V. pli-
catum is a very beautiful one.

Hibiscus — Althea frutex, is a beautiful flowering
shrub, which grows ten feet high, with white
flowers in autumn ; there are also other varieties
with different coloured flowers.

Kerria — Kerria japonica. — This is a fine old-
fashioned plant, with little yellow rosette-like

134 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

flowers, in early summer. It is generally treated as
a climber for walls or trellis. The foliage is scanty,
and the growth of the plant rather attenuated and
straggling.

Leycesterea — Leycesterea formosa. — Not quite a
pretty shrub for the lawn, but nice for drives or
shrubbery. It grows in long shoots from the
ground, like a bamboo, with rather flabby leaves,
and hanging flowers of dark red and white in late
autumn.

Pyrus. — The Py ruses include a large group of
flowering trees and bushes. The prettiest kinds
for use in the garden are the Pyrus mains or
Flowering Crabs. They can be grown either as
small standard trees, or as bushes, and most of
them have pink flowers, with deeper coloured buds,
appearing in great profusion before the leaves, in
early spring. P. m. floribunda, P. m. Niedzwetz-
kyana, and P. m. baccata or the Siberian Crab,
are all very beautiful varieties.

Ribes. — "Flowering Currant," as this is often
called, is a very pretty shrub when in flower, but is
not suitable for garden beds, rather for shrubberies,
or rougher parts of the garden. It is quite at its
best hanging over water ; and if seen thus, with its

DECIDUOUS SHEUBS 135

bunches of red-pink flowers reflected in the water,
it is very beautiful.

Rosa rugosa. — Japanese Eoses make excellent
shrubs for a background, or for growing under
trees. They are very hardy, and their flowers are
pretty and showy, the leaves a dark glossy green,
turning bright yellow in autumn ; the seed berries
are very large, and bright red.

Spiraea — The Spiraeas are a very large class, em-
bracing trees of eighteen to twenty feet high, as
well as quite small plants. I think they may well
be considered the queen of shrubs for the garden ;
they are very hardy, very different in appearance,
and very easy to please in the way of soil and
situation.

S. Lindleyana is the tallest, growing to twenty
feet high, with bold fern-like foliage, and large
plumes of creamy flowers in July.

S. aricefolia is the most beautiful ; it has very
light pretty foliage, reaching a height of fifteen
feet in some places, and in July is densely covered
from head to foot with immense drooping plumes
of feathery creamy flowers. To show it in perfec-
tion it should stand alone on a lawn, and not be
crowded into a bed with other things.

136 THE GAEDENEE'S COMPANION

S. sorbifolia is a sturdy-growing plant with fern-
shaped leaves, about five feet high, and bearing
upright plumes of creamy white flowers ; its roots
spread quickly, and it will grow easily under trees.
A very useful plant.

S. Thunbergi. — This delightful species is very dif-
ferent in appearance from all the former ; it grows to
about five or six feet in height, spreading in width.
The flowers, which are pure white, small and in
sprays, make their appearance very early in April,
followed by the lovely grass-like foliage of light
and tender green which is a beauty in itself for
the whole summer, and takes the most brilliant
and varied colours in late autumn, thus making
the shrub a specially beautiful object for the
greater part of the year. This again must not be
crowded, but must be given a good position.

S. bracteata, S. confusa, and S. prunifoliafl. pi.,
are all pretty shrubs, bearing rosettes of white
flowers about June, growing on long graceful shoots,
with small dark leaves. S. opulifolia aurea is
another very distinct variety, six or seven feet high ;
leaves something the shape of Guelder Eose leaves.
These appear in April, of a lovely golden colour,
which continues through the summer ; the flowers,

DECIDUOUS SHKUBS 137

which are white, are not very conspicuous, but the
whole shrub is lovely and valuable in the garden.
Be careful to keep the dead wood cut out as the
shrub grows older.

S. Bumalda Anthony Waterer. — A splendid wide-
spreading shrub, about three feet high, bearing, in
late July, flat heads of carmine flowers, a truly
gorgeous sight, having the appearance of a bank of
crimson. You must on no account leave out this
plant, which is very fairly quick in growth, and an
easy one to strike from cuttings.

There are a great many other Spiraeas, but those
I have named will give you a start with the cream
of the family.

Sumach — Rhi^s cotinus. — A very beautiful shrub,
growing eight to ten feet high, and spreading wide ;
pretty foliage, and in autumn a mass of feathery,
fuzzy flowers of a soft reddish colour. It is a very
ornamental plant, and should stand alone on the
lawn, where it makes a delightful glow of colour in
September ; it must not be cut back, or, if absolutely
necessary to cut, it should be done in the spring.

Staphylea — Staphylea colchica. — A nice useful
shrub, with large spikes of white flowers in spring ;
a quick grower, and very hardy.

138 THE GAEDENEB'S COMPANION

Snow - berry — Symphoricarpus racemosus. — A
well-known shrub of slender wand-like growth,
forming thick clumps eight to ten feet high, small
round leaves, and quantities of round white berries
in autumn ; it is a useful shrub for filling in odd
corners, or unsightly gaps, as it will grow quickly
even under the drip from trees.

Syringa — Philadelphia, or " Mock Orange," as
it is often called, from the blossom being very
similar to Orange-blossom — at least this applies to
the old variety, the early, and very sweet-smelling
P. coronarius. It is a rather straggling, untidy-
looking bush, of about eight feet high, suitable for
shrubberies, but the flower is delightful. It will
grow quite well under trees. P. grandiflorus is
similar, but of larger growth, and has larger, but less
sweet, flowers, produced three weeks later than the
former. There are also a large number of hybrid
dwarf varieties, of great beauty for the flower-
beds, growing three or four feet high, and bearing
white flowers in profusion in June and July;
P. candelabra, P. erectus, and P. Boule d' Argent
are some of the most beautiful.

Weigelia — Diervilla. — These are lovely shrubs
for the flower borders, growing about six feet high ;

SOWING SEEDS UNDEE GLASS 139

the foliage is very pretty, and the long shoots are
covered with large trumpet-shaped flowers in June,
in shade of pink and carmine. There are many
varieties, but all are of similar growth. D.
argentea variegata is a good variety. In this
shrub the young wood should be encouraged, the
old wood cut away.

Nearly all the deciduous shrubs can be very
easily increased by cuttings, struck in the open,
in a shady place ; taken immediately after the
plant has flowered.

SOWING SEEDS UNDER GLASS.

To sow very fine seed, like that of Begonia, take
a small pan, put a good layer of crocks, then some
moss, or half -decayed leaves (to keep the moisture
from draining away too quickly), then some finely
sifted earth, with a good proportion of sand mixed
with it ; make the surface level, but do not press it
down hard, water it thoroughly with a very fine rose,
then sprinkle the seed thinly. Do not put any earth
or sand on the top, but cover with a bit of glass,
and keep dark with brown paper until the seedlings
show themselves.

You must not water after the seed is sown, as it

140 THE GAEDENEK'S COMPANION

might wash the tiny seeds too far in ; but to keep it
moist, stand the pan in a larger pan, filling the
space between with soil which can be watered, so
that the inner pan is kept from getting too dry.

With seeds that are not quite so small you may
cover lightly with soil or sand, and water with a
very fine rose.

All seeds germinate best when they are kept in
the dark, or at least shaded, but as soon as they
are up they should be placed on a high shelf in
the greenhouse as near the glass as possible, to
prevent them becoming drawn and weak.

Seeds of Asters, Stocks and other tender annuals,
should not be sown before the end of March, or
early in April, as they grow very quickly, and should
be brought on without any check until they can be
planted in the open. Always prick out seedlings
into boxes as soon as you can handle them, and
use good soil in the boxes to encourage growth.

Seeds of perennials all germinate much more
surely and quickly if they are sown as soon as ripe,
and this is the best way to increase such things as
Campanulas, Delphiniums, Antirrhinums, etc. ; and
if they are sown in the open in July or August you
will have nice young plants for the following summer.

SOWING HAKDY ANNUALS 141

Tender perennials, such as Begonias, Coleus, etc.,
must be sown under glass in January.

SOWING SEEDS IN THE OPEN.

Seeds of biennials, such as Canterbury Bells,
Campanula pyramidalis, and also of Wallflowers,
should be sown in May, in pans or boxes, kept in
shade under a wall facing north, and, as soon as
large enough, pricked out into beds in the open, in
half shade ; they can grow there until the autumn,
when you may put them into their flowering
quarters.

Seeds of all hardy perennials can be treated in
the same way, sowing them as soon as they are
ripe. In the case of late seedlings which are still
small when the wintry weather begins, you had
better leave them in their boxes so that they may
be sheltered in frames during very severe frost.

SOWING HARDY ANNUALS.

Some hardy annuals are best if sown in August
or September, for they make much better plants
for flowering the following year ; such are, Love-in-
a-Mist, Cornflowers, Silene pendula, which can be
transplanted to the place in which you want them

142 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

to flower ; Godetia and Poppies, both Shirley Pop-
pies and Opium Poppies, which cannot be trans-
planted, must be sown where they are required.

