J*f'>.; ^>^. I^K f^^g ■.t>*>S^O ^ > > 1 - ?* -> -^- i LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SOURCE...tl_i_U.%...^.V>.7>-4... a» V.\4 CHAPEL THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE. {Forming Vol. IV. of the Second Decade.) CONDUCTED By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c. AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF GARDENING, OF AGRICULTURE, AND OF COTTAGE, FARM, AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE, AND OF THE ARBORETUM BRITANNICUJI AND SUBURBAN GARDENER. LONDON: PRINTF.D FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1838. LCLX Gr !^S V. /4 London : Printed by A. Spottiswoode, New.StreeUSquare. PREFACE. I HE Contents of this Fourteenth Volume of the Gardener s 3Iaga- zine, which sei've at the same time instead of an Index, are arranged as follows : — Original Communieations : — General Subject , - - History, Description, and Statistics Science of Gardening Insects and Birds Instruinents - - - Landscape-Gardeningand Garden Archi tecture .... Arboriculture - - . Effects of tlie Winter of 1837-8 Floriculture - . . Horticulture . . - . Bee Culture ... Reviews . . . Catalogue - . Literary Notices Miscellaneous Intelligence : — li General Notices . . - Foreign Notices . - . Domestic Notices England Scotland - . . Page Page Ireland - - . - ^\\ Retrospective Criticism . . - vii Queries and Answers . - - vii London Horticultural Society - - vii West London Gardeners' Association - vii Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society vii Covent Garden Market - - - vii Obituary . - . . vii List of Plants included in the Floricultural and Botanical Notices recorded since the preparation of the Second Addilioncd Sup- plement to the Hortus Brilannicus - . vii List of Plants mentioned or treated of in the present volume, arranged alphabetically - x List of Fruits ... -xiv List of Culinary Vegetables . . xv List of Horticultural, Botanical, and Flori. cultural Societies . . - . xv List of Gardens and Country Seats - . xvi List of Books reviewed or noticed . . xvii List of Engravings - . . xvii List of Contributors - - . xviii ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. GENERAL SUBJECT. Page A Summary View of the Progress of Gar. dening, and of Rural Improvement gene, rally, in Britain, during the Year 1838 ; with some Notices relative to the State of both in Foreign Countries. By the Con. ductor ..... 545 Provincial Horticultural, Botanical, and Flo- ricultural Societies ... 584 History, Description, and Statistics. An abridged List of Ornamental Plants in- troduced into British Gardens during the Year 1S38; with References to the Works in which they have been figured or de- scribed, and to the Pages of the current Volume of the Gardener's Maffaxine, in which some Account is given of their Mode of Culture, &c. - - - - 574 Notes on the Brighton and Shoreham Gar- dens ; and on the Garden and Grounds of William Borrer, Esq., F.L.S., at Henfield: with some preliminary Remarks on Tawd- riness in Flower- Gardens. By the Con- ductor . - - . .497 Descriptive Notice of Hendon Rectory, the Residence of the Rev. Theodore Williams, with a List of the Pinetum in Pots kept in the Gardens there. By the Conductor . 220 Descriptive Notice of the Villa of Mrs. Law. rence, at Drayton Green. From the Sub- urban Gardener - . . 305 Descriptive Notice of Bedford Lodge, the Suburban Villa of His Grace the Duke of Bedford, at Camden Hill. By John Caie, Gardener there - - - . 401 Some Account of the Garden of Mr. Abel Ingpen, A.L.S., ^c. Upper Manor Street, Chelsea. By Mr. Ingpen - . - i56 Notes on Gardens and Country Seats. By A Page the Conductor. — Hoole House, near Ches- ter, the Residence of Lady Broughton . 353 Some Account of the Gardens of Hereford. shire. By J. B. W. - - . 209 A slight Sketch of a Visit to Allanton, the Seat of the late Sir Henry Steuart, and now iq Possession of his Daughter, Ladv Mac- donald Steuart. By W. A. Nesfield, Esq. 15 Notice of the Gardens of Norman MacLeod, Esq., Morayshire. By Thomas Reid -462 The State of Gardening in the South of Ire- land, as compared with England and Scot- land. By John JeiFery, Nurseryman, Mit- chelstown - - - -65 Descriptive Notice of the Country House of Dr. Renton, in Madeira, called Quinta de la Valle (Villa of the Valley), situated near Funchal. By Dr. Lippold, Author of the TVo/itstandige Gartner, Sfc, Natural His. tory Collector in Madeira and the Canaries 449 On the Vegetation of Dalmatia. By Baron Von Welden, General in the Austrian ser- vice, and late Governor of Dalmatia. Translated and communicated by Mrs. Palliser . - . . 5 Science of Gardening. Of the Analogy between Plants and Ani- mals. By J. A. W. - - . 411 Detail of Experiments on Vegetable Physi- ology, and Observations thereon. By N. Niven, Curator of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, Dublin .... 151 On the Germination of Seeds Conjectures respecting the Causes which pro. dure double Flowers in Plants ; together with the Results of some Experiments made with a View to the same Object. By James Munro, Forester to the Marquess of North- ampton, at Castle Ashby, Northampton- shire - . ' . 2 71 IV CONTENTS. On the Effects of Fire and Water, as applied to Plant Culture under Glass ; including the Subject of covering Vine Borders ; the different Systems of Heating by Flues and by Hot VVater; Remarks on managing Hot-house Fires, &c. By Alex. Forsyth - 623 Insects and Birds. A Series of Articles on the Insects most in- jurious to Cultivators. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. :_ No. 10. Caterpillar of the Apricot Bud 1 No. 11. The Wire- Worm - - - 113 No. 12. The Apple, or Codling, Moth - 2o-t No. 13. The Elm-destroying Scolytus - 363 No. 14. Apple Insects - - - 464 On the Benefits which Gardens derive from Woodpeckers. By Phdopicus - - 322 A Description of a very simple Kind of Trap for catching Birds. By Robert Alexander, under Gardener at Ki^lin, near Catterick, Yorkshire - - . - 505 Instrument. A new Turf-Racer and Verge-Cutter. By Edward Bell, Landscape- Gardener - - 176 LANDSCAPE-GARDENING AND GARDEN ARCHITECTURE. Landscape-Gardening. On the Formation of a Public Botanic Gar- den. By C. C. - - - -68 A Competition Design for the prnposedLceds Zoological and Botanical Garden. By James Pringle, Gardener to VV. R. C. Stansfield, Esq. M.P., at Esholt Hall, near Leeds - - . - .239 On the Management of Shrubberies. By G. Geggie - . . . .505 A Series of Designs for laying out and plant- ing Flower-Gardens, with Remarks on each. By the Conductor. Design 6. By a Foreign Gardener - . . . - 18 Description of a Rustic Fountain and Rock- work, lately erected in the Garden of Mr. Thomas, at Peckham, by Mr. Benjamin Andrews. Communicated by Mr. Andrews 463 Garden Architecture. Kotice of some new Forcing-houses and Pits, lately erected at Pendarvcs, in Cornwall ; ■with a Plan and Section. By J. Mitchinson 418 On portable gU.zed Structures." By N. M. T. 122 Notice of a hollow Brick Wall for Ganiens. By J. D. Parks, Nurseryman, Dartlord - 126 On Glazing Hot-houses, Pits, Frames, &c. By A. Forsyth 127 ARBORICULTURE. Report on the new Species and Varieties of Hardy Trees and Shrubs, raised in the Horticultural Society's Gardens since the Completion of the MS. of the Arboretum Srilnnnicimi. Drawn up for the Gar- dener's Magazine, by Mr. Ciordon, Foreman of the Arboretum, by Permission of the Council of the Hort. Soc. ... 58' Remarks on the annual Layers of Trees ; with the IVleasuremcnt of the annual Rings of a Larch planted in 1811. By A. Gorrie, F.H.S., C.H.S, Ac, Annat Gardens, Perthshire . 132 On Propagating Trees and Shrubs by Ex. tension. By C. B. . . . 32 On Grafting the CMrus Deodara on the Cedar of Lebanon. By VVm. Barron, Gardener at Elvaston Castle, Derbyshire . - .80 On Moving and Rejjlanting large Trees, as practised at Arlington Court, near Barn, staple, Devonshire. By John Nash, Gar. dener there .... 505 Cursory Remarks on ornamental Planting. By R. Glendinning . . . -33 On the Planting of Larch as a national Ob. ject. By C. C. . . . . 249 On the Treatment of the Scotch Pine in the Plantations at Huntley Lodge, Banffshire. By Alexander Murdoch - . . 368 On Measuring growing Timber. By William Blackadder, Land and Timber Surveyor, Glammis, Forfarshire .... 257 Valuation of the Woodlands upon the Es- tates of Drummawhance and Culdees, situated between Auchterarder and Crieff', Perthshire. By William Blackadder . 266 Remarks on an economical Use of the Cones of the Pine and Fir Tribe ; and more par. ticularly of those of the i'inus sylvestris, or Scotch Pine. By William Howison, M.D., Lecturer on Botany, Edinburgh . . 370 Minutes on the Method adopted by Robert Turner, Esq., Surveyor of the New Forest, in raising and protecting Oak Plantations. By T. Davios of Warminster, and Y. Sturge of Bristol . . - - - 128 A tabular View of the Species of ^bietinse contained in the principal Pinetums and Collections of //bietinae in Great Britain, and on the Continent of Europe . - 29 List of the Species and Varieties of Coniferous Plants in the Pinetum of Elvaston Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Harrington, in Der- byshire. Communicated by Mr. Barron, Head Gardener there . . . - 76 Notice of the principal Pinetums and Collec- tions of yJbietinEe in France. Drawn up from Communications of various Corre- spondents - . . - 28 Some Account of the Growth of the Trees in _;_• the Park at Bowood, the Seat of the Mar- quess of Lansdown. By J. Spencer, Gar- dener there - - . . 326 Remarks on a few ornamental Trees which are at present growing in the Neighbour- hood of Ripon, Yorkshire. By William May, Nurseryman, Ripon ... 133 Descriptive and Historical Notice of the yj'bies cephal6nica. By the Conductor - 81 Effects of the JVmter of 1831.8. An Account of the Effects of the last Winter (lb37-8) on the Trees and Shrubs in the Botanic Garden, Birmingham. By David Cameron, the Curator there . - .421 An .iVccount of the Effects of the severe Winter of 1837-8 on the Pinetum at Drop- more. By Mr. Frost, Gardener there . 631 List of Ligneous Plants which have stood the Winter of 1837-8, at Highlands, near Chelmsford, Essex. By J. A. Ferguson, Ciardener there ..... 533 Notice of the Effects of the past Winter on the Trees and Shrubs in the Grounds of a Parsonage House in Berkshire, half way between Reading and Windsor. By R. Lowndes ..... 403 On the Effects of the severe Winter of 1837-8, at Bicton, Devonshire. By R. Glendinning, Gardener there - - - - . 510 Report on the Effects of the Winter of 1837-8 on the Exotic Trees and Shrubs in the Kil. kenny Nursery, and in that Neighbourhood generally. By John Robertson, f^H.S., Sec. 512 A List of the Ligneous and other Plants which have stood the Winter in the Cesa. rean Nursery, in the Island of Jersey. By Bernard Saunders - - . . . 328 Effects of the Cold of the Winter of 1837-8 on the Trees and Shrubs in the open Air in the Botanic Garden, Berlin. By Frederic Otto. From the Garten Zcitung of May 5. 1S38 . . ... 634 FLORICULTURE. Mode of propagating Green-house Plants. By John Fyff'e, Gardener at Milton Bryant - &'> Of the Pruning of forced Roses, and Plant- ing out of forced Plants in Summer. By James Cuthill ..... 371 On the Cultivation of Exotic Ferns. By J. Henderson, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Milton, M.P., at Milton, near Petorhnrough ..... 252 Remarks on the Propagation of the Dahlia. CONTENTS. By George 'A. Lake, F.L.S., Tulse Hill House 177 On the best Mode of propagating the Dahlia. By John Fyfte, Gardener at Jlilton Rectory, Bedfordshire 429 On the Culture of the Mignonette. By James Cuthill - . - - - 179 Remarks on the Roots of some of the ter- restrial OrohideiB of Australia, found in the Neighbourhood of the Swan River. By James Drummond, A.L.S., Superintendent of the Government Botanic Garden, Swan River . - . . . 425 Notice of the Flowering of an AgSive ameri- ciina in the Flower-Garden at Clowance, in the County of Cornwall, the Seat of Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart. Communicated by T. Symons 271 Descriptive List of Varieties of Chrysanthe- mum originated in the Island of Jersey, and now in Flower in the Vauxhall Nursery. By Messrs. Chandler and Sons - - 36 Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices on the Kinds of Plants newly in- troduced into British Gardens and Plant- ations, or which have been originated in them; together with additional Information respecting Plants (whether old or new) already in Cultivation : the whole intended to serve as a perpetual Supplement to the EncyclopiEdia of Plants, the Hortus Biitn7i- m'cus, the Hortus Lij^nosus, and the Artio- retu7n et Fruticetum Britannicum, 42. 135. 274. 334. 374. 471. 513. HORTICULTURE. Notices of some Plants of the Carica Papiya which have fruited at Ripley Castle, iiy G. M. Elliott, Gardener there - - 430 On the Shrivelling of Grapes. By George .K. Lake, F.L.3., Tulse Hill House, Brixton . 86 On forcing Cherries. By Mr. Lawrence Gardener to the Rev. Theodore Williams, Hendon Rectory - - - - - 37 On forcing the Cherry. By Alex. Forsyth 330 On the Method ot pruning Filbert Trees in Kent. By John Machray, Gardener at East Sutton Park .... - 332 On the Cucumbers most likely to produce good Seed. By John Wighton, Gardener to Lord Stafford - . . - . 333 On the Cauliflower. By A. Forsyth - - 42 A Mode of Growing early Cauliflowers. By John Cuthill, Gardener at Dyrham Park - 88 On the Cultivation of Broccoli, and Borecole or Scotch Kail. By A. Forsyth - . 134 Notice of Mr. Joyce's Apparatus for heating by Steam ; with an Account of his Method of forcing Strawberries. By Thomas Joyce, Market- Gardener, Camberwell - - 372 Hints on Potato Culture. By John Robert- son, F.H.S. - - - - 470 BEE CULTURE. On the Swarming of Bees. By John Wigh- ton, Gardener to Lord Stafford, Cossey ' Hall Gardens, Norfolk - - - - ISO Remarks on Blr. Nutt's Collateral Beehive. By John Wighton, Gardener to Lord Staf- ford, at Cossey Hall, near Norwich . - 424 REVIEWS. 171 The Botanical Periodicals and their Illustra- tions. By H. N. H. A Botanical Lexicon, or Expositor of the Terms, Facts, and Doctrines of the Vege- table Physiology, brought down to the pre- sent Time. By the Rev. Patrick Keith, Clerk, F.L.S., Rector of Buckinge, Kent - 89 Botany, in Four Parts - - - 434 Transactions of the Agricultural and Horti- cultural Society of India - - -519 Don's General System of Gardening and Bo- tany - - - - - - 380 Monographie du Genre Camellia, &c. By the Abbe Berlfese - - - - 290 Loudon's Hortus Lignosus Londinensis - 490 Flora Telluriana. By Professor Rafinesque 289 Niven's Visitor's Companion to the Botanic Garden, Glasnevin - - - 383 Dickie's Flora Abredonensis ; comprehending a List of the Flowering Plants and Ferns found in the Neighbourhood of Aberdeen; with Remarks on the Climate, the Features of the Vegetation, &c. - - -521 The Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen-Garden, being the Article " Horticulture" of the Seventh Edition of the Encyclopeedia Bri- tannica. By Patrick Neill, LL.D., F.R..S.E. 287 Loudon's Suburban Gardener, and Villa Com panion - . . - Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britanni. cum - - - - Portraits of British Forest Trees, with and without their Foliage ; together with In- structions for drawing Trees from Nature, and Rules for obtaining the Height, Width, and true Proportion that each Part bears towards another, clearly explained and ex- emplified. By Geo. R. Lewis . - 338 The Rose Amateur's Guide; containing ample Descriptions of all the fine leading Varie- ties of Roses, regularly classed in their re- spective Families, their History and Modes of Culture. In two Parts. Part I. The Summer Rose-Garden. Part 1 1. The Au tumnal Rose-Garden. By T. Rivers, jun. Gore's Rose.Fancier's Manual A practical Treatise on the Cultivation of A 432 382 94 436 the Dahlia. By Joseph Paxton, F. L. S., H.S. - - . . .296 Sertum Orchidaceum ; a Wreath of the most beautiful Orchidaceous Flowers. Selected by John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S., Professor : of ;Botany in University College, London, and in the Royal Institution of Great Bri- tain, &c. ... . 148. 287 Bateman's Orchidacese of IMexico and Guate- mala - - ... 435 Thompson's Practical Treatise on the Con. striiction of Stoves and other Horticultural Buildings - - - . . 486 On the Nature and Property of Soils ; their Connexion with the geological Formation on which they rest ; the best Means of per- manently increasing their Productiveness; and on the Rent and Profits of Agriculture. By John Morton .... 151 On Liquid Manures. By Cuthbert W. John- son, Esq., Barrister at Law, Corresponding Member of the Maryland Ilort. Soc. - - 154 A practical Treatise on Warming Buildings by Hot Water; and an Enquiry in the Laws of radiant and conducted Heat : to which are added. Remarks on Ventilation, and on the various Methods of distributing artificial Heat, and their Effects on Animal and Vegetable Phvsiology. By Charles Hood, F.R.A.S. ■ - - - - 50 On Warming and Ventilating ; with Direc- tions for making and using the Thermo- meter Stove, or self-regulating Fire, and other Apparatus. By Neil Arnott, M.D., F.R.S., &c., Physician Extr.iordin.-,ry to the Queen, Author of the Elements of Phy- sics, &c. . . - . - 154 The Bee-keeper's Manual. By Henry Taylor 295 A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, from a Conservative Bee-keeper . . 295 Elements of practical Agriculture; compre- hending the Cultivation of Plants, the Hus. bandry of the Domestic Animals, and the Economv of the Farm. By David Low, Esq.,F.ll.S.E. - - - - 54 A new Treatise on Agriculture and Grazing. By an experienced Farmer ... 294 3 VI CONTENTS. Reise durch die ostliohen Bundestaaten in die Lombardey, und zurikk iiber die Schweiz und den Oberen Rhein,inbesoiiderer Bezie- hung, u. s. w. A Journey through the Western States of Lombardy, and back again by Switzerland and the Upper Rhine ; withpartieularReferenceto the Information of the People, Agriculture, and Political Economy. By G. Fr. von Rumohr - 520 The Hop-Farmer. By E. J. Lance - - 296 Poultry: their Breeding, Rearing, Diseases, and general Management. By Walter B. Dickson - - - - . 29fi An E:!say on the Antiquitv of Hindoo Medi- cine. By J. F. Royle, M.D., F.R., L.S., &c. 297 Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agricul- ture, Botany, Rural Architecture, &c,, lately published, with some Account of those considered the more interesting - 5,5. 181. 339.384. 442.525 A Descriptive Catalogue of Roses culti- vated for Sale by T. Rivers and Son, at their Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. For the Autumn of 1837 and the Spring of 1838 . - - 55 A Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits culti- vated by T. Rivers and Sou, at their Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth, Herts; with the Prices of Fruit Trees, as sold by them, 183o-7 - - - 56 The British Almanac of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; and the Companion to the Almanac, or Year- Book of General Information, for 1838 56 The British Working Man's Almanac; and the Working Man's Companion, or Year Book, for 18 38 - - - 56 Monogiaphie de la Famille des Coniferes. Par M. Jacques . - - - 155 Histoire du Cedre de Liban. Par M. Loiseleur Deslongchamps - - 155 Verzeichniss von im Frein ausdauernden Slanden-Gewiichsen, &c. By F. A. Haage, Jun. - - - - 156 Observations on the Preservation of Health in Infancy, Youth, Manhood, and Age, itc. By John Harrison Curtis 156 A Letter to Earl Spencer (President of theSmithfield Club), on the Formation of a National Agricultural Institution. By Henry Handiey, Esq., M. P. - - 181 Prize Essay on Propagation by Cuttings 182 Index Seminum in Horto Botanico Bero- linensi 1837 collectorum. List of Seeds collected in the Berlin Botanic Garden in 1837 - - - - ^-183 Del'E'conomio des Engrais, ou de la Me- thode de Pierre Jauff'ret, Cultivateur d'Aix. Redig^ et mis en Ordre par N. V. Auguste Lozivy, un des Manda- taires-Geransde 1' Administration Jauf- fret 184 The young Lady's Book of Botany - 339 Jesse's Gleanings in Natural History - 339 Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 339 Townsend's Directions on Practical Agri. culture, for the Working Farmers of Ireland - - - - 340 Fourth Annual Report of the Jersey Agri- cultural and Horticultural Society - 340 Patterson's Letters on the Natural His- tory of the Insects mentioned in Shak- speare's Plays ... - 384 Mudie's Man in his Physical Structure and Adaptations - - - - 385 M'Intosh's Flower-Garden. Part II.: The Green-house, Hot-house, and Stove 442 Parnell's Treatise on Roads - - 442 Lindley's Flora Medica ... 442 Westwood's Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects - - -443 Urc's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, &c. - . . - 525 Ingledew's Treatise on the Culture of the Red Rose, Strawberry, Brazil Goose- berry, Peach, Mango, and Grape Vine 526 Literary Notices; — Sweet's British Flower- Garden, proposed to be merged into the Bo- tanical Register, ST. KoUar's History of the Insects injurious to Gardeners and Farmers, 94. Lewis's Portraits of Oak Trees, 95. Cjauen's Treatise on the Concentration and Reflection of the Sun's Rays, as applied to Horticulture and Agriculture, 184. Pax- ton's Treatise on the Cultivation of the Dahlia, 1S4. The Suburban Landscape- Gardener, 298. The Book of the Farm, 298. A Monograph on the Genus Oenothera, 385. Bennett's Planta:! JavaniCEE rariores, 386. Repton's Works on Landscape-Gardening and Landscape-Architecture, with Notes by J. C. Loudon, 491. A Floral Guide for Fa- versham, 527. The Gardener's Annual Re- gister for the Y'ear 1838, 5-27. The Ladies' Flower-Garden of Ornamental Annuals, by Mrs. Loudon, 640. MISCELL.\NEOUS INTELLIGENCE. General Notices. Joyce's new Mode of Heating, 57 ; Joyce's new Stove and economical Fuel, 95 ; On the For- mation of Mould, 95 ; Effect of Carbonic Acid on Vegetation, 97 ; Phosphorescent Plants, 97 ; Loss of Species.of Plants, 97; Silkworms fed upon Rice, 97 ; Preservation of Vegetables, 97 ; JautTret's new Manure, 184 ; Statistics of the Woods and Forests of Europe, 1S5 ; Extent of Surface under Cultivation in Britain and on the Continent, 185; A sure and economical Method of managing Cape Heaths, 253 ; Tro- pa^'olum tuberosum, 254; To prepare Goose, berry Cuttings which shall not throw up suckers, 254; Propagating Roses by Cuttings of the Roots, 2.54 ; Results in Summer and Au- tumn of the Weather of the preceding Spring, J. M., 340; Dry Rot and the Kyauising Pro- cess, 341 ; A permanent Tally for Plants, James Eaton, 341 ; Progress of Education in rearing and training Brute Animals, 342; Develope- ment of the Bark in Trees, 386; Horticultural Exhibition at York, H. S., 3S7 ; India Rubber, or Caoutchouc, 387 ; Antiseptic Property of Honev, .'587 ; The Slimy Grub, Blennoc^mpa Sel&n'iiria, J. M. H S., 299; Jauft'ret's new Manure, v., 299; Jauflret's Manure in Eng. land, 3t0 ; Joyce's new Mode of Heating, 302 ; Dr. Arnott's Stove, 302; The Slimy Grub, John .lennings, 494 ; Liquid Manure, 494 ; Corbett's Hygrothermanic Apparatus," 527 ; Preserving Fruit, and other Botanical Speci. mens, in a moist State, 529 ; Protecting Grapes from Sparrows, by means of Black Thread or Worsted, J. M., 529. Foreign Notices. Fiance. — Agriculture, 98 ; Vegetable Mon. strositv, 98 ; Cordage from the Nap»'a Is'vis, 98'; Cause of the Fertility of Sandy Soil in the Valleys of the Loire, 185 ; The Temperature of Paris, 18,5 ; A Caterpillar injurious to the Vine, 18,1 ; Employment of the Insane in Agriculture and Gardening, 186 ; Method of training the Vine in the Pyrenees, 186 ; The Cedar of Le- banon and other Coniferae, 186; A new Straw, berry, 186; Reaping-Machine, 186; The Ga- lactodendron specibsum, W. Hamilton, M. D., 495. Germam/. — The Cold in January, 1838, 186; Ci.irden Improvements in Hanover, 656. Sweden. — Some Account of the Swedish Horti. cultural Society, and the Giarden of M. Rosen- blad, in Stockholm, by Austrian Travellers, in the Summer of 1«36, 199; A Visit to Ham- marby, the Country Seat of Linna?us, 98. Denmark. — State of Gardening in Denmark, J. P. Petersen, 186. India.— Taking Bees in India, J. B. W., 343. Nort/t America.— State of Gardening in the LIST OF PLANTS. Vll United States, W. F. B., 187; Pennsylvania ! Horticultural Exhibition, G. Watson^ 188 ; Pro. ducts of the Vine in Ohio and South Carohna, J. M.', 193; Death of Mr. Fessenden of Boston, id., ly.'j; Grafting the Orange on the Pome- granate, M.J. S., 193; A South Sea Exploring Expedition, W. D. B., 495; The New York Horticultural Society, W. Neale, 495. Australia. — Australian Wine, 637. Greece. — Cyi)ress of Patrass, H. L. Long, 530. Ionian Islands. — The Gardens of Alcinous, 101. Africa. — Hydrangea Hedges in the Island of Madeira, Dr. J. F. Lippold, 101 ; Pine-Apples in Madeira, id., 102; The Tea Plant, id., 102; Guards for single Trees in Egypt, 102. Domestic Notices. England. — The Lambertian Herbarium, 58; Surrey Zoological Gardens, 102 ; Kewley's Hot- Water Apparatus, W. H. Baxter, 103; Pre- miums for Arboretums, 103 ; Varieties of the common Spruce Fir, 103; A'ster argophyllus, W. Arnold, 103; i'Vhium giganteum, id., 104; Pyrus tormintilis, id., 104 ; .Sida pulchella, John Spencer, 11)4 ; the Cactus Tribe, John Clarke, 104; JSuph6rbin jacquini>y/o»-a, id.. 104 ; Muso Cavendish/;, Joseph Paxton, 104; Two newly- invented Ploughs in Jersey, Le Couteur, 105 ; The Birmingham Society for the Advancement and Diffusion of Floricultural and Horticultu- ral Knowledge, 194 ; Leeds Zoological and Bo- tanical Garden, 194; Kew Gardens, 194; The Entomological Society's Prize for 1838, 194 ; Lambertian Museum and Boyton Garden, A. B. Lambert, 195; The severe Weather of Janu- ary, 1838, 195 ; The mean Temperature of Janu- ary, 1838, 195; The Menogramme, 195; Ciirica Papcii/a, 195 ; M. Franz Kinz of Frankfort, 343 ; Bristol Philo. Botanical Society, Leo H. Grin- don, 343; The Oxford Apiarian Society, W. H. B., 314 ; Dr. Darwin's Botanical Garden, near Lichfield, Amateur, 345 ; Glass for Conserva. tories, 346; Mr. Hogg of New York, 443 ; The Hot-houses at Syon, 443 ; Mr. Tiase, Egypt, 443 ; Professor Morran, Liege, 443 ; A Sub- scription Botanic Garden, 443 ; Proposed Bota- nic Garden, 305 ; Great Oak at Tilford, in the Parish of Farnham, Surrey, H. L. Long, 530 ; An old Apple, 637 ; A gigantic Field Pea, Ri. chard Lowndes, 537 ; Agricultural Kidney, 638 ; Bread without Yeast, 638. Scotland. — Lawson's Agricultural Museum, 105 ; A Pinetum, near Loudon's How, Perthshire, 105; The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland's List of Premiums for the Year 1838, rj5 ; The new Burying-Ground at Dundee, 495; Highland Society of Scotland, 531; An- cient Oak Tree, 532; Farmers versus Rooks, .^32; MClsa X)«'cc«, 639; Siberian Cow Parsnep, 639. /re/anrf. — The Belfast Botanic Garden, 496 ; A Guide to Ireland, 532 ; A national Arboretum, 533 ; A public Garden at Kingstown, 533. Retrospective Criticism. — A double-flowered Rhododendron, 61 ; Erratum, 110; Transplant- ing full-grown Trees, James Nasli, 110; The LCulture of the Vine in PotSj W. Brown, 110 ; Mr. Lindsay's Method of propagating the Co- nifera;, Philip Frost, 1 10 ; Shriveling of Grapes, G. A. Lake, 157; Mr. Main's Animadversions on Keith's Botanical Lexicon, Patrick Keith, 202; Efft'ct of sheltering Trees from the Lee Wnid, N. M. T., 204 ; Mr. Cuthill's Mode of growing Strawberries and ripening early Melons, Ignoramus, 204; Cultivation of Currants, James Wright, 2(J4 ; Bernholz's Mode of growing Truffles, N. M. T, 205 ; Mr. Niven's Experi- ments on Vegetable Physiology, J. S. Henslow, 254; The Bee-keeper's Manual, H.Taylor, 349; Mr. Wighton's Objection to Nutt's Beehives answered, T. Clark, 350; The Botanical Maga- zine, W. T. Bree, 393 ; Mr. Niven on the Growth of Dicotyledonous Trees (p. 161.), J. Main, 3S4; Rhubarb Jelly, J. J., 395; Erratum, 445; Botanical Magazine, W. T. Bree, 445; Curvilinear Iron Roofs to Hot-houses, 445 ; Mr. Niven's Theory of the Motion of the Sap, G. M. E., 447; Flower-Garden at Bedford Lodge, R. Glendinning, 538 ; Growth of the Stumps of the Silver Fir, H. L. Long, 538 ; The occasional Fruit-bearing of the Male Pa. paw, J. M., 539; Nutt's Beehives, John Wigh- ton, 539; Rhubarb Jelly ami Jam, J. M'Nab, 541 ; Wooden Sashes often contract and expand as much as Iron ones, D. Cameron, 639. Queries and Answers — An Insect on Tropas'olum peregrlnum, 61 ; Manure which any Farmer or Cottager can make in the very Field where he wishes to use it, John Roe, 111; Efli?cts of Frost on certain Species of ExXca., I. B. A., Ill ; Ef- fects of Frost on certain Species of £rica, J. Main, 157; Do decaying Leaves absorb, and assist in evaporating, the Sap of the Plant? J. M. C. N., 206 ; Do decaying Leaves absorb, and assist in evaporating, the Sap of the Plant ? J. S. Henslow, 2.55 ; An Article on the Forcing of Flowers in Winter, J. B. W., 255; Woodlice, or Millepedes, J. B. W.,256; The Effectof Gas Tar on the Stems of Trees, .395; Lupinus Cruick- shanksa, G. Bacon and F. Wheeler, 447 ; Gas Tar, J. B. W., 447 ; A Mining Grub, John Jen- nings, 496; Gas Tar not injurious to Trees, Charles Lawrence, 542 ; The Genus Corrae^a, S., 542; Mr. Weslwood's Answer to various Questions respecting Insects, J. O. Westwood, 542; New Celeries and Cucumbers, Henry Brook, 639 ; Do decaying Leaves absorb, and assist in evaporating, the Sap ? T. Rutger, 639. The London Horticultural Society and Garden, 62. 158. 207. 352. 396. ; The Sale of the entire Col. lection of Pine-apple Plants, cultivated in the Horticultural Society's Garden, 444 ; Proceed- ings of the Horticultural Society of London, 542. The West London Gardener's Association for Mutual Instruction, 60. 107. 348. 388. 533. Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, 58. 105. 346. Covent Garden Market, 63. 112. 159. 208. 256. 417. Obituary.— Mr. William Griffin, 111 ; Dr. T. F. L. Nees von Esenbeck, G. R., 160; Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq.,F.R.S., Pres. Hort. Soc, 303 ; Short Memoir of James Stuart, Head Gardener at Pinkie, by P. N., 390 ; Francis Blaikie, M.H.S., 448; Mr. John Mitchell, 640. LIST OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THE FLORICULTURAL AND BOTANICAL NOTICES RECORDED SINCE THE PREPARATION OF THE " SECOND ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENT TO THE HORTUS BRIT.'VNMCUS." Those species and varieties marked with a * are figured and recorded for the first time ; and those wiih a t are recorded for the first time, but not figured : the remaining names are introduced on account of some additional information respecting them. 'Ranunculd.ee a. Delphi'nii'.m intermedium sapphirinum )£ A *laxiflorum ^ A ISiberia - 514 - 334 A 4. Delph. palmatifidum ^ A Siber Dillen\a.ce3i. Hibbf.'rt/,i Cunningham/?' %_ \ ) K. G. S. 472 VUl LIST OF PLANTS. BerberaceEB. Se'rberis IMahbnia Arb. Brit.] ttenuifblia « ?. | Vera Cruz £P1ME^DIUM *niacranthum :^ ^ Japan *tiiolJlceum ^ A Japan Cistacecc. Cl'STUS *lusitanicus *paliiiaensis » S. Europe "VioldcecE. «- IS. Europe Volygal&cew. Comespe'rma *grac.ilis _$ i | PAustralia Malvaceee. Lava'ter^ maritima Entele'a fpalm^ta _J S. Lurope Tiliacea:. * l_] - Camelliicex. Came'll/.-! [japonica 45] PressiV rbsea * i | hybrid Baniste'r/.4 ftenuis fl_ O'XALIS brasiliensiff RtE'PERyl faurantiaca Malpigkikcese. I I Buenos Ayrcs - Oxalldece. tf l_| Brazil Zygophylla cece. New Holland LeguminbscE. -* A Siberia .^stra'galus Laxm&nnz Kf.nnb'dy^ monoph^lla var. longiracembsa Psora'lea cindrea ? O Australia Pt'rus nrbutifblia Tv'cnsiA cylindracea Arthroste'mma versicolor yiosaceie. ^ North America Onagrdceium,fl. - 142 cauliti6rum,if. - 336 ch!oranthum,j?. - 285 cucullii.tum,i?. - 285 dich6tomum,y/. - 517 tquitans.j?. - 336 *floribundunfi,_/?. - 142 * Cuciltum,^. - 143 ionusmum,y?. - 379 *lacerum,}i. - 284 lividum,^. - 379 longicolle,/. - 286 *ochriiceum,j?. . 143. i.'85 pachyanthum.jf. - 285 * papillbsum,/;. - 142 pastbris,y/. - 142 \ncti>m,fl. - 285 pCimilum,j?. - 517 rhiznphorum,./?. - 142 *SchumbCirgkii,yZ. 143. 517 selligcr\im,}?. - 336 smaragdinum,^. - 285 tessellitum,^. - 142. 285 tibiciniSjj?. - 142 tridactylum,jf. - 336 varicbsura,^. - 285 vesicatum,^. - - 379 Xll LIST OF PLANTS. Ep. * vi'ridi-purptireum, fl. EpigfE^a rbpens jBpimt'dium * macr&nthum, n. - - - * wiolilceum,^. Epiphyllum truncktum 63. £rica arbbrea - 452. 513. austr^lis - 111. 422. *chlorolbma,7?. florida var. campanu- Ikta,^. mediterr^nea 111. 422. var. ? hibernica multiflCira stiicta - - - vilgans veiitricbsa superba ♦WiMmbre;',^. iJr^ngium - - Eriobotrya iap6nica - j12. Erythrlna Crista-g&lU 456. /aurifblia poianthes - 451. 455, velutina Escall6n/« . - - glandulfisa riibra Eucalyptus pulverulenta - pulvigera robiista - - 453. Eugeiim Jdmbos - 452, JS\ypi\6xhia'iacqw\niieflbra - fulgens 63. 158.^. phosphbrea *rfgida,^. spinbsa - - - Euphrclsia ser6tina F^gus sanguinea sylvatica ^ (Beech at Allanton) (Beech at Bowood) (purple Beech at Pick- hill) Farsetia triquetra Francbfl appendiculclta l<'raxinus excelsior (Ash at Allanton) Ffichs/d arbbrea - 452. c6nica - - 201. cylindr&cea,j?. excorticata * fulgens 400,^. globbsa m^ijor gracilis . . - tenella Fumkria n6bilis FunkM *albo-margin&ta,y?. Sieboldt/ana.y?. Galactodendron specibsum GS^lium rupestre Gardoquia multiflbra Garrya elKptica Gaulthevw Shdllon Geblerfl suffruticftsa Genista - . - fl6rida Gentidna crispata - 9. flavi'scens - - 9, vcrna Geranium tuberosum Gesnera Douglis;i Douglas«' var. fverticil- Ikta,/. fauciilis *reflexa,j?. * rupestris,^. rupestris Grah.,fl. syn. G. tuberbsa Mart. splendcns . - Sutton/j . - . Gladiolus cardinilis * Mort5nzMi,/f, natatC'nsis Gledltschirt ht'irrida Gov{:nia Gardner/, j?. *«liJlcea,^. Grammatoph^llum multi- flbrum,^?. Gunnia picta,j?. Habranthus c6ncoIor Hakert aciculSlris linearis niacrocarpa pugionifurmis Halimodendron argenteum //edera arborescens Hedera //elix //edysarum variegJltum //elichrysum macranthum scorpi6ides,j?. //elleborus multffidus //emerocallis jap6nica HeiacMum giganteum sibiricum Hernitlria rotundifblia //i^speris glutinbsa Hibbert/« Cunninghami,^. /hibiscus heteroph^Uus * lildcinus,fl. Hippeastrum aulicum,^. syn. Amaryllii- aiilica Ker. Holtxa mexiciiia, jY. Hbve« Celsi" . . . Huntlfeya m'eldagris 400,.;?. Hydrangea sps. Hydrota.>'nia meleagris, fl. i/yoscyamus v^rians i/ypericum Viaimidmim * verticilia.tum,J?. riex angustifblia Casslne cili^ta UaMon . . - Perddo vars. - . - /llecebrum ierpyllifblium - Illicium nnisatum florid^num - 224. Indigofera (Indigo) I'nga Hoiistoni Ipomoe^a *bonariensis,j?. - Sch\edidna,fl. /"ris *deflexa, J?. tuberbsa Isnifene Knight«,j?. *Maclean«,^. Jasmlnum revoliltum Wallich/«?2«m J'iincus acutiis Junlperus bennudiilna chinensis chinensis mas cracbvia dailrica - - - lycia macroccirpa recvirva reciirva mas et fem. repanda suecica . - - virgini^na .sp.- Justic^a Adhalbda Kalm/a - . - Kennedya monophylla var. longiracembsa 352, fl. Ls'lia «autumn{ilis ili5,fl. /.^rix (Larch at Allanton) Z-athyrus inconspicuus stans ... iaurus Benzoin Cdm/i/iura - - 452. fce'tens - - 452, nobilis 7. 226. 423. 633, Lav&terrt marltima Leptosperinum oboviltum - IJdtn's * borealis,^?. Ligiistrum lucidum - 633, vulg^re - - - inium chalccdonicum * specibsum,^. - 226. et fem. 33i 337 544 512 512 511 452 226 226 636 9 398 335 7.9 513 286 639 531 10 9 472 451 - 43 - 286 279 S96 283 422 48.5 9 422 136 636 224 224 56.1 226 220 224 9 551 634 14 452 376 279 £86 7 337 485 513 513 8 512 512 79 79 79 512 583 '35 79 35 226 79 79 453 636 473 484 18 7 10 9.-;o 513 4,'-)3 634 514 513 277 634 423 13 49 7-il. ven6stum "- - 399 jLlnum catharticum - 9 monogynum - - 513 Liquid&mbar Styraclflua 214. 635 Liriodendron Tulipifera214. 456 (at Bowood - - 328 Lisianthus * Russell/dnws, 400,7?. - - 140 syn. L. glaucifbliusN^MM. Lissochilus *parvifl6rus,^. 143 Lodsa aurantiaca - - 400 *lateritia543,J?. - 138 Lobel/a* Bridges«,^. -476 * fenestrJilis,./?. - - 476 fdlgens - - 513 * heterophylla 400, J?. - 44 Lonfcer« flexubsa - • - 513 FaWkiii - - 582 tatarica - - - 551 tatarica fructu Ititeo - 583 Luis?'a alpina, J?. - - 379 iycium europa2^ura - 8 Lycopbdium inv61vens - 436 Macliira aurantiaca - 512 Madia sativa - - - 572 MagnbUa - - - 636 acuminata - - 224 conspicua - 512. 551 exoniensis - - 224 fuscfita - - 511 grandiflbra 200. 453. 456. 5T3. 550. 551. 633 ferruginea - 452. 513 macrophylla - - 224 piimila - - 511 purpurea - - 451. 512 SouIangiVma - - 512 Thompson!«?in! - 224 tripetala - - 224. 549 (at Newby Hall) - 134 Mahbnias - - - 551 MahbuM .^quifblium - 422. 512 fasciculdris - 422. 511 glumkcea ... 422 repens . - - 422 Mammillkria *atrata,^. -276 *floribunda,j?. - - 277 *Lehmann/,^. - 139 Manettia cordifolia - - 4U0 Mangifera indiea - - 453 Masdev&lUVr infracta,/. - 282 Maxill^ria *aLireo-f(ilva,yf. 141 Bodth»,^. * Henchmann/, yf. madida,7?. * piimila, y?. * Rollissbni'i,^. variabilis var.*unipunc- 379 - 48 -337 481 tata,^, vitellina,^?. Medic&go crassispina Melaleiica ericifblia Mentha croatica Mesembryanthemum tr^le uncinatum Metrosideros citrinus Micr6stylis excavSita,^. Miltbnw Candida,^. - 284 - 481 - 9 - 453 - 13 aus- - 513 - 513 453. 456 - 378 - 283 3/imulus Ititeus var. * Wil- sons, ^. - - - 46 *rbseo-cardinJl1is,./7. - 141 syn. M. Hi'idson^ G. M. M6rn« * nivea,^. - - 139 Morren^a odoi&.ta, J?. -478 iVbrus - - 14. 635 nigra - - - 455 Musa CavendlshiV 104. 106. 399. 570. 639 coccinea - - - 106 Ddcca - - 570. 639 paridisiaca - 106. 347 »-os&cea . - - 106 sapientum - - 106 il/yosbtis apula - - 14 LIST OF PLANTS. XIU JV/yrica FHya - - 452 JV/yrrhis colorata - .9 3/yrtus ... 633 commtinis - 7. 227. *23 macrophylla - 452, 453 microphylla . - 453 peduncuiata Pimenta Napse'a laeVis A^arcissus Tazitta A^emfesia floribun[ia,y?. jyrepenthes distillatoria JV^rium Oleander splendens Nicot/a/id rotundifulia, Oberbn/a Griffith/a«a rufil^bris Octomdria gracilis, j?. Odontoglossura cord^tum fl. ^- O'lea europse^a excelsa Oncidiuni altissimura bifblium ciliS.tum,j?. confrag6sum,j'?. deltoideum,^. divaricatum,y?. flexufisura hians,^. *interraediuin, fl. iridif51ium,y?. LemonzVJ?!«7/j - pulvinatura,^. *raniferura,Jff. stramineum,^. O'lobrychis sphacelSta On6iiis spinbsa Onopurdon illyricum Onosma stellulJltuin - O'phrys speculum O'rchis fusca pyramidalis jarabiicina slmia variegata Ornith6galumgemmifl6rum fl. - . . reflexura saxatile ... O'robus */)isif6rmis, J?. O'xalis brasilit'nsis'Lorf,,j?. iyn. 0. bipunctataGrnA. crcnata - . . 513 fioribunda . . 397. 544 Oxycoccus macroc4rpus . 535 Pae6n;Vi corallina - - 97 3/oi - TJhds copallina elegans vernix Kibes alpinum DakCiscka glutinbsum heterotrichon . 7«alvaceum MenziSs« opulifblium - sanguineum specibsum specioslssimum Robini« iJbsa abyssinica acicul^ris alba alpina . arbbrea arvensis Banks/i^ alba bcrbciiftA'ia. - 276 jPopuhis hetero|)hylla 572 - 518 - 511 - 635 - 133 481 14 - 179 . 8. 636 - 423 ;. 423 - . 226 - . 581 . 636 - 477 . 226 - 544. 634 - 226 - 550 - 226. 550 - 550 - 550, 551 - 134 - 61 - 226 . 14 - 636 . 636 . 636 - 229 . 582 - 422 - 582 . 422 582., fl. 277 - . 582 . 636 . 422 - 636 - 14 - 633, 634 - 440 - 440 - 439. 441 - 440 . 439 - 438. 440 - 439 . 423 439 syn. Lbweo berbcrithWsi blanda - Brunurtjj canina Carolina cauc&sea . 438 - 439 438. 440, 441 - 438 - 440 XIV LIST OF FRUITS. 440, 438. 438. iibsa centiffilia - - - 440 cinnamftmea - - 441 damascena - - 439 difFClsa Englantttria evraf'tna - - - ferox . - . /raxinifblia 1 ' gallica - - - glutinbsa grandiflftra Hard«' bcrberifbWa hibernica hispaiiica - - - hudsonensis indica var. *Blalr!,/. involuCrata invoiata - - 440 kamtscli&.tica laevigata ;■ Lawrencenno lOcida liitea var. *H6gg«,^. - ■Lyell/i - 'Lybnii macrophylla majalis microph^Ua Montezii^ma? moschata - multifldra nitida parviflbra PoUinio'rea - pulverulenta purpiirea indica rubella - - - rubifdlia rubigiii6sa . - - rubrif61ia rugbsa . - - Sablnz- semperflbrens - 439. sempervirens - sericea setigera sinensis spinosissima 8. 439, 440, spinulifblia strlcts - . 438. subsempervlrens sulphurea turbinkta villbsa - - - Wo6ds» JJilbus cEE'sius Rudbeckirt *asperrima,^. - *Saccolabium *bifidura,^.'- calceolire,^. gemmfitum, y?. - Salvia caniscens, Jl. obliqua S&tnolus littoralis Sapindus Sapoiifiria - Sarcochilus parviflbrus,/. Satureja parvifl6ra - Saxifraga rep&nda - 9 rotundifOlia Scabibsa acutifblia - 441 438 440 438 441 441 440 437 440 441 438 44 439 441 440 438 439 438 45 439 438 439 440 439 438 ,441 439 438 441 441 440 423 440 438 440 441 439 440 549 441 439 438 439 441 441 439 581 440 440 440 438 8 335 146 518 378 376 13 513 453 286 10 14 ■Schinus osed Botanic Gar. den. Regent's Park - 530 Proposed Subscription, Wandsworth Com- mon - - 443 Trinity College, Dublin 30 Gardens, Horticultural : — Caledonian - - 30 London 30. 62. 70. 158. 195. 207. 352. 395. 444 Gardens of private Indivi- duals : — Bedford Lodge . 560, .Wl Flower-garden - 538 Borrer's,W.,Esq.,F.L.S. 501 Buist's, Mr., Philadel- phia - - - 191 Brighton and Shoreham 497 Dryburgh's, Mr. A., Philadelphia - - 191 Duke's, Mr., Philadel- phia - - - 191 Harris's, Mr., Kings- bury . - . -561 Harrison's, Mr., Ches- hunt ... 561 Gardens, Private : — Ingpen's, Mr. Abel, A.L.S.,&c. 456.560,! Lawrence's, Mrs, , Dray- ton Green - 305. 560, ; Low's, Mr., Edmonton < MacLeod's, Norman, Esq. - - 462. . M'Arran's, Mr., Phila- delphia Parsonage House, be- tween Reading and Windsor Rosenblad's, Mr., Stock- holm ... Shecpshanks',Mr. ,Kent Thomas's, Mr. - Garden, Public : — Kingstown Garden, Zoological : — Surrey - . - Garden, Zoological and Bo- tanical : — Leeds - - 194. 239. ; Nurseries : — Cesarean, Jersey - Chester Hibbert's, Mrs., Phila- delphia Kilkenny Landreth's, Mr. Thos., Philadeljihia - Parker's, Mr., Philadel- phia - - - Sherwood's, Mr. J., Phi- ladelphia Pinetums : — Notice of the principal Pinetums and Collec- tions of .i^bi^tinse in France Tabular View of the Species of /IbielinEe contained in theprin- Pinetums : — cipal Pinetums and 561 Collections of .^bi- etina; in Great Britain 561 and on the Continent 464 of Europe - - 29 Dropmore - - 631 563 Elvaston Castle - - 76 Loudon's Howe - - 105 191 Seats : — Gentlemen's Seats re- ferred to in the Works 423 of the late Humphry Repton, Esq. - - 492 199 Alcinous, Ionian Islands 101 561 Allanton - - 15. 563 463 Arlington Court - - 505 Bedford Lodge, Camden 533 Hill - - - 401 Bicton . - - 510 102 Borrer'SjW., Esq., Hen- field . . - 501 Bowood - - - 326 368 Boyton - - - 195 Bromfield - - 104 328 Chatsworth . - 147 105 Culdees - - - 266 Cullen House - - 370 191 Downton Castle - 209 512 Drayton Green - 560, 561 Drummawhance . - 266 191 Dunkeld - . 258 Durnsfbrd Lodge - 301 191 Foxley - - 217 Garnons - - - 218 191 Garnstone - - 215 Hammarby, Country Seatof Linna;us -98.563 Harewood Hall - - 103 Hendon Rectory 220. 305. 28 560 Highlands, Essex - 633 Hoole House - 353. 562 Huntley Lodge - - 368 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. XVll Seats: — Seats : — Kippenross - 260 Pendarves - - - 4 IS Melbury - . 3n Pickhill - . 133 Moccas Court - 220 Pinkie - - - 390 Monzie - - 2t)0 Quinta de la Valle - 449 Newby Hall - 134 Ripley Castle - 195. 420 Oakley Park - . 212 Scruton Hall - - 134 Shobdon Court - - 213 Spring Grove - - 533 Sutton Valence - - 33S Swiss Carden, Shoreham 503 Syon - - - 443 LIST OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR NOTICED. Anon. A new Treatise on Agriculture and Graz- ing, &c., 294. Anon. A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, from a Bee-keeper, 295. Anon. Botany, in Four Parts, 434. Anon. Fourth Annual Report of the Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, 340. Anon. Index Seminum in Horto-Botanico Bero- linensi CoUectorum, 1S37, 183. Anon. The British Almanac for 1838, 56, Anon. Tlie British Working Man's Almanac ; and the Working Man's Companion, or Year- Book, for 1838, 56. Anon. The Gardener's Annual Register, for the Year 1838, 527. Anon. The Young Lady's Book of Botany, 339. Anon. Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, Vol. II., 519. Arnott, on Warming and Ventilating, &c., 154. Bateman's Orchidace^E of Mexico and Guatemala, 173. 435. 573. Baxter's British Flowering Plants, 572. Berlfese's Monographic du Genre Camellia, &C.290. Brown's Javanica; Rariores, Part II., 386. Cowell's Floral Guide for Faversham, 527. Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 171. 173. 393. 445. Curtis, J. H., on the Preservation of Health, &c., 156. Deslongchamps, Histoiredu Cedre du Liban, 155. Dickie's Flora Abredonensis, 521. Dickson's Poultry : their Breeding, Rearing, &c., 296. Don's Sweet's British Flower-Garden, 57. Don, G., General History of Dichlamydeous Plants, &c., 380. Gauen's Treatise on the Concentration and Re- flection of the Sun's Rays, &c., 184. Gore's Rose-Fancier's Manual, 436. Haage's Catalogue of Seeds, 156. Handle_y's Letter to Earl Spencer, 181. Henslow's Descriptive and Physiological Botany, 287. Hood's Practical Treatise on Warming Buildings by Hot Water, &c., 50. 573. Ingledew's Treatise on the Culture of the Red Rose, Strawberry, &c., 526. Jacques's Monographie des Coniferes, 155. Jesse's Gleanings in Natural History, 339. Johnson's Liquid Manures, 154. Keith's Botanical Lexicon, &c., 89. 202. Knowles and Westcott's Floral Cabinet, 175. 572. Kollar's History of the Insects injurious to Gar- deners and Farmers, 95. Lambert's Description of the Genus Pinus, 171. Lance's Hop-Farmer, &c., 296. Lewis's Portraits of British Forest Trees, &c., 95. 338. Lindley's Botanical Register, 57. 175. 572. Lindley's Flora Medica, 442. Lindley's Sertum Orchidaceum, 148. 173. 287. 573. Loudon, The Arboretum et Fruticetum Britanni- cum, 382. 572. Loudon's Architectural Magazine, 573. Loudon's Encyclopjedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, 571. Loudon's Hortus Lignosus Londinensis, 490. Loudon's Suburban Gardener and Villa Com- panion, 298. 432. 5t3. Loudon's edition of Repton's Landscape-Garden- ing and Landscape- Architecture, 491. Loudon's Ladies' Flower-Garden of Ornamental Annuals, 640. Low's Elements of Practical Agriculture, 54. 573. Lozivy's E'conomie des Engrais, 184, Maund's Botanic Garden, 176. Maund's Botanist, 176. 572. MMntosh's Green.house, &c., 442. Morton's Nature and Property of Soils, 151. Mudie's Man in his Physical Structure and Adapt- ations, 385. Neill's Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen-Garden, 287. Niven's Visitor's Comimnion to the Botanic Gar- den, Glasnevin, 383. Otto and Brackenridge's Art of striking Plants by Cuttings, &c., 182. Parnel's Treatise on Roads, 442. Patterson's Insects in Shakspeare's Plays, 384. Paxton's Treatise on the Dahlia, 184. 296. 573. Paxton's Magazine of Botany, 175. 563. 572. Penny Cyclopcedia, 566. Rafinesque's Flora Telluriana, 289. Rivers's Catalogue of Fruits, 56. Rivers's Catalogue of Roses, 55. 442. Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide, 94. 442. 573. Roscoe, Mrs. Edward, f A Monograph on the Hincks. Rev. W , F.L.S., j .^S-""'' CEnothera, Royle, J. F., M.D., F.R.L.S., Sec. G.S., &c.. An Essay on the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine,297. Von Rumohr, G. Fr., Reise durch die ostlichen Bundestaaten in die Lombardey, in S. W., 520. Sibthorp's Flora Greeca, 172. Sowerby's English Botany, 572. Stephens'sBook of the Farm, 298. Taylor's Bee-keeper's Manual, 295. Thompson's Treatise on Stoves and other Horti. cultural Buildings, 486. Townsend's Practical Agriculture, .340. Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, &c., 525. Visiani's Planta; Rariores in Dalmatia, &c., 11. Visiani's Specimen Stirpium Dalmaticarum, II. Wallich's PlantJE Rariores Asiatics, 172. Watercon's Essays on Natural History, 339. Westwood's Introduction to the Modern Classifi- cation of Insects, 443. LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. INSTRUMENTS. Bell's Turf-Racer and Verge-Cutter, Jig. 28. p. 177. Gauge for measuring growing Timber, Jigs. 37—39., p. 2&1, 265. Simple Trap for catching Birds, Jigs. 97, 98., p. 504. Truck for removing large Trees, ^gs. 99, 10ft, p. 506. Vol. XIV. GARDEN STRUCTURES. Forcing- Houses and Pits at Pendarves, Cornwall, plan and sections, Jigs. 80 — 83., p. 421. Rustic Fountain and Rockwork, in the garden of Mr. Thomas of Feckham, , fig. 94., p. 463. DIAGRAMS. Arnott's, Dr., Stove, ^g'. 41., p. 302. Cfidrus Deuiiara, mode of grafting on the C. Li- bani, Jig. .'>., p. 80. XVlli Lifer or CONTRIBUTORS. Creeu-House Plants, illustrative of a successl'ul mode of propagating, y?;"'. 8., p. 86. Hot-Houses, &c , mode ot glazing, ^'g-. 19., p. 127. Mango, mode of propagating. Jig. 102., p. 519. Portable glazed Structure, illustrative of, figs. 10—18., p. 123—125. Vegetable Physiology, illustrative of, j^i. 20 — 27., p. 163—167. 171. PLANTS. A^hies cephal6nica,^g-«. 6, 7., p. 82. Ag&ve americana, _/%. 40., p. 272. Carica Papaya, fig. 88., p. 432. Ditto, Fruit and Sections of Fruit, figs. 85—87., p. 431. OrchidesB, some terrestrial Australian, fig. 84., p. 426. INSECTS. Anthonomus pomdrum (A!, 27., we have shown a margin to the walks 6 ft. in breadth ; and the area in that and planting a Flo'wer-Garden. 25 design is laid out as five distinct {hardens, formino; one grand American ground. One of these gardens {a) may be a hardy heathery ; the outer bed being planted with the tall-growing kinds, and the two inner beds with dwarf sorts ; the centre being a piece of water, surrounded by a border of Oxycoccus palustris. The garden h may be devoted to kalmias ; c, to rhododen- drons ; rf, to azaleas ; and e, to miscellaneous jGricacejE, requiring peat earth. The central parts of each of these five gardens are supposed to be on a lower level, by nearly 6 ft., than the level of the walks and their verges, and of the turf between the gardens, as indicated by the sectional Wneff. The object of lowering the central part of each garden is, to increase the shade and moisture of the central bed, and bring it more under the eye of the spec- tators from the walks, or turf spaces, between the beds ^ «-, the effect of which will be to give more effectually the idea of a •whole to each garden. The general surface of the space included by the surrounding walk is supposed to be perfectly open ; beyond which, on every side, except behind the conservative wall, it is supposed to rise gradually, and in an irregular manner. This rising surface, to such an extent as to be seen from the broad terrace walk, may be planted with Coniferye, so as to form a complete pinetum. The lowest-growing species and varieties of e/uniperus, ^'bies, &c., should be placed next the walk; and the taller ones behind, in gradual succession, and at ample distances from one another, so as to form an amphitheatre of perpetual verdure, with ample glades of smooth lawn between the trees, so as to admit the eye far up the acclivity. In all hilly countries, there are frequent opportunities of forming such a garden in bottoms, and sur- rounding it by a pinetum planted on rising grounds : but, even on a perfectly flat surface, much might be done in this way, provided that surface admitted of thorough drainage. If the general sur- face of the garden were hollowed out 3 ft., and the interior part 2 ft. more, this would give a quantity of soil sufficient to raise a gradually sloping bank on three sides, 5 ft. or 6 ft. in height at the most distant part; which, when planted, would appear so much above the eye, as to have a very grand effect, especially if the bank were terminated in such a way as to give the idea of continuation behind the conservative wall. Nothing of this kind, however, should ever be attempted, except on soil which is naturally dry and good. In Kent, almost every where, and in many parts of Surrey, there are admirable situations for gardens and pinetums of this description, both on hilh^ surfaces and flat ones. To those who prefer a rosarium to an American garden, nothing could be easier than to devote these five gardens to five sections of the genus i?6sa : for example, one to China roses, one 26 Design for laying out ^^q:^ o and planting a Floiver-Garden. 4 ^-V-v<. iV. n^-/6 28 Principal Pinetums iti France. to moss roses, one to French roses, one to Scotch roses, and one to mixed roses ; the outer bed in each garden being planted with standards or cUmbers, or both, of the kind of rose planted within. Art. V. Notice of the principal Pinetums and Collections of Abie- iince in France. Drawn up from Communications of various Correspondents. The number of what may be strictly called Pinetums in France (that is to say, of complete or very extensive collections of pines and firs, and especially of col- lections that are properly named) does not amount to more than three. These are, that of JNI. Ivoy of Bordeaux (a few leagues from that town) ; that of the late Dumont de Courset, at Courset, near Samer, about four leagues fromBoulogne- sur-Mer ; and that of Madame Adanson at Baleine, near Moulins, department of AUier. The collection of M. Vilmorin at Barres, although, perhaps, one of the most interesting in a scientific and arboricultural point of view, which exists in France, or even in Europe, is not a true pinetum ; M. Vilmorin not being so anxious to form a complete collection, as to have the means of studying thoroughly the useful kinds of pines and firs, by a comparison of their different varieties, &c. There are a number of interesting amateur collections, besides others which may be termed experimental forests (forcsfiei-en experimentales), con- taining frequently only a small number of species, but yet of great importance in a scientific point of view. Of this kind is the collection of M. Delamarre, at Harcourt, in Normand}' (department of the Eure), near Brionne, on the road from Paris to Caen. The collection of M. Delamarre was bequeathed bv him to the Royal Agricultural Society of Paris, which has committed the management of it to M. Michaux, conjointly with a connnission of which M. Vilmorin is a member. The plantations, which contain upwards of 100 acres, are composed almost entirely of the Pinus Pinaster and P. sylvestris; and they may be consitlered of some importance, as it was from them that ]M. Delamarre derived all the practical views which be has published in his work entitled Historique de la Creation d^une Richesse Jllitlioiiairc par la Cul- ture dcs Pins; Paris, 1827. The Agricultural Society intend to establish a true pinetum on these grounds next year; so that, in the end, the name of Harcourt will become celebrated for pines and firs. Other very interesting plantations are those in which only one species is cultivated : for example, the plantations of P. Laricio, by the Count Lemarrois, near Coutances ; those of larch, by the Count de Rambuteau, prefect of the Seine, in the Cote d'Or, at some leagues' distance from Autun. The following may be considered as a synoptical view of the pinetums and collections of yJbietinae in France : — 1, True Pinetums {Collections bofaniques), — Madame Aglae Adanson, at Balenie, near Moulins, Allier ; Dumont de Courset, at Courset, near Samer, Pas de Calais ; M. Ivoy, at Bordeaux. 2. Botanical Forests (Botaniqueforcstia'e). — M. Vilmorin, at Barres, near Nogent sur Vernisson, Loiret. .3. Amateur Collections less complete than the Pinetums. — Count de INIont- bron, at Cliatellerault ; Baron de Tschovuli, at Metz; Viscount Hericart de Thury, in the environs of Paris; M. Bobee, near Chateauneuf, Haute Loire; M. De Lorgeiil, at Baunianoir, near Rennes ; Marquis de la Boessiere, at Malieville, near Ploermel ; Baron de Morogues, at La Source, near Orleans ; M. Mallet De Chilly, at Sologne, near Orleans; M. De la Ciraudiere, So- Sjyccics In the principal Piiieiums of Europe. 29 logne, near Bloi.s ; M. Macarel, near (lien ; M. Doublat, at Epinal ; Viscount de Courval, and Count de Burnonville, in the environs of Paris; Count de Tristan, at Orleans. Tiie late M. De Courson, near St. Briene ; the late Du Ilaniel dii Monceau, at Denainvilliers, at Monceau, and at Vrigny, near Pithiviers; and of M. De Malesherbes, at Malesherbes. 4. Experimental Plantations {Plantations (?ion plus Collections) forcstieres experimentales. — M. Delainarre, at Harcourt ; M. Marcellin Vetillard, at Mans ; M. Berard, sen., at Mans; M. Bataille de Mandelat, at Autun ; M. Doulcet, La Fay, near Aubigny; and the government plantations in the forests of Fontainebleau, Compiegne, and Villers Cotterets, and in the Bois de Boulogne. 3. Plantations ofjmrticnlar Species. — Pinus Laricio, by M. Le Roy, at Bou- logne-sur-Mer ; and the Count Lemarrois. P. sylvestris, by the Viscount Ruinard de Briniour at Rheims ; and many others in Champagne, iarix europae'a, by the Count de Rambuteau. Picea pectinata, by M. De Cande- coste, at Laigle ; besides many other plantations in Normandy. In the foregoing statement, no notice is taken of the Pinus Pinaster, which is cultivated on a large scale in the Maine and in the Landes de Bordeaux ; of P. sylvestris, the seeds of which are now beginning to be sown in many of the finer parts of the Maine. In Sologne on Seine, there are already ex- tensive plantations, especially of P. Pinaster, and a few of P. sylvestris. In Champagne, also, there are a good many plantations of P. sylvestris. In the south, there are a few isolated plantations of P. Pinea, and some forests containing trees of P. halepensis, which is cultivated for its wood, as well as for its resinous products. There are also the natural forests of the Vosges, Haguenau, Jura^ the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the mountains of Auvergne. — Paris, 1837. In Belgium, there is a pinetum belonging to Baron de Serret, near Bruges, of which we hope that gentleman will enable us to give some account in an early number. Art. VI. A tabular Vieto of the Species of Abietince contained in the principal Pinetums and Collections of Abietince in Great Britain, and on the Continent of Europe, The names of the pinetums are arranged, as nearly as could be ascertained, in the order in which they were commenced ; and the species and varieties in the order in which they are described in the Arboretum Britannicuni. The existence of a species or variety in any pinetum is indicated by its height in feet, according to measurements sent us in 1837; but, when the height is not exactly known, the existence of a species or variety in any pinetum or coMcc- tion is indicated by a cross, thus + . When the species or variety Is of doubtful existence in any collection, a point of interrogation is used ; and when it is wanting, a cipher is introduced. A number of varieties are omitted, as being of little consequence, or as only occurring in one or two of the pinetums. The dates assigned for the commencement of these arboretums may not in every instance be correct, but one object of this tabular view is to direct attention to these dates, in order that we may make them perfectly correct when we republish the tables in the Arboretmn Britannicum. The finest pinetum in England for large trees, and also one of the most complete in regartl to species, is that at Dropmore ; out, if we include Paxaceae and C'upressinae in the idea of a pinetum, then by far the most complete collection of Conifers in Great Britain is that at Elvaston Castle, a list of the species and varieties in which we shall give in our next Number, 30 Tabular View of the Sj)ecies o2" — 22-' — 2'»"° + + +o o ■-'; o o o o o ++++++++++++++0 ++++++++++++++ +00 +++++0+++++++0+++0++++++++++000 0 + + + ':0L.-ic'3 +ri- +010 + + 'r o +-fO +r- + +r^Tf.L.-;0)C'5 +!;'3io +0 + oo-*o*oo^^c+ooooot^'nOTft-c'5-i'-ioi2S°>r~S<»<'52SS^ + +== + ++'-''^c;=' •3jjqs^qja(j 'qjJ0AvS}Eq3 r-iO>+c'3Tj.Ln+-*;^.+ + +2oo+COO)>'5+'J'2''5 0»+0 0<0<0-fOO + !\. oooJ5ccoooo'3"-t-ot^!^ooot~t^oooooooooo f + +oo -■ + + + + +oo§oo+ + + oo+ + oooot- + + oc+oo+oo 2Jr~'f'«ir5toooc5+§!»'*?SS"t^^ <>"*'-'"'' °"'5''> + + + + CTfOO j;5^4.,j.«5O(»+ + +O'0^Oo2'>'»'-''2o'-''°'+ + +'*+— +— o ■nJiqsuMa '3iomioxQ P -'5j.C0O(.«1j.00«J!0^'n>nii^O0>oi-l-J-'>' 4. "5 «5 '-5 -1-V— ri -.Cauns 'M3M -o + + +'^++<=M<='^ = =+='=>'^- +==+ + + + + + = 0+00000 _ in the principal Pinetums of Europe. 31 «3 oioogJS+s'o +2S.'+ + o+o ++;i;+oooo + + + + "SS-n =2 + 0 1 OOO + + 000 +0000000 +++00000 + + + 0 oooo o oo c; 000 + + 000 + + + + 4-0+0 + + +ocooo ++ ++ +00+ + 00 o o p,o 5»'+oo + + + + + + +0 ++ + + 000+ 00 ++ +000 + 00 CO ooo+n.+oo +C0+ + 0+0 00 + +0000 00 +0 +000 o 00 g» 000+ + +00 + + + + +0+0 + + +00000 +0 ++ 0000 o 00 g5 000+ + + 00 ++0+2or>-0 +=^+00000 +t>. ++ 0000 O OO 0001--2+=>«^ SS«5'°S°'''® +g+C0OOOO §2 ">■* MCOO CO OO -OOOiS+^O + + +<»<»+ + + + + + +0000 ++ 2+ <^+ + + '*' JO 000 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + ++ +* CO+ + + + 00 50 00+++ + 00 ++ + + 4- + +';0 + + + +0000 ++ ++ + + + + + CO " OO+Ol+Ol+CO COOUO +* ++C0 + + +COOCOOO) ++ +10 +«CtO!0 ■* 00 ooo«30'}'Oo + !^- + o) ■*< CO <^- o +o+0)t>-ooo ++ o^ coooo r^ 00 CO oootr»ooo+ So too 0000 o 00 ooo)co2"*'-oo ojoooo)J2'^+c S^cocooooo* 2t» S"* + + + + + 00 ooo^i'^ooo +ooo J§t^. 000000 +«- +0 co-*+o o 00 + oo+2"''o»+ moco +«: +C0 + i2'ccicoooo+ 2oo «^oi oot^co + c> 00 oooi~- + + oo + + + +2 + + 0 + + +"0000+ ++ ++ inoco o 00 cocoo-*^'^22o+ g52;§S2"'-'5+ co2'-'Oin+ + + + c?«2 2a> (oicEJo) c- 00 -- OCO'.00>+0)0 ++CO+tD + ++ + + + +0000 ?22 -+ + + + + to + + p +o2g''^2-*'o S3i?'o2+g+ fi2o.too + + + §?? °uo t»aJS2 i:: ■-o'-o I£ 000+0000 +0+ + +000 ++000000 0+ ++ ++++ + £.5 5=3»-5.'i3 J'S-S-ca — •=— — •o-=6tt-!~« .£ /5 ~ 5 >: -c 3 :=: 0.0 SS'-s-Sc; -r c z c :: 2 'S c'— "i-^oi c^ cf^'ii'-Joico-t'inxi^coa- rH oJ c 5 •}! 10 !0 1-^ »■ fcj — ' ci" a — "o)'-;;— ■ C4 co' •+'^— " .— 'o! CO '.0 CO CO CO ^ -<< -t< T" ^ ^ O . '-' H-l P- t> 32 Propagatio?i hy Extension. Besides the pinetiims and collections shown in the above tabular view, there are others which would have been included in it, had there been room ; and a number of collections, more or less complete, which deserve to be recorded, as illustrative of the present taste for the culture of the pine and fir tribe. All of these that we have been able to recollect at the moment are included in the following paragraphs : — In England, besides the pinetums noticed in the tabular view, there are collections at Syon and Whitton Park, Middlesex ; Pain's Hill and Clare- mont, Surrey; Redleaf and Deepdene, Kent; Bayfordbury, Hertfordshire; White Knights and Bear Wood, Berkshire ; Wardour Castle and Boyton House, Wiltshire; Bicton, Devonshire; Croome, Warwickshire ; Trentham, Staffordshire; Carlton Hall, Durham. The English Nurseries which possess the best collections are those of Messrs. Loddiges, Hackney; Messrs. Whitley and Osborn, Fulham ; Messrs. Lee, Hammersmith ; Messrs. Brown, Slough ; and Mr. Donald, Goldworth. The best assortment of pine and fir seeds for sale is kept by Mr. Charlwood, London. In Scotland, the best collections not included in the tabular view are : at New Posso, Peebles-shire ; Oxenford Castle, and Hopetoun House, near Edinburgh ; and Methven Castle, Perthshire. The Scotch Nurseries which contain the best collections are those of Messrs. Cunningham and Messrs. Lawson, Edinburgh ; Messrs. TurnbuU and Dickson, Perth ; and Mr. Roy, Aberdeen. The best collection of pine and fir seeds is kept by Mr. Lawson of Edinburgh. In France, there are various collections, which form the subject of a separate article. The principal nurseries in France which contain collections of pines and firs are, those of M. Cels, M. Godefroy, and M. Soulange-Bodin, at or near Paris; and that of Messrs. Baumann at Bollwyller. The seedsman who keeps the most extensive collection of pine and fir seeds is M. Vilmorin, Paris. In Belgium, the collection of the Baron de Serret, at Bruges. In Germany, the principal collections, next to that in the Botanic Garden Berlin are : at Worlitz, in Saxony ; at Harbcke, in Hanover ; at Briick on the Leytha, near Vienna ; in the University Botanic Garelen, Vienna; and in the Botanic Garden, Gdttingen. The nursery in Germany in which there is the most complete collection is that of Messrs. Booth, Hamburg, who also keep the best assortment of pine and fir seeds. In Russia, there are collections in the Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Peters- burg; and in the Government Garden at Nikitka, in the Crimea. In Denmark, there is a collection in the Royal Gardens, Rosenburg, Copenhagen. In Sweden, in the Botanic Garden at Lund. In Italy, in the Botanic Garden at Monza, near Milan. Art. VIL On propagating Trees ayid Shrubs by Extension. By C. B. All persons connected with horticulture are aware of the im- portance of propagating or growing plants by extension ; and all are more or less acquainted with the different methods of doing so, viz. grafting, inarching, budding, layering, and increas- ing by cuttings : yet, were it to be asked why any of the above methods is adopted in preference to another, with regard to any particular plant, the only reply would be, that this usage was found to answer best. It is known from experience that Remarks on ornamental Planting. 33 6>' plants of the same genera require different modes to propagate them successfully ; as in Popuhis, some are increased by cut- tings, and others by layers ; and, though they will all grow by layers, they will not all take freely by cuttings ; plants belonging to the genus Pyrus are generally grafted ; and those belonging to the genus jPrunus are generally budded, and so forth. I would wish to know if there is any thing discernible in the struc- ture of plants, whereby it might be ascertained, on examining them, which mode of treatment they would most willingly yield to. That of growing by cuttings is the most simple way ; and, if it followed that, in every case, as in Populus, layering was only a surer mode, then we might suppose that, as layering was superior to cuttings, so grafting was superior to layering, buddings superior to grafting, and inarching superior to the whole; and, hence, we might conclude, that inarching was the only true method, and all the others but used for dispatch or convenience. But it so happens that some plants may be grown or increased by one of the specified modes, and not by any of the others ; and from this it appears that each method is primitive in itself, and that either may be the best with regard to particular plants. Is it not probable that there may be something in the structure of the pores, pith, bark, or buds, by which it might be discovered, at first sight of a plant, which of the above operations would be best adapted to it ? Such a discovery would remove what is at present a great inconvenience : as things now stand, the only recourse with a new plant is to try it first one way, and then another, and thus find out the method at the expense of two or three years' lost time ; and often, from not knowing the proper method at first, losing the plants altogether. Should you be inclined to enter on this subject, the corre- spondence may be continued. Edi7iburgh, Nov. 2. 1837. [We think the subject a very interesting one, and shall be happy to hear from our correspondent upon it again. — Co?id.'] Art. VIII. Cursory Remarks on ornamental Planting. By R. Glendinning. As the season is now arrived when improvements by planting are carried on either in newly laid grounds, or in the improve- ments making to old ones, I have been induced to send you the following remarks on the subject. From experience, I can say, and truly, that there is no department of rural improvement gene- rally so injudiciously executed as this, which frequently arises from a hasty and inconsiderate arrangement of the different trees and shrubs chosen for this purpose, arising from ignorance of the Vol. XIV. — No. 94. d 34: Remarks on ornamental Planting. forms and sizes which they will ultimately attain. The selec- tion, also, very often betrays little forethought or reflection; and, consequently, the kinds planted are seldom in keeping with their distribution. When trees and shrubs are disposed as appendages to houses, simply for ornament, they may include an endless, yet pleasing, variety ; more so, indeed, than if their appropriation were for screens, or shelter, or for picturesque effect. In either or in every case, a more extensive and judicious choice might be made than that which ive usually see, and much improvement might be effected in their distribution. It is not my intention now to show what might be accom- plished, in a given space, by the employment of a great number of species, having already done so in another article ; but I only now mean to draw the attention of your readers to this subject, and append a few cursory observations. In these assemblages of trees and shrubs, an obvious error is the prevalence of one or two kinds only : this ought never to be, unless it were intended to produce such an aggregation for some specific object, and that object were so self-apparent, that no confusion might arise in the mind of any person accustomed to recognise order and taste, prevailing in such performances. To such a person, it will also be obviously conspicuous that, in the allocation of kinds in these shrubberies, little interest has been taken, or knowledge displayed, as to the form which the plants will assume at an ad- vanced period of their growth. In the arrangement of such plantations, a paramount consideration should be, the form, as well as the size, that the plants will ultimately present; and care should be taken to place them at distances sufficient to permit them at a future day to display their several characters ; at which time, also, they should group together in an interesting and artist-like manner, which alone can be accomplished by a well-matured plan of previous arrangement. When such a sys- tem of planting is pursued, the shrubbery, in its earlier years, will present a rather meagre appearance ; and, to overcome this defect, it will be necessary to fill up the intermediate spaces with plants which will at once give greater density and shelter. The best shrub I know for this purpose is the common laurel; and the next best, the common kinds of rhododendron, which can now be purchased at a very reasonable rate by the hundred. Both the laurel and the rhododendron are easily transplanted, and they are not liable to be eaten by hares and rabbits, if after- wards removed to a wilder situation, where they may serve for ©rnament, or as a shelter for game. When trees are introduced into such plantations, they will, of course, generally be kept in the background ; although some- times, for particular reasons, they will take a more prominent RemarJcs on ornamental Plantinp, 35 fe' position in the assemblage. Upright and conical-shaped trees will often be required as accompaniments to Grecian buildings ; and there is none so desirable, from its erect form, for this pur- pose, as the new Lucombe oak, which is highly ornamental, and at the same time, from its rapid growth, is, besides, valuable as a timber tree. To break the round-headed and lumpish character which a great many shrubs assume, I would strongly insist on the judicious introduction of the upright cypress, and the Irish yew: either, when placed behind some dwarf round-headed shrubs, or boldly taking a leading and prominent position as advance- guai'd, will have an admirable effect; the latter (the Irish yew) more particularly, from its dark-green dense foliage. Pleasing variety will be produced by drooping evergreens ; Jimiperus re- panda and recurva will effect this. The escallonias, ribeses, and berberises will add much to the beauty of the shrubbery ; and the two following favourites ought not to be forgotten : Acacia dealbata, for the extreme elegance of its foliage ; and Cassinia rosmarinifolia [ ? leptophylla It. Br.'] for its abundance of white blossoms, which are powerfully scented like the haw- thorn ; and I find it hardy. For rare and valuable plants, the pines and araucarias should have a place. To a mind imbued with any feeling on this subject, the Coniferae alone will afford much food for pleasing reflection. These cursory hints are unnecessary to those of your readers who have studied this subject ; but to the uninitiated they may be acceptable ; and if so, I shall be amply compensated for the time they have occupied in committing them to paper. Bidon Gardens, Nov. 1837. [In addition to the remarks by Mr. Glendinning, we would re- mind our readers of what we have said in the preceding Volume on the necessity of planting all trees and shrubs of any size on a raised knoll, or protuberance, higher or lower, according to the depth to which the soil has been trenched ; or, if the soil has not been dug or trenched, according to the depth to which the pit in which the tree or shrub is to be planted is dug. The object is, to keep the collar of the stem above the surface of the soil, so that, when the ground is finally settled, it may stand upon a knoll, or little hill, at least an inch or two above the surrounding surface ; and thus the stem will rise from its roots like a column from its base, instead of the stem appearing like a post which had been driven into the ground. This is a point of very great im- portance for the health and effect of the plant, and one which has hitherto been scarcely ever attended to. — Cojid.'} D 2 36 Jersey Chrysanthemums in the Vaiixliall Nursery. Art. IX. Descriptive List of Varieties of Chrysanthemum originated in the Island of Jersey, and noiv in Flotoer in the Vauxhall Nursery, By Messrs. Chandler and Sons. Having been much struck with the beauty of these flowers, and the superiority of many of them to the old Chinese varieties, when we called at the Vauxhall Nursery in November last, we applied to Messrs. Chandler for a descriptive list, which they kindly sent us as below. The splendid display made by these flowers, and the length of tima which they continue in bloom, added to the great facility and economy of their culture, recommend them to every person who has a garden, whether small or large. They are particularly well adapted for covering the dwarf walls which separate the front gardens of street and suburban houses. In such situations, they have a splendid appearance, keeping the wall covered with flowers till they are destroyed by frost. At such a season, flowers, in all gardens, are particularly desirable ; but they are more so in the small gardens of towns, than in large gardens in the country ; because, while the latter have abun- dance of evergreens and general scenery to compensate for the want of flowers in autumn, or the beginning of winter, the former, when they are without flowers, are, in a great measure, destitute of beauty. No plant is more easily propagated than the chrysanthemum, or requires less care in its culture ; and, in regard to temperature, it only requires placing under glass a short time before it comes into flower, or training against a wall. " In the following list, e, indicates early flowering, and l. late flowering. Queen. Light rose ; flowers double, a little quilled, e. Marquess. Pale rose ; flowers double, and in clusters, e. Triumphant. Pink and buff ; flowers large, e. Bicolor. White and yellow ; flowers small, very double ; dwarf, e. Chancellor. White and pink ; flowers large, quilled and incurved, l. Formosum. White, with lemon-coloured centre ; incurved. E. Liicidum. White ; incurved ; flowers in clusters. E. Enchantress. Creamy white ; flowers large and incurved. L. Spectabile. White ; flowers large and quilled, e. Gem. White, with pink tips. e. Vesta. White ; flowers round, with cupped petals, e. « Marchioness. White ; flowers large, e. Coronet. White ; flowers round and in clusters, e. Imperial. French white ; flowers large, incurved. E. Eminent. Light pink ; incurved, l. Comi)actum. White ; flowers small, very double, l. Goliath. Yellowish white ; flowers very large, incui'ved. E. Conspicuum. Crimson ; flowers very large, semidouble. e. Insigiie. Pink and red ; flowers in clusters, e. Magnet. Yellow ; flowers rather small, little quilled, e. E'legans. Lilac ; flowers rather small, very regular, l. On forcing Cherries. 37 Surprise. Paper-white ; flowers large, e. Invincible. Creamy white ; flowers large and reflexed. L. Mirabile. White, with buff" tint ; flowers rather small ; dwarf, e. Diadem. White ; flowers quilled. E. Perspicuum. Pink ; flowers quilled and large. L. Angelina. Straw-colour ; quilled, l. Rosalind. Pink ; quilled, e. Calypso. Dark rose ; flowers small. E. Defiance. Silvery white ; flowers quilled, incurved, l. Decora. Rose ; flowers large, e. Virginia. White ; flowers finely quilled, e. Flavescens. Lemon-colour ; flowers small, in clusters, e. Eclipse. Paper-white ; flowers incui'ved. l. Adonis. Pink ; flowers in clusters, a little quilled. E. Pulcherrimum. Rose, with white tips ; very double, l. Victory. Wliite ; reflexed flat petals, large dwarf, e Celestial. Rosy-white ; flowers very double, dwarf. Cleopatra. Pink and buff"; flowers in clusters, e. Unique. Light pink ; flowers twisted and in clusters. Glory. Paper white ; flowers large, flat petals, l. Grandis. Flesh-colour ; large flat petals, e. Empress. Pink ; flowers large, tasseled. l. Hero. Rose ; flowers large, l. Eimium. Rose ; flowers rather small, round. Aurantium. Orange ; quilled. E. Rival. Light rose ; flowers incurved, semidouble. l. Adventure. Bright yellow ; flowers large. E. Sulphureum. Pale yellow ; flowers in clusters, e. Penelope. BufF; flowers round, semidouble. e. Venus. Light rose ; red eye, flowers small, e. Diana. White ; quilled, l. Conqueror. French white ; flowers large, flat petals, e. King. Pale rose ; flowers large, incurved, l. Striatum."! Light rose and red-striped, l. Champion. Lemon-colour ; flowers large, reflexed. l. Countess. Creamy white ; flowers large, semidouble. l. Grandissimum. White ; incurved, l. Perfection. Lilac ; flowers large, incurved. L. Aurora. Purple ; flowers large and quilled, l. " We have many more seedlings yet to bloom, but shall not be able to decide upon their merits till next season. ''Vauxhall, Dec. 5. 1837." Art. X. On forcing Cherries. By W. Lawrence, Gardener to the Rev. Theophilus Williams, Hendon Rectory. No kind of fruit can be forced at less expense, and in a shorter time, than the cherry ; and yet, if we look round the forcing gardens of our nobility and gentry, we shall find cherry- houses of rare occurrence. There does not even seem to be a public demand for forced cherries; for the late Mr. Andrews of Vauxhall, after forcing cherries for several years, at last gave up the practice, and turned his cherry houses into vineries, D 3 38 On forcing Cherries. The art of forcing cherries is, however, carried on with great spirit in the Royal Gardens at Kew, and at Hampton Court; and, as I was some time under Mr. Padley, at the latter place, I propose to lay before your readers some account of his practice. Forced cherries can be produced at an earlier season than any other stone fruit, and also in a shorter time. The very earliest crops forced at Hampton Court were ripened within three months from the time of commencing fires in the early houses ; and the latest successional crop was generally ripened in eight weeks from the time of applying artificial heat to the late houses. When a regular supply of this fruit is required for the earliest period at which it can be ripened in a forcing- house (which is about the middle of March), till it ripens on the open walls, it is necessary either to have four forcing-houses, or to have two houses and a large stock of plants in pots. The trees in pots answer much better for early forcing, than those planted in the ground ; because the entire plant is then under the command of the forcer, and it can be excited into vegetation much more effectually than if its roots were in the cold soil, and only its head exposed to the action of the warmth of the house. It is almost needless to observe, that strawberries and other articles may be forced in the same house as cherries. Construction of the Houses. — These may be 30 ft. long, 14 ft. wide, 12 ft. high at the back, and 7 ft. high in front. The ends should be of glass, and both ends and front should be placed on brick walls 2 ft. high, supported by arches. The front sashes may either be hung on hinges at the tops, or at the sides, to open outwards ; or they may be made to slide in grooves. The roof sashes should be in two lengths : the lower one to pull up, and the upper one to let down. As cherries require a great deal of air, and this often during wet weather, above the upper sashes there should be a projecting flashing of lead, to exclude the rain when the sashes are let down an inch or two. The houses at Hampton Court, when I was there, were heated by smoke flues ; but the new system of heating by hot water is, without doubt, a preferable mode. Kinds of Cherries for forcing, potting Plants, SjX. — The May duke is decidedly the best cherry for forcing. The morello forces well, but requires more time to bring it to maturity ; and, though it looks well in the dessert, is not so agreeable to eat. The plants for potting should have been three or four years grafted, and should be such as are well furnished with blossom buds. The soil used in potting may be loam, such as that in which melons are grown ; to which one fifth part of thoroughly rotten dung may be added. Trees will do very well for forcing that have been forced before, provided they have been properly taken care of, and are well furnished with buds. The season for On forcing Cherries. 39 potting is September and October, or any time before forcing ; but the trees will do quite well for late forcing if they are not taken up and potted till they are just about to be put into the house. After potting, before setting the trees in the house, it is necessary to watch the operations of the sparrows, which are very apt to pick off the buds of cherries in the winter season, probably in search of the eggs or larvae of insects. If the trees potted are standards, they may be set on the ground, or on a low stage ; and, if they are dwarfs, upon a higher stage, so as, in either case, to bring their heads within 18 in. of the glass. They may be set so close together as that their heads may be within a few inches of touching each other. Time of commencing to force. — For the first crop, Mr. Padley generally shut up the house, and began lighting fires, about the the middle of December. The thermometer, for the first fort- night, was kept at about 60° during the day, and 50° during the night ; syringing the trees morning and evening with water that had stood some days in the house, and keeping constantly one or two of the sashes open a few inches at the end of the house next the fire, in order to moderate the temperature there. The second fortnight, the heat is allowed to rise to 60° during the night, and to 70° during sunshine, as before. The trees in pots should be watered, when they require it, at the root ; but, for any that may be planted in the ground, the watering over head will be sufficient. When the trees come into bloom, the tem- perature must be lowered to 50° or even lower, both by night and day, except during sunshine, when the heat may be allowed to rise a few degrees higher. During all this time, air must be admitted more or less, both during mild nights and by day; but especially in the daytime and during sunshine. When fine wheather prevails at the time the trees are coming into bloom, a comparatively greater heat is required at night than during the day ; because, if they are kept cool at night, the heat of the day is apt to expand the flowers before the stalks have grown to their natural length ; and, if so, although all the flowers might set (which is not the case when they are short-stalked), it would be impossible for a full crop to swell off, as there would not be space enough for the cherries to expand. Watering must be withheld from the tops of the trees during the time they are in blossom, but given as required for their roots, and the floor kept moist by sprinkling it morning and evening. No water should be poured on the flues, because a powerful steaming at this season, would destroy the blossom. Trees begun to be forced in the middle of December will come into blossom in the middle of January, set their fruit about the end of the month, and stone it about the middle of February. After the leaves expand, it very often happens that a cater- D 4) 40 Oil forcing Cherries. pillar, or some black fly, makes its appearance : these are some- times scarcely to be met with in the daytime ; but, on going into the house at night, the caterpillar will be found crawling on the leaves and eating them. Fumigation with tobacco, and hand- picking, are the only remedies for these insects. Ants sometimes make their appearance when the trees are in blossom ; and, though they are not so injurious to the cherry as they are to the peach, yet still they ought to be destroyed by pouring tobacco-water into their nests. Till the ants' nests are destroyed, the insects may be prevented from getting at the blossoms by tying pieces of paper round the stems of the trees, and coating them over with a mixture of tar and grease : the paper should be of a coarse spongy kind, so as to absorb the tar and prevent it from running down the bark of the stem when the tempera- ture of the house is high ; or yarn may be used instead of paper. In either case, as soon as the tar becomes hard, the ants will walk over it, and, in that case, it must be renewed. When the trees are in blossom, it will facilitate the setting of the fruit if bees can be introduced ; which may easily be done, by setting in a hive, or, what is preferable, by fixing a hive immediately in front of the lower part of one of the front sashes, and so as to touch it, and having an entrance for the bees at the back of the hive, as well as the usual one in front of it. Corresponding with this back entrance, a small hole may be cut in the bottom rail of the sash, and a stopper, or slide, fitted to it, through which the bees may be admitted to the cherry-house at pleasure. When the fruit is fairly set, it should be thinned out with the grape-scissors; removing from one fourth to one third of the cherries, according to the vigour of the tree, and the number of fruit it has set. When once the fruit is set, it is not liable to be injured by cold, as in the case of peaches and grapes: on the contrary, I have turned cherr}' trees in pots out into the open garden, by M'ay of experiment, after the fruit was set; and the frosts which damaged the leaves had no effect at all upon the fruit, except to retard its growth. After the fruit had begun to stone (which is generally about a fortnight after it is set), the trees should be watered freely at the roots; but in eight or ten days, when the kernel begins to harden, the quantity of water may be diminished. The temperature of the house, except in sunshine, should never exceed 60°, either by night or by day, from blossoming up to the time of stoning ; but in three weeks after setting, when the stoning will generally be found com- pleted;, and the pulp of the fruit beginning to assume a pale red, the temperature may be raised to 70° at night, and even to 70° or 80° in the day during sunshine, and when abundance of air is given. After the fruit is ripe, water should be withheld till it is gathered. On forcing Cherries. 41 It may not be useless to observe, that in every stage of the progress of the cherry in a forcing-house, the plants may be wa- tered with liquid manure; which is found to strengthen their leaves and buds without injuring the flavour of the fruit. Treatment of the Plants in Pots after they are tahen out of the House, — Immediately after the crop is gathered, the trees should be taken to a cool rather shady situation, set on the ground, and the pots surrounded up to the rim with rotten tan, sawdust, or any similar materials, to keep them cool, and in an equable degree of moisture. If, on the other hand, a second crop of cherries should be wanted late in autumn, the soil in the pots should be allowed to be quite dry for a month ; and, by after- wards watering it freely, and placing the trees in the house about the end of August, and treating them in the same manner as was done in early spring, they will ripen their fruit in October or November. Such trees, however, will not be again fit to force for two or three years to come ; and they should, therefore, be turned out of the pots into the free soil, and allowed at least two years to recover themselves, when they may be again repotted and forced. While in the open ground, all the blos- soms produced should be picked off as soon as they appear, to prevent them from weakening the trees. In the cherry, as in most trees that produce their blossom on the wood of the pre- ceding year, or on spurs, the blossom buds expland first, and next the barren, or wood, buds. The latter continue growing till the petals of the flowers drop off, when they receive a check, and scarcely grow at all, till the fruit is set and begins to swell ; after which they grow rapidly, and complete the shoots of the year, by the time the fruit is stoned. To have a constant succession of cherries, from the middle of March till July, as soon as the trees of one house have come into blossom, those of the next should have artificial heat applied, and the temperature and management will be in every case the same as that which has been above described. It may be observed here, that cherry-houses, with the trees planted in the ground, are much less suitable, not only for early forcing, but for main and late crops, than cherry trees planted in pots. The cherry cannot, like the peach and the nectarine, be forced for a number of years together; and, hence, as a house in which the trees are planted in the ground must every three or four years have a season of rest, the house, during that season, havinjr the sashes taken off, is in a ijreat measure of no use. Hendo7i, Middlesex, Oct. 1836. 42 Floricultural and Botanical Notices. Art. XI. On the Caulifiotver. By A. Forsyth. For the earliest crop to supply the table on the 1st of June, mark out a bed 5 ft. wide, and, say, 50 ft. long (an area of nearly one pole) ; and let this be turfed all over with the grass side of the turves downwards; and over this lay about 1 in. of fine soil : if fresh from the common, so much the better; if not, that from the alleys may be used. Then sow the seeds in drills, half an inch deep, and 9 in. apart, running north and south : this done (say August 21.), as they advance, thin them out to about 2 in. apart in the rows, and earth them up from the alleys ; when about 3 in. high, apart may be dug up, and planted under hand-glasses ; say 50 hand-lights, and 4 plants under each, to have all the air, light, and sun that can be got, and as little frost as possible. At the approach of winter, the seed-bed is to have a double mat awn- ing (of the same kind as that described in my article on Strawber- ries, Vol. XIII. p. 308., fig. 107.), to be used only in frosty weather, and during storms of rain. Here they will remain till the middle of March, when they may be well watered, dug up with a ball of turf to each, and replanted, not with the dibber, but in trenches, on dung, as directed for white cabbages, in lines 24 in. by 18 in. In the same sort of seed-bed, and under the same kind of pro- tection, sow, say, 1 oz. of seed at Candlemas, and treat them as above till they are fit for transplantation. The last successional crop may be sowed in the open border about the middle of May; the culture of which, and of all the other crops, during fine weather, being the same as for cabbages, need not be enlarged upon. — Isleworth, February, 1837. Art. XII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants nevoly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them^ and on Kinds of Interest -previously extant in them ; supplementary to the latest Editions of the " Encyclopedia of Plants," and of the " Hortus Britannicus" Curtis' s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing eight plates; 35. 6d. coloured, 35. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. Edwards's Botanical Register; in monthly numbers, each containing eight plates; 45. coloured, 35. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the London University. Sweet's British Flower-Garden ; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates ; 35. coloured, 25. ?>d. plain. Edited by David Don, Esq., Professor of Botany in King's College, &c. Mound's Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flotver Plants cul- tivated in Great Britain ; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper l5. 6^^., small I5. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. The Botanist ; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates, with two pages of letterpress ; 8vo, large paper, 25. Qd. ; small paper, Florieidtural and Botanical Notices. 43 \s. 6d. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S., assisted by the Rev. J. S. Henslovv, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Paxtons Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flovoering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2s. 6d. each. 1552. PAPA'VER *gariepinum Burch. South African ?jQ] Ol pr 4 jn R S. Africa ? 1835 S co Bot. mag. 3623. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; those of the root and lower part of the stem somewhat petiolate, pinnatifid; the segments distant, oblong-ovate : the margin every where toothed ; the teeth bristle- pointed : upper leaves sessile, inciso-serrate, gradually smaller. It was discovered by Burchell, on the banks of the Gariep, in Southern Africa ; and is remarkable for the strong spreading bristles which clothe the plant. Root annual, or, perhaps, biennial. {Bot. Mag,, Dec.) yialvdcece. 2014. THRI'SCUS ^xi. LagunaWrt *lildcmus Lindl. \\\ac-Jlowercd * □ or 6 ... L New Holland 1836 C p.l Bot. reg. 2009. " A beautiful new hibiscus, obtained from seeds sent home from the Swan River by Sir James Stirling ; and raised with his usual skill and success by Robert Mangles, Esq. Leaves flat and broad ; involucellum scarcely any. It will doubtless be hardy in the summer, and will probably succeed better if planted in the open ground ; but it will have to be protected in winter." {Bot. Beg., Dec.) Bj/tt7iena.cead. 1994. DOMBE'Y/J «cannabina Hels. S; Boj. henjp J O or 10 mr. W Mauritius ... C s.p Bot. mag. 3619. It has an arboreous stem, and is of rapid growth, with mode- rately spreading branches. Leaves on long petioles, cordate, and generally 3-lobed; serrated, vei-y slightly downy beneath. This fine plant, which has so completely the habit of an astrapaea, that one can hardly think it ought to be separated generically, was sent to the Glasgow Botanic Garden from the Mauritius, many years ago, by the late C. Telfair, Esq. It is, however, not a native of that island, but of the provinces of Emirena and Be-tani-mena, in Madagascar. {Bot. Mag., Dec.) LegU7nindcecc § Mimosece. 2837. ^CA'CIA 24840 pubescens (Arb. Brii.,p.665.) The Achcia pubescens is influenced by light in a very peculiar manner. Towards evening, or during gloomy weather, the primary petioles bend downwards, while the secondary petioles take a horizontal direction, approximating each other by their faces. {T/ie Botanist^ T>ec.) ^osdcecE. 1522. TtO'SA 13447 liltea [Arb. Brit., \x765.) * var. *H6gg« D. Don Hogg's * or 3 jn Y Amer. Gard. var. L r.m Swt. Br. fl.-gard. 410, *' An upright-branching shrub, with brownish purple branches, 4<^ FloricuUtiral and Botanical Notices. armed with numerous, straight, spreading unequal prickles. Leaves pale green ; petiole and rachis slender, filiform, sparingly hairy and glandular ; leaflets elliptical, mucronulate, doubly and sharply serrated, membranous, glabrous and concave above, Sparingly glandular beneath, ^ in. long. This variety was brought from New York, by Mr. James M'Nab, who received it from Mr. Thomas Hogg, nurser3mian in that city, by whom the plant was raised from seeds of the single yellow rose ; and it is known in the nurseries by the name of ' Hogg's Yellow American Rose.' It is a pretty variety ; but it is surpassed in the fullness of its flowers, and in richness of colouring, by Williams's double yellow rose. It is of easy culture, flowers freely, and may be increased by layers, or by being budded on stocks of the sweet briar and dog rose." {Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard., Dec.) 1522. TJO'SA 13470 indica var. *Blain D. Don Blair's «l | or 5 jii R hybrid 1830 C p.l Swt. Br. fl.-gard. 405. A tall strong-growing shrub, raised about seven years ago, by Mr. Blaii', from the seeds of the yellow China, which has been fecundated by the pollen of the Tuscan rose. Its aspect is more robust than that of the other varieties of the China rose ; and it is remarkable for the size of its leaves and flowers. The petals are yellow at the base, especially towards the centre of the flower; and are, besides, frequently furnished with a white stripe along the middle ; a character also present in the common blush China rose. The blossoms are produced in abundance : they are very fragrant, and their colour is of a rich purple. It is a strong- growing kind, and there are few varieties more worthy of culti- vation. It may be increased by cuttings, »or budded on any of the common roses. There are plants at Mr. Clay's, Stamford Hill. {Swt. Brit. Fl.-Gard., Nov.) 1515. SPTR.E'A *barbata H'all bearded ^ A or 4 jn W Nepal ?1835 D co Bot. reg. 2011. This is beyond all comparison the handsomest herbaceous spirsea yet in our gardens ; for to all the pure and brilliant whiteness of S. Filipendula, it adds the graceful plume-like appearance of the American S. Aruncus. It was originally dis- covered in Nepal, Gossainsthan, and Kamaon, by Dr. Wallich ; and has been since introduced into Europe from Japan by Dr. Von Sieboldt so that, like some other Himalayan plants, it ranges to the most eastern limits of Asia. It is, no doubt, per- fectly hardy. The name bearded is applied in allusion to a cluster of long stiff" hairs at the base of every petiole. The plant is figured from the garden of Wm. Harrison, Esq., of Cheshunt; and Messrs. Low and Co. of Clapton have plants for sale. {Bot. Reg., Dec.) Lobcl'vcXCQx. 609. LOBEI./// [rog. G014. ♦heUTophJflla Lab. various-leaved ^ J^ pr 2 s B Van Diemeu's Land 1837 D p.l Bot. Florkulhiral and Botanical Notices. 45 Raised from seeds received from Van Diemen's Land by Mr. William Slienton of Winchester. Mr. Veitch, of the Mount Radford Nurserj^, near Exeter, states, that " the plant had been hung up in the stove for more than a month, without the least soil, and without ceasing to flower ; " a very singular fact, and quite new in plants of this description. It is much the hand- somest of the herbaceous lobelias. The flowers are of a par- ticularly clear rich blue, and so large as to produce a very rich and gay appearance, either when the plant is grown singly or in beds. The property of continuing to grow and flower after being gathered, renders it inyaluable to those who grow flowers to decorate their sitting-rooms. {Bot. Reg., Dec.) Campamilacece. 607. CAMPA'NULA 5019 barbata var. 2 »cyanea J5. Drni dark.blue ^ A or 1 jl B ... 1836 R p.I Swt. Br. fl.-gard. 409. The whole plant is clothed with short rough spreading hairs, but is not hoary. Leaves green, rough, and entire at the margins; radical ones numerous, spreading, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, even, 2 — 4 in. long ; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, erect, much smaller. Raised by Mr. Anderson of the Chelsea Botanic Gar- den, having come up accidentally in a pot of young plants of C. barbata, from seeds received from the Imperial Botanic Garden at Vienna. It is distinguished from the ordinary shape of C. barbata by its dark blue flowers ; the usual colour of the species being a pale blue, and more rarely milk-white. The plant varies likewise in bearing one or more flowers on a stem. All the varieties of C. barbata love a dr}^ soil and sunny situation, and are especially adapted for the rockwork ; but, as they are apt to suffer from the cold damps of winter, care should be taken to keep some of the plants in a pit or frame during that season. {S'wt. Brit. Fl.-Gard., Dec.) Gesneraceis. 1698. GE'SNER^ 15330 DougiasH Lindl. [p.I Bot. mag. 3612. var. f2-verticillata Hook. vihorXeA-flowered Si 123 or 2 ap R. and B Rio Janeiro 1826 R Synomjme : G. verticillata Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 2776. Vh iladelphdcece. 1479. PHILADE'LPHUS. *speci5sus Sckrad. showy 3fc or 8 jn-jl W N. America ... L co Bot. reg. 2003. " This beautiful genus, common as it is in our gardens, is but imperfectly known even to botanists ; and to cultivators so little, that it is hardly possible to procure the species, as defined by Professor Schrader, with certainty from the nurseries, unless from Messrs. Loddiges. In one case, indeed, 1 have reason to be- lieve that an American species has been palmed upon the public as Deiitzm grandiflora." P. speciosus is a hardy shrub, 8 ft. or loft, high, and by no means stiff" or formal, but with gently bending branches, loaded with snow-white flowers of the largest size, and scentless. It is among the least common of the genus, although much the handsomest. P. grandiflorus Bot. Reg., BIO., 46 Floriatltural atid Botatiical Notices. P. verrucosus ScJirad.y is smaller flowered, more cream-coloured, and is a flir more robust plant, but altogether inferior in beauty to P. speciosus. The true P. grandiflorus, and also P. latifolius, Dr. Lindley has promised to figure afterwards. {Bof. Meg., Kov.) Solandcece. iSi. BRVCtMA'XS/^ [ofbot. iv. p.241. •Wayman/j Paxt Wayman's JO or ? -2 myjn W.P & America 1S37 C Lp Paxt. mag. Raised in Sir H. Digby's gardens at Minterne Magnel, by his gardener Mr. Waynian, from seeds imported from South America. The tiowers have two distinct corollas ; and in one specimen, besides the proper corolla, containing stamens and pistil, there were three more growing within each other, and surrounded by the proper calyx, and connected only at their base. Propagated freely from cuttings in sand, and in a little heat, under a glass. Messrs. Webber and Pierce, of whom plants may be obtained, have hitherto treated it in the green- house, but think it will flower in the open air in summer. {Paxt. Mag. o/Bot., Dec.) Sa-ophidarinecv. 17S3. .in'MULUS 159CX) Ivlteus [SwL Br. fl.-gard. t. 406. var. *WiUoni D. DoQ .V»*i VNTlson's ^ A pr J jl Y. spotted with P ... ?1S36 D p.l A perennial herb, with opposite, rounded or ovate, acute, slightly wavy, leaves, about 1 in. long. It was raised at Miss Wilson's, Stanhard House, Stamford Hill, from seeds of M. liiteus. (5ic/. Brit. Fl.-Gard., Nov.) Asclepiddex. PHILIBE'RT/J Kunth gr&cilis D. Don ; Card. Mag., xiiL p. 504. SyHoni/mc- : P. graudifldra Hooi. Sot. Mag., 361S. •TWEE'D/.^ Hook. The Tweedia. (In honour of Mr. Ttrecdie, a botanical eollector.1 [gard. 407. •cjerillea D. Don blue-jioircrai _§ A or 3 ... B Buenos Ayres ? ISoo C s.1 Swt. Br. fl.- The whole plant is densely clothed with downy white hairs. Leaves opposite, stalked, cordate-lanceolate, mucronulate, entire, even, i in. broad : posterior lobes rounded, connivent, frequently overlapping each other. It is a native of Buenos Ayres, and was first discovered by Mr. Tweedie. It is closely related to Sarcostemma ; being principally distinguished by the absence of the exterior crown, by the form and length of the pollen gland, and by the presence of a tooth to each of the pedicels. It will doubtless prove nearly, if not quite, hardy ; and young plants raised from cuttings are frequently erect, and blossom when scarcely J ft. high. There are plants in Mr. Gilan's nursery, Shacklewell Lane. {Sict. Brit. Fl.-Gard., Nov.) Polj/gdlecP. £953. POLY GALA lSSiX> myrtiiblia fvar. S grandiiOra Hoct. SyMWyr/ic- ; P. grandiflCra LodJ. Bot. Cab., 12?r., H. B. 1S231. " Tlie Glasgow Botanic Garden is indebted for the possession of this handsome shrub to the Royal Gardens of Kew, where it was received from Southern Africa. It bears its lovely blossoms Floricultural and Botanical Notices. 47 in April and May ; and they continue a long time in perfection, nestled among the yellow-green leaves of the young shoots, at the apex of the bunches." It is one of the most ornamental of green-house shrubs. [Dot. Mag.., Nov.) Compositce. 2340. CINERA^RIA Lo'-jo's Elements of practical Agriculture. in the boiler will require to be heated to 150°, and then there might be some advantage in adopting a casing ; though this, in general, will depend not so much on the absolute degree of heat produced, either in the boiler or the house to be heated, as on the relative difference between the temperature of the water in the two legs of the siphon. Art. II. Element's of practical Agriculture ; comprehending the Cultivation of Piants, the Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and the Economi/ of the Farm. By David Low, Esq., F.R.S.E., Pro- fessor of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh. Second Edition. 8vo, pp.719, and numerous Engravings. London. In this second edition of a work of universally acknowledged merit, the author has embraced the opportunity of making " a few amendments in minor points, and certain corrections in the accounts given of the varieties or breeds of domestic animals." The following quotation ought to be instructive to English proprietors : — *' It has been objected to some of the calculations contained in this Work, that the rate of labour assumed will not apply to a great part of England. This objection is good in the case of various districts of very stiff aluminous or alumino-calcareous soils in the south-eastern counties of England, where more than the labour of two horses may be required for ordinary tillage ; but it certainly does not apply to the greater part of the land of this country. The system of agriculture here explained, in so far as it regards the methods of farm labour, has been long established in the north of England, and over all the better districts of Scotland. In the county of Northumberland, where a system of cultivation is pursued which may serve as a model to every part of tiiis kingdom, the stifFest soils are managed by two-horse teams. While I must admit, then, the exceptions which exist in the case of certain tracts of country, as the London clay, the weald clay, and other very tenacious soils, I maintain that the system of farm labour here described is capable of being reduced to practice over nearly nine tenths of England : and to the whole of Ireland it is applicable in its minutest details. The greatest obstacle to the progress of agricultural improvement is the prejudice of habit. Throughout all England, there is a multitude of agriculturists surpassed by none in the world for intel- ligence and spirit ; and many things in the agriculture of the country are deserving of the highest praise ; but it cannot be concealed, that, in the sim- plifying and economising of labour, there is much to be learned and effected. It is in this respect that the methods of English tillage, and especially in the southern counties, admit of the greatest improvement. By a more efficient application of the means of labour, a wide field of beneficial improvement is open over a great part of this rich and beautiful country ; and one of the most useful services that can be rendered to the farmers of many of the finest dis- tricts of England is, to show tliem how the operations of the field can be more cheaply pertbrmed. It is undeniable, that, in the parts of this kingdom wiiich are the least favoured by nature, the art of tillage has become more perfect by being rendered more simple ; ami the result is shown in the greater revenue derived from land under all the disadvantages of a colder, moister, and more changeable climate. The agriculturists in the south of England are surprised at the high rents paid from the poorer soils in the northern parts of the king- Works on Ganlenhig, S)C. 55 dom. This, doubtless, arises from a combination of causes; but not the least important of these is a simpler and cheaper system of farm labour." We do not know any work more suitable for a gentleman's bailiflfj or a gardener who has also the management of a farm, than that before us. There is a greater variety of matter in our F,ncy- clopcedia of Agriculture, because the subject is there treated on according to a much more comprehensive plan ; but, if we had a bailiff to instruct in the best kind of British farming, we should certainly put into his hands Professor Low's Elements, in prefer- ence to any other book that we know. If we were desirous of enlarging the mind of a reading bailiff, or a reading gardener, then we should recommend to him our Enci/clopcedia. Art. III. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, Rural Architecture, c^'c, lateli/ published, ivith some Account of those considered the more interesting. A Descriptive Catalogue of Roses cidtivated for Sale by T. Rivers and Son, at their Nurseries, Sawhridgexsoorth, Herts. For the Autumn of 1837 and the Spring of 1838. In two parts. Part I. Roses for the Summer Rose-Garden, that bloom only in May, June, and Jidy. Part 11. Roses for the Autumnal Rose-Garden, that bloom from June till November. By T. Rivers, jun. Large 8vo, pp. 16. This excellent catalogue is printed on very thin paper, so as to be sent by post in a single letter. It contains only the new and more beautiful kinds ; and the idea of dividing them into summer and autumn roses is excellent in a practical point of view. The Summer Roses, v/\\\c\). bloom only in May, June, and July, are thrown into the following groups : — Provence, or cabbage, roses (i?osa centifolia). Moss roses (i^osa centifcMia muscosa). French roses (i^osa gallica). Hybrid Provins and French roses. Hybrid China roses. White roses (i?6sa alba). Da- mask roses (iJosa damascena). Scotch roses (i?6sa spinosissima). Sweetbriars (i^osa rubiginosa). Austrian briars (\Rosa lutea). Double yellow roses (^osa sulphuria). Climbing roses (in six divisions): 1. Ayrshire roses (7?6sa arvensis) ; 2. J?osa multi- flora ; 3. Evergreen roses (T^osa sempervirens) ; 4. Boursault roses (i?6sa alpina) ; 5. Banksian roses (^osa BanksZ-^") ; 6. Hy- brid climbing roses. The Autumn Roses, or those which bloom from June to November, belong to the following groups : — Perpetual roses. Bourbon, or I'lle de Bourbon, roses (T^osa Bourhonichia). Chinese roses (7?osa indica). Tea-scented Chinese roses (J?osa indica odorata). Miniature, or dwarf, Chinese roses (i^osa E 4 36 Works 071 Garde^iing, Sfc. Lawrenceawa). Noisette roses. Musk roses {Rosa moschata). Macartney roses (7?6sa bracteata). i?6sa microphylla. Any person wishing to have a collection of the very best roses, has only to write for one or two plants belonging to each of the foregoing groups ; directing either that the cheapest sorts may be chosen, those which are the best representatives of the group, or those which are the handsomest. Five shillings per group would procure a very handsome small collection ; and something may be done at even 2s. 6d. a group. A Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits cultivated hy T. Rivers and So?}, at their Nurseries, Saxvbridgeworfh, Herts ; *mith the Prices of Fruit Trees as sold hy them, 1836-7. 8vo, pp. 20. We should like much to see such a descriptive catalogue, by Mr. Rivers, of hardy trees and shrubs ; provided it were, as in the case of these fruit trees, limited to kinds actually propagated by him for sale. The great evil of many nurserymen's catalogues is, that they contain many names of which they have no plants ; and a number of other names, which are only synonymes. We shall take the beautiful genus Cratae'gus for an example, and ask, where there is a catalogue of the species and varieties that is good for anything ? We take this genus, because most of the kinds belonging to it have fruited in the country ; and they are, besides, easily known by their leaves. The British Almanac of the Society for the Diffusion of XJsefid Kno\soledge ; and the Companion to the Almanac, or Year-BooJc of General Information, for 1838. 12mo, pp. 96, and pp. 24'8. London. The British Working Mati's Almanac ; and the Working Mail's Companion, or Year-Book, for 1838. 12mo, pp. 48, and pp. 144. London. Price Is. 4^/., bound in cloth. These are two excellent almanacs. The Year-Book to the British Almaiiac contains directions for collecting specimens of geology and mineralogy; directions for collecting and preserving plants in foreign countries for an herbarium ; and directions for collecting zoological specimens. These directions are, to a young gardener, alone worth the price of the volume. The Working Man's Companion, the price of which, without the almanac, is only 9(7., sewed, contains : The Interest of the Working Men in a provident Administration of the Poor Laws ; Home-made Bread; Insurance against Expense of Sick- ness ; Home-brewed Beer ; Cottage Economy, and the Dwellings of the Working Classes. Literary and General Notices. 51 Art. IV. Literary Notices. SfVEET's British Fioxmr-Garden is proposed to be merged into the Botanical Register ; and this latter work is to contain the im- provements indicated in the following notice : — " The great and constantly increasing importation of new and curious plants into this country renders it necessary for the proprietors of the Botanical Register to. make an exertion to keep pace with the spirit of the times; and finding, on the one hand, the present limited number of descriptions in each Number (eight) by no means sufficiently extensive for a record of the rare and beautiful plants submitted to their notice ; and, on the other hand, feeling anxious to diminish rather than increase the expense of the work. Dr. Lindley has suggested the plan of increasing the number of descriptions as much as possible ; and, instead of giving a figure to every description, as formerly, to figure such only as force themselves upon the attention of the botanist or amateur, either by their surpassing beauty, or some rare and curious quality; adding, also, a sufficient quantity of letterpress to embrace, under the title of Botanical and Horticultural News, a monthly register of the most rare and interesting matter relating to those subjects. It is also proposed, in all cases, to give precise directions for the cultivation of the plants that may be intro- duced into the work. This arrangement cannot but add greatly to the labour of Dr. Lindley; who, nevertheless, anxious to promote the extension of scien- tific knowledge, will not allow any personal consideration to stand in the way of so desirable an end. In the confident hope of the increased patronage of the botanical public to the plan, the proprietors have determined to reduce the price of all future Numbers, beginning with January 1., to 3^. Qd., instead of 4s. ; which will render the Botanical Register the cheapest, as it is the most beautiful, of all the botanical periodicals ; and eventually^constitute it the coni- pletest and most authentic illustrated catalogue of plants in the whole world." MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. Genercd Notices. Joyce's neiu Mode of Heating. — Mr. Joyce, a commercial gardener at Cam- berwell, has recently made one of the most extraordinary inventions for pro- ducing heat which have ever been given to the public. We question if any thing so remarkable has occurred, in a practical point of view, since the inven- tion of gunpowder. Whether Mr. Joyce's stove will be so economical as to be adapted for general use, is a question that can only be satisfactorily de- termined by experience ; but in the mean time it promises to be so ; and while it may be employed to heat churches, and all kinds of public and private buildings, ships, and the inside of carriages, Mr. Joyce thinks that the poorest cottager will find more comfort and economy in its use than in the common open fireplace. The invention not being, at the time we write, fully secured by patent, the details cannot be here given ; but the result is, that heat is pro- duced by an apparatus of very limited magnitude, and that it may be raised to any temperature that can be required, short of red heat, by combustion without the production of smoke. To most of our readers this will seem impossijjle ; but the fact was placed beyond a doubt yesterday (Dec. 5.),, when one of Mr. Joyce's stoves, in action, was exhibited at a meeting of the Horticultural So- ciety in Regent Street, and examined by a great number of persons. The form of the stove in which the heat is generated is that of an upright cylinder from the conical apex of which a heated current of air escapes, and which current can be regulated at pleasure, or altogether stopped : but the chief source of heat is the radiation from the sides. Of course, the heat so generated may either be allowed to escape directly into the surrounding atmos[)hcre, or be conveyed away in air-tubes, or by means of hot-water jiipes, to a distance, or to 58 Domestic Notices. any other apartment. If this invention answer the expectations which have been formed of it, it will effect a complete revokition in the mode of heating d-Cvelling-houses throughout the world; because it is the only mode hitherto discovered by which heat can be produced by combustion, without any heat being lost. At present, whether a room is heated by an open fireplace, a close stove, steam pipes, or hot-water pipes, or by the introduction of a current of heated air from a cockle-stove, still a large proportion of heat necessarily escapes along with the smoke produced by the consumption of the fuel ; but here not one particle of heat escapes, and the only care requisite in regard to the air of a room will be, to have a quantity of fresh air admitted proportionate to what is deteriorated by the combustion of the material employed in this new mode of heat.ng, and by the persons breathing in the room. One ad- vantage attending this invention is, that it is perfectly free from dust, and that the stove, when once charged and lighted, requires no attention whatever for from 20 to 30 hours, according to the charge. The convenience of such a mode of applying heat to rooms without fireplaces, closets of every description, cabinets, whether of books, curiosities, or plants, &c., and, in short, to all en- closed places without chimneys, must be obvious. It is also adapted, beyond all other inventions, for heating, with security from fire, ships, and for warming the inside of close carriages ; and it might be taken under water in a diving bell, or into the atmosphere in a balloon. It is also admirably adapted for the purposes of French cookery. We shall not, however, enlarge farther on this invention till we can explain to our readers what it is ; and this Mr. Joyce has kindly promised to enable us to do at the very earliest moment after his patent is sealed. It is no small honour to the profession of gardener, that an invention of so much importance has been made by one of their number. — Cond. Art. II. Domestic Notices. ENGLAND. The Lavibertian Herharium has lately received a rich collection of rare and unique specimens of plants from New Zealand. Among these, are some trunks of tree ferns believed to be undescribed species ; the flowers and leaves of a climbing aroidean plant, which ascends to the tops of the highest trees, and part of the spathe of which forms what the natives consider as a most de- licious food J and an immense mass of the resin of the kowrie pine, or dam- mara, of New Zealand. The outside of this resin is opaque, and of a dirty white; but, where broken, it has a glassy transparent look, and a pale greenish tinge. There are a number of stems and roots of scitamineous plants and palms, and also various dicotyledonous plants, all of which remain to be de- scribed or recognised by botanists. Among the known plants, are some splendid specimens of Knightia; of Clianthus, from a new, and much colder habitat, &c. Mr. Lambert devotes every Saturday, while he is in town, to the display of these, and the numerous other treasures of his herbarium, to the botanical world; who assemble in his richly furnished library in Grosvenor Street, as they did formerly in that of Sir Joseph Banks in Soho Square. Art. III. Roijnl Caledodian Horticultural Society. The Winter General Meeting of this Society was held on December 7., in the Council Room, at the Garden, Inverleith, James Gammell, Esq. (in the absence of the Vice-President), in the chair. The Prize Committee had been occupied for several hours in examining and deciding on the respective merits of the articles produced. They reported, that, for the premium offered for the best six sorts of French, Flemish, or German Peers, of recent introduction, four competitors had appeared ; and that the medal was due to Mr. James Smith, gardener to the Earl of Hope- toun, Hopetoun House; the kinds being, Grumkower Winterbirne, beurr^ Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. 59 Diel, beurre d'Aremberg, beurrc de Capiaiimont, calebasse Bosc, and gloiit morceau. The Committee were of opinion that a second premium should be given for a collection sent by Mr. James Macintosh, gardener to Robert Fer- gusson, Esq., Archerfield; the kinds being, beurre d'Aremberg, Easter bemTe, emerald, glout morceau, winter Nelis, and winter beurre (the last, how- ever, doubtful). The premium offered for the best three kinds of French or Flemish pears, from standard trees, was also gained by Mr. Smith, Hopetoun ; the sorts being, Nelis d'hiver, beurre Diel, and autumn Colmar. A medal having been offered for any approved variety of culinary vegetable not hitherto cultivated in Scotland, it was awarded to Mr. James Macintosh, Archerfield, for specimens of the Portugal cabbage, the midribs of the leaves of which are used in the manner of sea-kale, and much approved of. A dish of fresh ginger roots, for preserving, raised in the secretary's garden at Canonmills, having been presented (but not for competition), the medal offered for this article was, notwithstanding, awarded to Mr. William Lawson, gardener to Dr. Neill, as a mark of approbation of his merit as a cultivator. Specimens of the Florence fennel, a new vegetable, much used in Italy, and also in France, but hitherto unknown in Scotland, were produced from the Meadowbank Nurseries ; and the secretary read an account of its mode of culture and preparation for the table, derived from the Bon Jardinier for 1837. A medal was voted to Mr. John Baird, foreman to Messrs. Lawson and Son, for this novel production. Several beautiful collections of Chrysanthemum sinense were exhibited; and the premium was awarded to Mr. James Muir, gardener to William Mitchell, Esq., of Parson's Green. Other fine collections of this elegant winter flower were sent by Mr. Macintosh, Archerfield, and Mr. Gow, Tulliallan. Several of the extra articles submitted to this meeting were of great novelty and interest. A large and ripe cluster of the luscious fruit of the true banana (Miis« sapi^ntum), from the palm stove in the Royal Botanic Garden, excited admiration, especially when it was mentioned that the same plant had yielded above GO lb. weight of similar fruit. The Society's silver medal was voted, amidst acclamations, to Mr. William M'Nab for this production. Specimens of the tubers of a new Indian cress (TropEE^olnm tuberosum) were exhi- bited from the garden of the Society. When dressed (as they were during the sitting of the Committee), they were found equal in flavour to the best asparagus; and the superintendent mentioned that the plant was of very easy culture : so that this is likely to become a valuable acquisition. Proliferous German greens, bearing rosette sprouts on the leaves, which are very delicate when boiled, were exhibited from Archerfield Garden. A large and fine citron, from a two-year-old plant cultivated at Millearn, the seat J. G. Home Drummond, Esq., was much admired. A fine clump of large mushrooms, about twenty in number, and the group measuring more than 3 ft. in circum- ference, was sent from the mushroom-house at Pinkie, the garden of Sir John Hope, Bart., under the management of the venerable Mr. James Stuart, who has been more than fifty-three years head-gardener there. Cakes of com- pressed basil and of sweet marjoram, prepared in America, and sold in Covent Garden market, but new to Edinburgh, were exhibited by Mr. John Carstairs, How Street. Some beautiful apples and pears were placed on the table, with their names, from the gardens of Sir David Baird of Newbyth, and of General Durham of Largo. Several communications were laid before the meeting; particularly, an ac- count of a botanical and horticultural journey through the central counties of England and north of Ireland, by Mr. James M'Nab [if this is not intended to be published in Edinburgh, we shall be happy to receive it for the Gardener^ s Magazine'] ; receipts for the making of the red rhubarb jelly and jam, for- merly presented to the Society, and recommended by them ; and a description of a mode of grafting the grape-vine, devised and successfully practised by Mr. William Gowans, Caddcr Garden. {Edinburgh Advertiser, Dec. 12. 1837.) 60 West Lo?idon Gardeners' Association. Art. IV. The West London Gardeners' Association for mutual Instruction. Minutes of the Proceedings. May 9. 1837. — The report of the com- mittee for the last six months was read and approved of. It was resolved, that an assistant secretary be appointed ; that the number of the Committee be aug- mented from twelve to fifteen ; and that the subscriptions of amateurs should be the same in amount as those of head gardeners. The propriety of giving more publicity to the Society's proceedings was postponed for further con- sideration. The Committee and office-bearers for the ensuing half year were then elected. Exhibited. Some good specimens of the S3'on House, or Kenyon, cucumber, cut off a plant which has been in a bearing stale since October, 1835, from Mr. Richard Ayres, gardener, Chicksands Priory, Bedforshire. It was inti- mated that Mr. Ayres intended publishing a treatise upon the subject. June 12. — Specimens of the newest and best kinds of Pelargonium were exhibited from the Duke of Devonshire's green-houses, Chiswick. The trusses of bloom of the pet, Forster's gem, &c., were very splendid. iVIr. Cody read an essay on the cultivation of the pelargonium for com- petition. The plants are cut down pretty close, about the middle of August, when they push fresh buds ; the greater portion of the earth is shaken from their roots ; and then they are potted into fresh rich compost and smaller pots, placed in a pit or frame, shaded until they have made fresh roots, and at- tended to properly during the winter and spring, with air, heat, light, moisture, and shifting. A criterion by which to judge of the properties of a pelargonium was pointed out, and twenty-four of the best kinds enumerated. Mr. Caie alluded to several systems of growing the pelargonium ; and re- marked that the principal object of gardeners should be, to flower them at all seasons ; as some make a showy appearance in winter and spring, and others answer well for turning out into clumps. Mr. Judd advocated the using of manure water for insuring first-rate blos- soms. Mr. Russel coincided with Mr. Caie, and alluded to a circumstance which but too generally occm-red with regard to growing for competition ; namely, that the grower was spoken of, and valued, according to his success with a few specimens ; while the general stock might, and often was, below mediocrity. Mr. Keane observed that the general system practised b}' the most successful competitors was, to grow their pelargoniums near the glass, in low-roofed houses ; and that, by repeatedly shifting, and other necessar}' at- tentions, they were brought to that slate of perfection in which they were seen at the late shows. Jnne 26, — Mr. Ayres brought forward a plan and description of a propa- gating-house, accompanied with observations on the same. After recapitu- lating the leading ideas of his former essay, to show on what principle the house had been erected, he proceeded to describe its construction and manage- ment. The house was 20 ft. long, by 10ft. wide; with a pathway 2 ft. wide, running longitudinally along the centre of it, and having two beds, facing north and south, for the cutting pots to be placed upon. These beds were divided into four different compartments: one for cuttings of stove plants; a second, for green-house plants ; a thu'd, for such green-house plants as re- quire to be kept cool for a time; and a fourth, for the young plants after they have been potted off. The house is healed by linings of dung, grass, and leaves, and a hot-water pipe conducted round the house close to the wall. For stove cuttings, Mr. Ayres recommends a bottom heat of 90°, and an at- mospheric temperature of 70° or 75° ; for green-house cuttings, a bottom heat of 80°, and a top temperature of 65° or 70° ; and in the green-house pre- paratory department, a temperature not exceeding 60°, at any time. He also recommends watering in the afternoon, before the sun has left the house; and Itetrospective Criticism. Queries and Aiis'ucers. 61 the having at all times an atmosphere saturated with moisture. A number of members spoke on the subject ; but the ideas were little different from those suggested when the subject of propagation was before the Society. Jult/ 10. — Mr. Fish introduced the subject of the cultivation of the mush- room. An animated discussion took place, but no great diversity of opinion was elicited. For producing spawn, Mr. Fish recommended a mixture of horse and cow-dung. In forming his beds, he uses the dung from old linings, or any litter rather dry than otherwise, capable of raising a little heat ; spawns the bed when milkwarm ; and, when there is no danger from over-heating, covers it with a casing of cow-dung in a wet state, or fresh horse-dung if cow- dung is not to be had; the use of which is to give strength to the mushroom before coming through the mould, and to render it thick and fleshy. He then covers the beds with H in. of mould, rather stiiF than otherwise, beating it firmly, and attaching great importance to earthing up as soon as possible after spawning. In beds out of doors, liable to get wet before they are spawned, the spawn is wrapped into a good handful of dry litter, and then firmly in- serted into the beds; when the wet dung, by which it is surrounded, will operate in the same manner as a casing of cow-dung under cover. In beds put up out of doors without prop covering, especially in the winter months, care must be taken that they be not too hot when spawned : it is better to have them rather cool ; as, if a sufficiency of heat does not arise after being earthed up, a proper temperature can at any time be infused and kept up by means of covering with straw and dung. Mr. Judd recommended watering with lime- water to destroy worms and woodlice ; but doubts were expressed if the using of lime, so fresh as to destroy the insects, would not also be prejudicial to the mushroom. The growing of mushrooms in summer was much discussed ; and it was agreed that, unless there was the command of cool sheds or cellars, the growing of them was almost labour thrown away, especially out of doors ; as much watering would be required to keep the beds cool by evaporation. The temperature of 60'^ was considered most favourable to the growth of the mushroom. Art. V. Retrospective Criticism. A DOUBLE-FLOWERED Rhododendron. — I observe, in Vol. XIII. p. 537., you state that "a double-flowered rhododendron has been originated in Paris recently, and the whole stock imported into this country by Mr. Lawson of Edinburgh." May I be permitted to inform your readers that I have cultivated a double- flowered i?hododendron ponticum for the last ten years or upwards ? I pur- chased my original plant from Messrs. Loddigcs, who, I believe, had had it some years ; but how or where it originated I am not aware. Whether the Paris plants are of the same species, or of some other, I, of course, am igno- rant; but I am aware that it frequently happens that plants are sent to this country from the Continent, as novelties, which have originally been sent hence to the Continental gardens. — J. Cree. Addlestone Nurserj/, Z)ecA837. The variety alluded to by Mr. Cree was published in the Hortiis Britaji- nlciis (p. 171.) in 1830; that purchased by Mr. Lawson was found in a bed of seedlings in Cel's nursery, Paris, in 1832 ; it is called i?hododendron pon- ticum liyacmthifldriim. (See Annates de Flore, &c., September, 1836.) The flowers are very numerous ; each consisting of fifteen or sixteen petals, of a fine violet rose colour. Leaves as in the species. — L. L. L., Paris, Decem- ber 2\. 1837; and Cond. Art. VI. Queries and Anstvers. An Insect on Tropce^olum peregrhncm. — An insect has troubled us much here this season, by injuring the leaves of Tropae^olum peregrinum. The corn- 62 London Horiiadtural Society and Garden. mon nasturtium has intertwined its leaves with those of the above-mentioned species ; but not a single insect seems to have touched it. — J. P. Chatsworth, Oct. 23. 1837. [We sent the insects to iNIr.Westwood, who says they are those of the P6nti« brassicae (the common white cabbage butterfly), which often feeds on the nasturtium. It is a curious instance of preference given to an exotic plant, which it is very difficult to account for.] Art. VII. The London Hotticultural Society and Garden. ^txtiHtKitS granted to young Gardeners hy the Horticultural Society of Ijondon, from Sejit. 25. to Nov. 13. 1837 : — Sej)tember 25. — James Thompson of Scone, Perthshire, a Certificate of the First Class. October 23. — Hichakd Parnell of Heligan, St. Austel, Cornwall, a Cer- tificate of the First Class. November 13. — Walter Scott Grierson of Penpont, Dumfries, an extra Certificate of the First Class. October 17. — Read. A paper " On the Growth of Stove Aquatics in the open Air," by L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. Exhibited. — ^rica Massoni(7««, from Joseph Wilson, Esq., of Clapham Common. Queen pine-apple, weighing 41b. 14 oz., from William Harrison, Esq., F.H.S, Clerodt^ndrum speciosissimum, Crowea maligna; £'rica cerin- thoides, E. curviflora; Gloxinia maculuta, G. cserulescens, Oncidium papilio, Columne« scandens, Rdche« falcata, Euphorbia punicea, Ipomce^ainsignis, and SciWa. hyacmihoides ; from Mr. Green, gardener to Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart. French marigolds, from Messrs. Beck and Co. of the Strand. Impa- tiens scapiflora, and Tropae^olum tuberosum, from Messrs. Young of Epsom. Brugmans/a Whymanni, from Mr. Conway, gardener to L. Sulivan, Esq. AUamanda cathartica, Aphelandra cristata, Polyspora axillaris, and Loasa coccinea, from Mrs. Lawrence. Jersey chrysanthemum, maiden's blush, and a collection of dahlias, from Messrs. Chandler and Son. Three apples (name unknown), from Mi's. Fielder, of Alton, Hants. Dahlias, from Mr. Catcleugh of Sloane Street, Chelsea. Green-fleshed melon, grown in an open frame, from John Williams, Esq., C.M.H.S. A collection of cut flowers, from the Hon. W. F. Strangways, F.H.S. From the Garden of the Society. — Dahlias, and single Mexican seedlings. — Pears: BufFam's (an American variety of some merit), Boyle Farm wilding, Due de Berri (a great bearer, melting, yet seems to require a warmer climate than this), poire Neill, beurre de Capiaumont, Marie-Louise (from a wall). The flavour of this, like many other Belgic sorts, is not so good when grown smooth-skinned against a wall, as those that are browned on standards. Do}'enne blanc, Seckle, fondante Van Mons (deserves cultivation), Styrian, Gansel's bergamot (wall), moorfowl egg, beurre Bosc, Henri Quatre, Aston Town. — Apples : Wcrmsley pippin (a valuable sort), and king of the pip- pins; the golden noble, pomme violette, Dutch codlin, gloria mundi, mere de menage, Hollandbury, Bedfordshire foundling, Waltham Abbey seedling, sops of wine : all good kitchen apples. Crimson queening, Orack Elma (Persian variety), Foxlej', yellow Ingestrie, Downton, Ribston pippin. Paradise pippin, Blenheim pippin, and autunm pearmain. Awarded. Silver Knightian medals, to Mr. Pratt, for the queen pine-apple; to Mr. J. Green, for the Columnc« scandens ; and to Mr. Young, for the Tro- pae^olum tuberosum. November 17. — Exhibited. A pumpkin, weighing 1 cwt. 21 lb., from Denia, in Valencia, from Joseph Travers, Esq., F.H.S. Erica propendens, cerin- thoides, curviflora, «bietina, viridiflora var., and sp,; Epiphyllum truncatum. Begonia octopetala, and Zygopetalum Mackayi, from Mr. Green, gardener to Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart. Epiphyllum truncatum, from Mr. Lane, gar- dener to John Horsley Palmer, Esq., F.H.S. Cattleja labiata, from Mrs. Lawrence, E.H.S. A collection of new seedling Jersey chrysanthemums, from Covent Garden Marled. 63 Messrs. Chandler and Sons of Vauxhall. Citron melons and cucumbers, from Mr. Robert Buck, F.H.S., of Blackheatli. Maxillaria picta, from William Harrison, Esq., F.H.S. A new hybrid gourd, a bottle gourd, and swan's neck gourd, from Mr. Watt, gardener to Sir C. E. Smith, Bart. From the Garden of the Societi/. — Seedling and queen chrysanthemums. — Pears: Autumn Colmar, Forelle, Bezi de la Motte, *Belmont, BufFam's, *Du- mortier,Colmar Neill, *St. Germain Van Mons, Dumas,* Eyewood,beurre d'Au- desson, urbaniste, Ormskirk bergamot, beurre Diel, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Those marked thus * are sorts raised by Mr. Knight, or which have been re- ceived lately from Belgium, and fruited for the first time in the garden. (See XIII. p. 549.) — Apples, Kitchen: Gloria mundi, Blenheim pippin, Burns's seed- ling, golden noble, Waltham Abbey seedling, incomparable, Wormsley pippin, Brabant bellefleur, nonsuch (it is not generally known that the merit of this apple consists in its culinary properties), large white Calville, Rymer, Bed- fordshire foundling, and Rabonlink. — Table Apples : Downton, Sam Young, Fearn's pippin, Beachamwell, BorsdorfFer, Hughes's golden pippin, Margil, Ross nonpareil, white russet, old Pome-roy, and Pitmaston nonpareil. — Chestnuts : Downton, prolific, chataignier des bois, prime, and Bretonne. Awarded. A large silver medal to Messrs. Chandler, for a seedling chry- santhemum ; and silver Banksians, to Messrs. Green and Lane, for Begonza octopetala and EpiphjUum truncatum, Dec. 5. 1837. — Exhibited. Three queen pine-apples, from Mr. Harrison of Cheshunt, weighing respectively 41b. 2 oz., 41b. 2 oz., and 3 lb. 14 oz. Cypripedium insigne, C. venustum; Amaryllis Ho6d«, Epiphyllum truncatum, and iJrica cerintho'ides, from Sir E. Antrobus, Bart, Jersey. Chrysanthe- mums, from Messrs. Chandler and Sons, Vauxhall. Passiflora caeridea, and a seedling apple, from C. Rankens, Esq., Dulwich. Chrysanthemums, from Miss Wilson. Brassw; caudata, from W. Dunsford, gardener to Baron Dims- dale. A large pine-apple, from Mr. Fowler, Little Bushy Farm, near Stan- more. Zygopetalum Maxillaria, Euphorbia fulgens (jacquin/c^/fora), Maxillaria picta, Lse4ia anceps, Calanthe densiflora, Lechenaultia formosa, Bilberg/a amoe^ia, and a collection of cut flowers, from Mrs. Lawrence. Poinsettia pulcherrima, from Mr. J. Reading, gardener to Mrs. Marryatt. Plumbago rosea, and Alstrcemena Ligfu, from Mr. R.Buck. From the Garden of the Societi/. — Plants. J^se^'Via anceps, Euphorbia ful- gens (jacquinifcy?6r«}, tree dahlia, and chrysanthemums. — Apples : Golden Harvey (perhaps the richest table apple), white nonpareil, Pearson's plate (a very good and handsome table apple), Syke House russet, old golden pippin (which varies much), Nonesuch Park, Beachamwell, Dutch mignonne. Brad- dick's nonpareil, Nell Gwyn, Hubbard's pearmain, Blenheim pippin ; Brabant Bellefleur, k. ; gloria mundi, k.; Woolmann's long pippin, k.; stony Royd pippin, k.; reinette du Canada, k.; American pippin, k. ; Baldwin, k.; and Dumelow's seedling. — Pears: Glout morceau, beurre Diel, passe Colmar, Napoleon, bergamot cadet (remarkable for the length of time it keeps ripen- ing in succession ), crassane, and Moccas. Awarded. Silver Knightian Medals to Mrs. Lawrence, for Euphorbia fulgens (}acqumiccfl6ra) ; to Mr. John Green, for the plants exhibited; and to Mr. Harrison, for the pine-apples. A Silver Banksian medal to Mr. Cook, gardener to INIiss Wilson, for chrysanthemums, which were remarkably large and perfect flowers. Joyce's stove was also exhibited, and attracted great attention, as has been noticed in a preceding page. Art. VIII. Covent Garden Mar/eel. From the continued openness of the weather, we have had a regular and good supply of all vegetables usual at this season. Prices have continued rather depressed, and the demand but limited; nevertheless, we have but little 64 Covent Garden Market. surplus over the steady and regular consumption at this period of the season ; nor can any great improvement be expected during the next month or two, as it is well known that the supply will continue to be good, unless interrupted by severe weather ; or the demand materially increased by the arrival in London of the principal families after the Christmas holidays and the recess of Par- liament ; at which time, also, the crops of most of the private gardens may be exhausted. The supply of fruit (^jmncipalli/ apples) continues to be abundant, and would be much more so could anything like a remunerating price be obtained to pay the carriage of the common sorts from a distance. As it is, the grower has been frequently a loser after paying carriage and other expenses. The better sorts are necessarily depressed in value by these circumstances. Of pears, especially the better varieties, we have had but a limited supply, and these have not ripejed well. Some of the newer sorts of French and Flemish pears have been furnished, and have realised good prices ; also the old es- teemed varieties, such as the cresannes, brown beurres, &c. The Cabbage Tribe. Cabbage, per dozen : White Red Plants, or Coleworts - Savoys, per dozen Brussels Sprouts, per J sieve Cauliflowers, per dozen Broccoli, per bunch : White Purple - - . Tubers and Roots. Tper ton Potatoes < per cwt. C per bushel Kidney, per bushel Scotch, per bushel Jerusalem Artichokes, per half sieve - - . Turnips, White, per bunch - Carrots, per bunch . Parsneps, per dozen - Red Beet, per dozen Skirret, per bunch Scorzonera, per bundle Salsify, per bunch Horseradish, per bundle Radishes : Rod, per dozen hands (24 to 30 each) White turnip, per bunch • The Spinach Tribe. Spinach, [P^t'^e. '^ 'I per half sieve The Onion Tribe. Onions: Old, per bushel For pickling, per half sieve When green (Ciboules) per bunch ... Leeks, per dozen bunches - Garlic, per pound Shallots, per pound Asparaginous Plants, Salads, Sfc. Asparagus, per hundred Sea-Kale, per punnet Lettuce, per score : Cos . . . Cabbage ... Endive, per score Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) Small Salads, per punnet - From £ s. d. 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 10 0 1 6 0 4 0 0 1 6 0 0 9 2 10 0 0 2 6 0 13 0 19 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 r 0 2 0 1 6 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 6 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 2 To £ s. 0 1 0 0 10 0 11 Watercress, per dozen small bunches ... Pot and Sweet Herbs. Parsley, per half sieve Tarragon, dried, per doz. bun. Thyme, per dozen bunches Sage, per dozen bunches Mint, dried, per dozen:bun. Peppermint, dried, per.dozen bunches Marjoram, dried, per doz. bun 0 Savory, per dozen bunches . 0 Basil, dried, per dozen bunches 6 Rosemary, per dozen bunches C iLavender, dried, per doz. bun. Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, Pickling, S(C. 2 Capsicums, per hundred - 0 4 0 4 0 Edible Fungi and Fuci. 6 Mushrooms, per pottle 0 Morels, per pound 0 Truffles, per pound : 0 English . . . 0 0 Foreign, dried - . 0 12 Fruits. 0 Apples, Dessert, per bushel : 3 Nonpareils . . 0 10 Ribston Pippins - .04 Cour de Wick - - 0 4 9 Pearmain . -.04 0 Baking . . - 0 1 American, per barrel - 0 16 Pears, Dessert, per dozen Charmontelle - .0 0 Saint Germain . . 0 0 Glout morceau - .0 Beurre d'Aremberg . 0 Baking, per half sieve > 0 Medlars, per half sieve ' - 0 Almonds, per peck - . 0 Pine-apples, per pound - 0 Hot.house Grapes, per pound 0 Oraneps f T^" ^°^*^" " ° uranges ^ ^^j. j,un(jred - 0 C Bitter Oranges, per hundred fix ^ per dozen Lemons ^|,g^^^„^^gj 0 Pomegranates, per dozen - 0 Sweet Almonds, per pound 3 Nuts, per bushel : 0 Spanish . . - 0 16 3 Barcelona - - - 1 0 From' To £ s. d. £ s. rf. 0 0 4; 0 0 8 0 1 6 0 2 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 2 3 3 1 5 7 4 2 0 3 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 14 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 6 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, FEBRUARY, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. The State of Gardening in the South of Ireland, as compared with England and Scot/and. By John Jeffery, Nurseryman, Mitchelstown. To describe the 'state of gardening in the south of Ireland, properly, would take up much room, as different places in each county would require to be mentioned, and a comparison drawn between them. At present, I shall only say what state Ireland is in, so far as I have observed it, with a few remarks on the different classes, which I shall divide into four. In the first class, I shall include the nobles, prelates, principal gentry, and wealthy merchants possessed of country seats. With re- gard to walled gardens and glass, this class, in the south of Ireland, is equal to England or Scodand, except in this, that very few have trees on the outside of their garden walls. Most of them have good orchards of apples for cider, and many have also tolerable flower-gardens and shrubberies. In the park, or what ought to be the arboretum, they are very deficient ; and their shrubberies are not well kept : neat short grass, and highly kept walks, are scarcely to be met with in this quarter. I do not consider that gardening, &c., with this class, is on the advance, as there seem to be full as many gardens on the decline as there are building or repairing. The principal cause, in my opinion, is, that so few of the first-rate families live in Ireland. Gentle- men of this class pay their gardeners full as well as either the English or Scotch, their wages varying from 30/. to 60/. per annum, with board, &c. In fact, they mostly have either Eng- lish or Scotch gardeners, or Irishmen who have been partly educated in England. Another cause is, that the seats of the first class are so few, and so far distant from each other, that neither the gardener nor his employer is sharpened by the state of his neighbours. The question asked of the gardener is. Can he keep the garden at less expense, or can he manage with a man or boy less ? He scarcely ever is asked, Can he keep the place better, if he had better means ? or, What would it cost to Vol. XIV. — No. 95. f 66 Gardening in the South of Ivelcnid. keep the place like such and such a place? as would be the case in England, where both he and his employer must know of places maintained in good order. The Cork and other Horticultural Societies are likely to do good, if properly followed up; but I am much afraid that a schism is creeping into the Cork Society already, as has hap- pened in almost every other useful club or society attempted in that city. I do not consider it expedient to have the Horticul- tural shows in any nursery ; it makes it too much of a party business. The Society ought to build and lay out a proper place, with all conveniencies for themselves, if they wish to con- tinue, and be independent. It is a loss to horticulture, at this time, that the Botanic Gardens in Cork were given up : they would have been a rallying point for the Society, which it seems to want much. The class of noblemen and gentlemen has planted considerably within the last thirty years, but there seems to be a falling off within these six years. The principal kinds of trees planted are oaks (by such as know their value), with larch and Scotch and spruce firs as nurses. This system would do well if carried through w^th care : but very often the planta- tion is neither thinned nor pruned until the oaks are smothered, or so weak-drawn, that the best judges would think it a pity to cutaway the fine larch, &c., for the sake of such poor miserable- looking trees ; and thus, very often, the oaks are quite lost, par- ticularly when the thinning of such plantations falls under the care of persons of little experience. Beech is not so much planted now as it was forty or fifty years ago. Ash is very much neglected, because it is so liable to be cut by trespassers for firing and other uses ; and in a few years it will be a scarce article in Ireland, if some few do not take courage and plant it. Any one that keeps wood-rangers might protect ash as well as other timber, if planted in masses, and not all over the country in hedgerows, as it is at present. Hedges and hedgerows are very much neglected in Ireland, even in the demesnes of noble- men of the first rank. These remarks are only meant as appli- cable to the majority of this class : there are, indeed, a lew exceptions, but, at present, I do not mean to particularise. In the second class may be placed the rectors of parishes, the second class of gentry, and merchants. Many of this class have tolerable walled-in gardens : very few have more glass than a few frames for melons and cucumbers. Most of them have an orchard of apples for cider ; a small flower-garden, with a few shrubs; no arboretum; a small lawn with a screen of common forest trees, a few clumps, and single trees of the commonest kinds, in general badly planted. I consider this class much on the advance within these last twenty-five years. The cause seems to be, that they live nearer Gardeni?ig in the South of Ireland. 67 together than the first class, are almost always at home, and see each others' places often, which causes them to vie with each other. Gentlemen of this class pay their gardeners very badly : if they paid their gardeners better, I believe that they would very soon equal the Scotch or English gentlemen of the same rank. From 8/. to 16/. per annum, with board, is what is in general paid, if only gardener : if gardener and steward, they may have from 12/. to 20/., with board, &c. A distressed man will be glad to get even this ; but he enters his employment with discontent ; he goes on passing over every thing in the most su- perficial manner; and is all the v^hile looking out for another and better situation. When able to do it, he gets into some nursery, or emigrates to England. Some other distressed man, from some of the nurseries, succeeds him ; or, perhaps, what is even worse, some man that is a little handy about the place. If a distressed man succeeds him, things go on just as before; if the handy man, they become worse. At the same time, the new comer will be sure to make some alterations, either good or bad ; which will cost the employer more than the difference of wages, which would have retained and satisfied the former man. This mistaken system often deprives this class of any enjoyment in horticultural pursuits, and renders their gardeners a distressed and discontented class of men. Whereas from 15/. to 25/. a year, as gardener, or 30/., with board, &c., as gardener and steward, with some additional advantages to married meil, would render them contented, and therefore anxious to satisfy and be- nefit their employers ; which, I may say from observation, many of this class of gardeners are capable of doing. Gentlemen belonging to this second class have planted more in proportion than any other class. Many of them are now getting a good return by thinnings, and have, at the same time, woods advancing in value, and ornamental to their properties and to the country at large. The young gentlemen of this class seem to have a taste for ornamental planting ; and some of them run a little on the arboretum, and seem to know the names and habits of orna- mental trees far better than their predecessors. The third class may be composed of the formers, shopkeepers, &c. A few of the farmers have cider orchards ; but they have nothing else beyond the most common vegetables, as cabbages, parsneps, carrots, and turnips. The shopkeeper who has any ground attached to his house near a town has, in general, a good many flowers and shrubs, and a fair variety of vegetables, with common fruits. But, in general, the fruit trees are badly taken care of, and the shrubs badly arranged. The gardening, plant- ing, &c., of this class are. all done by the jobber or handy labourer. It is for want of knowledge, in a good many cases, that the farmer does not improve. Every farmer ought to have F 2 68 On the Formation his orchard and kitchen-garden in proportion to his farm. As to flowers and shrubs, it is not to be expected that he can spare much ground or time for them. The only way that I see this class is to be improved is, that a few noblemen and gentlemen should take each of them, suppose, three farms (one large, one middle-sized, and one small), and lay them out with convenient buildings, garden, and orchard, as patterns for others. The portion intended for the kitchen-garden should not be planted with orchard trees, but rather with bush fruit. What vegetables the farmer did not want for his family would pay him well for his pigs and cattle. The fields should be laid out in proportion to the farm ; and the fences arranged and planted in a proper manner. The best of all fences for the farmer, in my opinion, is crab : it grows fast, and is a good shelter, and a few let run up, say at every 9 ft., might give as much cider as would do for common use. Such hedgerows, it is true, while rare in the country, might require to be watched, in the fruit season, against pilferers ; but, when general, this expense would cease. All be- tween the 9 ft. I would keep cut down and shorn, as a thick fence. Ploughing matches, and premiums to farmers, would also be of use. I am sorry to say that these encouragements are falling off much from what they were twelve or twenty years ao-o. I would also recommend all the waste grounds of a farm to be planted; such as old quarries, very steep banks, rocky places, &c., but no land that would do for tillage, as there is plenty of waste land in Ireland ; and to plant any other, except for ornament or shelter, is, as I conceive, a loss to the com- munity at large. Draining is very much neglected in Ireland : much might be done in this respect. The fourth and last class is the cottager. The spot where his potatoes grow is called his garden ; which he, in general, rents of the farmer for the season. Many of the cottagers and small farmers have some portions of ground besides, near their cottage, which might be made to look well, and be of considerable use ; but they are, in general, filled in summer with a few early pota- toes, and late cabbage, which are all cut off by Christmas. From that time the gap, or gateway, is open, and the pigs, the sheep, and goats run over the whole, until about the 1st of March, or, perhaps, till Patrick's Day, at which time the gaps are made up, and the garden planted as before. Mitchelstoum^ Nov. 15. 1837. Art. II. On the Formation of a Public Botanic Garden. By C. C. It is well known to every one who has travelled on the Conti- nent, or who has availed himself of the information of others, of a Public Botanic Garden. 69 that, through the whole range of Europe, from St. Petersburg to Naples and Madrid, nearly every capital, great or small, whatever be the form of government, from the Swiss canton to the great monarchies of Austria and Prussia, is provided with botanical gardens. These establishments, which are sometimes disproportionately large to the countries to which they belong, are conducted on a tolerably uniform plan ; and, being of easy access to all classes, and lectures being given at them at the public expense, they serve at once to attest the munificence of the founders, and to amuse and instruct the people. Sorry I am to add that the metropolis of this splendid empire, where the crown domains are on a scale commensurate with our rank amongst nations, forms nearly the sole exception to this almost universal and daily extending rule ; and it is the more mortifying, because the means are within our reach. The work is already half done ; and a very slight exertion on the part of government, in making the arrangements as usual at the com- mencement of a new reign, would effect this most laudable and desirable object. What we beg to suggest is, that Kew Gardens be ceded to the public, of course under the usual reservation of the crown property, and converted into a regular botanical garden ; lecture rooms built ; professors appointed ; and the series of plants now in the Botanic Garden gradually increased, so as to make it completely adapted to the purposes of utility and scientific research ; for which, the foundation being laid, and houses already built, a comparatively small outlay would be required. In addition to the smaller plants, it will be indispensable to add an arboretum. As the extent of the grounds at Kew may not be quite sufficient for this purpose, I should propose that 100 or 200 acres be taken from Richmond Park, where they can be perfectly well spared ; and the situation of which would answer admirably for the hardier trees and shrubs. In the arrangement, of course, I should expect to see every hardy tree which could be collected in any part of the globe ; and I even anticipate revelling in quercetums, fraxinetums, salicetums, pinetums, aceretums, &c. Preparations should also be made lor the gradual construction of houses, on a large scale, for the principal tropical and tender trees, of known utility in our own dominions ; for instance, the Norfolk Island pine, the teak, the African teak, and the eucalypti, &c., from Australia. The cost of all this would be comparatively moderate, if properly managed. A twentieth, or even fiftieth, part of the money wasted by one of the follies of George IV. at Brighton, Windsor Cottaije, or Buckingham House, would suffice to raise a nionu- ment worthy of the sovereign and a liberal government. I often think of the astonishment the foreigners who now F 3 70 Formation of a Public Botanic Garden. repair in such crowds to this country must feel, when they are told that there are no public lectures on botany, and no means of receiving instruction in that science, except by payment of fees to individuals. Yet such is the case; and a curious proof of it was exhibited, a short time since, when the botanical chair at Oxford, which had long been a drowsy sinecure, fell into the hands of the eminent person who nov/ holds it : he was not qualified to hold such an appointment, probably, for the very want of means of instruction. This gentleman, much to his honour, repaired immediately to Geneva ; in whose petty state, and worse soil, he found what it was impossible to find in Great Britain. It may be' urged, that the Horticultural Society, and other institutions in London, supply the deficiency complained of; and that the putting of the public to any additional expense is unne- cessary. To this we beg to reply that the horticultural and all other establishments alluded to are private and proprietary, or corporate, to which the public have no right of admittance, but by favour. Another objection is, that these foundations are not perpetual, but are ephemeral in their nature, and depend on the caprice of the subscribers, which may, on any day, cut off the supplies, and cause their existence to cease. Another reason is, that the object of the Horticultural Society is, mainly, econo- mical. The proprietors, of course, expect an equivalent for the money they contribute ; and its energies are naturally turned in this direction, more than to the purposes of science ; although the eminent individuals who direct it have managed, to their infinite honour, to combine the two to as great a degree as is, perhaps, possible. There is ample room for the exertion of both ; and I am convinced that I speak the sentiments of those individuals, in anticipating the warmest approval of the plan, should it be adopted. In case this plan be followed up, as I sincerely hope it may, on every account, there are one or two observations to be made. In the first place, that it be not done in a narrow or niggardly manner ; that the professors appointed be practical working men, not overpaid, nor with the temptation to push themselves into the society of their superiors, leaving the work to be done by inferiors ; and that all control or interference be ceded by the crown. The miserable and disgraceful system introduced in these gardens by the late Sir Joseph Banks is now amended ; .but a very great inconvenience has survived : the retention of power in the sovereign in disposing of plants. The exercise of this discretion by the late truly excellent and patriotic king, whose knowledge of plants was on a par with that he possessed of horses, was a serious evil ; for foreigners and others, taking advantage of his goodnature, were in the habit of soliciting par- Gcnnination of Seeds. 71 ticular plants, for which a mandate was frequently given, without consulting the chief as to whether they could be spared or not, to the great prejudice of the establishment. I should propose that no one should have the right of giving away anything what- ever, unless to make exchanges; but that all the residue, espe- cially the spare stock of new or useful productions, should be disposed of by public auction, at stated intervals ; with the view to their circulation by the trade, at the same time that it would tend to reduce the expense of the establishment. A complete school of agriculture, which is also wanting, although the back- ward state of that right arm of national prosperity, in almost every part of the kingdom, makes it peculiarly desirable, ought to be annexed, in order to make the foundation complete. I now earnestly call on the government, and on the patriotic and independent members now taking their seats in the first parliament of Victoria, not to lose this favourable moment to raise a monument worthy of the sovereign and themselves ; thus acquiring, by the fairest means, legitimate and well-founded po- pularity. Sooner or later, it must be done; and I can foresee no opportunity more favourable than the present. If properly done, we shall be as far above, as we are now below, other nations, in this grand department of human knowledge. London, Dec. 1837. Art. III. On the Germination of Seeds. (Read by Mr, Lymburn, President of the Kilmarnock Horticultural Society, at its Annual Meeting for 1837.) The subject of the present essay concerns a new method of furthering the germination of seeds, in which I have lately made some experiments, which, I think, may be beneficial if better known ; and for the proper understanding of which it will be necessary to preface the subject by a short explanation of the theory of the reproduction of plants. In flowerless plants (the class Cryptogamia of botanists), reproduction takes place by means of homogeneous masses of cellular substance, called spo- rules or spores ; in ferns, on the back of the leaf; in mosses, in small capsules or urns; and in lichens and fungi, from tubes buried in the substance of the plants. Unlike the germ of flowering plants, they contain no cotyledons, radicle, or plumule; and, instead of growing uniformly from two constant points of their surface, they are mere masses of cellular substance, and send forth their roots from whatever place happens to have been covered, and the stem from that portion exposed to light. In the more simple forms of fungi and lichens, the subject is in- volved in such mystery, that manv have thence contended for 72 Germination of Seeds. equivocal generation, or a common matter of vegetation, which issues into various forms, according to accidental circumstances. It is, however, more consonant to observation, and to the method and wisdom displayed by the Creator in those parts of his works more tangible to our senses (especially when we take into con- sideration the millions of millions of sporules contained in a single fungus, as the common pufiTball, or the many hundreds in the common blue fungus of the cheese), to suppose that they are reproduced by myriads of microscopic pores floating in the at- mosphere, dispersed by currents of air, and only called into existence when the accidental circumstances of moisture, putre- faction, &:c., necessary to their developement, are present. In flowering plants, reproduction takes place by means of the germ or embryo contained in seeds, and in the tubers and bulbs of the root. In the seed, the germ developes into radicle or root, and plumule or stem, between which is an axis connecting the two, and communicating with the cotyledons or seed lobes, which contain the food destined to nourish the young plant till able to extract nourishment from the ground for itself. A deposition of this food is likewise laid up in the cells of the bulb or tuber, and to it the general name of albumen, from its fancied resemblance in functions to the white of an egg, has been given. It is ge- nerally enclosed in a hard or bony case, for protection from injury (but which is not necessary to the growth of the germ), and con- sists of mucilage or gum, sugar, and fecula or starch, which are all convertible substances, consisting of different proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which, by chemical analysis, have been found to stand as under, viz. : — Carbon. Oxygen. Hydrogen. Gum to consist of - - 42-23 SO-Si ' 6-93 Sugar - - - - 42-27 50-63 6*90 Starch - - - - 43-55 49-68 6-77 By the continued deposition of carbon, very ripe seeds and tubers contain more starch or flour than unripe seeds ; and, from the difficulty of reducing starcii again into mucilage, which must take place in the vegetating process before it can be rendered a soluble food for the young embryo, ripe seeds will be found to keep longest, and to survive accidents of bad treatment better than unripe seeds ; which, however, from having their food in a state more easily rendered soluble, are found, both in seeds and tubers, to spring more quickly, and, if sufficiently far advanced, with more vigour, than ripe seeds or tubers. In the process of germination, when carried on in the usual manner, if a seed is picked up, the cotyledons will be found filled with a soft mucila- ginous substance, generally of a milky colour and sweetish taste. This is the food of the yoimg embryo reduced into a soluble Gcrminalion of Seeds. 73 state, and is conveyed through the vessels of the cotyledon to the axis, and thence to the radicle and stem. On the quantity of this food furnished depends the vigour with which the young plant will shoot ; and, hence, the best means of reducing the albumen of the seed or tuber into a soluble food in the speediest manner, and in the greatest quantity, is the greatest desideratum to arrive at in prosecuting our enquiries after the best method of furthering the process of germination. The starch and sugar must be reduced to mucilage; and, from an inspection of the table, it will be found necessary that carbon must be abstracted, and oxygen and hydrogen added ; and, accordingly, it is found that, in germination, carbonic acid gas is given off, the air is de- prived of part of its oxygen, and water yielding hydrogen and oxygen is absorbed. Air, heat, and moisture are all ne- cessary, and likewise the exclusion of light. The air yields the oxygen necessary in abstracting the carbon, in the state of car- bonic acid, from the starch, and converting it into sugar and mucilage, which may be familiarly illustrated in the sweetness of malting grain and germinating potatoes. A heat of 160° is re- quired to reduce starch to solubility ; and it is not exactly known how so much heat is generally acquired. The disengagement of the oxygen sets caloric free; and, hence, seeds moistened and thrown into a heap to germinate are found to generate a great heat. Alkalies are also found useful in furthering the process, and are generated whilst it is going on. Perhaps, also, the starch is more soluble in its state of combination than when ex- tracted ; and, to all perceptible causes, we must add that vital energy so every where necessary, and so little known. In soils which have been properly prepared, by being broken into very small particles, confined air is generated, which so increases the heat as to be perceptible even to the touch ; and hence the benefits of well-pulverised ground, and of covering with pieces of glass and flower saucers, &c., to increase the heat and retain the moisture, and thus further greatly the vegetation of the seeds ; and hence the different quantities of heat and moisture requisite for seeds, according as they are dry and farinaceous, or oily and mucilaginous. Very dry farinaceous seeds, as the acacia, and others of that tribe, are benefited by immersion in boiling water ; and hence the reason why either heat or moisture of itself is not sufficient, and even hurtful, if carried to excess, either in the germination of seeds, or the bud or embryo of the tuber of the potato, as lately illustrated in the three last conse- cutive springs, in which, from the drought and heat acting on the substance of the newly cut tuber, without the advantage of moisture, the albumen has not been reduced into a soluble food, or in such small quantity as not to be sufficient to produce the developement of the bud or shoot. 74- Gcnni nation of Seeds. I now come to that part of the subject where, from the expla- nations ah'eatly given, I hope it will be in my power to explain the reasons why I was induced to try the experiments I set out with taking notice of, and which I hope will be found, on proper trial, to be very beneficial. It is to seeds damaged by being too long kept in a dry state, or hurt by too much fire heat, or heat of the sun, that my attention has been principally directed. It has been often recommended to apply substances readily yielding oxygen ; and I have myself tried oxalic acid frequently, but without any perceptible effect ; and, from experiments lately instituted, it ap- pears thatimore than the quantity of oxygen, or about one third, contained in common air, is not beneficial, though this propor- tion is absolutely necessary. From experiments lately made by Mr. Charles Maltuen, and narrated in Btewsfer's Journal of' Science, he found that the nega- tive or alkaline pole of a battery caused seeds to vegetate in much less time than the positive ; and he was thence induced to expe- riment on seeds in glasses filled with acetic, nitric, and sulphuric acids, and also in water rendered alkaline by potash and am- monia. In the alkaline the seeds vegetated in 30 hours, and were well developed in 40; while in the nitric and sulphuric they took 7 days ; and even after a month they had not begun to grow in the acetic acid. The great benefit of the alkalies in hastening the germinating process being thus so apparent, I was induced to experiment on lime ; a very easily procured alkali, and which I reckoned to be more efficient than any other, from the well-known affinity of quick, or newly slacked, lime for car- bonic acid. Lime, as taken from the quarry, consists of carbon- ate of lime, or lime united to carbonic acid; and, in the act of burning, the carbonic acid is driven off; and hence the great affinity of newly slacked lime for carbonic acid. I depended, therefore, on this affinity to extract the carbon from the starch, assisted by moisture; in the aid of the heat disengaged in this process, and also in the above well-attested effects of alkaline substances in hastening the process of vegetation ; and, in the spring of 1835, having a quantity of old spruce fir seed, I was determined to try the experiment. It is well known by nursery- men, that the seed of the spruce fir will scarcely vegetate the third year, although kept in the cones ; but, in the present in- stance, the seed had been out of the cones during all that time; and the year before, or second year of the seed, had been so weak, that, although well damped, and sown a great deal thicker than usual, in a favourable state of the weather, and in ground in good condition, still it came through very thin yellow in the colour, so weak as scarcely to be able to free its cotyledons from the ground, and not producing one third of a crop. Thus, under ordinary circumstances, after keeping the same seed a year longer, Germination of Seeds. 75 we had little reason to think it worth sowing. I, however, caused the seed to be well damped a few days before sowin Brit. fig. 2047. haguenensis. austriaca Arb. Brit., fig. 2085. pyrenaica Arb. Brit., figs. 2090. to 2093. horizontalis. altlssima. rigensis. scariosa. purailio Arb. Brit., figs. 2057, 2058. and 2062. Fischeri. Mughus Arb. Brit., figs. 2059. to 2061. uncinata. Banks/aHfl Arb. Brit., figs. 2064, 2065. pungens Jri.^m.,figs.2078,2079. escarena. inops Arb. Brit. figs. 2068. to 2070. brutia Arb. Brit., figs. 2115, 21 16. Laricio Arb. Brit., figs. 2081, to 2084., and plates, calabrica. romana. hispanica Arb. Brit., figs. 2090. to 2093. Pallasi««« Arb. Brit., figs. 2086. to 2089., and plate, azorica. nigricans Arb. Brit., fig. 2085. resinosa Arb. Brit., figs. 2094. to 2096. halepensis Arb. Brit., figs. 2110. to 2113., and plate. Pinaster Arb. Brit., figs. 2100, 2 1 0 1 . and 2 1 05,, and plates, foliis variegiitis. fol. var. pendula. nova zaelandica, maritima, mitis (variabilis of some) Arb. Brit., figs, 2072, to 2074, T^ae'da Arb. Brit., figs. 2118. to 2121., and plate, var., very distinct, lutea. serotina Arb. Brit., figs. 2127. to 2130., and plate, rigida Arb. Brit., figs. 2123. to 2126., and plate. P. chinensis Arb. Brit., figs. 2168, 2169. canariensis Arb, Brit., figs. 2163. to 2165. longiColia Arb. Brit., figs. 2148. to 2151. palustris Arb. Brit., figs. 2156. to 2159. Geravdidna Arb. Brit., figs. 2153. to 2155. ponderosa Arb. Brit., figs. 2132. to 2135. SabinicHfl! Arb. Brit, figs. 2138. to 2142. macrocarpa Arb. Brit., figs. 2136. and 2144. to 2147. insignis Arb, Brit., figs. 2170, 2172. 5tr6bus Arb. Brit., figs. 2193. to 2195., and plate, longifolia. pygmaj'a. Cembra sibirica Arb. Brit., figs. 2188. to 2191., and plate, helvetica hel. heterophylla. This is a singular variety, having, in many of its sheaths, all the leaves closely united, and forming one strong wire- like leaf. These sheaths have none of the glaucous tint shown in the other leaves, and thus contrast very agreeably with those that are opened. Lambert/(7«a Arb. Brit., figs. 2203. to 2207. monticola Arb. Brit., figs. 2208, 2209. excelsa Arb. Brit., figs. 2197. to 2202. ^^bies excelsa Arh. Brit., figs. 2212. to 2223., and plates, foliis variegiitis. pendula. tenuifolia, laxa, gigantea, elegans. These four are nearly allied to excelsa; but, as the specimens are very small, I am not able to decide satisfactoril}'. Messrs. Loddiges have plants of all of them, nova hoUandica. rugosa, carpatica, orientiilis. The two former of these do not appear very distinct in a small state ; and the latter, I am inclined to think, is not true 78 Coniferce at Elvastoji Castle, Derbyshire, to the name. Knight has plants of all of them. S\i. alba Arh. Brit., fig. 2224. nigra Arb.Brit.,figii. 2225. to 2227. rubra Arb. Brit., fig. 2228. CJErulea. Clanbrasiha««. Doiiglasi Arb. Brit., figs. 2230, 2231., and plate. Drummondw. cephalonica Ar/). Brit., figs. 2235, 2236. canadensis A'b. Brit., plates. Morinda Arb. Brit., fig. 2229., pi. There seems still a confusion to exist respecting this species. I observe that you make it synonymous with Smith/«Ha. Now Smithm?ir/, as figured by Wallicli, is a very different thing: I should say a Picea. I am likewise of opinion that all the plants raised from seed by Mr. Knight are identical with the Hopetoun plant, from which all our morindas have been raised from cuttings. The circumstance of that plant being of rather a rigid habit accounts for the slight differ- ence existing between the cut- tings raised from it : however, that difference is not nearly so great as may be found amongst the varieties in any bed of spruces. My reason for being so particular about Morinda is, because I am aware that most people, who possess both varie- ties, think differently from me on the subject. [Mr. Barron is quite right in thinking that Dr. Wallich's figure resembles a Picea rather than an J'bies ; the cone in that figure being erroneously turned upwards. The figure of Dr. Royle, of Plnus K/n'itrow, however, f^i'om which our fig. 2229. in the Arboretum Britan- niciun is copied, has the cone turned downwards ; and the tree, in its native country, being familiar to Dr. Royle, though, we believe, never seen by Dr. Wallich, Royle's figure is doubtless correct, and yf'bies Khutrow, Morinda, and Smith- idiia are one and the same.] nana monstrosa. Picea pectinata Arb. Brit., figs, and plates, balsamea Arb. Brit., figs, and plate. Fraseri Arb. Brit., foliis variegatis Arb. Brit. Fichta (sibirica). pectinata tortuosa. /axifolia. grandis Arb. Brit., figs, nobilis Arb. Brit., figs, amabilis Arb. Brit., figs. Webb/««« Arb. Brit., figs. Z/arix europaj^a Arb. Brit., fig. and plates, intermedia. microcarpa Arb. Brit, plates, pendula. Cedrus Libani Arb. Brit., figs, and plates. Deoddra Arb. Brit., figs. Cunninghami« lanceolata Arb. Brit., Araucaria imbricata Arb. Bnt., figs, brasiliana Arb. Brit., figs, exc^lsa Arb. Brit., figs. Cunninghams Arb. Brit., fig. CUPRF/sSINiE. Phiija occidentalis Arb. Brit., fig. and plate, orientalis Arb. Brit., fig. pyramidalis. pyr. variegata. Originated here two years ago. tatarica. pliciita. articulata Ai-b. Brit., fig. jaj)6nica. sphaeroidea, ? Cupressus /hyoides. variegata Arb. Brit. cupressoides Arb. Brit. Callitris Fothergill/. pyramidalis. macrostachya. triquetra. This species appears to be quite hardy, as it has stood out two winters ; and, in March, 1837, bore 22° of frost ; the thermometer being at 10° Fahr. Cupressus sempervirens Arb. Brit., figs, and plate, sem. horizontalis Arb. Brit., fig. and plate, stricta (true). The true C stricta, or fastigiate variety, is very scarce in nurseries, the Seat of the Earl of Harrington. 79 or, indeed, in private col- lections. Cup. stricta variegata. I believe a unique specimen, lusitanica Arb.Brit., fig. and plate. variegata. Very scarce, occidentalis. australis. repanda. Distinct from t/uniperus repanda. articulata. This is quite distinct from T'iiuja articulata, now Cal- litris quadrivalvis. torulosa. Arb. Brit., fig, Tournef6rt«. Fothergilli. Best plant at Lee's. Taxodium distichum Arb. Brit., fig. and plates, dist. pendulum Arb. Brit., figs. and plates. J^LUiiperus virginiana Arb. Brit., figs. and plates. In almost infinite variety; many of which are very distinct, and truly beautiful. virg. humilis. excelsa. chinensis mas et fern. Arb. Brit,, figs. The latter variety is called excelsa in some collec- tions (e. g. Loddiges's). excelsa Arb. Brit., fig. lycia Arb. Brit., fig. J. phoenicea Arb. Brit., fig. thurifera Arb. Brit., fig. ^Sabina Arb. Brit,, fig. erecta. variegata. communis Arb. Brit,, fig. alpina Arb. Brit., fig. hibernica. canadensis Arb. Brit., fig. suecica Arb. Brit., fig. sibf rica Arb. Brit., fig. nana Arb. Brit., fig. glauca. ^amariscifolia Arb. Brit., fig. prostrata (Hudsoni of Loddiges) Arb. Brit., fig. oblonga Arb, Brit. fig. drupacea Arb. Brit., fig. Oxycedriis Arb. Brit., fig. recurva (repanda of some) mas Arb. Brit., fig. fern. Distinct habit from mas, and considered a species by some, australis. daurica, cracovia. These two are not very distinct, sp. from the Himalaya ; very beautiful, and distinct from any of the former. A few others, too small as yet to de- termine. [All the above names, with only one or two exceptions among the Cupressinte, will be found in our Arboretum Britannicum, either as species, varieties, or syno- nymes. The species and varieties are accompanied by characters and descrip- tions, and those indicated in Mr. Barron's list are illustrated with engraved botanical specimens ; or with portraits of trees within ten miles of London, or at Dropmore, as plates occupying tiie size of a page. The No. of the fio-ure in the Arboretum Brifaiuiictim is in many cases not given in the above list ; because, at the time we sent this paper to the printer (Jan. 2.), the proof sheets of that part of the Arboretum were not yet imposed. — Cond.] Elvaston Castle, Dec. 16. 