Those that are sown in the spring, such as
Linum grandiflorum, Nemophila and Convolvulus
major, should be put in about the end of May or
early in June, where you want them to flower.

CUTTINGS.

Taking cuttings is a very easy way of increasing
many of the deciduous shrubs and some of the
evergreens. (Trees should always be grown from
seed.) The best time to take cuttings of almost
any hardy shrub is immediately its flowering season
is over ; for instance, in Spircea Bumalda Anthony
Waterer, as soon as the flower is beginning to fade
take shoots of about twelve inches long, cutting
them off the older wood so that you carry away
a little bit with you ; trim off the lower leaves and
shoots and bury hah* the length in the open ground,
in complete shade ; water if the weather is dry, and
probably by the spring most of your cuttings will
be nice little plants, and really good plants by the
next year. The best soil for making cuttings is clay
or loam, with some sand mixed in to help them root.

COLOUES IN THE GARDEN 143

This plan can be followed with almost all the
deciduous shrubs, and most of them will strike
easily. Berberis, Broom and Gorse do not strike so
readily, and should be raised from seed.

Roses are very easily struck from cuttings. Take
long shoots of half- ripened wood, bury the greater
part of the length in the ground, making a little
trench, and putting in plenty of sand, so that the
end of the cutting presses against the sand. Slant
the cuttings backwards in putting them in, and
tread the earth firmly round them. They should be
placed in the shade of a hedge, or wall, facing north,
and must be kept moist if the weather is dry. I
have found rose cuttings most successful if taken
just after the plant has finished blowing, or just
finished its first set of blooms. The cuttings must
be left where they are until the autumn of the next
year, and by that time many of the most vigorous
will be quite good plants. The best soil for cut-
tings is clay or loam, with a good proportion of
road sand, or, failing this, silver sand.

COLOURS IN THE GARDEN.

Of all the colours among flowers, certainly yellow
is the most common. In spring, yellow flowers all

144 THE GAKDENEK'S COMPANION

seem the first to appear ; there are Crocus, Daffodils
and Primroses, as well as the Jasmine undiflora,
and Forsythia ; and how glad one is to see them.

In autumn again what masses of yellow flowers
we have in Sunflowers, Harpalium, Coreopsis, Mari-
golds, and many others ; and it is at this time of
year that I think you should be on your guard
against having too many yellow flowers, or rather
perhaps, I should say, be careful to get a good pro-
portion of other colours to balance them ; it is very
easy to overdo the yellow in a garden — yellow
flowers always seem to "come of themselves," so
be careful to keep them under control. Many of
the yellow flowers are lovely, but a yellow garden
is not lovely.

Blue — real true blue (not lilac) — is, I think, the
most uncommon colour among flowers, and cer-
tainly it is the one which most easily catches the
eye from a distance ; no opportunity should be lost
of collecting plants which have really blue flowers.

Orange is another very telling colour, and
nothing can be prettier than the little orange
Alpine and Nudicaule Poppies. The Orange Lily is
always a valuable bit of colour, and the dwarf
orange Eschscholtzia (Mandarin) is a most useful

COLOUES IN THE GAEDEN 145

plant ; Glaucium Tricolor, the orange-red horn-
Poppy is also very effective; but be careful how
you employ the orange Marigold, for a little of it
goes a long way, and I have seen a long border
with a thick edging of Marigolds stretching out in
one unbroken blaze of orange, which positively
hurt one's eyes, and made one wish never to see
another Marigold !

Of red flowers we have none too many, their
brilliant colour is always welcome in a well-planned
garden, where there is sure to be abundance of
green background.

Magenta is a very difficult colour, and should be
but sparingly admitted, if at all ; the magenta
Sweet-william and the magenta Petunias, are
terribly trying, and there is no reason why you
should grow them, when you can have the same
flowers in such far more pleasing colours, like the
salmon-pink Sweet-williams, and the dark velvety
purple Petunias.

Pink flowers are always pretty, so long as they
are a clear pink either in shades of salmon-pink
or rose-pink, like the Lavatera ; but all muddy and
unclear looking pinks should be carefully avoided.

Purple, lilac, and mauve are all welcome, and can
10

146 THE GARDENEK'S COMPANION

never come amiss. Above all be careful that you
have an abundant supply of white flowers in your
garden, for they set off all the colours, and are,
as a rule, the most sought after as flowers for
cutting.

MASKING our PATHS OR BEDS.

The actual work of marking out paths or flower-
beds is very interesting, and must be done as
follows. Supply yourself with a large number of
sticks two or three feet long, a garden line, and a
spade ; having measured, or at all events decided
where your bed begins, or ends, put in the sticks
a few feet apart, measuring by your eye ; you will
soon see how the line looks, and will, no doubt,
alter it many times before you get it to your
satisfaction ; put the line round your sticks, and
you will then see still more accurately where the
curves can be altered and improved. Spare no
pains to make it as good and artistic in outline as
possible, and when you are satisfied, cut a little
trench with a spade all the way round close to the
line ; after which dispense with both line and sticks.

In marking a path follow the same plan exactly,
with one side of the walk, and measure the width,
four feet or six feet, or whatever width you require

EDGING OF PATHS OE BEDS 147

your path to be, every few feet, to get the other
side correct.

EDGING OF PATHS OB BEDS.
Where the walks or paths are of grass, or where
they are of gravel running through grass, you will
not require any edging ; but where you have a
gravel path with borders or beds against it, some
sort of edging is a necessity, and the prettiest kind
of edging is small-sized bits of stone, irregular in
form, fixed firmly into the edge of the border,
against which the small front plants can nestle;
but if you are in a part of the country where
stone is difficult to get and very expensive, you
may have some of the edging tiles which are sold
for this purpose ; or bricks put in at an angle, one
overlapping another ; or failing any of these things,
ordinary big flint stones which can probably be dug
up out of your own ground will do very well.
Some people like an edging of box, but I do not
advise this, as it makes a hiding-place for slugs and
snails, requires a great deal of attention to keep it
quite as it should be, and also, I think, it gives a
great sameness to the border, for it prevents one
from seeing the beauty and variety of the smaller
flowers which should be at the edge of the bed.

148 THE GARDENER'S COMPANION

In all my lists of trees and plants I have given
only the most well-known and well-tried varieties,
for in making a new garden it is necessary to get
a furnished look to begin with, and some good-
sized bushes and plants to make shelter for more
precious and uncommon things, which can follow
a little later ; also, I think the first object should
be to make a good and pleasing effect, not to allow
your garden to become a mere botanical collection
of plants, which can only be a pleasure to compara-
tively few people, but rather to create that which
gives an idea of peacefulness and brightness to
all who see it, and makes them feel inclined to say
" What a pretty garden ".

I need hardly say that I do not mean by this
that you should avoid having rare and choice
plants; on the contrary, I would advise you to
grow as many uncommon things as possible, not
just because they are uncommon, but select care-
fully, and by degrees, what will grow well in your
particular soil, and what will make a good effect in
that particular situation which you wish to fill.

Remember that the beauty of any plant depends
on its doing itself justice. A weedy miserable speci-
men of some rare plant can be no pleasure to

EDGING OF PATHS OB BEDS 149

yourself or to your friends ; whereas a well-grown
plant, or group of plants, of the commonest things,
such as a large bush of Antirrhinums, covered with
coral-pink ;flowers ; or a group of Delphiniums, with
countless spikes of blue, eight feet high, is a joy to
every beholder.

Bearing this in mind, you will be able to have
your own little pet plants "on trial" in some
corner, and if they do well and prosper with you,
proving a success in your soil, it is a delight to
bring them into prominence.

Garden work is never at a loss for interest, for
one is always planning for the future, so that while
you are putting in seeds, or taking cuttings of some
kinds of plants, you are, on the other hand, watch-
ing with joy the opening flowers of some pet plant,
or gathering baskets full of bloom from another.

You will find in gardening that much success de-
pends on doing things at an appropriate time, such
as tying up Pyrethrums, Delphiniums and Michael-
mas Daisies, before they have become blown about
and misshapen by the wind ; or seizing the oppor-
tunity after a shower to pull up weeds, which will
then come away so much more easily ; or to sow
some seeds while the ground is both moist and

150 THE GAKDENEE'S COMPANION

warm. If you have weeds in some place such as a
nursery bed, that can he hoed up, this should be
done in hot dry weather, so that they may die
quickly.

Planting should be done in damp weather if
possible, nothing hurts the delicate fibres of roots
so much as letting them get dried up.

Cuttings should, in almost every case, be taken
while the plant is still in flower, or just beginning
to go off.

Watering should be done in the evening in very
hot weather ; but precious seedlings, etc., in pots
or pans, which are kept in the shade, should be
watered in the morning, as it involves less risk of
damage from slugs at night.

If my experience in all these matters of garden-
ing, which I have tried to give, should prove useful,
I shall be truly glad, and I only hope it may enable
even one fellow-gardener to reap the pleasure which
I have derived from my garden.

INDEX.