1837. [Perhaps it may not be improper to state that Elvaston Castle is not a show place : the pleasure-grounds are never allowed to be seen, except by visiters staying at the castle , or by the personal acquaintances of the Earl and Countess of Harrington. The gardens and pleasure-grounds being in a state of infancy, it is considered unsuitable to throw them open to the public ; but, after the trees and shrubs have had the ad- vantao-e of a few years' growth, there can be little doubt that the noble proprietor will not suffer Elvaston Castle to form an exception to the liberality usually displayed by the nobility and gentry of England. — Cond.'] 80 Grafting Vie Cedrus Deodara on C. Libdni. Art. V. On Grqfring the Cldnis Deodara on the Cedar of Lebanon. By Wm. BARRoxi Gardener at Ekaston Castle, Derbyshire. Respecting the grafting of the Cedrus Deodara upon the cedar of Lebanon, it is accomplished by what I call wedge- grafting : a in ^g. 5. will show the incision : 5 and b the scion, inserted in form of a wedge. After the portion of the stem chosen for the insertion of the graft has been cleared of leaves, I commeru?e by entering the knife above, and make a slanting cut downwards, through the pith, ftt)m 1 in. to li in. in length. The graft, being cut in form of a wedge, from both sides, is then inserted iu the incision; and. after being neatly tied, may either be coated over with grafting was or clav. I have been sue- cessful with both, although I prefer the former, simply from its being lighter, and not bending the shooL I always insert the grafts as high on the stock as possible, in order to gain height. Considering the pendulous habit of Deodara, I should not object to 4 ft, or 5 ft. high, if good stocks of a sufficient height could be obtained. I choose the grafts of the last year's wood, fiora 3 to 5 inches in length, and insert them in either one or two years old wood, as I find the stocks to answer. In no instance do I take off the leader from the stock (that is, the part above the graft) when I insert it, or many of the lower branches : I only stop them as they push ; and, after the graft is fairly established, the leader is then cut close to the graft, and the lower branches thinned by degrees. It is an absurd practice [particularly with pines'* to cut off the branches below the graft : though, in inarching, I see it is generally done, for the reason, as it is said, of throwing the sap into the graft, and making it more vigorous. However, it requires but little reflection to be convinced that it has a contrary tendency. The branches below the graft, in- stead of robbing it, are indispensable to the health of both stock and graft. As a proof, take for instance a ^^'eymoulh pine, and let it undergo the same treatment as if it were grafted ; first, selecting one of its shoots, which we shall suppose to be a graft, and, either before it has pushed, or shortly after (which is the practice generally), deprive it of ail its other shoots, and you will either kill it, or render it so sickly that it will not recover for years. I think that inarching, as generally practised, is any thing but acting upon scientific principles, as it will obviously appear to any one who will take the trouble to cut a transverse section of a plant where inarched, and count the number of vessels at j^otice of the A^bt'es cephalonica. 81 work ; they will be found to bear but a small proportion to the number in the whole diameter. Cleft-grafting, too, I think objectionable, in ixvo 'vcays : first, from having the leader broken, although a kw leaves may be left: and, in the next place, a cleft, or split, being made down the stock, it is evident that but few of the vessels of the stock can be at work, unless a shoulder is formed upon the scion, to cover the vessels which would other- wise be left open at the top of the stock. Pines, comparatively speaking, have but few buds ; hence, it is of importance to destroy as few as possible; and, by diverting that portion of the leader which is above the graft into a side shoot, I think more is gained by leaving it on than by removing it. The remarks in the Arboretum Britamiicum respecting the proper selection of stocks for grafting are very judicious, and of much greater importance tlian most propagators of the present day seem to be aware of. I am sorry to see a great many fine plants of deodar cedar sacrificed by being grafted on larches, merely because cedars of Lebanon are expensive stocks. ?sow, it requires very little foresight to predict their ultimate failure ; not only because the larch is deciduous, but it never can swell in the same ratio as the deodar. On the contrary, I am per- suaded that it will make a tree sooner upon the cedar of Lebanon than upon its own bottom. In April, 1836, we grafted several deodar cedars upon the cedar of Lebanon, and, in February, 1837, many more; in all, about 200 ; and several of those grafted last spring have grown more than 18 in. from the graft. Elvaston Castle, Dec. 12. 1837. Art. VI-, Descriptive and Historical Notice of the K:bies cephalonica. By the Co^JDUCTOR. i ,4''BiEs CEPHALo'xiCA. The Cephalonian Silver Spruce Fir. St/nonymes. Koukounaria, and also Elatos, in Cephalonia ; A. iaxifblia Hart. ; A. luicombekna Hort. ; the Mount Enos Fir. Engravings. Out Jigs. 6. and "., from living specimens received from Hampton Lodge, Lviscombe, and Dropmore. Spec. Char. Cones, ?, Leaves subulate, flat ; dark green above, and silvery beneath ; tapering from the base to the summit, which terminates in a sharp spine. Petioles very short, dilated lengthwise at the point of their attach- ment to the branches ; the dilated part of a much lighter green than the rest of the leaf. A tree, in its native country (Cephalonia), upwards of 60 ft. high, with a trunk 9 ft. or 10 ft. in circumference, and numerous side branches, w hich, when a oung, give it the general appearance of an araucaria. Intro- duced in 1824. Description. General Charles James Napier, who, when governor of Cephalonia, paid great attention to this tree, and first sent seeds of it to England, informs us that the largest specimens which he saw of it in Cepha- lonfa were 60 ft. high and upwai-ds ; and that the side branches, when the tree is not crowded by others, are very numerous, and spread out to a great Vol. XIV. — No. 95. g 82 Descriptive and historical Notice distance, so as to form a very broad tree in proportion to its height. The leaves, on plants raised in England, are equally and thickly distributed over the branches, and stand out nearly at right angles on every side. They are of a fine shining dark green above, and have two rather obscure silvery lines, sepa- rated by the midrib, beneath. They differ from those of all other species of j4^bies and Picea, in terminating in a long, brown, sharp prickle, and in having the footstalks (which are so short that the leaves are almost sessile) dilated lengthwise in the direction of the branches ; the dilated part being of a much lighter green than the rest of the leaves. The leaves, on branches at some distance from the ground, and on the leading shoot, as compared with those of other pines and firs, may be described as dagger- shaped, or as resembling miniature bay- onets. They are equally and closely distributed over the branches ; and, being almost without footstalks, and broad at the base in proportion to their length, they give the branches which are clothed with them a good deal of the appearance of Araucaria brasiliensis. The leaves, on the branches which are close to the ground, are rather more two-rowed, in the manner of the silver fir, than those on the higher branches ; as may be seen in j%. 7., which represents a portion of the lowest branch of the young tree in the pinetum at Dropmore. The colour of the bark of the young shoots is a decided brown ; which, contrasting with the light colour of the petioles, and the dark green of the upper surface of the leaves, and their silvery lines below, gives the plant at once a rich and a lively appearance. The buds are prominent, somewhat square-sided, pointed, and slightly covered with resin. In plants kept under glass, they have much more resin than in those kept in the open air. The branches are very nume- rous; and, though originating at the main stem ^ja 7 in regular tiers, yet, at a short distance from ~ it, they divaricate in all directions ; and, in plants in pots, from 3 ft. to 4ft. high, which are the largest that we have seen, they form a bush broader than it is high. This is also said to be the case with the plants in the open ground at Luscombe and at Hampton Lodge. The general resemblance which the plant, in this state, has to an araucaria is very remarkable ; and, if the cones should prove to be as dif- ferent from those of other species of /l^bies and Picea as the leaves, this tree will form a con- necting link between the firs and the arau- carias. The cones have not yet been seen in Britain ; but General Napier thinks that they are sometimes {)ointing upwards, and sometimes turned down ; and Mr. Curling, who was superintendent of the Colonial Farm in Cephalonia at the time that General Napier was governor of the island, and who is now steward to Sir Henry Bunburv, at "Mildenhall, Suffolk, thinks that he recollects that the cones were soft and pendulous, like those of the spruce fir. This point, through the fdndness of General Napier, now (Janu- ary, 1838,) residing at Bath, who has promised to procure cones for us, and a specimen of the wood, we hope soon to be able to determine. Geography. The only known habitat of this remarkable fir is in Cepha- of the A^bies cephalonica. 83 Ionia, on a ridge of mountains, the highest point of which was anciently called Mount Enos ; but the general name of the ridge is now the Black Mountain. This ridge is between twelve and fifteen miles in length, and between 4000 ft. and 5000 ft. above the level of the sea. Dr. Holland, who saw it in 18] 3, describes it as the most striking feature in the general aspect of the island. On the summit of the highest point of this ridge, the Mount Enos of antiquity, stood, according to Strabo, an altar dedicated to Jupiter jiEncsius ; and Dr. Holland was informed that some of the stones of this altar, and of the bones of the animals sacrificed on it, were still occasionally to be found on its site. " The name of the Black Mountain," he says, " was obtained from the large pine forests which once covered its acclivity; but, during the disturbed state of the islands fifteen j'ears ago (about 1798), these forests were wantonly set on fire, and in great part destroyed; so that now (Feb., 1813) the appearance of the mountain entirely contradicts its name. This is especially the case on its southern side, where the precipitous point, which rises by a single majestic elevation from the base to the summit, is broken by numerous deep gullies, displaying the white limestone rock of which the mountain is composed." (^Travels in the Ionian Isles, &c., p. 35.) The main ridge of the Black Mountain lies in the direction of north-west and south-east. The upper part only is, or rather was, covered with forest ; while the lower part of the sides is covered with vineyards, olive grounds, corn fields, and gardens. The ridge. General Napier informs us, is very narrow, and its sides steep, and in many places almost without soil ; never- theless, this fir springs, in many places, from the crevices of the rock, though, like other mountain trees in similar cases, the tree only attains a large size in mountain hollows, where the soil is deep and the situation sheltered. Neither Pouqueville nor Olivier mention this forest; and, though Dr. Pococke speaks of the mountain, the highest point of which he calls Mount Gar- gasso, he does not mention its trees. This omission is, however, accounted for by the fact, that Dr. Pococke did not go on shore on the island. In General C. J. Napier's work, entitled The Co/o«i«, published in 1833, there are more ample details. It is there stated that, notwithstanding a great part of this forest was burned down several years ago, it is still very extensive i though it is greatly injured by the vast number of goats which are permitted ta range at pleasure among the trees, and which destroy the young ones by uniformly biting off the leading shoot. As wood is very valuable in Cephalonia, the forest. General Napier observes, might be made a source of great riches and utility; and twenty years' care, would make it magnificent. Count Ma- rine Mataxa, one of the nobles of the island, he adds, told him that, " when he was presented to the Emperor Napoleon, His Majesty's first question was about the forest on the Black Mountain." (^Colonies, etc., p. 336.) The following is an extract from an Agricultural Report made to Colonel Conyers respecting this forest in 1832, by Mr. Edward Curling, the director of the Colonial Farm already mentioned : — " Before I conclude, I must draw your attention to the fine forest of firs that might be had on the Black Mountain of Cefalonia. With a very little attention, this would form a source of riches to the islands, which, at present, import all the wood they require for houses, ship-building, &.c. This forest, at one time, contained some of the finest trees in the world, but was unfortunately burned down by the negligence of some Greeks in setting fire to their lands ; and, since then, the goats have effectually prevented anything like a good tree from growing. These animals always eat off the leading shoot, and thus entirely ruin the tree : for this fir does not renew its leading shoot when injured. And thus, only stunted crooked trees are to be found, except a few that have sprung up since Colonel Napier took pains to keep the goats out ; though, immediately that the island was left in less attentive hands, the goats renewed their incursions. Even these young trees are in danger of being destroyed by the women who collect resin, who take off about a foot of the bark of the leading shoot ; and, of course, the tree dies. Colonel Napier has made a road up to the forest ; and the thinnings c 2 84 Notice of the A^bies cephalonica. would pay all the expenses of taking care of it, as firewood sells enormously dear at Argostoli." {Colonies, &c., p. 283.) " It has been said that * it is useless to take any pains to protect this forest, as there is scarcely a tree in it worth the trouble ;' but this is the very reason why it should be protected, to prevent the trees from being injured as they have hitherto been, and to allow them to attain a timber-like size." {Ibid.) ITislory. As far as we have been able to discover, no botanist has yet noticed this tree. We were once inclined to conjecture that it might be the ^'bies orientalis of Tournefort, notwithstanding the discrepancy between the description and the Cephalonian plant ; but, having examined the specimen of J'bies orientalis in Mr. Lambert's herbarium, we are satisfied that the latter is a variety of the common spruce fir. The merit of introducing A. cephalonica into England entirely belongs to General Napier, who, from his work. The Colonies, and also from a pamphlet by him, entitled, Alemoir on the Roads of Cephaloiiia, seems to possess an enthusiastic attachment to the island, and an ardent desire for its improvement. He was particularly anxious that this forest ridge should be enclosed so as to exclude the goats, and to allow the trees to grow up and become timber; and, when he was governor, made many remon- strances on the subject to Sir Frederick Adam, the chief commissioner, but without effect. In 1824, in compliance with a request of Henry L. Long, Esq., of Hampton Lodge, near Farnham, who was desirous of knowing the species of fir described by the ancient writers as the j)euke and the elate. Colonel Napier sent a packet of seeds of the Cephalonian fir to England. The seeds were without the cones, and were sent to the care of the colonel's sister. Lady Bunbury. The packet was duly forwarded to Hampton Lodge ; but some seeds having dropped from it. Lady Bunbury gave these seeds to Charles Hoare, Esq., of Luscoinbe. Mr. Richard Saunders, the woodreeve, at Lus- combe, in a letter dated November, 1837, informs us that he recollects receiving the seeds from' General George Napier, about thirteen years since; and " hearing that the general had obtained them from his brother, at that time governor of Cefalonia." " The seeds," he adds, " were of the largest size. I raised twelve plants from them, four of which I lost, when young, by damp and frost, having planted them out in the open ground at the age of two years only. Three of the plants raised were given to Mr. Pince of the Exeter Nursery, and one to Mr, Pontey of the Plymouth Nursery. The other four plants are remaining at Luscombe, flourishing exceedingly well, and never having had any protection during the winter, since they were planted in the open air. The largest of the plants at Luscombe is 3 ft. 10 in. high, and the branches cover a space 'i ft. 3 in. in diameter. All tbe plants are very thickly furnished with side branches quite close to the ground, forming, at a distance, very hand- some green bushes. — R. S. Luscombe, Nov. 6, 1837." It thus appears that the yf^bies cephalonica was introduced into England by General Charles James Napier in 1824-, though it was never heard of in any public collection, or in the nurseries, till within the last two or three years. The plant sent to the Plymouth Nursery was, in 1837, sold to the Duke of Bedford for 25 guineas. Two of those sent to the Exeter Nursery were sold to the Rev. Theodore Williams of Hendon Rectory, for about the same sum each ; and the third is retained as a stock plant to propagate from. The seeds sent to Hampton Lodge were safely received, and vegetated without difficulty. Mr. Long, in a letter dated Dec. 3. 1837, says : — "I lost a great number of plants by spring frosts and by rabbits, owing to want of care whilst I was on the Continent. I have only three plants left ; and they are in full vigour, and have made shoots, during the past summer, from G in. to 7 in. in length." The tallest plant is 3 ft. high, and the breadth of space covered by its branches is 4 ft. in diameter. " I gave some plants to Lord Orford, for his pinarium at Wolterton, in Norfolk ; some to Lord King, for his collection at Ockiiam Park, Surrey ; two to Robert Mangles, Esq., of Sunninghill ; three I have planted out myself; and the remainder I gave this year to Mr. Penny, the nursery-gardener at Milford." We are thus enabled to account for all the plants raised from the seeds sent home by General Napier. Propagation of Green-liou&e Plants. 85 Propej'ties, Uses, Proj^agation, S^c. The timber of this tree is said to be very hard, and of great durabilit}'. General Napier informs us that, in pulling down some old houses in the town of Argostoli, which had been built from 150 to 300 years before, all the wood-work of the Black Forest fir was as hard as oak, and perfectly sound. In Britain, the tree may be considered as one of the most interesting and beautiful of the Jbietinae ; and, when it attains the dimensions of our cedars of Lebanon, which there is no reason to suppose it will not do in favourable situations, its timber may probably be found as useful here as it was in Cephalonia. Should, however, its timber be of no more use than that of the cedar of Lebanon, it is still in every way as worthy of being planted as an ornamental object as that fine tree. As the plant strikes with great readiness by cuttings, a number have been propagated in the Devonshire nurseries, and also in the neighbourhood of London. There are plants in the pinetum at Dropmore, and in the garden of Robert Mangles, Esq., of Sun- ninghill. The large plants at Hendon Rectory, and in the pinetum at Woburn Abbey, are upwards of 3ft. high; but the one at Dropmore is only about 18 in. high. Price of young plants, in the British nurseries, 2 guineas each. Since the above was printed for the Arboretum Britannicitm, we have seen two of the plants given to Messrs. Young and Penny of the Milford Nursery, in the conservatory of the Rev. Theodore Williams at Hendon Rectory, each about 18 in. high; and we have also been informed by Lord King, that the three plants he received from Mr. Long are about \5 in. high, that two of them are in the pleasure-grounds at Ockham Park, and one at the Dowager Lady King's, at Woburn Farm. Since the preceding part of this postscript was sent to press, we have re- ceived from General Napier a work by Dr. Delia Porta on the medical and alimentary plants of Cephalonia, published in Corfu in 1821. It is entitled Prospctto delle Piante che se trovano nelV Isola de Cefalonia, e che si possoiio adoperarc, e Titolo di Alhnento o di Remedio. Del Signor Dr. Niccolo Delia Porta, Medico Fisico, &c. 4to. Corfu, 1821. In this work, only two species of Pinus are mentioned, the P. Pinea and P. ^^bies of Linnaeus. Of the latter species it is said, that it merits attention for the uses to which the wood is applied, and the medical virtues of some parts of the plant, much more than the Black Mountain on which it grows. This shows, either that the common spruce fir abounds on the Black Mountain, as well as the species which we have called J^bies cephalonica, or, which is much more likely to be the case, that Dr. Delia Porta has mis- taken the latter for the former. In enumerating the medical virtues of his Pinus ^^bies, the doctor mentions that the points of the shoots are used for communicating antiscorbutic properties to water and to wine. The same is effected by the cones. It is reported, he says, that the points of the shoots, cut into small pieces, and strewed on the floors of rooms in summer, exhale a refreshing fragrance ; and he adds that, possibly, the same effect may be produced by keeping branches of the fir in vessels of water in rooms. He next mentions the resin, which is applied to various uses ; and, lastly, a manna, as a resinous product ; but which, he says, is not gathered by the country people in Cephalonia. The reader will ob- serve that all these virtues attributed to the Cephalonian fir are precisely those which are attributed to the common spruce in Norway ; even to the refreshing of the air of rooms by strewing the sprigs on the floor. It is clear, therefore, that J^bies cephalonica was not recognised by Dr. Delia Porta as a distinct species. Art. VII. Mode of propagating Green-house Plants. B3' John Fyffe, Gardener at Milton Bryant. The practice which prevails at present in floriculture, of planting out exotics, must call forth the exertions of every gar- dener, to keep up a stock of young plants. G 3 86 Shrivelitig of Grapes. The sketch {jFg. 8.) shows a mode with which I have been very successful, in propagUing all the different species of green-house plants. In this figure, a is a 32 -sized pot ; b, a No. 60. turned upside down in the pot No. 32. ; c, small pebbles : e, a laver of peat earth or moss ; and d, a covering of sand. The channel which is given for the escape of all over- watering, by the inverted pot, will be found to be' most useful for such spe- cies as are apt to damp off; and, when the pots are plunged in gentle heat, the vacuity thus obtained, being filled with the moist warm vapour, it ascends through the pebbles and moss, and will be found greatly to forward the growth of the cuttings. This method answers well for cuttings of heaths. Every one who has been in the habit of propagating heaths must be aware that, when not properly drained, or if the water is allowed to stand about them, they turn black, and at last damp off. By using the inverted pot, a good quantity of pebbles, with a covering of spongy peat, and about two inches of clear washed sand, no bottom heat being required, every orardener may be successful in propagating all the Cape ericas. Particular care ought to be taken in watering cuttings of heaths, never to allow them to be completely dried up; as nothinor is more injurious to this tribe of plants in all stages, whether cuttings or specimens. Milton Bn/a?2t, Oct, 16. 1837. Art. Vin. On the Shriveling of Grapes. By George A. Lake, F.L.S., Tulse Hill House, Brixton. It is not a little mortifying that, amongst the very man}- im- portant additions which have been made of late years to the science of hardening, that of a knowledge of the causes and prevention \iox cure there is none) of the disease in vines called *' shriveling'" is not to be found, and that such knowledge is a desideratum still anxiously to be sought. I do not pretend to much experience in the cultivation of the orape ; and, although I had frequently noticed this disease, it is onl\- within the last few months I have paid any serious attention to it. I think it right to state this, that I may not lead any one to think that the observations and speculations contained in this paper are founded upon a long experience, and that they may not pass for more than they are really worth. Accident may sometimes bring us acquainted with the cure, prior to the discovery of the cause; but, in the greater number Shriveling of Grapes. 87 of cases, in order that we may seek, with any prospect of suc- cess, for the cure or preventive of an evil, we must first endea- vour to discover its cause. Every cultivator has a theory of his own on the shriveling of grapes, but it would be extremely difficult to find any two which agree. One attributes the dis- ease to too much heat; another, to too little; a third, to damp ; a fourth, to bad ventilation ; a fifth, to friction ; a sixth, to the irregular expansion of the flowers, by which some of the berries get the start of the others, and rob them of their due share of nourishment and support; and a seventh, to some other cause. That some of these theories are wholly untenable, I think will be evident from the following description of the disease. Shri- veling does not manifest itself until the berries are colouring : up to that period, the infected ones continue to increase, and swell equally with the others ; they appear equally healthy, and, in fact, it is impossible, I think, to distinguish them : but sud- denly, whilst some, varying in number according to the extent of the disease (and sometimes only a few berries), begin to be infected, the remaining berries (forming sometimes nearly the whole of the bunch) continue to deepen in colour, and gradually become black ; while the others (the diseased ones) suddenly cease to colour, but remain of a brownish red tinge ; and, al- though they at first appear full and plump, and sometimes have a considerable degree of bloom, they gradually shrivel and wither up, as in the process of drying grapes into raisins, and, if tasted, have a disagreeable sour flavour, scarcely any of the saccharine principle being present. The disease must not be mistaken for " want of colour." In this latter case, although the berries are not so black as they should be, and, consequently, have not the proper degree of flavour (for the blacker the grape, apparently the greater the flavour), still they are not sour, and do not wither. Upon ex- amining the diseased berries themselves, we do not discover any thing to account for these effects ; but, upon looking at their foot stalks, these appear black and withered in the centre, as if they had been pinched with the finger and thumb ; some- times, also, the main stalk presents a similar appearance. Here, then, seems to be the seat of the disease ; but how long this may have been in progress is uncertain : its course is, probably, rapid, although obscure, and hitherto only observed at its last stage, and then by its effects. Now, after a careful and attentive consideration of these ap- pearances, I cannot think they should be attributed to friction, or the irregular expansion of the flowers; but I am induced to suspect that they may be referred to one of these two causes : either the presence of a minute fungus, similar to the rust and smut in corn, mildew, and other allied fungi; or to the at- G 4 88 Mode of growing early Cauliflowers. tacks of some minute insect, a coccus, an aphis, or, perhaps, the ^'carus telarius (red spider). If this suspicion be correct, then a too low or a too high degree of temperature, a dry or moist state of the atmosphere of the house, a more or less effective ventilation, may favour or prevent the developement of the insect or fungus. My suspicion is confirmed by the fact, that, at least as far as my experience goes, grapes in the open air are not in- fected by the disease ; although they are as much subjected to friction, irregular expansion of the flowers, and many of the other causes supposed to produce shriveling, as are grapes under glass ; but then they are not, perhaps, subjected to the atmo- sphere or temperature necessary to the developement of the peculiar species of fungus or insect supposed. Vines under glass are sometimes infested with the mealy bug, and frequently with the red spider, but never> I believe, with either in the open air. I do not pretend to assert that I have discovered the nature of this evil, much less its prevention, but have here merely stated inferences drawn from a consideration of the peculiar characters of the disease. I trust, however, that I may be in some degree instrumental in drawing the attention of practical men to this obscure subject, but one so important to the gardener ; and that they will not cease to anxiously investigate it, until both cause and prevention are distinctly known. Brixton i December 15. 1837. Art. IX. A Mode of groxmng early Cauli/lotvers. By John Cut- hill, Gardener at Dyrham Park. The plan which I have practised with cauliflowers these two years past is as follows : — After the cucumbers upon a ridge are done with, I put four inches of peat mould all over, from either side of the ridge, and plant in it my cauliflower plants. The peat mould is to keep the roots from the rich mould and dung below, until the spring, so that the plants may stand no chance of buttoning ; but, when they do begin to grow, they grow more in one month than in two with the old practice ; and we thus get cauliflowers very early in this strong cold ground. It matters not whether the ridge runs east and west, or north and south, as I keep one corner of the hand-light on the edge of the bed, upon either side. Of course, I have double rows of hand-lights upon the same bed alternately ; which throws one side of the light to the s. w., where all the heavy rains come from, and the opposite, where the cold east winds come from ; so that we tilt accordingly. I never allow one drop of rain to fall upon a frame or hand-light cauliflower until March ; and, in order to make sure, the lights are on at all times, giving air. Those who allow their plants to get KeitlUs Botanical Lexicon. 89 Avet are only prepai-ing them for the rubbish-heap. Some will say they do well enough under a wall. Yes, they will, because their treatment there is regular : but, by the above plan, we save ground and gain time ; and, by the lights being always on, we save our plants from the injury they would receive from treading upon the soil about them night and morning. Dyrham Park Gardens, Dec. 8. 1837. REVIEWS. Art. I. A Botanical Lexicon, or Expositor of the Terms, Facts, and Doctrines of the Vegetable Physiologij, brought dorvn to the present Time. By the Rev. Patrick Keith, Clerk, F.L.S., Rector of Buckinge, Kent, and Author of " A System of Physiological Botany." London, Orr and Co., 1837. This is a very useful work, and should be in the hands of every young botanist and evei'y young gardener. It contains, not only the marrow of the reverend gentleman's former work on the same subject, but numerous quotations from every au- thor, ancient and modern ; forming a valuable compendium of botanical knowledge. The author's intimate acquaintance with the languages of Greece and Rome renders him eminently qualified for drawing thence every observation on vegetable phenomena which appears in the earlier writers, and which may serve to throw light on the history of systematic or local botany. This is so far valuable, in enabling us to compare the knowledge of the ancients with what is now known and taught; and it also shows by what gradual steps the science of botany has been advanced to its present pre- eminence. Neither are such quotations given, as we have often met with them before, " stark naked," but accompanied with sound critical remarks, which greatly enhances their value. Another very useful feature in this book is, the chemical knowledge of the author, which is always brought to bear on and explain vegetable phenomena, not otherwise to be accounted for, and thus illustrating what is naturally obscure. The author strongly recommends the study of comparative anatomy to the student of vegetable physiology, he being of opinion that they throw light on each other; and, to assist the student in this, has very properly added an article " Zoology" at the end of the Lexicon. In this particular, our author has gone, perhaps, farther than he will get many naturalists to fol- low him ; though he keeps himself quite free from the extrava- gance of those naturalists who vainly endeavoured to explain all the parts and powers of vegetables by comparing them with the parts and functions of animals. 90 Keith's Botanical Lexicon. As a systematic botanist, he ranges himself on the sideof Jus- sieu ; though not without pronouncing the most respectful eulogy on Linnaeus, and some of his predecessors. Nor does he pay an implicit preference, nor give an unqualified commendation, of the natural system, without comment. He criticises some of its expounders, as wandering from the simplicity in which its author studied, and the best of his commentators study, to ex- hibit it • on which point he expresses himself thus : — " If we were called upon to say how it is at all practicable to adapt the sys- tem of Jussieu to the present state of botanical knowledge, without innovating upon its principles, in external appearance at least, our reply would be, that, availing ourselves of whatever we may find in the works of the above-men- tioned authors [De Candolle and Lindley] or of others, calculated to illustrate the character of the groups, or to give perspicuity to the aiTangements, of Jussieu, and retaining not merely the foundation, but the identical structure which he reared upon it, we would venture to add to it a trifle more of exten- sion, or of fiUing up, in the style and manner, as much as may be, of the original edifice, that the masterly traits of the hand of the founder may never be lost sight of. It will be seen that this adaptation can descend no lower than to the distribution of classes. The orders and their arrangement will be continually chan'dng, as long as there shall remain new plants to be collected, or new affinities to be discovered ; but we do not see the necessity of any violent alter- ation in the circumscribing of the larger groups. All that we regard as neces- sary is comprised in the following tabular slvetch, giving, as we fancy, a neatness of outHne to the higher divisions of the system, by the formal introduction of a very few distinctions, that were either implied in it from the beginning, or rendered necessary by the progress of analytical research. Vegetables. Group I. Cotyledonous Plants. Vascular, with spiral tubes ; phaenoga- mous, bisexual, angiospermous. Divis. I. Dicotyledons. Growth exogenous, circumferential. Subdiv. I. Dichlamydeae. Floral envelope double, a calyx and corolla. Sect. 1. Polypetalous, containing three classes, viz.: 1. Hypopetalas ; 2. Peripetalae ; and, 3. Epipetalse. Sect. 2. Monopetalous, containing three classes ; viz. : 4. Hypocorollae ; 3. Pericorollae ; 6 . EpicoroUas ; to which are attached, first, Synan- therae, and, secondly, Corisantherae. Subdiv. II. MonochlamydecB . Floral envelope single ; perianth or presumed calyx. Sect. 1. Apetaloiis, containing three classes ; viz.: 7. Hypostamineae; 8. Peristamineae; and, 9. Epistamineee. Sect. 2. Anomalous. Class 10. Diclines, of which one subsect. is Angiospermae, and another Gymnospermous. Divis. II. Monocotyledons. Growth endogenous, central. Floral envelope a perianth, often in two rows ; sepaloid, petaloid, or glumaceous. Class 11. Monohypogynae ; 12. Monoperigynae ; and, 13. Monoepigynae. Group II. Acotyledonous Plants. Cellular, or, if vascular, without spiral tubes ; cryptogam ous. Class 14. Ductulosae. Cellular, with interspersed ducts; seminiferous. Class 15. EductulosEe. Wholly cellular"; gemmiferous. Thus, the whole of the vegetable kingdom is divided into two grand groups, without any sacrifice of the technical language of Jussieu." Whatever may be the merit of this scheme of systematic ar- rangement, it has one recommendation, and that is conciseness; although aware that it is the opinion of many able botanists that KeitKs Botanical Lexicon. 9 1 the more the natural system is expanded, the better it will be understood. Tiie author has given his reasons why he has been induced to offer this scheme to the attention of his readers, and concludes thus: — " It is the part of the experienced and practical botanist to reduce classes to orders, or to suborders, if necessary, and to construct their diagnosis ; or rather, perhaps, by reversing the process and advancing to the line of ascent, to reduce orders and suborders to classes ; and to the experienced and prac- tical botanist we are content to commit the task." As a vegetable physiologist, the reverend author stands de- servedly high. The book before us contains almost every thino- which has been written by men of science on the subject; but we look in vain for anything decidedly new. The plain and palpable parts of the science all stand out in sufficiently bold re- lief; but the more obscure parts are left untouched. Tliis is much to be regretted ; because, as Mr. Keith holds possession of the good opinion of the public, he might have made his Lexi- con a standard work, without " spot or blemish." Hie dark pages of former writers he should have cleared up ; their theo- ries he should either have established or demolished by an ap- peal to practical facts ; and not sent them down to posterity surrounded by the halo of a great name. It appears that Mr. Keith is an abettor of the idea that the matured sap is " organisahle : " surely, his chemical knowledge (of which he has an ample share) should undeceive him in this untenable doctrine. Can he, as a chemist, really comprehend that any organic structure or membrane, however simple, can be formed of sap in any state in which it is found, or by any chano-e or combination of which it is susceptible ? He unluckily asserts, on the authority of the respectable and venerable Mr. Knio-ht, that the elaborated sap descends ; while he knows that this, being an invisible process, never has, nor ever can be, proved, and is, therefore, a mere supposition. The only instances cited as proofs are, first, the counter-currents of juices observed in the petioles of leaves by Dawson, Knight, and by the late Mr. Capper of Bath : but the descending portion cannot be traced farther than the base of the petiole; and to maintain that it sinks all the way to the roots, is a purely gratuitous assumption. The second instance cited as proof is the swelling of a branch above a bandage ; but, as the branch also swells bcloiD the band, it is, in fact, no proof at all. If a branch be strangled by a wire, the swelling on each side is nearly equal; but, if with a shred or tape, the protuberance is certainly greater on the upper side. Mr. Keith continues to reiterate the notion, that the new- alburnum and liber are formed of the descending sap, prepared for that purpose by the leaves. Now, this is again unfortunate; because he must know that new layers of both alburnum and 92 Keith^s Botanical Lexicon. bark are annually formed for a long series of years, without the assistance of either leaves or descending sap of any kind ; and, moreover, Mr. Keith must be aware that new bulbs and new tubers are produced by old ones, without connexion with either stems or foliage. Any practical man can vouch for the truth of these last assertions ; and, the truth of the former, M. Dutro- chet's account of the growth of the roots of the silver fir, whose boles had been felled many years before, will sufficiently attest. This curious circumstance had been observed long before M. Dutrochet published his account of it ; and it furnishes un- deniable proof of the existence of a vital membrane, which possesses an innate power of increasing itself, independent entirely of assistance from either leaves or descending sap. It is this membrane which Mr. Keith sometimes calls cambium, and at other times perfect or elaborated sap; and, when de- scribing it as protruding over to heal a wound, he speaks of it as being granular ; which can hardly be applied with propriety to either sap or cambium. That intelligent and practical botanist, Mr. Niven, curator of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, near Dublin, in describing the new wood and bark which gradually cover a wound on the stem of a tree, imagines, very properly, that the upper lip is " an attempt to form roots," and that the protrusion from below is " an attempt to develope shoots." That the new wood and bark which cover the wound of a stem produce both roots and shoots, and even flowers, is known to every propagator of plants; and that shoots are produced from the lower lip is admitted by Mr. Keith himself, when combating the silly idea that all buds originate at the pith ; which idea he repels with great truth : but he appears to have some misgivings whether or not those buds and shoots which come not from the pith are, or are not, adventitious creations. Be this, however, as it may, there is no denying that both roots and shoots originate on that member which is known by the name of cambium in the month of May, and which is cer- tainly alburnum in the following September, whether existing, as it usually does, under the bark, or appearing jutting out from the sides of a wound. Mr. Keith is well aware that the cambium appearing every summer between the liber and alburnum has been considered as a distinct member of exogenous stems ; and it is really a pity that he has not condescended to notice and refute an opinion which is at such variance with, and so antagonist to, his own physio- logical principles. Errors in the science of phytology cannot be too soon exposed and refuted. A silent neglect of the opi- nions of obscure writers may be dignified ; but it cannot ad- vance a science which is, as yet, far from being entirely free Keith^s Botanical Lexicon. 93 from imperfections ; and, as long as the dogmas of scientific writers are liable to objections from merely practical men, so long will the science of vegetable physiology remain a mystified branch of human knowledge. When it is observable that a writer, in one part of his book, condemns and completely refutes the old doctrine of " equi- vocal generation of animals," and in another part advocates the adventitious creatioji of cells, vessels, buds, and wood of vege- tables, we are compelled to question the philosophy of such an author ; for it is sufficiently evident to every one who has made the cultivation and management of plants his business and study, that every plant, and consequently every identical part of a plant, has rudimental existence before it becomes visible by ex- pansion. There is no new creation of even the minutest cells : the whole apparatus is originally complete; the various members whether, cellular, vascular, or fibrous, are gradually amplified by division, subdivision, and simple inflation and expansion. Why, then, should authors labour to perplex their readers, by affirming that this very expansion is a product of a homogeneous fluid, which does not contain one organised atom fitted for the construction of vegetable membrane? I trust to the candour of the reverend author of the Lexicon to excuse me for making the foregoing observations, which I have done in order to call his attention to this point of his favourite study ; convinced as I am, that, if he would take up this view of the matter, he would either controvert it by an appeal to facts, or make it much more conspicuously clear by language, than it is in my power to do. In either case, this interesting part of botanical science would be freed from the thick mist which now hangs over it. Mr. Keith may be as- sured that it demands more of his attention than he has thought nt to bestow upon it. He ought to know that a very compe- tent judge and scientific physiologist (whose name I am not at liberty to mention) declares, in a letter to me, that, " if your idea of a vital membrane be wronfj, no other idea which has been entertained on the subject can possibly be right." I have only to repeat that the Lexicon is highly creditable to its author, and deserves a place in the library of every young botanist and gardener; and, notwithstanding the exceptions I have taken the liberty to mention, I can confidently recommend the book to every one wishing an acquaintance with the history and glossology of botany : and I am not without hope that the talented author may be induced by these remarks, and for the sake of the science, to add an appendix to the next edition of the book, to introduce omissions, if any, and what other illustra- trations he may think necessary. This I think the more called for, because Mr. Keith has, from pure deference to others^ 94 Eivers's Rose Amafeur^s Guide. adopted opinions which had better not appear in the book, without some qualification. — J. Main. Chelsea, Dec. 15. 1837. Art. II. The Rose Amateur s Guide; containing ample Descriptions of all the fine leading Varieties of Roses, regularly classed in their respective Families, their History and Modes of Culture. In Two Parts. Parti. The Summer Rose-Garden. Part II, The Autumnal Rose-Garden. The whole arranged so as to form a Companion to the Descriptive Catalogue of the Snwbridgeworth Collection of Roses, publish<;d annually. By T. Rivers, jun. Large 8vo, pp. 95. Price 5s. 6d. Our readers, by turning to our notice of the Descriptive Cata- logue of Roses, p. 55., will find the exact arrangement of the Rose Amateur's Guide ; which, it is proper to observe, is only a guide as to the choice of sorts, and not as to their planting or culture, or the formation of rosariums, as, from the title, one might be led to expect. As far as it goes, however, it is excellent, and the public are certainly greatly indebted to any nurseryman who, like Mr. Rivers, devotes his especial attention to any tribe or family of plants ; clears up their nomenclature ; describes the more valuable kinds ; and engages to deal honestly and honour- ably with the purchaser, in always giving him sorts true to their names. We do not say that every British nurseryman does not do this as far as he is able ; but this we do say, that there is not one in a score of them that has it in his power to do it, for want of the necessary knowledge. With respect to the French nurserymen, let the reader peruse the following quotation from Mr. Rivers's preface : — " In forming a collection of roses from the French gardeners, great difficulty is often experienced by their incorrectness in the names of their plants : this inattention, to call it by no worse name, has long been the bane of commercial gardening. In this country, almost every nurseryman is now aw. re of the great responsibility he is under as to correct nomenclature. But, in France, they manage these matters differently, certainly not " better ; " for, if a Parisian cultivator raises a good rose from seed, and gives it a popular name, a provincial florist will immediately give some one of his seedlings, perhaps a very inferior rose, the same name, so that there are often two or three roses bearing the same name ; and, if the original or most superior variety is ordered, ten to one if you can get it ; as the French florist generally gives you that which is most convenient for him to send, quite regardless of what you wish for. This is carried to an extreme of which only those well and intimately acquainted with roses can form a just idea." (p. v.) Art. III. Literary Notices. Kollar's History of the Insects injurious to Gardeners and Farmers, illustrated by engravings ; translated from the German General Notices. 95 by J. and M. L., and with notes and additions by J O. West- wood, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary to the Entomological Society; is in the press. Portraits of ^ Oak Trees, and Studies of their Ramification and Foliage, by G. K. Lewis, will shortly appear in folio numbers. The portraits will represent the same trees in winter, when with- out their leaves, and in autumn, when in full foliage. They will all be taken from trees in the neighbourhood of Hereford (where Mr. Lewis has been staying for the last eighteen months on purpose), and chiefly from Tibberton Park, the seat of Henry Lee Warner, Esq. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. General Notices. Joyce's new Stove and economical Fuel. — Since we noticed this stove in our former Number, p. 57., Mr. Joyce has taken out a patent, and has formed a partnership with Mr. Harper of" Cornliill. The stove has been exhibiting to the private friends of Messrs. Harper and Joyce, and to some literary and scientific men, three times a week; and it has been noticed in the Mechanic's Magazine and the Liternry Gazette for Jan. 13., the only public journals, as far as we have observed, that have noticed it at all, except this Magazine. The following are extracts from the notices referred to : — Joyce's new stove "is in the form of a tall urn, having a pipe running en- tirely through the centre, with a cap or valve at the top, to regulate the draft. The urn is of thin bronze, and about 2 ft. high, and 8 in. in diameter. Bv the combustion of the fuel inside, the metal continues at a dull red heat, and so gives off" the caloric to the surrounding air. The fuel is stated to be a vege- table substance ; and one charge, in a stove of the above described dimensions, will burn for 30 hours, and will cost 6^/. No smoke or effluvia are produced. {Mechanic's Magazine, Jan. 13. 1838.) " New Mode of healing Rooms. — The puzzle which has been shown at the Jerusalem Coffee House has set the wits of conjecturers at work upon the nature of the particular fuel which, at so cheap a cost as a farthing an hour, is to warm a room. Of these conjectures we have heard two. The first is, that the gardener who discovered the fuel which enabled him to keep up the fire whilst he slept must have used old tanner's bark, as it was the only fuel accessible in a hot-house. The other is, that charcoal is the base, and lime employed to absorb the carbonic acid gas. Gipsies are in the habit of using the ashes of their fires, raked together in a heap, and sprinkled with lime. This will burn throughout the night, and no deteriorating gas is evolved to distress the sleepers in the gipsy tent." {Literary Gazette, Jan. 13. 1838.) Mr. Joyce's patent is dated Dec. 16. 1837; and the time for giving in the specification to the Patent Office is limited to six months from that date. It will not be before our July Number, therefore, that we can make our readers acquainted with the secret of the kind of fuel and the mode of burning ; but, in the mean time, we may state that the conjecture as to the fuel consisting of charcoal and lime, which was made by Mr. Sylvester, the engineer, in the Horticultural Society's meeting-room, when the stove was first exhibited there, is by far the most plausible. On the Formation of Mould. — At a meeting of the Geological Society on Nov. 1., a paper was read on this subject by C. Darwin, Esq., F.G.S. The author commenced by remarking on the two most striking characters, by which the superficial layer of vegetable mould is distinguished. These are, its nearly homogeneous nature, although overlying different kinds of subsoil; 96 \ General Notices, and the uniform fineness of its particles. This may be well observed in any gravelly country ; where, although in a ploughed field a large proportion of the soil consists of small stones, yet, in old pasture lands, not a single pebble will be found within some inches of the surface. The author's attention was called to this subject by Mr. Wedgwood of Maer Hall, in Staffordshire, who showed him several fields, some of which, a few years before, had been covered with lime, and others with burnt marl and cinders. These substances, in every case, were now buried to the depth of some inches beneath the turf, as was ascertained by a careful examination of the several fields ; and Mr. Darwin stated that the appearance, in all cases, was as if the fragments had, as the farmers believe, worked themselves down. But it did not appear to him at all possible, that either the powdered lime, or the fragments of burnt marl and the pebbles, could sink through compact earth to some inches beneath the surface. Nor is it probable that the decay of the grass, although adding to the surface of some of the constituent parts of the mould, should separate, in so short a time, the fine from the coarse earth, and accumulate the former on those objects which had so lately been strewed on the surface. Mr. Darwin had also observed near towns, in apparently unploughed fields, pieces of pottery and bones some inches below the surface. So, on the moun- tains of Chili, he had been perplexed by marine elevated shells, covered by earth, in situations where rain could not have washed it on them. The explanation which occurred to Mr. Wedgwood of these phenomena, Mr. Darwin does not doubt to be the correct one ; namely, that the whole is due to the digestive process by which the common earth-worm is supported. On care- fully examining between the blades of grass in the fields where the observations had been made, the author found that there was scarcely a space of 2 in. square without a little heap of the cylindrical castings of worms. It is well known that worms, in their excavations, swallow earthy matter, and, having separated the serviceable portion, eject at the mouth of their burrows the remainder, in little intestine-shaped heaps. Hence, the fine particles are brought to the sur- face, and the cinders, burnt marl, or powdered lime, would, by degrees, be undermined, and eventually become covered by what was previously the un- derlying earth. In a field in which cinders had been spread only half a year before, Mr. Darwin actually saw the castings of the worms heaped on the smaller fragments. On the above hypothesis, the great advantage of old pasture land, which farmers are always averse to break up, is explained; for the worms must require a considerable length of time to prepare a thick stratum of mould, by thoroughly mingling the original constituent parts of the soil, as well as the manures added by man. The author observes, that the digestive process of animals is a geological power of greater extent than might at first be imagined. In recent coral formations, the quantity of stone converted into the most im- palpable nnid, by the excavations of boring shells, and of nereidous animals, must be very great. Numerous large fish (of the genus (Sparus) likewise subsist by browsing on the living branches of coral. Mr. Darwin believes that large portions of the chalk of Europe has been produced from coral, by the digestive action of marine animals, in the same manner as mould have been prepared by the same process on disintegrated rock. (Athe7i£eum, Nov. 25. 1837.) In our opinion, the phenomenon of the lime sinking in the soil is accounted for by the difference between the specific gravity of that earth, and the mixture of earths and organised matter, of which soils are originally composed. We have known a dressing of chalk laid on the surface of a meadow, so as to form a stra- tum of, say one-twentieth of an inch in thickness. In a number of years after- wards, the same stratum, of the same thickness, was found several inches below the surface. This appearance is quite familiar to farmers who have been in the habit of manuring old grass lands with chalk or lime ; with whom it is a common saying, that lime and other dressings of earth sink into the soil, and that dung rises to the surface. Both assertions are strictly true, and both General Notices. 97 accounted for on the principle of gravitation. It is to be observed, that the gravitation takes place in consequence of the softening of the soil by rains, when the lighter particles being softened, the adjoining heavy ones over them naturally take their place. Every one must have observed that a brick or a stone, laid on the surface of the ground, no matter how firm that ground may be, gradually sinks into it. We have only to refer to the name bricks in Messrs. Loddiges's arboretum. It would be easy to prove the whole of this theory, by filling two flower-pots with soil, and laying a stratum of dung at the bottom of the one pot, and a coating of lime on the surface of the earth in the other. Both pots should then be plunged into the ground in an open situation, where they will be exposed to the rain ; or the experiment may be accelerated by watering the pots every day with a fine-rosed watering-pot. — Coud. Effect of Carbonic Acid on Vegetation. — M. Traviranus, in his Physiologic Vegctale, has stated that vegetation is not so active near springs where carbonic acid is disengaged. • In replj' to this assertion, M. Schleiden has inserted, in Wiegmann's Journal of Natural Histori/, a note to prove the contrary. Ac- cording to M. Schleiden, the numerous springs in the valley of Goettingen contain a great quantity of disengaged carbonic acid gas, and some carbonate of lime in solution; and the vegetation of their waters and on their sides is always very vigorous, n)ore advanced in spring and prolonged in autumn, than in other situations. Amongst the plants growing in the water was Smxn an- gustifolium ; and among those growing on the sides of the springs were i?anun- culus lanuginosus, the pilewort, the marsh marigold, and Primula eliitior. It appears from this, that carbonic acid, either when disengaged, or when absorbed by water, exerts a beneficial influence on vegetation. (^U E'cho du Mo)ide Savant, Nov. 4. 1837.) Phosphorescent Plants. — M. De St. Hilaire says that the agaricus (I'olivier) gives out a yellowish phosphorescent light in the dark ; and it is supposed by M. Vallot that the notices of phosphorescent plants in ancient writers refer to that of the agaricus. There are, however, flowering plants which also emit phosphorescent light; such as the -Euphorbia phosphorea L., the milky juice of which possesses this quahty. (Ibid.) Loss of Species of Plants. — M. DeSt. Hilaire states that many species of plants have been lost within the period of history. Within a few years, many species, quite common in the environs of Paris have become very rare ; SdWa italica, (S'partium purgans, and Pseonia corallina have entirely disappeared from the neighbourhood of Orleans ; and, even in our own days, the rocks of Vaucluse have been completely despoiled of the Jsplenium Petrarchc?. Is it not pos- sible, then, he adds, that many flowering plants, really phosphorescent, may have been lost in the long period which has elapsCLl since the dajs of Demo- critus, Pliny, and Josephus ? (Ibid.) SilAworins fed upon Bice. — In a Chinese work on the culture of the silk- worm, lately translated into French by M. S. Julien, a curious process is mentioned, the correctness of which has been proved by experiment. It is said that, in China, in order to supply more nourishment to the silkworms, the mulberry leaves upon which they feed are powdered with the flour of rice. But M. Bonafons of Turin, who translated the work into Italian from the French, wishing to prove the truth of the Chinese process, powdered the mul- berry leaves with the flour of rice, with wheat flour, and with other fecula ; and found that these various substances, which otherwise are not eaten by the silkworms, become, in this case, excellent nourishment, and cause the worms to dcvelope themselves rapidly. The cocoons of the silkworms fed upon rice flour are much finer and heavier than usual. The other kinds of fecula did not produce a satisfactory result ; but it is to be hoped that, by experiments made among the European keepers of silkworms with different farinaceous substances some substitute may be found for the rice. (Ibid.) Preservation of Vegetables, — M. D'Eaubonne prepared a case in such a manner as entirely to exclude the air; he then mixed potter's clay and cow's Vol. XIV.— No. 95. ii 98 'Foreign Notices : — France, Szfcden. dung together, with water enough to render them liquid : with this he covered the stems of some young trees which he wished to convej' to the INIauritius, and he also steeped in it the roots ; he then covered them with common moss, and filled up all the insterstices with straw. He closed the case hermetically; and, when it was opened at the end of the voyage, not only were the trees alive, but bearing both leaves and blossoms, (^Athenke meaning of every word was given and properly accented. Mr. Fish then proceeded at great length to rebut the propositions which had been advanced in support of the general advantages of a classical education ; contending, among other tilings, that, apart from the beautiful imagery of the ancient poets (but which frequently no West London Gardeners' Association. 109 very delicate mind could feel sympathy with), and directions upon rural affairs (most of which are now obsolete), the theme of war was almost the only one on which the classics treated. After numerous similar observations, Mr.' Fish took a rapid sketch of the immoral tendency of the classics, and concluded a very able speech by doubting their tendency to fit man for acting a superior part in life. Mr. Russel contended that neither Mr. Keane nor Mr. Fish had kept to the subject ; that the essay was not on classical education, but on its utility to gardeners. He considered all knowledge desirable, but would give the preference to that which was self-acquired; and thought that, when a young gardener resolved to master any subject, he would be sure to succeed. Mr. Henry Knight stated that he had not been fortunate enough to receive a classical education ; but, if the advantages of it to the gardener consisted in his knowing at a glance the meaning of botanical and scientific terms, then he should say, Get a classical education if possible, if the time required do not in- terfere with other matters of more importance; but, if the advantage consisted in giving true dignity, delicacy of sentiment, &c., to the mind, then he should say, the less a gardener had of a classical education the better, as, from the translations he had read, so far as he could judge, the study of the classics would have an opposite tendency. After some further observations from Mr. Russel and Mr. Fish, Mr. Stormont contended that the reason why gardeners often appeared so stupid to their employers was for want of a classical educa- tion; and made many other observations, which were ably refuted by Mr. Fish. In conclusion, Mr. Keane replied to the objections that had been made to his paper, especially by Mr. Fish, whom he thought selfish in wishing to deny to others the advantages he had experienced himself; and who had been en- abled, by the classical education he had himself received to contend with the ability he had done against its becoming general. Oct. 16. — Cultivation of Sea-Kale. Mr. Russel read an essay on the culti- vation of sea-kale, stating it had been used time out of mind by the natives on the western shores of England, and that he had seen it in great abundance in a wild state on the shores of the Moray Frith, in the sandy desert called Miveston Sandy Trills, supposed to have been produced by the same inun- dation which swept away the Earl of Godwin's estate in England ; that it was sold in Chichester j^larket in 1753, and in London in 1767. He first treated on soil and culture, and then on forcing and blanching. He recom- mended the ground to be deep and dry, as he had traced the roots 7 or 8 feet deep, and found that, in wet situations, the roots are small and soon decay. He prepares the ground by covering it with equal proportions of sand and rotten dung, to the depth of 6 in.; trenches and mixes the soil and the above ingredients 3 ft. deep in the beginning of March ; sows the seeds in drills 3 ft. apart ; thins out the plants to two in a patch, which should be 18 in. asunder ; and blanches and cuts the second season after planting. The blanching he effects by covering each stool with a wooden box, surroundino' it with fer- menting matter in winter, so as to raise a litte heat, and coverino- the stools with light earth in spring; he disapproves of coal-ashes, as they give the shoots a rusty appearance. He cuts off all the seed-stalks in summer, unless when seeds are wanted, and advises having large pots filled for putting into mushroom-houses. Mr. Fish thought that the fact of Mr. Russel tracing the roots to the depth of 8 ft. in dry situations was something like a proof that they went down in search of moisture; also, that the specific name given to the plant, as well as the localities in which it grew, would naturally lead him to ima<>ine that though the plants delighted in a rich light soil, and would not endure stao-nant water, still, like the bulbs which flourished in Holland, they liked water to be within their reach ; but that it was a very acconnnodating plant, suiting itself to various situations. He considered that Mr. F-iussel's directions as to soil were too general, as, if the soil was rich, it might not require so much dung ; if very light, not so much sand ; and, if a poor stiff clay, more of both. He detailed a method of blanching by covering the plants with peat moss. 110 Retrospective Criticism. and placing the fermenting matter over it ; but stated that the best system of forcing it was, by having the plants established in pits with pigeon-holed walls and wooden covers, and surrounding them with fermenting matter, as was now becoming general for asparagus and rhubarb ; remarking that the principal thing was to have the plants short and bushy, and that lor this purpose the temperature ought never to be higher than from 55° to 60°. Mr. Stormont defended the transplanting of sea-kale ; considered the old system of blanching with pots preferable to boxes ; did not see how the applying of the heat to the roots, instead of the top, according to Mr. Fish, would render the stalks more sweet and pleasant. He also defended the use of coal-ashes for blanching ; had never seen any bad effects from them, while they could be got dry when earth could not. Mr. Judd approved of the brick-pit for forcing, but considered Mr. Russel might assist nature without going to the depth of 8ft.j disapproved of wooden boxes, from their liability to rot ; and stated that he had seen the plant flourishing in many diversified circumstances. Mr. Russel explained, and gave a description of an attempt to grow sea-kale in the highest perfection j but which, after employing sea-weed, &c., to a great extent, proved a com- plete failure; and remarked that many, who were very confident in their own systems, would, perhaps, be less so if they had to bring their productions to the com^ietition of an open market. Art. VI. Retrospective Criticism. Erratum. — In Vol. XIII. p. 572. line 16. from the bottom, for " Mr. R. Langelier's pears," read " Mr. P. Langelier's pears." 2\ans'plantlng full-grown Trees. — We plant a great many small forest trees here ; and some large ones, on Sir Henry Steuart's plan, which answers re- markably well. You do wrong in advocating the lopping method recom- mended by Mr. Monteath ; for you will have twenty to one die by this method, more than bj' not pruning at all at the time of planting. I wish I could sketch trees well ; I would then send you an account, illustrated by figures, of our mode of pruning, as well as of transplanting; which, I think, would be of service to your readers. — James Nash. Arlington Court, near liarnstaj)le, Oct. 16. 1837. Tlie Culture of the Vine in Pots. (Vol. XIII. p. 501.) — Mr. Grey is of opinion th«t light crops of fruit are more apt to shrivel than heavy ones : my experience leads me to quite a contrary opinion. If a plant does not fully mature its crop when a light crop, is it likely to do so when it is heavy '? The heavier the crop, the greater the imperfection, both as to bunches and to colour. With respect to the expanding of the blossoms (see Mr. Grey's paper, p. 501.), I perfectly agree with him, and think that much may be done at the time of colouring, as grapes require a higher degree of dry temperature than is generally given them. I have never observed shriveling to go to so great an extent in early crops as in late ones. How is this ? — W. Brown. Mere- vale Hall Gardens, Wartuiclcsliire, Dec. 14. 1837. Mr. Lindsays Method of ]))-opagati7ig the Conifercc (Vol. XIV. p. 444.) I consider good ; but I beg to observe, that I think the summer months, perhaps, the best time for cuttings, as you will observe by the following re- marks: — On the 10th of July last, I put in cuttings of yi^bies Smith/fl«a and MenziesH, and of Picea amabilis, Webbi««a, and grandis, which were beau- tifully rooted by the 26th of October; by which time the roots were Sin. long. I have put in cuttings at various periods, but find the summer months decidedly the best. My cuttings were plunged in sawdust in a propagating- house (north aspect), with a slight bottom heat. As the pit had been filled up with leaves the autumn previous, and covered a foot thick with sawdust, I had glass placed over them, with an aperture on the top. — Philq^ Frost. Dropmore, Dec. 10. 1837. Queries and Ans'-jccrs. Obituary. \ 1 1 Art. VII. Queries and Anstvers. A Manure which any Farmer or Collager can make in any Quantity on his own Premises, and even in the very Field ivherc he may require to use it. — Such a manure is said to have been invented by Mr. George Kiniberley, an experienced and scientific agriculturist, who occupies a farm of 500 acres at Trotsworth, near Egham ; and it is said that it will be made public through the Central Agricultural Society. (See a letter signed Agricolain the Morning Chronicle, Jan. 2. 1838.) Can you, or any of your correspondents, inform me whether there is any truth in this supposed discovery ,• or whether, like many others of the present day, it does not savour of quackery ? — John Roe. London, Jan. 3. 1838. [Before receiving our correspondent's query, we had written to Mr, Kim- berley, who politely sent us an immediate answer, consisting of a letter in which he states that the account given of the manure in the public papers (and especially in Bell's Weekly Alessenger of December 25. 1837) is correct. He also sent us a printed paper, dated from the Central Agricultural Society, in which it is stated that " Mr. Kimberley's method of improvement is en- tirely owing to the discovery of a combination from the vegetable and mineral kingdoms, which, in a liquid state, contains the essential food and properties of all plants, and may be so varied as to suit all soils. This hquid speedily decomposes all vegetable matter : but the best and cheapest mode of using it is to mix it with mould. This mould, when mixed with the liquid, in the course of a few days is changed to the richest vegetable food for plants, and may be made by the farmer or cottager to any extent, and even on the very field where it is required." This certainly aj)pears a most extraordinary and valuable discovery ; and one would almost be inclined to doubt it, had we not Joyce's stove (p. 57.) fresh in our recollection. — Cond.] Effects of the Frost on certain Species of 'Erica. — Happening to be lately in Kew Gardens, I was much struck with the effects of the severe frost on dif- ferent species of heath in the open garden. The species, I think, were F. stricta, E. niediterranea, E. australis, E. multiflora, and j^erhaps some others. In these the branches, both large and small, were bruised and spUt from nearly the points of the shoots down to the very surface of the ground, as if they had been laid on a board and beaten with hammers. They reminded me of the appearance of beaten flax. The bark was in some cases separated from the wood, but not generally. I have since seen the same appearances in some gardens near London ; but never on any other shrub but heaths. I have looked for it in other Fvichceas, and in i?hodoraceae, but without success. Now, what I am anxious to know is, how the splitting is be accounted for in a kind of wood apparently containing very little moisture. I hope some of your numerous readers may have attended fea the same phenomenon, and that some of your correspondents who are better acquainted with vegetable phy- siology than I am, will be good enough to accovmt for it in the Magazine. I have heard of the sugar maple tree splitting in America from severe frost ; but I have always fancied that that was owing to the expansion of the sac- charine juice, when turned into ice. — I should like to know what Mr. Main has to say on this subject. — /. B. A. London, Jan. 25. 1838. Art. VIII. Ohituarij. Died, at Stapleford, Herts, on the 28th of December, Mr. William Griffin, in the 85th year of his age. He was for twenty-two years gardener to the late Samuel Smith, Esq., of Woodhall, in this county; and author of a Treatise on the Culture of the Pine-AiJple ; also, a paper "On the Management of Grapes in Vineries," published in the Horticultural Transactions, vol. i. p. 98. The de- ceased was a native of Leicestershire, in which county he commenced his business; and, after fiUing various situations in that and the neighbourine 112 Covnit Gat'^icn Marlrf. countJCj;. v ith the greatest credit to himself and satisfaction to his employers, he arrix-ed at Woodhall, at w hicli place I first became acquainted w ith him ; «nd, by practising imder his direction for some time, I foi; nd in him the real man of business, and one who acted the j-vart of a father and friend to all the voumr men that, like m\-self, had the ijood fortune to receive a jvut of their jnsaTOction from him. 1 believe him to have been a first-rate horticulturist of his day ; and, up to the last day of his practice, his anxiety vras as creat as evex ; ahhoiich his faculties hail become son>ewhat imj^aired. and, consequently, business was not carried on vith the same decree of success as formerly. He had retired to the \"ilWc alv^ve mcjitioned about four years before his death ; which was occa.sioned by a fall in his bed-room, that brought on inflammation, and that, in ei£:ht dan-s, put a j-)eriod to his sufferings. He has left an only daughtta- to lament His loss. — C J. Jaw, 6. ISSS. Art. IX. Covcnt Garden Markd. From the prevalence of severe frost during the last fortnight, the n»ricet has been but indifferently supplied with the general a,ssortment of vegetables usually found at this seijson ; prices have been conseqtiently advanced, but may be considered nominal, as the first change in the weatlier wotild imme- diatdv affect them. JV CiMtofft Tiibc CaUha^K, pot - iiushel K -nel S.^ ."' Jeru> ..kes, per half SlfVC - - - Turnips, 'W'hii^, per bunch - Carrnt.v. i>or ^llJll.-^ - Rfi. : . -^-n Ski: Spot. ..iidle SalsiTv. nt'T [lunr.r Bmsenjiish, per bundle - The Spimaci Tribr. Spinach, per sieve TV Onion Trihc Onions: £>r pound Shallots, per pound Asparaj^mous Plnnn, Saiadsi.&c. Asparafrus, per hundred : larjre - - - - Middlini; - - - Small * - Sea- Kale, per punnet Celery, per bundle v"l£; to 15) Pa? anJ Swee! Beris. faxsie^, pea- half sieve X>oi& 0 I 0 0 I A S30 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ! « 1 ■ 0 5 4 0 1 6 £ 6 luji "In^ .\".. per dozen rcn bunches ;•;; hunches ■.kt dozen bun. .:ried, pra- dozen ' From ;£ s. ^ 0 0 S 0 1 0 Warjoram, dried, per dozen i I I' hunches - - i ^ 0 S 0 0 S 0 «-■ ■ -■ -7on bunches - ' 0 0 1 6,020 V T dozen hunches 0 .iozen buncJies 0 ' '^ ;.-,,, per dozen ( . ...icitei - - © 0 1 0 0 0 0 .s . . :»j-? JVizos for Taf^ r. - V forced, per Mushrooms, per pattle Morek, per pound TruSRes. per pound ; Eii?lish . . - I Foreign, dried Fmiis. j ! Apples. Ttessert, per bushel : 0 S 0 • S 6 : jConiiareils I I! Golrirn Pippins 0 4 0 0 S fi 0 « S 0 0 6 0 0 s 0 S 6 |e 5 rXD - - - 'osseru jier half aeve : Jf sieve u-ck - - ■ ir.h. per peck . r Tiound (^ -.■;■- nuTinred Sweei Almonds, per pound ■ Kuts, pff bushel : . Brasfl I Baroelcnui • • 1 fi 0 e « cue 0 4 0 «i2 « 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 s « OlS 0 OM 0 012 0 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 s 6 0 1 0 e 6 0 0 s s Olfi 0 «16 0 1 0 0 To £ s. d. 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 12 I) 12 6 4 0 0 t 0 0 « • 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 10 0 2 0 14 0 5 0 14 0 S 0 0 « 0 0 0 0 THE GARDENER^S MAGAZINE, MARCH, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. A Series of Articles on the Insects most injurious to Cul- tivators. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., Secretary to the Entomo- logical Society of London. No. 11. The Wire-Worm. A.MONGST the most destructive insects belonging to the order of beetles, whilst in their preparatory states, are to be numbered several species belonging to the family Elateridaj, or, as they are commonly termed, skij)-jack or click-beetles, from the peculiar property which they possess of elevating themselves, when laid upon their backs, to a considerable height in the air, by means of an apparatus placed in the breast of the insects, accompanied by powerful muscles, and attended by a sharp clicking sound, when this peculiar motion is performed. It is not, however, in the perfect state that these insects are detrimental to cultivators, but ill that of the larva, when several of them are known under the name of wire-worms, not only from their very hard external integument, but also from their long and cylindrical form. The family of the Elateridae is of considerable extent, there being as many as seventy British species. Many of these reside in woods, thickets, and hedges ; and their larvae are found in rotten wood, and are of a more depressed form than the destructive wire-worms; to the genus of which, in allusion to their injurious powers, Mr. Stephens has applied the generic name of Catapha- gus, derived from the Greek word katciphago, to devour. [Illustr. of Bi'it. Ent.y Mandibulata, vol. iii. p. 24'7.) This genus com- prises six British species; and it is not improbable that they all agree in their powers of devastation ; but it is the typical species only which has been traced through its different states. This is the E'later lineatus of Linnaeus, or the E'later segetis of Bjerkander, the larvae of which {Jig' 9. ci) are of a fulvous colour, with six very short legs attached in pairs to the first three segments after the head, and scarcely extending beyond the sides of the body, which is composed of twelve scaly rings (exclusive of the head), Vol. XIV. —No. 96. i 114 Mi^s^:.^: 7U.O. iiamimB to ChtlihkVuji . — tke kfit of vUcfa k maft aoldbBd M fke tif> (as in die lame of SHBC cf ike species), b Ifgir dna Ae pteoeifii^ ae^gmteaty and •naiBHted Ik- a radaEr aorte ancxo aft tke tip, with a deep dr- iiJh mjii I'iiai •■ eadb side of tkesegHWO^ near tke base, od dbe Helper side. Tliese iaipressiaos htrnvc been doobli^ j re- ^■ded In- MfSFg^ Kkliy and Sjpenoe ^ die obAj bteathn^ apMatics possessed by tke Ksect; bat, as they are not asaafeed ia tke lailiaaij place of spirades in ooleoplEnMs lame, arad as ike oiker lan« of dus haaSiw scdesdtateof dKB, and, Bore- ihe wibr&'WMia possesses a series of spiracles on eadb of tke bodr, vUck Mesrs. Kiriiv and Spenoe kave cfver- I consider fkat diese H^acsfaoiB BKt lBn% some other llribrted to tkem, and tkit daqr cannot be ^ndagons to Ae txo uniaiiM; at tke extrenalT of tke bodr of the larrc of SBBBe dBpleroas insec&L The ander side of the teradnal Moment of tke bodj [J%. 9i. 6) is (nrni^ed «idi a large flesl^ retractile triwyrVj ifiiiied as a seventh ie^ and vhick, vken nnen>- ploji^ed, B oonoealed widun a nearij seaaiciicalar space at Ae base of tke tLgiaLnt beneaifc. The larra is toj sindar in its geneiri appearance to tke meat-worm, or larra of Tenelvio moGtor {^^. 9. c, tibe kead seen fiooi beneadi). TkelateMr.PaalofStarstfln,in NatfiiBc (the inventor of the insect-net descrfted in the first articie of ntf series), also snc- ceded ia iijaihag the wiie-^mm to its perfect state. His speci- -apoe described br Mr. Mwsfaam as the Elater obscnms, Suphfns ffves as di c d\ with wooden shutters, painted black, and working in rafters, the same as the sashes. The whole may be heated by pipes up the centre (g). When it is considered that all these vegetables are enjoying their natural position in the soil, their roots unscorched by flues, I venture to say that no structure of the present day, heated by one fire, could equal it. When the vegetables are all gathered, the pipes and glass part of this structure may be moved to the next division of the wall, and the forcing recommenced as the fruit may be wanted in succession. We have now the boarded part of this structure to deal with ; and I would not allow even this to remain idle. If a row of cleft posts were placed between a double row of espalier cherries, the shutters laid lengthwise upon single brickwork, raised 18 in. above the surface, it would form upwards of 200 ft. of wall 6 ft. high. The north and south borders of this wall planted with strawberries, and the whole covered with a net {Jig. 16.), would form no contemptible supply of superior fruit. There is, in fact, no end to the pur- poses to which such things might be applied; and an astonishing produce might be reaped from a very small garden, with plenty of such means. To show with what facility such structures may be adapted Portable glazed Structures. 125 to almost an}^ purpose, let us suppose the piece of ground 60 ft. by 30 ft. [Jig.Xb.) separated from the kitchen-garden by a cross wall, and the space planted with camellias, oran.o-es, or a mixed group of exotics, requiring protection in winter or assist- ance in spring: in this case we need only provide a double row of posts to support the front and centre ; secure them in cast-iron sockets, sunk a few inches lower than the surface, to admit of covers being put over them, and covered with soil when the posts are withdrawn ; put the wooden shutters to face the north, the glazed sashes to the south ; and we have the house ^y. 17. inverted, forming a span-roofed house {Jig. 18.), 30 ft. by 60 ft., capable of sheltering a great many plants. A house upon the same principle, but lower than the accompanying section, would produce the finest display of heaths ever assembled in the open ground : by undulating the surface of the ground within the said limits, habitats might be formed for a numerous class of the beautiful Orchidese. Minor structures, for protecting plants, may be made to suit the objects requiring protection : this would necessarily create forms " That might be worship'd on the bended knee, And still the second dread command kept free. " It would therefore be needless to attempt to describe them ; but, in their erection, I should always bear in mind that they should only be detached parts of a perfect whole ; so that the glass that, in winter, protects a group of exotics, a bed of Orchideas, or even a single object, may, in summer, form part of a forcing-house, or of a range of melon-frames. Thus, glass would always be usefully employed, not a day of its duration lost ; and all the effect produced by the winter protection would cost compara- tively little, as the glass would probably be lying idle, or shelter- ing a k\v miserable objects in pots. For half-hardy plants, I much prefer having two or three sides of the upright post of the structure foi'med of close basket-work ; this throwing off the rain, and at all times maintaining a perfect ventilation, the interior soon becomes a fit habitation for plants during the foggy humid months of winter. If these structures are boarded, or formed of close materials, all round, they require con- stant attendance ; and, scattered over the grounds as they neces- sarily must be, they occasion much trouble, and are apt to be neglected, even in the best regulated establishments. The open- sided structures require nothing from the time that they are erected until removed, except the addition of a few mats, in 1 26 Hollow Bride Walls for Gardens. cases of severity : here I speak from experience, having several here that answer admirably. I cannot see any possible objection to such a system. The proprietor cannot startle at the expense, because it would be cheaper; nor the gardener at the trouble, for it would be infi- nitely less. Were the system once established, it would be as easy for him to hook his sashes upon the frame of a clump, as to lumber them up in a shed; while the beds that he is now obliged to furnish annuiilly would be permanently filled with plants that are now existing in the green-house. The great thing wanted is a spirited individual to set the examj)le. Were the subject once fairly under discussion, something infinitely better than what I have proposed would be the result. In the actual erection of such houses, many improvements would suggest themselves that cannot possibly be imagined by the mere theorist. It would have been presumptuous in me to have occupied your pages with a minuter detail, or a working plan; but I would most gladly furnish such, with an estimate of the expenses, and all the information I am able to give, to anyp erson that mayfeel disposed to give them what I think they so richly deserve — a fair trial. Folkstone, Dec. 29. 1837. [The author of this excellent paper, a gentleman's gardener in Kent, has sent his address, which we shall be happy to give to any one who wishes to correspond with him on the subject of the above communication. We should also be glad to hear the opinion of other practical gardeners on the subject. — Cond.'\ Art. IV. Notice of a holloiv Brick Walljbr Gardens. By J. D. Parks, Nurseryman, Dartford. Hollow walls are generally built with bricks on their edges, and tied at every 9 in., thus forming a 9-inch wall, with one rough and one smooth face; but the plan I am about to pro- pose is, to form a l-i-inch wall with two smooth faces, of the same materials as would be used in a solid 9-inch wall. This plan is, to have the bricks made for tying 14' in. long, in lieu of 9 in. ; which, I believe, can be done by the maker paying an extra duty in proportion. Instead of placing the bricks on their side or edge, they are laid flat, in the manner of two 4-inch walls, leaving a cavity between them, to make the width l^ in. altogether. The tie- bricks have been thought necessary at every third or fourth course, leaving apertures at the top and at the bottom of the wall, in a few places, for the air to pass. A wall thus con- structed will have the following advantages: by being hollow, in place of one bearing, it has two, which will be a means of its standing more firmly ; it is stronger, and requires no projections to strengthen it, as in a 9-inch wall ; it is lighter at top than a solid wall; and it has two smooth faces for naiMng, &c. On glazing Hot-houses, Pits, Frames, 4r. 127 Perhaps it would be better to scatter a few tie-bricks in every course. Would the apertures in a garden wall so constructed tend to reduce the heat which would be given out by a solid garden wall at night, to the advantage of the trees ? The plan of this wall originated with Mr. Wm. Denyer, market-gardener, at Battle, Sussex, and late gardener to Lady Webster of the same place. Dartford Nursery, Dartford, Dec. 9. 1837. Art. V. On glazing Hof-Jiouses, Pits, Frames, S^c. By A. Forsyth. Having lately examined the glass roof of an ill-constructed new green-house, I found nearly one half of the glass more or less cracked by frost. The laps of the glass, not being filled with putty, allowed the water to lodge there ; and, as soon as frost congealed the water into ice, the squares of glass cracked by the expansion of the water in the process of freezing. That frost breaks glass in this manner, gardeners generally are well aware of; yet, so recently as 1836, and in the very suburbs of London, 1 met with unbelieving brethren, even on this important point, whom I undeceived by calling their attention, one frosty evening, to the metallic roofs of some unprotected cold frames ; when the sound of breaking, and the sight of the broken squares, satis- factorily convinced the most sceptical. Now, to prevent this great and unnecessary expense in repairing, and also to prevent cracks in the glass, which always let in water more or less, either the inside temperature must be so high (as is the case with stoves), that the water between the laps of the glass may not be allowed to freeze ; or the laps must be rendered water-proof; to accomplish which, in a manner at once cheap, simple, and satis- factory, I propose the lap shown in^^. 19., and which is to be Breadth of lap three eighths of an inch. a. Upper edge of lower square. c. Lower edge of paint. b. Lower edge of upper square. rf, Upper edge of paint. puttied and painted. The sashes are glazed with rectangular quarries of glass, overlapping each other about three eighths of an inch, with the space between, grouted with soft putty, in the usual way ; then, in painting, instead of doing all the putty except that which stands in greatest need (viz. that between the laps), let the joinings of the glass, both the under lap and over lap, be carefully painted ; but, in doing the upper lap, let the upper edge of the paint run in the direction of d c, thus carrying 128 Method adopted hy 'Robert Turner^ Esq.^ all the water down the centre of the squares. By this it will be seen that the joinings, or laps, thus channeled and cemented, instead of being the weakest and most liable to crack, become the strongest part of the quarry, and act like so many cross bars to strengthen the body of the glass. In the Encydopccdia of Gardening, there are eleven cuts, and nearly three pages of letterpress, on popular systems of glazing, adapted to all grades, from the one-light box glazed with fragments, to the productions of architectural talent where the patent sash-bar is glazed with plate glass and Stewart's copper lap, forming princely con- servatories, adapted to the culture of the lofty banana. Yet, notwithstanding this patronage, and your high encomiums on the copper-lap glazing with a hole in the centre, I beg leave to differ in opinion, and that for the following reasons: — When a temperature of 70° (with moisture, and occasionally smoke) has to be maintained in a stove, whilst the thermometer ranges about midway between the freezing point and zero, all ingress and egress, either through lap-holes or loopholes are outof the question. The least hole, or even crack, in a hot-house roof is certainly injurious in the culture of exotics; a few drops of water, drifted in during a storm, often destroy bunches of grapes. Besides, hot air being of less specific gravity than cold, naturally seeks a higher level through every cranny; and it is a small cranny in- deed through which this subtle element will not pass. Yet, in the face of all this, there are unobservers who prefer open un- puttied laps, and holes at the lower corners of their peaked squares ; not calculating on the impossibility of maintaining artificial summer weather under a hot-house roof with holes in it, on a windy wintry night. I have had to maintain high tem- peratures in stoves constructed with metallic roofs, and peaked panes of glass with Stewart's lap and opening ; and 1 have also had to maintain it in stoves roofed with closely puttied laps of glass, wooden sash-frames, and cast-iron rafters. In the former case, unwearied attention could not even come near the desired end ; for no sooner was a genial moist heat raised, than it es- caped through holes and crannies ; and, in the latter, it was maintained with accuracy and comparative ease. Alderley, Chester, Oct. 19. 1837. Art. VI. Minutes on the Method adopted by Robert Turner^ Esq., Surveyor of the Nexu Forest, in raising and protecting Oak Plant- ations. By T. Davies of Warminster, and Y. Sturge of Bristol. The New Forest contains about 66,000 acres, of which about one half is, more or less, covered with timber. The officers are called on to supply 500 loads per annum of oak timber to the royal dockyards ; besides which, about 200 loads are yearly felled for other purposes. Hence are also supplied very extensive 171 raising and protecting Oak Plantations. 129 annual warrants of beech wood for fuel to the owners of adjacent estates, claimed by custom or prescription. The crown has the right of fencing in and keeping enclosed any part of the forest, not exceeding 6000 acres at any one time ; but much of the land lies exposed, being barren or boggy, and not adapted to the growth of oak; although it is probable that Scotch pines and pinasters would succeed in great part of such land, if it were enclosed, and the bogs and wet places previously drained. Considerable plantations of oak were made towards the end of the reign of King William III., and in that of Queen Anne, which are now fit for naval purposes, many of the trees contain- ing two loads, or 100 ft., of timber each. From that time down to about the end of the last century, but little was done to improve the forest ; and, as there is scarcely any undergrowth in the open ground, very few young trees are to be seen growing up sponta- neously. Enclosures are therefore necessary to obtain a succession of timber; and good judgment is requisite in the selection of proper pieces of land, and in such an application of them as shall best promote the great national object of a regular supply of oak timber for the navy. The attention of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests appears to have been especially directed, for the last twenty years, to the state of the timber in this forest; and several thousands of acres have, within that time, been enclosed expressly for the purpose of raising oaks. Where the land was considered generally proper for the growth of oak, plantations of from one hundred to five hundred acres each were made in various ways. First, by merely enclosing the land, to preserve from injury such oak saplings as sprang up spontaneously. Of these (which were not very numerous) great part are now short and scrubbed; and there are vacant places of considerable extent throughout the enclosures. Secondly, by planting young trees ; viz. some seedlings, with every tenth plant an oak of five years old ; some in alternate rows, with Scotch pines ; others, with every tenth a Scotch pine ; some raised from acorns, and some wholly oak plants of five years old. Of the oaks thus planted, particularly the seedlings (which were soon overpowered by the long grass, &c.), many died, and were replaced by others, which met with a similar fate. Those which lived (principally the five-years-old plants) continued many years in a stunted and scrubbed state, and so still remain, except in a few places where the land is of superior quality, and where diey were mixed with the Scotch pine ; but the progress these have made is, cccteris paribus, much less than by the system after mentioned. Vol. XIV. —No. 96. k 130 Method adopted by Robert Twmer, Esq., In considerable spaces of these enclosnres, tleemed unfit for the principal object of raising oaks, Scotch pines were planted, 4 ft. apart, to fill up the ground. This introduction of pines into an ancient oak forest was strongly objected to by men of taste, and all the neighbouring gentry ; but it has proved the means, under Mr. Turner's management, of raising fine oak plantations, even on land heretofore considered incapable of growing oak. The system by which this effect has been produced may be reduced to the principle of giving the young oak trees ivarmth and shelter, by using the pines as nurses, competent to protect them from the ravages of frosts und winds. The mode of the application of this principle is, to plant oaks of five years old, in plantations of Scotch pines or pinasters of six to twelve years old (about 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, and 4 ft. apart), in the place of alternate rows of the pines, cut out to admit them. In the second year after planting the oaks, some of the pine branches are roughly cut away. In the third or fourth year (according to the growth of the trees), some of the pines may be removed by taking out alternate trees ; and, two or three years afterwards, by removing alternate rows. This thinning is to be repeated, with caution, until the oaks have attained sufficient strength and height to do without their nurses; which will proba- bly be in about ten years, when the oaks will be about 20 ft. high ; but care must be taken to preserve a belt of pines on the outside of the plantation, to serve as a screen from the prevailing winds ; and, also, in large plantations, to leave intermediate lines of pines across the direction of such winds. Tiie outside belts are ten rows in width (4 ft. apart), and the cross lines five rows. Similar belts and lines, in old plantations of oak, across the prevailing winds, will much assist their growth : in valleys, lines of pines are planted across from one hill to the other, to break the force of the current of wind up or down the valley. A few of the pines, stripped of their under branches, are also suffered to remain, scattered over the body of the plantation, as a permanent shelter thereto. When a row of pine trees is taken away in the latter thinning, the surveyor of the forest })lants oaks in their places, to prevent the larger oaks from throwing out lateral branches, or spreading too much in the head ; and to draw them up into straight hand- some trees, without pruning. As these oaks advance in size, they will, of course, require to be timely and judiciously thinned. The following are a few observations which occurred in view- ing the plantations where this system has been adopted. Besides the advantage of shelter, the pines have the effect of loosening the soil for the roots of the young oaks; and it is argued, by some, that the pine roots act chemically in preparing the land for the growth of oak. In pine plantations, now six- in raising and protecting OaJc Plantations. 131 teen years old, where the oaks have been planted six years (or eleven from the acorn), they are now from 12ft. to 20ft. high; the pines here having been reduced to the distance between the trees of about 20 ft. from each other. In another pine plantation, with oaks planted four years, every alternate row of pines is now being cut down. In another, the oaks planted three years are 7 or 8 feet high, and the plants are strong and flourishing. In another, the oaks planted two years ago (in a pine plantation, then thirteen years old, and 15 ft. high,) are thriving well ; though the branches of the pines nearly meet over them. In another, holes are made for planting oaks next February, where the pine plantation is twelve years old, hut of slow grovoth. In a fast-growing plantation of pines six years old, a like preparation is made for oaks. Some of the pine branches are lopped ; but no trees will be removed till the following year. In a plantation made on the old plan^ twelve years ago, the oaks are bushy, and not half the height of those planted among the pines sia: years ago ,- although the land is equally good. The general result of this improved method of planting, com- pared with the old mode, is, that the oaks attain double the growth in half the time, besides being much finer and better- formed trees; and there does not appear to iiave been a failure of one plant in a hundred. It is now about seven years since Mr. Turner commenced this system of planting oaks in the New Forest ; and it has since been introduced, under his superintend- ence, into some other of the royal forests. The following directions, with respect to planting, pruning, &.C., as practised in this forest, were communicated by the sur- veyor : — • Sow the Scotch pine and pinaster seed in March or April; transplant them the first year close together (about 100 plants in a yard), in rows 1 ft. apart : to be transplanted the second time 4 in. apart in the rows. The Scotch pine is some- times transplanted but once, but better twice; the pinaster should be transplanted every year : these will be fit to plant out at three years' growth ; the Scotch pine at four years'. Sow acorns in February, in ground trenched a foot deep; transplant them in the following February or March, 6 in. apart, in rows 15 in. asunder; cutting off the taproot, but trimming the other roots only where injured. The oaks may then remain three years till planted out. In forming the plantation, the pines may be put in widi a planting-spade. Two men can thus plant 600 in a day. The oaks should be planted in holes dug 18 in. deep (but partly refilled with the loose earth) and 18 in. square. The cost of digging these holes is from Is. to Is, 9d. per hundred, according to the nature of the soil. K 2 132 Remarks on the annual Layers of Trees. The best season for planting the oaks is in Fehriiarij : this is also a proper time to plant the pines, except in dry soils, for which November and December are better. The pinasters make as good nurses as Scotch pines, and will grow better in wet land. They will also thrive better than any other kind of pine, in very exposed situations on the sea coast. Sweet chestnuts thrive well, both in the seed-bed and in plant- ations, under the same system as the oak. The best seed is imported from France. All wet land should be properly drained before it is planted. The forest drains are open, 2 ft. wide and 2jt. deep, and cost 4c?. per perch. The drains must be kept well cleaned. The pine trees must not be pruned till about March, for the benefit of the oaks, which ^\io\x\i\Jirst receive air in the spring. The oaks, under this system, will require but little pruning. If they grow well together, nature will do it best; but in forked or branching trees the judicious use of the knife will be beneficial. In closing these minutes, praise must be given to Mr. Turner for the free and liberal manner in which he affords his valuable information to those gentlemen who feel interested in the subject. [The above minutes were made in the year 1827, and some copies of the article lithographed and circulated. Considering it of great practical value, we applied to Mr. Davis for per- mission to insert the paper in this Magazine, which, as far as he is concerned, he very kindly granted. The very superior ma- nagement of Mr. Turner has frequently been mentioned to us by Mr. Page of Southampton ; and we have often wished for an opportunity of making it known to the public. We are in- formed by Mr. Milne, one of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, that the same practice as that described above still con- tinues to be carried on in the government plantations of the New Forest; and Mr. Milne has recently recommended it for adoption, to a nobleman who applied to him to know what government had found from experience to be the best method of raising oak woods. — London, Oct, 1837.] Art. VII. Remarks on the annual Layers of Trees; •with the Measurement of the annual Rings of a Larch planted in 1811. By A. GoRRiE, F.H.S., C.H.S, &c., Annat Gardens, Perthshire. I HAVE uniformly observed that the thickness of the annual deposit of wood, in most forest trees, was exactly in proportion to the healthy foliage of such trees; and, if the balance of branches Ornamental Trees at Ripoti. 133 were predominant on one side, whether that tree stood singly in H lawn, in the middle or at the side of a forest, and whether that side where the branches so predominated faced the east, the west, the north, or the south, the annual deposits I have always found broadest directly under that side best clothed with branches, and narrowest directly under that side of the tree where the branches above were most scanty ; giving room to infer that the descent of the sap is partly affected by gravitation. The following table shows how the growth of the larch is affected by a proper supply of" moisture. The tree grew in an open dry soil. The second column shows the breadth of annual deposit of wood in decimals of an inch ; and the third column, the depth of rain which fell from April to October inclusive, in inches. 1819 •5 1820 •3 1821 •18 1822 •2 1823 •5 1824 •3 1825 •31 Rain. Years. Wood. Rain. 16 in. 1826 •2 in. 7 in 14 1827 •31 18 12 1828 •41 16 15 1829 •4 19 21 1830 •3,7 18 13 13 1831 •2 16 Total 4-18 198 13. 1838 ' A/mat Cottas:e, Jcni. Art. VIII. Remarks on a Jew Ornamental Trees which are at present growing in the Neighbourhood (jf Ripon, Yorkshire. By William May, Nurseryman, Ripon. In the grounds at Pic/chill, lately in my occupation as a nur- sery, is a purple beech, which, at 4 ft. from the ground, girts lOft. : its height is about 35 ft.; and it is completely feathered to the ground. In spring, it forms one of the most superb ob- jects that can be imagined : the diameter of the space covered by its branches is equal to its height. The next is a Turkey oak, the girt of which, at 4 ft. from the ground, is 10 ft.; its height is about 40 ft. ; and it is also feathered to the base ; having splendid limbs, sweeping the ground over a circumference of 120 ft. A striped-leaved oak, at 4 ft. from the ground, girts about 5 ft : its height is 20 ft. Tliis, in summer, is a beautiful object; its leaves being variegated with white and green, tinged with pink. These trees are supposed to be about 95 years old, and to have been planted at the time this nursery was first esta- blished : three objects more magnificent, in the season of foliage, cannot be imagined. The purple beech and the Turkey oak stand singly : the striped oak is among other trees ; but all are very conspicuously situated. These trees cannot be too highly K 3 13i CuUivatio7i of Broccoli and Borecole. recommended for planting in situations where they will stand singly as ornamental objects ; for which purpose they are well adapted, on account of their elegant and magnificent habit. Too much cannot be said in their favour for such situations : yet how seldom do we see them ! There may be some examples larger than these; but none can be more perfect specimens of their several kinds, particularly the Turkey oak and purple beech. At Newby Hall, the seat of Earl De Grey, are several fine specimens of Platanus occidentalis, which I believe to be su- perior to anything of the kind in this country. Their girt, at 4 ft. from the ground, as near as I now recollect, is about 9 ft. (not less) ; and their height, I should say, from 40 ft. to 50 ft. These are situated near the mansion, which renders them very attractive objects. In the same grounds is a collection of American varieties of oak, of about 40 years' growth, and of a size much larger than anything of the sort I am acquainted with. Their height may be about 30 ft., and their girt in pro- portion : they are now apparently in the zenith of their growth. There are, also, some of the rarer species of ^'sculus : one of j3^. flava, a fine tree, standing singly on the lawn, flowers beauti- fully in May. Its height may be about 15 ft. ; and it is well fur- nished with lower branches. Of Magnoha tripetala there ai'e some fine specimens, about 10 ft. high, which bloom freely, and are very conspicuous in the season ; as are some fine old spe- cimens of Ti^hododendron ponticum (true variety), one of which is 20 ft. high, with branches which sweep the ground over a cir- cumference of 40 ft. When in bloom, it is an object indescri- bably splendid, being one complete mass of purple flowers. The present countess is a great amateur in trees and plants, and is adding many new and good things to these already well-furnished grounds. At Scruton Hall, the seat of Mrs. Coore, are some of the largest cedars of Lebanon in this country. For size and beauty, nothing I have seen in the least approaches them. There is a clump of ten or twelve of them together, the average height of which will be from 30 ft. to 40 ft. ; and their girt about G ft., with clean straight boles for 20 ft. high ; a circumstance which rarely occurs with the cedar of Lebanon. Hope Nurse^-ij, Lecming Laiie, near Ripon, Jan. 28. 1838. Art. IX. On the Cultivation of Broccoli, and Borecole or Scotch Kail, By A.Forsyth. Broccoli. — In order to be concise, and also that readers may have confidence in what I advance, I shall copy from my note- book the selection of sorts, and the system of culture adopted, by Floncultiiral and Botanical Notices. 135 a very experienced cultivator (my respected friend Mr. Charles Doweling), ten miles from London ; whose supplies of this ar- ticle, throughout the autumn, winter, and spring, were most satisfactory. The seeds were furnished b}^ Messrs. J. and A. Henderson, of Pine-Apple Place, Edgware Road, London ; with the exception of one sort, for which Mr. Dowding had no name, and which he carefully preserved from contamination, by rearing his supply of seed in a select spot, remote fi'om the blossoms of the whole i?rassica tribe. I have elsewhere heard of one exactly tallying to my description of this kind of broccoli, which I take to be the same; viz. Miller's broccoli (Miller of Bristol, I presume). The full-grown plant is about the size of one's hat, producing beautiful white heads, as large as two clenched fists, in May; and even much later, when reared under the shade of a north wall. I should be glad to see this variety in more general cultivation; as it requires so little room, that a perfect specimen may be reared on a square foot. Qiiantity of Seed, and Time of maJcing Sountigs. About half an ounce of Grange's early white, and half an ounce of early purple Cape, having been sown in March, one ounce of each of the following sorts was sown the first week in May : — close- headed early purple Cape, Knight's protecting, imperial late white winter, new early sprouting, Portsmouth, early white Malta, Grange's early white, new hardy Cape, and Miller's. For the manner of sowing and transplanting, see the article on white cabbages in Vol. XIII. p. 358. Mr. Dowding neither pricked out, nor in any way protected, his broccoli plants, but sowed in an open compartment very thinly; and, when the plants were about 4 in. high, had them transplanted into well-manured soil, keeping them well watered till they became established and began to grow. The plants of all the varieties, when trans- planted, may stand 30 in. between the rows, and 18 in. apart in the rows, with the exception of Miller's, which should stand 15 in. by 9 in. Borecole, or Scotch Kail. ™ Two ounces sown in March, and two ounces sown in May (for the manner of sowing and trans- planting, see white cabbage, Vol. XIII. p. 358.), and when about 4 in. high, transplanted into an)' ordinaiy ojien compartment, in rows 2 ft. by 1 ft., will bring succession enough for a spring supi:)ly, the only season this article is in request near the me- tropolis. Islevjorth, Feb. 1837. Art. X. Floricidtural and Botayiical Notices on Kinds of Plants newly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary K 4 156 Floricultural and Botanical NoticeSf to the latest Editions of the " Encyclopedia of Plants^' and of the " Hortus Biitatmicus." Curtis's Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing eight plates; Ss. 6d. coloured, 85. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, new series, each containing six plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 35. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the London University. Maund's Botanic Gat-den, or Magazine of Hardy Floiver Plants cul- tivated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page ; large paper \s.6d., small \s. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. The Botanist ; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates, with two pages of letterpress; 8vo, large paper, '25. 6d.; small paper, \s. 6d. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. , assisted by the Rev. J. S. Henslow, INLA., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Paxtons Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2s. 6d. each. Lindley's Serttcm Orchidaceum, Sjc. ; in parts^ folio, 1/. 5s. each. Part L January, 1838. ^ANUNCULA^CE^. 1600. ^CONrxUM *chinense Sieboldt Chinese ^ A cu 4 s B China 1833 R co Paxt. mag. of hot. %'ol. v. p. 1. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, partially divided into 5 un- equal lobes, somewhat trapeziform, acute, deeply toothed ; the upper surface of a deej) green, assuming, when old, a purple cast; the under surface of a very light green. This new and highly ornamental species of ^conitum, a native of China and probably also of Japan, was introduced by Dr. Von Sieboldt, about 1833. " It is remarkably bold and handsome in its habits, and the flowers are very large, and of a most beautiful blue colour; the terminal flowers expand first, and shortly after a great number of flowers are produced from the axil of every leaf, on short lateral shoots, even down to the base of the stem ; which gives it a very interesting appearance. It remains in flower about two months, and will, no doubt, prove perfectly hard}'. It is of very easy culture, and, from its ornamental character, is well adapted for the flower-garden. It ripens seeds freely, and is also easily increased by division of the roots." There are plants in the Epsom Nursery. {Paxt. Mag. of Dot,, Feb.) Vi^ijpcricdcecE. 2190. HYPE'RICUM C1"S4 C p.l Maund, Bot. gard. t 630. *verticillatum rA««6. (Do«'4- ;1////<.')-, i. p. 611. No. 161.) vertieillate • A pr f au Y C.G.H A neat little sufFruticose half-hardy plant, which grows freely in sandy loam, in the open border during summer, and requires protection during winter. There are plants in the Horticultural Society's Garden. {Mawid's Bot. Gard-, Feb.) suppletnentary to the E7icyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 137 'Rutdcecc. 1152. BORO'N7/J [mag. of bot. iv. p. 267. 9327a *crenulata Paxt. cxernxXaXe-leaved * | | or 2 my.au R King George's Sound ... C s. p Paxt. This differs from B. serrulata in the leaves being crenulated, not serrated ; and also in the flowers. The habit of it is very pleasing. The flowers appear near the extremity of the branches, and, about the month of May or June, they are fully expanded, and continue in tolerable profusion until late in August. Messrs. Loddiges have raised a number of plants from seeds received several years ago from New Holland. [Paxt. Mag. of Bat., Jan.) Legianinosco. 1246. CHORO'ZEMA *cor(3atura ii'/irf/. corAate-leaved *| | pr 2 ap R N. S. W. ... c s.p Bot. reg. n.s. 1. 10. A pretty new species from the Swan River, by Robert Man- gles, Esq., who considers it the freest grower of the genus. Cuttings of the young wood root in sand under a bell-glass. {Bot. ileg., Feb.) 0?iagrdcece. 1188. FV'CHSIA *fulgens Dec. glowing * | | spl 4 my.o R Mexico ... C p.l Bot. reg. n. s. t. 1. " This is probably the most beautiful plant of the temperate flora of Mexico. It was originally met with by Mo^ino and Sesse, two Spanish naturalists, authors of an unpublished Flora Mexica7ia ; and has very lately been introduced to this country. It is difficult to conceive anything more brilliant than the ap- pearance of this species, when its rich vermilion-coloured flowers are formed beneath the influence of a Mexican sun ; but, if it is grown in a shaded situation, with too much heat and moisture, the bright colours inevitably fade, and the plant is deprived of half its beauty. It will, no doubt, prove a robust shrub of easy culture, growing freely in a mixture of loam and peat in the green-house. Cuttings of the young wood will strike freely in sand under a bell-glass, on a moderate hot-bed. It is probably about as hardy as F. arborescen.s, and, perhaps, like that species, not enough "so to stand the winter, or to flower well in the open border; but it will certainly grow, and flower freel}', in the green-house ; and it is by no means impossible that it may even succeed in the open air, in good summers, in a warm sheltered situation." [Bot. Beg., Jan.) Mj/rtdcece. 14S3. CALLTSTE'MON [n. s. t. 7. *naicrostachyum I.indl. small-spiked * i | or 5 rar R New Holland ? 1S36 C s.p Bot. reg. " A new Holland plant, which flowered for the first time in Europe in the garden of William Harrison, Esq., of Cheshunt, in March, 1837. It is remarkably striking, on account of the clear vivid crimson of its flowers, which are certainly the most brilliant in this brilliant genus; so that, although the spikes are 138 Tloricultural and Botanical Notices, much smaller than in some other species, the general effect of the blossoms is not equalled. The species is abundantly dis- tinguished by its spreading, narrow, spathulate, pliable, obtuse leaves, and small spikes of flowers. Cuttings formed of the points of the young shoots, in spring, when these ave in a growing state, and planted in sand and covered with a bell-glass, root freely. {Bot. Reg., Feb.) Passi/Iorecc. 1923. PASSIFLO'RA *onychina Lindl. purple-^ot^'ocd fl_ lAl or 10 n lapis-lazuli B Buenos Ayres 1835 C p. 1 Raised by Messrs. Low and Co., from seeds received from Mr. Tweedie of Buenos Ayres. It flowered in the garden of Miss Traill of Hayes Place, Bromley, Kent, in November of last year. {Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 2.) [mag. 3635 16885a *nigenifl6ra Hook. Nigella.flowered' $_ □ or 10 s W.G Buenos Ayres 1835 C p.l Bot. Leaves yielding a fetid smell when bruised, exactly cordate in their circumscription, 5-lobed, hairy, or almost silky, on both sides ; the margin distinctly serrated; on the under side, and at the margin, there are numerous hairs, tipped with unctuous glands. It is plentiful at St. Jago de Estero, on the Rio Dulce, where it was discovered, in 1835, by Mr. Tweedie, on his way from Mendoza to Tucuman. It will be at once seen that it is .nearly allied to P. ^ossypiifolia, P. //ibiscifolia, P. foe'tida, and P. ciliata; four species which have, indeed, a near affinity for each other : but the present may be at all times distinguished by its truly cordate leaves (which are 5-lobed, except in the upper part of the stem), and strongly serrated. [Bot. Mag., Feb.) [Bot. mag. 3636. *tucuman6nsis Hook. Tucuman, or large.sfipu/ed J_ □ or 10 jl W.G Chili 1836. C p.l Leaves copious, dark-green above, pale and glaucous beneath, broadly cordate, deeply 3-lobed; the lobes spreading, oblong, sometimes approaching to ovate or lanceolate, entire, except at the base, where they are glanduloso-serrate. Discovered by Mr. Tweedie at St. Jago and Tucuman, at the eastern foot of the Cordillera of Chili, inhabiting, though rarely, the woods. It is a free grower, and flowered copiously the second year in the stove of the Glasgow Botanic Garden. {Bot. Mag., Feb ) Loaseae. 2193. LO.rSA *laterUia Hook, rcii-fowercd 1 Da el 20 my R Tucuman 1835 S s.l Bot. mag. 3632. Leaves petiolate, opposite, pinnate, especially the lower ones, with from 5 to several pinnae; upper leaves bipinnatifid, and much shorter than the lower ones. This singular and truly beautiful species of Lodsa was discovered in Tucuman by Mr. Tweedie, and plants were raised, fiom seeds sent home by him, in the Gla.sgow Botanic Garden, in 1836, which survived in the hot-house through the winter, climbing to the uppermost light; $up]^lementary to tlie Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 139 and they produced their bright orange-red blossoms in May, 1837.* "In its native country it is an annual: with us, pro- bably from having been sown so late in the season, it is certainly biennial. There is every reason to believe that, either by seeds or cuttings, this fine species may be perpetuated. [Bot. Mag., Feb.) Cdciece. 1471. MAMMILLA'RIA *Lehmanii2 Hook. Lehmann's *L iZD cu J ... Y Mexico ... O ru Bot. mag. 363i. " A very distinct and remarkable species, bearing dark points in the axils of the mammillae, which, in hot weather, exude a dark-coloured viscid matter, which has not been observed in any other species. Raised by Mr. Mackie of the Norwich Nursery." {Bot. Mag., Feb.) 3359. ECHINOCA'CTUS [? 1836 O s.p Bot. mag. 3627. *UihiRbru& Hort. Aiigl. (.Pfcijff: Enum. Cact.,p.T I.) tube-flowered j* ZD gr J ... W Mexico Raised by Mr. Mackie of the Norwich Nursery. It is allied to E. EyrieszV, but "differs remarkably in the fewer and much deeper angles to the stem, in the very much longer, stronger, and blacker spines, collected into fewer fascicles." (Bot. Mag., Jan.) Composite. MO'RN^ [n. s. t. 9. *nivca £/nrf/. s,no\v.vi\\\te-J!owcred O or ]| my.au W.Y N. S. W. ... S l.p Bot. reg. A half-hardy animal, about 18 in. high, from Swan River, by Robert Mangles, Esq., and, like the other species of the genus, remarkable for the brightness of its flowers. These will retain their shape and colour for years if carefully prepared, and thus form a charming addition to the everlasting flowers already known. Plants intended to flower in May and June should be sown in the preceding autumn, kept through the winter in the green-house, and shifted into larger pots, or turned into the open border, about the end of May. To flower in autumn, the seeds should be sown in February or March, and planted out in May or June. They flower best in the green-house, but ripen their seeds more freely in the open border. [Bot. Reg., Feb.) 2430. SPHEXO'GYNE 22060a *speci6sa Maund showy O or 1 jl.au Y S. Aracr. 1836 S co Maund bot. gard. 625. " This is one among the interesting new annuals lately intro- duced to our gardens from that great continent of vegetable magnificence, America. It is not alone interesting wTien in flower, but also when bearing its seeds. These are furnished with a cup-like membranaceous appendage, called the pappus, as ornamental as the flower itself, and even more attractive to those who happen to be unacquainted with seeds of this description. If gathered before they become too ripe, they may be kept to * In the same season, a plant in the open border at the Glasgow Garden flowered frcelv, and retained its flowers till killed by the frost. 140 FloriciiUural and Botanical Notices, mix with such dry flowers as the Xeranthemum, Gnaphalium, and iSHchrysum. Seedling plants of Sphenogyne should be raised in a hot-bed, so that they may be transplanted into the borders early in May." [Maund's Bot. Gard., Jan.) GcsnerRce^. 1809a. *DRYMO^NIA Mart'ms. Drymonia. (From rf;-!iOTOK!'or, woodland; species inhabits forests.) Ces- neAceai. bicolor Martins two-coloiired &_ E] or 6 ... P.Y W. Indies 1806 C l.p Jac. sc. 3. 290. Synonyme : Beslerw serrulata Jacq. ; Mart. Brit , No. 16048. Asclepi^^Qve. 755«. TWEE'D/.J [mag. 3630. 60906 *versicolor Hook chdnge&hXe-flowercd ^ lAl pr 3 ... B Buenos Ayres 1837 C s.l Bot. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, oblong, between cor- date and hastate at the base. A most highly interesting asclepiadeous plant, raised by Mr. Niven of the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, from seeds sent home by Mr. Tweedie. Its large flowers, of a singularly changeable blue colour, remind one rather of a boragineous than of an asclepiadeous plant. In genus, it borders upon Oxypetalum and Tweedm ; but Sir W. J. Hooker thinks it may safely be referred to the latter. {Bot. Mag., Jan.) SCHUBE'RT/.i *graveolens Lindl. strong-smelling _$ A P'' Crea. Brazil ... S s.p. Sent to Mr. Henderson of the Pine-Apple Nursery, by Lady Wilton, in whose garden it was raised from Brazilian seed. It is a pretty stove twiner, with hairy stems, deep green downy leaves, and large cream-coloured flowers, with a strong but not disagreeable odour. It differs from Schubert/a grand iflora in the leaves being very obtuse, and the tube of the corolla quite beardless inside. {Bot. Reg-, n, s., p. 2.) Gentnvae^. 483. LISIA'NTHUS 4U19a *Bussellia«i;s Hook. Duke of Bedford's iQJ or 3 jl.au P Mexico 1835 s.l.p Bot. mag. t. 3626. Synonyme : L. glaucifdlius Nutt. Ft. Ark., p. 197. (not Jacq.) Leaves glabrous and glaucous, opposite and connate, ovate or ovato-oblong, 3 — 5-nerved, very acute, gradually becoming smaller upwards, and more acuminated, till they pass into the subulate bracteas as the base of the peduncle. Flowers large, handsome, borne in a terminal panicle; corolla as large as a tulip. Specimens and seeds were sent from Texas, in 1835, by Mr. Drummond, accompanied by the remark that they were not to be excelled in beauty by any one. " It was shortly before the period of the arrival of these seeds and specimens," observed Sir W. J. Hooker, " that His Grace the Duke of Bedford, with his wonted liberality, contributed a sum of money, which, had the receiver continued in health, would have materially assisted in forwarding his views in Florida, but which was no less avail- able in a period of pain and sickness immediately preceding his lamented death in Cuba; and I am sure that, in dedicating this splendid plant to so distinguished a patron of science, I shall supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 141 have the approbation of every botanist and of every lover of horticulture. I think there can be no doubt but, under proper management, by forcing in the early spring, and planting out in the open border, this plant will there perfect its flowers as readily as the Phlox DrummondzV." It appears to be an in- valuable addition to the flower-garden." [Bot. Mag., Jan.) Scrophularidcece. 1783. A/I'MULUS [Botanist, 51. *^6seo.cavdina1is Henslmu rosy-scarlet, or Hodson's hybrid O pr 2 jl.s R hybrid 1837 S co Synoiiyme ; M. Hotisoii! Card. Mag., xiii. p. 333. "This showy plant may be considered as a decided improve- ment upon the Mimulus roseus. It was obtained from seeds of a plant of that species, which had been fertilised by pollen from ilfimulus cardinalis. Many specimens were raised in the Botanic Garden of Bury St. Edmunds, which all resembled each other, and flowered for the first time during the summer of 1837. [The Botanist, Jan.) [When Mr. Turner sent us a plant of this hybrid, he expressed a wish that the specific name should be in honour of his employer, Mr. Hodson ; but the name roseo-cardinaUs, a distinctive term, composed of the two parent species, being founded on a general principle laid down some years ago in the Horticultural Society s Transact iojis, when Pas- siflora caeruleo-racemosa came into notice, is in every respect preferable, and we therefore adopt it.] Wcrhendcecc. 1749. TERBE^NA 284216 *incisa //oo/c. cxxt-leaved £ lAJ el 2 jn.s R Panama 1836 C p.l Bot. mag. t. 3628. " This is another South American verbena of the Melhidres group, for the discovery of which we are indebted to Mr. Tweedie, who sent the seeds to G. F. Dickson, Esq., of Everton, near Liverpool, by whom they were raised in 1836." It is ex- tremely handsome. The blossoms are of a deep red rose-colour, with a yellow eye, and become paler in age. It will rank next to V. T\veed/a;i(7, from which it differs in the broad and depressed (not spiked) corymbs ; in the broader leaves, which are more deeply lobed, and cut in a pinnatifid manner. Tiiis will, in all probability, prove as hardy a species as V. chamaedrifolia. {Bot, Mag., Jan.) Orchiddcece. 2537. M.A.XILLA"RIA [Bot. mag. t. 2789. 2-2672a *aureo-fulva //oci/r. goldcnbrown ^ O pr 1 myjn Go. Br S.America ? 1S36 D p.r.w It is nearly allied to M. racemosa; but the pseudo-bulb and leaf are very different; the flowers larger, of a full golden brown colour ; the spur shorter, more obtuse, and more closely applied to the germen ; and the lip is narrower, and very different in form. {Bot. Mag., Jan.) 2532. ZYG OPE'T ALUM [p.r.w. Paxt. mag. of Bot. iv. p. 171. 226J9a *maxillare Paxt. maxillar toolh-Uke-flowered ^ EJ or 1 jn.jl B.G %.i America 1829 D This species differs from Z. rostratum and Z. Mackay/, in 1 42 Floricultiiral and Botanical Notices, having smaller flowers ; nevertheless, it is unquestionably the most beautiful and interesting ; the deep rich blue colour of the lip, and the bright green and chocolate of the sepals, constitute it one of the most delightful objects that adorn our stoves: it is also remarkable for the length of time the flowers continue per- fect. [Paxt. Mag. of Bot., Jan.) 2551. EPIDE'NDRUM [3631. *papillbsum 2?(ito«. watty-fiuitcd ^(23 cu 2 jn G.W Mexico 1837 D p.r.w Bot. mag. Another of the many interesting discoveries of Mr. Skinner, which has enriched the collection of Mr. Bateman at Knypersley Hall. It is a very distinct species, and of easy culture. (Bot. Mag., Jan.) Next to E. squalidum, from which its habit alone would at once distinguish it. (Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 7.) [abbild n. s. gewach. t. 12, pastoris La Llave shepherd's ^ [Z3 cu 1 ... Ol Mexico 1837 D ,p.r.w Link and Otto Originally sent from Mexico, by Dr. Deppe, to the Royal Garden of Berlin, about the year 1828. The plant described by Dr. Lindley came from the garden of R. Harrison, Esq., having been sent from Mexico, by Mr. Bates, to Mr. Tayleure of Park- field, near Liverpool. [Bot. Beg., n. s., p. 3.) tessellatum llo.vl>. tessellated j^ (23 cu G. Br. Guatemala ? 1836 D p.r.w. Sepals and petals greenish on the outside, but brown on the inside, and marked with regular streaks of a darker shade, which produces a tessellated appearance. It is near E. pastoris. [Bot. Beg., n. s., p. 8.) ihxzophorum Bateman MSS. root-bearing ^ El cu Guatemala ... D p.r.w. A most remarkable species, near E. cinnabarinum. [Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 8.) aurantiacum Bateman MSS. orange-coloured ^ (23 cu O Guatemala ... D p.r.w. This is a most remarkable species, which Mr. Bateman was doubtful whether to refer to an epidendrum, an encyclia, or a cattleya. In habit it approaches E. clavatum. [Bot. Beg., n. s., p. 8.) tibicinis Bateman MSS. piper's fi [23 spl 9 ... Ro Honduras 1836 D p.r.w. " By far the most magnificent species of the genus. Flowers of the size and colour of Cattleya labiata. Scape 3 yards long. The hollow cylindrical stems are used as trumpets by the native children : hence the name. (Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 8.) Booth/(>HH?« Lindl. Booth's ^ [23 cu J s G Cuba 1835 D p.r.w. This curious plant is a native of the Havannah, whence it was brought by Captain Sutton of Flushing, near Falmouth, and added to Sir Charles Lemon's collection at Carclew. It is allied to E. variegatum Bot. Mag. (Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 7.) *floribundum Hoo/c. many-flowered jg 23 el 1 n G.B Mexico ... D p.r.w Bot. mag. 3637. Imported by Messrs. Loddiges, some years ago, from Mexico. The flowers of their plant were considerably larger than those supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. liS of some wild specimens gathered on the Amazon River by Dr. l^oeppig. It continues a long time in flower, and has a par- ticularly neat and pleasing appearance. Humboldt found it in woods near St. Jean de Bracamoros and the Amazon River ; and Mr. Henchman, in Demerara, [Dot. Mag., Feb.) *ochrkceum Lhidl. oclire.coloured ^ ED cu J jl Y Mexico ... D p.r.w Dr. Lindley says : " I have long since called this plant En- cyclia ochracea ; but I am now convinced that the genus Enc^'clia must be reduced to Epidendrum." A figure, &c., will hereafter appear. [Bot. Reg., Feb.) *Schoniburgk/V Lindl. Schomburgk's ^ 23 el 2 ... S S. America ... D p.r.w. A noble species in the way of E. elongatum, with bright scarlet flowers. {Bot. Reg., P'eb.) *fucatum Lindl. stained ^ E] cu 1 jl G.B Havannah 1835 D p.r.w. A curious species, imported from Havannah, and which flowered in Sir Charles Lemon's collection at Carclew in Jul}', 1837. {Bat. Reg., Feb.) *CIRRHOPE'TALUJI I.indl. TiiF. Cirriiopetalum. (From kirrhos, lawny, and petalon, a petal; in allu. sioii to the prevailing colour of the flowers.) [t.ll. *ThouarsH Lindl. Thouars's i^ El cu 1 jl Y.B Society Isles ... D p.r.w Bot. reg. n. s. One of the most extensively diff'used of the epiphytal Orchi- daceae; having been found in the Society Islands, Java, the Isles of France and ]Mada<>ascar, and Manilla. Nothino- can be more singular than the long strap-shaped sepals which grow from one side of the flowers, and almost bear them down v.ith their weight. {Bot. Reg., Feb.) i2537. LISSOCHPLUS *parvifl6rus Lindl. small-flowered ^ [Z3 or 1 d P.R Algoa Bay ... D p.r.w. A rare species, which flowered, in December, 1837, in the col- lection of Messrs. Loddiges. The leaves are plaited like those of a Blelm, and the sepals are a dull greenish purple. [Bot. Reg., Feb.) »tl2. STANHO^PE.^ [Bot. reg. n. s. t. 5. 285316 quadricornis Lindl. four-horned _^ (23 pr 2 jn Y. spot, with R Spanish Main ... D p.r.w An exceedingly pretty species of Stanhopefir, allied to S. ocu- lata. It was received from the Spanish Main by S. Rucker, Esq., jun., of Wandsworth, who states that the pseudo-bulbs and leaves are extremely like those of S. grandiflora. (Bot. Reg., Jan.) Under this species, a long extract is given from the Sertum Orc/iidaceum, }i\sl published, describing the management of ter- restrial Orcliidaceae at Chatsworth, drawn up by Mr. Paxton. The}^ are grown in pots, filled and heaped up with fibrous mo- derately sandy peat, broken into various forms and sizes, but none less than a walnut, and thoroughly drained, not only by filling the pots two thirds full of broken pots, but by carrying up a column of the same material as high as the cone of peat, which is raised above the rim of the pot, and on which the plant is 14i FloricuUural and Botanical Notices, placed. To give stabilit}' to the cone of peat, every stratum of lumps, as it is put on, is pegged down with wooden pegs, with- out which firmness no plant whatever will venture to protrude its roots. The general temperature ranges from 60° to 85°. Great advantage is found in having a tan-bed in which to plunge the plants, which causes them to grow with the greatest vigour. Ver}' little water is given to the roots, especially in winter ; the great desideratum in the cultivation of Orchidacejje being to pre- serve the roots, which, b}" over-watering, especially in winter, are apt to be destroy ed. Mr. Paxton concludes with the following summary of rules, which, as coming from so successful a grower, will be highly prized by the gardener who has this interesting description of plants under his care. Air. Terrestrial Orchidacefe should never have a great vo- lume of external air admitted at once, however fine the weather may be. To prevent the house becoming too hot, a thick canvass shading should be drawn over it diu'ino; sunshine. Light. The best aspect for an orchidaceous house is due south ; and the house should be made to admit as much light as possible. In summer, a thick canvass is always put on the house, to prevent the bright sun damaging the plants. In winter, every ray of light is advantageous to the plants. Heat, During the growing season, Orchidaceae require a moderately moist heat, varying from 65° to 85° ; in the dormant season, from 60° to 75° is quite sufficient ; in the season of rest, the house should be kept dry. Water. With this element more damage is done than by all the others put together. Orchidaceee in pots should be sparingly watered in the growing season : in the dormant state, little or no water should be given. The secret of growing these plants is, to take care never to kill the old roots : when too much water is given, while the plants are not in a growing state, almost all the old roots invariably perish. The brief account here given refers entirely to plants potted in a peat soil : those grown in moss, and on bits of wood, re- quire quite a different treatment. Lindley; Zuccar Lindley's ^23 or 1 au Br.R Mexico ... D p.r.w It does not appear to be distinct from S. oculata, differing principally in the colour of its flowers, which are a dull, pale, brownish red on the sepals and petals, while the spots on those parts are comparatively inconspicuous. The bright yellow, so great an ornament to the lip of the original S. oculata, is want- ing, and is replaced by the dull vinous (port wine) stain of the other parts. [Bot. Beg., n. s., p. 3.) [D p.r.w Sert. orchid. 1. 1. *devoni^nsis Linrf/. DuAe o/" Devonshire's £ US spl 2 au O. spotted with R Mexico P1837 Synonymes : Coatxonte Coxoc/iill sen Lyncca Hernandez Thesaur. Her. Med. Nov. Hisp., p. 266. ; Aiigul6a HeriiandSz/V Kunth Synops., i. p. 332. ; Maxilliiria lyncea Gen ct Sp. Orch., p. 151. supplementary to Eiicyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 145 A noble plant, which flowered for the first time in Britain in the epiphyte house at Chatsworth, in August, 1837; "and cer- tainly there never was a more beautiful sight than when it ex- panded its large, rich, leopard-spotted blossoms, in all the perfection of their singular form and deep soft colours. The full-blown flowers measured nearly 4^ in. across, and emitted a very agreeable odour, resembling a combination of chimo- nanthus, heliotrope, and the perfume called Marechal." Dr. Lindley considers that this was the famous lynx flower of Her- nandez, alluded to by Mr. Bateman (XIII. p. 509.). It approaches nearly to S, tigrina, " and the Mexican plant, the rival of this in beauty, which is about to appear in Mr. Bateman's mag- nificent publication." There is nothing remarkable in the foliage or manner of flowering, except that the furrow which terminates the upper side of the leaf, at the lower end does not run through to the pseudo-bulb, but loses itself about half-way down the petiole. This peculiarity, which was pointed out to Dr. Lindley by Mr. Paxton, is to be found in no other species hitherto introduced. "The success with which epiphytes are there cultivated by Mr. Paxton is wonderful ; and the climate in which this is effected, instead of being so hot and damp, that the plants can only be seen with as much peril as if one had to visit them in an Indian iunfjle, is as mild and delijihtful as that of Madeira. As to luxuriance of growth, never have they been seen in their native woods in such perfect beauty." The essence of Mr. Paxton's mode of culture we had previously abridged from the Botanical Register, and it will be found in p. 144. 2J47. DENDRO'BIUM [orchid. t3. *n6b\\e Lindl. noble £ El pr 2 f Gsh. Y. tipped with P China ?18o6 D p.r.w Sert. Dendrobium is one of the handsomest of the Asiatic genera of Orchidaceae ; and D. nobile, says Dr. Lindley, "must be con- sidered the handsomest of all Dendrobia. Its very stems are so bright and transparent, that they form a beautiful object; and the effect of the brifjht fji-een veins of the leaf-sheaths seen throu";h the semitransparent skin, is very striking. The flowers are un- rivalled for delicacy of texture and gracefulness of form ; at first nodding, as if their slender stalks were unable to sustain their weight; and then, as they disentangle their ample folds, as- suming a horizontal position, with the rich trumpet-shaped lip forming an apparently solid centre, they seem purposely to raise themselves to the distinct view of the beholder." This species was introduced from China by Mr. Reeves, who bought the plant in the market at Macao, and does not know in what part of China it is found wild. It flowered with Messrs. Loddiges in 1837; but in what year it was introduced is not mentioned. It is most nearly allied to D. moniliforme. [Bot. Beg., t. 1314.) Vol. XIV. — No. 9G. l 146 Florictiltural and Botanical Notices, 2566ft. *SACCOLA^BIUM Bhmie SaccolabiUsI. (From saccus, a sack, and labium, a lip.) OrchidAcece, *bifidum Lindl. bifid j« E] cu § d Pk.Y Manilla ? 1837 D p.r.w. A pretty species of this interesting genus of epiphytes, with the habit of a small vanda. It was received by Messrs. Lod- diges from Manilla, where it had been collected by Mr. Cuming. [Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 3.) 2S58a. *PESOME^RIA Thouars. Pesomeria. {Trompipto (pe«o), to fall, and »»«-os, apart; because the sepals are'spontaneously thrown oft" from the flower shortly after they have expanded, just as leaves are thrown off the stems of many of these plants, when they receive a sudden check, and then the petals and labellum only remain to constitute the flower.) Orckiddcea:. *teUaghna. Thouars i-^\xr.cotnered-stemmed £;[Z3 cu 2 d Br Isle of France 1837 D p.r.w. It was introduced from the Isle of France by Messrs. Lod- diges. {Bot. Reg., n. s., p. 4.) l^iltacece, 1050. THYSANO'TUS *proliferus imrf/. proliferous £ i 1 cu 1 au P N. S. W. ... S r.l Bot reg. n.s. 1 8. For this beautiful Swan River plant, as for several others, our gardens are indebted to Robert Mangles, Esq., of Sun- ning Hill. The fringed margin of the petals in this species, as in all the others of the genus, form a remarkable feature, and one which will cause some species or other of the genus to be much sought after in collections. T. proliferus is rather difficult to keep ; for, in winter, the least frost or wet destroys the roots. It may be grown either in pots in a green-house, or in the bed of a pit, from which the frost ought to be completely excluded. When done flowering, and the seeds are ripe, moisture should be withdrawn, in order that the root may have a period of rest. {Bot Reg., Feb.) 2553. CATTLE^Y^ 2-2726a *Perrinji Lindl. Perrin's j« CZ3 or 1 ... P Brazil ... D p.r.w Bot reg. n. s. t. 2. This species is a native of Brazil, and is not unlike C. labiata, although inferior to it in beauty. It has been named after Mr. Perrin, Mr. Harrison's intelligent gardener, under whose care so many fine South American epiphytes have been for the first time brought into flower in this country. " Like the rest of the genus, this requires to be grown in a moist stove, the tempera- ture of which may be kept from 60° to 70° of Fahr. in winter, and from 70° to 90°, or even 100°, with sun heat, in summer. It is propagated, like the other plants of this order, by divisions of the rhizoma, or rootstock, with a stem adhering to them. The soil should consist of good peat, broken or cut into pieces, 1 in. or 1^ in. square. The pots should be about half-filled with broken bricks, or something of that description, to carry off" superfluous water; and, if they are plunged in a tan-bed, this will allow the heat to rise more freely than if the pots were wholly filled with soil. It is of the greatest importance to pre- serve and encourage the roots ; and, as they are generally pro- truded near the surflice of the soil, it should be raised several inches above the level of the pots, in a pyramidal form, in order that they may have full room to push out." (Bot. Reg., Jan.) supplementarij to E7icyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 14-7 Cattleya.. — This is one of the most beautiful of the Orchi- daceae. A superb specimen of C. crispa flowered in the Or- chidege house at Chats worth in the summer of 1837, and is figured in Paxton's Magazhie of Botany for February, 1838. From the unusual number of flowers produced, Mr. Paxton ob- serves, " it may be regarded as a striking illustration of the high degree of perfection to which orchideous plants may, and will eventually, be brought, when their habits, and the treatment they require in cultivation, become understood among the admirers of this, the most beautiful, and by far the most interesting, family of plants known in the vegetable world. When seen with three or four flowers on a stem, the usual number produced, it is a splendid object; but when, as in this instance, with seven, it is much more so. The fan-like arrangement of the flowers upon the stalk, the depth of richness in the velvety purple of the lip, and the snowy whiteness of the undulated petals and sepals con- trasted with the deep green of the leaves, produce a display of beauty rarely seen in the Orchideae house. It is a native of Rio Janeiro, whence it was sent, in 1826, to the London Hor- ticultural Society, by Sir Harry Chamberlayne, Bart. Since that time, many plants have been introduced ; and now, although not common, it may be found in most of the leading collections, and will, ere long, doubtlessly be in the possession of every zealous cultivator in the kingdom. The genus Cattley« is less difficult of cultivation than most growers imagine. The majority err in keeping the plants in an atmosphere too hot and humid : others, equally in the wrong, give too much water to the roots in winter, when the plant is, or ought to be, dormant. By the practice of the first, the plants grow delicate and weakly, and are unable to push flowers ; while the result of the second is, rotten, or greatly injured, roots, so that the plant cannot make a good growth the succeeding season, for want of good roots. Now, as the cattleyas thrive best in a degree of heat below that required for the major part of orchideous plants, and as they are too few in number to have a house appropriated to themselves, the best place is to set them at the coolest end of the house in which they are grown, when they will thrive and flower much finer than before. At Chatsworth, the degree of heat given to cattleyas, as near as we can tell, varies, in the growing season from 70° to 75°, and, in winter, from 60° to Qb°. During the growing season, the roots are liberally supplied with water, and tiie whole plant is, say once a week in fine weather, sprinkled over in the evening with a syringe or fine rose. In the winter, the roots are kept nearly dry, and the top of the plant is not watered at all. It is customary, towards 3 or 4 o'clock during summer, to throw a little water on the path and flue, which renders the atmosphere moderately humid, and greatly refreshes L 2 118 LincUei/s Scrtum Orchidaccum. and strengiiens the plant." [Paxt. Mag. of Bot., vol. v. p. 6.) We are happy to see some improvement in the colouring of the plates of Paxton's Magazine, but it is still not what it ought to be in this respect. REVIEWS. Art. I. Sertum Orchidaceum ; a Wreath of the most beautiful Or- chidaceous Flo-.vers. Selected by John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University College, London, and in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, &c. Part I. Folio, 5 plates. London. Price 1/. 5s. " In consequence of the growing taste for the cultivation of tropical orchideous plants, and the impossibility of doing justice to many of those noble epiphytes in the small plates of the cheap botanical periodicals of the day, Messrs. Ridgvvay have been induced to make arrangements with Professor Lindley for the publication of a selection of the most remarkable of the tribe, in a manner worthy of their interest and beauty." (Advert.) The figures will be partly of species which may flower from time to time in the hot-houses of this country, and partly of some of those magnificent plants of this order, which are at present unknown in Europe in a living state. " It is expected that by this means cultivators will have the advantage of knowing in what countries to seek for such kinds as it is most desirable to procure, and will also know when the specimens they already possess have arrived at the greatest perfection of which they are susceptible." (Ibid.) This work, therefore, though it may be considered as ranking with the Orchidacea; of Mr. Bateman, is evidently not intended to be so much a work of luxury as that work ; and, therefore, in estimating its comparative merits, it may be looked on as a collec- tion of botanical figures, but on a larger scale, and more highly finished, than is generally the case in such works. The Ser- tum " will be completed in twenty folio numbers, each containing five plates, highly finished from drawings expressly made for the purpose by Miss Drake. They will appear every three months, price 25s. each ; and ten numbers will form a volume." The figures in the part before us are beautifully coloured, par- ticularly Dendrobium nubile; though in some of them there is a coarseness of outline and of shading, which we hardly expected from the lithography of M. Gauci. In our opinion, the finish of most of the plates in the Floral Cabinet is superior, in point of delicacy, either to those of the Serttim Orchidaceum, or the Orchi- dacecjc of Mexico and Gvatemala. Dr. Lindley's figures are, however, to be considered only as botanical portraits, not as works of art. We are <|uite aware that botanists very properly Lindlei/s Seriwn Orchidacewn. 149 place a much higher vakie on botanical accuracy, than on beauty of execution; but we think that, in such works as Mr. Bate- man's and Dr. Lindley's botii ought to be united in a high degree. To enable the reader who has an opportunity of seeing the Sertum and the Floral Cabinet to judge for liimself, we re- quest him to compare Stanhopes devoniensis, Sertum, pi. 1., with Myanthus barbatus. Floral Cabi7ict, 'No. 37.; Burlingtonm ve- nusta, Sertwn, pi. 2., with Cattley« labiata, Floral Cabinet, No. 26". The remainder of the plates of orchideous plants in the Floral Cabinet will very well bear comparison with the other plates in the Sertum and the Orcliidacea:. We call attention to this circumstance, as remarkable, ad as deserving the attention of Dr. Lindley and Mr. Bateman. It is evident that, if, in a cheap publication like the Floral Cabinet^ such superiority of execution can be produced, it only requires some improvement in the system of management to introduce at least an equal style of art in metropolitan publications of a more ambitious character. We feel confident that all the parties inte- rested will thank us for calling their attention to the subject. There can be no flowers more worthy of being represented in the highest style of art than those of the Oixhidaceae. It is almost needless to add that, though the Orchidacece and the Sertum are not absolute perfection in regard to the execution of the plates, yet they are in every other respect so excellent, and in pointy of magnificence so far before all other works on the Orchidaceae, that they cannot fail to command the admiration of all botanists and patrons of botany ; and there is no doubt in our minds, that, in this country, and at the present time, the demand for them will be such as to pay their respective authors for their liberality and public spirit in undertaking such works. It is true the great demand of the public is for low-priced works, but there is also a demand for what is truly excellent, without regard to price. The Sertum Oixhidaceum is dedicated to the Duke of Devonshire, in the following words: ''To the munificent patron of art, the princely friend of science, especially of botany ; at whose conmiand the noble palace and gardens of Chatsworth have been created, rather than restored, in the heart of the wild hills of Derbyshire, this history of some of the most beautiful of his favourite flowers is gratefully dedicated by His Grace's most faithful and most devoted servant, — The Author." The species described in Part i. are : Stanhopes devoniensis, pi. i. ; Burlington/a venusta, pi. ii. ; Dendrobium nobile, pi. iii. ; Cymbidium giganteum, pi. iv. ; Cattl^ya bicolor, pi. v. f. i. ; Sophronkis grandiflora, pi. v. f. 2. I'iie first and the third of these are introduced ; and such particulars of them as are necessary to enable us to enter them in their proper places in 1 50 Lindlci/s Saturn Orchidacewn. the Hortiis Britannicus, will be found under Floricultural No- tices. The remaining species are figured from drawings lent to Dr. Lindley by Baron Delessert and the East India Company. They are as follows : — BurUngtbmn vem'ista Lindl., pi. ii., noticed in Bot. Reg.^ in the text to 1. 1927., is at present only known from a drawing made in Brazil by M. J. T. Decourtilz, and forming part of a manuscript description, with figures, now the property of M. le Baron Benjamin Delessert. " As I have," says Dr. Lindley, " the permission of their liberal proprietor to publish such as are most remarkable in this collection, I shall have frequent occasion to avail myself of its materials in illustration of the present work." There is no description of B. venusta among Descourtilz's MSS. ; but, as the species comes very near Burlingtonm fragrans Lmdl., described and figured by Descourtilz, the description of that species is given, as the best attempt that can be made at present to get some idea of B. venusta. Nothing is known of the habits, or parts of Brazil where B. venusta is found. B. fragrans is remarkable for the fragrance which its flowers exhale of jonquil or of some water lily. " It grows among the topmost branches of the cedrela, in the districts of Morro-Quemado and Macabe, and near the city of Bom Jesus de Bananal, blossoming in October." Cymbidhim giganteum Wall. Cat., No. 7355., LindLGen. et Sp. Orch., p. 163., and Lindl. Sertum, pi. iv. " The most striking of all the plants belonging to the true genus Cymbidium ; a native of Nepal, where it was discovered by Dr. Wallich in 1831. Dr. Lindley 's figure is prepared after a drawing made at the time of its discovery, and liberally placed at his disposal, for publication, by the East India Company. The leaves are upwards of 2 ft. long. The flowers are large, rather closed, and of a dull purple colour. Cattleija. hicolor Lindl. Sert. Orch., t. v. f. 1., Bot. Reg. in letterpress to t. 1919. A very distinct Brazilian species, only known from the drawing of M. Descourtilz, who speaks of it as follows: — " This beautiful plant grows at a great elevation on the trunks and branches of the largest trees, where it sometimes forms an enormous tuft. I have only found it In the neighbour- hood of Bom Je^us de Bananal. Its flower endures for a great while, opens In the month of April, and exhales the sweet smell of the garden pink." SophroJiitis grandiflora Lindl. Sert. Orch., t. v. f. 2. ; syn. Catt- leya coccinea i^o^. lieg.^ t. 1919., in letterpress ; E'pidendrc pon- ceau Descourtilz^ s Draxvings, pi. x. p. 27. A most brilliant little epiphyte, found in Brazil by M. Descourtilz, upon the high moun- tains that separate the district of Bananal from that of II ha Grande. It grows there in abundance upon falling and decaying Morton's Nature and Propcriij of Soils. 151 trees : its scentless flowers appear in June." Roots long, flex- uose, dead while. Leaf solitary, thick, tongue-shaped. Flower with all its parts of a bright vermilion red or orange. Art. II. On the Nature and Property!/ of Soils; their Connexion tvith the geological Formation on tvhich they rest ; the best Means of permanently increasing their Productiveness ; and on the Rent and Profits of Agriculture, By John Morton. Small 8vo, pp. 235. The subject of soils has never yet been treated chemically or geologically, in such a way as to be of much real use to the cul- tivator. After all that has been written on the subject, what scientific gardener or farmer (Mr. Gorrie, for example, who unites both characters), if he were sent over an estate, to select the soil and situation most suitable for a kitchen-garden, or an orchard, or that which would produce the greatest return in corn of any kind, would not form his judgment on the kind and con- dition of the plants growing on it, rather than on digging up samples of the soil for inspection or experiment. Taking a broad general view of the subject, soils are the earths or rusts of rocks mixed with organic matter ; and, as there are a great many different kinds of rocks in ever}' country, there must, necessarily, be a great many different kinds of soils : for example, some in which the earth is almost entirely composed of what may be called the simple rocks, such as limestone, sandstone, or slate- stone ; others, in which the earths are composed almost entirely of compound rocks, such as granite, schist, &c. Now, in ex- amining the surface of a country in which these and other rocks abound, we shall find the same grasses, trees, and other plants, growing on all of them. We shall find elms, oaks, grass, docks, and thistles, and hundreds of other plants, equally vigorous in soils formed of the debris of granite, limestone, sandstone, basalt, &c. It is clear, therefore, that the vigour of the plant does not depend on the kind of earth of which the soil is composed. But soils, relatively to plants, are liable to be affected in various other ways : by the state of mechanical division of the earths composing them ; by the quantity of organic matter they con- tain ; by their fitness for holding water in suspension, or allowing it to escape ; by their inclination to the sun ; and by other simi- hir circumstances. All these circumstances may be readily judged of by an experienced cultivator, from the plants growing on the soil; and, therefore, we conclude that the state of mecha- nical division, the quanti^ of organic matter, and the condition relatively to water and to heat, are the only important points for a cultivator to consider relatively to soils ; and, again, we say that all these may be more readily judged of by the plants growing on L 4 152 Morton^ s Ncdiire and Froj)crty oj Soils. the surface, than by any other means whatever. While we state this, we readily admit that the geological and chemical study of soils is of very great importance with reference to their improve- ment ; and that, without a considerable degree of this kind of knowledge, no man need attempt to improve an unproductive soil, so as to render it permanently productive. The author of the little work before us has adopted the following mode of treat- ing his subject. He commences by observing that " The surface of the earth partakes of the nature and colour of the subsoil or rock on which it -ests. " The principal mineral in the soil of any district is that of the geological formation under it ; hence, we find argillaceous soil resting on the various clay formations — calcareous soil over the chalk — and oolitic rocks, and silicious soils, over the various sandstones. On the chalk, the soil is white; on the red sandstone, it is red ; and on the sands and clays, the surface has nearly the same shade of colour as the subsoil. " The lime, potash, and iron, existing in various proportions in the rock, are acted on by the atmosphere, and the rock is decomposed ; some of it into fine impalpable matter, some into sand, and some into coarse gravel or rubble. " The surface is composed of the same materials as the subsoil, with the addition of vegetable and animal matter, in every state of decay, intimately mixed with it ; and we perceive a change in the external appearance of the surface, whenever there is a change in the subsoil below. " The similarity of the materials which compose each of the geological formations with those which compose the soil resting on it, will be easily dis- cerned ; and their seeming difference may be owing to the vegetable and co- louring matter in the soil. Iron, on being exposed to the atmosphere, becomes oxidised, forming the oxide of iron, and gives a redder colour to the soil than that which is exhibited by the subsoil. " The connexion which subsists between the soil and the subjacent rock or subsoil is, in our opinion, of great importance, as a knowledge of it would form the best foundation for a classification of soils ; and would always convey some idea of the nature and quality of the materials of which the soil is com- posed." He next gives an outline of the main body of each of the geological formations in England, and its connexion with the surface. These formations consist of earths of transportation ; alluvial soil ; diluvium ; peat moss, or bog ; London clay ; plas- tic clay; chalk formation; green sand formation; gault; oak tree, or Weald clay ; iron sand, or Hastings sand ; coral rag, calcareous grit, Aylesbury and Portland stone ; the Oxford, clunch, or fen clay ; oolite formation ; inferior oolite, and calcare- ous ferruginous sand; blue lias ; new red sandstone, or red sand ; magnesian limestone; coal formation ; millstone grit; carboni- ferous, or mountain, limestone ; old red sandstone ; grey wacke and clay-slate ; granitic formation ; basaltic rocks. The descrip- tions of these formations, and the noti^S respecting their agricul- tural character, occupy upwards of one hundred pages. The classification of soils is next treated of; and this is done more in what may be called a practical manner, with reference to Mortufh Nature and PwpeHij of Soils. 153 agriculture, than scientifically, with regard to the geological or chemical constituents of soils. All the soils of England may be classed under aluminous, calcareous, and silicious soils. Thus : — Aluminous soils include the London clay, the plastic clay, the Weald clay, and the clay of the coal formation : there is little or no calcareous matter in the soils resting on these formations. The blue lias, the gault : there is a considerable portion of cal- careous matter in the soil of these, but less silicious matter than in others. Calcareous soils include, the lower chalk marl, some of the gault, the clay of the oolite : the soils resting on these formations are formed of impalpable matter. The diluvium on the Oxford clay, the diluvium on the blue lias : these are calcareous gravelly soils. The upper chalk, some of the lower chalk, the shelly oolite, the great oolite : the soils on these formations are com- posed of fragments of calcareous rock, with little or no silicious matter in their composition. The coral rag, the lower oolite, the magnesian lime, the carboniferous lime : the soils on these formations are composed of fragments, and have a considerable portion of silicious matter in their composition. Silicious soils include the sand of the plastic clay, the iron sand, the sand of the coal formation, the millstone grit, the old red sand, the granite formation : the soils on these formations are composed of very friable, loose, dry sand, with very little aluminous, and no calcareous, matter in their composition. The diluvium on the plastic clay, the diluvium on the gault, the di- luvium on the new red sand, the diluvium on the coal formation; these form gravelly strong soils, with a considerable portion of clay in their composition. The greywacke and clay-slate, some of the basalt : these soils are composed of fragments. The al- luvial, the green sand, the new red sand, the old red sand, or red marl of Hereford, some of the basalt : all these soils have cal- careous matter with silex and clay in their composition, and are of the first quality. The author next gives some paragraphs on the principles of vegetable life ; the effects produced by the sun and air on vege- tation ; water ; air ; analysis of vegetables ; nature and proper- ties of the minerals which compose different soils ; silex, alumina ; lime ; loam ; the properties and use of soil and subsoil ; with other subjects ; and he concludes with remarks on fallowing, and various agricultural processes. On the whole, he has produced a work which may be perused witii advantage by the young cultivator, whether a gardener or a farmer. Perhaps it is not too much to say of it, that it is the most practically useful treatise on soils which has been published since the time of Sir Humphry Davy. l^i. Arnofi on Warming afid Ve?itilaiing. Art. III. On Liquid Manures. By Cuthbert W. Johnson, Esq., Barrister at Law, Corresponding Member of the Maryland Hor- ticultural Society. Pamph. 8vo, 39 pages. What the English cultivator requires chiefly to have impressed on his mind, with reference to liquid manure, is, the absolute necessity of fermenting it, *wliere it is to he made the most of. This Mr. Johnson has stated in a quotation, in his fourth, fifth, and sixth pages ; and we wish he had stopped there, and endeavoured to impress on the mind of the reader the necessity and advan- tages of fermentation. This he had an admirable opportunity of doing, from an article published in the Qiiarterli/ Journal of Agriculture (vol. vii. p. 44'5. to ^12.), about nine months before the date of his pamphlet. Art. IV. On Warming and Ventilating; "with Directions for mak- ing and using the Thermometer Stove, or self-regulating Fire, and other Apparatus. By Neil Arnott, M.D., F.R.S., &c.. Physician Extraordinary to the Queen, Author of the "Elements of Physics," &c. 8vo, pp.138. We have more than once in preceding volumes, strongly recom- mended Dr. Arnott's Elements of Physics to the young gardener; and, though the work now before us belongs rather to domestic economy and architecture, than to horticulture, yet it is a work that every man who lives in apartments warmed artificially may benefit by perusing. We are much mistaken if the stove in- vented by Dr. Arnott does not prove one of the greatest bless- ings to society, in the way of heating, that it has ever participated in since the invention of chimneys. In our two preceding Num- bers (p. 57. and 95.), we have spoken highly of Mr. Joyce's stove, mentioning it as one, perhaps, of the most extraordinary disco- veries which had been made since the invention of gunpowder; viz., the combustion of fuel without the production of deleterious gases. There is nothing inconsistent, as might at first sight be supposed, in our equal admiration of the two inventions ; for the two together may, perhaps, be considered as supplying every de- sideratum that can be required in a dwelling-house in the way of warming. For heating rooms and closets that have no chim- neys, for heating particular parts of rooms, or, in short, for carry- ing about a supply of heat to be immediately made use of in any part of the house, us one carries about a supply of light by means of a lamp or a candle, recourse will be had to Joyce; but for keep- ing at a steady temperature rooms that have chimneys, at little expense, Arnott's stove is decidedly the one that claims the pre- ference. Mr. Joyce, when we had last the pleasure of seeing him, was of opinion that his stove would be a source of great economy Catalogue of Works on Gardenings S)C. 155 to cottagers ; and, undoubtedly, this would have been the case, had not Dr. Arnott's invention appeared subsequently. Dr. Arw nott's stove, we think, must have the preference for the poor man ; because, though, to act in the best manner, it requires a fuel not bituminous, or apt to cake, such as charcoal, stone coal, or coke, yet it will act tolerably well with any kind of wood, coal, peat, &c. Whereas Mr. Joyce's stove will not act at all, without fuel prepared according to his patent. In the Architectural Magazine for this month, we liave gone more into detail respecting Dr. Arnott's stove, illustrating the subject with woodcuts; and we shall therefore defer any further notice of it here till our next Number, when these cuts will be disengaged, and at the service of the Ga7-de?ier's Magazijie. Art. V. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture^ Botany^ Rural Architecture, Sfc, lately published, tvith some Account of those considered the more interesting. MoNOGRAPHlE de la Famille des ConifereSy par M. Jacques, Jar- dinier en Chef du Domaine Royal de Neuilly, Membre de la Societe d' Horticulture, &c. Extrait des " Annales de Flore et de Pomone." Pamph. 8vo, 80 pages. A catalogue that will be useful to the cultivators in the neigh- bourhood of Paris. The same genera are given, as belonging to the Coniferae, as in the Arboretum Britanniamiy except that Tax- aceae is included, and Casuarina added, as a genus related to the Coniferae. Among the species of pines in cultivation in the Paris gardens, which M. Jacques cannot refer to any of the regular sections, are : Pinus cseriilea Lodd. Cat.^ which is ^^bies cserulea; Pinus novazelandica Lodd. Cat., which is nothing more than P. Pinaster; P. scarina Cels.y which is P. escarena Risso; P. Pinaster escarenus Arb. Brit. ; P. nepalensis Hart, (a name which, in England, is sometimes applied to P. excelsa, sometimes to P. Geravdid?ia, and sometimes to P. longiftMia; so that, unless we saw the plant, we cannot say what it is) ; and P. Neosa, which is P. GGvardidna. The author confines himself chiefly to short popular descrip- tions ; with occasional notices respecting culture, in the Paris garden in which the species is contained. Histoire du Cedre du Liban, par M. Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Membre de I'Acadcmie de Medecine, de la Societe lloyale et Centrale d' Agriculture, de la Societe lloyale d'Horticulture, &c. Pamph. Svo, 66 pages, one plate. M. Loiseleur Deslongchamps is well known among botanists as the author of the article on the Pine and P'ir Tribe in the Nouveau Du Hamcl. He has here reprinted the essence of what he had there stated respecting the cedar, added some recent infor- 156 Catalogue of Works on Gardening, S^c, mation, and corrected the error which he, some other French wi'iters, and Mr. Lambert, had fallen into, in making the cedar a native of Siberia. He does not, however, appear to be aware of the fact that the cedar is a native of Africa; shoots, cones, and wood having been sent home from Morocco by the English consul there to Mr. Lambert. The latest news from Mount Lebanon respecting the cedars, given in M. L. Deslongchamps's book, is by M. Laure, an officer in the French marine, who visited Mount Lebanon in September, 1836. " There is not one young cedar," M. Laure observes, " in all the wood of El- Herze. The soil of the Forest of Lebanon, on which there was not a single blade of grass in September, 1836, is covered, to the thickness of half a foot, with the fallen leaves, the cones, and scales of the cedars ; so that it is almost impossible for the seeds of the trees to reach the ground, and germinate." {Laure in the Cultivateur Provencal, p. 317. to 323., as quoted in Des- longchamps's Histoire du Cedre, &c., p. 63.) Verzeichniss V07i im Freien axisdauernden Stauden-Gexmchsen, 'isocl- clie Jiir heigesetzte Preise zu haben slnd hei Fried rich Adolph Haage, jun., Kunst- und Handels-Gartner in Erfurt. Catalogue of Seeds sold by Friedrich Adolph Haage, jun., Seeds- man and Florist, Erfurt (Germany). We recommend this last catalogue to those who are curious in their varieties of culinary vegetables. A great many sorts of these are cultivated at Erfurt ; and the seeds are sold by F. A. Haage at the prices affixed to each in his catalogue. There can be little doubt that many of his sorts are quite new to the English gardener. We recommend him to try them ; and this he may do by sending his orders to M. L. Hilsenberg, 29. Old Jewry, London, who will forward them to M. F. A. Haage in Erfurt. Observations on the Preservation of Health in Infancy, Youth, Manhood, and Age ; with the best Means of improving the moral and physical Condition of Man, prolonging Life, and promoting human Happiness. By John Harrison Curtis, Esq., Author of " Observations on the Preservation of Sight," " On the Preservation of Hearing," &c. 2d edition, small 8vo, pp. 162. Mr. Curtis recommends the erection of ornamental fountains in various places throughout the metropolis, for the sake of im- parting an appearance of coolness in the summer months, and keeping clear the sewers into whicli the superfluous water would fall ; to which recommendation we would, in addition, remind our readers of one given by Colonel Mason, some years back, of having jets in the centre of some of the public squares, and em- Miscellaneous Litelligence. \57 ploying such a powerful steam-engine as to throw a column of water 6 in. in diameter from 60 ft. to 80 ft. high. The steam-en- gine might be placed a good way off, in any mews or back street ; and, as the same water would be thrown up that fell down, there would be very little waste or expense in that way. One or two public-spirited individuals, in any of our squares, might easily get his neigbours to join in carrying such an idea into execution. Mr. Curtis is also in favour of places of exercise and recreation in the neighbourhood of all towns. He suggests the formation of a public botanic garden for London, in such a situation as the centre of the Regent's Park; and the throwing the gardens of the squares open at stated times to the public. Railroad travelling is men- tioned as highly congenial to health ; and he quotes from Dr. James Johnson's Mcdico-Chinirgical Review to the following effect: — " Railroad travelling possesses many peculiarities, as well as ad- vantages, over the common modes of conveyance. The velocity with which the train moves through the air is very refreshing, even in the hottest weather, where the run is for some miles. The vibratory, or rather oscillatory, motion communicated to the human frame is very different from the swinging and jolting motions of the stage-coach, and is productive of more salutary effects. It equalises the circulation, promotes digestion, tran- quillises the nerves (after the open country is gained), and often causes sound sleep during the succeeding night; the exercise of this kind of travelling being unaccompanied by that lassitude, aching, and fatigue, which, in weakly constitutions, prevents the nightly repose. The railroad bids fair to be a powerful remedial agent in many ailments to which the metropolitan and civic in- habitants are subject." (p. 134.) MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. Restrospective Criticism. Shriveling of Grapes. — In p. 87. 1. 18,, after the words " extent of the disease," read " (sometimes only a few berries are infected, sometimes nearly the whole in the bunch), continued to deepen in colour, and gradually become black ; the others (the diseased ones) cease to colovir, and remain of a brownish red tin^e." — G. A. Lake. Feb. 1838. Art. II. Queries and Answers. Effects of Frost on certain Species ofRrlca. — One of your correspondents, J. B. A. (p.l 11 . of the present Volume), has paid me a compliment, by wishing to know my opinion concerning the destruction of the stems of some iieaths in Kew Gardens by the late severe frost. It is an effect wliich I have often noticed, and had to deplore, in my time. It is remarkable, that our intelligent and worthy friend, Mr. M'Nab of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, put forth this very circumstance (in a small pamphlet published by him some years 15S London Horticultural Society and Garden. ago) as one of those inexplicable phenomena occurring among plants. If I mistake not, Mr. M'Nab added that the tender tops might be struck as cuttings, while the stems were shattered into shreds by the frost. It is well known that those plants which have the thinnest or most watery sap are more liable to be killed by frost than those which have gummy or resinous juices; those which have a flexible or yielding texture, are less liable to be ruptured than such as are rigid in habit ; clover is decomposed, while wheat is only withered, without any laceration of the leaves. So, in the case of heaths, the tops are flexible, and yield without fracture to the congelation within ; whereas the stems, though almost sapless, are so rigid in their vascular structure, that they are rent to pieces. A cast-iron tube of 6 in. diameter, and 2 in. bore, filled with water, and exposed to keen frost, will hurst as easily as a tube of paper; whereas a bladder filled and exposed in like manner will escape scathless, in consequence of the expansi- bility of the integument. I may be mistaken in this my supposition ; but it was the only reasoning which occurred to me, in accounting for the destruction alluded to, — /. Main. Chelsea, Feb. 9. 1838. Art. III. The London Horticultural Society and Garden. January 16. 1838. — Read. A paper " On the Cultivation of the Orange Tree in England," by the Right Hon. Sir Augustus Foster. Exhibited. Erdnthemum pulchellum, Corrae^a Milnen, Ardlsia crenulata, E'pacris impressa, Canarina campanulata, Euphorbia jacquinJ idea has been carried into execution in the gardens of the Lancaster Lunatic Asylum. — Cond. Method of training the Vine in the Pyrenees. (From Murray's Summer in the Pyrenees.) — " The valley of Arriege, between Tarascon and Foix, assumes a more quiet and gentle character ; mountains and sterile rocks giving place to hills, the slopes of which are productive in grain, and the warmer and more sheltered nooks clothed with vineyards. The manner in which the vines are planted and trained is peculiar. In all the corn-fields, the stones, which would otherwise encumber the soil, are gathered in heaps of various forms and sizes. Among these heaps of stones the vines are planted, and trained over them on poles or espaliers. The eiFect of this arrangement is beautiful; and the corn-fields may be taken for a garden; the knots of vines for its parterres." — J. B. W. Feb. 1838. This extract, kindly sent us by a correspondent, to whom we are much indebted, may afford useful hints to British gardeners in training both ornamental and fruit- bearing plants. — Cond. The Cedar of Lebanon and other Coniferce, — The Society for the Encourage- ment of National Industry of Paris have offered medals of gold, platina, and silver, for the largest plantations of cedars of Lebanon, and other resinous trees, to be determined in 1846. A new Straivberry is said to have been discovered, in a bed of seedlings in a garden near Paris, far superior to every other known kind. From a descrip- tion given in the Revue Horticolc, it appears to be nearly allied to the Hautbois. Reaping- Machine. — The Memoi'ial de PAllier mentions a very simple and ingenious machine, which had just been examined, the aim of which is an increase of produce to the cultivator, with less labour. Its other advantages are, the simplicity of the mechanism, the facility of construction, and the moderate price (15 francs at most). Two sickles ; seven or eight pieces of wood, some semicircles (demi-circles), and two yards of cloth, compose the materials. The corn is cut bv the play of the sickles in a breadth of 4 ft., and at the desired height. {UE'cho, ^c, Dec. 13. 1837.) GERMANY. The Cold in January, 1838. — In the Berlin Botanic Garden, on Jan. 16., we had 22° Reaum. below zero (18° below zero, Fahr.), with 2^ ft. of snow, and very little sun. E. Otto. — At Vienna, in January, the cold varied from 10° to 18° Reaum. below zero (from 8° to 9° below zero, Fahr.). C. Ranch. — At Frankfort, on Jan. 16., the cold was 21° Reaum. (16° below zero, Fahr.) F. Rinz. DENMARK. State of Gardening in Denmark. — In our endeavours to do justice, as we thought, to our correspondent M. Petersen, it seems we have given offence to his countrymen of the same profession. We publish the following letter, verbatim et literatim, because M. Petersen wishes it, and because he seems to think it necessary in order that he should stand well with his friends: — " Deal- Sir, Never have I nursed in my breast the least doubt of your good intentions and wishes to do me justice, as far as you thought I could deserve Foreign Notices: — North America. 187 it ; but, in the case in question, your friendship for me has induced you to go beyond the limits of my exertions in this country ; and my feehngs were sensibly affected at the perusal of your article in the Gardener s Magazine for October, which prompted me to write to you on the 21st of October. But, dear Sir, as you in your answer to my letter will not give me leave to print any of your letters in our papers, I take hereby the liberty to address you again, in order to find a proper way of clearing mistakes. " At different preceding periods, I have written to you, dear Sir, about the state of our gardening in Denmark, inserted in your Gardener'' s Magazine for July, 1826 J September, 1827 5 January, 1828; October, 1829, &c. Several great improvements have certainly taken place since that period, some of which I take the liberty to state, as well as several errors concerning gardening in this country inserted in the Gardener''s Magazine for October this year. " 1 have introduced into this country the mode of heating hot-houses by hot water in cast-iron pipes and boilers. Mostly all the houses for fruit and flower-forcing in this garden are worked by hot water ; and in several of the royal, and some private, gardens, about in the country, this mode of heating is now introduced, and I expect it will soon be quite general. "A better and proper construction of forcing-houses, similar to those erected in England, and some aired by ventilators in front and back, I have got built and introduced. " The culture in general, principally in the forcing department, is much improved in this garden : e. g., we have had the first ripe grapes in the beginning of May ; peaches, double montagne, by the end of May ; cut ripe pines almost all the year round. The hot-bed forcing equally early. I have introduced nearly all the sorts of pine-apples grown in England ; strawberries, Grove End scarlet, Knevett's pine, new scarlet pine, scarlet emperor, and new pine : all the Chinese chrysanthemums, some of the best English gooseberries ; several good green-house, and some stove, plants ; dahlias, many of the best and rare varieties, &c. &c. " I have not established the present Floricultural Society; but, having the honour of being a member, and, having for the last eighteen months, had the inspection of their garden, I have done in this respect every thing in my power, in a sensible way, to go on with improvements. At present, the Society has bought a piece of ground for a new garden ; but, not finding it answering the purpose, and, in view of economy, being of a different opinion, I have resigned my situation in the present Floricultural Society. That Society has given very much impulse to a better taste and improvements, for a better culture of flowers during its establishment, especially by intro- ducing many new and good plants. " The vegetable and fruit market at Copenhagen is, indeed, at all times in the year, as well supplied as any one can wish for in this country ; but it is not from any merit of mine. " Thus far the necessary explanations. You will, no doubt, dear Sir, wonder at my intruding upon your leisure on this seemingly trifling occasion; but you will, perhaps, give me right, when informed that I find myself in duty bound to it, by a publication in one of our newspapers of your October article for Denmark, which has been translated, and accompanied by low acrimonious observations on it I suppose, by a youth utterly destitute of knowledge in our profession; which publication, if not met with an adequate answer, would present me to my countrymen in a light I do not think I deserve, as my former relations to you on gardening in this country bear the best witness. I am, dear Sir, &c. &c., — J. P. Petersen. Copenhagen Royal Gardens, Rosenbiirg, Dec. 26. 