ABIES, 121.

Artemisia, 111.

Acacia, 112.

Ash, 113.

Acer, 115.

Aster, annual, 85.

— pseudo-platanus, 116.

Aster, perennial, 49.

Achillea, 70.

Aubretia, 37, 98.

Aconite, 99.

Aucuba, 121.

Alder, 112.

Austrian Briar, 26.

Alexandrian Laurel, 100.

Azalea, 3, 8, 121.

Alkanet, 96.

Almond, 117.

BALM, 113.

Alnus, 112.

Barberry, 122.

Alonsoa, 89.

Bay, 123.

Aloysia, 11L

Beech, 113.

Alstromeria, 77.

Bellis, 73.

Althea, 77.

Berberis, 8, 9, 11, 103, 122.

- frutex, 133.

Bergamot, 71.

Ampelopsis, 102.

Betula, 113.

Amygdalus, 117.

Bignonia, 106.

Anchusa, 70, 96.

Birch, 113.

Anemone, 34, 101.

Bladder Senna, 130.

— japonica, 34.
— S. Brigid, 20, 34.

Box, 6, 12, 123.
Briar Roses, 25.

Annuals, 14, 89.

Broom, 11, 130.

Anthericum, 79.

Buddlea, 131.

Antirrhinum, 35, 87.

Bulbs, 19.

Aquilegia, 28, 35, 101.

Bush Clematis, 71.

^Esculus Hippocastatum, 114.

Butcher's Broom, 10, 124.

Arabis, 20, 36, 97.

Buxus, 123.

Araucaria, 121.

Arborvitse, 9, 120.

CALIFORNICA, fl. pi., 26.

Arbutus, 121.

Callistephus, 85.

Armeria, 82.

Camellia, 124.

151

152

INDEX

Campanula, 14, 37, 100.

— pyramidalis, 84.
Canary Flower, 107.
Candytuft, 71.
Canterbury Bell, 28, 39.
Carnation, 21.
Carpentaria, 28.
Carpeting plants, 95.
Carpinus, 118.
Caryopteris, 132.
Castenea, 113.
Catalpa, 113.
Ceanothus, 28, 106.
Cedar, 120.

Cedrus, 120.
Centaurea, 71.
Centranthus, 71.
Cerasus, 117, 126, 127.
Cercis, 118.
Cheiranthus, 68.
Cherry, 117.
Chestnut, 113.
China Roses, 24, 26.
Choisya, 28, 124.
Christmas Rose, 72.
Chrysanthemum, 40.

— maximum, 40, 87.
Cistus, 28, 72, 106.
Clematis, 28, 29, 31, 104, 108.
Climbing Roses, 28.

— plants, 107.
Cobaea scandens, 108.
Colour in the garden, 143.
Columbine, 101.
Colutea, 12, 130.
Conifers, 123.
Convolvulus, 108.
Copper Beech, 5, 113.
Cornus, 8, 12, 117.
Coryllus, 117, 118.
Cotoneaster, 102.
Crane's Bill, 72.

Cratsegus, 8, 12, 120.
Crimson Rambler, 105.
Crocus, 20, 41.
Croquet Lawn, 4.
Crown Imperials, 72.
Cupressus, 120.
Cuttings, 5, 139, 142, 150.
Cyclamen, 99.
Cydonia, 102.
Cypress, 4, 8, 120.
Cytisus, 12, 118.

DAFFODIL, 20, 41, 101.
Daisy, 73.
Daphne, 124.
Day Lily, 73.
Deciduous Cypress, 114.

— shrubs, 130.

moving, 10.

Delphinium, 14, 16, 29, 43.

— grandiflorum, 7, 44, 87.
Desmodium, 73.
Deutzia, 12, 132.
Dianthus, 55.

— Heddewigi, 16.
Dicentra, 74.
Dielytra, 74.
Diervilla, 138.
Digitalis, 75.
Dixtamus Fraxinella, 73.
Dogwood, 117.

ECHINOPS, 76.
Edging for paths, 147.
Elder, 9, 117, 132.
Elm, 114.
English Iris, 23.
Epimedium, 75.
Eranthus, 99.
Erica, 76.
Erigerpn, 76.
Eryngium, 75.

INDEX

153

Escalonia, 106, 125. Guelder Kose, 8, 133.

Eschscholtzia, 17, 74.

Gypsophila, 45.

Euonymus, 119, 125.

Evening Primrose, 51.

HA-HA, 3.

Evergreen shrubs, 121.

Hazel, 118.

Evergreens, banks of, 5.

Heath, 76.

— moving, 10.

Hedera, 126.

— Oak, 114.

Hedges, 110.

Helianthemum, 72.

FAQUS, 113.

Helianthus, 29, 46.

Ferns, 100.

Helleborus, 72.

Filbert, 117.

Hellenium, 77.

Filling in borders, 83.

Hepatica, 100.

Firs, 4, 8.

Herbaceous plants, 33,

70.

Flame Flower, 107.

Hermerocallis, 73.

Flower-beds, 6.

Heuchera, 77.

Flowering Currant, 134.

Hibiscus, 133.

— shrubs, 7, 10.

Hoeing, 150.

Forget-me-not, 51.

Holly, 6, 12, 126.

Forsythia, 102, 132,

— moving, 10.

Foxglove, 14, 74, 100.

Hollyhock, 15, 77.

Frames, 5.

Honeysuckle, 15, 29, 31, 103.

Fraxinus, 113.

Hornbeam, 118.

Fritillaria, 72.

Horse Chestnut, 114.

Fruit-garden, 4.
Fuchsia, 133.

Hybrid perpetual Ros«
— Tea Roses, 25.

s,25.

Funkia, 75.

Hypericum, 96.

GAILLAEDIA, 75.

IBEEIS, 71.

Garrya, 125.

Iceland Poppy, 14.

Genista, 12, 130.

Ilex, 114, 126.

Geranium, 72.

Incarvillea Delavayi, 7

7.

Geum, 44.

Indegofera, 106.

Gillenia trifoliata, 76.

Indian Pink, 84.

Gladiola, 45.

Iris, 22, 46.

Glaucium, 59.

— Sibirica, 22.

Globe Flower, 83.

Ivy, 126.

— Thistle, 78.

Godetia, 17, 90.

JACOB'S LADDER, 78.

Golden Rod, 78.

Japanese Iris, 23.

Gorse, 133.

— Maples, 115.

Groups of plants, 14.

— Primroses, 21.

154

INDEX

Jasmine, 28, 103.

Michaelmas Daisy, 15, 29, 49,

Judas Tree, 118.

101.

Juglans, 116.

Mignonette, 91.

Juniper, 120.

Mina lobata, 108.

Mock Orange, 138.

KERRIA, 133.
Kitchen-garden, 4.

Monarda didyma, 71.
Monkey Puzzle, 121.

Kniphofia, 82.

Montbretia, 50.

Monthly Rose, 24, 26.

LABURNUM, 8, 118.

Morus, 119.

Larch, 9, 120.

Moss Rose, 27.

Larix, 120.

Mountain Ash, 119.

Larkspur, 90.

Moving shrubs and trees, 10.

Lathyrus, 107.

Mulberry, 119.

Laurel, 6, 126.

Mullein, 79.

Laurestinus, 6, 127.

Myosotis, 51.

Laurus nobilis, 123.

Lavaterea, 17, 85.

NAPAL LABURNUM, 127.

Lavender, 110.

Narcissus, 41, 101.

Lavendula, 110.

Nasturtium, 14, 17, 92, 107.

Leycesterea, 134.

Nemophila, 92.

Libertia, 77.

Nigella, 91.

Ligustrum, 128.

Nursery-bed, 5.

Lilac, 8, 118.

Lily, 78.

OAK, 115.

— of the Valley, 20.

(Enothera, 51.

Lime, 115.

Olearia, 127.

Linum, 17, 79, 91.
Lobelia, 88.

Opium Poppy, 16, 84.
Oriental Poppy, 14, 29.

Lonicera, 103.

Oxalis, 28, 79.

Love-in-a-mist, 17, 91.

Ox-eye Daisy, 40, 87.

Lupin, 14, 47.

Lychnis, 14, 28, 48.

P^ONY, 52, 101.

Pansy, 20, 67, 88.

MADONNA LILY, 16.

Papaver, 56.

Magnolia, 28, 103, 127.
Maiden's Blush Rose, 27.

Passion Flower, 106.
Paths, 4, 18.

Mallow, 85.

Paulownia, 115.

Maple, 115.

Pentstemon, 79, 87.

Marking out paths, 146.

Penzance Briars, 25.

Meconopsis, 58, 101.

Perennial plants, 33, 70.

Mellissa, 111.

treated as annuals, 87.

INDEX

155

Pergolas, 30.
Periwinkle, 95.
Persian Briar, 26.
Peruvian Lily, 70.
Petunia, 17, 85.
Pharcelia, 17, 93.
Philadelphus, 138.
Phlox, 14, 53, 101.
Physalis, 83.
Pine, 4, 8, 121.
Pink, 14, 17, 55.
Pinus, 121.
Piptanthus, 127.
Plane, 115.
Plan of garden, 1.
Planting flower beds, 10.