1837." NORTH AMERICA. Philadelphia, Dec. W. 1837. I arrived here in June last, and immediately joined in his very flourishing establishment. I am likely to feel satisfied 1 8S Foreign Notices : — North America. with my engagement, so far as I am yet able to judge. Good gardeners are rare in this country, especially such as understand the management of the green- house, and particularly the propagating department. Many young Englishmen and Scotchmen here have too prematurely commenced business ; and, goaded on by the prevailing spirit of speculation which exists in this country, have outwitted themselves, and been unable to fulfil their engagements. With all these beacons set before me to avoid, I am nevertheless of opinion that a man, even with a small capital, who is steady and industrious, and who under- stands his business, may do well and make money fast ; but, in case I disap- point any one, I say he must work hard; and, although wages are high, articles of clothing are costly, woollen more especially. " I have made sev3ral tours through some of the neighbouring states, and visited Baltimore, Boston, and New York. In the latter, the march of im- provement is advancing very slowly. Mr. Hogg still takes the lead in rare and interesting plants. Thorburn is a geranium and dahlia grower. After having read and heard so much of 's celebrated nursery. Long Island, judging from what I saw, it is one of the greatest impositions, as a sale es- tablishment, that ever came under my notice. You must not believe all that Mr. Hovey says about the Bostonian gardens ; but, if you estimate them about 20 per cent lower than what he holds them up at, you will probably come near the truth. Baltimore is much on the same par with Boston : but T have not time to go into particulars. To give you an idea of what the Philadelphians have arrived at, I herewith send you a copy of the report of our annual exhibition, from Waldie's Circulating Library, a highly respectable weekly periodical. — W. F. B. [We have copied the article referred to by our esteemed correspondent, as well to show the extraordinary progress made in horticulture in Pennsylvania, as the account of different commercial gardens which are incorporated in it. — 0011(1.] Pennsylvania Horticultural Exhibition. — The tenth exhibition of the Penn- sylvania Horticultural Society was held at the Masonic Hall, on the 20th, 21st, and 22d of September, 1837 ; and great merit is due to the committee of arrangement for the splendour with which it was got up. On entering the saloon, a large oval table was placed before you, filled with the choicest exotics from the tropics to the arctic circle. In the centre, stood one of the beautiful palms of Ceylon, the Latdnia borbonica. A Cypripediuni insigne (a ladies' slipper), from India, excited much curiosity, from the extreme resemblance of its flower to wax. It is believed to be the first introduced into this country (there is another, the venustuni, from India; but the greater part of this beautiful family are indigenous). On the east and west of the centre table were circular ones, each crowned by a beautiful screw pine, the Panddnus iitilis, and the Panddnus spiralis, surrounded by a vast variety of that beautiful flower, the dahlia, of every tint and hue. At the east end of the saloon was a semicircular table, on wich was a large plant of the Astrapae^a WaUichii, surrounded by beautiful exotics : at the west end was a corre- sponding table, with another palm, the Latdnia borbonica; and near it a very large plant of the Crinum amabile, in full flower, one of the liliaceous family ; also the black and green teas, the black pepper, the camphor and cinnamon trees, with many of the choicest plants. The walls of the saloon were lined with tables, spread with beautiful plants. In one of the recesses was observed a most singular submarine production, from Singapore: it drew universal at- tention from its great size and appearance : it has received the appropriate appellation of Neptune's wine-cup ; and near this was a framework, having the silkworm in its various stages, from the recently produced worm to the finished cocoon. In the window recesses were displayed an immense number of dahlias. Near one of the east windows was a pyramid, 10 ft. high, by A. Drybnrgh, covered with various kinds of flowers, interspersed with evergreens. At one of the north windows was a beautiful architectural model of the United States Bank, by R. Buist, covered with a great variety of the finest; Foreign Notices : — North America. - 189 flowers ; and on the architrave stood inscribed, in high relief, " The Bank." The columns were covered with the petals of" crimson dahhas, and the whole was one of the most beautiful fairy productions imaginable. On the opposite side there was an imitation of a tree, 10 ft. high, by D. Maupay, covered with upwards of 4000 flowers of dahlias. On the ends of the branches were perched stuffed birds, of great beauty ; and on the top a dozen of the finest plumage, apparently in the act of perching, which had a good effect. These ar- tificial productions gave relief to the green shrubbery, and had a most pleasing appearance. Over the door of the north, or banqueting, room was a star of the first magnitude, by S. Reeve of New Jersey, and was composed of dahlias and evergreens. Immediately within the room arose a triangular column 16 ft. high, constructed by the same hand, covered with dahlia flowers. Through the centre of this room ran a stage having three elevations of one foot each : on the first two were displayed a splendid variety of the choicest fruits of the season, tastefully arranged in glass dishes. The top was crowned with fine grapes in pots. This stage was flanked by flowers, plants in pots, and vegetables of the best kinds. Over the door at the north end was an imitation of the American eagle, composed of various kinds of flowers to suit the plumage ; the eye beautifully represented by a flower of the Riidbeck/a hirta, strongly characteristic of the daring bird : the whole did Mr. Sherwood, the maker, great credit. On entering the room, notwith- standing the delicious fruits presented, the eye was suddenly arrested by two enormous purai)kins, one raised by Mr. John Wetherill of Chalkley Hall, near Frankford, measuring in girt 8 ft. 6 in., weighing 2.38 lb. ; the other by Thornton Comfort of Byberr^', measuring in girt 7 ft., weighing 188 lb. : they elicited great surprise. On one of the side tables was the i\^epenthes dis- tillatoria, or pitcher plant, from the East Indies, and the first exhibited in this country, being raised from seed by Mr. Buist. On the end of each leaf is a pitcher with a lid, which is elevated and depressed by circumstances: it is certainly one of the strange productions of nature, and excited much curiosity. Many of the exotics in this room were rare and beautiful ; a very large Crinura amabile in bloom, from the garden of George Pepper, Esq., was justly admired. The rooms, when viewed from any point, presented a beautiful perspective ; and it must have been highly gratitymg to the committee of arrangement to have heard encomiums every where passed on them by the immense numbers who visited the hall, where the beaut}', wealth, and intelligence of Philadel- phia were largely represented. Some only of the finest and rarest plants ex- iiibited are here enumerated. Plants contributed b^ J. B. Smith, Christian Street. — Astrapse^a Wallich», A. mollis, A. viscosa ; Ardisia littoralis, Adanson/ci digitata, Araucaria imbriciita ; Anona tripetala, A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. paliistris ; Arcca montana, A. oleracea, Acrocomia aculeata; Banksi« grandis, B. verticillata, B. mcoides, B. pulchella, B. Cunninghams j Beaufortic/ decussata, Beaumont/a grandiflora, Bo- napartea Juncea; Brexia serratifblia, B. integrifolia ; Cameraria latifolia, Ca- rissa spinarum, C'aryuta urens, CatesbteV^ spinosa, Cedrela odorata, Cerber« Jatroplni multifida, Jatropha Curcas, J. Mdnihot; Lalania borbonica, Xau- ....„ !.„:„. r •,.>..• .■,•■•>. Fothos crassinervia, Rhapis flabelliformis, Sabal Adanson/, Swieten/a Ma- hdgoni, Tamarindus \v\i\\cA, Taxus nucifera; Thrinax parviflora, T, ele^ans • Terminalia CV/Za/jyjr/, Xylophylla longifolia; Yucca fol. varieg., Zamia liorrida Z. pi'ingcns, Z. integrifolia; /^olypodiuni aureum, Bixa Orellunn. Plants exhibited hij George Pepper. — Dracaj'na purpurea, D. tcrminalis • Ziimia horrida, Bixa Orelluna, Eugenia australis, Musa sapientum, Zaurus 190 Foreign Notices : — North America. Benzoin, Areca oleracea, Livistonw mauritania, Rhapis flabelliformis, Crinum amabile, Phce'nix dactylifera, Cycas revoluta, Pitcairnza aculeata, Saccharura officinarum, Manettifit cordifblia, Tillandsia hvomeMcefdlia. Plants by R. Bidst. Cypripedium insigne, A^epenthes distillatoria, Eixony- mus jap6nicus fol. var.; Gardoquia Hookeri, Manettia cordifolia, Witsenia corymbosa, Lechenault/« formosa, Crinum amabile, Cereus spl^ndens, Rus- selia jiincea, Banksta Cunningliami, Torenia scabra, £'rica margaritacea, Brun- felsia americana, Scottia dentata, Passiflora kermesina, Boronzfi! serrulata, Gesnem Douglasw, G. rupestris ; Tliunberg/a fragrans ; E'pacris impressa, E. heteronemaj Hovea pannosa, Garrya ellipjica, Ferbena Tweedtraa, IpomcE^a Horsfallw. By T. Landreth. !3onaparteajuncea, Rochea falc^ta, i^icus elastica, iaurus Cinnamomum, Magnoh'a fuscata, Panddnus odoratissimus, i''icus nitida, TJiea viridis; Banksi'a microphylla, B. Cunningbami; Illicium onisatum. Citrus va- riegata, Corrse^a speciosa, Coffea arabica, i^icus costata, Diosma fragrans, Jus- t\cia picta, Agapanthus variegata, iaurus Camphora, Coccoloba uvifera, Tabernaemontana coronaria, Tarchonantbus camphoratus. By John M'-Arran. Agave americana varieg., Cjcas revoluta, OMea eu- ropae^a, Mimosa farnesiana, Melianthus major, Eugen/a Jdmbos, ^Vum escu- lentum, Phormium tenax, Rueliia salicifolia. Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Saccharum officinarum, Coffea arabica, Ardisia solanacea, /'lex variegata ; £rica vulgaris, E. mediterranea ; Fuchsia of different kinds, il/espilus ja- ponica, Paxus chinensis, Coffea bengalensis, Thea Bohea, T. viridis ; Picus elastica, A^eriura splendens, OHea fragrans, melaleucas of different kinds, and a variety of roses. By Colonel R. Carr. Paurus Cdmplwra, Quassia amara, Miisa rosacea, Piper nigrum, Ceratonia iSiliqua, Picus elastica, Coffea arabica, Phoe^nix dac- tylifera, Cjcas revoluta, cactuses of various kinds, Sapindus Saponaria, Taber- naemontana coronaria, Terminalia Benzoin ; Thunbergia coccinea T. grandiflora, Pimonium trifoliatum, Zamia pungens, Tecoma australis, Ghikgo biloba, Pothos lanceolata, Pistacia Pentiscus, Cookia punctata. By J. Sherwood. Tillandsia amoe^na, T. ligulata, T. bromeli<^/o//a; Prica cerinthoides, P. urceolaris, P. ardens, P. calycina, P. andromedtF/?ora, P. Savilea?ia, P. ventricosa, P. verticillata, P. pubescens major ; Paphne Cne- orum, P). neapolitana, D, oleaefolia, D. Dauphinii, D. collina, D. alpina ; tS'ax- Ifraga ligulata, Manettia cordifblia, Russel/a juncea, Eriocoma fragrans; Cotoneaster microphylla, C. affinis ; Astrapse^a Wallich« ; Cactus Boydsw, C. marantma, C. conspicua, C. Napierii, C. Vandesia, C. macrorhiza; Yucca fol. variegatis, yellow and white rhododendrons, Cerbera Thevetz'a; Dillwyma cine- rascens, D. Sutherland/a frutescens; Boronia dentata, Callistachys ovata; Men- ziesia ^jolifolia, M. rubra, M. alba; Gesncra bulbosa, Alstroemeria aurantiaca; ^Vum crinitum,^. trilobatum ; Berberis dulcis, Nuttalb'a Papaver, Doryanthes excelsa, Lechenaultia formosa. By Alexander Parker. Jdiantum trapeziforme ; Agave americana, A. va- riegata ; Albuca altissima ; A'\oe arborescens, A. maculata, A. Saponaria, A. longifolia, A. discolor ; Jsplenium elatum, Artemiaia dentata, J^rum cordifo- lium ; Begonia argyrostigma, B. macrophylla ; Cactus, many varieties and spe- cies; CliamseVops hystrix, Cestrum Pdrqid, Ceratonia iS'iliqua, Diosma ericifolia, Edwardsia microphylla, Fourcroya gigantea, Gloxinia grandiflora ?, Illicium floridanum,Maurandya Barclayawa, 04ea europte^a, Portulaca arborea, Paliurus aculeatus, Pistacia Perebinthus, Plectranthus fruticosus, Pomaderris apetala, Rivina humilis. By Andrew Dryburgh. Bonapartea jCincca, Corras^a speciosa, Bla;Viff cri- coides, Dracai^na terminiilis, Erytlirina Crista -galli, Puphorbia splendens, Picus elastica, Chironia grandiflora, Haemanthus pubdscens, Ixora coccinea, Leucodendron argenteum, Menziesia alba,Pitt6sporum viridiflorum; Thca Bohea T. viridis; Tillandsia amoe^na, Roella ciliata, Fiburnum tomentosuni, ericas of various sorts, proteas of different kinds, and a variety of roses. The plants enuiiiLrated above are, many of them, fine and very rare, and are Foreign Notices : — North America. 191 not to be foiind in many private establishments in Europe. Those of J. B. Smith's are mostly tropical plants, requiring great judgment and care to cul- tivate them, and, by their fine healthy condition, establishing the skill and science of their proprietor. Mr. Pepper is one of the oldest amateurs in the country; and his cood taste is evinced in his selection of plants, and exertions in procuring rare exotics. Mr. Bid&Cs Garden, in Twelfth Street, near Lombard Street, is well known for its neatness and the excellence of its plants. Mr. Buist has introduced some of the rarest and most interesting plants. His collection of those from the Cape and New Holland equals any in the country : his dahlias are of the most select kinds, and of great variety ; and he has raised a few seedlings which surpass any that have come from England. Colonel Robert Carr is the present proprietor of Bartram's Botanic Garden, the oldest in the country. His plants are good, and of various celebrated kinds, his establishment being better known in Europe than any other, from the great quantity of native seeds he exports. The Garden and Nurseries of Mr. Thomas Landrcth, on Federal Street (late D. and C. Landreth), are well known as of the oldest in the United States. His collection of plants and trees may be ranked among the most select. The seed department of this ancient concern, so justly celebrated for the freshness and purity of its products, is now conducted by D. Landreth and Co. Seed grounds are on Fifth Street, below Federal. Warehouse, 63. Chestnut Street. Mr. John M'Arran^s Garden, West Market Street, is well known. His col- lection is good, both from the age and great growth of his plants. His Cycas revoluta, or sago palm, is upwards of a hundred 3''ears old; being the plant formerly in the possession of the late Wm. Hamilton, Esq., of the Woodlands. Mr. M'Arran has the merit of establishing the first public garden in Phila- delphia. His green-house, in winter, refreshes the visiter by its contrast to the dreariness without. Mr. Parker s Establishment in Prime Street is well known from its neatness and good collection of plants. He deserves great credit, being one of those self-taught men who had to encounter great difficulties in the pursuit of know- ledge. His perseverance has been rewarded by the attainment of scientific skill, and by the acquisition of a large collection of plants and shrubs. Mr. John Sherwood's Establishment at Laurel Hill, is one lately commenced : and, from the fine specimens of plants exhibited, bids fair to do well. Many of liis plants are rare, and well worthy a place in any collection. Mr. A. Drj/bia-gli, Race Street, "by Schuylkill Fourth Street, has many fine plants, especially those of New Holland. His roses and dahlias are numerous and of the choicest kinds. Mr. Duke, the proprietor of the garden, formerly Mr. M'Mahon's, con- tributed many fine plants. Mr. D' Arras, near the Rising Sun, also furnished some beautiful exotics. D. Maujmi/ andZ). M'Avoi/, at the Rising Sun, Germantown Road; and Robert Kilvinglon, gardener to Wm. Lloyd ; contributed largely from their gardens in fine bouquets. Mrs. Hibbert, Thirteenth Street, near South, whose establishment is well known to the ladies, has many fine plants, with a good collection of dahlias. Mr. Heiskel, near Bristol, Alessrs. A. S. Roberts, and S. Cohen, of this city; deserve thanks for furnishing plants. Mr. Cohen's figs were fine and large, the trees healthy ; it being the second crop this season. The Society was much indebted to its fair friends for their imitations of flowers in wax and shells ; Miss George's shell-work exceeding anything ever exhibited, and does tiie greatest honour to her taste and perseverance. The wax-work by Mrs. Shiba, Mrs. Ash, and S. W. Horn, was beyond all praise. Fruit. The fruits in general were very good, much better than nn"ght have been expecteil, considering the unpropitious season for the finer kinds, such as grapes, peaches, and the melon family. The grapes exhibited by Mr. Beehler 192 Foreign Notices .- — No7ih America. and Mr. Laws were of the best quality, and perfectly ripe. These gentlemen deserve the greatest praise for their care in bringing the fruit to such per- fection, and aflTording additional evidence of what can be done in the city in cultivating the grape : indeed, the whole exhibited were excellent, and the growers merit high approbation. Grapes exhibited by Dr. J. T. Sharpless were the white Frontignac, the green and yellow Provence, and Chasselas of Fontainebleau. Malaga, by Tobias Beehler, Marshal Street, were the finest of the kind exhibited. By James Laws, the Fondantvert and Hanstretto were very fine, more especially when we consider tlie season, being grown in the garden. By J. H. Seal, the golden Chasselas ; the Alexandria, by H. Ballinger, John Sergeant, Esq., Alexander Parker, and A. Peters ; the Isabella, by Alexander Parker and J. H. Seal; the Hampton Court, by George Laws, Wm. S. Hansel, P. Penn Gaskill, Peter Robins, and Joseph S. Madeiry ; the Powel, by J. Sergeant, Esq. ; the Bland, by ditto ; the Catawba, by Mr. Heisser ; the Elssinboro', by David Allan and A. Quicksale, Burlington, N. J. ; the golden Chasselas, ditto ; the Miller, by J. Griffiths. All the above were raised without cover. Those by Nicholas Biddle, Esq., and Mr. Camac, were as fine as could be produced, more particularly so when we consider that the vines are only two years old, and growing in pots. Mi". Biddle has erected a very extensive grapery, and, in a year or two, will be able to supply the market with thousands of pounds of that luscious fruit. He who introduces any scientific discovery, mechanical invention, or useful improvement, for the benefit of mankind, de- serves far higher praise than the blood-stained hero who figures in the page of history. Mr. Camac has caught the enthusiasm, and is building a large grapery. The public is much indebted to such men for their liberality, as they never can be remunerated for their expense. Tke Pears were excellent and large, giving another proof of what can be done if only care, and a little more labour, were bestowed by our farmers in their cultivation. The melons by Messrs. Jos. J. and Geo. J. Hatch of N. J., and Jos. E. Scott of Burlington, N. J., were very superior in size and flavour, and the Messrs. Hatch are entitled to all praise for the uniform excellence of their yearly display. Nutmeg melons, by Mr. Riley, gardener to Pierce Butler, Esq., were very large. Apples, by H. Hatch, Mr. Ralston ; A. Lippincott, N. J. ; A. d' Arras, Horace Binney, Esq.; the pound pippins of J. Busby, N. J.; were very large. Quinces, by Jacob Copia. Plums, by A. Parker. Peaches, extra fine, from Mr. 33. Bullock's garden, North Third Street ; Joseph E. Scott, Burlington, N. J. ; Mr. Alberger ; Horace Binney, Esq. ; Reeves and Ridgeway (Delaware) ; John Sergeant, Esq. ; and J. B. Smith. Seckel Pears, from H. Binney, Esq.; Samuel P. Wetherill, Burlington, N. J.; A. d' Arras, and Mrs. Hibbert. Butter Pears, by H. Ballinger, Anthony Felton, and A. Parker. Doyenne Pear, by J. B. Smith, Esq. Vegetables. The vegetables generally merited the highest approbation; more especially those exhibited by Mr. Anthony Felton, showing the great <^aie, perseverance, industry, besides great expense, before they could be brought to such perfection. Never was there a finer display of vegetables. Egg Plants, by Edwin A. Stephens, Bordentown ; Thomas Hancock, Burlington, N. J. (the above were very large); R. Ralston of Mount Peace ; Anthony Felton ; Wm. Camac, Esq. ; and Thomas Heiskel. Cabbage, by D. Maupy; Wm. Norris, Turner's Lane; Jacob Amor, N. J.; and Anthony Felton. Alangold Wiirzel, by J. C. Jones, and Casper W. Morris, Magnolia Farm. 5'«gar 5ee^, by Pierce Butler, and P. C. Wetherill. Beets, by W. Norris, Turner's Lane; and A. Felton. Two very large ropes of very superior onions, raised from seed by Mr. E. Kelley, gardener at the United States' Naval Asylum, under the superintendence of Captain James Cooper ; and also very fine by J. Beadle, gardener to Mr. Norris. Par!>neps, Foreign Notices : — North America. 193 by Thomas Snyder, very fine. Some fine joe-a^, by Abigail Pool, near Bur- lington, N. J. Tile following were deposited by Anthony Felton, and were of the very best quality ; viz. : chard, tomatoes of every variety, squashes ; the Egyptian, the Maltese, the China, and the South Sea broccoli ; lettuce, Lima beans, carrots, parsneps, potatoes, celery, radishes of every kind, curled kale, peas, turnips, peppers of various kinds, and endive. There was some very superior celery, by Francis Briell, N. J. Dahlias, by Andrew Dryburgh, Robert Buist, W. B. Wood, S. Cooper ; Horace Binney, Esq. ; J. B. Smith, Esq. ; T. Landreth, A. Parker, Mr. T. Heiskel, D. Maupay, Samuel Reeves ; Salem, N. J. ; and some very choice kinds from George C. Thorburn, N. Y. Of the above numerous gardens in and around the city we may well be proud ; and the country is materially benefited by the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society, in exciting such laudable emulation among our gardeners. The advantages possessed here are great, more so, perhaps, than in any other place of the Union; and we ought duly to improve them in cultivating hor- ticulture in all its departments of beauty and usefulness. Upon the whole, the exhibition, in all respects, gave more general satisfac- tion than any of preceding years. The Society has every reason to draw from its results motives of the highest encouragement for the future. Respect- fully submitted. — G. Watson, Recording Secretary. Philadelphia, October 17. 1837. Products of the Vine in, Ohio and South Carolina. — On eighteen square feet, less than half an acre of ground, Jacob Resor, Esq., at his residence, about seven miles below this city, on the river, has raised, this season. Cape and. Catawba grapes, sufficient to make six hundred and seventij-scven gallons of pure wine ! besides a large quantity consumed in the family, and otherwise disposed of, estimated to be sufficient to have made the amount full 700. gallons. It is to be remarked that this is the first bearing searion of the vines. The Isabella and Cape yielded at the rate of fifteen hundred gallons to the acre ! the Catawba was less productive, from the rot having destroyed many of the grapes. Mr. Resor values his crop of wine at one thousand dollars; a pretty handsome remuneration for half an acre of ground, and ten days' labour. {Cincinnati, Ohio Gazette, Oct. 1837.) Mr. M. Herbemont of Columbia, South Carolina, states, in the Southern Agriculturist for October last, that he made at his farm 750 gallons of wine, and 528 gallons from his garden. The last was from one sixth of an acre, or at the rate of 3168 gs. to the acre. The produce of two of the vines in his garden is so great, that, if he had not the most respectable witnesses of the fact, he should hesitate to name it. They produced 130 gallons of wine, and even more." Mr. Herbemont has long cultivated the vine, and the utmost reliance may be placed on his statements. The wine is of the flavour of Madeira. — J. M. Philadelphia, Nov. 21. 1 837. Mr. Fessenden of Boston died of apoplexy in the beginning of November, 1837. He was a very useful man, and for many years conducted the New Eng- land Farmer, Vi(\\\diXto weekly sheet; and latterly, the " Horticultural Register." — Id. Grafting the Orange on the Pomegranate. — Mr. Andrews of Boston, U. S., consul at Malta, was recently in this city ; and confirms the fact I formerly stated to you, on the authority of a friend who had visited that island some years since ; viz. that the red flesh oranges of Malta derive their hue from the pomegranate stock, on which they are engrafted ; and promises to send you undeniable certificates of it. Brydone, in his fifteenth letter, also says that " the Maltese oranges deserve the character they have of being the finest in the world : many of them are of the red kind, and much superior to the others, which are too luscious. They are produced, I am told, from the common orange bud engrafted on the pomegranate stock. The juice of this fruit is red as blood, and of a fine flavour." It is singular that the call you made, on the cover of a number of this Magazine, for a reference to some work in- which the fact was stated, should not have produced one to Brydone. That Vol. XIV.— No. 97. o 1 9 !• Domestic Notices : — ^ ILngland, author, however, was not the one in which I saw it, and which, with the oral testimony of my commercial frientl, induced me to use it as argument in favour of the opinion that the stock influenced the fruit. — M. J. S. Fkiladc/p/iia, Nov. 27. 1837. Art. III. Domestic Notices. ENGLAND. The B'lrmingliam Society for the Advancement and Diffusion of Floricnttiiral, and Horticultural Knowledge. — The projectors of this Societ}', fully appre- ciating the value of floral and horticultural exhibitions, as a means of encou- raging a taste for gardening, are, at the same time, convinced that the mere inspection of specimens, however excellent, must fall short of the object aimed at ; namely, that of diifusing a practical knowledge of the science ; inasmuch as it leaves the enquirer as ignorant of the management by which such suc- cessful results are attained as before they came under his notice. It is the intention of this Society to remedy this defect by the following means : — 1st, By holding periodical meetings of the members, at which lectures will be given, essays read, discussions held on floriculture and horticulture, and interesting specimens exhibited. 2dly, By publishing its proceedings in the gardening periodicals. 3dly, By endeavouring to obtain new varieties of vegetables, fruits, and flowers, for inspection; and to procure, when practicable, seeds and plants for distribution among the members. 4thly, By opening a correspondence with societies of a similar nature. Rules, to the number of fourteen, have been laid down ; and the name of the secretary and treasurer is W. Darke. Leeds Zoological and Botanical Garden, which was noticed in Vol. XIII. p. 519., as in contemplation, has since been formed. There was a competition for the plans ; and the first premium was awarded to Mr. Billington and Mr. Davies; the second, to Mr. Perkins of Leeds.; and the third, to Mr. Taylor of Sheffield. Our esteemed correspondent, Mr. Pringle, gardener to W. R. C. Stansfield, Esq., M. P^, Esholt Hall, near Leeds, was one of the competitors; and, having a high opinion of his talents for desigiiing and systematising, we fihall give his plans and jeport in a future page. They will be read with interest by all, and with instruction, we trust, by the young gardener. We have neither seen nor heard anything of the other plans, — Cond. Keiv Gardens. — By ordei* of the Lords of the Treasury, two experienced gardeners have been ordered to report upon the state of these gardens, and also Dr. Lindley, prior to some extensive reforms contemplated in that esta- blishment. {Morn. Chron., Feb. 26.) The gardeners alluded to are, Mr. Paxton of Chatswoith Gardens, and Mr. Wilson, gardener to the Earl of Surrey, at Worksop Manor. The object of the commission is said to be, to arrange some plan by which all the royal gardeners may act in concert, in such a manner as to produce a regular and sufficient supply, instead of too much of one thing, and too little of another, as is said to be the case at present, owing to every royal gardener acting independently. Previously to the time of William IV., all the royal gardens were under the direction of W. T. Alton, Esq. ; and the supplies w ere regular, without superabundance of particular articles. This is the essence of the rumours that are afloat on this subject. Whatever changes may take place, we trust the merits of that modest and unassuming man, and thoroughly scientific botanist and gardener, Mr. Smith, will not be forgotten. If Mr. Alton resigns, which, we trust, he has too much spirit and good sense to do (he having, as we learn, been found altogether blameless), Mr. Smith is, we think, the fittest man in England for the Kew Botanic Garden. — Cond. The Entomological Society's Prize for 18.38 will be given for the best essay on the Agrotis segetis, a moth, the larva or grub of which burrows into and de- vours the turnip. Domestic Notices : '^^ Scotland. 195 Lambcrtian Museum and Boyton Garden. — " I have just received from the neighbourhood of the Red Sea a fine plant of the true socotrine aloe, which, I believe, is the first ever brought to Europe. I have also received splendid specimens in flower of the Cheirostemon ^jlatanoides, from the Prince Bertero, at Palermo, in whose garden it flowers annuall)'. A few days ago, I received a branch of the only tree now growing on the site of the supposed pensile gardens at Babylon, which proves to be the Tlamarix orientalis. Among a collection of plants from Arabia, I have received fine specimens of ^myris gileadensis, figured by Bruce ; and Jmyris opobalsamum, figured by Vahl. — A. B. Lambert. Feb. 22. 1838. The severe Weather of January, 1838, has killed, or greatly injured, almost all the half-hardy ligneous plants in the neighbournood of London. The foliage of the trees on the walls of the Botanic Garden at Kew, and also on those of the Horticultural Garden, is quite black ; and the common laurustinus, the common laurel, the Portugal laurel, the phillyrea, the alaternus, and other such shrubs, are blackened or killed down to the ground. Even the aucuba and the arbutus have had their hardy foliage injured j and, in short, so much damage has scarcely been done to evergreen shrubs within the me- mory of any gardener living. It is interesting to observe the different degrees of hardiness in different individuals of the same species, and in the same gar- den, where the plants have been raised from seed, as in the case of the Por- tugal laurel, the arbutus, the evergreen oak, the cork tree, &c. Some individuals of these species, standing in nursery lines, among others in all respects similarly circumstanced, are scarcely injured at all; while others are partially blackened, their wood being alive, and some are killed down to the ground. The mean Temperature of January, 1838, at High Wickham, Bucks, was 25*61°, which is 3*31° below the mean of any corresponding month during the last fourteen years. This information was communicated by J. G. Tatem, Esq., of High Wickham, to the Meteorological Society. {Lit. Gaz., Feb. 24. 1838.) The Menogramme. — A new wooden label, or name-stick, for flower-pots^ in borders, has lately been brought forward under this name by Messrs. Mapplebeck and Lowe, manufacturers of horticultural implements, Birming- ham. These labels are formed of wood, and seem slightly rubbed over with white lead. Whether they have been Kyanised, or not, we are unable to say ;. but, as the manufacturers have kindly sent us a packet, we will try them, and report on them at some future period. Cdrica Papaya, the Papaw tree, a native of India, has ripened abundance of fruit, this winter, in the stove at Ripley Castle. We have received some spe- cimens from the gardener there, Mr. Elliot, which we shall figure in our next Number. In the mean time, as an object of luxury, the plant may be worth, cultivating, as one of the very few which ripen a handsome edible fruit in the winter season. — Cond, SCOTLAND. The Highland and Agiicidltiral Society of Scotland, one of the best organ- ised and most useful societies that ever existed in any country, has published its list of premiums for the year 1838; and, as some of the subjects concern gardeners as well as agriculturists, we shall here notice them : — Tillage by Steam. — A premium of 500/. will be awarded for the first successful application of steam power to the cultivation of the soil. A stationary steam- engine might easily be contrived to drag along ploughs or harrows; but we hardly think it would answer in an economical point of view. A locomotive engine that •would stir the soil in any manner wanted, as it went along, by a horse, is what is wanted, and this might probably be produced on the principle of repeatedly operating very slightly on the same surface, as in the case of the native plough of Hindostan. Perhaps the curvilineal tines of a haiTOw fixed in a large cylin- o 2 1 96 Domestic Notices : — Scotland. der or dram might at once stir the soil and move itself along ; or a set of chisels might be employed to cut the soil in slices as in digging, and the top of the slice might be put in the bottom of the trench, without the unnecessary operation of turning the slice upside down, as practised by the British spades- men ; but simply by throwing it, so that the top of the slice may always fall in the lower part of the furrow, agreeably to the practise of Flemish spadesmen, and in general the spadesmen of all warm climates. The subject is one of intense interest to the gardener, no less than to the agriculturist ; and we think government would be justified in offering 1000/., or even more, in addi- tion to the premium proposed by the Highland society. "Preserving Potatoes. — Ten sovereigns, or a piece of plate of that value, will be given for the best and approved account, founded on experience, of the most successful method of preserving potatoes in good condition, in their natural state, for a period of not less than ten months from the time of their being taken up. " Competitors are required to communicate their experience as to the supe- riority of any of the methods now in practice, viz. securing the potatoes in co- vered' heaps upon the surface, in pits, in houses, vaults, cellars, or otherwise. " Very opposite opinions seem to be held on the advantages of pitting or storing in out-houses or cellars, and also as to the general temperature which should be aimed at ; some recommending from 35° to 40°, and others from 50° to 60° Fahr. Where pitting is preferred, there appears to be a difference of opi- nion as to the proper depth of the pits, and as to the thickness of the covering ; likewise, whether the heap should be kept in a dry or damp state generally, and as to the utility of placing either a layer of dry straw or of dry fern, or of green sprats or fresh turf, between the potatoes and the earthy covering, or of employ- ing no other covering than the dry soil. Competitors are required to state their views on all these topics, and also as to what extent the preserving character of potatoes depends on innate qualities in the tubers, or on the mode of preservation employed ; and it is desirable that the names and descriptions of the different varieties of the potato that appear better addapted than others for long keeping should be mentioned. "Reports to be lodged with the secretary, on or before the 20th of October, 1838. " Comparisoji between different Kinds of Manure in raising Potatoes . — It seems the street manure of Edinburgh is inferior in raising potatoes to that obtained from stables or dairies, in the ratio of 30 per cent ; or as 44 bolls are to 64. For an explanation of the cause of this, founded on chemical analysis, a pre- mium of 20 sovereigns is offered. See Scotsman of Feb. 1 7,, and Quart. Journ. Agr. for June next (1838). "Effects of Wood on Climate. — For the best essay on the effects of woods on climate, and showing how far the climate and productiveness of a district have been or may be improved or altered by extensive plantations, a gold medal. " In the essays to.be given in for this premium, it is wished that the general principles advocated should, as far as possible, be supported by facts ; and, in particular, it is requested tliat reference be made to districts formerly bare of wood, which have been extensively and judiciously planted within the last 30 or 40 years, and to the effect thereby produced on the climate, as well as on the productiveness of the district. It is also desired that regard be had to the comparative advantages and disadvantages in this respect of planting in masses, stripes, clumps, and hedgerows, and the local situations proper for each. Competitors will have in view how far the climate may have been modified or improved by other causes, such as drainage. " Essays to be lodged on or before the 20th of October, 1838." ' " Disease in the Silver Fir. — The honorary silver medal will be given for the best account of the disease which has of late years attacked the stem, larger branches, and occasionally the twigs, of the silver fir (Piceapectinata), somewhat resembling the well-known affection of the larch ; with suggestions, founded on experience, for checking the progress of the malady, or for preventing it. Domestic Notices : — Scotland. 197 " It will be desirable that specimens of the diseased bark, and of both sexes of the insect which occasions the evil, should accompany the reports, which are to be lodged by the 20th of October, 1838. " Forest Planting. — For the best and approved essay on forest planting, founded on personal observation and experience, or on known practical results, a premium of 20 sovereigns, or a piece of plate of that value. *' The essay will be expected to include an account of the different soils, exposures, and declinations best suited for growing the various kinds of forest trees, with remarks on the climate of different districts of Scotland, correct lists of the various genera, species, and varieties of trees best adapted for par- ticular situations, and the proportional number of each species which should be planted on a given space ; an account of the comparative value of the differ- ent kinds of trees, showing the purposes for which the respective sorts are more applicable in affording wood for plough-wrights, and for general country purposes, for joists, deals, carpentry, or naval timber, &c., or useful bark ; the influence of the different sorts of trees on the pastures below them, or in their immediate vicinity ; notices of the insects and diseases which affect forest trees, with suggestions for their prevention or cure ; together with remarks on the comparative advantages of the promiscuous planting of different kinds of trees, or of grouping masses of the same species together, both in an economical and ornamental point of view. • " Essays to be lodged on or before the 20th of October, 1839. " Insects injurious to Agricultural Plants. — Ten sovereigns are offered for the best accounts of these. To be sent on or before the 20th of October, 1839. " Insects injurioiis to Forest Trees. — The same premium and conditions are offered. " Extirpating Ferns from Pastures. — Fifteen sovereigns, or a piece of plate of that value, will be given for the best and approved account, founded on experience, of a cheap mode of eradicating ferns from pastures, and particularly from hill pastures, where the plough cannot be employed. " The extent of ground subjected to the experiment must not be less than 20 acres ; the report must state what proportion of the surface was occupied by the ferns, with the expense per acre incurred in their eradication, and must be lodged with the secretary, accompanied by specimens of the ferns destroyed, on or before the 20th of October, 1840. " There is evidence in favour of the belief that the object in view may be accomplished by repeated irrigation of the ground ; also, that repeated cutting of the ferns while young and succulent, thus preventing their bringing their tops to perfection during the whole season, or two consecutive years, will de- stroy them. It is desirable that the truth of these opinions should be estabUshed or refuted, and any other successful mode of treatment pointed out. " Science of Agricidture. — Discretionary premiums will be awarded for the best essays on, — The mode on which soil operates in producing or faci- litating the germination and growth of vegetables. The best admixture of the ordinary elements of soil for promoting the germination and growth of particu- lar vegetables. The mode in which lime operates in rendering the soil better adapted for the germination and growth of particular vegetables. The effect of drainage in altering the constitution or qualities of the soil, and increasing its fertility. The nature of the atmospheric influences on soil, in promoting its fertility, including the modification of these influences, arising from heat and cold, dryness and moisture. " It is expected that the authors of the above essays will not offer mere speculative conjectures on the subjects treated of, and far less make a compi- lation of the opinions of others. They must be able to state that they have themselves studied and investigated the subject treated of. They must also explain the nature and the mode of enquiry adopted by them, and detail the experiments which they have instituted, from which their inferences have been derived. The essays or memoirs to be lodged by the 20th of October in any year. G 3 198 Domestic Notices : — Scotland. "New Plants adapted to Field Culture. — The silver medal, or a discretionary premium, is offered, and gardeners, who are good botanists, and have leisure and a little spare room, might do something in this way. " The best kejit Cottages and Gardens. — Four counties in different parts of Scotland are named, in each of which, to encourage cottagers to keep their cottages and gardens neat and^clean, the Society will, for four successive years, give two sovereigns annually to any parish in each of the said counties, or to any local association, comprehending at least one parish within the object of its operations, on receiving a satisfactory guarantee from or on behalf of the parish or association for an equal sum being placed at thedisposal of the Society, for the same purpose, and during the same period. The number of parishes to receive the premiums is to be limited to four in each county, " Medals to Cottagers. — In the view of giving still farther encouragement to cottagers who do not reside in the counties in which the regular premiums are in operation, and, at the same time, of giving aid to local associations and public-spirited individuals, establishing or continuing, at their own expense, premiums for the like object, the Society will give its cottage medal to such associations or public-spirited individuals as apply for the same, and may be desirous to add that testimony of approbation to such premiums as they themselves bestow. The number of medals to be issued annually is limited to six. " Woods and Plantations. — An honorary premium is offered for extensive planting. The gold medal for the best report on recent plantations. The report should comprehend every interesting particular; among others, the exposure and altitude of the place, and general character of the soil ; the mode of fencing and of planting adopted ; the kind of trees planted, and the number of each kind per acre; their relative progress; the proportion of blanks or deaths at the end of three years ; the state of the plantation at the date of making the report, and the expense per acre, as nearly as can be calculated. " Vlnus sylvestris. — Premiums are offered for the best account of native woods of this tree ; collecting the greatest quantity of seed from healthy self- gown trees in the Highlands ; and importing the greatest quantity of seeds from the native forests on the Continent. " Introduction of new, and extended Cultivation of rare and useful Forest Trees. — It is especially wished to ascertain the value of the Pinus Pinaster in Scotland. " Introduction of Forest Trees not yet known in a living State in Scotland. — To the person who shall, in any year, most successfully transmit to the Society, in a state fit for germination, seeds of forest trees not yet in cultivation in this country, and which are natives of such places as, from their latitude or altitude, may be expected to produce trees hardy in the climate of Scotland, the gold or silver medal, or a piece of plate of such value as the directors, in the circumstances of the case, may think suitable. " The Society would particularly wish to direct (but by no means to con- fine) attention to the fir tribes; and the countries from which contributions are particularly expected are, the north-west part of America, the table-land of Mexico, such parts of the Andes as have sufficient elevation, and the Himalayan Mountains, or of the great plains to the northward of them. The seeds may be sent home in the cones, wrapped in brown paper, packed in a box, and kept in a cool airy part of the cabin, but by no means in the hold, nor in tin cases. If competitors possess the means, by themselves or their correspondents, of trying their vegetation in this country, it will be desirable that they should do so ; but otherwise, if the seeds be sent to the secretary of the Society, tiiey will be tried under the direction of the Society, so as to afford every chance of success. The transmission of living plants in boxes, or in cases covered with glass panes, may be attempted, where practicable ; the external air should be excluded, and almost no water given during the voyage. Where this plan is adopted, smaller seeds, berries, Swedish Horticultural Societif. 199 or heps, may be thickly mixed with the soil or earth in which the plants are placed. " More extettded Introduction of known Species of Ahietince. — To the person who shall, within three years from 1835,. inclusive, have introduced from any part of the world, cones containing seeds capable of germination, the produce of hardy species of the fir tribes which have been already intro- duced into Britain, but of which only a few plants have been raised, the gold or silv«* medal, or a piece of plate of such value as the directors may, in the circumstances of the case, deem adequate. " It is required that the quantity of cones of each species imported shall be sufficient to afford at least 500 seedling plants; and farther, that, before the premium be awarded, the number of seedling plants of each species actually raised in Scotland shall not be less than 100. Attention is parti- cularly directed to Araucaria imbricata ; Pinus ponderosa, Lambertia«a, and Sabini««a ; to ^'^bies Douglass, nobilis, grandis, and Menzies«; and to Tax- odium sempervfrens ;. which last is abundant in the vicinity of San Francisco, and throughout the low sandy plains of California." The scientifie and thinking gardener will derive instruction from the bare perusal of the above paragrapiis; and there are a number of our readers, both in England and Scotland, who might compete for several of the pre- miums. Some of the subjects we should be glad to have articles on, for our Encycloi^csdia of Arborkultitj-e, or for this Magazine. Art. IV. Some Account of the Swedish Horticultural Societi/, and the Garden of M. Rosenblad, in Stockholm. By Austrian Tra- vellers, in the Summer of 1836. The Swedish Horticultural Society was established in the autumn of 1832 by some of the individuals most zealous for gardening. The president was the Ober Slatlhaller in Stockholm, General-Major and Commander, &c.. Baron von Sprengtportin, who has always taken an active part in every thing that is ornamental and useful in Sweden, and especiallj' in Stockholm. The direction of the Society consists of a vice-president. Dr. Pontin, a knight; two secre- taries, one treasurer, one bookkeeper, and a council of fourteen members, ten of whom belong to the garden, and four to the agricultural department. The Society, at present, consists entirely of members who pay,, and who amount to about 1500 persons, each of whose yearly subscription is only one rixdoUar of the Hamburg bank. Foreign corresponding members will soon be invited to join the Society. The object of the Swedish Horticultural Society is to promote a general taste for garden and field culture in every part of Sweden ; to record the progress of gardening in that and other countries ; to try experiments on the fruitfulness of different soils ; to introduce and acclimatise new plants, and to select the most suitable of them for cultivation, either for their beauty, or on account of their producing wholesome and well-tasted food, for men or cattle. The Society distributes yearly, seeds of new flowering plants and vegetables to its members, without any extra renmneration. The situation chosen for the garden of the Society is in the middle of Queen Street, which is the largest and most beautiful street in Stockholm. This very desirable spot appears to be about 2000 ft. long, and from 400 ft. to 500 ft. wide, occujjying a fourth part of the land from the above-mentioned street to the banks of a small lake, which communicates with the Lake Maclaren, and the royal palace of Carlberg. A very beautiful enclosure has been executed from a drawing of Baron von Sprengtportin, which received the royal assent, and was accepted by the Society. We shall always feel grateful to Baron von Sprengtportin, who, during our short stay in Stockholm, afforded us the information which has enabled us to write this paper. He conducted us to the beautiful and rich flower show, o 4 200 Account of the Swedish Horticultural Society ^ which was exhibited in M. Rosenblad's garden, of which we shall give a short description below. M. Rosenblad is a young private individual, who has, for his own amuse- ment, and from his zeal for the extension of horticulture in Sweden, given, for the s])ace of five j'ears, every encouragement in his power to gardening. His garden is considered to be the most beautiful in Sweden, and to have the best collection of plants ; in which opinion we fully join. It is situated in the capital, and is kept in the very best order by the invariably obliging proprietor ; who not only admits all travellers and botanists, but, also, all respectable per- sons in the city, to visit it ; and, we were told, presents all those who are in- terested in the subject with plants, seeds, and cuttings of all the newest and best kinds, with the intention of distributing them throughout the country. The number of tht; different kinds of plants probably amounts to from 3000 to 4000 species ; which is being continually increased by contributions from England, France, and Germany, and occasionally from America, and the tro- pical flora of India. The hot-houses consist of a large and beautiful building, 200 ft. long, in five divisions. This house is heated by hot water. This building and hot-water apparatus were finished in 18.32. The apparatus con- sists of a boiler, which contains 130 quarts of water, with copper tubes, 6 in. in diameter, through which the water is conveyed through the different di- visions, and produces sufficient heat when there are 20^ of frost, without the necessity of covering the glass with shutters. While we were in Stockholm, a flower show was announced to take place in M. Rosenblad's garden, which was to consist only of the flowers produced in the garden itself. The origin of this show was a visit made by the Queen •and her court, a few days previously, to the benevolent proprietor; Her Majesty having been accompanied by the crown princess and her mother, the Duchess of Leuchtenberg, and the princesses Ilortensie von Hohenzollern, and Theo- dolinde von Leuchtenberg, who were on a visit to their royal relations in Sweden. The exterior of the garden was exceedingly elegant. All the walls, palings, and railings were covered with young espaliers ; large tin labels were attached to every tree and shrub, inscribed with its name, native place, and the order to which it belongs; from which we found that, among the numerous fruit trees were included the very best sorts from England, France, and Germany. The garden itself, although not large, is laid out with great skill. No one, viewing it from a height, would believe that so great a number of plants could find a space in so small a compass without the ground appearing too full. The numerous beds were covered with thousands of the most splendid flowers, which filled the air with their delightful perfume ; so much so, indeed, that the visiter might fancy that he was approaching the abode of the Goddess of Flowers. We discovered many new and rare plants in this rich collection, which we passed over, on account of their profusion, and hastened to the cabinet and saloon, which were ornamented in the greatest splendour. There was a very rich collection in the first saloon of the most beautiful New Holland, Cape, and North American plants, tastefully arranged. These plants consisted principally of arbutuses, acacias, melaleucas, metrosideroses, and ericas. We particularly admired two splendid specimens of Magnolw grandiflora, 20 ft. high, and several other beautiful magnolias of great value. The walls, sides •of the windows, and stage, were ornamented with winding shoots of Passiflora caerulea, and liosd multiflora, alba, and coccinea, which were covered with thousands of flowers. From hence we went to the first division for tropical plants ; where we found the walls, roof, and sash-frames overgrown with creeping plants and cactuses ; the splendid flowers of which, appearing among the blossom-covered shoots of Passiflora quadrangularis, insignis, /aurifolia, alata, and lan^ta, and of many kinds of Thunbergia, had the most beautiful effect. The other divisions were filled with fruit-bearing bananas, palms, dra- • caenas, jatrophas, astrapaeas, and carolinas, round whose stri'.ight and splendid and the Garden of M. RosenUad. 201 stems sweet-smelling tufts of rare and beautiful flowers were twisted. In the background of this division was exhibited a beautiful collection of bromelias, some of which were remarkable for their fruit, and others for their blossoms. On leaving this division, we entered the sanctum of the green-houses; the cabinet of Linneeus, at the side of which there is a large ornamented saloon. It is difficult for us to give a proper description of this interesting space ; but we will endeavour to give as good an account as we can of a place which seems more to approach the idea of a fairy temple than tliat of a usual apartment. The walls of the cabinet were covered with Passiflora racemosa and pal- mata, mixed with Lonicera japonica, Rodochiton voliibilis, Dillem'«, and other twining plants ; all of which were so richly covered with flowers, that they almost eclipsed the leaves, and filled the atmosphere with the most delightful perfume. A colossal bust of Linna;us, crowned with flowers, under a canopy of climbing plants, is seen on a pillar in the middle of the back wall. Some of these plants twisted gracefully over the bust ; and three flowering shoots of Passiflora racemosa, palmata, and cterulea twined around the breast of the great prince of nature. There was a bracket on the fore part of the pillar, on which were placed those plants (hat have flowered for the first time in this garden ; and they remain there till their places are reoccupied by newer plants in flower. This is a noble way of testifying great respect for this im- mortal man ; at least, the sight of it inspired us with such enthusiasm, that we looked upon the dead stone as a living substance ; and the homage which was paid him seemed to give his countenance an expression of great pleasure. Brackets were erected on both sides of the bust, which were ornamented with the most beautiful flowering plants, and arranged in such a manner, that those nearest the bust were always the rarest; among which we saw Alstroemer/a aurea, S611y« heterophjlla, Cineraria bicolor, some rare Liliaceas, and new calceolarias, splendid roses, pelargoniums, lobelia, gladioh, mimuluses, &c. There was a large pyramid in front of the cabinet, consisting of rare flowering plants ; and in the corners of the room the richest groups of rhododendrons, azaleas, and neriums. Since the queen's visit, her chair, surmounted by a colossal crown, filled with the most beautiful flowers, has stood before the bust of Linnceus. Although several days had elapsed since these flowers were placed there, they were still so fresh, that one would almost have thought they had only just been gathered : we concluded that the crown had pewter tubes within, filled with water, in which the stalks of the flower were inserted, so as to preserve such a fresh appearance. The walls of this ornamented saloon, near the cabinet, were also covered with Passiflora alba, Lophospermum erubescens, and several species of Cle- matis, which even extended over part of the ceiling. The sides and corners of the saloon were filled with the most beautiful flowering orange trees and camellias ; pyramids of the most splendid neriums, among which there was one very remarkable and quite new, from M. Louis Noisette of Paris ; beautiful fuchsias, such as Fuchs/a conica, 10ft. high, with a head full of foliage; ^Icacia dealbata, Edwardsiff, Buddlea globosa, several arbutuses, Alstroemena, gigantic pelargoniums, and the most splendid standard roses. There was a large hot-house at the side of this beautiful saloon ; the arrange- ments of which had only just been made, and therefore, did dot make such an impression on us as the other houses. Yet even here we saw Passiflora pul- cherrima and rubra, Thunberg?'« grandiflora and coccinea, Bignon/rt crucigera, with several aristolochias, and other unknown climbing plants. A large pit for palms and other large trees was ready ; and among the plants already in it we observed several species of Yucca ; such as Yucca gloriosa, v.'ith the finest flowers ; splendid specimens of Coffca arabica, Saccharum officiniirum, several kinds of Ficus, JVum, Strelitzia, Plumbago, and several species of vines, in flower ; and what, at least to us, was a great rarity, a Garden/Vz Thunbergif, above 8 ft. in height, and a still larger specimen of Aiwna Cherimolia. Although this hot-house was principally intended for ligneous plants, there was still 202 Retrospective Criticism. space enough for other sorts ; and the empty spaces between the trees were filled with a valuable collection of Criniim, Amaryllis, /fedychium, Gardenia, and jF/ibiscus. The proprietor used every endeavour to receive, in a suitable manner, the high personages who did him the honour to visit him ; and he had the pleasure of finding that his exertions were gratefully acknowledged. He also showed great kindness, after the royal visit, in throwing open his flower-garden to the public ; on which occasion we feared that it would sustain considerable injury, as the crowd was exceedingly gi'eat ; but the following day proved that the damage the garden had suffered was very trifling ; a great honour to the in- habitants of Stockholm, and which showed that they knew how to make a right use of the confii'ence that was placed in them. (Gar. Zeit., 1837.) Art. V. Retrospective Criticism. Mr. Main''s Animadversions on Keith's Botanical Lexicon, (p. 89,) — Having admitted Mr. Main's animadversions on my Botanical Lexicon into your Magazine, perhaps you will have the goodness to admit a few brief remarks in reply. In the outset, Mr. Main is all gentleness and urbanity ; and re- dolent of nothing but sweets, and flowers, and frankincense, making the de- lit^hted author feel, for a moment, as if he were reposing on a bed of roses. Every thing is as it should be ; for the work contains, by the admission of Mr. Main, not merely " the marrow of my former work, but numerous quo- tations from every author, ancient and modern, accompanied with sound critical remarks, which greatly enhance its value. In short, it is a valuable compendium of botanical knowledge, which ought to be in the hands of every voung botanist, and every young gardener, as it enables the student to compare the knowledge of the ancients with what is now known and taught, and shows by what gradual steps the science of botany has been advanced to its present preeminence." This is all very gratifying, to be sure, and a favour for which I beof Mr. Main to accept of my best thanks. But who would have supposed that it was merely a temporary calm, and the prelude of a coming storm ? or who, after all this commendation, would have anticipated an attack, such as to make the writer forget, or, at the least, fail to make use of, the ordinary civility of expression which is due, not merely to those who agree with us in opinion, but to those who differ from us also, whether upon matters of science, or upon other subjects. [We have inserted this ; but we think the reverend writer has been unjust towards Mr. Main, whose review appears to us to be written with perfect candour and good feeling.] In what I have said concerning systems, and the preference which I give to the system of Jussieu over that of Linnaeus, I am let off pretty easily. But it is when Mr. Main comes to that part of his review which relates more im- mediately to physiology that the latent storm begins to break out, 1. Mv first fault is a fault of defect, which the critic finds in the work. He has looked " in vain for anything decidedly new," My reply is, that it was not the object of the work to hold up novelties to the view of the world, but rather to state facts, or theories already known, in their chronological order; and, if I had even had a new theory, " cut and dry," and ready, perhaps there might be more of discretion in keeping it by me for nine years longer, — " Nonumque prematur in annum," HoR, De Art. Poet. than in publishing it too hastily, as some theorists do, only to make them- selves a laughing-stock, or subject of sneer, to all men of sense, and of sound science. 2. My second fault is a fault of defect, or of omission also. " The dark pa^es of former writers [I ought] to have cleared up; and their theories [I ought] either to have established, or demolished by an appeal to practical Retrospective Criticism. 203 facts." Now, this is precisely what I might fairly boast of having achieved, either by facts or arguments of my own, or by adducing those of others. For on all the grand physiological topics in botany I have shown what were the earliest theories on the subject, and by whom propounded ; as, also, how they came to be superseded by later theories, and these, in their turn, by theories later still, till you come down to the state of the science as it subsists at the present day. Let the reader look at the work itself, and not rest content with Mr. Main's account of it in this respect. Let him turn to almost any of those more abstruse and intricate subjects which have been the ground of theories ; such as the ascent of the sap, and its cause ; the descent of the cambium, and its cause ; the fecundation of the vegetable vvulum through the agency of the pollen; the direction of the radicle and plumelet; and the growth and food of the plant, and he will find the proofs of what I now assert ; so that, if it be true, as Mr. Main says it is, that I hold possession of the good opinion of the public, I shall expect my Lexicon to become a standard work, which he thinks I might have made it by doing what I have just now shown that I have actually done. After so much of preliminary praise, Mr. Main's attack was to me, at first, quite astounding and unaccountable. It looked as if I had inflicted upon him some very aggravated injury. It looked as if I had criticised and denounced his own favourite theory in an unhand- some and unfriendly way. Now, I have done no such thing: but I have done what is worse, I have passed it by in silence. To some men, notoriety is sweeter than even praise: they will put up with your censure, if you will but talk about them. But my apology to Mr. Main for not bringing him upon the stage is, that it was not in my plan to introduce or to criticise any theory, or every theory, but such theories only as had been popular among botanists, or propounded by physiologists of high reputation ; and, above all, such as were intelligible to myself Now, I have not yet met with any botanist who professes to have adopted Mr. Main's theory; and, for myself, I have only to say that I cannot comprehend it, however much I may think about it. For the main ground and pillar of this novel theory, namely, the indumtm, with which Mr. Main seems to be so familiar, and about which he writes so con- fidently, I have never yet been able to catch a glimpse of; and, if Mr. Main may argue from the invisibility of the descending cambium to its non-existence, so may I argue from the invisibility of the indusium to its non-existence also. I will enter no further into a debate on a subject which is beyond my com- prehension, or throw away time in disproving the existence of a nonentity. 3. My third fault is, that I am " an abettor of the idea that the matured sap is organisablc, while my chemical knowledge (of which he thinks I have an ample share) ought to undeceive me in this untenable doctrine." I do not lay claim to any great share of chemical knowledge; but I have quite enough of it to enable me to discern the possession, or the want of it, in others. The opinions which I hold with regard to the organisable capabilities of the sap, or cambium, I hold in common with all the modern chemists I have ever had an opportunity of conversing with, or whose works I have read ; and I regard the principles of modern chemistrj' as resting on a foundation that cannot be overthrown. Hence, I decline entering into any controversy with Mr. Main on this subject also. His chemistry is a chemistry sui generis. With him, gases are immaterial bodies, which, like the sap itself, are incapable of being formed into any organic structure or membrane, by any change or combination of which thej- are "susceptible." (Illustrations of Veg. Phys., vol. ii. p. 135.) But the gases recognised by modern chemists are all material : they may be compared, and weighed, and measured ; and are convertible, by certain chemi- cal combinations resulting from life, into organised structures. Further, Mr. Main represents me, again and again, as advocating doctrines which I must, or ought to, know to be unfounded ; and of adopting opinions out of pure de- ference to others, which I must, or ought to, know to be erroneous. Now, I think that Mr. Main must, or ought to, know that he has no right to indulge 204" Retrospective Criticism. in such assertions or assumptions. It is the imputing to me of a line of con- duct that would be altogether degrading and disgraceful ; or of a pusillanimity that would merit the contempt of all honourable men. Whatever doctrines I have advocated, 1 have advocated bona fide ; and whatever opinions I have adopted, I have adopted because I believed them to be true. 4. My fourth and last fault is, that I have refuted one doctrine, and ad- vocated another, which is nothing but a revival of the former; and have thus rendered the soundness of my philosophy questionable. " When it is ob- servable that a writer, in one part of his book, condemns and completely refutes the old doctrine of the equivocal generation of animals, and in another part advocates the adventitious creation of cells, vessels, buds, and wood of vegetables, 've are compelled to question the philosophy of such an author." The negation of the doctrine of equivocal generation, and the ad- vocacy of the doctrine of adventitious buds, are two things perfectly consistent and reconcileable upon the chemical and physiological principles which I pro- fess to hold, and are contradictory only upon those of Mr. Main, which I have nothing to do with ; so that the whole fabric of the charge is merely a creation of Mr. Main's too fertile fancy, compelling him, as he saj's, to doubt, and to question the soundness of my philosophy. Had this remark been made, or this doubt expressed, by any physiologist of acknowledged and es- tablished reputation, I confess that I think it would have caused me much annoyance ; but, coming as it does merely from the pen of a phytological writer, the soundness of whose philosophy is itself sufficiently questionable, I can very truly say that it gives me no annoyance whatever. — PatricJc Keith. 9. Charlotte Street, Fitzroi/ Square, Feb. 14. 18.38. Effect of sheltering Trees from the Lee Wind. (Vol. XIII. p. 256.) — Is not the principle of trees being sheltered from the leeward fully demonstrated in every clump of trees, of whatever sort ^ This forcibly struck me when cross- ing Barham Downs, a few days ago. In that neighbourhood, there are many single trees, more bent from the wind than any of the figures given to explain Mr. Davis's paper on that subject. Interspersed with these, are a number of clumps, all of them as tamely rounded, stiif, and fomtial as the brass handle of a door, or as the most ardent admirer of ovals and circles could wish them. Society, in the case of the clumps, performs what the solitary is left to effect for itself; if any of these clumps were gutted fand they want it badly enough), and only four outside trees left, it is evident they would lean to all the four winds of heaven, and the one to the windward would be directly in the teeth of its brethren. — iV. M. T. Folkstone, Jan. 14. 1838, Mr, Cuthiirs Mode of grotving Slraivberries and ripening early Melons. — Mr. James Cuthill has just discovered a method of growing strawberries that many of your readers (from your having published it some ten years ago) have long practised. But, perhaps, this was as much a mystery to him as his "grand melon secret" is to me, even after he has been kind enough to pubhsh it. He says, " As soon as the melon was the size of a walnut, I covered it with a propagating glass, which I filled with sand." Now, this I do not understand ; and, if i\Ir. .Tames Cuthill would be a little more explicit, as soon as convenient, I doubt not but it would oblige many, besides your humble servant, — Ignoramus. Jan. 1. 1838. Cultivation of Cun-ants. (Vol. HI. p. 2G3.) — ^Mr. Symcns's method of sum- mer pruning was very successfully practised, twenty years ago, by Mr. M'Donald, then and now gardener to His Grace the Duke of Buccleugh, at Dalkeith Palace; and, by referring to the published Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, any of your readers may satisfy themselves of the truth of my statement, bringing into view my own practice and experience. I do not approve of pinching off the young shcots at so early a period, nor exactly at the same place, as Mr. Symons does. My method (and I never have had any " withered" currants or gooseberries either) is, after the fruit is fairly set, to pinch off the superabundant wood, almost close to the main shoot ; and, by so Retrospective Criticism. 205 doing, in place of an additional number of young shoots pushing afterwards (which is the inevitable result of the two-inch system, if the tree is in a healthy state), I get two or three strong fruit-buds formed at the base of each shoot so treated. I have two walls whose joint lengths make 360 yards, literally covered with gooseberries (comprising, perhaps, from fifty to sixty distinct varieties of the finest Lancashire, and other sorts equally good), that 1 have treated in exactly the same manner since I first planted them, nine years since, and have succeeded beyond my expectation. From one of these walls, I have gained the first prize, six years in succession, at the Aberdeenshire Horticultural Society's competition in July each year. — James Wright. Westfield, Dec. 30. 1837. Bernholz's Mode of growing Truffles. (Vol, XIII. p. 408.) — The natural history of the truffle, given in the September Number of this Magazine, contains much information that must be useful to such as may attempt to cultivate that highly prized substance. But, after reading the treatise of A. Von Bernholz on their cultivation, I am sadly afraid he knows little more than I do. But the subject has enjoyed a sufficient quantum of repose, and my remarks may, perhaps, induce some of your abler correspondents to commence a discussion that may lead to the desired result. Had A. Von Bernholz's treatise been the result of practice, I think he would have con- veyed a more accurate idea of the nature and culture of truffles than he has done. He goes on deploring the ignorance of former days, and glorying in the superior or perfect knowledge of his own time, when the nature of truffles is perfectly understood, the proper place assigned them in the scale of creation, and their culture a mere matter of course. Thus we follow him, expecting that at every turn the grand secret is going to burst upon us ; but, after all, we are obliged to rest satisfied with assertions, where the record of a few simple facts would outweigh all the pretence in the world. And, if I may be allowed to reason upon what appears to be a most unreasonable subject, I would say that thei'e is by far too much stress laid upon a strict imitation of nature in forming the artificial bed. Supposing a bed formed upon these prin- ciples were to succeed, it would go far enough to show that truffles might be cultivated, but it would not answer the purpose of the cultivator. He will be expected to raise from a few square yards the produce of many acres, and to have them at all seasons; therefore, a bed formed of very different materials, and vastly richer than the natural one, placed where a proper temperature may at all times be maintained, will most probably be found necessary to their suc- cessful cultivation. There is, it seems, an acknowledged analogy between the truffle and the mushroom : and what would the gardeners of the present day think of the man that would recommend a strict imitation of nature in forming a mushroom-bed ? The natural habit of the mushroom would be hard to define ; a certain degree of heat and moisture being all that appears necessary to produce it in almost any substance, even in bricks and mortar. In num- berless instances, we find mushrooms in pure light loam, lying high and dry, and fully exposed to the weather, without shelter of any kmd. Any person, observing them in such a site, might suppose a pure unmixed soil, extreme ventilation, and the broad glare of day, necessary to their production ; and we need only contrast this with the fetid mass, the stagnate atmosphere, and total darkness in which we grow such plenty of excellent mushrooms, to see how I'ar we may deviate from the ordinary course of nature, and still be eminently successful. Then, as regards planting, and the nature of the things planted: after all the lucid explanations given, I confess that I still see verv dimly. If they are hydatids produced in the upper strata of earth, why plant truffles ? The earth supposed to contain the latent germs would be more hkely to succeed if they are its spontaneous production, not the progeny of each other. If produced trom oftsets, or anything connected with their predecessors, a lull-grown well-ripened truffle would be more likely to contain these, what- ever then- nature, than one that had been disturbed by transplanting (al- 206 Qiieries and Ansuoers. lowing that it liad been weaned), except they are indeed animals ; then the case is different. And, if A. Von Bernholz had not flatly denied their being animals, I shoukl have thought that he considered them as such ; for we find them changing place to suit themselves with a comfortable bed, and acting as a social body by combining their efforts to produce a result. This locomotion he attributes to attraction ; but, if they are so volatile, so easily repulsed and attracted, that they keep bobbing up and down like so many ball-cocks, I do not think that they would stand to be squeezed into deformity by every con- tumaceous clod, or to be gutted as in the case of the denarius that so nearly choked the Roman praetor. Their rising in wet seasons, and sinking in dry ones, is, nevertheless, an important fact, as it goes far, in my opinion, to prove that truffles are propagated like other fungi. Seeds possessed of the greatest vitality require a certain degree of moisture to call them into action: give them excess, and they either perish, or remain dormant, until the medium be ac- quired. The truffle is, probably, very nice in this respect ; and occupying the intermediate space, will easily account for its different position in different seasons, without troubling it to movebackwards and farwards, A. Von Bernholz would likewise persuade us that they are only to be found in perfection under the fostering arms of the " gnai-kd oak." The experience of others would lead them to prefer the beech. Hence, it appears that shadcy rather than any particular shade is necessary to their production ; and 1 think the old wattled hurdles that you have somewhere proposed, very preferable to planting small- leaved trees to shelter them. But, after all, we may live to see them luxu- riating among the millepedes, beneath a bundle of straw, or a few old mats, in the dark corner of some back shed.. I do not live where they can be readily procured ; but, if you could persuade some of your correspondents to send me a box of the soil, with a whole batch of truffles, from the unlicked cub, to the dingy veteran, I would subject them to a number of trials ; and, if they would not live out of a natural bed, I promise you that some of them would die a most unnatural death. If 1 had any design upon the 100/. that you think ought to be held out as an inducement, I would have kept these remarks to myself. — iV. M. T. Folkslone, Dec. 4. Art. VI. Queries and Anstoers* Do decaying Leaves absorb, and assist in evaporating, the Sap of the Plant? — In Maund's Botanic Garden for February is the following paragraph : — " Leaves ivithered. — As with the stems of the fuchsia, so it is with wither- ing leaves : in their decay they absorb, and assist in evaporating, the sap of the plant, without perforniing any office in return. Therefore, when leaves of any shrubby plant begin to wither, take them off immediately. We have seen orange trees, which have been removed at an unseasonable period, with their leaves dropping and partly withered. Some of these trees, by way of experiment, were entirely strippetl of such leaves. These threw out young foliage, and soon recovered; whilst those on which the withered leaves continued till they fell off naturally, recovered with difficulty, and evidently suffered more than those which had a contrary treatment. It must not be for[^(^>'^(l<^^- of the order climbin- up a circular ^> ' "\^eae ; a building for European rustic building for small European ^""^ ^^"'^ American animals, animals. 2, Beds for herbaceous i?anuncu- Epigi/ndsce. laceae. 3, MagnoUacets. 10, Beds for the orders Onagraceae, 4, AnondcecB. Circeae, Halorageae \JC'ucurbitaceae, 5, Beds for herbaceous Umbelliferas. and Loasucecs. 6, Araliaceae ; a rustic building for the il, Philadelphiiceae. larger European animals, covered 12, i/amamelaceae. with ivy. 1 3, 6'ornaceae. Vol. XIV. — No. 98. R 242 Competition Design fin- the proponed Parietdsce. 14, Beds for Cruciferae, i?esedaceae, Fiolaceae, Droseraceae, and Fran- keni«cf<2'. CalycoscB. 15, TTypericaceae, on rockwork. 16, Ternstrmmdce(e. 17, ^ceraceae. 18, ^sculaceae ; in which may be placed a building, with appropriate architecture, for Asiatic animals or birds. 19, Beds forPolygalaceas and Linaceae. 20, Cistaceae, on rockwork. SyncarjiostjB, 21, Jlfalvaceae. 22, Tiliaceae. 23, iVfeliaceae. 24, Beds for herbaceous il/alvaceae, Z/Vthraceae, Eix^horbiacea", Poviw- lacese, Silenaceae, /flsinaceae, and /llecebreae. 25, i?hamnace£e. 26, £mpetraceae, on rockwork. 27, Celastraceae. 28, Staphyleaceae. GymnobasehscE. 29, Beds for i?utaceae, Zygophylla- cese, Xanthoxylaceae, Geraniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Oxalaceae, and Coria- ceae. 30, A building for the larger African animals, and to serve as a general winter repository, with glass in the front, and a 10-ft. passage between the front and the dens for the ani- mals, having passifloras and other tropical plants trained under the glass. All conveniences for heating, feeding the beasts, and the keepers' apartments, to be built behir.d. Leeds Zoological and Botanical Garden. 24 3 Apocarpbsce. 31, iJosaceae ; in which order I have placed an enclosure («)forthe differ- ent species of ruminating animals ; and also a building (b) covered with climbing roses, for birds from China, &c. The elevation of the building may be in the Chinese style, c, Beds for herbaceous ^osaceae. 32, Pomaceae. 33, -4raygdaleae. 34, Leguminosae : «, herbaceous beds ; 37, Anacardiaceae Monope'tal^. Polijcarpbscs. 40^ £rice«, 38, Pyrolaceae, 41, Taccinieae. Rockwork may here 39, Monotropaceae, R 2 h, building for large animals, or birds from temperate climates. 35, Calycanthaceae. 36, Beds for »S'axifrageae and Crassu- laceae, on rockwork. be introduced. 244 Competition Design for the p'oposed 42, ^benaceae. 43, y/quifoliaceae. 44, Beds for Primulaceae, Nolanacege, Convolvulaceae, and Polemoniaceae. Epigyndsce. 45, Caprifoliaceae, with beds for Lo- he\iace(B, Campanulaceae, and Stel- latae. 46, Building for North American or European animals or bii'ds. AgglVgOSCB, 47, Beds for Conipositae, ZJipsaceae, Valerianacece, &c. NucamentbscB. 48, Beds for /feliotropeae, Boragina- ceae, Labiatae, and J'erbenaceae. Dicai-posts. 49, Beds for Scrophulariaceae, 5*0^- naceae, GentiaiiacecB, and ^sclepia- dece. 50, Oleaceae. 51, Jasminaceae ; in which maj'" be placed a building (52) for Chinese or Nepal birds or animals. Incomple't^. RectembryoscB. 53, Cupuliferae. 54, ^etulaceae. 55, frticacese. 56, Z71maceae. 57, iWyricaceae. 58, JuglandaceaB. AchlamydMSCB. 59, iSalicaceae. 60, Platan aceae. 61, JJalsamacese. Tubiferosce. 62, SantaldcecB. 63, £laeagnaceae. 64, Phymelaceae, Columnosa. 65, ^ristolochieae. CurvembryoscB. 66, Beds for Chenopodiaceee, Phyto- laccaceae, Nyctaginaceae, &c. 67, Building for North American ani- mals or birds. 68, Pit for bears, and enclosure where other huts or dens may be erected for animals from the north of Eu- rope. Gymnospe'rm^. 69, Coniferae. 70, Paxaceae. As stone will most probably be found in this hill, a great variety of rockwork may be made amongst the trees, for ferns, mosses, &c. 71, 72, 73, Beds for monocotyledo- nous plants, divided into the follow- ing groups : — viz., EpigynosEe, Gy- nandrosae, Hypogynosae, Retosae, Spadicosae, and Glumosae. 74, Waste water from the pond, where numerous small places may be made for the aquatic genera of plants ; and also on this stream may be made a place for beavers, and another for otters, if the Society should possess these animals. 75, Lawn, interspersed with clumps of trees and single specimens. 76, The stream divided amongst rock- work for ferns, mosses, &c. 77, Low pond for North American aquatic fowls. 78, Reservoir, on which may be kept European aquatic fowls. — Both ponds will require a light wire fence around them, to prevent the stray- ing of the birds. 79, Flower-garden, to be kept con- stantly supplied with flowering plants : a a, fountains. 80, Terrace, elevated about 5 or 6 ft. above the level of the flower-gar- den. 81, Grass terraces sloping down to the garden southwards. 82, Conservatories; viz. o, for tropical plants, planted in the borders of the house ; b b, for green-house shrubs, planted in the borders of the houses to obtain fine specimens ; c c, two houses for green-house plants in pots ; d d, two houses for stove plants in pots ; e, under gardener's rooms; f f, fire, pot- ting-sheds, &c. ; g, tool-houses, &c. 83, Place for compost, rubbish, &c. 84, Propagation and experimental ground, having a range of low houses or pits (/i). Leeds Zoological and Botanical Garden. 245 85, Curator's house and yard, where by the trees inthe orders Pomaceae there should be an office for the and Jmygdaleas. curator, and for general business, 89, Private entrance from Duerden's with a room sufficiently large for gate. the accommodation of the com- 90, Private entrance from Burley. niittee. Both of these entrances will be con- 86, Entrance gates and lodges, with a venient for the getting in of com- small yard to each lodge. posts, &c. 87, Kitchen and fruit-garden. 91, Reserve-ground for trees and 88, Wall and border for half-hardy shrubs; a triangular piece of ground, shrubs, which will be nearly hid extending 50 yards further than I from the lower parts of the garden, have room to show it in this reduced plan. Plan Jig. 36. a. Elevation of conservatories. e, Flower-garden : a a, fountains ; h 5, b. Elevation of terrace. &c., vases, or other architectural c, Ground plan of conservatories, ornaments ; c c, grass terrace, slop- showing the pillars for the support ing to the garden from the dotted of the domes. line, and likewise sloping to the d, Terrace. lawn (75). The clump of trce.s on the gra.ss (Plan No. 1., .y%. 35.) is in- tended for flowering shrubs. A few single trees will be required ; but they may be better arranged on the ground than on a plan. The first thing to be done is, the proper draining of the land; and likewise to make a large main drain, commencing in the kitchen-garden, running under the conservatories, terrace, flower-garden, and down the centre walk into the low pond, with suflicient grates into it for the water to be readily admitted after a shower of rain. The rain-water, and the drainage from the land, will generally be sufficient for the low pond. After draining the land, water for the conservatories, foun- tains, &c., must be procured from Bainbrigg's and Potter's springs, by making a large pond as a reservoir (78), well puddled all round ; and, if sufficient water cannot be procured at the two springs, I should suggest the boring for water near Potter's spring, as I have no doubt but a good supply might be obtained. From the reservoir a main pipe, 1^ in. diameter, must be laid to the flower-garden ; with two branch pipes, f of an inch diameter each, to the fountains, and one pipe, f of an inch dia- meter, to the conservatories and curator's house. From the centre of the flower-garden, the main pipe may diminish to 1 in. diameter, and be carried down the centre walk to thejei d'eau in the low pond (77). A drain must be provided to receive the waste water from the fountains; but, by inserting a ^-in. pipe into the basin of waste water of the west fountain, sufficient water may be taken to supply the winter repository ; and all the buildings on that side of the garden, down to the bear pit, and then conducted in a drain to the low pond. Another ^-in. pipe R 3 246 Competition Desig?i for the proposed 36 <|J' ^ DC e^, ■iJll • \ : .■ I • 1 J ^j^:9 Leeds Zoological and Botafiical Garden. 247 ,/ ■\ '. '^m 36 1 V --/ fl 1 V, \' iiilS IF ■ ~ lliii nilfe ^M ^ H J -Ov ill ® Ji^il^^ 1'K \ /# ^ J " ^j 1^.^^^' cP!:»®^^e< ^©«'|i# l^lf R 4 a" m 24<8 Leeds ZooIoQ-ical and Botanical Gaidcn. ^t> may be put into the last fountain, to supply all the buildings on that side of the garden. All the rain-water which falls on the conservatories to be conducted in spouts to a tank in the propa- gation ground, for the supply of the kitchen-garden, &c. Fenchig. — The kitchen-garden will require a wall 12 ft. high, and the wall for half-hardy shrubs may be 10 ft. high; the most effective, and least expensive, fence for the rest of the garden will be a 6-ft. wall, of hammer-dressed stones, pointed with mortar, and a holly hedge planted inside. Estimate of the Expense of executing the foregoing plans, in a substantial and workmanlike manner : — Conservatories, terrace, and flower-garden - ^^6800 Walls for the kitchen-garden, and half-hardy shrubs - 740 Dry wall and holly hedge - - - 82 Winter repository - - - - 410 Curator's house and office _ _ - 380 Bear pit - - - - - 60 Nine buildings, chiefly having the front elevation of! „„„ rustic-work " ~ ~ J Top pond, a reservoir - - - - QS Low pond - - - - - 23 Pipes for conveying the water - - - 120 Trenching the ground for the arboretum, forming and 1 „_ completing the walls, &c. - - J ' Do. do. kitchen-garden - - 75 Draining the grounds - - - - 50 ^9755 The preceding estimate includes all the necessary works and buildings, of any considerable expense, for the completion of the gardens (except the purchasing of animals and plants) ; the entrance and roads, I presume, being included in your 4500/., as mentioned in the advertisement for plans. I have given the different items of expense, that the committee may be better enabled to commence with the works most beneficial to the Society; as, perhaps, the whole of the buildings for animals may not be wanted for two or three years. The large centre conservatory for tropical plants will be the most expensive erection, and may be deferred until the Society possess sufficient specimens to stock it with; so that all the necessary buildings, for the first year or two, may be completed for 3000/. under the total estimate. Esholt Hall, Oct. 12. 1837. Plaiiti}}g Larch, as a national Object. 249 Art. V. On the Planting of Larch, as a''national Object. By C. C. My attention has of late been seriously called to the very important subject of the cultivation of larch, as an object of national economy ; and the more so, as I foresee that the period is not far distant when that species will be found to be, on the whole, the most valuable of the European trees. Amongst the many anomalies presented by our extraordinary situation on the theatre of the world, none is, assuredly, greater than that (depending, as we do, on our naval power for the preservation of our vast possessions, and the influence derived from them) we should not only be extremely deficient in many of ihe most essen- tial articles of equipment of a navy, but that we should overlook the most obvious mode by which the want might be supplied. Probably, few of my readers are aware of the great scarcity of timber which existed during the war, which was partly owing to the previous mismanagement of the royal fores; s, but still more to the gross abuses of the government, which in- fected the civil branch of the naval administration. All that is necessary to observe on this subject is, that at this moment the interest of the countless millions that were sunk in that gulf are paid out of the produce of the national industry, and an- nually deducted from the national capital. The consequence of these abuses is, that, after twenty years of peace, we are obliged to ransack the forests of Scandinavia, of Russia, and of Prussia, of Canada, of Honduras, of Sierra Leone, of Pegu, of Norfolk Island, and New Zealand, in quest of an object of primary necessity, which, I shall show^, could be produced at home with comparative ease. These reflections have been more strongly impressed upon my mind by observing that the naval administration, highly to their credit, are, in addition to the far- spread territories we have mentioned, adding Italy to the list, and contracts are now advertised for, on a large scale, for larch the produce of that country. Most people are familiar with the princely undertakings of the Dukes of Atholl, who, by a steady system of moderate expen- diture, have converted the barren mountains on the Tay into a future source of revenue so vast, that the late duke intimated that the holder of those forests would be as rich, in a certain number of years, or richer than any other individual in Britain ! I can conceive nothing more truly noble than the employment of possessions for such a purpose, which places the Dukes of Atholl by the side of the Duke of Bridgewater, the Duke of Bedford, and other really great men, who, whilst laying the foundation of enormous wealth for their families, have con- ferred a lasting benefit on the country. I can pay no greater homage to this great example than by recommending and urg- 250 0)i the Planting of Larch, ino- its adopting by the nation. I therefore propose that tracts of land should be purchased in the north of Scotland, and ap- propriated to the growth of larch on the largest scale, to the exclusion of every other tree. I scarcely see any limit to the scale on which, in future times, the principle might be carried ; but I should commence with, say, 30,000 acres ; the purchase of which, and the planting and enclosing in the first instance, would be the sole expense, and the management, for some years, would cost very little ; the planting, and every thing else of outlay, being done by open competition, on the most economical scale. The planting should be at open distance, so that no thinning would be required until the operation could be made to nearly defray the expense. In about twenty years, the land might be let as sheep-walks, and would pay a good rent, which would annually increase, and, at last, be a source of very productive return, besides other advantages to be derived from it. The reasons why I recommend the purcha^:e to be made in the north of Scotland are these: the land is of much less value, and the outlay much less in consequence. The 40,000 acres devoted to oak in the New Forest represent a territorial value probably twenty times the same extent on the Grampian range, which in a given time would produce a value not much inferior to it per acre. Besides this, there are positive reasons for preferring the mountains of the north. The larch certainly grows better there than in the richer land in England. I be- lieve the causes are, that the Scottish mountains are primary, and chiefly of the igneous rocks, which are warmer in their nature, and have more influence in some descriptions of vegeta- tion than others. Again, the sides of the mountains are ge- nerally precipitous, and afford the drainage so necessary to the pine tribe; and the very circumstance of the depth and precipi- tous form of the valleys neutralises the effects of the prevailing winds, which are so prejudicial to the larch. These reasons I hold to be conclusive on the subject. Some difficulty may possibly be found in the purchase of large tracts of land contiguously. In this case, separate parcels, not too small, nor too far apart, might answer the purpose; but two points should be specially attended to : that the land be of good quality for the growth of trees, that no other be bought, and that no purchase be made till the land has undergone a strict and careful examination. Also, that good communication by water, if possible, be secured, for the purpose of future shipment of the timber. It may be objected, that these undertakings are not suited to government, from the abuses they lead to, and that they are better left to individuals. I acknowledge the principle, in ge- neral, to the fullest extent ; but this is an exception, perhaps as a naiional Object. 251 the only one. In the first place, very few individuals are able to lay out so large a sum of money in a speculation, which, for so many years, will return no interest ; and those who have the means prefer investing their money where the chance of in- crease of parliamentary influence may be greater than in a country which offers no such inducements. The return is too distant to engage the attention of companies ; and, even if it were under- taken either by individuals or societies, what guarantee is there that they might make a proper use of the vast power which such possessions would place in their hands ? In the case of individuals, I know too well that there is no fortune, however great, that may not be dissipated by extravagance. What is become of the Caledonian forests, in the same vicinity ? Ca- price, the existence of a minority, the avarice of a possessor, all may occur to influence the management of the proprietor. On these accounts, and because by government alone can be exe- cuted a system of the extent I contemplate, I venture to urge the adoption of it ; of course, under a strict parliamentary con- trol. If the expense of advancing the necessary capital be considered, I should say, without hesitation, alienate portions of the crown lands, which are now of little use, and apply the proceeds to the purpose. The object is worth any sacrifice. At present, we are the only power without national forests of extent proportionate to the demand ; and we are in the most miserable dependence on foreigners, not onl}^ for the materials for ship-building, but for the very roofs and floors of our houses. I have no hesitation in saying that, by the adoption of the sys- tem above proposed, " the wastes of Caledonia stern and wild " might be made not only to supply our wants, but to make others our tributaries in this, as they are in so many other respects. The expenditure would be a mere trifle, compared to other fancies we have indulged in. What has the Rideau Canal cost ? What was the object of it, but to preserve a sort of monopoly of the miserable produce of New Brunswick, and to carry out that masterpiece of administration for excluding good timber, and forcing the use of bad ? Where are the odd five millions of Lord Stanley, making twenty in all, paid to bribe people for following their true interests ? I earnestly hope to see the public attention called to this momentous question, and that in my generation, which has witnessed so many changes, I may see the foundation laid of a new source of national wealth ; and that those who come after may only wonder at the folly which caused us so long to overlook such advantages. 252 Cultivation of Exotic Ferns. Art. VL On the CtiUivalion of Exotic Ferns. By J. Henderson, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Viscount Milton, M.P., at Milton, near Peterborough. As the cultivation of exotic ferns is becoming every year more general in this country, a few observations on the means by which they are at present procured from foreign countries may be acceptable to some of your readers. The difficulty of im- porting in boxes plants so delicate as are the whole tribe of ferns is well known : few of them will survive a passage of long duration, and it is only with the more robust sorts that success in that way is at all attainable. Mr. Ward's plan, of glazed cases, affords a better, indeed the only, chance of importing plants of the more delicate sorts, and will, no doubt, be success- ful when that plan can be had recourse to; but, if plants cannot be procured by either of these ways, they may be sometimes ob- tained by means of seed. The propagation of ferns from sporules, or, as it is termed in practice, from seed, which is now generally understood, would greatly facilitate the introduction of exotic ferns, if seeds col- lected in a proper state could be procured from foreign coun- tries ; and the object of this communication is to show that the want of success in raising ferns from foreign-collected seed is chiefly owing to the manner in which it has been gathered and secured. The sporules, or seeds, of ferns are exceedingly minute, and appear to the naked eye like very fine dust ; while the capsules, or thecae, which are about the size, and have much the appear- ance, of the small seeds of some flowering plant, ere frequently mistaken for the real seed. These capsules, if open, seldom con- lain any seeds : a few may be found lodging among them if the frond has been gathered before they have burst open ; but as, in that operation, the capsule separates into two halves, and opens with a jerk, the contents are at once dispersed, and generally thrown a short distance off! If, therefore, perfectly ripe cap- sules are rubbed from a frond, and, on examining them with a glass, they are found to be open, it may be concluded that very little seed will be present: it is owing to inattention to these matters that what is frequently received for fern seed proves to be only dry empty capsules. In collecting fern seed, a frond should be selected that is not very far advanced : if the capsules near the base have turned brown, and those at the point are still green, the frond will con- tain plenty of seed. This frond, or a part of it, should be gathered, folded up, or rolled together, and put into a well-se- cured paper bag, on which the name, if known, the soil and situation in which it is found growing, and any other interest- General Notices. 253 ing particulai' relating to the plant, should be written : the bag may then be put in a dry place until it is forwarded to its desti- nation. Or the frond may be spread out, and dried as a specimen, taking care that the paper in which it is laid be well secured at the edges, to prevent the seed from escaping. By observing these directions, which would be attended with little trouble, there would in all cases be a certainty of securing some seed ; and the advantage of having a portion of the frond, however small, to compare with the young seedlings will at once be manifest. It is not maintained that plants can be raised from every packet of fern seed ; even when collected under the most favourable circumstances, ferns frequently produce abortive seed, and some plants appear never to produce seed that is fer- tile, or, perhaps, only under certain conditions ; good seed may, however, generally be known by placing a portion of it under a high magnifier : if opaque, it is, in all probability, good ; if transparent, the probability is that it is bad ; good seed is, also, more glossy, when viewed in the mass, than bad. These re- marks apply only to new seed, and not to old : the latter, how- ever well it may look, will generally, except in a few instances, fail to vegetate. Ferns abound in tropical countries, and only a comparatively small number of species have yet been introduced into the British gardens ; there is, therefore, a rich harvest to reward any one who has the means and the inclination to con- tribute to the advancement of so interesting a branch of botany. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. General Notices. A SURE and economical Method of managing Cape Heaths. — Keep them all the year round in cold-frames or cold-pits, the frames plunged up to the brim, and the bottom on which the sand is placed being thoroughly dry, " The lights, in summer, should be kept off during dull and cloudy weather, both night and day; but, during clear sunshine, the plants should be only uncovered from four in the afternoon till nine the next morning ; taking care, in the middle of the day, to have the sashes on, and to give plenty of air. In winter, the sashes must be drawn off, in mild dry weather, daily, and covered with mats, or some other covering, during frosty nights, and in very severe weather. When there is no sunshine, they will also require sometimes to be kept on, and some dry Utter or other loose material to be put around the frame. The advantages derived from plunging them in the sand are, that the frost never reaches farther than the surface of the soil ; that they will want little or no water from No- vember until the middle of February; and that, even during summer, they will not require water near so often as if they stood upon the stage of the green- house, or out of doors, along with the green-house plants." The rest of the treatment is conformable with the mode of potting recommended by Mr. M'Nab of Edinburgh. Mr. Cameron, the author of the very excellent paper from which the above extract is made, justly observes that the want of success in growing heaths " for the most part arises from an insufficient circulation of air, or from not keeping the soil in the pots in a medium state of moisture ; the roots bein^ 254- Retrospective Criticism. apt to perish if kept for a short time too moist ; and, if allowed to get too dry, the young fibrous roots will share the same fate, more particularly if the pots are exposed to the direct rays of the sun." (F/. Cah., vol. ii. p. 9.) TropcB' olum hiberosum, introduced in 1834, but only lately figured by Maund and Paxton, is the most ornamental species of the genus. It may be considered about as hardy as the common potato ; and what particularly deserves atten- tion in future experiment is, that its tubers are eatable, and agreeably flavoured. Mr. Lambert was the first, we believe, who grew these tubers in England, and presented them at table; and Mr. Cameron has lately written an excellent paper on their culture, which will be found in No. xiv. of the Floral Cabinet. Mr. Cameron planted sbout a dozen tubers in April, before they began to vegetate, and he raised other plants from cuttings, and kept them under glass till thej' were nearly a foot high, and turned them out in July. Both modes succeeded equally well, and the twent3'-five plants, when taken up in Novem- ber, were found to have produced half a bushel of tubers. The sets were planted 3 ft. apart, and the stems were so luxuriant, that they covered a space of at least 6 ft. in circumference. In the Epsom Nursery, some plants which were turned out were staked, like peas, in consequence of which each formed a dense mass of verdure, 4 ft. high, and full 6 ft. in diameter. {Paxt. Mag. of Bot., vol. v. p. 50.) When boiled, the tubers are of a soft pulpy substance, and, Mr. Cameron says, " in taste resembling sea-kale, mixed with the hot' taste of garden cress." The council of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, as the reader will find by turning to p. 106., consider the tubers to be of very delicate flavour, resembling the richest asparagus." Mr. Young of Epsom found the tubers, " when boiled, superior in flavour to any potato, though disposed to be watery, and not boiling firm." We would strongly reconimend the culture of this plant, for the purpose of ascertaining whether anything can be made of it as an esculent vegf table. — Cond. To prepare Gooseberry Cuttings luhicli shall not throw up Suckers. — Instead of rubbing off the buds in the usual manner, cut them out with a shield of solid wood : one third of the cuttings so prepared will perish, but those that live will never throw up suckers ; the adventitious buds which produce them being removed. " The reason of so many of the cuttings perishing is, that cuttings made by the ordinary process send out roots from the remains of every eye under ground, as soon as the growing season commences ; whereas, by the method now recommended, every vestige of the bud is removed, and the roots issue from every part of the stem, but are sent forth at a much later period of the season ; and, consequently, the buds drop off before the cuttings are furnished with roots for their support. The usual depth to plant the cuttings is from 4 in. to 6 in." {Ibid., vol. ii. p. 26.) Propagating Boses by Cuttings of the Roots. — Take long, fleshy, thick roots, and cut them into lengths of from 2 in. to 3 in. each ; in the latter end of February, lay the cuttings flat, about 4 in. apart, in a bed of very rich soil. Cover them with 1 in. of light soil, 1 in. of good rotten cow-dung, and 2 in. of common soil. " Each root will send up one or more strong shoots, producing abundance of fine healthy fibrous roots among the dung. They should be transplanted singly in winter, and will flower freely the ensuing season. Most of the hardy roses may be obtained in the same way, but it is most applicable to the moss rose and rose unique." (ilf?-. Cameron in Fl. Cab., vol. ii. p. 25.) Art. II. Retrospective Criticism. Mr. Niven's Experiments on Vegetable Physiology, (p. 161.) — Rejoicing to see Mr. Niven engaged in the physiological experiments detailed in the April Number of this Magazine, I am only complying with his request in offering him a few observations and suggestions connected with his enquiries. I. As regards the flow of the crude sap. It has been already established. Qiieries and Ans'tcers. 255 that this material abounds chiefly in the innermost layers of the wood ; and Biot has shown that its flow is chiefly in an upward or downward direction, according to the state of the atmosphere. I would suggest, that, as the cen- tral portions of trees are deprived of vitality, they cannot be otherwise consi- dered than as porous channels, through which the water imbibed by the roots (and probably by the leaves, also, in rainy weather) is conveyed : when lodged there, it serves as a reservoir, from which those portions of the tree (as the leaves and outer layers) in which vitality resides are constantly fur- nished with the materials necessary to the elaboration of the proper juices upon which their nutrition depends, 2. With respect to the developement of roots from the uppermost rim, and branches from the lowermost, round the ringed spaces on the trunks of trees, when kept moist in the way described, I conceive these combined results are strictly identical with what takes place in two separate and ordinary ope- rations: I mean in the developement of roots at the base of a cutting, and the developement of leaf-buds round the surface of the stool of a felled tree. Suppose the trees in the present case had been cut completely through, their stumps left in the ground, and the upper portions planted; the compound results obtained by Mr. Nivcn would then be referred to the two separate ones here alluded to. The multiplication and variation in the modes of obtaining these results are always interesting and useful ; but I conceive no new fact has been elicited in these experiments, by which any additional light is thrown upon the mode in which wood is developed. Whilst connecting this developement of branches in Mr. Niven's experiments with the ordinary developement of buds from stools, T may, perhaps, mention an analogous result, which my brother showed me lately. He had sown a number of orange seeds in a pot ; and, as they came up thickly crowded, he cut down most of them close to the ground, expecting that this would cause them to die, and leave space for the two or three he wished to keep. He was surprised to find the surface of the wound heal over, and in all cases buds develope themselves unthin the margin. 1 suspect Mr. Niven will find that none of the trees which he has ringed deeper than the liber will live more than three or four years. — J. S. Henslow. Cambridge, Aprils. 1838. Art. III. Queries and Ansxvers. Do decaying Leaves absorb, and assist in evajwrating, the Sap of the Plant ? (p. 206.) — A correspondent of yours, J. M. C. N., in the April Number of this Magazine, p. 207., in referring to a remark on "withered leaves," in Maund's Botanic Garden, has connected my name with that publication, con- founding it, as I presume, with the Botanist, which is the only work of Mr. Maund's in which I have consented to render him any assistance. I conceive Mr. Maund must be correct in recommending the speedy removal of leaves which have either rotted or are evidently dying from some injury ; but I can hardly suppose that lie intended to generalise to the extent which your cor- respondent imagines, or would recommend the removal of withered leaves from trees where Nature teaches they should remain as a winter clothing to protect the young buds. I should suppose that the withering of leaves must generally be taken as a clear indication that they are no longer, or only very slightly, performing their natural functions, both of exhalation and absorp- tion of the sap. — J. S. Henslow. Cambridge, April 3. 1838. An Article on the forcing of Flotvers in Winter, such as roses, lilacs, the de- ciduous azaleas, hyacinths, &c., as practised in the London nurseries, would be very useful to many country readers of this Magazine. A list of the best varieties for forcing would increase the value of the paper; and the routine treatment of the i^lants throughout the year might also be included. — • J.B.w. . y ^ 256 Covent Garden Market. Woodlice, or Alillepedes. — Can you tell me of any way to destroy woodlice, or millepedes '? The bark in my pine-stove swarms with them ; and I fancy they eat the roots of the plants. — J. B. W. Art. IV. Covent Garden Market. The Cabbage Tribe. Cabbage Plants, or Coleworts, per dozen Broccoli, White, per doz. heads Legumes. Peas, forced, per pottle Kidiieybeans, forced, per hun. Tubers and Roots. rper ton Potatoes ■? per cwt. C per bushel Kidney, per bushel Scotch, per bushel New, per pound Carrots, old, per bunch Parsneps, per dozen Red Beet, per dozen Skirret, per bunch Scorzonera, per bundle Salsify, per bunch Horseradish, per bundle Radishes : Red, per dozen hands (24 to •2^ each; ... White Turnip, per bunch - The Spinach Tribe. spinach Y^,iZh,,l : Sorrel, per half sieve TTie Onion Tribe. Onions, old, per bushel - - Leeks, per dozen bunches . Chives, per dozen roots Garlic, per pound Shallots, per pound Asparaginous Plants, Salads, ^c. Asparagus, per hundred : Large . . . - Middling ... Sea-kale, per punnet - Seconds . - - Small . - - Lettuce, per score : Cos .... Cabbage, per score Celery, per bundle (12 to 15) i From \£ s. d. 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 16 0 0 16 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 2 0 0 1 6 10 0 8 I 0 1 0 0 18 0 2 To £ s. d.\ Small Salads, per punnet 0 8 Oil Watercress, per dozen small 0 6 oil bunches Pot and Sweet Herbs. Parsley, per half sieve Tarragon, dried, per doz. bun. Fennel, per dozen bunches . ThjTne, per dozen bunches Sage, per dozen bunches Mint, per dozen bunches Peppermint, dried, per dozen bunches - - Marjoram, dried, per doz. bun. Savory, per dozen bunches . Basil, dried, per dozen bunches Lavender, dried, per dozen bunches Tansy, per dozen bunches 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 1 6 " 1 0 ! 0 0 9 0 6 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 Stalks and Fruits for Tarts, Pickling, SfC. Rhubarb Stalks, forced, per I bundle . . - j Edible Fungi and Fuci. Mushrooms, per (xittle Morels, per pound Trufifles, English, per pound i Fruits. j Apples, Dessert, per bushel : Nonpareil Baking ... j American ... Almonds, per peck Strawberries, per gallon (2 pot- ties) about 3 pints ,Pine-apple^, per pound Grapes, hot-house, per pound .Cucumbers, frame, per brace V».„„ , f per dozen lOranges J j;^^ hundred O'l Bitter, per hundred - 0I|t„^„„, Cper dozen - . 6' ^"""n per hundred 6 Sweet Almonds, per pound - 0 , Nuts, per bushel : , I' Brazil . . - Op Spanish ... Of Barcelona . - . O! Cob ... From To £ s. d. £ s. d. 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 9 0 10 0 16 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 10 0 0 8 0 10 0 14 0 0 16 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 10 0 0 16 0 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 7 0 0 16 0 0 6 0 1 4 0 0 10 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 The supplies to the market continue very limited. From the general de- struction attendant on the late severe winter, and the present cold and cheer- less season, we cannot expect the spring to be genial, especially as regards the supplv of vegetables. At present, we are receiving some broccoli from Penzance, which has realised good prices, consequent on the absence of all competition by the London gardeners, whose crops have been entirely de- stroyed. Some asparagus from the open ground has been furnished, but in very small quantities; arid the quality so inferior, as not to induce the dealers to give anything like a high price. A few forced peas have been offered ; but, from the absence of the nobility, Sec, from London during the Easter recess, did not meet with a ready sale at the price demanded. — C. G. M., April 24'. 1838. .THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, JUNE, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. On Measuring grotviiig Timber. By William Black- adder, Land and Timber Surveyor, Glammis, Forfarshire. It is generally known that timber, in its rough state, is not measured in such a manner as to ascertain its actual cubical contents : but, for an approximation to what it may contain after being squared up, the girt, or circumference, is taken with a cord or tape-line, from which a deduction is made for the bark, usually in the proportion of 1 in. per foot of the girt ; and then one fourth pai*t of the remainder, or quarter girt, thus rectified, is held to be the side of the square ; and this, being squared and multiplied by the length, gives the contents according to custo- mary measure. The measurement of growing timber is ascertained in a similar manner; but, from the difficulty of getting at the mea- surable length, and more particularly at the average point to take the girt, it is in practice generally done by estimation ; and sometimes by taking the girt at a point within reach, to serve to correct the estimation with the eye ; and, certainly, persons of experience frequently perform it with much precision, and hence have a great advantage over others of less tact. Numerous modes have been suggested to get the better of this difficulty, and, from time to time, laid before the public. The two I am now to describe I have never seen in print, though, from the simplicity of their principles, I have little doubt but that they may be known to many others, besides those who have drawn their information from my practice, which with the one has been upwards of, and the other for nearly, twenty years. First Mode. — For very large-sized trees, and of great length, as well as uniformity in their bole, and when either standing singly, or not so crowded but that their measurable height may be seen at an equal distance back from their roots, the height can be quickly and accurately taken with that useful little instrument the pocket sextant, by setting it at the angle of 45°, Vol. XIV. — No. 99. s 258 0?i Measurmg gromiig Timber. and stepping backwards until the reflected image of the point at which the height is wanted coincide with a mark made a few feet above the root of the tree, level with the eye of the observer : the latter height being added to the observer's dis- tance from the centre of the root of the tree, is equal to, or gives, the height wanted. The next operation is to find the diameter at middle height, or at such other point where the most correct average appears to be ; and generally the readiest mode to do this is, for the observer to keep on the same spot where the height was found ; standing at which, let the reflected image of one sid>i of the tree, at the point wanted, be brought to coincide very exactly with its opposite side, as seen by direct vision ; and thus the angle which the diameter subtends will be found; and, by taking the vertical angle to the same point, the data will thus be obtained for finding the diameter, by the rules of trigonometry ; and the diameter being obtained, hence the cir- cumference ; and, finally, the quarter girt, and the measurable height, being also obtained, thence the size of the tree by calcu- lation, or the ordinary tables, or slide rule, or decimal multi- pliers. (For various other modes, see Dr. Olinthus Gregory's Mathemat.for Pract. Men, some of which are very neat.) But, as customary measure is not founded upon strict mathe- matical principles, it is unnecessary, in ordinary cases, to resort to the strict rules of trigonometry ; and both a ready and sufficiently correct approximation may be made, if the diameter has been taken at, or nearly at, middle height, and the observa- tion made from the point whence the height was ascertained as above described, by adding to the observer's distance from the tree one tenth part thereof, which will give the distance from his eye to the point where the diameter is taken ; and, by multi- plying the distance into the natural tangent of the angle which the diameter subtends, the diameter will be found with sufficient correctness. As the diameter of trees, when the observer is at the above distance, seldom exceeds an angle of 5°, the natural tangents for every minute up to 5° can be marked in a memorandum book to the extent of three figures; and, in like manner, the natural secants for every \5' between 15° and 30° might also be marked ; and, by using them as multipliers into the base or observer's distance from the tree, the distance to the point where the dia- meter is taken will be given more correctly than by adding one tenth, as above noticed. The following example will make the foregoing description understood:. — A few years ago, having been requested to measure the large larch tree at Dunkeld, the following observations were taken : — The ground being level, upon one side of the tree a small piece of paper was fixed, 5 ft. above its roots; and, stepping back with the sextant set at 45°, the reflected image of the top On Measuring growing Timber. 259 of the tree coincided with the j)aper at 95 ft. distance; which, with the 5 ft. below the paper, made the total height of the tree 100 ft., being 10 ft. more than it had always been previously considered to be. The measurable timber height was evi- dently seen to be beyond a broken stump ; but as, above that point, it was of a very coarse description, from the numerous large side branches striking off', that point was assumed, and found, by stepping forward with the sextant set at 45°, to be 61ft. above the mark, and thus 66 ft. above the root. An observation was then made for the diameter at middle height, and found to range between 2° 45' and 2° 58', there being some inequalities at the place where it required to be taken ; but most of the observations gave it above 2*^ 50'. The vertical angle was 25°; and, the secant of 25 being riO, which, multiplied by 61, gives the distance from the eye to the point whence the diameter was taken to be 67 ft., taking the medium angle for the diameter (2° 52'), its tangent is -05007; which, multiplied by the distance (67), gives 3-354-69 for the diameter; and 3*555 x 3*142 makes the circumference 10'5414, or say 10 ft. 6^ in.; and, making an allowance of 10:jin. for the bark, leaves 9ft. Sin. for the rectified girt; the quarter of which is 2ft. 5 in., which, being squared and multiplied by the length or height of 66 ft., makes the cubical measurement to be 386 ft. Some other observations were taken thus: — The diameter at the top of what was taken for the measurable timber was found to subtend an angle of 1° 20'; and, the vertical angle being 45°, the secant of which is 1*41, which, multiplied by 61, makes the distance 86 ft. ; and this, multiplied by the tangent of 1° 20', being — *0233, makes the diameter at that point 2 ft; and which, multiplied by 3*142, makes the circumference 6 284, or 6ft. 3 in., leaving 5 ft. 9 in. for the rectified girt, after allowance for bark, and the quarter to be 1 ft. 5 in. In like manner, the diameter near to the ground subtended 4° 30'. The tangent is 0*787 X 62 ; the distance gives 4 8794 for the diameter; and, being multiplied by 3*142, makes the circumference to be 15*331, equal to 15 ft. 4 in. ; allowance for bark, 1 ft. 4 in., leaves 14 ft. for the rectified girt; the quarter of which being 3 ft. 6 in., and the quarter at the top being I ft. 5 in., the medium is 2 ft. 5^in. ; which, being squared and multiplied by the height, makes the cubical contents of the tree to be 396 ft. An observation was taken for the diameter at the mark level with the eye (being 5 ft. above the ground), for the satisfaction of the party who was present; which was found to be 3° 40', which makes the circumference 12 ft. 3 in. It was tried by the tape-line, and found to be 12 J ft. At 18 in. above the ground, the tree measures 16 ft. round; but this is occasioned by some inequalities ; and the angle of 4° 30', for the measurement at the 260 On Mcamrijia- proxoina Timber. t>' base, was taken a little above that point. As there was some measurable timber above the point assumed for the observation, although of a coarse description, this celebrated tree, in round numbers, may be said to contain 400 cubical feet by customary measure. In spring, 1831, when this measurement was made, the tree was ninety-five years old, having been planted in 1736. There is another, within a few feet of it, of nearly the same dimensions. The soil is rich black loam, or garden mould, of good depth, incumbent upon an absorbent bottom of gravel, altogether the debris of primitive schists ; and the earthy particles of the soil are of the same nature. The situation is a level platform, about 30 ft., or so, above the level of the river, and some few hundred yards distant from it. The whole depth of the platform, down to the level of the river and below it, is gravel. Some months afterwards, being near CrieflF, I went to see the larches at Monzie, said to have been planted at the same period. There are five of them, growing near together, in a shrubbery, or old garden, close by the mansion, three of which are noble trees. My time did not permit me to measure them accurately ; but, from some observations made with the sextant, they appear to range from 200 to 250 cubical feet, and are 90 ft. in height. The largest measures 21 ft. in girt at the base; but this arises chiefly from inequalities protruding forward, being portions of the roots. This tree tapers very quickly in the bole, and does not carry up timber like those at Dunkeld : it is feathered with branches to the bottom, and more ornamental than the latter. The soil is also garden mould, but upon an absorbent bottom, a little moist, and which is rendered more so by a pleasure pond close by their sides, and only a few feet below their level. The earthy particles of the soil are quite similar to those at Dunkeld, being the debris of primitive schists. In 1832, Mr. Blair, the intelligent forester at Kippenross, near Dunblane, requested me to measure a large larch growing by the side of the Water of Allen, at the foot of the Kippenross garden, which was done with the sextant, by an operation similar to the one above detailed ; and the contents were found to be 170 cubical feet; upon which he informed me, after he saw the result, that, in the previous year, he had it measured in the usual manner, by ascending it with a ladder to obtain the height and girt, and had made it 1 72 ft. The soil is garden mould upon an absorbent bottom of gravel, about 10 feet above the level of the water, and within a few yards of it. The earthy particles have a small intermixture of the debris of primitive schists, but are chiefly derived from the On Measuring grouoing Timber. 261 trap rocks of the Ochills, and a little of the red sandstone of the district, which form the basis of very excellent soil. The tree is still of vigorous growth. I had measured it, in 1817, exactly in the same manner; and in 1832 it was 15 ft. higher, and had laid on some 50 cubical feet of timber. The height of trees, or any other object, is easily taken bv the pocket sextant; and the'angle of 45° is the most convenient to obtain it without calculation. Other angles are sometimes used for a different proportion of the base, but are not so certain in practice. It requires, however, some experience in the use of ii to take the diameter correctly. But the trouble of acquiring this practice will be well repaid by the numerous uses to which this excellent instrument is adapted, for the purposes of practical men and amateurs. Some of them are fitted with a small level, which enables the height of the eye to be marked correctly above the root of the tree ; but this can be done with sufficient correctness by suspending a plumb line from the sextant, and setting it at 90°; when the reflected image of the plummet upon the tree will mark the point ; but, generally, for all the purposes wanted, the point can be ascertained with sufficient correctness by the eye. Seco7id Method. — It will be seen that the first mode is only for amateurs, or for very particular cases in business, such as the examples narrated ; but this second mode is completely prac- tical, and, I may say, even forced upon me from the necessity of the case. Having been employed to mark and value a large quantity of full-grown timber for a particular object, I found the mode of taking the girt within the reach of a man very unsa- tisfactory, the trees being of very great height. About the same time, having heard of Mr. Monteith's machine, and having got a sight of it, I saw that it was unsuitable for despatch in business, and felt much disappointed : but the thought immediately oc- curred, that the quarter girt might be as readily ascertained from the diameter as the circumference, and as correctly as cus- tomary measure requires. Thus, by the application of a diameter gauge, this would be done with the requisite despatch. The gauge which I then devised, and, with few exceptions, have used for seventeen years, consists of three flat pieces of wood, 2 in. broad, and a quarter of an inch thick, put together so as to form three sides of a parallelogram ; the largest side, or scale arm, being fully longer than the diameter of the timber to be measured ; and the other two, or tangent arms, a little more than one half of the scale arm. One of the tangent arms is screwed fast upon the end of the scale at the zero, their interior edges forming a true rectangle at that point; and the other tangent arm is made to slip upon the scale with a rectangular motion, and can be drawn backwards and forwards by means of a cord s 3 262 On Measuring growing Timber. passing over small sheaves fixed for the purpose. A tubular handle is fixed below the point where the fixed tangent and scale arm join ; into which a long pole being inserted, it is applied to the part of the tree at which the quarter girt is wanted : being light and easily managed, it can be sent up to any height; and, by drawing the movable tangent arm by means of the cord attached to it, the tree can thus be embraced within the three sides of a parallelogram ; and, the scale arm being divided in such a manner as to show the inches and parts of the quarter girt, with allowance for the bark, it is thus ascertained at once. The height is taken in the usual manner, with small rods, in 5 ft. or 10 ft. lengths, fitted to each other by tubes of tin ; and, while one assistant is applying the gauge, another is applying the rods. The principal directs and checks both, and mariis them down in regular columns for the quarter girt and height respectively, leaving a blank column for the solid contents to be extended by means of a ready reckoner ; and such is the despatch, that a surveyor, with two experienced assistants, would gauge all the growing timber in Kensington Gardens in a few days, nearly as fast as he would examine and estimate them, tree by tree, with the eye. I mean the boles, and not the branch timber. The scale for the quarter girt is marked upon the under side, that it can be read off without brinfrincr it down, so that various pomts may be taken, if wanted. Upon the upper side of this arm three other scales are marked : one shows the circum- ference, a second shows the diameter, and the third shows the quarter girt, without allowance for the bark. The use of the latter being, that, in any particular cases when the bark is either very thick or very thin, a different allowance may be made from the average one. It is also useful in gauging peeled timber . when lying upon its side, as it does it much quicker than a cord or tape. The diameter and circumference scales are Useful for ascertaining the fitness of a growing tree for any given purpose, at the height or length wanted. None of these scales are calcu- lated so as to allow for the bark. It will be necessary to observe, that, as the scales are all cal- culated on the principle that growing timber is truly cylindrical, and as it seldom happens that such is the case, the dimensions thus taken will not be exactly the same as by the usual manner with the cord, but are generally somewhat less. On the other hand, as the gauge can always be apphed so as to give the dimensions in the manner it may be wanted to be squared up, it can thus give them more truly for that purpose; but, generally, unless in extreme cases, the difference between the cord and gauge is not more than between two practical measurers, or the same person at different times. On Measuring growing Timber. 263 The gauge has also a movable joint upon its stalk, or handle, by which means it can be placed square to any limb or branch, so as to gauge them ; but it requires to be seen, before any con- ception can be given of it. The one I have long used has this motion regulated by means of a semicircular piece of ironwork bracing the scale, and fixed tangent arms about 3 in. beyond their point of junction, which hence prevents it gauging timber below that diameter. The same motion can be given by means of a ball and socket, which is both more elegant and universal. The other, however, is more useful, as it strengthens the gauge at a point much wanted. Mr. Cary, in the Strand, has one now in hand for me, with all the improvements which my experience of the defects, and his knowledge of construction, could suggest. On this it is proposed to have decimal multipliers stamped upon the fixed tangent arm, so as to be always at hand when any calculations are wanted on the spot ; and the same brass- work is to be made to fit different sets of wooden arms, so as to be suitable for larire or small-sized timber : it being: inconvenient to use a large gauge for the latter. I may also notice that, instead of a regular gauge thus constructed, I have frequently used one of a more ordinary description, being merely a flat piece of wood, 3 in. or so in breadth, for the scale arm ; on the under side of which the divisions for the quarter girt are marked with stronij black lines right across it, and having a fixed tangent arm nailed upon one end of it, down into a round short rod fitted for a tin tube, by which it can be sent up to any height by means of other rods. By applying it to the tree, and the observer standing so as to look square past it, the division which cuts the opposite side from the fixed tangent arm can be ascertained, and read off, although not so correctly as when the perfect instrument is used. I have them also made in a rough manner, with all the scales on them, and the slipping arm to move by the hand, which are useful for gauging timber when lying on its side, being so much quicker than the ordinary way ; and such a mode will be found useful by all artificers who work with rough or unsquared timber, as their common rectangular square might be readily fitted for this purpose. The divisions for the quarter girt scale, allowing for the bark, are found by dividing one foot in the ratio of 8'64! equal parts, each division being 1388in. ; and such divisions, when the gauge is applied to a tree, are representatives of the real inches of its quarter girt when rectified, as formerly noticed, for the allowance for the bark ; butit will be obvious that this scale can be so varied as to make any other allowance which may be s 4 264 On Measuring growing Timber. 37 customary in different districts ; and, when 1*388 is subdivided into four equal parts, the half and quarter inches are shown. The quarter girt scale, without allowance for the bark, requires one foot to be divided in the ratio of 9 •425 equal parts, each part representative of an inch being 1"273 in. The circumference scale requires one foot to be divided in the ratio of 37698 equal parts, each part representative of one inch, being 0*3 18 parts of an inch. The diameter scale is divided into real inches and parts. In making valuations of growing timber, the hedgerows and standard trees are usually all gauged tree by tree ; but in large woodlands they are usually numbered in successive portions, enclosed within a white cord line, and classed under their respective heads, and some average trees then gauged. Timber intended to be exposed for sale, when not cut down by the exposer, is usually gauged tree by tree, and a prepared list of the measurement and value put into the auctioneer's hands to assist in guiding him. — Londo7i, May 30. 1837. JEixplanation of References in Figs. 37. and 38. Fig. 37. shows a side view of the gauge. a a, Scale arm of box, lance, or any kind of elastic wood, de- fended on the edges with slips of thin brass plate, to make the tangent arm move more easily. 6, The fixed tangent arm. c. The movable tangent arm. d, A sheave over which the cord e e is drawn, to move the tangent arm (c). There is a double sheave placed on the side of the movable joint f over which the cord is also drawn. e e, Cord for drawing the tangent arm (c) close upon the tree. f Movable joint. gg , Semicircular guide of iron or brass, to fix the scale and tangent arms square, to gauge branch wood. On Measuring growifig Timber. 265 h, Socket of iron or brass, with a screw cut on the inside, for infixing a rod of any length required. Fig. 38. shows a horizontal view of the gauge, on which the scale arm {a a) is divided on its under side for the quarter girts ; also the tangent arms {b and c) are shown at full length, and the sheaves [d andy ), over which the cords are drawn; also a cross spring {i i) at the neck of the movable tangent arm, to keep it steady and erect ; and a screw {k) for fastening the arms of the gauge either square or at any angular position required. Fig. 39. shows a different horizontal view of some of the parts as above described. 266 Valuation of the Woodlands Table oj" Multipliers. ( Stamped on the fixed tangent arm, h.) Quarter Girt. Solid Feet for One foot in Length. Multipliers. Quarter Girt. Solid Feet for One Foot in Length. Multipliers. Quarter Girt. Solid Feet for One Foot in Length. Multipliers. Inches. 1 Ft. and dec. parts. •007 Inches. 17 Ft. and dec. parts. 2^007 Inches. 33 Ft. and dec. parts. 7-563 2 •028 18 2^250 34 8-028 3 •063 19 2^507 35 8-507 4 •111 20 2-776 36 9000 5 •174 21 3^063 37 9-507 6 •250 22 3-599 38 10-024 7 •340 23 3-673 39 10-563 8 •444 24 4-000 40 11-111 9 •563 25 4-340 41 ir673 10 •694 26 4-694 42 12^250 11 •840 27 5-063 43 1 2-840 12 1-000 28 5-443 44 13-444 13 M74 29 5-840 45 14^063 14 \-3G\ 30 6-2.50 46 14^694 15 \-5Q'i 31 6-673 47 15-340 16 1-777 32 7.108 48 16-000 Art. II. Valuation of the Woodlands upon the Estates of Drum- mavohance and Ciddees, situated betiveen Auchterarder ayid Crieff, Perthshire. By William Blackadder. General Remarks on Drummaivhance Estate. — The wood- lands of this property extend to 41 Scotch acres, with tlie addi- tion of numerous hedgerows, and some scattered timber in the middle of the fields. The trees are chiefly from 40 to 50 years of age, but a few are from 20 to 30, and very few of the oldest exceed 50. The plantations consist principally of larch, with a mixture of spruce and Scotch fir, and in a few cases some oak. The belts around the mansion are chiefly beech, with a few other varieties of hard wood; and the rows round the fields are generally oak, beech, and elm. None of these trees, except a few of the oldest hard-wood kinds, are of large size; but, as they are of vigorous growth, they will in time become fine timber, particu- larly the oak and beech, wherever the soil is of sufficient depth. The larch, spruce, and Scotch fir are generally on soils which will not produce timber beyond the ordhiary sizes for roofing, and other country purposes. Most of these being now arrived at maturity, are ready to be cut down. In some cases, as on the banls's of the Machany, where there is a sufficiency of oak, it should be converted into coppice; and other places, wherever the soil is suitable, should be replanted with oak for a similar purpose. The soil, in general, is more adapted for oak and beech than any of the other varieties of hard wood : but beech is not a species of timber worth planting to any considei'able extent. on Drummalsohance and Culdees. 267 In making the survey for the following valuation, the whole of the trees on the estate were accurately numbered, and classed under different average sizes, and then measured by an instru- ment constructed for the purpose. The prices are considered to be a fair average rate for the district; but, if they are higher or lower than the market rate, they may readily be recalculated : the data upon which they are founded is in every other respect correct. r"^ "5 ■S « S^-s ■ " a; o^ g = 3 ^5.S 030; £ S s ? re O'-<>OC0i0-*'C0O— 105C310 ^H'TSCNTjiCOOQOO^eC'XiCO-^O ■* O — (NO rtFi ■tsCOOCO^OOOOCiJOOiCO-^O (MfMOO'^00000000 I I I I I I I I I i eoin oMoicoQOOooQoaDO Tf<(N |rOOC0005(M«5iOaD'-' 10 (N — H S S§ 2 o ;2; eoO'jfaccMcoosinco — (M-* 1 (NaD(MC5I<5^O5Oi'*e0QD — '^ "^ .S .S '- Is .S .S - .5 ^ .? .5 " O S 5 S 1-3 Q Q cc Q cK Q Q » 8 ° a; 0) 1/3 ■" .■a u ^•^'^ => o S Q O) o C ClJ ^ -t^ .5 ^ ^ -^ ir- c= !=: -c 0^ o ;^ •-.1-1 OJ 4-> C a-' — . ^ 0) rrj i i" bo's -- 0-5 C3 cS U3 c« C ^ <1> r- C b S <,, « ^ <" 03 a; c > c 03 T3 3 O) o :^ 3 -^ J= tn 3 2 c« c3 QJ So 2 ^ a; -^ .5 o-i t/3 ^ 5 J 268 Valuation of the Woodlands Park and Belts around the old mansion, No. ^. and 5. on the plan ; containing 2*613 Scotch acres, with some rows and scattered timber on the arable land, about 50 years old. [Table of contents, &c., as before.] These consist of belts and scattered trees on the lawn, chiefly beech, all in a thi'iving state, which, when full grown, will become fine timber. There are a few thriving Spanish chestnuts north from the old steading. Park around the mansion-house, containing timber newly cut down when the survey was being made. [Table, &c., as before.] These consist of thinnings, chiefly for the new steading, with some hard wood requiring to be taken out. Wood in field north side of Luckart's Howe, containing 2 '348 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] The greater part of the larch, &c., has been already cut away. The oaks are thriving, and well adapted for forming coppice, when the field comes to be replanted. Wood on Machany side, north of Easterton and Millness, con- taining 2-764 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] This is a very thriving young wood, the larch being generally fit for stobs and paling rafters. It should all be cut down, there being a sufficiency of oak, which would become a fine copse. Scattered timber and hedgerows on the north side of Mains, Easterton, and Millness. [Table, &c.,'as before.] These consist chiefly of hedgerows, generally small-sized, but thriving. There are a few scattered trees of older date, chiefly plane, and of fair quality. Wood in No. 8. of Drummawhance. The field on the south of the public road at Luckart's Howe, containing 1'04'2 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] The older part of this is now mostly cut down. The belt along the road side is thriving, and fit for stobs, &c. Clump in the corner of Nos. 6. and 7., with hedgerows in these fields. [Table, &c., as before.] These are chiefly hedgerows, the last clump being nearly cut out. The oaks along the road side are very good for their age. on Drummaijohance and Culdecs. 269 Littlemuir. [Table, &c., as before.] These consist of hedgerows, with a few older trees at the houses. The rows along the east march are very good. Lucas Woods, east of the Toll road, containing 8*356 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] West side of Toll road, containing 13*717 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] These woods are upwards of 40 years old, and consist of timber very useful for all country purposes, although not of large size. West end of Lucas^ containing 2*847 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] This is a young belt, about 20 years old, and thriving. The damper portions are blanky for the want of drainage. Cairn Farm. Three clumps, containing 1*210 Scotch acres. [Table, &c., as before.] Hedgerows and scattered timber. [Table, &c., as before.] These consist of a fevv scattered small clumps, with hedge- rows. The clumps being on dry knolls, are set in their growth. There are a few old hard-wood trees around the offices. Valuation of the Woodlands upon the 'Estate of Culdees. The remarks upon the woodlands of this property were given in separately, and neglected to be afterwards appended to this statement. Along the banks of the Machany, and around by the east of the garden and offices. [Table, &c., as before.] Standards in the lawn, and around the Castle. [Table, &c., as before.] Belt west of the Castle, dividing the lawn. [Table, &c., as before.] West Lawn. [Table, &c., as before.] On the West Lawn, and along the margin of the river. [Table, &c., as before.] 270 Valuation of U'oodlajids on Drunimaisohance and Culdees. Belt of young wood, along Stirling Road. [Table, &c., as before.] Belt along Nuthill Road. [Table, &c., as before.] John Taylor's Farm. [Table, &c., as before.] Cross Hill. John Gloag's. [Table, &c., as before.] ABSTRACTS. Abstract of Dyummavchance Estate. Scotch OaW Acres. Trees. Feet. £ s. d. Wood at Toll House - 5-551 627 468 51 18 6 Park and Belts around"! the mansion - J 2-613 154 365 48 0 0 Park timber cut downl when the survey was V being made - J Wood in the field north! of Luckart's Howe J • 2-348 295 792 99 0 0 Wood on Machany side,1 north of Easterton and >■ 2-764 1817 671 100 9 3 Millness - J Scattered trees and hedge-! rows, north of Mains, |- — 245 414 51 15 0 Easterton, and Millness J Wood on the south side 1 oftheroadat Luckart's \ 1-042 8 38 4 15 0 Howe - J Clumps on the south of! the road, with scattered >- •609 184 346 28 0 3 trees and hedgerows J Littlemuir — 164 348 43 10 0 Lucas Wood, east of Toll \ Road - - J 8-356 7 7 0 14 0 Ditto, west of Toll Road 13-717 77 96 9 12 0 Ditto, west end of Lucas 2-847 Cairn Farm, three clumps 1-210 45 69 8 12 6 Ditto, hedgerows and scat- \ tered timber - - J Totals - 94 181 20 12 6 41-057 3717 3795 466 19 0 Ash, beech, elm, &c., follow in similar columns; and, lastly, the totals, showing the whole number of trees, their cubic feet, and the value upon the property. Flovjering of Agave americana at Clo'wance. Abstract of the Estate of Ciddees. 271 Names of Places, &c. ^0^6. Money Value. Oak. Money Value. B-'^- rZl Along the banks of the Machanvl «^ a„,~o and around by the garden and V ,»! -f offices - . 3 ^^ ^'''• Standards in the lawn and around 7 the castle . J Belt west of the castle, and di- 7 viding the lawn - j West lawn - - - \ — On the west lawn, and along the \ margin of the river - j Belt of young wood along Stirling \ road - - J Belt along Muthill road - — John Taylor's farm - . — Cross Hill— John Cloag's - — £ t. d. 600 0 0 Trees. 2624 690 57 2 40 107 154 143 237 Feet 8441 1540 35 67 30 160 140 230 270 £ i. d. 633 1 6 115 10 0 2 12 6 6 7 0 2 5 0 12 0 0 10 10 0 17 5 0 20 5 0 Tons. 82 16 1 1 2 2 M. s. d. 738 0 0 144 0 9 9 0 0 13 10 0 9 0 0 18 0 0 18 0 0 600 0 0 4054 ,10913 1 819 16 0 105i 949 10 0 The other kinds of timber follow in the same manner ; and, lastly, their totals, summing up the whole number of trees, their cubic feet and value, upon the property. Art. III. Notice of the Floivering of an Agave americana in the F/oiver-Garden at Cloivance, in the County of Cornwall, the Seat of Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart. Communicated by T. Symoxs. On referring to your Arhoretiwi ct Fruticetwn Britannicum (p. 2529.), I see there is a notice of a splendid plant of the Agave americana, planted by the late Mr. Yates, in his garden at Saltcombe Bay, in Devonshire. Its rapid growth during the sixteen years, from the time it was planted out to the time of its flowering, is extraordinary; and its flower stem, 27ft. high, loaded with 16,000 blossoms, must have exhibited perhaps one of the finest specimens of its kind ever seen in this country. The one I have to offer to your notice, although not so splendid a plant, may still be worth noticing in your valuable Magazine, and the accompanying sketch {Jig. ^O.), by Mr. Rutger, jun., may serve to give some of your readers, who may not have had an opportunity of seeing a plant of the kind in flower, an idea of the nature of its growth, &c. Mr. Rutger, sen., my predecessor, informs me that, when he came to Clow- ance, in the year 1800, he found the plant in a small tub ; and that about the vear 180G he turned it out, and planted it in the flower-garden, on the bite where its remains still stand. For many years, it was nearly stationary, making but little progress in point of size ; which maybe accounted for by no particular attention having been paid to the preparation of soil, as the object of planting it out was rather to obtain additional room in the green-house, than anv ulterior view with respect to its flowering. About ten years ago, the plant began to appear in a more thriving state ; and, during the last four years, it made rapid advances towards maturity. At the latter end of last June, when the flower stem made its first appearance, the plant was 7 ft. 2 in. 272 Floicering of an Agave amcricdna \ 40 at Cloixiance, in Cornt^all. 273 high ; the diameter of the trunk, at 1 ft. 8 in. from the ground was 2 ft. 3 in. ; and the leaves 7 ft. Sin. long, 13 in. wide, and from 5 in. to 6 in. thick near the base; its rapid increase during the last four years is, most likely, owing to the roots having penetrated into a subsoil more congenial to its growth than the soil in which it was planted. Allowing the plant to be about 25 years old when turned out, it may be considered as being about 56 years old when it flowered. Its site was in the flower-garden, on a border sloping to the south, backed with a fence and shrubbery as shown in the sketch, where it never had any protection, otherwise than by being screened from the north by the shrubbery behind. " Indications of its blossoming appeared towards the latter end of June, ■when I perceived that the central leaves were bursting open ; and, being gratified at the idea of seeing it in bloom, I was determined to particularly observe the growth of the flower-stem, and accordingly kept a daily journal of its progress. During the first 10 or 12 days, it grew from Gin. to Tin. in 2i hours : afterwards its daily growth gradually dimini;-hed ; and, when approaching its extreme height, its progress was not more than ^in. during the above period : cloudy weather or a fresh breeze invariably retarded its growth. On the 1st of July, the flower-stem was 10 ft. 11 in. high, and by many it was at tiiat time thought to resemble a gigantic asparagus. On the 19th of July, its height was 16 ft. ; and from that period, at about 4 ft. or 5 ft. betow the top, lateral buds began to make their appearance, which, as the stem grew, formed the peduncles on which the clusters of flowers expanded. On the 31st of July, the flower-stalk was 19 ft. high, when there were 13 lateral and alternate shoots thrown out. On August 15. there were 22 pe- duncles put forth, differing in length in proportion to their age, the lower ones measuring 2 ft. 6 in. in length, and bearing on their extremities numerous clusters of flower-buds ; these subdividing, and giving space for each indi- vidual flower, and measuring across the clusters from 1-1 in. to IS in. At this period, the height of the stem was 22 ft. 6 in. On the 7th of September, the flower-stem attained its extreme height, namely, 25 ft. ; and the number of peduncles was 34-, besides a cluster of flower-buds on the top of the stem. The first flower-buds began to expand on the 2Sth of September, and on the 10th of October the lowermost clusters were in great perfection. The flowers on the whole plant were carefully counted, and the number amounted to 50S8, of the colour of sulphur, and above 5 in. in length. So richly were the flowers charged with a juice resembling honey in the taste, that it dropped from tliem in abundance, especially from about 9 o'clock in the morning until about 12 o'clock at noon. Bees came by myriads, and feasted themselves on the fast- flowing fluid. Observing such aquantity of the juice falling on the ground, I put vessels beneath to receive it as it dropped from the flowers, and filled six soda-water bottles with it. After being corked and rested a few days, it was acknowledged to be an excellent cordial ; but after a while it fermented, became acid, and acquired a fetid smell. " From the 10th of October to the middle of November, the stately appear- ance of the plant, with its gracefully curved branches expanding like cande- labra, and sustaining such a number of erect blossoms and buds, the flowers beautifully succeeding each other, presented to the eye a spectacle highly gratifying. The upper blossoms were in perfection so late as the 24th of December, when, a frost setting in, they were nipped ; thus terminating the beauty of a plant that will long live in the recollection of its numerous visiters, the number of which, of all ranks, amounted to 7517. It may be worthy of remark, that, as the flower-stalk grew and the flowers expanded, the leaves of the plant became flaccid and drooping, and are now rapidly withering ; but the stalk is still green, and will take several months to get dry. " During its progress towards flowering, in order to secure it from the wind and rain, I erected over it a temporary covering with pit lights ; and, under- neath, a flight of steps to a platform 12ft. from the ground, which enabled the visiters to approach the lowermost flowers. — Clowance, Feb. 1838." Vol. XIV. — >'o. 99. t 274 FloricuUural and Botanical Notices, Art. IV. FloricuUural and Botanical Notices on Kinds of Plants nevoly introduced into our Gardens, and that have origiriated in them^ and on Kinds of Interest previously extant in them ; supplementary to the latest Editions of the " Encyclopcsdia of Plants," and of the " Hortus Britannicus." Curtis' s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing eight plates ; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. Edwards's Botanical Register; or, Ornameiital Flower- Garden and Shrubbery. Each number is to consist of coloured figures of plants and shrubs grown in the public and private establishments of this country ; accompanied by their history, best method of treatment in cultivation, propagation, &c.; and a monthly register of botanical and horticultural news. In monthly numbers, 8vo, price 35. 6d. In an address to the subscribers, it is stated that the proprietors of the Botanical Register, finding it necessary to make an exertion to keep pace with the spirit of the times, intend, in future, to " increase the number of descriptions as much as pos- sible, and to add, also, a sufficient quantity of letterpress to em- brace, under the title of ' Botanical and Horticultural News,' a monthly register of the most rare and interesting matter relating to these subjects." Further details of this new arrangement will be found in p. 57. We have recurred to it here for the purpose of stating, that to the names of those plants which are only registered but not figured, we shall prefix the sign of addition, which will in- dicate to the reader that the same names are likely to occur again in these notices when the plants shall have been figured. Paxtons Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2s. 6d. each. The Botanist; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates, with two pages of letterpress; 8vo, large paper, 'iis. 6d.; small pape , Is. 6d. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S., assisted by the Rev. J. S. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Maund's Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower Plants cul- tivated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper Is. 6^., small Is. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. The Floral Cabinet; in monthly numbers, 4to ; 2s. 6d. each. Con- ducted by G. B. Knowles, Esq., and Frederick Westcott, Esq., Honorary Secretaries of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticul- tural Society. Lindlei/s Sertuni Orchidaceum, S^c. ; in parts, folio, 1/. 5s. each. Part I. January, 1838. R/INUNC UL/i'CEJE. 1631. CLE'MATIS 14472 florida var. 3. Sieb(jldti D. Don ; Arb. Brit., p. 2535. Synonyme : C. i. bicolor Lindl. in But. Beg., n. s. t. 25. "This very handsome plant," Dr. Lindley observes, " trained to some well-contrived basketwork fixed upon a pot, and pro- tected by a green-house from rain, and other causes likely to mpplementary to the Encijc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 275 dim its colours, ought to form one of the most striking show plants ever seen." {Bot. Reg.., May.) BomhdcecE. -1-2002. Plagianthus * La7npen\\ Booth, This is considered to be the same plant as »Sida pulchella BonpL, which has borne the common winters of Cornwall for the last five years, and which has stood out about London till the present winter. (Bot. Beg., March.) We have given a figure of it in the Arb. Brit., p. 363. Troprrolea^. 1148. TROP^'OLUM [bot. v. p. 29. 93176 *Jarratt« Youell Jarratt's fl_ ?I— J ? I el 12 ... S.Y Santiago 1836 C p.l Paxt. mag. of A tuberous-rooted perennial, with climbing stems, in the man- ner of Tropae^olum tricolorum, but far mpre vigorous. The leaves are six and seven-lobed, and the flowers of a bright orange scarlet and yellow. The flowers are much larger than those of the last-named species, far more brilliant in colour, are produced in greater abundance, and the plant is supposed to be more hardy. It thrives well in equal parts of loam and peat, in a No. 16. pot. It was imported, in August 1836, from Santiago, by Messrs. Youell, nurserymen and florists, Yarmouth ; and named by them in compliment to John Jarratt, Esq., of Camerton House, near Bath, a spirited horticulturist. {Paxt. Mag. of Bot., March.) *tuber&sum 3/aawr; tuberous-roo^crf A l?A el 3 s Y.R Peru 1827 R.C r Maund bot. gard.633. A tuberous-rooted perennial, with five-lobed leaves, and yellow flowers, not unlike those of the common nasturtium, but smaller. It is a native of Peru, where the tubers are used as food by the inhabitants. Treated like the potato, it may probably prove a culinary vegetable of luxury in England, and other parts of Europe; but very few trials have jet been made. See p. 254? , where we have recommended it for trial. ^hamnacecc. -h Trymdlium odorathsimum Fenzl. This genus has been esta- blished for the plants, inhabiting New Holland, which were for- merly supposed to belong to Ceanothus. T. odoratissimum is a new and very interesting addition to the genus, introduced from Swan River, by R. Mangles, Esq., by whom a plant in flower was presented to the Horticultural Society of London, in Feb. 1838. Mr. Mackay, the gardener at Sunning Hill, finds the plant apt to damp ofFin winter, if not kept in a warm and light situation. {Bot. Reg., April.) Leguminbsa:. 1256. AO'TUS 10549 villbsa Sm. Sijnonyme : A. ericoides G. Don ; Paxt. Mug. of Bot., v. p. 51. 2138. O'ROBUS [gard. 6.54. */)isif6rinis Maund pea-formed ^ £^ el 1 my P S. Europe 1832 R s.l Maund's bot. An elegant little plant, I'esembling O'robus vernus, raised by Messrs. John Pope and Sons, of the Handsworth Nursery, near T 2 276 JFloricultwal and Botanical Notices, Birmingham, from seeds received from the German Union, under the name adopted. {MauncVs Bot. Gard., March.) + Acacia cuUriformis A. Cunningham in Hook. Icon., pi. 2., 1. 170. "This species has flowered in the collection of Messrs. Rollisson, and proves a most charming conservatory plant, with numerous clusters of yellow flowers, terminating branches covered with glaucous half-rhomboidal leaves." [Bot. Reg.y May.) Vh iladelphdcecc. + 1479. VhV adelplms *Gorc?owianus Lindl. A deciduous shrub, from 8 ft. to 10 ft. high, with numerous small slender side shoots, small deeply serrated leaves, and flowers in clusters, ap- pearing very late in the season. Found by Mr. Douglas, form- ing underwood along the banks of the Columbia River. {Bot. Beg., March.) + Vhiladelphus trijlbrus Wall. Raised in the Horticultural So- ciety's Garden, from seeds obtained from the Himalayan Moun- tains by Dr. Royle. " It has the habit of P. laxus, and is slightly but agreeably fragrant. It will probably prove quite hardy ; and is no doubt distinct from P. tomentosus, from the same country, which more resembles P. grandiflorus." {Bot. Reg., May.) Passijlordcecc. 1923. PASSIFLO'RA [Bot. reg. n. s. 2i. *onychina Lindl. purple-flowered |_ □ or 10 n lapis lazuli B Buenos Ayres 1827 C Synonyms : P. Sulivanj Booth MS. An elegant species, of luxuriant growth, with blue petals, like those of P. cserulea, but with the leaves trilobate. It was ori- ginally introduced by B. J. Sulivan, Esq., now of H.M.S. the Beagle, " who procured the seeds, with others, from the Botanic Garden at Rio de Janeiro, in 1827, and presented them, on his return, to Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.P., in whose garden at Carclew, Cornwall, the present plant originated. It appears to be different from any of the species hitherto introduced, and is dis- tinguished prhicipally by its long, round, slender branches ; small purplish-coloured flowers, thin leaves, and peculiar odour. Whether it will succeed in the green-house or conservatory, remains to be ascertained." In the stove of Miss Traill, at Bromlej', Kent, this passion-flower grows and flowers in the greatest luxuriance; and the figure in the Botanical Register \s from a specimen received from Miss Traill. {Bot. Reg., April.) Cd clear. 1471. MAMMILLA'RIA *at rata i/or/. il/acA. d&ik green *t- Z3 gr | ... Pk O s.p Bot mag. SS*?. A columnar tuberculuted mas.s, upwards of 3 in. broad, and 6 in. high, with a ring of elegant pink flowers near its summit. The plant is in the collection of Messrs. Mackie of Norwich, but its native country is unknown. {Bot. Mag., March.) supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 277 *floribuiKla Hook, copious.flowering *L ZD gr i ... Pk Chili ... C s.l Bot. mag. 3647. A columnar spiny mass, crowned with a group of pink flowers, the whole combining singularity with beauty in an eminent degree. " This really fine mammillaria was imported by Mr. Hitchin, from Chili, and passed, with the rest of that gentleman's rich collection of Cacteae, into the hands of Messrs. Mackie of the Norwich Nursery." In some characters it approaches M. atrata Bot. Mag., t. 3642. (Bot. Mag, April.) 1472. CE^REUS *pentalophus Dec. [mag. 3651. *var. 2 subarticulatus Pfeiff. somewhat jointed tL ^ or 1 ... L Mexico ... C s.p Bot. The stem has five protruding sides or crests, each crest fur- nished with a row of clusters of spines or abortive buds. " The flower is exceedingly handsome; of a fine rose colour ; paler, and almost white, in the centre, where are the yellow anthers ; and rising above them is the cluster of dark blue-green styles. The germen is prickly like the stem." {Bot. Mag., May.) This plant is in Mr. Mackie's collection at Norwich. GrossularidcccE. Ribes MenzieszV Smith. Raised from the last parcel of seeds re- ceived by the Horticultural Society from Mr. Douglas. It is allied to R. speciosum, with the young branches covered with slender bristles, like those of 22. lacustre. The flowers appear, from the dried specimens, to be of the same colour as those of i?. speciosum, but paler ; and they are without the long-projecting crimson stamens, which give R. speciosum so strikingly beautiful an ap- pearance. The plants appear to be hardy, but they have not yet flowered. [Miscell. Bot. Reg., May.) Composite. 2265. LI A' THIS [p. 27. *borealis /"fl^i. northern ^ A el 1| au.s Pk N.America ... D p.l Paxt. mag. of bot. v. An herbaceous perennial, from 1 ft. to 18 in. high, with ovate leaves, and terminal, capitate, pink flowers. It is a native of North America, and remarkably hardy ; having endured at Chats- worth the whole of the late severe winter in the open ground, without any protection. It thrives in any soil ; throws up many stems, which produce abundance of flowers. There are plants in the Epsom Nursery, where it was received from the Glasgow Botanic Garden, in 1836. {Paxt. Mag. of Bot-, March.) CO'SMOS Cav. *diversiR)lius Otto various-leaved A pr 3 jn.o L N. Amer. 1835 D co FI. cab. ii. 47. ; A tuberous-rooted perennial, with flowers not unlike those of a single dahlia, and requiring exactly the same mode of culture as that plant. " It grows to the height of about 3 ft.; is much branched, each branch bearing a flower at the apex. The petals are eight in number, about 2 in. in length, and of a rose, or rather lilac, colour. The involucrum contains about as many leaflets as there are petals." {Fl. Cab., March.) It has been observed by Dr. Liiidley that Cosmos tenuifolius will, in all probability, soon T 3 278 Floricultural and Bofafucal Notices, produce double flowers, like the dahlia ; and the same thing may doubtless be predicted of this species. [n. s. 15. *scabios6ides H. B. et Kunth Scabious-like A lAI pr 4 au.s S Mexico ... R 1 Bot. reg. A tuberous-rooted half-hardy perennial, growing from 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, with scarlet and purplish-red petals, requiring the same treatment as the dahlia, to which the genus, in many respects, bears a close resemblance. The genus Cosmos abounds in beau- tiful species. C. tenuifolius has large, bright, rose-coloured ; flowers ; and others, with bright yellow, pink, or rich purple, blossoms, still unknown in gardens, may be expected to appear from among the many valuable collections of Mexican seeds now in course of importation to this country. They are more par- ticularly deserving of attention, because they will probably become double, like the dahlia. {Bot. Reg., March.) S408. ECHINA^CEA *Dicksonz Lindl. Dickson's ^ A or 1 au.s L Mexico ... D co Bot. reg. n. s. t. 27. A very showy perennial, with panduriform hairy leaves, dark brown spindle-shaped roots, and pale red flowers, produced on stems about a foot in height. It is probably hardy enough to endure the ordinary winters in the open borders ; but it is safer to take up the roots, and preserve them in sand, like those of the dahlia. Like many of the Mexican Compositae, it flowers very late in the season (August and September) ; and, for this reason, it is not likely to ripen seeds, except in the green-house. {Bot. Reg., May.) Gesjier^-CQue. 1698. GE'SNER// *rupdstris Paxt. rock, hihabiiing 5 El cu I jl.d S ... 1835 C p.l Paxt. mag. of bot. 53. ^ A neat little plant, with leaves upwards of 6 in. long, and 4 in. • broad, but with the flowers on slender radical peduncles, not rising higher than 2 or 3 inches. " The pecuhar neatness, simplicity, and beauty of its appearance and habits, the profuse display of its pretty blossoms, the great length of time they remain expanded the astonishing rapidity with which fresh flowers are produced after the old ones have faded, and the striking contrast that is presented between its large and handsome foliage and its elegant blossoms, entitle it to more than ordinary attention and regard, and render it at once both interesting and valuable." {Paxt. Mag of Bot., April.) This is very neatly expressed, and the specific character in this, as in most other cases, is very correctly and perspicuously drawn up ; but, when we look at the plate, it really appears altogether unfit to accompany the letterpress. We cannot but regret that a publication having such an extensive sale as Paxton^s Magazine of Botany is said to have, and one, conse- quently, calculated to do so much good, should not be rendered more worthy of the patronage it receives. supplementary io the Encyc. of Plants and Hort, Brit. 279 ^ricacecE. 1173. £RI'CA ^ i. Tubiflbra 9+I6a *c\\\oxo\bma. Lindl. green-edged M \ | or 2 n C.G ? C.G.H ... C s.p Bot. reg. n. s. 17. An erect and graceful bush, with crimson flowers tipped with green, produced in clusters at the ends of the young shoots. It was I'aised by Mr. Young, in the Taunton Nursery, and belongs to Professor Don's genus Syringodea. Whether it has been received from the Cape, or is a British hybrid, is not expressly stated ; but the former is implied in the following sentence : — " This, like the other Cape species of this charming genus, is propagated easily from cuttings." [Bot. Reg., March.) 9854 florida [3639. *var. campanulata Hook. heW-flowered it i i pr 3 my R. hybrid 1837 C s.p Bot mag. A charming shrub, which has attained the height of 2J ft. in two years, and which, in the profu.seness, beauty, and expanded form of its blossoms, in its foliage, and in the straightness and vigour of its branches, is greatly superior to the species. It was raised at Bothwell Castle, from seeds ot E. florida, by the very intelligent gardener there, Mr. Turnbull, who selected it from a number of seedlings, not apparently different from the parent. The plant which bore the seed, it is conjectured, must have had one of its flowers fertilised by the pollen of some other species, probably by means of an insect, [Bot. Mag., March.) Bigiiomacead. 1706a *AMPHrcOME Royle. Amphicome. {Amphi, round, and kcme, hair; in allusion to the structure of the seeds.) Bignomaceai. *argfita Royle finely cut fl_ A p.r 1 au L Himalayan Mts. ... C l.p Bot. reg. n. s. 19. A very elegant, and rather slender, perennial, probably hardy enough to stand out on dry rockwork. Its flowers resemble those of a bignonia, and its leaves those of some species of Co- reopsis, or of the French marigold. " Seeds of this very rare and curious plant were given to the Horticultural Society by Professor Royle, marked as having been collected on the Hi- malayan Mountains, at the elevation of from 6000 ft. to 8000 ft. A single individual was raised, and produced its beautiful and graceful flowers in August, 1837." It is very different from A. Embdi, a still finer species, not yet introduced. It may be pro- pagated either by seeds or cuttings. {Bot. Beg., April.) Polemonidcea^. 501. Hoitza mexicdna Lam. Encyc, iii. p. 134. A charming plant, with flowers of the most brilliant red, and altogether one of the most beautiful of the Mexican Polemoniaceae. It has long been a desideratum in this country, and has at length blos- somed in the garden of Thomas Hairis, Esq., of Kingsbury. {Bot. Reg., March.) Cotwolvuldcece. 491. IpomcB'a * Schiedikna Hamilton, not of Zuccarini. A splen- did hot-house climber, introduced by Dr. Hamilton of Plymouth^ T 4 280 FloricuUural and Bofa?u'cal Notices, which flowered in tlie stove of Mr. Pontey's nursery there in October, 1837. The flowers are of a deep lapis lazuli blue. (BoL Reg., March.) Scroj) hula ridcece. Yin. PENTSTE'MON *crassif61ius Lindl. thick-leaved ]£ A or 1 jn B N. Amer. ... D co Bot. rcg. n. 8. 16. A very handsome, hardy, sufFruticose plant, with purple flow- ers, growing about 1 ft. in height, and requiring the same treat- ment as Pentsteinon Scolder/. It may either be grown in peat or in rich garden soil. [Dot. Reg., March.) 1774. y^NTIRRHTNUM 1577C majus [mag of bol. v. p. 55. *var. caryophylloides /fort. Carnation-like £ A or 2 jn.s S.St hybrid gard. C It. s.l- Paxt. A splendid plant, and one of such easy cultivation, that it might have a place, during summer, in every flower-border and in every cottage garden. The reader will liave a very imperfect idea of the beauty of this plant from Mr. Paxton's figure; but it is correctly described, as "differing from ail other snapdragons in the colours of its flowers, which approximate in beauty to the choicest carnation." It is exceedingly liable to sport, and to show pure white flowers, or white, merely spotted with red, in- stead of being striped. The following directions are given for causing the plant to flower from the commencement of the spring till the close of the autumn : — " In the month of September, cuttings should be taken of the young shoots of those plants which are growing in the open border ; and, after planting them in pots, in a light soil, they should be placed in a slight heat till they have struck ; when they should be potted singly into small pots, and kept in a gentle heat, till they have become established, and then removed to a green- house, and afterwards to a cold-frame ; where they may be kept through the ■winter, with a trifling protection from frost. Early in the spring, they will require shifting into larger pots ; and, as soon as the weather will permit, they should be planted out into the open border, in which situation, they'will speed- ily produce their flowers. As soon as the plants above mentioned have formed lateral shoots, a few of these should be taken off for cuttings, and struck in a similar manner to those before alluded to. Again, other cuttings may be taken off each month; and by this practice a continual succession of flowers may be obtained. Besides this, the plants should never be suffered to ripen their seeds; and if the flowers are constantly plucked off" as soon as they begin to decay, an abundance of new flowers will speedily be formed. This plant will not endure the open air in the winter months; therefore, it is better to raise young plants each season, in the manner above directed, more es- pecially as these latter will flower in much greater perfection than the old ones. Plants of it kept in pots, in the green-house, will have a truly interest- ing appearance, and flower very abundantly at almost all seasons of the year." {paxt. Mag. of Bot., April, p. 56.) 1783(i. * DI'PLACUS Nutt. Diplacus. (From dis, two, and plax, plakos, a placenta ; in allusion to the splitting of the capsule, to each valve of which is attached a large placenta, and under its ea]e-flowered ^ (23 pr \ au Y Demerara ... D p.r.w Bot. reg. n. s. 20. A rather pretty epiphyte, somewhat resembling a maxillaria, imported from Demerara by Mr. Barker of Birmingham. {Bot. Reg., April.) + Blei\a havanensis Booth differs from B. vereciinda, in the colour of its flowers being a deep reddish pink, and also in other particulars. " Introduced from the Havaiinah by Captain Sut- ton, in the spring of 1835, and added to Sir Charles Lemon's collection at Carclew, where it flowered in March, 1837. {Bot. Reg., April.) + Bolbophylhim setigernm Lindl. A curious little epiphyte, with small dull purple flowers, obtained by Messrs. Loddiges from Demerara. {Bot. Reg., March.) Masdevalha. infracta Lindl. A curious epiphyte, imported from the Brazils by Messrs. Loddiges. Flow^ers whitish yellow, tinged with pink. {Bot. Reg., May.) *CRY'PTOCHrLUS Wall. Crvptocuilus. (From A:r;<;)to«, hidden, and cAf/Zajt, a lip. The concealed lip, or labelluni, cannot be easily seen, in consequence of the contraction of the mouth of the calyx.) *sanguinea fFu/A blood-coloured ^ [Z3 p.r 1 jn S Nepal ... D p.r.w Bot. reg. n. s. t. 23. A " very pretty " epiphyte, with pseudo-bulbs enveloped in green sheaths, and each producing a single, broad, coriaceous, recurved leaf. The flowers are of a brilliant scarlet, but are supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants ajid Hort. Brit. 283 not otherwise remarkable, in consequence of the. contraction of the mouth of the calyx, which conceals the labellum. [Bot. Reg., May.) + Cleisostoma tridentata Lindl. A small-flowered epiphyte, sent from New Holland to Messrs. Loddiges. Flowers of a dull, dirty, reddish white, mixed with a little yellow. [Bot. Reg., May.) CYRTOCHrLUM Humh. Ss Bonp. *niaculatuin Liiidl. spotted ^ 23 cu 1 ... G.Y.R Mexico ... D p.r.w Fl. cab. 57. A handsome plant, with green pseudo-bulbs, and greenish- yellow flowers, marked with rich purple. It is a native of Mexico, whence it was obtained by Messrs. Rollisson. [Fl. Cab., May.) + C. mystacmum Lindl. This species resembles an oncidium, in having a branched scape of bright yellow and white flowers, and a curiously fringed colunni. {Bot. Beg., April.) + Chccnanthe Bdrker'i Lindl. A most singular epiphyte, im- ported from Para by George Barker, Esq., of Birmingham. Nearly allied to Notylia. {Bot. Reg., May.) + Octomeria gracilis Loddiges MS. An inconspicuous epiphyte, received by Messrs. Loddiges from Rio Janeiro. Flowers like those of O. Baiier/, but smaller. -f Vanilla hicolor Lindl. A fragrant epiphyte, from Guiana. Flowers of a dull red. {Bot. Reg., May.) + Cymhidium virescens Lindl. An epiphyte, introduced from Japan by Dr. Sieboldt, which flowered with Messrs. Rollisson of Tooting, in April, 1838. Flowers pale yellow and dull red. A valuable species, as requiring only the temperature of the green-house. {Bot. Reg., May.) + Cirrhopetalum ccsspitosum Wall. MS. A little epiphyte, im- ported from the East Indies by the Duke of Devonshire. Flow- ers pale yellow. {Bot. Reg., May.) + Dendrohium candidum Wall. MS. An epiphyte, found by Mr. Gibson, the Duke of Devonshire's collector in India, on the north side of the Khoosea Hills, growing on rocks, sand, and decayed trees. Flowers pure white. {Bot. Reg., May.) + Oncidium strammenm Batem. MS. A beautiful stove epiphyte, from Vera Cruz, sent by M. Hartweg, the collector of the Horticultural Society, in 1837. Flowers straw-coloured, with the odour of primroses, {Bot. Reg., May.) -+- Huntleya. meleagris Bot. Reg., 1991., has blossomed at Messrs. Rollisson'.s, and will doubtless soon be figured. {Bot, Reg., March.) -h Miltonia. Candida Lindl. A charming species, which flowered imperfectly with Messrs. Loddiges, in the spring of 1838. {Bot. Reg., April.) + P/iysinga prostrdta Lindl. A plant of no beauty, but one of 284? Floricultural and Bota7iical Notices, the most curious that Dr. Lindley is acquainted with. {Bot. Reg.i April.) ■\-SpecHm\a cilidris Lindl. A small plant, resembling a le- panthes, with purplish-green leaves, and dull green spotted flowers. Imported from Mexico by Messrs. Loddiges. [Bot, Beg., April.)^ S. orhiciddris Lindl. resembles the preceding in habit, but with more purple both in the leaves and flowers. Imported by Messrs. Loddiges from Demerara. [Bot. Beg., April.) -{•2537. MaxiUuria variabilis *var. unipunctdta Lindl. A sin- gular little epiphyte; but " scarcely more than a yellow-flowered variety of M. variabilis." [Bot. Beg., March.) + 2.539. Pleurothdllis *circumplexa Lindl. A curious new spe- cies, from Mexico, by Messrs. Loddiges ; which, as it flowered in February last, will doubtless soon be figured. [Bot. Beg., March.) + P. ophiocephala Lindl. A most curious Mexican species, in the possession of Messrs. Loddiges, and also of Mr. Barker of Birmingham. Flowers dull yellowish brown, spotted with purple. {Bot. Beg., May.) 3445. CORYA'NTHES [Paxt. mag. of bot. v. p. 31. *inacrantha Hook, large-flowered ^ E! cu 1 ... Och sp Dl.P Caraccas .„ D fib. s.p An epiphyte, with the pseudo-bulbs strongly furrowed, and with flowers of a form so extraordinary, that no description can give any thing like a correct idea of them. When the plant flowered at Chatsworth, in 1837, " wonder and surprise were created in all who had an opportunity of seeing it." In colour, the sepals are an ochry yellow, spotted with dull purple; and the two lateral ones look something like " bat's wings half at rest." There is another part of the flower in Mr. Paxton's fi- gure which bears some resemblance to a human skull, supported by a vertebral column, very distinctly marked. Dr. Lindley, in the Botanical Begistcr, p. 1841., describes this plant as having the habit of a stanhopea or a gongora ; and Mr. Paxton says the culture is the same as for these genera; viz., " in potting, use fibrous sandy peat, with plenty of drainage ; build the bulk of the soil a trifle above the level of the pot, in consequence of the pendulous nature of the flexuous scape. In the spring, when the young buds begin to swell, let it have plenty of water and heat, and it will grow and flower very freely." [Paxt. Mag. of Bot., March.) 2554. EPIDE'NDRUM 22741a *lacerum Lindl. lacerated ^ [Z3 cu 3 n.d Pk Havannah 183j D p.r.w. Nearly allied to E. elongatum, but of a more lax and slender habit. Sent by Captain Sutton to Sir Charles Lemon, in whose collection, at Carclew, it flowered during November and Decem- ber, 1837. {Bot. Beg., March.) supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 285 [Bot. mag. 3638. iesseWiXam Batem. chequer.floivcred ^ (23 cu 1 jn.jl. G.Br Guatemala 1836 D p.r.w A bulbous epiphyte, with small flowers, on a stem shorter than the leaves. The sepals and petals are greenish yellow outside, and brown inside. {Bot. Mag., March.) This species was already noticed, p. 142. *ochraceum Z,«mf/. ochre-coloured ^ El cu I jl Y Mexico 1835 D p.r.w Bot. reg. n. s. t. 26. A pretty little epiphyte, sent to Sir Charles Lemon's garden from Guatemala, in 1835. It is cultivated by Mr. Booth, by tying it to the branch of an old apple or pear tree, in a tuft of moss, in a close moist stove, protected from the scorching heat of the sun. {Bot. Reg., May.) + E. asperwn Lindl. This interesting species has recently flowered in the garden of Thomas Harris, Esq., of Kingsbury. (Bot. Reg., Apri'l.) •{■ E. chloranthwn Lindl. A green-flowered species, allied to Encyclia viridiflora, a native of Demerara, whence it was sent to Messrs. Loddiges by M. Schomburgk in ? 