— trees and shrubs, 10.
Plants against walls, 101.

— under trees, 100.
Platanus, 115.
Plum, 118.
Plumbago, 80.
Polemonium, 78.
Polyanthus, 20, 59, 60.
Polygonatum, 99, 101.
Poplar, 116.
Poppies, 28, 50.
Populus, 116.
Portugal Broom, 11.

— Laurel, 6, 25, 127.
Portulacca, 93.
Potentilla, 80.
Potting-shed, 5.
Primrose, 20, 59.
Privet, 9, 128.
Prunus, 118.
Pyracantha, 102.
Pyrethrum, 60.
Pyrus, 12, 134.

QUERCUS, 115.

— Ilex, 114.

RESEDA, 91.
Rhazya, 80.

Rhododendron, 3, 8, 128.
Rhus, 119.

Rhus cotinus, 28, 137.
Ribes, 8, 134.
Robina, 112.
Rockeries, 31.
Roman Laurel, 128.
Rosa Rugosa, 100.

— Alpina, 27.

— Indica, 27.
Rose-walk, 3, 24, 27.
Rosemary, 111.
Roses, 24, 31, 104, 105.
Rubus, 9, 12.
Rudbeckia, 81, 101.
Ruscus, 100, 124.

SALIX, 116.
Salpiglossis, 17, 93.
Salvia, 61, 88, 94, 111.
Sambucus, 117, 132.
Scabious, 81.
Scilla, 20, 63, 101.
Scotch Briar, 26.
- Firs, 121.
Sea Lavender, 81.
Seeds, 5, 139.

— of annuals, 141.

— of perennials, 69, 140.
Shrubbery, 8.

Shrubs for poor soil, 12.

— for clay soil, 12.
Silver Firs, 121.

S. John's Wort, 96.
Small trees, 117.
Snow-berry, 100, 138.
Snowdrop, 101.
Solanum, 28, 106.
Solidago, 78.
Solomon's Seal, 81, 101.

156

INDEX

Sorbus, 119.
Southernwood, 111.
Spanish Gorse, 11.
— Iris, 23.
Speedwell, 96.
Spiderwort, 81.
Spindle Tree, 119.
Spiraea, 8, 11, 12, 16, 63, 110,

135.

Spruce Fir, 121.
Staphylea, 137.
Statice, 81.
Straight borders, 27.
Sumach, 119, 137.
Sunflower, 85.
Sycamore, 116.
Symphoricarpus, 100, 138.
Syringa, 118, 138.
Sweet Peas, 23.
Sweet-scented foliage, 110.
Sweet-william, 65.

TAMARISK, 128.
Taxodium, 114.
Taxus, 129.
Tea Roses, 25.
Tennis-ground, 4.
Terraces, 27.
Thalictrum, 82.
Thermopsis, 82.
Thorn, 9, 120.
Thrift, 14, 82.
Thuya, 120.
Tilia, 115.
Tool-house, 5.
Tradescantia, 81.
Transplanting, 88.
Tree Lupin, 48.
Trees, 5, 112.

Tritoma, 82.
Trollius, 83.
Tropseolum, 92, 107.
Tulip, 20, 65.
Tying up flowers, 19.

ULMUS, 114.

VALERIAN, 97.

Verbascum, 79.

Verbena, lemon-scented, 110,

111.

Veronica, 20, 66, 96, 129.
Viburnum, 133.

— Tinus, 127.
Victoria Lobelia, 88.
Vinca, 95.

Vines, 31, 104.
Viola, 66.

— cornuta, 68.
Violet, 66.
Virginian Creeper, 133.

WALLFLOWER, 68.
Wall-garden, 38.
Walnut, 5, 116.
Watering, 150.
Weeding, 149.

— paths, 18.
Weigelia, 12, 138.
Welsh Poppy, 101.
Wichuriana Roses, 24, 98.
Willow, 116.

Winter Cherry, 83.
Wistaria, 103."

XANTHINA ROSE, 26.
YEW, 6, 129.

ABERDEEN: THE UNIVEBSITY PBESB

TWO BOOKS FOR CHILDREN

The Children's
Story of Westminster Abbey

By Miss G. E. TROUTBECK

Author of "Westminster Abbey" (Little Guides). With
Four Photogravure Plates, and Twenty Full-Page Illustrations.

Crown 8vo, 58. net

This book is intended to help children to realise the
connection of Westminster Abbey with the various
epochs of English History. It is not a guide to the
monuments and antiquities of the Church, which are
only incidentally mentioned in it, but it tries to dwell
on those features in the Abbey history which are likely
to be interesting to children, and which may explain
how the Abbey has gradually become the central
Church of the Empire and Nation.

The Children's Story of the Bee

By S. L. BENSUSAN

Author of "Wild Life Stories," "Heart of the Wild".

Illustrated by CARTON MOORE PARK

Crown 8vo, 59. net

The volume is written in the interests of children,
and the author endeavours to put the story of the Bee
before a youthful audience as fully and as completely
as is possible under the circumstances. He traces the
life of a working Bee from the time it is in the egg to
the time when it dies, worn out at the age of six weeks
or two months. The volume is fully illustrated.

MILLS & BOON, LTD., 49 WHITCOMB STREET, W.C.

Home Life in Ireland.

By ROBERT LYND. Demy 8vo. js. 6d. net.

This will be a book dealing with Irish facts, manners and cus-
toms in a more comprehensive and intimate style than has hitherto
been attempted. It is written from the inside, not the outside,
point of view, and will begin by showing that the ordinary idea of
an Irishman is at total variance with the truth. It will go on to
describe Irish farm life, marriages, funerals, food, the Irish sense
of humour, Irish servants, priests and persons, etc. ; in fact, it will
touch upon practically every phase of Irish life, and will contain
chapters even on the new national spirit and on politics and poli-
ticians. The work will be fully illustrated.

British Mountain Climbs.

By GEORGE D. ABRAHAM, Author of " The
Complete Mountaineer," Member of the Climbers'
Club, etc., etc. Fcap. 8vo. Waterproof cloth.
75. 6d. net.

Auction Bridge.

By ARCHIBALD DUNN. Containing the Re-
vised Rules of the Game. Handsomely bound in
cloth, and forming a companion volume to "Club
Bridge ". 55. net.

Club Bridge.

By ARCHIBALD DUNN, Author of "Bridge and
How to Play It ". 55. net.

Evening Standard.— -"Mr. Dunn knows the game well, and he
writes about it well. This is, in fact, ' THE BOOK '."
Sunday Times. — " One of the soundest books so far published."

The Six-Handicap Golfer.

By "TWO OF HIS KIND". With chapters by
H. S. COLT and H. HILTON. Fully illustrated.
Crown 8vo. 55. net.

MILLS & BOON, LTD., 49 WHITCOMB STREET, W.C.

A Catalogue of Books

published by

Mills & Boon Ltd.

49 RUPERT STREET, LONDON, W.

(Clo»c to Piccadilly Circus Tube Station.)

Telephone: 929 Regent. Telegrams: "Mlllsator, Plccy, London."
Cablegrams: " Millsator, London."

riS Catalogue is divided into two sections : the
first (pages 1-13) contains the most recent books
and announcements, and the second (pages 14-32)
contains the books previously published, and Educa-
tional books.

Colonial Editions are issued of all Mills & Boon's
Novels, and of most of their books of General Literature.
In the case of forthcoming books the approximate prices
at which they will be published are given. These may
be altered before publication.

AUTUMN ANNOUNCEMENTS

My Cosmopolitan Year.

By the Author of "Mastering Flame" and "Ashes of
Incense." With 24 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. IDS. 6d. net.

A book of travel impressions has value for two classes
of readers : those who delight to recall their own experi-
ence in the lands described, and those who by proxy
of the author's pen-pictures make acquaintance with
the charm and varied life of countries new to them.
" My Cosmopolitan Year " aims to present the salient
features of the people and customs of New York, Paris,
Vienna, Madrid, and London as they are to-day. While
in so -condensed a space, divided among cities so radically

2 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

different in ideals and activities, the sketches are neces-
sarily brief, yet the author strives to show the most
impressive aspects of his several scenes and their dramatis
Persona. The lightly suggestive scheme which binds
the five parts of the book together may indicate the
general treatment of the subjects, separately and as a
whole. New York, with its atmosphere of turmoil,
constant transition, and instability, is shown " In
Rehearsal " ; Paris, with its elegance, its studied
artistry in every mood, appears as " The Curtain Rises " ;
Vienna, the insouciant, the exuberantly gay, comes in
" The Children's Performance " ; while the threadbare
splendour and pathetic pride of Madrid the out-of-date
greet one from the eyes of " The Broken-Down Actor."
" In Review," London, the critic and cosmopolitan par
excellence, pronounce the last word of the medley.

The Cruise of the Snark.

By JACK LONDON. With 119 Illustrations. Demy
8vo. los. 6d. net.

"The Cruise of the Snark" is a record of Mr. Jack
London's remarkable little boat, which he sailed for
two years in remote parts of the world and never touched
rock, reef, or shoal. The voyage was the author's idea of
a good time ; and the book is dedicated to " Charmian,"
the only woman who did the trip. " The Cruise of
the Snark " is a highly instructive and informative
book, touching in a general way wanderings in Samoa,
New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia, New Guinea, etc.

Two Years with the Natives in the
Western Pacific.

By DR. FELIX SPEISER. With 40 Illustrations.
Demy 8vo. IDS. 6d. net.

The book is an interesting collection of observations
from a scientist, who spent more than two years with
the natives of the Western Pacific. Far from being a
dry compilation of facts, it transfers the reader into the

Autumn Announcements 3

peculiar atmosphere of a primitive South Sea Island,
where beauty and horror fight for the first place.

The author has taken an interest in every shape of
human life in the islands, in the unique condominium
(the joint government of England and France), in the
economical development of the wilderness, in the work
of the Mission, in the life of the Trader, and especially
in the fascinating mystery, of the extraordinary customs
and beliefs of the aborigines.

Many exciting adventures have happened to the
author, which he describes — always fascinating and in-
structive. We see the natives in their daily life, in
their gardens and round their fires. We join them for
fishing expeditions and trading cruises, penetrate into
savage cannibal districts, assist at their dances and
religious ceremonies, follow them to their meetings,
where secret brotherhoods perform the mysterious rites
of hitherto unknown religions.

Memories and Adventures.

By MADAME HERITTE-VIARDOT. With 20 Illus-
trations. Demy 8vo. los. 6d. net.

The house of so great a singer as Madame Viardot
Garcia was, as a matter of course, the meeting-place of
all that was most distinguished in art and literature,
and her daughter, Madame Heritte- Viardot, recounts in
her Memoirs many interesting anecdotes of the brilliant
circle in which she moved in her early youth. Her
famous uncle, Manuel Garcia, Ary Scheffer, Gounod,
Rubinstein, Henry Martin, Dickens, George Sand, Ber-
lioz, Rossini, Verdi, were among those who frequented
her mother's house at Paris or at her country seat,
Courtavenal, where many a merry trick was played on
the unsuspecting guests, and private theatricals were
performed with the most perfect casts. Another very
intimate friend was Turgenieff, and the author enters
fully into the history of his relations with her parents,
which have been exposed to so many misconceptions.
Madame Heritte- Viardot, herself a very gifted musician,

4 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

accompanied the operatic tour undertaken by her mother,
Grisi, Mario, Ciampi, and others, in England and Ireland,
and she recalls many an amusing anecdote of those
days when she, a girl of seventeen, had to be ready to
do anything that was required, and in an emergency to
train singers or corps de ballet.

Exciting adventures are not wanting, for the author
has been a wanderer in many lands — in St. Petersburg,
Cape Town, the Crimea, and in Zurich, where she was
one of the pioneers among women students.

From a Punjaub Pomegranate Grove.

By C. C. DYSON. With 14 Illustrations. Demy 8vo.
IDS. 6d. net.

A delightful book of Indian life. The author has
spent many years in India, and has a most intimate
acquaintance with almost every phase of life in the
particular province in which she resided so many years.
The book finishes with the Delhi Durbar, and contains
some excellent illustrations.

A Motor Tour in Belgium and Germany.

By TOM R. XENIER. With 40 Illustrations from
Photographs, and a Map. Demy 8vo. IDS. 6d. net.

Route followed : Harwich, Antwerp, Malines, Louvain,
Huy, Liege, Spa, La Roche, Durbuy, Arlon, Bouillon,
Sedan, Charleville-Mezieres, Dinant, Namur, Quatre
Bras, Waterloo, Brussels, Oudenarde, Courtrai, Ypres,
Lille, Bethune, Doullens, Amiens, Coucy, Rheims, Bar
le Due, Neufchateau, Gerardmer, Schlucht, Colmar,
Brisach, Freiburg, Simonswald, Triberg, Hausach, Horn-
berg, Triberg, Neustadt, Hollental, Freiberg, Triberg,
Villengen, Hegau, Constance, Lindau, Fussen, Ober-
Ammergau, Mittenwald, Munich, Berchtesgaden, Munich,
Ingolstadt, Nuremberg, Rothenburg a./d. T., Wiirzburg,
Darmstadt, Mayence, Rhine, Coblenz, Moselle, Treves,
Luxembourg, Rheims, St. Quentin, Doullens, Calais,
Dover.

Autumn Announcements 5

The Life and Times of Arabella Stuart.

By M. LEFUSE. With 12 Illustrations. Demy 8vo.
IDS. 6d. net.

The general reader knows little of the poignant history
of one of the most interesting daughters of the ill-fated
House of Stuart.

A brief mention in English history is accorded to one
who in her lifetime was the centre of a web of intrigue.
Yet no more fascinating figure, no more perplexing life,
ever passed across the stage of history.

Had the plots which surrounded her succeeded, the
history of our nation would in all probability have been
radically changed. To two successive sovereigns of
England, Elizabeth and James, her life constituted an
ever-present menace. Arabella Stuart became in turn
the hope of the Catholic party and the hope of those
patriots who wished to see an English Princess upon the
throne of England. She possessed in a marked degree
the fascination and romantic charm of her race, and was
able to enflame her contemporaries with the pity, indig-
nation, and blind devotion that was again and again
to be kindled by a Stuart in misfortune.

The present volume aims to put before the reader
the manifold adventures, sorrows, love affairs, and in-
trigues which surrounded Arabella. The illustrations
are reproductions of famous pictures, and the informa-
tion is drawn from many sources, including original con-
temporary letters.

Roman Memories in the Landscape seen
from Capri.

Narrated by THOMAS SPENCER JEROME. Illus-
trated by Morgan Heiskell. With 3 Maps. Demy 8vo.
js. 6d. net.

The beauties of contour and colour in the region lying
about the Bay of Naples have been long and amply

6 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

recognised by all travellers. Almost as generally but
less distinctly is it felt that a highly important element
in the attractiveness of the landscape is its historical
suggestiveness to the cultivated observer. The thoughts
which arise naturally to him who looks upon the scene
relate hardly at all to modern times, but range back to the
crafty Ulysses sailing by, or to the ancient Cumae whence
Greek civilisation entered Italy, or to Hannibal and
Capua, or to Spartacus and his stronghold in the crater
of Vesuvius, or to the great eruption of that mountain
and the sealing up of Pompeii and Herculaneum for our
eyes to gaze upon. The names that are remembered
are not those of to-day, but rather such as Tiberius,
Caligula, Nero, Lucullus, Cicero, or Pliny.

To make this feature of the landscape assume a more
distinct form in the consciousness of the visitor to these
shores is the purpose of this book. It begins with the
old myths, and continues down through the surprisingly
large number of Roman events associated with this
district, keeping the local episodes in their due relation
to the general current of ancient history as well as to
the special points in the landscape where they happened.
It ends appropriately with the retirement to Naples of
the last Western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus,
in A.D. 476, when classical times may be regarded as
closed.

The narrative gives all the details needed by a reader
not especially familiar with Roman history.

In illustrating the book the common expedient of
reproducing photographs of the present appearance of
the places mentioned has been discarded as inadequate
and indeed wellnigh worthless. What is needed is a
representation of the country as it was in Roman days.
While, of course, absolute precision of detail cannot
be attained (the same may be said of all narrative
history), the great progress made in archaeological
studies renders the portrayal of ancient scenes a sound
and legitimate work of the trained antiquarian and
artistic imagination.

Autumn Announcements 7

The Beaufort Hunting Diary.

By H. STUART MENZIES. With an Introduction by
the Duke of Beaufort. Size 13^ x 8£. Bound hand-
somely in cloth, 75. 6d. net ; half morocco, 105. 6d. net.

The author's aim has been to produce a diary that
would, for the first time, give hunting people a volume
in which to record their sport as fully as it should be
recorded.

It is curious that so obvious a want should have re-
mained so long unsatisfied, but the present work is the
result of long study of the question, and is the most
comprehensive thing of its kind yet attempted.

Mr. Menzies has kept an elaborate record of every
day's hunting he has had during the last dozen years,
and recommends others to do likewise, for the back pages
of such a record are fascinating after the years have
dimmed the writer's memory of the events recorded.

The book is by no means exclusively intended for
the use of Fox-hunters ; as Stag-hunters, Otter-hunters,
and followers of Harriers or Beagles will find it equally
useful. The volume includes, besides the full diary,
special pages for photographs, newspaper cuttings,
stables, complete season's expenses, etc., making a
record of the sport as it should be fully recorded.

Shakespeare to Shaw.

By CECIL FERARD ARMSTRONG. Author of " The
Dramatic Author's Companion." Crown 8vo. 65.