1837. {Bot. Reg., April.) ■\- E. pachyanthwn Lindl. A large green-flowered species, sent to Messrs. Loddiges from Guiana by M. Schomburgk. {Bot. Reg., April.) -{-E. 2nctum Lindl. resembles E. odoratissimum, with dull yellow flowers, neatly striped with crimson. Received from Demerara by Messrs. Loddiges. {Bot. Reg., April.) + E. smaragdinum Lindl. Closely allied to E. orchidiflorum. Obtained from Demerara by Messrs. Loddiges. {Bot. Reg., April.) + E. varicbsiim Batem. MS. A small-flowered dull-coloured species, from Guatemala, whence it was imported by Mr. Bate- man. {Bot. Reg., April.) ■\-E. altissirnum Batem. MS. An epiphyte from the Bahamas, in the collection of Mr. Bateman, and also in that of Messrs. Rollisson. It grows in great abundance among rocks, among other pseudo-bulbous epidendra. " At the period of Mr. Skinner's visit, they were in a parched and torpid state; but he was informed by a resident that, during the season of their flowering, they scented the air to an extraordinary and almost insupportable degree. To this excess of sweets, E. altissirnum contributes a powerful odour, resembling bees' wax ; but in po- tency it is far surpassed by another unpublished species from the same quarter, for which I am also indebted to the zeal and li- berality of Mr. Skinner, and which yields a perfume at once delicate and powerful, and so closely resembling that of our wild English primroses, that I have in consequence named it E. pri- mulinum." {Bot. Reg., May.) -t- E. cucidldtum Lindl. One of the most unattractive species of 2 86 Tloricxdtural and Botanical Notices. this large genus, obtained from Para by Richard Harrison, Esq., of Liverpool. Flowers small and white. (Bat. Beg., May.) + B. longicolle Lindl. Obtained from Demerara by Messrs. Loddiges, and nearly allied to E. nocturnum. Flowers pale yel- low and white. [Bot. Beg., May.) + Sarcochilus parvijlbrus Lindl. Introduced from New Holland by Messrs. Loddiges, and interesting as the second species of this genus. Flowers green, with dull purple spots. {Bot. Beg., May.) + Calanthe dUcolor Lindl. A low-growing species, not ex- ceeding a foot in height, lately introduced from Belgium ; but whether a native of Java or Japan, is uncertain. {Bot. Beg., April.) + C. bicolor Lindl., syn. Amblyglottis Jldva Blume. Flowers larger than in C. discolor. Introduced from Belgium, and sup- posed to be a native of Java or Japan. [Bot. Beg., April.) + C. furcdta Batem. MS. A white-flowered species, with a scape about 1 ft. high, received by Mr. Bateman from the Luzon Islands, where it was collected by Mr. Cuming. [Bot. Beg., April.) \riddcecE. • U2. rRTS [cab. 51. 1250a *deflexa Knmvl ^ Wesfc. deRexed.foiver-scaped ^ lA) or 1^ jn L Nepal 1833 R p.l Fl. An elegant stove or green-house herbaceous perennial, with large flowers, somewhat resembling those of 7^ris squalens, and remarkable for the elegant deflexion of its flower-scape. It was brought from the East, in the year 1833, by Boultbee, Esq. Sir W. J. Hooker doubts if this species be distinct from /. subbiflora, a hardy species, a native of Portugal : but Messrs. Knowles and Westcott consider it a distinct species; because, among other reasons, " its constitution is so very tender, that it requires a stove heat, or that of a warm green-house." [Fl. Cab., April.) u47n aryllid aceae. f HIPPEA'STRUM aulicum HcrJ. AmnryU. ; Fl. Cab., 52. Synonyyne : 96','. Amaryllis 7992 aulica Ker. \ luilidcea. 1007. i/EMEROCA'LLlS ♦SieboUU/ Paxt. Sieboldt's ^A or 2 s Del.Pk Japan 1833 R s.l Past mag. of bot t. p. 25. An herbaceous perennial, with flower-stalks from .9 in. to 1 ft. in length, and delicate pink flowers, merging to white towards the centre. As in other species of the genus, and of the Zviliaceae generally, the flowers soon fade. The plant is quite hardy, of easy culture, and not high-priced. It was introduced from the Continent by Messrs. Young of the Epsom Nursery, where it flowered for the first time in September, 1837. [Paxt. Mag. of Bot., March.) Lindlei/s Scrtum Orchidaceum. 28 'iT REVIEWS. Art. I. The Fruit, Flovoer, and Kitchen- Garden, being the Article " Horticulture" of the Seventh Edition of the " Enci/clopcedia Britannica" By Patrick Neill, LL D., F.R.S.E. 8vo. Edinb. 1838. 6s. We noticed with approbation the first impression of this work, which appeared in 4to, in 1835, in our Eleventh Volume, p. 673. The present edition, though in a more humble form, is enlarged in point of matter; and, the engravings being reduced, and printed from wood along with the text, instead of being in copperplates at the end, it forms a portable volume, and, perhaps, one of the best modern books on gardening extant, for its size. We should say it is in gardening, what Professor Henslow's Descriptive and Physiological Botani) (written for the Cabinet Cyclopcrdia) is in that science, viz., comprehensive, clear, and in every part well reasoned. " The whole subject of horticulture, or practical gardening, is here treated in a condensed form, in a popular style; yet, it is hoped, with sufficient accuracy, although no more of the philosophy of the subject has been introduced than seemed requisite to a clear understanding of the practice. It has occurred to the publishers that, in the form of a duodecimo volume, it might prove a use- ful manual ; no book on general gardening, of the same size, having appeared in Scotland for a good many years past." (p. vii.) We cannot help taking this opportunity of strongly recom- mending the Encyclopcedia Britannica to all who can afford to purchase that work, or such treatises from it as have been pub- lished separately. Horticulture is only one of the many excel- lent treatises contained in it, in which the gardener is interested, and which are also, like horticulture, published separately : for example, Agriculture, Architecture, Entomology, Mineralogy, &c. Art. II. Sertum Orchidaceum: a Wreath of the most beautiful Or- chidaceous Flovoers. Selected by John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S., SiC. Part II. folio. 25s. iNour notice of the first part of this work (p. 148.), we pointed out some slight blemishes in the lithography of the plates ; but we are most happy to find that the plates in the present part are altogether free from defects of this kind, and are at once artistical and botanical, in the highest degree. In fact, it does not appear to us that they can be surpassed, in the present state of this department of art. The first species, Brassm macrostachya, figured in this part, having been introduced into British gardens, the details respecting it will be found under our " Floricultural Notices ; " the others are as follows ; — 288 Lindlei/s Sertttm OrcJiidacewn. Certochilum stellatum, t. 7. Nearly related to C. flavescens Bof. Reg., t. 1627. " This magnificent species is dispersed through the districts of Macahe and Bananal. It flowers in September, and remains in that state till the end of January. It diffuses but a weak perfume; but the beautiful spikes, which, seen at a distance, make it resemble a mass of verdure, strewed with large stars, render it a most remarkable object." Oberon/a rufilabris Lincll,^ t. 8. A. O. Gv\^ihidna Lindl., t. 8. B. " Although it is n-jt intended in this work to make a practice of figuring minute plants, which are interesting only for their curious structure, yet the estremelv remarkable forms of some species render them even more worthy of illustration than the more striking plants, for which these plates are chiefly destined. Such a case is the present, where a page is occupied by three mi- croscopic species of Orchidaceas, each of which is still more strangely fashioned than the other, and all so different from other plants, that one might almost doubt their belonging to the vegetable world. If the Brahmins had been botanists, one might have fancied they took their doctrine of metempsychosis from these productions ; in the genera Oberonw and Drymoda, Pythagoras would have found a living evidence of animals transmuted into plants. The genus Oberonia consists principally of small fleshy-leaved epiphytes, inhabiting the branches of trees in the woods of India, and having the most tiny of flowers. Fourteen species have been described, of which one only, and that the least interesting (O. /ridifolia) has been seen alive in Europe. The re- semblances to insects and other animal forms, which have been perceived in the orchidaceous plants of Europe, and which have given rise to such names as Fly Orchis, Bee Orchis, Man Orchis, Butterfly Orchis, and Lizard Orchis, may be traced so plainly in the genus Oberon/fl, in every species, that it alone would furnish a magazine of new ideas for the grotesque pencil of a German admirer of the wild and preternatural. The two species now figured were discovered in the Burmese empire by Mr. Griffith, a botanist of great repu- tation, from whose indefatigable zeal and exertions the greatest discoveries mav be expected in the flora of the British possessions in India. The plates have been prepared from sketches made by Mr. Griffith himself, on the spot, and since compared with dried specimens collected at the same time. " Oberoni'a rufilabris is an almost stemless plant, hanging down from the branches on which it grows, and to which it clings by its slender thread-like roots." The habit of O. Gn^ihiana is very much that of the last species. Diymbda picta, Lindl. t. 8. C. A most curious plant, so en- tirely different from any other Orchidaceae, that Dr. Lindley is *' unable even to name a genus with which it may be compared." INIr. Griffith, who discovered the plant in the Burmese empire, in 1835, considers its place in the order to be en the confines of Epidendreae and Vcmdece. [Sert. Orch., t. 8.) Ccdanthe breviconm Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 251. A native of Nepal, where it was found by Dr. Waihch, in 1821. Calanthe is an extensive Indian genus, of which there are as yet scarcely more than two species in British gardens. There are said to be two other species in Flanders and Holland, which will doubtless soon find their way to this country ; and there are a great many indigenous to Java, to repay the exertions of future collectors. {Sert. Orch., t. 9.) Rqfinesque's Flora TelluriaJia. 2S9 Sc/iomburgk'ia crispa Lindl.,'t. 10. A very handsome genus apparently confined to British Guiana, where two species have been discovered by M. Schomburgk, a zealous naturalist, after whom they are named. The genus is nearly allied to Epiden- drum, from which it is distinguished by its large spathaceous bracts. {Sert. Orch., t. 10.) Considering the number of plates given in each part, and the exquisitely beautiful manner in which they are got up, this splen- did work may really be considered as cheap. Art. III. Flora Telluriajia. By Professor Rafinesque. Parts I. and II. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1836. This work, it is stated, will be completed in six parts, and will include 2000 new genera and species, with many new natural orders and families. It is intended as a sequel to the Neuo Flora of No7-th America, and as the completion of the author's nume- rous botanical works. He next contemplates publishing the genera of fossil plants, the primitive types of our actual vege- tation ; and, as a " subsequent sequel," Fauna Telluriana, or a synopsis of the new animals, living and fossil, observed or as- certained between 1796 and 1836. Part I. contains an Introduction, in which the author states his own peculiar opinions on different subjects connected with botany, and speaks of his labours for the advancement of the science in Italy and the South of France, from 1796 to 1802; in North America, from 1802 to 1804 ; in Italy and Sicily, from 1805 to 1815 ; in Spain and the Azores, in 1815 ; and in North America, from Canada and Boston to the Mississippi and the Apalachian Mountains, from 1816 to 1836. He concludes by observing, that this work " is, perhaps, the first ever published in America on classical botany," and that it " will be a mine of botanical knowledge to those willing to avail themselves of such help any where." (p. 25.) Much as the author has written, he is seldom quoted by his contemporaries ; but, whether this is solely owing to his own speculations, or their prejudices, we shall not venture to decide. It will be singular, if the -e is not something good in the writings of a man who has seen so much, and who is so en- thusiastically devoted to the subject on which he writes. After the introduction, a table of new natural families is given ; and the subject of natural arrangement occupies the remainder of Part I. Part II. commences with explanations of botanical terms, a list of abbreviations, &c. ; and we have next the characters of genera, which are carried as far as genus 400., Aloysia Ortega, Vol. XIV. — No. 99. u 290 Berlese's Monographic du Genre Camellia. Art. IV. Monographic du Genre Camellia, S^c.: Monograph of the Genus Camellia ; or, an Essay on its Culture, Description, and Classification. By the Abb6 Berl^se, Member of the Hort. Soc. of Paris, and of various other Societies. 8vo. Paris, 1837. Price 3 francs. When we mention that the Abbe Berlese is a travelled scholar, an enthu- siastic amateur of botany and gardening, and an intimate friend of the Chevalier Soulange-Bodin, our readers will readily conceive that this monograph of the Camellia is likely to be as good a work of the kind as can be produced in France at the present period. The Abbe Berlese, for upwards of the last 20 years, has devoted himself exclusively to the culture of the Camellia; and his collection in Pa.is is visited by every stranger, and highly spoken of by travellers. [The abbe is the author of several instructive articles in the An- nates de la Societe iV Horticulture de Paris ; but this, as far as we are aware, is the first separate work with which he has favoured the public. We ought sooner to have noticed it, but we have been of late much pressed for room.] The work before us is divided into four chapters : the first is historical and descriptive of the species; the second treats of culture and propagation ; the third treats of the classification of Camellias ; and the fourth contains a de- scription of 482 species and varieties. This last chapter will be the most interesting to the English reader, on account of the division of the different kinds into eleven groups. These groups are founded on two series, or scales, of colour; the first scale commencing with pure white, which, passing into rose, then into cherry-colour, goes to amaranth, and stops at crimson ; the second scale commences by a carnation-yellow, or dirty white, which passes into flesh-colour, then into orange red, and stops at dark crimson. In each of these scales the flowers are either of one colour or of two co- lours. In the first, there is only one of the colours belonging to the scale, without the admixture of any other colour ; but, in the second, some one of the colours belonging to the scale must exist as a ground, varied with some of the other colours, also belonging to the scale. Thus, in scale one, we have Unicolores, or flowers of one colour ; white, rose, cherry, amaranth, crimson, Bicolores, or flowers of two colours ; a white ground varied by rose, a rose ground varied by cherry, acherry ground varied by white ; or, in short, any one of the colours as a ground, varied by any of the other colours belonging to that series. But, to be able to get a practical knowledge of these scales, the reader must have recourse to the work itself. Chap. 1. Origin and botanical Characters of the Camellia, and the Progress of its Culture. Here the author states that he has been aided in arranging the varieties of Camellia into 'scales, or gamuts, by M. Chevreul, director of the manufactory of the Gobelin tapestry, and professor of chemistry to the Museum, who is about to publish a scientific work on the arrangement of colours. The other parts of this chapter are already familiar to our readers. Chap. II. Culture of the Camellia. Sandy peat is recommended as the best soil, though it is stated they will grow also in fresh loam (terre normale, dite terre franche) ; and the circumstance of fresh loam, along with leaf-mould and sand, being used by cultivators in the neighbourhood of London, is also noticed. The best season for potting is the spring. It is a pi'inciple in horti- culture, the author observes, that evergreen exotics under glass, being con- tinually more or less in a growing state, require a good deal of water through- out the year, even in winter; and this is particularly the case with the Camellia. It must be supplied abundantly with water, from the time its buds begin to swell, previously to flowering, and till the buds on the young shoots have attained their full size ; and, throughout the remaining part of the year, the ground must be kept in an equable degree of moisture, as either too much or too little humidity is as injurious to Camellias as it would be to heaths. During the months of May and June, the Camellias may be watered overhead by a syringe; and the floor of the house should always be kept watered at this season, in order to maintain a humid atmosphere. The Abbe Berlese finds Berlese's MonograpJiie du Genre Camellia. 291 that the best time for removing the Camellias from the house into the open air is after they have completed their young wood, which is generally about the end of June. They should be placed in an open airy situation, exposed to the north, and where they would only receive the direct rays of the sun in the mornings and evenings. If exposed to the sun during the whole of the day, the flower-buds will be too promptly matured, and will not attain the same size as they would if matured slowly. The Camellias are taken back to the house again when the heavy autumnal rains commence, which is generally about the beginning of October. Camellias will grow in any kind of house, provided they are placed near the glass. The Camellia can endure some degrees of cold ; but, to preserve it through the winter in a state fit for flowering vigorously in spring, it requires aconstant temperature of 6° or 8° of Reaum. (45° to 50° Fahr.) Air should be given to them every day, even when the weather is very cold ; choosing the mildest period, and opening the windows only for a few minutes. Moss should never be allowed to grow on the surface of the pots. Camellias are subject to various insects ; such as]^the green fly, the ant, a species of Coccus, &c. ; and worms get into the pots. Smoking with tobacco, and washing with a sponge and water, will destroy or remove the insects ; and watering with a decoction of tobacco will kill the worms. The abbe has tried for this last purpose lime- water ; but he finds that, unless it is used sparingly, it destroys the roots. The Camellia flowers naturally in the green-houses, in Paris, from December till the end of March ; but, by a little management, the flowering season may be made to commence in December, and continue till April. For this purpose, plants intended to flower in September should be put into heat in February, so as to complete the growth of their young wood, and mature their blossom buds, at least a month sooner than usual. Plants thus treated will be ready to be removed into the open air by the end of May, and may be taken into the house again a month sooner than usual ; after which, they will immediately begin to flower. To retard Camellias, so that they may come into flower in April, they are kept in a lower temperature in spring, so as to cause them to make their wood and young shoots one month later than the natural period ; and they are kept in a lower temperature than usual in autumn. The dropping ofFof the flower-buds of the Camellia is a very general com- plaint, both in France and England; the only effectual remedy for which is, to keep the plant constantly in an equal temperature, between 1° and 8° Reaum. (48° to 50° Fahr.) during the day, and 5° or 6° Reaum. (43° to 45° Fahr.) during the night, from the 1st of October till the end of March. An equahty of temperature, the Abbe Berlese observes, is essentially necessary for pre- serving the flower-buds of the Camellia. It may be somewhat lower or some- what higher than the range which he has mentioned ; but on its uniformity will depend the existence of the flower-buds. This liabihty to drop off", from excess or defect of temperature, he attributes to the circumstance of vegetation not being active in the plant generally when it begins to come into flower, but only in the flower-buds. The abbe observed, in the course of forty-eight hours, the flower-buds drop off" from 100 fine Camellias, because the tem- perature of the house in which they were kept had been allowed to fall from 12° Reaum. (59° Fahr.) to 3° below zero Reaum. {2o° Fahr.). The late M.Cels kept his Camellias through the winter in pits, slightly heatedby linings of dung or leaves, with the glass well covered up every night with straw mats. So treated, he never lost any buds, not even during the severe winter of 1829-30. As varieties which expand their buds with great difficulty, the abbe men- tions C. DorsL tt/, Woodsii, Chandler/, and florida. The buds of these varieties, he says, often do not open to above one half of the size that they ought to do. They remain in tiiat state a few days, and then drop off". If the fallen buds be examined, a small quantity of water will be found within the calyx, and the central petals in a state of decomposition. The abbe attributes these appear- ances to the destruction of the vegetative power of the short petiole which sustains the bud ; and he recommends, as a remedy, thinning out the buds, c 2 292 Berlese's Monographic du Genre Camellia. and retarding the flowering of the plants by a temperature, during winter, somewhat lower than usual. By this treatment, he found some of the va- rieties above mentioned expand their blossoms to the fullest extent. Camellias are very much injured when kept in crowded rooms ; but the abbe thinks they might be exhibited there in cases of plate glass, and also between the sashes where there were double windows, and a considerable space between the outer and inner sash. In planting Camellias in a conser- vatory, great attention must be had to the under drainage of the soil ; because the roots of no plant are more easily destroyed by the excess of stagnant moisture. As no Camellia will endure more than 4° or 5° Reaum. of cold (20° to23°Fahr.), it is useless to try them in the open air in the neighbourhood of Paris ; but in the warmer parts of Europe they become magnificent trees : for example, one at Caserta (brought from London by GraEffer, and planted therein 1760,) was, when the abbe saw it, in 1819, 40 ft. high, with its branches covering a space nearly 70 ft. in diameter. It flowered abundantly every spring; and every flower was succeeded by fruit and ripe seeds. The'abbe visited this tree several times ; and he made an accurate portrait of it, which he presented, on his return to France through Geneva, to Professor De CandoUe. [We saw this tree in 1819 ; and an account of it, and of some other trees and shrubs at Caserta, will be found in a former volume of this Magazine, and in the Arb. et Friit. Brit., p. 168.] The Camellia bears pruning better than most other evergreen exotics ; and the best periods for performing the operation are, the spring, immediately after the flowers have dropped ; or the summer, after the growth of the second shoot, that is, towards the middle of August. Those which are pruned in the latter season may remain in the open air for the usual period; but those which are pruned in spring should be immediately afterwards put into a close frame, otherwise their growth will be slow and weak. The Camellia is propagated by seed, layers, cuttings, and grafts. The seeds should be sown, as soon as they are ripe, in heath soil, and placed in a mild and humid atmosphere. They sometimes come up the first year, but more frequently not till the second. Transplanted into separate pots, and treated with the usual care, they will generally flower at the end of five or six years ; though sometimes not for double that period. Seeds collected by the abbe from the tree at Caserta, in 1819, did not flower till 1831, and two plants not till 1836, when they were of fifteen years' growth. The way to make seed- ling Camellias flower promptly is to graft them, in their second or third year, on strong and vigorous stocks. Camellias are propagated by cuttings, chiefly for the purpose of obtaining stocks for grafting others on. The single or semi- double red, and the pink, are the varieties usually chosen for this purpose. The cuttings are taken off in the spring, and are of the preceding years' wood, Sin. or 6 in. in length : they are planted in sandy peat, covered with a bell- glass, and plunged in peat ; where, being kept shaded and moderately moist, they will produce roots in six weeks. Cuttings may also be rooted, without the aid of bottom heat, by taking them oW in autumn, and keeping them from the frost during the winter ; but this mode is considered too tedious. The mode of propagating by layers is not approved of in France, as requiring too much space in the houses or pits, and also the sacrifice of large and handsome plants to form the stools. Grafting is considered the most expeditious mode; and the kinds of graft- ing most commonly employed in Belgium and France are, by approach, by slit or cleft-grafting, by side-grafting, and by approach-cuttings. The first mode is well known. Camellias grafted by approach, in March, are fit to separate by the end of August ; those in May, in October. Slit, or cleft, grafting universall}' known to gardeners, is by far the most ex- peditious mode, especially as practised by M. Soulange, in his establishment at Fromont, where he raises thousands of fine plants in an incredibly short space of time. M. Soulange calls this mode of grafting, with his improvement, Greffe etouffee; because, the moment they are grafted, each plant is covered with a bell-glass, and plunged in tan, in a pit kept at a high temperature, where Berlese's Monographie du Genre Camellia. 293 the grafted plants have the appearance of being stifled or choked for want of air. This mode of grafting is practised at any season ; and the plant has com- pleted its growth in six weeks after being put under the bell-glass. A young Belgian gardener, from M. Soulange's establishment, is now practising this mode of grafting in Mr. Knight's exotic nursery, King's Road, with the same rapid success as is experienced at Fremont. Lateral, or side, grafting is practised by the Belgians, at any period from the spring to autumn. It has been once or twice described in this Magazine, but with some variations from the Abbe Berlese's mode. A small portion of bark and wood is cut from one side of the stock, close to the ground, and for one or two inches in length ; and a similar portion of bark and wood is cut from the lower end of the scion ; so that, when it it is applied to the stock, both barks may join exactly. The graft, thus formed, is then made fast with some worsted threads. The scion need not have more than one bud and one leaf, and its whole length need not exceed an inch, or an inch and a half. The head of the stock is not cut off. The grafted plant, in its pot, is then laid down hori- zontally on the surface of a cold-bed of tan, or on that of a bed of perfectly dry moss, in either case in a pit or frame with the sashes on. The grafted part is then hermetically covered with a bell-glass ; and, at the end of fifteen days, or at the most three weeks, the scion will be found perfectly united to the stock, and the grafted plant fit for sale. During the whole time that the scion is uniting to the stock, it must be kept in a green-house or pit, with the sashes on, but always without extra heat. Approach-grafting by cuttings. This expression is applied to a mode of approach-grafting in which the stock is cut down to the ground, and the point of the shoot, which is to be inarched, bent down to it, and attached to it immediately above the collar, in the manner of whip, or of cleft, grafting. This mode requires rather a long shoot on the plant which is to be pro- pagated ; but otherwise it is very expeditions, and produces handsome plants. Chap. III. Method of Classification. We have already noticed the two scales, or gamuts, which we shall here pass over, in order to exemplify them in the next chapter. At the end of this chapter, which occupies only two pages and a half, a list is given of the principal commercial gardeners in Europe who cultivate the Camellia. Seventeen of these reside in France, five at Ghent, one at Brussels, one at Enghien, one at Antwerp, one at Tournay, one at Turin, and four at Milan. The two mentioned in London are Knight and Loddiges, to which, at all events, Messrs. Chandler ought to have been added. Chap. IV. Descrijition of Species and Varieties. Scale \. Camellise Unicolores. Floiuers White. C alba simplex, a. plena, amabilis, axillaris, anemoneflora alba plena, and twenty-two others. Scale 1. Unicolores. Floiuers of a clear Rose. C. Aitonii, amplissima, ApolUna, AdXiVicEjlora, and twenty-two others. Scale \. Uiiicotores. Flowers of a clear Cherry-lied. C. «MCz«6<3ef61ia, Am- herstz'a, amoe^na, augusta, and ninety-two others. 5 Scale 1. Unicolores. Floivers of a deep Chart/ Red. C. Alexandridiia, «lthaeaefl6ra, atroviolacea, and fifty-one others. Scale II. Unicolores. Flowers Carnation. C. alba lutescens, or roseo- flavescens, carnea, incarnata, and Kew blush. Scale 11. Ujiicolores. Floweis Orange Red, more or less deep. C. r/ne- moneflora, Warratdh, sinensis, atro-rubens, augusta rubra aurantiaca, and teen others. Scale 1. Bicolores. First Division. White ground, strijied or blotched with Rose. C. BanksH, dianthiflora striata plena, delicatlssima, elegantissima, gloria mundi, imperiaUs, and ten others. Scale \. Bicolores. Second Division. Ground Rose, streaked or dotted tvith Cherrij Red. C. Colvilh'i vera, Gray's Venus, Gray's Eclipse, splendida, and eight others. Scale \. Bicolores. Third Division. Cherry Ground, more or less deep, varied by White, C. A'glae, Adonidea, dianthiflora, and thirteen others. u 3 294; 'N'eW Treatise on Agriculture. b' Scale II. Bicolores. First Division. Ground of a Yellowish Flesh-Colour, streaked imth White. C Sweetii vera. Scale II. Bicolores. Second Division. Ground Orange Red, clear or dark, streaked or blotched with White. C. Chandleri striata, Cunninghamii, miita- bilis, imbriciita tricolor, and four others. The work concludes with synoptic tables, containing the names of the 282 sorts, described in chapter iv., arranged under their diiferent scales, ■with short characters given in columns. In general, the English names are sadly spelled. Next follows a synoptic table of the colours of the Camellia, arranged under the two different scales ; and in which the shades of distinction are so very fine as not |to admit of being recollected ; and the dis- tinctness of each of which is only to be felt by seeing the colour in its par- ticular place in the scale. In what the abbe calls an Epilogue, he states, that he submits his work to the public with all becoming modesty, declaring, that he looks upon it as a mere outline to'be filled up by others, more competent than himself; and that he will be sufficiently recompensed for the boldness of his undertaking, how- ever much he may be blamed for that boldness by critics, if his work shall have rendered the slightest service to horticulture ; for his motto always has been, and always shall be, " U inter it general avant tout." Art. V. A netv Treatise on Agriculture and Grazing ; clearly point- ing out to Landowners and Farmers the most profitable Plans : to •which are added, Remarks on the Poor Rates, the Employment of the Poor, 8^c. ; and on the Destruction of the Black Palmer. By an experienced Farmer. Pamph. 8vo, 2d edition. London, 1838. Wir cannot advance a single word in favour of this pamphlet. Without any knov^'ledge of the subject as treated of in books, and with a very limited practice, the author talks of his new in- vented system of farming, and of having had to contend with diffi- culties arising from prejudice in favour of the old system, &c. As a part of his new system, he directs the farmer to de- stroy slugs by sowing on young wheat slacked lime, in a flowery state, over the field ; adding, that it will destroy the slugs wherever it falls. This, he says, he has done himself " with the most complete success." We can assert, from experience, that not one slug in a hundred will be killed in this way. It is true that lime, in a state of powder, or lime-water, if applied in sufficient quantities and repeatedly, will destroy slugs, worms, and even frogs and newts ; but sowing it once over, even though some of the powder touch a slug or worm, will not kill it, any more than a drop of vitriol, thrown on a man's face, will kill a man. This is a fair specimen of the author's directions, and his experience. Directions are given for converting arable land into pasture ; and, as a proof of their " superiority over other methods," the author begs to state " that, on the 16th of November 1801, a medal was voted to him by the Agricultural Society, in testimony of their approval of his plan." The ground being prepared, every acre is to be sown with 4 lb. of Dutch clover, 2 lb. of cow-grass, 2 lb. of rib-grass, a bushel of percy rye) grass, and 2 lb. of of rape-seed. The introduction of Taylor's Bee-Keeper^ s Manual. 295 rape-seed in a permanent pasture is a piece of absurdity which we do not recollect to have ever before heard of. It is clear that broad-leaved spreading plants of this sort among young grasses can only act as the most injurious weeds. But enough : the pamphlet, altogether, is a disgrace to agricultural literature. Art. VI. A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, from a Conserva- tive Bee-Keeper. Pamph. post 8vo, 24- pages. Printed by S. Col- lingwood, Oxford; and sold to Cottagers, and for Distribution, at 2d. each. There are some plain practical directions in this tract, for taking the honey without killing the bees, which may be useful. For example, the bee-keepers on the Continent, and especially in Germany, " make their straw hives with the top to take off, and fasten it down with wooden pegs. In July, they pull out the pegs, and, with a large knife, cut away the top of the hive from the comljs which are fixed to it, like the top of a pumpkin : they then cut out what honey the bees can spare, never caring for those which are flying about their heads ; for they will not touch them if they have a pipe in their mouth. When they have helped themselves, they peg the top down again, and leave the bees to make all straight, and gather honey enough for the winter in August and September. Others put another large hive on the top of a strong stock, in May, as is done in some parts of England, which prevents their swarming. This hive they take oft' when full. Others turn up their hive in July or August, and cut out some of the combs. Others, who know more about it, place square wooden boxes one on another, putting empty boxes below, and taking away full ones from the top. '* (p. 3.) " All these ways are clumsy," says the author ; and he next gives directions for stupifying bees by the smoke of puff"- ball, and, when they are in this state, uniting weak swarms, and removing all the queen-bees but one. A doubled hive, he says, will eat no more honey in the winter than a single one ; because, when there are many bees in a hive, they can keep warm by hanging close together, instead of eating. Art. VII. The Bee-Keepers Manual ; or, Practical Hints on the Management and complete Preservation of the Honey Bee, and, in particular, in collateral Hives. By Henry Taylor. 16mo, pp.78. London. The numerous books which have been published on bees may be divided into two classes : those which treat of their na- tural historj', along with their artificial management; and those which confine themselves to the latter object. Among the former V 4 296 Ziance^s Hop-Farmer. are, Huber, Huisli, and a long list of names ; and, among the latter, Bonar, Thorley, Payne, and numerous other authors, down to the writer now before us. Mr. Taylor's work, on what may be called the mechanical or empirical part of bee-manage- ment has, at all events, the merit of being concise. The direc- tions are plain and short ; and, while they are suitable for the amateur who is about to commence bee-culture, they are equally adapted for the experienced bee-master who is about to exercise his humanity in the form of bee-preserver. The object of the Bee-Keeper's MaiiKol is, to recommend what its author considers an improved modification of Nutt's hives (which, there can be no doubt, are by far the best in principle, for procuring a maxi- mum of honey from a minimum of bees, and saving the lives of the latter) ; but, whether Mr. Taylor's hive is really an improve- ment on Mr. Nutt's, we confess we very much doubt. Nutt's hives work admirably, and cost only 5/. each ,• while one of Tay- lor's hives costs 7/., and how they work, remains to be proved. Art. VIII. Poultry : their Breeding, Rearing, Diseases, and geyieral Majiageinent. By Walter B. Dickson. Small 8 vo. London, 1838. A LABORIOUS and careful compilation from books, and chiefly from French authors ; and the compiler, " having for several years kept poultry himself, has recorded a number of his own observations, which he hopes may be found correct and useful." {Preface^ p. ix.) Art. IX. The Hop-Farmer ; or, a complete Account of Hop Culture, embracing its History, Laios, and Uses ; a theoretical and practical Enquiry into a7i improved Mode of Culture, founded on scie7itijic I Principles : to ivhich are added, several useful Tables and Calcula- tions necessary and serviceable to the Growers, Factors, Speculators, and Consumers of Hops. By E. J. Lance, Author of the «' Golden Farmer," &c. 12mo. London, 1838. Price 6s. We have glanced over this work, which seems to display a prac- tical knowledge of the subject ; and, there being no other modern work exclusively devoted to the culture of the hop, that we are aware of, it can hardly fail to be acceptable to the public. Art. X. A practical Treatise on the Cidtivatio7i of the Dahlia. By Joseph Paxton, F.L.S., H.S. Small 8vo. London, 1838. The name of the author is a sufficient guarantee for the practical nature of this work, and for its fitness for answering the end which he has in view; viz. " to advance and further the cultivation of a plant, than which a more splendid ornament, or a more decided acquisition to any collection, is not at present culti- vated or known in British gardens." We strongly recommend this work to all dahlia-growers, and especially to amateurs. Royl^s Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine, 297 Art. XI. An Essay on the Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine; include ing an introductory Lecture to the Course of Materia Medica and Therapeutics^ delivered at Kings College. By J. F. Royle, M.D., F.R., and L.S., Sec. G.S., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics, King's College, London. 8vo. London, 1837. The work before us, like Dr. Royle's Illustrcitions of Botany^ one of the best works of the kind that has ever been produced, is characterised by enlightened and comprehensive views. The. au- thor, while he never loses sight of his immediate object, seems con- stantly to have in view the general progress of science, and the advancement of society throughout the world. In his Illiistra-' iions, he shows what plants of the hilly country of India are suit- able for the low country, and what may probably with advan- tage be cultivated in Europe; while at the same time he points out the European and American plants which would be produc- tive of advantage if introduced into Asia. It may be thought that in the volume before us there is not much that would inte- rest a gardener ; but there is, in truth, a great deal, provided that gardener has a scientific knowledge of botany ; and this we shall prove by two or three extracts. After showing the interest that attaches to the study of the materia medica, from the circumstance of the articles which compose it being selected from every country of the globe, he says, " We ai"e interested in the laws of vegetable physiology, that we may be able to weigh the influence of the various stimu- lants of light, heat, air, and moisture; the effects of soils and aspects; that we may understand something of their operation in modifying the products of plants ; and be able to select our barks, woods, and roots, bulbs, leaves, flowers, and fruits, at the age and season when they contain the principles which render them useful as medicines in their most abundant and efficient state." (p. 3.) With reference to the connexion between the structure and natural affinities of plants, and their physical and medical pro- perties, and the geographical distribution of plants as connected with climate, he observes, " both are important subjects, whether we consider them in a scientific or practical point of view. The one teaches us the laws which influence the distribution of plants ; points out the countries and climates which different fa- milies affect, and gives us principles for their cultivation, either as medicines or as objects of agriculture ; the other is no less valuable in affording us innumerable indications, in every part of the world, for discovering the properties of new and unknown plants, whether as fitting them for food, for medicine, or for any of the arts of life ; and, though there are, no doubt, exceptions (fewer, however, than are generally adduced), there certainly is no other method by which we may so readily find a substitute for a medicine, or an equivalent for an article of trade, as by 1:98 Iioylcs Antiqtutif of Hindoo Medicine. seeking for it in the tamilies of plants which are ah'eady known to contain some possessed of such properties as we desiderate."' \,p.l«) The system of arrangement alone applicable for this purpose, Dr.Royle next observes, "is that called the natural methotl, which, enabling us to discuss questions concerning the structure of its several groups, in conjunction with climate, geographical distri- bution, medical and physical properties, makes modern botany a highly interesting and philosophical study." (p. 5.) As examples of generalising according to the natural system, he says, no one v-ho lias studied this system '• is surprised at hearing that the G/<7^7;//ir\r of tropical regions are as titled for food as those of European countries ; or that the oak of the Himalaya yields excellent timber : or that pines abound in tur- pentine, and may be made to yield tar wherever they are found. So the BosacciC afford us our best fruits: among tlie Papilionacca: are found all the legumes used as food in different parts of the world; and the Lahiatx \\ii\d most of our odoriferous herbs, as lavender, rosemary, thyme, sage, savory, marjoram, and mint." (p. 5.) In a subsequent page, the author mentions an important discovery which he made while generalising in this way ; viz. that all the plants which yielded caoutchouc belonged to the milky- iuiced families of Cichoracetv, Lobel/tJt'tcr, .t/pocynea", -iscle- piiWt\r, Euphorb/jVctr, andArtocarpeiv, a tribe of t'rticeiv. (p. 9.) It next struck Dr. Royle as singular that so many plants, which silkworms prefer next to the mulberry, should be found in those families which yield caoutchouc ; which ultimately led to the con- clusion that all milky plants may be made to produce caout- chouc, and that, without this ingredient, the silkworms cannot produce silk. These extracts are sufficient to show that this work may be perused with instruction by the cultivator, no less than by the me- dical man. With respect to the main object of the work, the antiquity of Hindoo medicine, it may be sufficient to state that Dr. Koyle's researches confirm the theory, that, where civilisation generally is of the greatest antiquity, there also the antiquity of all the arts which constitute civilisation will be found the irreatest. Art. XII. Literary Notices. The Suburban Gardener, and Villa Companion, will be completed on July l..in one vol. Svo, price 155. Immediately after which will be commenced T/te Suburban Cu/tivafor, to appear monthly, in one-shilliuijj numbers, and to be completed in one volume, also price 15."J. Each work will be complete in itself: and sold separately. T/ie Book of the Farm; being a systematic work on practical General Notices. 299 agriculture, on an entirely new and original plan, by Henry Stephens, editor of the Qiiarterlij Journal of Agriculture^ S)C. ; the drawings and specifications of the several implements by James Shght, curator of the Highland and Agricultural Society's Museum. From the practical knowledge, extensive observation, and general science of Mr. Stephens, there can be little doubt that the above work will be one of no ordinary interest.. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. General Notices. The Slimy Grub, Blennocdmpa Seldndria. (Vol. XIII. p. 4-85.) — Having suffered extensively from this insect, I am induced to send you a receipt for composing a mixture which I found effectually to destroy it, on upwards of 200 trees under my care, which were all more or less affected ; some of the trees being literally covered with insects. Before giving the receipt, it may be useful to mention that I find a decoction of artichoke leaves so useful for mixing with other ingredients for the destruction of the insects, that I always keep some of it in readiness for that purpose. The receijit is as follows : — To thirty gallons of water add a peck of quick lime : after standing a few hours, pour it gently off, to prevent any of the se- diment mixing with the liquid (as that would give the trees an unsightly ap- pearance : add 2 lb. soft soap, 1 lb. sulphur (to be well mixed with the soap before dissolving it), two gallons of the decoction of artichoke leaves, and one gallon of tobacco liquor. After mixing the ingredients properly, apply it to the trees with Read's hydraulic syringe, or any other garden engine, in the pro- portion of one third of the mixture to two thirds of pure water. The best time to apply it ii; from three to seven o'clock p. ai., after a fine dry day; or between five and eight o'clock a. m., no dew having fallen the previous evening. From two to six washings will be found sufficient to clean the trees ; and, if the mixture be used on those not infected, it will be found a great means of preventing them from becoming so. To make the decoction of artichoke leaves, I take one quarter of a hundred weight (28 lb.) of leaves, and boil them in twelve gallons of water for half an hour, then strain it off, let it stand till cold, and barrel it, to be used as wanted. — J. M. H. S. Shreivsbiirry, April 20. 1838. Jaiiffrefs new Mamtre. (p. .184'.) — Since our remarks on this subject were published, we have received an opinion of it from one of the most scientific agriculturists in France ; been made acquainted with all the parti- culars of the secret ; conversed with M. Lozivy, the agent for granting licences for La Manche ; and seen a quantity of the manure prepared by him on Lord Spencer's estate at Durnsford Lodge, near Wandsworth ; in short, we have satisfied ourselves as to what the invention is, and what it is worth in this country. The following is from our Paris correspondent: — " I have not yet decided upon the question of the cngrais Jauffrct, although I have long been a subscriber. The following is, however, the opinion I have formed of it: — This compost is not equal to farm-yard manure, particularly as to duration; so that in the neighbourhood of large cities, or in countries where an advanced state of cultivation furnishes the land with all the manure neces- sary, this practice would not be useful, or. at least, only in a slight degree. But in districts where agriculture is backward, where, for want of dung, only a half, a third, or even a fifth, part of the manure is applied that the land requires, and where there are immense tracts of heath and sandy plains, that is to say, land covered with materials for the compost; in such districts, the practice of 300 General Notices. JauiFret is calculated, I think, to be of very great service. The characteristic feature and principal merit of this invention is, to convert in a few weeks, by means of a fermenting liquid, masses of these vegetable substances into real manure, or, more properly speaking, into perfect vegetable mould, which may be used immediately. It will come dear, I think, dearer than animal manure, near large cities ; but probably less dear than the old composts, which required to be turned three or four times, and to lie six months, ayear, or more ; while in this case the object is effected in nineteen ortwenty days. In France, where we have still almost entire provinces covered with heath and rushes, the JaufFret compost must be very useful. It will be useful also, I think, in the cantons, where the vine is cultivated. In England, where agriculture is much more advanced than in France, and the production of manure incomparably greater, it would certainly be of much less importance, except, perhaps, for some par- ticular localities. Being a subscriber, I have the pamphlet which describes the composition of the compost. The receipt is so complicated as to be almost ridiculous, although it has been much simplified in a second edition, and it will, no doubt, be much more so in time. — V. Paris, April 6. 1838. Jauffret's Manure in England. — A gentleman of property, and a great me- chanical inventor and promoter of agricultural improvement, has been at the expense of taking out a patent for Jauffret's manure in England. The spe- cification is in the Repertory of Arts, No. 51., for March, 1838 ; and it is taken out in the name of A. B. F. Rosser, of New Boswell Court, London. M. Lozivy informs us that the specification is a correct translation of that of the French patent, of which we have no doubt, having compared it with the pam- phlet alluded to by our correspondent. Theobject of the inventor is stated to be, to reduce, not only " broom, heather, furze, rushes, and other vegetables, not hitherto used for making manure, as being deemed too difficult of decomposition, but also vegetables and weeds, such , for instance, as couch grass, which it has hitherto been considered dangerous to introduce into manure, and the vegetating powers of which are by the invention totally destroyed. The principal object effected by the invention is the pro- duction of a rapid fermentation, the degree of which may be regulated nearly at pleasure ; whereby the substances to be converted into manure are speedily and uniformly decomposed." The inventor next describes a liquid, which is to be prepared beforehand, of water, unslacked lime, a little sal ammoniac, and kitchen-water, or any sweepings, dead animals, spoiled provisions, and filth from the dwelling-house. This water is to be allowed to ferment in a tank or pit. This is the first process. The next is to procure fsecal substances and urine, particularly human ordure, chimney soot, powdered gypsum, unslacked lime, wood-ashes, sea salt, and what the inventor calls leaven of manure, being the last drainings from a dunghill already formed by the inventor's method. These articles being procured, and mixed together in certain proportions (which we do not give, because we do not suppose there is one of our readers who would adopt them), a quantity of the prepared liqiud is to be poured over them, and the whole allowed to ferment for some weeks in a pit or cask. A piece of ground is now to be prepared by levelling and beating,so as to render it impervious to water; and on this raised floor the heap of straw, heath, or other rubbish which is to undergo fermentation, is to be placed. The materials may be placed in layers, and thoroughly moistened and slimed with the liquid and its sediment. The heap may be raised to the height of 7 ft., and then thoroughly moistened and covered over with the muddy sediment of the liquid. While the heap is making, it should be beaten or trodden down, so as to make the substances of which it is composed lie close and compact; and, when it is finished, it should be beaten all round with the same view. The heap is now to be covered all over with straw, branches, or herbage, so as to retain the heat and exclude the rain, or the drought. At the end of forty-eight hours from the completion of the heap, a fermentation of from 15° to 20° of heat by Reau- mur's scale (GG° to 77° Fahr.) has been found to have taken place; and on the following day it has generally attained from 30° to 40° of Reaumur (99° to General Notices. 301 122° Fahr.). On the third clay, the top-of the heap is to be opened to 6 in. deep with a fork, and the sediment thrown on the top is to be turned over, and another good drenching with the hquid is to be appHed to the heap, which is again to be immediately covered up. About the seventh day, holes about 6 in. distance from each other are to be made with a fork, to the depth of 3 ft., and another drenching is to be applied, the heap being afterwards covered up again. About the ninth day, another drenching is to be applied, through new and somewhat deeper holes, and the heap is to be again covered up. After the lapse of from twelve to fifteen days from the making of the heap, the manure will be fit to spread. The fermentation is stopped by an excessive drenching, or by opening out the heap. If the materials of the heap are straw only, the fermentation may be stopped at 55° of heat (15*6° Fahr.) ; otherwise it may be allowed to proceed to 75° Reaum. (200° Fahr.). {Rep, of Art., March, 1838, p. 172.) In order to give this process a fair chance of being introduced into England, M. Lozivy, one of the agents for the patentees in France, was invited to Lon- don, in order to prepare a heap of materials in the JauiFret manner, as an ex- emplification of Rosser's patent. He camtf in March, 1838, and prepared a heap of the new manure on the Earl of Spencer's estate at Durnsford Lodge, near Wandsworth, in Surrey, the residence of Mr. Paterson, the agent to Lord Spencer. When the heap was duly fermented, and fit to spread, M. Lozivy invited a number of persons to inspect it, on April 16., among whom we were included. It was formed on the south-east side of a field barn, on a raised platform of clay, 10 ft. or 12 ft. in diameter, and covered with a very thick coating of straw. The outer covering of straw was removed, and the heap turned over, in the presence of the company; when the materials, which had been chiefly straw, were found to be thoroughly rotted, black, and moist : and, taken altogether, in a very fit state for using as manure. On examining them closely, many small branches of heath and furze were found, the leaves and the herbaceous parts of which were decomposed, and the bark of the woody part partially so. On the whole, it appeared to us that every thing that was proposed to be done was accomplished. It had required a much longer time than usual ; because, owing to the extreme coldness of the weather, the heap could not for several weeks, be brought to a sufficient temperature to induce fermentation. The impression on our mind was, that nothing more was done by this pro- cess than what may be done in any farm-yard with similar materials, moistened with the drainings of the yard, and similarly heaped up and covered. All the numerous ingredients in Jauftret's composition would, we believe, have no more effect than clear water, without the assistance of animal matter ; and, there- fore, if we were going to ferment straw, or other vegetable matters, without the aid of a farm-yard, we should collect the dung and urine of all sorts of animals, and, simply throwing them into a tank or cask of water, allow them to ferment there; and, as soon as the fermentation took place, we would water the heap of materials, and cover it up. Of course, it would be of no use to attempt this except in mild weather ; for even urine will not ferment in winter. We con- sider the lime, the gypsum, the sal ammoniac, the soot, the wood-ashes, the sea salt and the refined saltpetre, as likely to have no effect whatever in aiding the fermentation, though they would add to the value of the heap as manure. All the good, therefore, which we consider may be drawn from a know- ledge of Jauffret's process in England, by gardeners or farmers, is the con- firmation of what they already know, though sometimes, perhaps, neglect to put in practice; viz. that the fermentation of litter may be greatly pro- moted by watering it with the liquid which drains away from it, and by covering it closely with thatch, straw, mats, turfs, faggots, branches, or some other material which will exclude rain and drought. Farther, that the urine of horses, and the urine and faecal matters of the human species, promote fermentation in vegetable matters much more powerfully than those of cows, 302 General Notices. sheep, swine, or poultry; and, consequently, that the mixing together of the manures made by different animals will generally be found to increase fer- mentation. Finally, if, in any part of Great Britain, there should be a quantity of such materials as, in France, would be made into manure by Jauffret's pro- cess, the shortest and most economical way would be to mix them with horse-dung, as practised in forming meadow-bank middens. In this way, one load of horse-dung might be made to ferment hundreds of loads of other fermentable matter. Joyce's new Mode of Heating. — When we noticed Mr. Joyce's stove in our January No., p. 57., the nature of the fuel was an entire secret. It since turns out to be nothing more than charcoal prepared in a particular manner, which, though it deprives it o^ its smell, and, perhaps, diminishes in some degree its deleterious properties, yet leaves it of the same nature as it was before, though not so perceptibly dangerous, from its want of any noxious fffluvium. Mr, Joyce's stove, therefore, has entirely failed in realising all the high expect- ations that were formed of it, and cannot be recommended, either for plant- houses or human habitations. The manner in which the charcoal is deprived of its smell is said by some to be by boiling it in any alkali, such as lime-water ; and this may afford a useful hint to gardeners, where they are under the necessity of using a charcoal stove in fruit-rooms or plant-houses, on extra- ordinary occasions. Dr. Arnoti's Stove. — Our opinion of this stove, as expressed p.l54., remains unchanged ; and we still believe it to be the very best of all stoves for an ill- built cottage, in which the windows and doors are so badly fitted as to admit abundance of air. For the rooms of well-built houses, however, where the windows and doors fit tightly, and where this stove is substituted for an open fireplace, and no air allowed to pass up through the chimney, except what passes through the stove, a distinct system of ventilation will require to be intro- duced, to prevent any unpleasant feeling being experienced. We doubt very much if such a system is practicable on a small scale, and therefore question whether Dr. Arnott's stove will ever become a substitute for open fireplaces in sitting- rooms of ordinary dimensions, as now constructed. That it is the best and most economical stove for halls, staircases, and rooms, where there is an open fireplace and a fire ke|)t burning, or, in short, wherever there is an efficient means of ventilation, we have no manner of doubt. Its excellence consists in the small proportion of the heat produced which is allowed to escape up the chimney, and in never raising the outer temperature of the stove above that of boiling water. How these two grand objects are effected will be understood by the following diagram. " The outhne a b dc (fig. 41.) represents a box formed of sheet iron, and divided by the partition g h into two chambers, commu- nicating freely at the top and bottom. The letter e marks the fire-box or furnace, formed of iron, lined with fire brick, and resting on a close ash-pit, of which b marks the door, and near which door there is a valved open- ing, by which air enters, to feed the fire when the door is shut ; i marks the door of the stove, by which fuel is introduced ; c is _ the chimney flue. While the stove door and the ash-pit door are open, a fire may be e. lighted, and will burn in the fire box just as i in a common grate, and the smoke will rise and pass away by the chimney, mixed with much colder air, rushing in by tiie stove door ; but, if the stove door and ash-pit door . be tlien closed, and only as much air is " admitted by the valved opening in the ash- Obituary. S03 pit as will just feed the co.Tibustion, only a small corresponding quantity of air can pass away by the chhnney, and the whole box will soon be full of the hot air or smoke from the fire circulating in it, and rendering it every where of as uniform temperature as if it were full of hot water." The above diagram does not give an accurate idea of Dr. Arnott's stove, as commonly manufactured and sold in the shops ; but it illustrates the principle. In those sold in the shops, theexterioi' casing bears a much smaller proportion to the fuel chamber ; nevertheless, by the admission of a very small quantity of air to the fire (often not more than what will pass through a goosequill), the heat produced is regulated to the greatest nicety, and the outer casing of the stove never rises to 200°. Much has been said against Dr. Arnott's stove in the Mechanic's Magazitie, and the Monthly Chromcle (for May), as not being original ; but this is a question altogether apart from its utility. Original in- ventions are very seldom practical ones at the first. We consider it right to apprise our readers that a stove or fireplace is expected soon to be made public, which, it is said, will warm as economi- cally as Dr. Arnott's, and ventilate, at the same time, as effectually as an open fireplace. The inventor is Julius Jeffreys, Esq., the inventor of the respirator, whose opinions on the important subject of ventilation will be found in the Architectural Magazine for May. How far he may be able to realise what is promised we cannot yet say ; but we shall not fail to give our I'eaders the earliest information we are able to obtain on the subject. — Cond. Art. II. Obituary. Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. — The public has sustained an irre- trievable loss in the death of Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., F.R.S., of Dow- ton Castle, in Herefordshire, the President of the Horticultural Society of London. A correspondent of the Athenceum, with the signature of J. L. (evidently Dr. Lindley, who is understood to write the botanical and hor- ticultural articles for that journal), has sent the following biographical notice, written with just and excellent feeling, which we copy from the Athencsiim of May 19., though, at this late period of the month, we have not time previously to ask the editor's permission for so doing : — " Mr. Knight was born at Wormsley Grange, near Hereford, on the 10th of October, 1758. He was the youngest son of the Rev. Thomas Knight, a cler- gyman of the Church of England, whose fiither had amassed a large fortune as an iron-master, at the time when iron-works were first established at Cole- brook Dale. When Mr. Knight was three years old, he lost his father ; and his education was, in consequence, so much neglected, that at the age of nine years he was unable to write, and scarcely able to read. He was then sent to school at Ludlow, whence he was removed to Chiswick, and afterwards entered at Baliol College, Oxford. It was in the idle days of his childhood, when he could derive no assistance from books, that his active mind was first directed to the contemplation of the phenomena of vegetable life ; and he then acquired that fixed habit of thinking and judging for himself, wiiich laid the foundation of his reputation as an original observer and experimentalist. He used to relate an anecdote of his childhood, which marks the strong original tendency of his mind to observation and reflection. Seeing the gardener one day plant- ing beans in the ground, he asked him why he buried those bits of vvood ; being told that they would grow into bean plants, and bear other beans, he watched the event, and, finding that it had happened as the gardener had foretold, he determined to plant his pocket-knife, in the expectation of its also growing and bearing other knives. When he saw that this did not take place, he set him- self to consider the cause of the difference in the two cases, and thus was led to occupy his earliest thoughts with those attempts at tracing the vital phe- nomena of plants to theii" causes, upon which he eventually constructed so brilliant a reputation. 304 Obituary. " It was about the year 1795 that Mr. Knight began to be publicly known as a vegetable physiologist. In that year he laid before the Royal Society his celebrated paper upon the inheritance of disease among fruit trees, and the pro- pagation of debility by grafting. This was succeeded by accounts of expe- rimental researches into vegetable fecundation, the ascent and descent of sap in trees, the phenomena of germination, the influence of light upon leaves, and a great variety of similar subjects. In all these researches the originality of the experiments was very remarkable, and the care with which the results were given was so great, that the most captious of subsequent writers have admitted the accuracy of the facts produced by Mr. Knight, however much they may have differed from him in the conclusions which they draw from them. " The great object which Mr. Knight set before himself, and which he pursued through his long life v/ith undeviating steadiness of purpose, was utility. Mere curious speculations seem to have engaged his attention but little j it was only when facts had some great practical bearing that he applied himself seriously to investigate the phenomena connected with them. For this reason, to improve the races of domesticated plants, to establish important points of cul- tivation upon sound physiological reasoning, to increase the amount of food which maybe procured from a given space of land (all of them subjects closely connected with the welfare of his country), are more especially the topics of the numerous papers communicated by him to various societies, especially the horticultural, in the chair of which he succeeded his friend Sir Joseph Banks. Whoever calls to mind what gardens were only twenty years ago, and what they now are, must be sensible of the extraordinary improvement which has taken place in the art of horticulture during that period. This change is unquestionably traceable, in a more evident manner, to the practice and writ- ings of Mr. Knight than to all other causes combined. Alterations first suggested by himself, or by the principles which he explained in a popular manner, small at first, increasing by degrees, have insensibly led, in the art of gardening, to the most extensive improvements, the real origin of which has already, as always happens in such cases, been forgotten, except by those who are familiar with the career of Mr. Knight, and who know that it is to him that they are owing. Of domesticated fruits, or culinary vegetables, there is not a race that has not been ameliorated under his direction, or immediate and personal superintendence ; and if, henceforward, the English yeoman can command the garden luxuries that were once confined to the great and wealthy, it is to Mr. Knight, far more than to any other person, that the gratitude of the country is due. " The feelings thus evinced in the tendency of his scientific pursuits were extended to the offices of private life. Never was there a man possessed of greater kindness and benevolence, and whose loss has been more severely felt, not only by his immediate family, but by his numerous tenantry and dependants. And yet, notwithstanding the tenderness of his affection for those around him, when it pleased heaven to visit him, some years since, with the heaviest calamity that could befal a father, in the sudden death of an only and much beloved son, Mr. Knight's philosophy was fully equal to sustain him in his trial. " Mr. Knight's political opinions were as free from prejudices as his scientific views : his whole heart was with the liberal party, of which he was all his life a strenuous supporter. " It is no exaggeration to add that, great as is the loss sustained by his country and his friends, it will be equally difficult to fill his vacancy in science. No living man now before the world can be said to rank with him in that par- ticular branch of science to which his life was devoted. " Mr. Knight died in London, at the house of Mrs. Walpole, one of his daughters, after a short illness, on the 11th of May, in the eightieth year of his age. — J. L." (^Athenteum, May 19.) THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. Descriptive Notice of the Villa qfMrs.Lawrence, at Drayton Green. From the '' Suburban Gardener." The object of the Suburban Gardener being to teach something of gardening to those who have not been regularly brought up to the profession, there are, probably, few professional men (and such, we suppose, are most of the readers of the Gardeiier's Magazine) who will think of perusing it. On this account, we gave, in a former Number (p. 220.), a descriptive notice of Hendon Rectory ; and we now present a similar account of what we consider to be the very first villa of its class in the neighbourhood of London. Having done this, we do not intend to trouble our readers with any further extracts from the Suburban Gardener, but we leave that book to find its way in the world, feeling confident that it will extend the comforts and enjoyments of gardening more effectually than any other work that we have hitherto produced. The instruction which the young gardener may derive from the article on Hendon Rectory and this article is of two kinds : 1. the occasional illustration of a principle, such as the advan- tage and disadvantage of different slopes of ground for display- ing flower-beds, as explained in the fifth and sixth pages of the present Article; and, 2., the exemplification of other principles by practice. In the case of Hendon Rectory, the gardenesque manner of culture is illustrated, and its practice exhibited ; and, in the case of the villa about to be described, the advantages of grouping are set forth in a more striking point of view, than they have hitherto been in any garden, or book of gardening, with which we are acquainted. The young gardener may also learn from this article, and the one on Hendon Rectory, how litde of the real merit of a place depends on its extent, the outline of the ground, the character of the surface, or even the disposition of the house and the domestic offices. Neither Hendon Rectory, nor the Lawren- cian Villa, possesses any advantages in these respects : but skill, Vol. XIV. — No. 100. x 306 Villa of Mrs. Lawrejice, taste, and money, and, above all, taste, will effect wonders in any situation, however unfavourable ; and it is to the taste of the proprietors of Hendon Rectory and Drayton Villa, and their skill in carrying that taste into execution, much more than to their wealth, that we are indebted for two villas altogether unique — unique in the manner in which they are laid out, and unique in the kinds of plants cultivated. We regret that, in the case of Mrs. Lawrence's villa, we could not spare room for the list of plants which are there cultivated, as it consists of c. selection of those species and varieties which are decidedly the most rare and beautiful. The Laisorencimi Villa, Drayton Greeti. {Jigs. 42. to 62.). — This villa, of which Jig. 42. is the ground plan, is unquestion- a, Grounds of an adjoining villa. b b. Grass fields, occupied by a farmer. c. Grass field, belonging to Colonel Sir James Limond, separated from the lawn by a sunk wall and ditch, surmounted by a slight fence formed of four horizontal rods of iron wire. d d, Village lane, leading on the right to the London road, and on the left to Perrivale, Greenford, and Harrow. e. Entrance to the house under a covered way ; at the end of which, on each side of the hall door, is a niche, with a statue. /, Entrance lobby. g. Hall and staircase. //, Drawingroom, opening under a veranda to the lawn. i, Dining-room, opening into the garden walk. k, Mrs. Lawrence's boudoir. /, Breakfast-room, one of the windows opening to the front garden, which is ornamented with a border, and beds of low-growing peat-earth shrubs, intermixed with spring- flowering bulbs and standard roses. VI, Store closet under the staircase. n, French wine cellar, entered through the ale and spirit cellar; from which there are stairs leading to the wine-cellar below, o, Kitchen. p, Butler's pantry. q. Back kitchen, serving also as a scullery to the dairy. r. Dairy. A, Housekeeper's room. t. Dust-bin. u. Cinder-bin. Bin for refuse which cannot be burned or turned into manure. w, Coal-house. X, Lumber-house for bottles, hampers, &c. y, Knife-house; adjoining which is a privy for the family. z. Wood-house, adjoining which is a privy for the servants. V, at Drayton Green. 307 308 Villa of Mrs. Lawrence, ably the most remarkable of its size in the neighbourhood of London, on account of the great variety and beauty which have been created in it, under the direction of Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., the lady of the celebrated surgeon of that name. The straggling little village of Drayton Green lies about seven miles to the west of London, at a short distance from the road to Oxford. The surrounding counti'y is flat, or nearly so ; and it is principally under pasture, in very irregular enclosures, with hedges, also very irregular in regard to height and breadth, and abounding, in most cases, with English elms, oaks, and limes. The soil is a thin loam on gravel, and the country generally is considered remarkably healthy, and agreeably picturesque. The Lawrencian Villa may be said to occupy in all about twenty-eight acres. The house, stable offices, and decorated grounds stand on about two acres ; and at the distance of about two or three hundred yards, across the road, are the kitchen- garden, poultry-houses, and piggeries, occupying nearly two acres; and two pasture fields, containing twenty-four acres. The house and the ornamented grounds are shown in the plan ^g. 42. The surface is even, and has the disadvantage of rising somewhat from the house to the further extremity of the lawn. It is bounded on the south by another villa of the same kind (a) ; on the north, by grass fields (6) ; and, on the east, by Sir James Limond's grass field already mentioned (c). The disadvantage of the ground sloping to the house is counteracted in a very efficient manner, by lowering the walk that crosses immediately in front of the house, and sloping the ground from the drawingroom veranda to that walk ; beyond which the lawn rises gently and gradually, till, at the cross walk at the farther extremity, it is probably 6 ft. higher than the level of the drawingroom floor. Though, when the lawn rises in this manner from the house, it detracts from the expression of dig- nity, considering the villa as a whole, yet, viewing the lawn as an arena for the display of plants, statues, and other interesting objects, from the windows of the drawingroom, it has an ad- vantage in that point of view over a falling surface. If we imagine for a moment that this lawn, instead of sloping towards the house, as it does, at the rate of 1 ft. in 50 ft., sloped from it at the same rate, we shall find, on reflection, that it would appear less in extent, and that the distant objects would be less distinctly seen : this may be rendered palpable on paper by lines, thus : — In the diagram Jig. 43., the line a e represents a level surface; and the lines ad, a c, ah, represent ground falling in slopes at different angles. The lines af, a g, and a h, in like manner, represent ground rising at different angles. The point k repre- sents the situation of the human eye, being 5 ft. higher than the point a ; and the lines Jc b, k c, k d, &c., represent the angle at at Drayton Green. 309 which the most distant part of the ground is seen by the eye at k. Now, the larger the angle at which this distant point of the ground is seen by the spectator at k, the more distinctly will he discern objects there; and, li as these different angles are repre- sented by the sines to each (z i), it follows that, in rising ground, the most favourable slope for seeing objects from a fixed point is that represented by the line a J", or some slope near to that line ; say a slope forming an angle between 20° and 30° with the horizon. In the case of falling ground, it will be observed that the most favourable slope lies be- tween the same angles ; though in falling ground the objects are not nearly so advantageously seen as in rising ground. A level sur- face, it will be observed, possesses exactly the same advantages, in point of seeing objects placed on it, as a surface rising at an angle of between 20° and 30°. Hence, for the display of flower-beds, a lawn which has a level surface, or one which rises at any angle under 30°, is much better adapted, than one which slopes from the eye at any angle, however small. The decorated ground in the Lawrencian Villa is remarkable for the very great variety which it contains in a very limited space ; and the secret of producing this variety consists in introducing numerous small groups of trees and shrubs, sometimes combined with flowers or climbers, at other times with rockwork, and with statues, fountains, basketwork, and so on. The trees and shrubs are of good kinds, though not remarkable in this respect, having been in part planted before the place was taken possession of by Mrs. Lawrence ; but the flowering shrubs, including rhododen- drons, azaleas, roses, &c., and the herbaceous flowers, are of the most rare and beautiful kinds. The collection of green-house and hot-house plants may be characterised as among the most select and valuable in the neighbourhood of London. The numerous prizes which Mrs. Lawrence has received, for some years past, from the Horticultural Society of London, evince the excellence of the articles which she exhibits at their meet- ings. The first prize which Mrs. Lawrence received from the Horticultural Society was the silver medal for plants sent to the X 3 « 310 Villa of Mrs. Lawrence^ exhibition at the Chiswick Garden in May, 1833; and the lust, previously to the moment at which we now write, the silver Knightian medal, for a collection of plants exhibited in Regent Street, May 1. 1838; making in all 53 medals. [See Gard. iV/flff., art. " Horticultural Society and Garden," from 1833 to the present time.) As a general summary of the flora of the Lawrencian Villa, we may mention that there were, in April, 1838, exclusive of what were killed down by the frost of the preceding January, 212 species and varieties of hardy and half- hardy ornamenta' trees and shrubs; 130 species and varieties of hardy fruit trees ; 600 species and varieties of hardy herbaceous plants ; 30 species and varieties of British and American ferns, planted in the rockwork ; 140 species of alpines, planted in the rockwork; 34- species of hardy aquatics, planted in the basins; 200 varieties of heartsease ; 500 varieties of garden roses, creepers and standards; 12 varieties of ivy; 40 species and varieties of American plants ; 9 species and varieties of hardy ligneous climbers; 140 species and varieties of florist's pelar- goniums; 172 genera and 992 species and varieties of Botany Bay, China, and Cape shrubs ; 134 genera and 340 species and varieties of hot-house plants; and 57 genera, anil 227 species and varieties of stove Orchideae. These numbers are taken from a manuscript catalogue, kindly lent to us by Mrs. Lawrence. Next to the grouping on the lawn, and the select collection in the green-houses and stoves, the points worthy of imitation in Mrs. Lawrence's management are, the high order and keeping which pervade every part of her i^esidence, from the most obscure recesses of the offices, to the most brilliant scenes on the lawn. This is effected, also, by a smaller number of gardeners than might be expected: the number kept in the summer time being six, with one or two women for collecting insects and dead leaves, and during winter three. It is only farther necessary to add, that all the different scenes in these gardens, all the beds of flowers, pieces of rockwork, &c., as well as the green-houses and hot-houses, were designed by Mrs. Lawrence herself, and executed under her direc- tion. The dwelling-house of this villa has been much enlarged and added to at different times, in consequence of which there is a want of regularity and symmetry in the arrangement, and of proportion in the dimensions of the different apartments, which is unavoidable in such cases. It is often, however, useful, to give the plan of such houses ; because it shows how additions may be made according to the wants of the occupier. 7'hese additions show in a more forcible manner than a regular or symmetrical ground plan, the accommodations which cannot be dispensed with, as well as what may be considered as the minimum extent at Drayton Green. 311 of these accommodations. In a regular plan, an apartment is sometimes added to complete the regularity of the figure ; and the size of this apartment, as well as of that of some of the closets, &c., and some of the outbuildings, is often larger than there is any occasion for, and sometimes smaller than it ought to be, for the same reason. In the case of a house like the present, consisting originally of five rooms and a kitchen on the ground floor, being rendered, by additions, fit for the occupation of a family enjoying every comfort and luxury, we discover not only all the necessary supplementary rooms and offices, but the smallest size of each that will answer the end in view. We have not, in this dwelling, either a laundr^^ or a brew- house, because washing and brewing are not done at home ; nor a large library or wine-cellar, because, Mr. Lawrence resid- ing chiefly in London, his principal stock of books and wines is kept there. We have, however, an ample pantry and dairy, and all the smaller outdoor offices which are required in the largest mansion. Baths and water-closets are not shown, be- cause they are on the bed-room floor ; and there is also a bath- house in the garden. Entering the lawn from the drawingroom (//), we find a gentle descent from the veranda to the walk. Turning to the right, at the angle at 1, we observe the foliated vase fig, 44., the base of which is concealed by a plant of tree ivy; proceeding onwards towards 2 and 4, we pass the pedestals and vases figs. 45. and 46. We are now at a sufficient distance from the garden front of the house, to see it to advantage by turning round ; and, if we step on the lawn to the point 4, we shall find the view fig. 47., to the left of which will be observed the ivy vase, and a basket containing a pyra- mid of roses ; and to the ricjht an elevated rustic basket of pelargoniums. The large window on the left is that of the dining-room. Looking from ], 2, and 3, across the lawn, the eye observes an intricate maze of agreeable and beautiful objects, but suffi- ciently distant not to create the idea of being crowded or con- fused ; the reason of which is, that there is always an ample surface of naked lawn in the foreground, or middle distance, to contrast with the ornamental groups, and to throw them suffi- ciently far from the eye. The margin of plantation on the right is composed partly of evergreen trees and shrubs, and partly of deciduous flowering kinds. The groups on the left hand are, in part, of more rare sorts, and contain a great many fine hybrid rhododendrons and X 4 112 Villa of Mrs. Lwwrence^ azaleas. All these plantations and groups are treated in the picturesque manner ; there being scarcely anything in these grounds, except the single plants, such as the standard roses, and some rhododendrons and other shrubs, which can be con- sidered as treated in the gardenesque style of culture. At 5, there is a fine specimen of double-blossomed furze, and two splendid vases on elevated pedestals ; both combining to at Drayton Green. 313 form an interesting termination to the comparatively straight walk from the house to this point. One of these vases at 6, when the spectator is at a distance, appears to him to be the terminating point, while that at 5 comes into his view afterwards. The walk from 5 to 7 is several feet higher than the floor of the veranda in the front of the drawingroom ; and hence the views towards the house, being along a descent, are less interesting than, from the number of objects on the lawn, they otherwise would be. The view into the paddock, to the right, affords an agreeable relief from the excess of beauty and variety on the lawn, as it consists of a plain grass field, grazed by some fine Alderney cows, and planted with two or three scattered elms, oaks, and aspens and other poplars. The next scene of interest is the Italian walk, arrived at the point 8, in which, and looking back towards the paddock, we have, as a termination to one end of that walk, the rustic arch and vase fig. 48. From the point 9, we have the view of the Italian walk Jig. 49., with a span-roofed green-house as the termination at the farther end, and an elegant fountain on the right hand. The border on the left is planted with the most choice herbaceous flowers, interspersed with standard roses at regular distances ; and the wall is devoted in part to the finer fruits, but principally to climbing roses, and other climbing or twining shrubs of fra- grance or beauty. At the point 10, there is a rustic archway of rockwork on the right, from which an interesting view across the lawn is obtained. At the point 11, there is a walk across the border to the bath-house, adjoining which is a camellia-house (12) ; and beyond that two long sheds (13, 14), for tools, pots. 3 14 I'ilJa of Mrs. Lnioencey &c., with potting benches, and other places for garden materials and operations, and for the boilers to heat the bath, the camellia- house, &c. In the camellia-house there are sixty-seven of the finest species and varieties that can be procured. At the point 15, we are immediately in front of the fountain Jig. 50., supplied from a cistern which forms a small tower on the top of the tool-house ; and be- yond that is a walk to the stone cistern at 16, which supplies water for watering the garden. The wa- ter is raised to these cisterns by a forcing pump in the stable- yard. Farther on in the Italian walk, at 17, we have the front view of the span-roofed green-house Jig. 51.; and a little to the left, at 18, the view of the French parterre Jig. 52. at Drayton Green. 315 Proceeding towards the house, a view of a handsome weep- ing ash (20) is obtained from the point 19; and, at the farther extremity of the walk, the vases placed at 1, 2, 3 on the plan have an excellent effect, backed by the marginal plantation of evergreens. Leaving the walk at 19, and passing the weeping ash at 20, if we advance on the lawn to 21, and look towards the south, we have the pollard vista Jig. 53. ; and, changing the position to 22, we have the view of the rockwork, statue of Fame, &c., shown in Jig. 54. 316 Villa of Mrs. Laxm-ence, On the right and left of 23 are two groups of rockwork, with concealed springs, which drop from rock to rock, and from stone to stone, and form curious little moist places for aquatic plants. Advancing to 24-, and look- ing northwards, we have the statue of Mercury in the fore- ground, and behind it the camellia-house, the wall on each side of which is height- ened with trelliswork for creepers, as shown in Jig. 55. At 25, we have the view of the fountain and arch behind, shown in j^g. 56. In the basin are nymphaeas and other aquatics; and on one side is a Napoleon wil- low. At 26, we have the view of the rustic arch and Cupid, shown in^o-. 57.; and, at 27, the tent seen in ,y%. 56. is frequently pitched in the summer time, which gives the idea of the warm season, and of the enjoyment of coolness and refreshing breezes in the midst of intense sunshine. At 28, there is a bed of jRosa indica, in the centre of which is a large plant of Yt'icca gloriosa ; and, proceeding across the at Droyton Green. 317 55 lawn to 29, we have the view ^o. 59. ; and, at 30, we have the fountain, surrounded by baskets of flowers, with the two garden nymphs,y%^. 62. ./^ 56 -'^•.^c^r.^Zic^ i:^<^';:r^^^^^^^^^X-'S^ 318 Villa of Mrs. LaiHTence^ We shall now suppose that the spectator walks across the lawn, and, passing the span-roofed green-house, enters the court of offices by the door at 30. In this court which forms a part o^ Jig. 42., and which we here repeat {^g- 58.), he finds, — 31, A large pit for plants. 32, A small pit. 33, Dung-pit for the stable. 34, Rubbish-pit, and rot-heap for the garden. 35, Pit for heaths. 36, Green-house. 37, Dry stove. 38, Shed for flower-pots. 39, Rubbish-shed. 40, Four-stalied stable, with hay- bin at the larther end. 41, Coach-houses, harness- room, and sleeping-room for coachman. 42, Place for plants in pots that have done flowering. 43, Carriage entrance from lane. The kitchen-garden, the gardener's house, the stove, and the poultry houses, grass fields, and cow-shed, are situ- ated on the other side of the lane, and at the distance of 100 vards from it. These at Drayton Green. 319 are shown in the plan jig. 61., which is accompanied by an explanation of the references. Remarks. This villa may be considered as a model of its particular kind; and, though it may not be in the power of many to imitate it in every thing, yet the humblest and most economical possessor of a villa residence of two acres may take a lesson from Mrs. Lawrence's taste, as displayed in the manner in which the trees and shrubs are grouped on the lawn. Every one can- not have so many fountains, or form rockwork of spars, fossil organic remains, and other geological specimens brought from distant parts of the country; but every one may sink in the ground a few small wooden cisterns lined with lead, and supply them with water by hand, as it evaporates in the summer season. Some of these may serve as brilhant spots to attract the eye, and others as habitats for aquatic plants 320 Villa of Mrs. Lawrence, ®0 , &« «3> ® « 11 n ta « "w o" W W ^N "^ @^ a ^!3. ' J » 0 a- c * €( Jf w «tl E G a © » & 6 B a b ® <. S a » o s f m Ci Q o a s B •= 59 r< ». V I «- ©« a e B « B S i'S ■7 « n » a 9 « @ * * * e f 1^ » « TP= ^ ,^V i^o "e ■J a •( ■-•, 4^ a «, 61 a. Entrance gates. h. Entrance to the gardener's house, the elevation of which it> shown ni fig. 60. c. Entrance to the cow-field, in which the cow-shed is placed. d. Kitchen. e. Wash-house, or back kitchen. /, Gardener's sitting-room. g. Apartment divided into two bedrooms. at Diayton Green. 321 k. Stove, heated by hot water, the side elevation of which is seen in the view of the gardener's house, j%. 