This book consists principally of essays and criticisms
of the dramatic work of seven practical dramatists,
beginning with William Shakespeare and concluding
with Bernard Shaw. The dramatists chosen are those
whose work has been practically successful and has had
a marked influence upon the stage of their time. Thus
there will be found amongst them such a one as T. W.
Robertson, who, although scarcely reckoned among the
great dramatists, yet had a very marked influence on
the drama of his day.

With the exception of Sir A. W. Pinero and George

8 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

Bernard Shaw, each essay contains some account of its
subject's life and times, showing what effect these had
upon his work, or how they were affected by it. The
object of the criticisms is not to give an exhaustive
account of the work of every author mentioned, so
much as a practical consideration from a practical
standpoint of his work and art.

The Romance of the Cambridge Colleges.

By FRANCIS GRIBBLE. With 16 Illustrations.
Crown 8vo. 6s.

" The Romance of the Cambridge Colleges," by
Francis Gribble, is a companion volume to the same
author's " Romance of the Oxford Colleges." It is
not a guide-book, but it will be found an indispensable
supplement to the guide-book, following the footsteps
of illustrious men through the Cambridge courts, and
providing anecdotal answers to most of the questions
which visitors are likely to ask. The careers of the
Cambridge Apostles at Trinity ; Cromwell's differences
with the dons of Sidney Sussex ; the " ragging " of
Gray at Peterhouse ; the launching of the Evangelical
Movement by Charles Simeon of King's ; the practical
jokes played by Calverley at Christ's ; the " sending
down " of Parnell from Magdalene, and Sir Frank
Lock wood from Caius, — these are a few of the subjects
dealt with.

Rambles in the North Yorkshire Dales.

By J. E. BUCKROSE, Author of " Down Our Street."
With 24 Illustrations in half-tone and 4 in colour. 35. 6d.
net. (Mills & Boon's Rambles Series.)

This book, written by a native of Yorkshire, is an
attempt to unite the good qualities of both types of
guide books — those larger and more serious ones which
are descriptive and deal with the legends and historical
features of a neighbourhood, and the smaller, more
tersely written ones, which afford definite aid in reach-
ing and seeing the places mentioned.

Autumn Announcements 9

There seemed the want of a book on the North York-
shire Dales, small enough to be conveniently taken on a
motor trip or walking tour, and yet full enough to describe
the customs and legends of the dales, and to contain
something of the atmosphere of this enchanting district.

Founded on Fiction.

By LADY SYBIL GRANT. With 50 Illustrations, and a
Cover Design by George Morrow. Crown 4to. 35. 6d. net.

A volume of light verse by a writer whose gifts are
well known. It is finely illustrated by that famous
artist, George Morrow, who has also designed the cover.
" Founded on Fiction " is uniform with those remark-
able successes by Harry Graham, " Deportmental
Ditties " and " Canned Classics."

"Can't Waiters";

or, How You Waste Your Energies.

By EDWIN L. ASH, M.S. LOND. Author of " Nerves
and the Nervous," "Mental Self-Help." Cr. 8vo. is. net.

" Can't Waiters " is a volume of warning to the
hustlers of the present day, and deals very intimately
with the strain of modern life and the prevalent waste
of energy which are the common causes of failure in
life's hardships. The book includes chapters on " Are
you a Can't Waiter?" " Your Energies," "Self-Control,"
" What to Eat and Drink," " The Brain a Battery,"
" Energy- wasting Habits," " Energy- wasting Emotions,"
" Sleep the Restorer," "Do you get enough Fresh Air ? "
etc., etc.

A Little Girl's Gardening Book.

By SELINA RANDOLPH. Crown 8vo. Cloth, zs. 6d.
net ; Paper, is. net.

This is a companion volume to " A Little Girl's Cook-
ery Book," which was published last year. It is written
in simple language, and makes a delightful present for
children. The author is a well-known amateur enthu-
siast, and wrote "The Gardener's Companion" (see
page 25).

io Mills & Boon's Catalogue

MILLS & BOON'S

AUTUMN FICTION

Crown 8vo. 6s. each.

The Red Mirage. [Fourth Edition.

By I. A. R. WYLIE, Author of " The Rajah's People,"
" The Daughter of Brahma," etc., etc.
Books of To-day (Hatchard's) says :

" You'll want upon your holiday
At Brighton, Cromer, Douglas, Bray,
Ostend, St. Malo, Paris Plage,
Southend-on-Sea — ' The Red Mirage.'
So buy it now and read it soon,
You'll find it is a (Mills and) Boon."

The Man from Nowhere. [Third Edition.

By VICTOR BRIDGES.

Pall Mall Gazette. — " One of the finest novels we have read
for a long time. The book held us from cover to cover, as no
doubt it will thousands of others."

Daily Mail. — " A rattling good story, full of high adventure,
good spirits, buoyant health, and humour. . . . Uncommonly
good."

Daily Graphic. — " It is told with a skill and dash which make
it one of the best novels of its type."

The Gondola.

By ROTHAY REYNOLDS, Author of "My Russian
Year."
A joyous romance of Venice and St. Petersburg.

Smoke Bellew. [Fourth Edition.

By JACK LONDON, Author of " A Son of the Sun,"
" When God Laughs." With a portrait of the Author.

Punch. — " I defy anybody to read of Smoke's journey to the
Yukon, a chapter that deserves to be called ' An epic of fatigue,'
without sharing the sensations of its hero. You go to him (Jack
London) for tales of endurance and for sheer breath-taking
adventure, and here there is no living writer that I know of to
equal him. He has them all beat."

Daily Graphic. — " Extraordinarily and truly picturesque.
Written with a skill and a story-telling charm that no writer
other than Jack London can compass."

Autumn Fiction 1913 i\

One Woman's Life.

By ROBERT HERRICK, Author of " Together."
Daily Telegraph. — " Milly is a lovable woman with great
charm, and her story is both interesting and amusing ; it is,
besides, told with a wonderful insight and grasp of character."

Crump Folk Going Home.

By CONSTANCE HOLME.
Times. — " A novel of great promise."

Pall Mall Gazette. — " A romance of much power and beauty."
Manchester Courier. — " A pleasure to read so sincere a book."
Daily Graphic. — " Mills & Boon are to be congratulated on
having discovered yet another writer of uncommon promise."

The Red Colonel.

By GEORGE EDGAR, Author of " The Blue Bird's-Eye."

Daily News. — " There is not a second of dulness in ' The Red
Colonel.' "

T.P.'s Weekly. — " One forgets it is a story; one is absorbed,
excited, and bewildered."

The Swashbuckler.

By MRS. BAILLIE REYNOLDS, Author of "The
Silence Broken," " Nigel Ferrard."

The Lizard.

By H. VAUGHAN-SAWYER, Author of " Sport of Gods."

Penelope's Doors.

By SOPHIE COLE, Author of " In Search of Each

Other."

Times. — " A gentle study of much humour and charm."
Pall Mall Gazette. — " A sheer pleasure to read."
Liverpool Daily Post. — " Miss Cole has not done anything
better than ' Penelope's Doors.' "

Lily Magic.

By MARY L. PENDERED, Author of " At Lavender
Cottage," " An Englishman."

T.P.'s Weekly. — " The most delightful of country idylls. Can
be given a place on the shelf reserved for books to keep."
Daily Express. — " ' Lily Magic' will be popular."
Newcastle Chronicle. — " A very good book."

12 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

The Valiants of Virginia.

By HALLIE ERMINIE RIVES, Author of " Hearts
Courageous."

Morning Post. — " Will appeal strongly to all who care about
good work."

Liverpool Post. — " Thoroughly enjoyable, thoroughly whole-
some."

The Brat.

By MRS. H. H. PENROSE, Author of " The House of
Rennell."
Sheffield Telegraph. — " A book to read, enjoy, and laugh over."

Miss King's Profession.

By E. M. CHANNON, Author of " Cato's Daughter."

Edward Racedale's Will.

By MARK HARDY.
A novel of high merit, full of delightful humour.

The Marriage of Edward.

By LOUISE MACK, Author of "Attraction."

With Drums Unmuffled.

By L. A. BURGESS.

Times. — " ' Oh ! for a Susan Pickles,1 will be the cry of many
a mother who reads this book."

Pall Mall Gazette. — " The memory of Susan lingers long after
the book has been closed."

Margaret and the Doctor.

By MRS. RANYARD WEST.

The Enlightenment of Ermyn.

By HARRY JERMYN, Author of " The Adolescence
of Aubrey."

Within the Law.

By MARVIN DANA and ESME* FOREST. From the
Play of B. VEILLER, at the Haymarket Theatre.

Piet of Italy.

By DOROTHEA FAIRBRIDGE.

The Transformation of Timothy.

By THOMAS COBB, Author of " A Marriage of Incon-
venience."

fiction 13

MILLS & BOON'S
SHILLING NOVELS.

New Volumes.

The Daughter of Brahma. By i. A. R. WYLIE.

The Blue Bird's-Eye. By GEORGE EDGAR.

The Marriage Market. By HAROLD SIMPSON.

(The Novel of the Play.)

The Cheat. By LADY TROUBRIDGE.

Eve, Spinster. Anon.

Ashes of Incense. Anon.

The Confessions of Arsene Lupin. By M. LEBLANC.

Pollyooly. By EDGAR JEPSON.

The Bolster Book. By HARRY GRAHAM.

Life. By W. B. TRITES.

The Square Mile. By HORACE W. c. NEWTE.

The Woman Who ! By ARTHUR APPLIN.

The Girl who Saved His Honour. By A. APPLIN.
The Frontier. By the Author of " Arsene Lupin."

When God Laughs. By JACK LONDON.

MILLS & BOON'S
SIXPENNY NOVELS.

With most attractive Picture Covers.
The Sins of the Children. By HORACE W. c. NEWTE.
Calico Jack. By HORACE W. C. NEWTE.

The Silence Broken. By MRS. BAILLIE REYNOLDS.
A Golden Straw. By J. E. BUCKROSE.

The Pilgrimage of a Fool. By J. E. BUCKROSE.
The Quaker Girl. By HAROLD SIMPSON.

(The Novel of the Play.)

Fame. By B. M. CROKER.

The Education of Jacqueline. By CLAIRE DE PRATZ.
The End and the Beginning. By COSMO HAMILTON.
The Adventures of Captain Jack.

By MAX PEMBERTON.

Peter Pan (the Fairy Story of the Play).

By G. D. DRENNAN.

14 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

BOOKS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED
GENERAL LITERATURE

These Books are arranged la order of price.

England v. Australia. By p. F. WARNER, with 5 1

Illustrations. Autograph Edition, limited to 50 copies, on
hand-made paper. Crown 4to. 2is.net. Popular Edition,
demy 8vo, 75. 6d. net.

Sporting and Dramatic News. — " We strongly recommend the
volume."

Sporting Life. — " The book is one that every cricketer should
possess."

The English Court in Exile : James II. at
St. Germain. By MARION and EDWIN SHARPE

GREW. With 16 Illustrations. 15*. net.

Spectator. — " Should certainly be read by all students of the
revolution; an exceedingly interesting and readable book."

AlhencBiim. — " Not a single uninteresting page. We had no
idea so good a book could be written on such a story."

The Court of William III. By EDWIN and MARION

SHARPE GREW. With 16 Illustrations. Demy 8vo.
155. net.

Morning Post. — " Done with fairness and thoroughness. . . .
The book has many conspicuous merits."

From Halifax to Vancouver. By B. PULLEN-

BURRY. With 40 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12$. 6d. net.
Daily Chronicle. — " Well written, well arranged, full and
complete."

What I Know. Reminiscences of Five Years'
Personal Attendance upon his late Majesty
King Edward VII. By c. w. STAMPER. With a

Portrait in Colour, never before published, by OLIVE
SNELL. Third Edition. Demy 8vo. los. 6d. net.

The Times. — " What would the historian not give for such a
book about Queen Elizabeth or Louis Quatorze ? . . . adds some-
thing to history."

Daily Telegraph. — " Whoever reads this book will feel himself
brought into contact with a warm and generous nature, of which
the radiation still lives."

Pall Mall Gazette. — " We raise our hat to a book which cannot
fail, wherever it goes, to enhance the general estimate of King
Edward as a monarch and a man."

General Literature 15

The Story of the British Navy. By E. KEBLE

CHATTERTON. With a Frontispiece in Colour and 50
Illustrations from Photographs. Demy 8vo. IDS. 6d. net.
Naval and Military Record. — " Contains practically every-
thing which the average individual wishes to know."

Royal Love-Letters : A Batch of Human

Documents. Collected and Edited by E. KEBLE
CHATTERTON. With 12 Illustrations. Demy 8vo.
105. 6d. net.

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General Literature 17

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General Literature 19

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General Literature 21

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22 Mills & Boon's Catalogue

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General Literature 23

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Crown 8vo. 6s. each.

All Awry ....

Nights and Days

The Sphinx in the Labyrinth

Eve, Spinster .

Mastering Flame

Ashes of Incense

Middleground .

Orpheus in Mayfair .

Two Men and Gwenda

The Palace of Logs .

Cardillac ....

The Sword Maker .

The Story of Joan Greencroft

Golden Vanity .

The Room in the Tower .

The Glen ....

The Silver Medallion

The Man from Nowhere .

Because of Jane

The Browns

A Bachelor's Comedy

A Golden Straw

The Pilgrimage of a Fool •

Down Our Street

Love in a Little Town

With Drums Unmuffled .

Render unto Caesar .

The Bill-Toppers

Miss King's Profession

Cato's Daughter

The Keeper of the Secret

His First Offence .

The Prodigal Father

The Transformation of Timothy

The Voice of Bethia

A Marriage of Inconvenience

Enter Bridget .

The Anger of Olivia .

Mr. Burnside's Responsibility

Margaret Rutland

Phillida ....

The Choice of Theodora .

2nd Edition

Maude Annesley.
Maude Annesley.

Maude Annesley.

Anon.

' 4th 'Edition

Anon.

2nd Edition

Anon.

Anon.

2nd Edition

Maurice Baring.

M. Barnes-Grundy.

Robert Barr.

5th Edition

Robert Barr.

3rd Edition

Robert Barr.

A. N. Bax.

Maisie Bennett.

2nd Edition

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Mary Stuart Boyd.

Percy J. Brebner.

' 3rd 'Edit ion

Victor Bridges.

2nd Edition

(E. Buckrose.

3rd Edition

E. Buckrose.

3rd Edition

E. Buckrose.

2nd Edition

E Buckrose.

2nd Edition

E. Buckrose.

. 6th Edition

E. Buckrose.

4th Edition

E. Buckrose.

. A. Burgess.

.

Mrs. Vere Campbell.
Andre Castaigne.

E. M. Channon.

E. M. Channon.

E. M. Channon.

2nd Edition

J. Storer Clouston.

. 4th Edition

J. Storer Clouston.

ky .

Thomas Cobb.

Thomas Cobb.

Thomas Cobb.

2nd Edition

Thomas Cobb.

2nd Edition

Thomas Cobb.

Thomas Cobb.

Thomas Cobb.

Thomas Cobb.

.

Thomas Cobb.

MILLS & BOON'S FICTION LIST— continued

Penelope's Doors

Sophie Cole.

A Plain Woman's Portrait

.

Sophie Cole.

In Search of Each Other

Sophie Cole.

The Thornbush near the Door .

Sophie Cole.

Blue Grey Magic

•

Sophie Cole.

A Wardour Street Idyll .

. .

Sophie Cole.

Arrows from the Dark

• .

Sophie Cole.

Mallory's Tryst .

.

Mrs. P. Ch. de Crespigny.

The Five of Spades .

Mrs. P. Ch.de Crespigny.

The Valley of Achor

t

Mrs. P. Ch.de Crespigny.

The Mark.

Mrs. P. Ch. de Crespigny.

Fame ....

3rd Edition

B. M. Croker.

Within the Law

Dana and Forest.

Rebecca Drew .

.

Edith Dart.

Likeness ....

Edith Dart.

The Education of Jacqueline

'3rd Edition

Claire de Pratz.

Elisabeth Davenay .

3rd Edition

Claire de Pratz.

Children of the Cloven Hoof

Albert Dorrington.

Our Lady of the Leopards

Albert Dorrington.

The Red Colonel

.

George Edgar.

Swift Nick of the York Road

2nd Edition

George Edgar.

The Blue Bird's-Eye

3rd Edition

George Edgar.

Piet of Italy .

.

Dorothea Fairbridge.

The Battle

Claude Farrere.

My Lady Wentworth

Allan Fea.

The Swimmer .

Louise Gerard.

A Tropical Tangle .

2nd Edition

Louise Gerard.

The Leech

Mrs. Harold E. Gorst.

Sons of State .

Winifred Graham.

The Enemy of Woman

3rd Edition

Winifred Graham.

Mary ....

. 4th Edition

Winifred Graham.

The Needlewoman .

Winifred Graham.

The Love Story of a Mormon

Winifred Graham.

Guinea Gold

2nd Edition

Beatrice Grimshaw.

When the Red Gods Call .

3rd Edition

Beatrice Grimshaw.

Brummell Again

,

Cosmo Hamilton.

Edward Racedale's Will .

Mark Hardy.

A Sereshan

.

M. Hartley.

One Woman's Life .

Robert Herrick.

Crump Folk Going Home

Constance Holme.

By Force of Circumstances

Gordon Holmes.

Margot Munro .

.

M. E. Hughes.

No. 19 .

2nd Edition

Edgar Jepson.

Captain Sentimental .

Edgar Jepson.

Pollyooly ....

2nd Edition

Edgar Jepson.

Arsene Lupin .

Jepson and Leblanc.

The Enlightenment of Ermyn

.

Harry Jermyn.

The Adolescence of Aubrey

Harry Jermyn.

Jehanne of the Golden Lips

'3rd 'Edition

F. G. Knowles- Foster.

The Written Law

F. G. Knowles-Foster.

MILLS & BOON'S FICTION LIST— continued

The Confessions of Arsene Lupin .

813 2nd Edit ion

The Frontier

The Phantom of the Opera

South Sea Tales

Smoke Bellew . . . 4th Edition

A Son of the Sun . . 3rd Edition
When God Laughs . . 2nd Edition
The Marriage of Edward

Attraction

Outlaw's Luck

Through the Window ....
Bound Together . . 2nd Edition
Men and Dreams . . 2nd Edition
The Last Lord Avanley ....

The Yoke of Silence. 5s

The Prince

The Cost .... 2nd Edition
Wilsam .... 2nd Edition
Mary up at Gaf fries . . 4th Edition

Ripe Corn . . . 2nd Edition
Calico Jack . . . 3rd Edition
The Sins of the Children . 2nd Edition
The Socialist Countess . 2nd Edition
The Ealing Miracle .....

Guppy Guyson

With Poison and Sword ....

Draw in Your Stool

Harm's Way ....

Stories without Tears . 2nd Edition

The Adventures of Captain Jack, 3rd Edit.

The Summer Book

Lily Magic

Phyllida Flouts Me .

An Englishman

At Lavender Cottage

The Brat ....

The Stairway of Honour . 2nd Edition

The Swashbuckler

The Silence Broken . . 2nd Edition
The Queen's Hand . . 2nd Edition
Nigel Ferrard . . . 2nd Edition

The Gondola

The Valiants of Virginia ....

Force Majeure

The Sea-Lion . . 2nd Edition

Mr. Sheringham and Others

Odd Come Shorts . . 2nd Edition

Isabel

The Call of the Siren . 2nd Edition
28

Maurice Leblanc.
Maurice Leblanc.
Maurice Leblanc.
Gaston Leroux.
Jack London.
Jack London.
Jack London.
Jack London.
Louise Mack.
Louise Mack.
Dorothea Mackellar.
Mary E. Mann.
Mary E. Mann.
Mary E. Mann.
Gerald Maxwell.
Amy McLaren.
Thomas Metcalfe.
L. G. Moberly.
S. C. Nethersole.
S. C. Nethersole.
S. C. Nethersole.
Horace W. C. Newte.
Horace W. C. Newte.
Horace W. C. Newte.
Horace W. C. Newte.
W. M. O'Kane.
W. M. O'Kane.
Oliver Onions.
Lloyd Osbourne.
Barry Pain.
Max Pemberton.
Max Pemberton.
Mary L. Pendered.
Mary L. Pendered.
Mary L. Pendered.
Mary L. Pendered.
Mrs. H. H. Penrose.
Maud Stepney Rawson.
Mrs. Baillie Reynolds.
Mrs. Baillie Reynolds.
Mrs. Baillie Reynolds.
Mrs. Baillie Reynolds.
Rothay Reynolds.
Hallie Erminie Rives.
Patrick Rushden.
Patrick Rushden.
Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick.
Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick.
Dorothy V. H. Smith.
Harold Spender.

MILLS & BOON'S FICTION LIST -continued

When Love Knocks

The Long Engagement . 3rd Edition

The Veil 7th Edition

The Mountain of God . . 4th Edition
The Lure . . . . 3rd Edition
The Earthen Drum . . 2nd Edition
Tales of the Open Hazard
The Hidden Road . . 3rd Edition

Holborn Hill

Written in the Rain

Stormlight

The Girl with the Blue Eyes .

The Woman who Forgot ....

The First Law . . . 2nd Edition

The Cheat

Body and Soul . . . 2nd Edition

A Creature of Circumstance

The Island of Souls . ...

Royal Lovers

The Adventures of Billie Belshaw .
An Unknown Lover ....

Sport of Gods . . . 3rd Edition
The Lizard . ...

The Two Faces ......

First Love

The Girl from His Town . . . .
Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill . 2nd Edition
The Prelude to Adventure 2nd Edition
The Unknown Woman ....
Toddie .... 3rd Edition
If s and Ans ......

The King's Highway

The Captain's Daughter ....
Margaret and the Doctor . . .

Tess of Ithaca .....
An Averted Marriage . 2nd Edition
The Wind among the Barley 2nd Edition
Memoirs of a Buccaneer ....
The Friendly Enemy ....
The Prince and Betty ....
The Honourable Derek ....
The Court of the Gentiles
Ruth of the Rowldrich ....
The Red Mirage . . 4th Edition

The Daughter of Brahma 5th Edition

The Rajah's People . . . 8th Edition
Dividing Waters . . ,4th Edition

In Different Keys

A Blot on the Scutcheon . 2nd Edition
For Church and Chieftain.

Gilbert Stanhope.
E. S. Stevens.
E. S. Steveni.
E. S. Stevens.
E. S. Stevens.
E. S. Stevens.
Halliwell Sutcliffe.
Joan Sutherland.
Christian Tearle.
John Trevena.
Lady Troubridge.
Lady Troubridge.
Lady Troubridge
Lady Troubridge.
Lady Troubridge.
Lady Troubridge.
Lady Troubridge.
M. Urquhart.
Helene Vacaresco.
Mrs. G. de H. Vaizey.
Mrs. G. de H. Vaizey.
H. Vaughan-Sawyer.
H. Vaughan-Sawyer.
Marie van Vorst.
Marie van Vorst.
Marie van Vorst.
Hugh Walpole.
Hugh Walpole.
Anne Warwick.
Gilbert Watson.
H. B. Marriott Watson.
H. B. Marriott Watson.
Helen H. Watson.
Mrs. Ranyard Wejt.
Grace Miller White.
Percy White.
M. P. Willcocks.
Robert Williams.
T. P. Cameron Wilson.
P. G. Wodehouse.
R. A. Wood-Seys.
Mrs. Stanley Wrench.
Mrs. Stanley Wrench.
1. A. R. Wylie.
I. A. R. Wylie.
I. A. R. Wylie.
I. A. R. Wylie.
I. A. R. Wylie.
May Wynne.
May Wynne.

MILLS & BOON'S

SHILLING NOVELS

Picture Covers. Crown 8vo. Is. net.

The Square Mile HORACE W. C. NEWTE

Living- Pictures HORACE W. C. NEWTE

The Socialist Countess . . . HORACE W. C. NEWTE
Sparrows: The Story of an Unprotected Girl HORACE W. C. NEWTE
Lena Swallow (A sister to " Sparrows "j HURACK W. C. NEWTE
The Lonely Lovers .... HORACE W. C. NEWTE

Calico Jack HORACE W. C. NKWTE

The Sins of the Children . . HORACE W. C. NEWTE

Life W. B. TRITES

Eve Spinster ANON

Ashes of Incense ANON

The Woman Who ! ARTHUR APPLIN

The Girl who Saved his Honour . . ARTHUR APPLIN

Cardillae ROHERT BARR

813 (A New Arsene Lupin Adventure) . . MAURICE LEBLANC

The Frontier M \URICE LEBLANC

The Confessions of Arsene Lupin . MAURICE LEBLANC
*Arsene Lupin . . EDGAR JEPSON & MAURICE LEBLANC

Pollyooly EDGAR JKPSON

Down Our Street J. E. BUCKROSE

The End and the Beginning1 .... COSMO HAMILTON

The Veil E. S. STEVENS

The Mountain of God E. S. STEVENS

Cumner's Son (Cloth i GILBERT PARKER

The Adventures of Captain Jack . . MAX PEMBERTON
The Daughter of Brahma . . . I. A. R. WYLIE

The Rajah's People I. A. R. WYLIE

Dividing- Waters . I. A. R. WYLIE

Beware of the Dog- .... Mrs. BAILLII: REYNOLDS

The Cheat LADY TROUBRIDGE

The Woman who Forgot . . . LADY TROUBRIDGE

Body and Soul LADY TROUBRIDGE

His First Offence J. STORER CLOUS ION

The Prodig-al Father J. STORER CLOUSTON

The Peer's Progress J. STORER CLOUSTON

Tales of King- Fido J. STORER CLOUSTON

Sons of State WINIFRED GRAHAM

The Enemy of Woman .... WINIFRED GRAHAM

Mary WINIFRED GKAHAM

The Love Story of a Mormon . . WINIFRED GRAHAM

The Needlewoman WINIFRED GRAHAM

When God Laughs JACK LONDON

The Goldfish LILA FIELD

For Church and Chieftain MAY WYNNE

The Bolster Book HARRY GKAHAM

Wee Macgreeg-or J. J. B.

Proofs Before Pulping- BARRY PAIN

The Diary of a Baby BARRY PAIN

Thomas Henry W. PETT RIDGE

Mr. Perrln & Mr. Traill HUGH WALPOLE

When the Red Gods Call . . . BEATRICE GRIMSHAW
Lady Calphurnia Royal ALBERT DORRINGTON & A. G. STEPHENS

The Marriage Market HAROLD SIMPSON

*The Dollar Princess HAROLD SIMPSON

*The Count of Luxembourg- .... HAROLD SIMPSON

*D'Arey of the Guards L. E. SHIPMAN

*The Bill-Toppers ANDRE CASTAIUNE

* Novels of the Play.

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