60. i. Orchidaceous house, with miniature rockworks and artificial hillocks, for teiTestrial Orchideae ; and small basins and fountains, formed of shellwork, for aquatics. j, Beds of reserve flowers. k, Cold-pit. I, Span-roofed green-house. m m. Children's gardens. n. Situation for a hot-bed, surrounded by a privet hedge, 18 in. high, o, Compost and frame ground. p. Two pigsties. q. Poultry-house, with pigeon-house over. This house has a span,roof, with a gable end over the door; and the triangular part of the gable end has 4 rows of holes for the pigeons, the rows having narrow shelves in front for the pigeons to rest on, and an enclosed space behind, 3 ft. in depth, for the nests, r. Two other pigsties. s, Rabbit-house. /, Tool-house, in which, also, the ducks are kept. u. Frame-ground. V, Asparagus-beds. IV, Circle of grass where a tent may be fixed, for eating fruit in during the summer season. X X, Open drains, the soil of the garden being a retentive clay. y. Pond, z, Fruit trees and fruit shrubs. Vol. XIV. — No. 100. y 322 Benefits which Gardens The margins of basins of this sort can be efTectiially dis- guised with rockwork, and this can be procured from tlie nearest brick-field, stone-quarry, or, perhaps, from old houses, which are taking down, chalk-pits, ferruginous gravel-pits, &c. If suitable vitrified bricks cannot be procured, common bricks may be joined together, in masses of any size and shape, by cement; and there is no reason why blocks so formed, or any other materials to be substituted for rockwork, should not re- ceive weather stains artificially, no less than the walls of a house, where the object is to imitate an ancient building. As to the wooden cisterns, they will last long enough : and we know, from experience, that it is cheaper, in the end, to form such cisterns of wood, lined with lead, than to build cisterns of brickwork and cement; for, unless these are of considerable size, the cost is as great as where lead is employed ; and they are much more apt to leak, and receive injury from frost. It is worthy of remark, that a good deal of the interest attached to the groups on the lawn of the Lawrencian Villa de- pends on the plants which are planted in the rockwork. Now, though every one cannot procure American ferns, and other plants of such rarity and beauty as are there displayed, yet there are hundreds of alpines, and many British ferns, which may be easily procured from botanic gardens, or by one botanist from another; and, even if no perennials could be obtained suitable for rockwork, there are the Californian annuals, which alone are sufficient to clothe erections of this kind with great beauty and variety of colouring. With regard to the statues, vases, &c., though some of these, at Drayton Green, are of bronze, marble, or stone, and have cost considerable sums, yet others of composition, equal in point of taste, though far inferior in pecuniary value, may readily be procured, at a moderate cost, of Austin's artificial stone, or of earthenware. We are aware that there are many persons, of a simple and severe taste, who will think that the Lawrencian Villa is too highly ornamented with statues and sculptures ; but allowance must be made for individual taste, for devotion to the subject, and for the limited extent of the place. Were Mrs. Lawrence in possession of a villa of IQO acres, there can be no doubt that she would display on her lawn a taste as appropriate to a residence of that extent, as the taste she has displayed at Drayton Green is suitable for that place. Art. II. On the Benefits xvhich Gardens derive yrovi JVoodpeckers. By Philopicus. 1 PRESENT myself, " by these presents," as an advocate in behalf of a beautiful and useful, but an often persecuted, family derive from Woodpeckers. 323 of the lower creation. Your readers are all more or less natu- ralists : their business compels them to study and observe the phenomena of vegetation ; and, in taking care of their plants, they become intimately acquainted with the economy of many insects. Some of the insect tribes are favourable to the horti- culturist; such as the different species of the coccinella, or lady-bird, which live on the eggs and young, and even on the full grown aphides, or green fly ; thereby doing essential service in checking the increase of those pernicious insects. The gardener also knows his friends and his foes among the feathered tribes. He dislikes and scares away those which devour his buds, his seeds, seedlings, or fruit; and he encourages, or should encourage, those which live entirely on the eggs or larvae of those insects which prove to be noxious " worms in the bud." In the exercise of our dominion over the " worms in the dust," and over the " fowls of the air," much discrimination is requisite in judging our friends and foes. Many are condemned for acts which they do not, or cannot, commit ; and accused of depredations of which they are guiltless. When a proprietor, who is not also a naturalist, walks in his orchard, or in his woods, and observes a round hole in the trunk of an aged apple or pear tree, or in a lofty oak or elm, he enquires of his gar- dener or forester the cause of such defects in his trees. They naturally and truly answer that these ceillet-holes are the work of the woodpeckers. The master immediately orders all the woodpeckers to be shot : and these orders are often too im- plicitly obeyed, as is evident from the ranks of these beautiful victims, everywhere seen nailed up on the walls of the keeper's lodge. I am interested in the fate of those really harmless birds, and would fain put in a word in their favour; for, after an acquaintance of many years, I am perfectly convinced that, instead of being destructive to timber, they are constantly doing all they can to preserve it, by living solely on the insects and their larvae which breed in and live on the wood. There are four species of woodpeckers in this country : the most common of the three is the largest, namely, Picus viridis, the green, or laughing, woodpecker ; next there is the P. major, the greater spotted woodpecker; the P. medius, the less spotted woodpecker; and the P. minor, the least spotted woodpecker. The two last are rather rare ; and, as they mostly feed at the tops of lofty trees, are but seldom seen. Their manner of life is similar; all preying on wood insects, and nestling in holes of trees. They have but few notes, and these are far from musical. The laugh of the green one, being a love-call, may be intended for a song ; but it is nearly as harsh as the scream of a peacock, Y 2 324 Benefits which Gardens and may be heard at as great a distance. Woodpeckers are never seen to perch on the horizontal arm or branch of a tree, but invariably upon the bole, clinging to the bark in an erect pos- ture, for which their scansor feet, having two claws before and two behind, are admirably adapted. The tail, which is short and stiff, answers the purpose of a third foot, as it is always pressed close to the tree, and acts as a prop to the body. In this position they seek their insect food, examining every crack and crevice of the bark, and particularly every rotten or defective part, where the eggs of wood-eating insects have been deposited ; and either dig them out with their strong conical bills ; or, if the larvae, when hatched, eat their way inwards, the long flexible tongue of the bird is thrust in after the maggots, and draws them forth with the utmost certainty. Their tongue is a most wonderful organ, the mechanism of which consists of a series of cartilaginous rings, largest at the root or base, and gradually smaller outwards; so that, when drawn in within the mandibles, it is not above an inch in length. When necessary, however, to probe a worm-hole, the bird can project it outwards to the length of 5 in. or more, to reach a worm. The tip, for about half an inch, is formed like a shal- low spoon, furnished with short stiff bristles, which lean back- wards from the point, and which must withdraw every small body or maggot that is taken upon it. The retractive and projective powers of this organ, like those of the proboscis of an elephant, are so admirably adapted for procuring the natural food of the bird, that, without such an instrument, they could neither provide for themselves nor their young. In the winter, indeed, they are sometimes seen on the ground under trees, tossing the fallen leaves about in search of insects; but they get most of their subsistence about old decayed trees. The graiid crime alleged against the woodpeckers is, that they bore into sound timber; but this is a ^ranc? mistake. They sometimes chisel out a piece of sound-looking bark, to find the larvae of the Scolytus destructor ; but it is a pretty sure sign that insects are present, if the ceills (as the birds are called in the country) have begun to break the bark. I have often thought that the reason these insects are less prevalent and less destructive in the open country, than they are in public avenues or malls, is because the wookpeckers have a free range in the one, and are constantly scared away in the other. If there is any probability in this supposition, it is a valid argu- ment in favour of this genus of birds, and a strong plea against their destruction. It has been already observed that they nestle and rear their young in hollow trunks of trees ; and it is with admirable derive from Woodpeckers. 325 instinctive judgment they fix upon the place to form the entrance to their intended nest. That they know the tree is hollow is evident, from their never breaking into sound trees ; and this they discover by rapping their bills against the outside; or, perhaps, from the previous attack of insects on the ex- terior. Trees become hollow by the accidental loss of a branch, the remaining stump of which rots in time : rain enters at the scar, and, sinking downwards, destroys the sound timber in its course. The bird could gain an easy entrance into the interior through this rotten opening ; but this would not suit her pur- pose, either for comfort or security. She therefore chooses a spot immediately under the protuberance which always grows around the base of a branch, and there chisels out a round hole, just big enough to allow an easy ingress and egress to the hollow within, where she makes a slight nest, lays four or five eggs, hatches, and rears her brood in darkness, but in perfect safety from crows and magpies, which would destroy the callow young, could they see or seize them in their helpless state. And, even when the ceillets are old enough to issue out of their den, and to climb about around the entrance, many of them are destroyed by the sparrow-hawks, to whom these young birds are a favourite repast. The largest spotted woodpecker is endowed with similar instincts, and, in manners, is very like the preceding; but this species is less common, and less industrious, than the first ; for they will often content themselves with an old resi- dence, rather than make a new entrance for themselves. In this respect, the green woodpecker may be considered a pioneer to the rest of the family ; as well as to several other hole-and- corner-loving birds, such as starlings, nuthatches, and the like. But our greater spotted friend makes himself known by his own jari'ing reports, which are quite as audible as the laugh of his green-robed congener. Hence, he has got the name of the jarr-bird : for never was sound produced by any animal so significantly described by a word, than his noise is by the term jaiT. This bird, like the others, seeks his food on the dead tops of trees. The dead branches are always thickly wormeaten ; and the holes, though deserted by the makers, are chosen for asy- lums by many different insects, as earwigs, and the like. To rouse these insects from their cells, the bird places itself upon the side of the branch, and, by a rapid and convulsive motion of the neck, strikes his beak five or six times in an instant against the branch, thereby causing a loud jarr, and such a violent concussion, as alarms the hiding insects, which, in issuing out to escape, are devoured by the watchful disturber. The two smaller species are too feeble to dig new holes for Y 3 326 GroXQth of Trees themselves, except in rotten wood ; but, as the first holes made by the larger species become smaller every year, they may accommodate themselves in them, or in any other cavity of the tree. They are, however, well adapted, from their activity and prying habits, to devour the smallest wood-eating insects, which escape the notice or taste of the larger birds. Upon the whole, it may be rationally concluded that the woodpeckers perform a necessary and useful part in the scale of animated nature, and contribute greatly in maintaining that balance among tlip insect tribes which are destined to live on trees, by checking excessive reproduction, and, consequently, repressing excessive depredation. I therefore earnestly recommend the woodpeckers to the protection of the gardener, the forester, and to the game- keeper, who may be well assmed that those birds, instead of doing any kind of damage, actually do a great deal of good. April 20. 1838. Art. III. Some Account of the Groivth of the Trees in the Park at Bowood, the Seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne. By J. Spencer, Gardener there. Having had an opportunity of examining and comparing the growth of the trees in the grounds here, I have sent it to you, as, perhaps, it may serve to corroborate some facts before stated, or refute others respecting which doubts existed. I by no means think there is interest enough in it for publication : I merely send it, as a reference of the respective rates of growth of the trees specified below. The soil in which the different trees are mostly planted is of a thin, sterile, sandy nature, on a substratum of (;[uicksand, and a species of peat ; the water rising all over the grounds to within a few feet of the surface; a circumstance essential to the growth of the ^bietinae. The principal part, if not all, of the trees specified below, where raised here from seed sown sub- sequently to the year 1770 (say 1770 to 1785), and planted in groups, as they now appear. The rate of growth, as regards quantity of timber, is, Phius Pinaster, A bies excelsa, Pinus »S'tr6bus,Pinus sylvestris, ^^bies nigra, Picea pectinata, and^^bies alba; but these are inferior in that respect to Cedrus Libani, which exceeds them in bulk of timber in a given number of years. I now give you the dimensions of the following species, being all planted under similar circumstances, and at the same time : — tJi the Park at Bcwood. 327 Pinus Pinaster, height 90 ft., girt 8 ft. 8 in. at 4 ft. from the ground. Ditto — 75 — 9 0 P. /Strobus 80 — 6 0 Ditto — 75 — 6 3 P. sylv^stris — 85 — 7 0 A^hies excelsa — 90 — 8 4 Ditto — 83 — 6 6 A. nigra — 90 — 5 0 A. alba 50 — 3 0 Cedrus Libani — 75 — 9 0 Ditto — 60 — 7 6 Detached trees of ^^bies excelsa have attained the height of 70ft. and 85ft., with trunks of from 10ft. to lift, in girt at 4 ft. high ; and having heads from 40 ft. to 60 ft. in diameter. Pinus Pinaster, planted in groups of five or six each, are 85 ft. high, their trunks being from 6 ft. to 8 ft. 6 in. in girt at 4 ft. from the ground. These trees have now a very pictu- resque appearance ; the gradual sweep of their long, rough, naked stems, and finely tufted heads, having a noble appearance, particularly at a distance. Pinus Pinea : this tree originally divided itself into three large arms or limbs, about 3 ft. from the ground ; one of which it has lost, as well as several large branches. It girts, below where the division takes place, 1 1 ft., and is about 45 ft. hi^h. The two large remaining limbs take a sweeping direction, similar to those of P. Pinaster; being entirely naked of branches till near the top, which assumes the spreading shape so characteristic of the species. The late severe frosts appear to have had an effect on it, as it now looks rather sickly. Contrary to the general descriptions given of this tree, the bark of this specimen is very rugged and much cracked ; and I observe a tendency to become rough in young trees of the same species here, ^^bies canadensis, in a sheltered situation, is 65 ft. high ; girt of stem, at 4 ft. from the ground, 7 ft. ; diameter of the head 60 ft. : a beautiful and vigorous specimen, the branches sweeping the ground. Pinus Dougliisii, 16 ft. high,4o years planted, growing very fast, ponderosa 10 ft. high, ditto, ditto, palustris 1 ft. 6 in. high, dittOj appearance stunted, but with a good bud. Araucaria inibricata, 4 ft. high, ditto, not covered this frost, and, I think, very little hurt. Cedrus Libani, 85 ft. high, girt at 4 ft. from the ground lift. Ditto 90 ft. high, ditto 10 ft. 6 in, A great many other trees are nearly as large as the above, and all of them are growing very vigorously. Pinus Ccvibra, 50 ft. high, girt 3 ft. Pinus species ? There are two trees which were planted for P. Pinaster ; but their general appearance is so different, that I Y 4 328 Plants which have stood the Winter think there is no doubt but that they are specifically distinct. They are about 40 ft. high, with a girt of 3 ft. 8 in.; and have been planted about twenty years. Branches, when young, verticillate, afterwards irregular, straggling, and much twisted ; naked, except at the ends of the shoots. Cones, after the manner of P. Pinaster, persistent long after the leaves are gone. One of the trees having lost its leading shoot, four or five long straggling shoots, pointing upwards, have taken its place. Bark rugged, with deep fissures. These pines have, on the whole, a singular appearance ; and I should like to know what they are, as I do not recollect seeing anything like them before ; and, from the immense mass of information you must have collected on the genus Pinus for the Arbo-etwn BritatmicuiUf I think you will be most likely to be able to tell me. We have likewise some fine trees of Liriodendron Tulipifera, from 75 ft. to 85 ft. high, and girting from 7 ft. 6 in. to 8 ft. 6 in. ; beech, in height from 50 ft. to 60 ft., 15 ft. in circum- ference, and 80 ft. in the spread of the branches ; Carpinus J5etulus, 65 ft. high, 6 ft. 6 in. in girt, and 75 ft., diameter of the head, growing on a springy wet soil ; and a great many other specimens, which, although fine trees, are not of sufficient interest to send you a particular account of. The different species of the genus Quercus grow well here, particularly Q. Cerris, Q. Plex integrifolia, &c., as well as Q. peduHculata, in the plantations and woods, although for the most part on a wet peaty soil ; a proof that the soil for oaks should be examined a great depth down before we ought to conclude which is, or is not, a proper soil for that tree. I have hitherto seen but one specimen of Q. sessiliflora in this neighbourhood. Bowood Garde?ts, Fehruary 22. 1838. Art. IV. A List of the ligneous and other Plants "which have stood the Winter in the Cesarean Nursery in the Island of Jersey. By Bernard Saunders. I PROCEED, agreeably to your request, to give you a short account of a few ligneous and other plants, bulbs, &c., which have stood the test of our late severe winter. From the registers I have kept during the first three months of the current year, it appears that our coldest day was January the 19th, when Fahrenheit's thermometer, at five o'clock p.m., was 18°, in a north aspect. In February, our coldest days were the 12th and 14th: at eight o'clock a.m., the thermometer stood at 24°. The average heat, at midday, during the month, was 40°, in a north aspect. In March, our coldest day was on the 1 1th, when, at 8 a.m., the thermometer stood at 33°. The average heat, during the month, at midday, was 48°, in a north aspect. From a correspondent at Sheffield, I find the average diffi;rence in in the Cesarean Nursery, Jersey. 329 our favour, during the month of February, was as follows : — First week, at midday, 3°; second week, 7^°; third week, 10°; fourth week, 14°. Mai'ch continued, with a little variation, much the same, increasing in warmth as the season advanced. I lay these remarks before you, to show what our climate is compared with that of England, also to show what degree of cold the plants enumerated in the following list are capable of withstanding. The list will show what I consider (after nearly thirty years' practice) may be done here in the way of acclima- tising exotic plants ; and to this object I intend in future to devote a portion of my time and ground, for the general benefit of science and horticulture. I will, with pleasure, each year give you the result of my labours ; trusting that I shall find among your numerous correspondents some who are equally zealous with myself, and who will assist me in this undertaking, by sending me seeds, plants, &c., for trial, for which a reciprocal return will be fully made. Having informed you of the greatest degree of cold that we have sustained, you have no doubt concluded that our hardy and general collection of evergreens has not suffered to any extent worth mentioning. The following is the list of plants which have stood the winter in my nursery, without any protection : — Camellia japonica flore variegato; a large handsome plant, which has produced upwards of 300 fine blooms since the frost, and is in full health and vigour. Camellia atro-rubens; a fine plant, 8 ft. high, now in full bloom. Several other camellias have stood in the same quarter, and have not lost a leaf. Fuchsias of various sorts have been killed to the ground, but are now shooting up strongly. Escall6n?« floribunda. glandulosa. Edwardsza grandiflora. microphjUa. Cfstus formosus, now in bloom. i^fyrtus, several varieties. ZJaphne hjbrida flowered during the whole winter. J'rbutus procera, now in bloom. Jndrachne. hjbrida. Photinia serrulata, not a leaf injured. Eriobotrya japonica, the same. Broussonetk papyrifera cucuUata. [? p.] heterophylla. Mahon/a ^iquifolium. MahonzV? repens. Yucca gloriosa. filamentosa. Padonia arborea, now in fine bloom. Cosmea capitata has lost its leaves, but is doing well. Magnolias, most of the Exmouth varieties. Lonicera flexuosa. Aloysia citriodora. rib urn um rugosum. Fontanesza phillyreoides. Hydrangea ^uercifolia. Pittosporum Tobira. Aristoteh'a Mdcqui, M. fol. variegatis. Aralia spinosa, 8 ft. high. Plants trained against a South Wall- Clianthus punlceus, now in full bloom. Billardiera scandens, also in full bloom. Colutea frutescens, in full bloom. Kennedy^ monophylla. Bignonia Pand6r(S. Tecoma capensis. Manettift coccinea, or glabra, flowered well last summer. It was killed to 330 Forcing the Cherry. the ground, but is now shooting Caps. 6d. coloured, 3*. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, new series, each containing six plates ; 3*. 6d. coloured, 3,?. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the London University. Maund's Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Floiver Plants cul- tivated in Great Britain; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper Is.Sd., small Is. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. The Floral Cabinet; in monthly numbers, 4to ; 2s. 6d. each. Con- ducted by G. B. Knowles, Esq., and Frederick Westcott, Esq., Honorary Secretaries of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticul- tural Society. Rajstunc ULA^CE^. 1599. delphi'nium *laxifl6rum Dec. loose-flowered ^ A or 4 jn B Siberia ... D co Bot. reg. ii. s. 30. A hardy perennial, supposed to be a native of Siberia; growing to the height of 4 or 5 feet in any good garden soil ; with bright, suppleme7itary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 335 clear, though not deep blue, flowers, tinged with pink outside. [Bot. Beg., June,) Qactdcece. 3359. ECHINOCA'CTUS Eyridsw *var. glaiica I,/72rfA glaucous «». Z] fra 1 jl W.G C l.ru Bot. rcg. n. s. 31. Differing from the species in having the angles much more acute and less wavy ; the spines longer, more slender, and rather browner ; and the tube of the flower shorter, &c. This variety seldom throws out young shoots, and, consequently, does not increase rapidly ; but, if young plants are of more value than a large specimen, it may be cut across, when the top may be grafted or struck, and the under part will send out young shoots. When the seeds can be procured, they should be sown in silver sand, and placed in a warm and shaded situation, where they will soon vegetate. {Bot. Beg., Juue.) Cojuposttce. 2411. RVDBE'CKIA *asi>erhma Maiind roughest ^A or 3 s R.W N. Amer. 1833 D p.l Maund bot. gard. 647. A showy herbaceous perenniel, raised in the Birmingham Botanic Garden, from seeds communicated by Mr. Hunneman. [Maimd Bot. Gard., June.) + Pancetia fidva Lindl. A beautiful little annual, with the habit of a Gnaphalium; introduced from Swan River by R. Mangles, Esq., with whom it flowered in May, 1838. The plant is covered with a cobweb-like hoariness ; and the flower heads are of the red-gold colour of //elichrysum bracteatum ; dry, like many everlasting flowers; and, although small, very pretty. [B. M. J?., June, No. 83.) + Yiclichrymm scorpioides Dec, Lab. Nov. Holl., 2. t. 191. A beautiful plant, introduced from New Holland by R. Mangles, Esq., and looking like a yellow everlasting flower. {B. M. B., June, No. 84.) OrcJiiddcece. 2553. CATTLE'Y^ *pLlmila //ooA. dwarf ^ [Z3 el i jl.au P S. Amer. 1837 D p r.w Bot. mag. o65o. A beautiful species, particularly valuable, as displaying itself in a little space. "The small size of this plant, the minute rounded pseudo-bulbs, and the narrow leaves, together with the obtuse, short, and almost fimbriated lip, will, I think, clearly dis- tinguish this very beautiful species of Cattleya from those hitherto describetl. It was received from the Essequebo by John AUcard, Esq., in whose collection it flowered last year." {Bot. Mag., June.) 2540 ONCI'DIUM t^ P'""*^ ^' ''*''• ^^^ *intermddium Knowles Sf Wedc. inlGrmcdiate ^ [Z3 or 2 mr O. spotted with Br Cuba ... A magnificent species, received by G. Barker, Esq., of Spring- field, in whose stove it flowered in March last. It is closely 336 FloricuUural and Botatiical Notices^ allied to O. carthaginense and O. lilridum, but appears distinct from both. (JF7. Cab., June.) 3455. GOVE'N/^ rgeeo. Gardner? Hook. Gardner's ^ [23 or 2 d G.Y 1837 Organ Mountains D s.It Bot. raag.' A free-growing species, with bright green leaves, and whitish- yellow flowers, growing out of the soil in the manner of Limo- d6rum. {Bot. Mag.., June.) *PHA^IUS Lindl. Phaius. (From phaios, brown; in allusion to the colour of the original species.) •albusZ,OTrf?. white ^ E] pr 2 jl W.P.G Nepal .'1837 D p.l Bot. reg. n. s. 33. One of the most showy of epiphytical Orchideae, originally found by Dr. W' allich in Nepal growing on trees. It flowered at Messrs. Loddiges's in July, 1837. It requires to be kept moist and shady during bright sunshine in summer, otherwise the leaves will become yellow and sickly. {Bot. Beg., June.) + Epidhidrum selligerum Batem. MS. A pretty and distinct species ; a free grower, with an odour like that of the tuberose. {B. M. R., June, No. 66.) + E. eqtiitans Lindl. A curious species, with dull choco- late brown flowers, sent to the Horticultural Society by M. Hart- weg, from Vera Cruz, in 1836. {B. M. R., June, No. 76.) + E. U-idtictylum Lindl. A curious Brazilian species, which flowered, in May last, in the stove of Stephen Canon, Esq., of Stratford Green, for the first time in England. The flowers are a pale brownish yellow, except the column, which is green. {B.M. R., June, No. 81.) + E. caulijldnim Lindl. Received from Rio Janeiro by Messrs. Loddiges. The flowers are about the size of E. nutans, of a pale straw colour, and are remarkable for appearing from the side of the stout cylindrical stem, bursting forth from among the dry sheaths with which it is closely invested. {B. M. R., June, No. 82.) + Brasavbla. angustdta Lindl. A fine new species, with large long-stalked flowers, of a pale yellowish green, with a narrow fringed white lip. Imported from Demerara by John Wilmore, Esq., F.Z.S., H.S., of Oldford, near Birmingham. {B. M. R., June, No. 67.) -h Acanthophippium striatum Lindl. Inferior in appearance to A. bicolor, having pale " French white" flowers, with dull longitudinal stripes, and not a single stain of brilliant colour. Received by Mr. Bateman, from Kew Gardens, as a Nepal plant. {B. M. R.y June, No. 78.) -{■ Stelis tristyla Lindl. Imported from Brazil by Messrs. Loddiges ; and, though one of the largest of the species, not at all remarkable for beauty. {B. M. R., June, No. 69.) + Pleurothallis margindta Lindl. A small species of no beauty, sent from Guatemala to Mr. Bateman. {B. M. R., June, No. 70.) ■supplementary to the Enajc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 337 + P. aphthbsa Llndl. A Mexican species, received by Mr. Bateman from the Birmingham Botanic Garden. Flowers a dull yellow. {B. M. R., June, No. 71.) + Maxilldria madida Lindl. Nearly related to M. acicularls. Flowers of a dull dirty yellow. Received by Messrs. Loddiges from Brazil. {B. M. 11., June, No. 74.) + Ccelogyne prolifera Lindl. Brought by Mr. Gibson, col- lector to the Duke of Devonshire, to Chatsworth in 1836, where it produced its pale brownish yellow flowers, agreeing well with the description of the plant in the Gen» et Sp. Orchid., p. 49. {B. M. R., June, No. 75.) + Giam'iSL picta Lindl. Received from Sydney by Messrs. Loddiges. A curious little plant, with dingy purple flowers. {B. M. R., June, No. 77.) + Grammatophyllum midtijlormn Lindl. Sent from Manilla by Mr. Gumming to Mr. Bateman in 1 837, where it has flowered ; and it will very soon be figured. [B. M. R., June, No. 80.) + Bletla. S/iepherdn Lot. Mag., Dr. Lindley finds to be only a dark-flowered variety of B. verecunda. {B. M, R., June, No. 73.) Amaryllid acese. 935. ISME^NJ? •KnighUYKnowles&Westc. Knight's tf 23 el 2 mr W Florida 1S35 Sk r.m Fl. cab,59. A new bulbous plant, closely allied to Pancratium, with flowers of a dazzling whiteness and a delicious odour. It is a native of Florida, where it was found in March, 1836, by Mr. Henry Knight, growing in a swamp watered by the Alabama river, and within a mile of the city of Mobile. As it flowers in March, its period of rest will probably be the summer and au- tumnal months. {FL Cab., June.) + Elisena longipetala Lindl. A fine bulbous plant, received from Lima by Richard Harrison, Esq., of Aighburgh. The flowers are of a delicate semitransparent white. {B. M.R., June, No. 79.) + Phycella hiflhra Lindl. One of the most beautiful species of a charming genus. The flowers are fully two inches long, with an expansion of as much ; their tube is a clear, bright, greenish yellow, while their upper end is of the most vivid scarlet, just tinged with purple. The processes of the tube of the flower, by which the genus is known, are nearly half an inch, long, lanceolate, and split into two or three sharp-pointed lobes. It is a frame bulb, and well worth cultivation, bearing the air of a sitting-room, while in flower, without inconvenience. {B. M. R., June, No. 72.) Asphodelea. -I- Btdbhie siiavis Lindl. A pretty green-house plant, found by Major Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, in Vol. XIV. — No. 100. z 338 - Lewis's British Forest Trees. his last journey into the interior of New Holland, in 1 836. It produced its yellow flowers in the Horticultural Society's Garden, in May 1838. {B. M. R., June, No. 78.) T:i.enicrocaUide(E. 1008, FU'NCK/// *albo-marginata Hook, white-margined ^ A or IJ Jl L Japan ? 1837 D s.l Bot. mag. 3657. An interesting green-house herbaceous plant, supposed to be introduced into Europe by Dr. Sieboldt, and received at the Glasgow Botanic Garden from M. Mackoy of Liege. Though treated as a green-house or frame plant, it will probably be found hardy. {Lot. Mag., June.) BromeRkceas. + Bromelva. discolor Lindl. A rare South American stove plant, which has lately flowered in the garden of Miss Garnier of Wickham, near Southampton. It has sessile spiny heads of dull pink flowers, which change to brown ; and differs from the panicled bromelias in the long tube of the corolla, and the long and simple stigmas. {B. M. R., June, No. 85.) REVIEWS. Art. T. Portraits of British Forest Trees, tvith and tvithout their Foliage; together tvith Instructions for drawing Trees Jrom Nature, and Rules for obtaining the Height, Width, and true Pro- portion that each Part bears towards another, clearly explained and exemplified. Drawn from Nature, and on Stone, b}"^ Geo. R. Lewis, Author of a " Series of Etchings portraying the Physiognomy, Manners, and Character of the People of France and Germany; principal Muscles of the Human Body ; and an Address on the Subject of Education, as connected with Design," &c. In folio numbers, each containing Six Drawings. London and Hereford , 1838. Price ll. Mr. G. R. Lewis is well known as an artist remarkable for the fidelity with which he represents natural objects. He was selected by His Grace the Duke of Northumberland to make portraits of the trees at Syon which His Grace munificently presented to the Arboretum Britanyiicmn ; and, to all who have seen that work, more need not be said in favour of Mr. Lewis as an artist. The portraits in the present work are on a much larger scale than those done from the trees at Syon, and are to be consi- dered more as studies for the artist than as objects of study for the arboriculturist. As works of art, combining also the por- traits of individual trees, nothing has appeared equal to them ; for though they are not so picturesque as the sketches in Strutt's Sulva Brita)i7iica, yet they are more faithful portraits of nature. The portraits in Part I. are : Oak on the Lawn at Tibberton, Works on Gardenijig, Sfc. 339 as seen in winter without the leaves. The same tree, as seen in summer clothed with foliage. Oak in Tibberton Park No. 2., seen in winter without the leaves. The same tree in summer, clothed with foliage. Elm in the grounds of Rotherwas, seen in winter without the leaves. This is a most remarkable tree ; immense arms proceeding horizontally from the lower part of the trunk, more in the manner of an ash than of an elm. We hope a portrait of this tree will be given clothed with foliage. Oaks, in the Bucknells, Lower Chilson Farm, Madley, Here- fordshire. The dimensions of these trees are not given, nor the scale to which they are drawn ; but this, we conclude, will be done in the letterpress, of which only the title and two pages are given with Part I. To drawing-masters, and to young persons study- ing trees from nature, this work may be recommended as of first-rate excellence. Art. II. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agricidlure, Botany, Rural Architecture, S^c, lately published^ tvith some Account of those considered the more ititeresting. The Yoimg Lady's Boole of Botany ; being a pojndar Introduction to that delightful Science. With 12 coloured Plates^ and nu- merous other Illustrations. 16mo, pp. 341. London, 1838. A beautiful little work, evidently written by a practical man, and admirably adapted for the purpose for which it was intended, the infusion of a taste for the most innocent and delightful of of all the branches of natural history into the young female mind. Gleanings in Natural History. By Edward Jesse, Esq., F.L.S. New edition, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1838. Full of varied and pleasing reading, calculated to interest the naturalist, the cultivator, and also the man of taste. We cannot recommend a young gardener to purchase such a work, con- sidering his low wages, and the many scientific books that he is obliged to have, in order to acquire a competent knowledge of his profession ; but our amateur readers will find Mr. Jesse's Gleaninfjs a fit companion for the delightful Essays of Mr. Wa- terton, and the Natural History of Selhorne, Essays on Natural History, isoith an Autohiograiphy of the Author, and a View of Walton Hall. By Charles Waterton, Esq. 8vo. pp. 312. London, 1838. Most of these essays have appeared in the Magazine of Natu- ral History ; but there are several, and, among others, one on the Dry Rot, which are not in that work. As the greater number of z 2 34cO General Notices. the essays are on British birds, their habits, food, &c., the work is particularly interesting to gardeners, and other cul- tivators. For the general reader, the Autobiography is, in our opinion, worth the price of the volume. Directions on Practical Agriculture, for the Working Farmers of Ireland^ originally published i?i the Cork Southern Reporter, under the Signature of Agricola^ By the Rev. William R. Townsend, Rector of Aghada, Diocese of Cloyne. pp. 64. Cork, 1837. A cheap little work, calculated to do much good in the loca- lity for vk'hich it is intended. At the end, there are Farmer's Calendar, Farmer's Agricultural Catechism, and a little gar- dening and cookery for the farmers' wives. Some idea may be formed ofthe want of such a work from the following directions: — " Instead of, as at present, boiling fish and putting it on a plate, swimming in its own broth, the men and children then dipping their potato, peeled with their fingers (a nasty practice), into the dish, and taking a pinch of the fish now and then, let a quantity of potatoes be well boiled and broken small; then well- boiled fish mixed up with it, a little pepper and salt, and some butter or lard, then heated and put on the table; or make it into shapes, and brown it before the fire : the latter is a hand- some dish, fit for any table." (Page 63.) Fou7-ih Annual Report ofthe Jersey Agricidtural and Horticul- tural Society. 8vo, pp. 58. Jersey, 1837. This is a prosperous Society, which, judging from the Report, has already effected much good in the island, particularly among the cottagers. All, it is stated, have been struck with the improved appearance of their gardens and cottages. Among the prizes for the year 1838, are six for the best cropped, cleaned, and cultivated gardens; others, for the introduction of Nutt's bee-hives, which, after two years' trial. Col. Lecouteur found fully to answer the expectations he had entertained of them. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. General Noiices; Results in Summer and Autumn of the Weather of the preceding Spring. — We are often at a loss to account for certain results occurring in summer and autumn, from our neglect or forgetfiilness of meteorological phenomena which have happened in the spring. At the present date, I wish to remark that, since the beginning of the present month, we have, in this quarter, experienced dry parching winds from the north-east and east, as happens in most seasons. Wall trees were mostly m bloom during the last two weeks of April; standard and espalier plums followed; and now the pears and cherries, and a few of the General Notices. 341 forwardest apples, are in flower, though the flowers of the last are pale and weakly. The chilly air of our nights, and bright parching sunshine of our days, I imagine, will be far from favourable to the setting of the fruit, espe- cially when the blossoms are exposed to the full sun ; and, hence, I am inclined to expect that the flowers on a north or north-east aspect (if not previously damaged by the severe frost of January) will have the best chance of escaping the parching effects of the dry season to which they are now exposed. These surmises may be right or wrong; but, either way, we must wait for proof; and, when the time arrives at which the proofs may be exhibited, it is hoped this memorandum may not be forgotten. — J. M. Chelsea, May 8. 1838. Dry Rot and the Kyanising Process. — In the spring of 1837, fifteen pieces of wood, an inch and a quarter in diameter, were stuck into the tan-bed of a pine stove, five of oak, five of deal, five of Scotch fir ; of each of these, one had been soaked in Kyan's solution, of the strength, and for the time recommended by him ; one in an imitation of the Pary's mine water ; and one in green vitriol : a fourth of each was made of seasoned and a fifth of unseasoned wood, and these two had not undergone any preparation. The last two showed the first symptoms of decay, but all the others are now decaying, and prove incontestably that none of these preparations, used according to Mr. Kyan's directions, possess the property of preserving wood from dry rot. It is true that boards of Scotch fir, three quarters of an inch thick, soaked in green vitriol, have been taken this winter out of a mushroom bed quite sound, while similar boards, not so prepared, were found to be quite rotten : but boards so thin may be supposed to be easily saturated. Fourteen of these fifteen pieces of wood first named are still to be seen in the hot-house here. — Welheck, April 4. 1838. The above is given in the newspapers, on the authority oftheDnkeof Portland, and it corresponds perfectly with what we have said on the subject of the Kyanising process in our preceding Volume, p. 281. and 365. ; and in our review of Dr. Dickson's pamphlet on dry rot in the Architectural Magazine. We have there cautioned our readers against the practice of Kyanising logs or planks before cutting them up, and supposing that they have obtained all the benefits of the process. With equal propriety might they paint a log, and then, after sawing it up for use, consider the articles formed of it as painted. Such a mode of Kyanising or painting is obviously merely throw- ing away money. We know wood is frequently Kyanised in this manner by persons in the neighbourhood of London ; and when, in a few years, the ar- ticles formed of wood so treated begin to rot, this will be attributed to the inef- ficacy of the process. Before any piece of wood is Kyanised, it ought not only to be cut up into the form required, but even to be planed, when that process is considered necessary, before being sent to the Kyanising tank. Is is a great mistake, in our opinion, to suppose that the Kyanising process penetrates far- ther than a few lines below the surface, even of the softest wood. The very circumstance of the corrosive sublimate forming a hard insoluble compound, or surface casing, to the wood, a few hours after its immersion, is sufficient to prevent the fluid from penetrating to any great depth ; and we can easily con- ceive a log of soft wood Kyanised, and rendered hard and durable on the out- side, while in the interior the process of decay was going on. This happens every day with green wood, which has been coated over with paint before it was thoroughly seasoned. It is for the permanent interest of the Kyanising company to make it clearly and distinctly known to the public, that the wood to be Kyanised ought to be worked, and reduced to the form in which it is finally to remain, before it is put into their tanks. If this be not done, the process of Kyanising may, and probably will, fall into disrepute in the course of a few years. — Cond. A permanent Tally for Plants. — The following tally is used in Melbury Gardens, the seat of the Earl of Ilchester, in Dorsetshire. Plates are cut z 3 342 Gejieral Noticei, out of sheet-lead, 2 J in. long, and 3J in. broad; and ©n these the name is stamped, letter by letter, with steel types. The plate of lead is next soldered to one end of a piece of iron wire ; after which the tally receives two or three coats of dark lead-coloured paint ; and, lastly, a coat of white paint is put over the lettered side, taking care that it does not get into the letters. Before the tally is inserted in the ground, the upper part of the shank is bent a little to one side, the better to show the name to an eye which is near it, and considerably above its level. The lead used should be about one tenth of an inch in thickness, and the iron wire not less than one eighth of an inch in diameter. The plumber will furnish the lead, cut into plates of the proper size, and he will also solder them on, after they are stamped, to the shanks. The shanks, cut into ;he proper length, and also the steel stamps for stamping the letters, may be procured from the ironmonger ; and the letters can be stamped on, and_^the whole tally painted, by the gardener, during weather when he cannot work out of doors. To insure correct spelling, the person stamp- ing the names should have a printed catalogue before him, as the error of a single letter will render the whole of the labour bestowed on the plate quite useless. Tallies of this sort will last a lifetime; when stuck in the ground, they are just conspicuous enough to be read easily, and not so much so as to attract more attention than the plants against which they are placed ; and, from the smallness of the shank, it is neither conspicuous to the eye, nor injurious to the roots, — James Eaton. Melhury Gardens, April 27. 1838. [We can con- firm from experience all that is said in favour of stamped tallies, having had several hundreds of them in use at Bayswater, for the last twelve years; some, like Mr. Eaton's, with shanks, for plants in the free soil, and others, on strips of sheet lead, 4 in. long, five eighths of an inch broad at one end, and one eighth of an inch broad at the other, for plants in pots. We have also used what may be called an invisible number for plants in the open air ; which is a circular plate of lead, about the size of a waistcoat button, or larger if necessary, on which the number is stamped ; and the plate or button is afterwai'ds soldered to the end of a piece of i-inch iron wii-e, so as to resemble the head to a nail. Such a number, stuck in near the crown of an herbaceous plant, will be so concealed by its leaves, as not to be seen till it is sought for ; and thus, while it affords the means of ascertaining with certainty the name of a plant when required, it does not obtrude that name upon those who already know it, or care little about it. Before being stuck in the ground, the tally should receive two or three coats of lead-coloured paint ; or the head, or leaden part, maybe painted with common paint; and the iron shank with anticorrosive paint, or heated, and afterwards washed over with gas tar. — Cond.] Progress of Education in rearing and training Brute Animals. — The effect of gentleness in teaching the human species had not been long observed, before (generalising on the subject) it was applied in the case of brute animals in a state of domestication; and it has been found that the domestic animals used in agriculture, and for military and commercial purposes, may be trained to do their work much more effectually, and with far less labour, by gentleness, than by force. This has been lately beautifully exemplified in the education of cavalry horses; and the following extract on this subject, is from a paper, in a recent number of the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, by Mr. Marshall, Assistant-Surgeon to the Seventh Dragoon Guards. We give it as quoted in the Scotsman o( April 18. 1838: — "The principal object in the treatment of young horses is to render them docile ; and the same gentle means are now used for that purpose, which are found to answer best in the treatment of children. They are rendered quiet and tractable by frequent patting, handling, and rubbing them, and by taking up their feet. They are led about the bar- rack yard to accustom them to the sight of mounted horses, and to the glitter of arms ; and, in the course of four or five months afterwards, they are trans- ferred to the riding-school to be trained. The good old plan, like that pre- ferred by our ancestors for teaching boys Latin and Greek, was to whip all fear and shyness out of them ; but kindness and common sense have Foreign Notices : — India. 343 at last gained the ascendency, to the great delight of the organs of sensation in both boys and horses." Art. II. Foreign Notices. INDIA. Taking Bees in India. — The following curious method of taking bees in India is extracted from Addison's Indian Reminiscences : — "A large swarm of bees had fixed their abode on the ceiling of a veranda; and, in due time, when the honey was deposited, we wished to collect it, but were, for some time, at a loss for the means. Hearing, however, that there was a gardener who possessed a method of doing it unhurt, he was sent for and desired to bring down the honey. I watched him closely through the whole process, and was told by him, and believe, that he used no other precaution than the following. He took some of the plant called toolsy, and rubbed it over his body, face, arms, and hands : he then chewed a little, and held a sprig of it in his mouth. With no other than this apparently slight defence, he mounted a ladder, a large dish in one hand, and a sharp knife in the other ; and, though as thinly clad as his class usually are, with thousands of bees swarming about his naked body, he, with the greatest sang froid, cut immediately through the upper part of the comb, where it was suspended to the roof, and, receiving the whole of it in his dish, brought it down without having suffered from a single sting. " The plant is the black ocymum of botanists. Its aromatic odour is, per- haps, the strongest there is. I know that some of the species of this genus are cultivated with success in England : this, therefore, might be, in all probability, if it is not so already. Sir William Jones addresses it in one of his poems : — ' Hail ! sacred toolsy, pride of plains ! ' This epithet he has given to it from its particular prevalent use in the Brah- minical rites : indeed, the extraordinary sanctity attached to it is evinced by its forming, with Ganges water, the base of the Hindoo's most solemn oath : his mode of swearing is by touching these. The legend respecting it in the Sans- crit records is, that it was once a most beautiful nymph of the same name, passionately beloved by Crishna, who, to perpetuate her memory, transformed her into this plant, and ordained that no worship to him should be availing, or complete, which was not graced by her presence : hence it is invariably used in all poojahs made by the followers of Vishnu." (Ind. Rem., Sfc, sent by J. B. W., Feb. 1. 1838.) Art. III. Domestic Notices. ENGLAND. M. Franz Rinz of Frankfort, leaving England, cannot deny himself the pleasure, before he goes, of expressing his most sincere thanks to his friends and patrons for the very kind reception he met with in England and in Scot- land during his journey in both countries. The recollection of the proofs ■which he received of the hospitality of Great Britain will always afford him the greatest pleasure ; while, on his part, it shall always be his endeavour to render himself worthy of so much kindness and confidence. — London, May 16. 1838. Bristol [P/iih-Bofanical Societi/. — This Society, we are informed by the president, is daily increasing; and, thinking that a perusal of its rules may lead to the establishment of other societies of the same kind, though some of z 4 344' Domestic Notices : — England. these (in villages, for example) may be of a much more humble description, we have subjoined those which we consider of most importance : — I. That the object of this Society shall be the improvement of its members in botanical knowledge, by the reading of papers, and the discussion of subjects connected with that science; and by excursions in search of plants. II. That the meetings of this Society be held every Tuesday evening, during the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September ; and every alternate Tuesday the rest of the year. III. That a committee be elected, &c. ; and a treasurer and secretary, &c. IV. That a president and vice-president be chosen, &c. V. That, to meet incidental expenses, a subscription of ten shillings per annum be paid half-yearly by each member. VI. That any person wishing to join this Society be proposed by a mem- ber, and balloted for at the ensuing meeting. VII. That the members be at liberty to introduce a friend to the evening meetings. VIII. That excursions into the country be made by this Society at least once in the week during the summer half-year. The route, &c., to be fixed at the previous evening of meeting. IX. That a library and herbarium be formed for the use of this Society ; the library, by the purchase of botanical books and periodicals ; the herbarium, by the contributions of the members. X. That a curator be appointed annually by the committee, to whose care the library and herbarium shall be intrusted. This officer to be eligible for reappointment immediately after the termination of his j'ear. XI. That members intending to bring forward papers or discussions shall notify the same to the secretary one month beforehand. The secretary to announce at the conclusion of business, every evening, the subject (if decided} for the next meeting. XII. That if a member be disabled from attending an evening meeting, he shall give notice thereof in writing to the secretary. XIII. That any member wishing to introduce, alter, or expunge a rule, shall give a fortnight's notice to the Society, when a special meeting shall be called by the secretary for its consideration. XIV. That ail the transactions of this Society be entered by the secretary in a book provided for that purpose. The Society is desirous of opening a correspondence with other similar societies, both for the communication of newly discovered facts, and the inter- change of dried specimens. — Leo H. Griudon. President. Bristol, June 7. 1838. The Oxford Apiarian Society. — The object of this Society is to be twofold : I. To promote an improved and more extensive system of bee management among the cottagers, by the diffusion of information on the subject, the loan, not the gift, of hives (their cost to be repaid from the produce), and the annual distribution of prizes ; of which due notice will be given in the Oxford papers, with conditions to be observed by the competitors. 2. To promote a more extensive and scientific knowledge concerning the natural history and cultivation of bees among the higher classes. To further this latter object, a small plot of ground to be rented within a very short walking distance of Oxford, and hives of all sorts to be esta- blished there. The ground to be opened to the members of the Society, and visiters admitted by tickets from subscribers, on payment of \s. Cottagers to be admitted by tickets gratis. The subscriptions to be 1/. \s. for the first year ; for subsequent years, 10.?. 6d. ; to be devoted to lending new hives, distributing prizes, and esta- blishing an experimental garden or gardens, and other purposes connected with the objects of the Society. Donations thankfully received from casual visiters towards the support of Domestic Notices : — England. 345 the bee-garden. Subscriptions to be received by Mr. Kirtland, at the Museum, and at the bank of Messrs. Parsons and Co. Persons desirous of becoming members are requested to pay their subscrip- tions as soon as convenient, that the funds which will be at the Society's disposal may be known as soon as possible, as it is desirable to begin opera- tions immediately. {Advertisement m the Oxford Herald, March 31. 1838.) Since the above advertisement appeared, a Society, under the title of the " Oxford Apiarian Society," has been established, and is now flourishing, and the propositions therein made carried into effect. A piece of ground, about half an acre in extent, situate in Bagley Wood, near the river Isis, bounded mostly by willows and elms, has also been taken, and laid out as an experi- mental bee-garden, and opened under the above-mentioned regulations. There are at present twenty-two stocks of bees placed in common straw and experi- mental hives, of various constructions. The kind which, in Oxford, claims the greatest attention is that invented by the author of the pamphlet, A short and simple Letter to Cottagers, sold to cottagers and for distribution at 2d. each, and therein fully illustrated and explained. A quantity of these hives have been made under the inspection of the Society, and may be obtained on application at the Museum, Oxford, price 1/. 10^. Small models, or patterns, to work from, are also to be had at the same place, price 4*. Qd., for the convenience of country gentlemen or mechanics who may be desirous of making or using this hive. — W. H. B. Oxford, May, 1838. Dr. Darwiii's Botanical Garden, near Lichfield, was situated at a place called the Abnalls, about a mile north-west of Lichfield. It was established about the year 1777, and continued in his hands as long as he remained in this neighbourhood. On his leaving Lichfield, Mr. Jackson (who, in con- junction with Dr. Darwin and Sir Brooke Boothby, formed a Botanical Society, and produced a translation of the Linncean System of Vegetables, and the Families of Plants, each in two vols. 8vo), a proctor of the ecclesiasti- cal court there, became the proprietor of it, and maintained it on the original plan as long as he lived. At his decease, it passed into other hands, and gradually fell away from its former beauty, until it has at length become a mere wilderness ; the ponds being choked with weeds, the cascades broken down, the walks overgrown with rank grass, and the " trim parterres " con- verted into pasture for cattle. Sometimes, in the spring of the year, one may yet find a stray snowdrop, or a clump of daffodils, which have survived the general wreck ; but these are all that remain to tell of its high and palmy days, when the high-priest of Flora stood surrounded by the blossoms of a thousand climes. At one end of the garden there is an old bath, of cold water, called Urite's Well, built at the recommendation of Sir John Floyer, physician to Charles If., and formerly in much repute for cold bathing. This has suffered in the general decay : the dressing-room serves the ignominious purposes of a sheep-pen ; the doors are broken down, the windows rifled of their glass, and the fountain itself choked with weeds and rubbish. Dr. Harwood, in his History of Lichfield, quotes an inscription, written by Darwin, for the " Naiad of the Fountain." It is as follows : — '• SPEECH OF A WATER NYMPH. " If the meek flower of bashful dye Attract not thy incurious eye. If the soft murmuring rill to rest Encharm not thy tumultuous breast, Go where Ambition lures the vain, Or Avarice barters peace for gain ! " In the Phytologia, Darwin writes : " There is a situation where the manner of the production of springs is most agreeably visible : it is about a mile from the city of Lichfield, near the cold bath erected by Sir John Floyer, in a beautiful piece of ground, which was formerly Dr. Darwin's botanic garden. S46 'Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, In this place, a grotto, about six yards wide and ten long, has been excavated on the side of a hill, consisting of silicious sandstone, with this peculiar cir- cumstance, that the upper stratum of the sand rock, which is there about 5 ft. thick, is divided from the lower stratum of it by a sheet of clay, not more than 3 or 4 inches in thickness. On the upper surface of this sheet of clay, between the lips of these rocks, a perpetual dribbling of water oozes quite round the grotto, like a shower from a weeping rock. Thus, this thin sheet of clay prevents the water from sinking into the lower stratum of sandstone, and produces other curious springs, which are collected at about half a mile's distance, and conveyed by leaden pipes to the Cathedral Close of Lichfield, which is thus supplied with water of uncommon piu-ity, which contains no calcareous- earth, owing to its passing through silicious sand over a stratum of clay." The botanic garden (for it still retains this name) was subsequently pur- chased by John Atkinson, Esq., and at present forms part of a small farm belonging to him, and adjoining his estate of Maple Hayes. — Amateur. Shen- sto?ie, near Lichfield, March, 1838. Glasafor Conservatories, much thicker than crown glass, and equally clear, is now offered for sale by some of the London glass-cutters, and recommended for the roofs of conservatories. The immense structure now erecting at Chatsworth, it is said, will be glazed with it. Art. IV. Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society. The spring quarterly meeting of this Society was held, March 1., in the council-room in the garden. Notwithstanding the extreme inclemency of the weather for two months past, the number and quality of articles produced at the meeting gave great satisfac- tion, as showing not only the zeal and success with which different branches of horticulture are now cultivated in Scotland, but the high estimation in which the awards of the Society (which are chiefly honorary) are held. For the prize offered for the six finest and newest varieties of Camelh'a japonica, there was no proper competition ; but the Committee voted a pre- mium to Mr. John Boston, gardener to Miss Innes at Drum, for a collection containing several good flowers, particularly ^jaeonicr/Zora, Chandler/, and Knight's waratah. For the finest plant of recent introduction, in flower, the prize was awarded to Mr. Robert Guthrie, gardener to Sir Archibald Campbell, Bart. Garscube, for Clianthus puniceus. For the four finest different species of E'pacris in flower, to Mr. Robert Watson, gardener to David Anderson, Esq., of Moredun j the kinds being E. impressa, variabilis, pungens, and grandiflora. For the best three species or distinct varieties of Chinese azalea, to Mr. James Cunningham, Comely Bank; the sorts being A. Georgiana, indica coc- cinea, and macrantha purpurea. For the best six hyacinths, two prizes were offered, one to amateur culti- vators, and another to nurserj'men. For the former, several competitors ap- peared, and the medal was awarded for the collection sent by Dr. Adolphus Ross ; the varieties being rouge eclatante, dark red ; Nimrod, deep blue ; Voltaire, white ; porcelaine sceptre, blue ; grand vainqueur, white ; and grande vidette, blue. The nurserymen's prize was voted to Mr. James Kelly, foreman to Messrs. James Dickson and Son, Inverleith, for grand vainqueur, Orondatus, Appius, roi de major, bouquet tendre, and Betsj'. For the prize offered for the best three sorts of pears, fit for the dessert at this season, four competitors came forward. After a very careful comparison and trial, the medal was voted for those sent by Mr. John Young, gardener to Sir James Gibson Craig, Bart., of Riccarton ; the kinds being Colmar, cras- sanne, and St. Germain. For the collection regarded as next in merit, a JRotfal Caledo7iia7i Horticultural Society. 347 small premium was awarded to Mr. Arthur Calder, gardener to George Sligo, Esq., of Seacliflfe ; the sorts being swan's egg, Spanish bon Chretien, and crassanne. For the prize offered for the best six sorts of apples, either dessert or culi- nary, no fewer than seven competitors appeared ; and, after a minute examina- tion, the medal was assigned to Mr. Arthur Calder, for the collection sent from SeaclifFe garden; the names of the apples being royal pearmain, Ribston, nonpareil, Stoup Leadington, Norfolk beaufin, and Yorksiiire greening. For the collection considered as next in merit, a premium was voted to Mr. James Macintosh, gardener to Robert Ferguson, Esq., Archerfield : the sorts were Borsdorffer, hollow-eyed pippin, nonpareil, Rymer, Yorkshire greening, and Ribston : the fruit had been preserved in pounded charcoal, and were firm and glossy. A third premium was awarded to Mr. John Braid, gardener to George Simson, Esq., Pitcorthie House, Colinsburgh, for a collection con- sisting of the Woolbedding pippin, Ribston, Newton, Cambusnethan, winter ruby, and Ganges. For forced asparagus, two premiums were given ; one to Mr. Robert An- derson, gardener to Laurence Buchan, Esq., of Balchrystie ; and another to Mr. James Smith, gardener to the Earl of Hopetoun, Hopetoun House. Four cultivators competed for the prize offered for the best Scots pint of mushrooms, all of them producing the article of excellent quality. The medal was found due to Mr. John Young, gardener at Riccarton ; and an extra premium was voted to Mr. John Macnaughton, for the mushrooms sent from the garden of John Wauchope, Esq., of Edmonstone. The greatest novelty at the exhibition was a cluster of the fruit of the plantain tree(MiJsa paradisiaca), the first time of its being ripened in Scotland. It was from the palm-house of the Royal Botanic Garden ; and thanks were unanimously voted to the excellent superintendent, Mr. William M'Nab, under whose care it was produced. Premiums were awarded to Mr. James Murray, gardener to Andrew Fletcher, Esq., of Saltoun, for a beautiful large citron, and for clusters of the muscat of Alexandria grape, recently cut from the tree; and to Mr. William Thorn, gardener to David Anderson, Esq., of St. Germains, for very fine forced rhubarb, the stalks being three feet long. The attention of florists was attracted by a seedling camellia raised from seed of the old waratah, saved at Sunny.side, near Edinburgh, in 1833 ; and a premium was voted to Mr. John Christie, gardener to Mrs. Gilchrist of Sun- nyside ; Mr. Christie being a zealous and successful cultivator, who has many seedling camellias in progress. In the council-room were placed a beautiful large plant of a hybrid Rho- dodendron arboreum in flower; and a collection of the flowers of the rarer camellias, particularly C. imbricata (which was much admired), Gray's invin- cible. Press's eclipse, Chandlen', and speciosa. These productions were from the Inverleith Nurseries, and the thanks of the meeting were voted to Thomas Dickson, Esq., the proprietor. The room was farther decorated with beau- tiful flowery specimens of Phaius maculatus, Loasa laterltia, and Bletaa Tankervill/inif61ia, Kennedy« longiracemosa, St. Michael's oranges, from R. W. Eyles, Esq. Monacanthus discolor (yellow variety), and Trymalium odoratissinmm, from J. Jarrett, Esq. Cut flowers, from the Hon. W. F. Strangways. A hybrid cactus, from Mr. Errington, gar- dener to Sir P. G. Egerton, Bart. Didiscus caeruleus, from Capt. C. Man- gles. Specimens of sheet glass for glazing hot-houses, from Mr. Drake, 100. Edgevvare Road. This glass is rather thicker than the best crown glass. From the Garden of the Society/. Apples : Beachamwell, golden Harvey, Boston russet, new rock pippin, Lamb Abbey pearmain. Pile's russet, Bed- fordshire foundling, Yorkshire greening, Ryuier, and gloria mundi. Medals aivarded. A silver Knightian to Mr. Errington, for the hybrid cactus ; to R. W. Eyles, Esq., for Kennedya longiracemosa ; to S. Rucker, Esq., for the vars. of Oncidium ; and to Mrs. Lawrence, for the collection of plants. A silver Banksian to M. Nieman, for the lettuces and carrots. ApnlZ. — Read. A paper on the Propagation of Trees by Cuttings in Summer, by T. A. Knight, Esq., president. Exhibited. Dendrobium fimbriatum and Stamford/a gracilis, from J. Bateman, Esq. H3'acinths grown in glasses, from Messrs. Corsten and Son, Covent Garden. Strawberries, cucumbers, Tropae'^olum brachyceras, seedling cineraria, forced rose, Amaryllis obscura, Oncidium papilio, and -Erica sp., from J. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus. Erica, pellucida, E. ignescens, hybrid rhododendron, and Acacia vestita, from Mr. Pratt, gardener to W. Harrison, Esq. Camelli« Sweet«, C. corallina, C. Campbell/, C. Leeawa su- perba, Victoria antwerpensis, and i?hododendron arboreum, from Mr. Smith of Norbiton. Epimedium grandiflorum and Maxillaria Harrison/i, from Mrs. Marryatt. Cassia biglandulosa, Comesperma sp., and seedHng rhododendron, from Mr. Young of Epsom. Dr. Scott's double-action portable conservatory pump. From the Garden of the Society. Primula marginata, P. longifolia. Anemone vernalis. Azalea indica phoenicea, Brachysema latifolia, Lodsa laterftia, Cym- bidiuin sinense, Camellia imbricata, C. Colvillei, and Press's eclipse. — Table Apples : Golden Harvey, green nonpareil, new rock pippin, Lamb Abbey pearmain. Pile's russet, Newton pippin, and Dutch mignoime. — Kitchen Apples : Rhode Island greening (a good keeping sort), French crab, pound apple, Norfolk storing, Hormead pearmain, northern greening, Colville blanche d'hiver (this, like the Newton pippin, is much altered by climate), tulip, and royal russet. THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, AUGUST, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. Notes on Gardens and Country Seats. By the Conductor. HooLE House, the Rev. Peploe W. Hamilton; occupied by Lady Broughton. HooLE is a residence situated about two miles from the city of Chester, on the road to Liverpool. The extent is between twenty and thirty acres, which are arranged as a farm, lawn, kitchen-garden, and flower-garden. The latter has been by far the most celebrated garden of the kind in that part of the coun- try for the last ten years ; and, as will shortly appear, it is in design altogether unique. We saw Hoole in 1831, and were exceedingly desirous of giving some account of it in our tour published at that time in the Gardener's Magazine (see Vol. VII. p. 513. 543. and 551.); but, as it is strictly a private residence, and not shown to any. person whatever without permission, except to the friends of Lady Broughton, we could not then prevail on Her Ladyship to accede to our wishes. Having in January last seen at Mr. Lonsdale, the eminent artist's, some exquisitely beautiful water-colour drawings (by Mr. Pickering of Chester) of the flower-garden and rock fence at Hoole, we could not resist the temptation of renewing our application to Lady Broughton, for permission to take engravings of them for publication. To this Her Ladyship very reluctantly consented, being unwilling to give publicity to her place; but, having consented, she permitted us to employ a land-surveyor to take a general plan of the garden, and also sent us some original plans and elevations made by Mr. Harrison of Chester, the late celebrated architect, for con- structing a veranda, a geranium-house, a conservatory, and green-house, all connected with the living-rooms of the house. We have now, therefore, to express our sincere thanks to Lady Broughton for acceding to our request, and for enabling us to gratify our readers with some account of the flower-garden at Hoole ; and, while we do this, we feel it right to express our anxious hope that the additional publicity which we are now Vol. XIV. — No. 101. a a 354. Notes on Gardens and Country Seats. Hooie Hotise. 355 giving to this unique place may not induce any one to en- deavour to break through a rule rendered necessary to the comfort of Lady Broughton, in consequence of the living-rooms being close upon the garden and opening into it. The surface of the ground at Hoole is flat, and the soil a rich loam. In the extreme distance, in one direction, are seen the Welsh mountains, in another, the Peckforton Hills and Beeston Castle. The general plan of that part of the ground which lies round the house is shown in Jig. 63-, to which the following letters refer : — a, The house, of which the elevation is given in fig. 64. by A conservatory forming the front entrance, as shown on a larger scale iti fig. 64. ; and without the glass, in^g. 65. c. Camellia-house, of which a ground plan is shown in /%. 67., an elevation in fig. QQ,, and a plan of the roof in ^g-. 68. In the ground plan (fig. 67.), a is the entrance from the veranda; b, shelf for plants ; c, stage for plants; d d d, veranda ; and e, the drawingroom. d (\x\fig. 63.), Drawingroom window, which looks on the flower-garden. e. Geranium-house, of which a ground plan and elevation are shown in^g. 69. The communication between the geranium-house and the camellia-house is by the veranda d, mfig. 67. /j Flower-garden, the view of which, from the drawingroom window, is shown in/g. 70. g, The rockwork surrounding the flower-garden. h. Walk midway up the rockwork, but concealed from the eye below by the rocks between it and the flower-beds. i. Stable. _;, Stable-yard. k, Kitchen-garden. /, Reserve garden. m. Grass field. «, Gardener's office and green-house. 0, Under gardener's room. p. Back entrance to the stable-yard. q. Soil-yard. r r. Back shed and other conveniences. s. Coal-house. t. Ice-house. u. Pond. v. Bee-house. w w. Flower-baskets on the lawn. .r. Road to Chester. «/, Entrance gate to the approach road. z, Back approach. 1, Back approach to the garden. 2, Archway between the rock and the stables. 3, Back entrance to the flower-garden. 4, Pavement under the veranda. 5, Back door to the rockwork and flower-garden. 6, Cow-house. 7 7, Coach houses, 8, Harness room. 9, Shrubbery. Fig. 71. is a view of the highest part of the rockwork, from the centre of the flower-garden. The highest point is in the south-east angle, where it is 34 ft. above the level of the lawn. Fig. 72. is a view of the rockwork, the lawn, and the camellia- house, from the rock-walk in the north-east angle. Remarks. The striking effect produced by the flower-garden at Hoole depends on the contrast between the smooth flat surface of the lawn, with the uniformity of the circular beds, and the great irregularity of the surrounding rockwork. The length of the flower-garden, within the rocky boundary, is 60 yards, and the breadth 34 yards. The baskets, twenty-seven in number, are in five straight rows, and each basket is a circle of A A 2 356 Notes on Gardens and Country Seats. 9 ft. 5 in. in diameter. They are made of wire, worked on an iron rod ; the rod being placed upon small pegs, to keep the basket to the level of the grass ; and they are painted a ydlow stone colour, to harmonise with the rocks and the veranda. They stand Hoole House. 351 8 in. above the ground, the grass coming close to the iron rod. The distance between each, across the garden, is 4 ft., and down the garden, 8 ft. 10 in. They are planted with spring, summer, and autumn flowers mingled together ; and the spaces left, when those are over, are filled with green-house plants, viz. ge- raniums, verbenas, &c., German stocks, and tender annuals, which keep up the colour until the frosts destroy them : the hardy perennials remain for the next season. The design of the rockwork was taken from a small model representing the mountains of Savoy, with the valley of Cha- mouni : it has been the work of many years to complete it, the diffi- culty being to make it stand against the wea- ther. Rain washed away the soil, and frost swelled the stones : several times the main wall failed from the weight put upon it. The walls and the found- ation are built of the red sandstone of the coun- try ; and the other mate- rials have been collected from various quarters, chiefly from Wales ; but it is now so generally covered with creeping and alpine plants, that it all mingles together in one mass. The outline, however, is carefully preserved ; and the part of the model that represents " la Mer de Glace " is A A 3 358 Nofes on Gardens and Country Seats. worked with grey limestone, quartz, and spar. It has no cells for plants : the spaces are filled up with broken fragments of white marble, to look ^^ 68 like snow ; and the spar is intended for the glacier. On the small scale of our engrav- ings, and without the aid of colour, it is al- together impossible to give an adequate idea of the singularity and beauty of this rocky boundary ; and we may add that it is equally impossible to create anything like it* by mere mechanical means. There must be the eye of the Hoole House. 359 artist presiding over every step ; and that artist must not only have formed an idea of the previous effect of the whole in his own mind, but must be cai)able of judging of every part of the work as it advances, with reference to that whole. In the case of this rockwork, Lady Broughton was her own artist; and the work which she has produced evinces the most exquisite taste for this description of scenery. It is true it must have occupied great part of her time for six or eight years past ; but the occu- pation must have been interesting, and the result, as it now stands, must give Her Ladyship the highest satisfaction. In 1831, when we saw the flower-garden, the flower-beds on the lawn, instead of being circular, were in the shape of the letter S; they were all of the same form and dimensions, and in rows, like the circular beds, and also placed at uniform dis- tances ; but the effect, though good, was not equal to what it is at present: the perfect unity of the circular beds producing a more complete contrast with the diversity of the rockwork, than the S-shaped beds. The rockwork is planted with a selection of the most rare and A A 4 360 Notes on Gardens and Country Seats. Hoolc House. 361 beautiful alpines, particularly with all the close-growing kinds ; each placed in a nidus of suitable soil, and the surface protected from the weather by broken fragments of stone, clean-washed river gravel, the debris of decaying rock, moss, or other suitable 362 Notes on GarJefis and Country Seats. substances, according as the object was to retain moisture; to evaporate moisture, in order to prevent the plants from damping off; to increase the heat, in which case dark fragments of stone are used ; or to diminish it, which is effected by the employment of white pebbles, which, by reflecting the light and heat, keep the ground cool. The following is a list of the principal genera : — Saxifrages, sedums, Cistus, pansies, rock pinks, anemones, Insects most injurious to Cultivators. 363 Dryas, Myosotis, heaths, violas, Z/ychnis alpina, ^rinus, Fran- kenia IseVis, campanulas, ajugas, alyssums, anemones, O'xalis, hepaticas, antirrhinums, aquilegias, y^'rabis, aretias, asters, As- tragalus, armerias, ^nagallis, Cheiranthus alpinus, Cerastium, claytonias, Convallaria bifolia, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Cortusa Matthiol/, cyclamens. Calceolaria Fothergill/, tlrabas, erodiums, Galium grae^cum, Gaulther/fl! procumbens, globularias, crane's-bills, gypsophilas, gentians, hieraciums, hypericums, Hippocrepis, JefFerson/a diphyila, Z/dthyrus, Z/Otus, Leontodon aureum, linums, mitellas, Moerhing/a muscosa, menziesias, Or- nithopus durus, Ononis, Onosma, (Xrobus, pinguiculas, phyteu- mas, pyrolas, potentillas, primulas, Pisum maritimum, Polygala Chamaebuxus, i?ubus arcticus, Aubriet/a purpurea, Saponaria ocymoides, (Salvia pyrenaira, statices, silenes, soldanellas, So- lidago miniita, i^ellis minuta, Tencrium pyrenaicum, Tiarella cordifolia, Mitella diphyila, Trientalis, Thymus Corsica, dwarf veronicas. The evergreens are chiefly yews, privets, laurels, arbutus, rhododendrons, brooms, cedars, box, daphnes, laurus- tinus, &c.; to which are added azaleas of every kind, and various other low-growing shrubs. Art. II. A Series of Articles on the Insects most itijurious to Cul- tivators. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., Secretary to the Entomo- logical Society of London. No. 13. The Elm-destroying Scolytus. The recent indiscriminate felling of the trees in the most fre- quented parts of Kensington Gardens having attracted consider- able attention to the causes of the disease by which the elms had been killed, together with the circumstance that there are still some persons who maintain that it is attributable to the soil or atmosphere, and not to the attacks of Scolytus, induces me to lay before your readers a few recent observations which have been made upon the subject, together with figures, in detail, of the preparatory states of the insect in question. The attention of Messrs. Victor Audouin and Spence has recently been directed towards the subject of the injuries to which the elm is subject; and these gentlemen have communi- cated a series of valuable observations which have been already published in the Arboretum Britan?ucum, to which I must content myself with simply referring the reader, and stating that it has been clearly proved by these observers that, in the first instance, the insects, both males and females, attack the tree, in order to obtain a supply of food, burrowing into the bark ; and that this burrowing brings the tree into an incipient state of disease, when it is selected by the female for the deposition of her eggs ; 364 Insects most itijun'oiis to Cultivators : — her numerous progeny very soon completing the destruction of the tree. Hence it happens that, although the bark of an ehn tree may be the abode of numerous perfect scolyti, the death of the tree is not necessarily consequent thereon, unless it is subse- quently selected by the female for the reception of her eggs ; and, indeed, trees so inhabited but which have not been thus selected, have been observed to recover their health in the space of two or three years. When M. V. j!\udouin, on the 4th January, 1837, communi- cated his observations upon this subject to the Entomological Society of France, the Baron Feisthamel, whose brother is the superintendant of the Royal Park of Vincennes, opposed these views of M. Audouin, contending that the extraordinary mor- tality which had occurred in the two preceding years in the trees of that park was attributable to the extreme dryness of 1835 ; the scolytus being but a secondary cause : he, in fact, believed that the insects attacked only trees in an unhealthy state, and that dryness of the weather was the chief cause of the propaga- tion of such immense numbers. The mortaHty of the trees was stated to have occurred only in those districts which were desti- tute of vegetable soil, and where the roots of the trees, being necessarily near the surface, were unable to reach a depth of constant moisture Of 50,000 trees which had been felled, a very small portion was found upon good soil. The Baron Feisthamel, at the meeting of the Entomological Society of France, in July last, read a short memoir upon the same subject, in which he still maintained the same views. On referring, however, to the pro- ceedings of the same Society for February, 1836, we find a statement of facts made by the samfe member, which, in my opinion, clearly proves the scolyti to have been the chief authors of the mischief. In the spring of 1835, a great number of the young leaves of the trees were observed to be shed, having been cut off at the petiole; and, in the course of the summer, the bark of the diseased trees was found to be bored with numerous minute holes; when, on pulling off the bark in the vicinity of these holes, there was found in a burrow, which was to be traced from the hole in a transverse direction (the burrows of the young grubs being always longitudinal), a small dead scolytus. In the summer months, the larvae were less abundant ; but, in September, their numbers were increased to such an extent, and the bark so com- pletely filled with them, that, in a piece of bark 8 in. by 6 in. in size, not fewer than 135 larvae were to be counted. The cold of the following winter had no other effect upon them than to render them torpid. It is to be noticed, in considering these statements, that no observation is made as to the unhealthy state of the trees in the Elm-destroyi7ig Scolytus. 365 preceding year (1834) ; we may conclude, therefore, that, up to the period when the falling of the young leaves took place, the trees were healthy. To what, then, is the latter circumstance attributable ? I have no hesitation in answering that the petioles of the fallen leaves had been eaten into by the perfect scolyti Jbr food. Although it is not recorded that such was the fact, the observation which I have subsequently to produce clearly proves the correctness of such an opinion. The loss of the leaves would necessarily bring the trees into an unhealthy state, and render them more especially acceptable to the female scolyti for the reception of their eggs. The falling of the leaves occurred in the spring, but the extreme dryness, under which it is maintained that the trees suffered, did not take place until the middle and end of the summer, by which time the trees were effectually attacked by great numbers of the larvae. Can it be said, therefore, that the death of the trees was owing to the extreme heat and drought, when the presence of such vast numbers of insects in the spring (indicated by so copious a fall of young leaves as to have at- tracted the attention of the forest keepers) is so indisputably proved ? No one will presume to deny that the presence of so many hundreds of thousands of larvae boring through the sap- vessels of a tree is not amply sufficient to cause its death ; and, when we know that the elms in our parks infested to this extent are killed, whilst those which are not infested still survive, I cannot comprehend what sufficient reason there can be for not regarding the scolytus as the chief cause of the injuries we sus- tain. If, indeed, it could be shown that the elms decayed without the scolyti being present, there would be some good ground for laying the charge of the injury either to the heat of the weather, or the long-continued drought, or the impurity of the atmosphere acting upon the leaves in the neighbourhood of large cities, or the prevention of a due supply of moisture to the roots of the trees in our public promenades by compact coatings of gravel, all of which have been at various times maintained to be the causes of the mischief. So long, however, as the trees infested by scolyti die, and those uninfested hy the larvcE of the scolyti survive, I think there are ample grounds for maintaining the opinion that the scolyti are our enemies in this respect. The following is an extract from my note-book : — "In the month of July last, M. V. Audouin directed my at- tention to a fine young oak tree (belonging, I believe, to the species Quercus lusitanica) growing in the Jardin des Plantes, which at that time appeared in a dying state, the leaves of all the young shoots being either withered, or the shoots themselves fallen to the ground. It had assumed this appearance about a month ; and, on examination, it was discovered that it was owing to the attacks of a small species of scolytus, which M. V. Audouin considered to be Scolytus pygmae^us. This insect 366 Insects most injurious to Cultivators : — had invariably gnawed a channel at the base of the young shoots of last year, sometimes almost entirely round. This, of course, entirely prevented the flow of sap, as well as so much weakened the stem, that a little wind was sufficient to make them fall. M. V. Audouin considered that these insects (whose habit it is to burrow under the bark of the common oak) had made their escape from the great chantiers de bois a bruler, on the adjacent banks of the Seine, having been carried there in the logs of fire-wood, whence they had flown into the Jardin des Plantes, and had there discovered this species of oak, the wood of which was so hard, that they had relinquished their ordinary habits, and had attacked the base of the young shoots for food. This seemed to be the natural explanation of the fact, because we found only two or three of the insects in burrows in the trunk, in which they had only penetrated about an eighth of an inch, and had then died, the head being directed inwards. The female of this species ordinarily burrows horizontally and the larvae vertically, the contrary being the habit of the scolytus of the elm." The accompanying figure i^Jig. 73.) represents part of one of these twigs, m showing the burrow made by the insect at n. It is a remarkable circumstance, that this stripping off" of the young twigs takes place annually, without the death of the tree being a necessary consequence ; thus proving that it is the burrowing of the larva which is the cause of the mischief. In the case of the elm, however, the burrowing of the males and females into the inner bark, in order to obtain a supply of the viscid sap, or cambium, and their subsequent exit, leaving the orifices of their burrows open, produces of itself great injury to the tree, not only from the exudation of sap from the numerous wounds, but also from the entrance of rain, which by degrees filtrates into the inner bark, and causes a disorganisation of the vessels for an extent of several inches, which is not only indicated, on raising the bark, by a large black patch moistened by a black fluid, but Elm-deslroying Scoli/fus. 367 also even appears on the outside of the bark in the form of obscure dark-coloured blotches. Of course, accidental wounds which remain unhealed, and the attacks of other burrowing in- sects, have a similar effect in bringing the trees into an unhealthy state, and in rendering them as fit receptacles for visits of the impregnated female, as if the trees had been first perforated for food by the insects in the unimpregnated state. Two other cir- cumstances, also recently observed by M. Audouin, are of suf- ficient interest to be here noticed : the first concerns the careful selection by the female of the situation in which her burrow is to be made into the bark, when preparing to lay the eggs, and which is generally in that part where there is a fissure, whence she is able to complete her task with less labour, and where the orifice is hidden by the rugosities of the bark, so as to escape the notice of parasites ; and the second, having a similar effect, is, that the female, having deposited her eggs, dies in her gallery; but, by a remarkable display of instinct, she ordinarily crawls to the mouth of the burrow, and thus her dead body forms, as it were, a cork stopping up the aperture and preventing the ingress of enemies. But these cares are not sufficiently efficacious ; for not only has Mr. Spence discovered that many of the larvae, and all the pupae, of the scolytus of the elm which he had examined, were infested with a little parasitic vermicle belonging to the genus Vibrio, and occasionally in vast numbers, but, moreover, that the scolytus is also attacked by a small but beautiful parasitic ichneumon, belonging to the genus Bracon, which I captured near Paris, but which is not an inhabitant of this country. The larva of the scolytus {,/ig. 73. c, natural size; a, magni- fied) is a small, white, fleshy grub, destitute of legs, and bearing a considerable resemblance to that of the nut weevil. The body is curved into a semicircle, and the segments are transversely channeled. The head is horny and smooth, without antennas ; the upper lip (d) is transverse, with the angles rounded, and with short hairs ; the jaws (g) are obtuse and strong ; the under jaws (b) flat, internally ciliated, and furnished with a very short 2-jointed palpus; and the lower lip {J') is produced in the centre, with two very short palpi. The pupa (e) exhibits the general form of the perfect insect, the limbs resting upon the breast. According to the recent observations of Drs. Erichson and Ratzeburg, there are two species which have been confounded under the name of Scolytus destructor, differing in the punctation of the elytra and general outline, but more especially in the form of the burrows of the larvae. I believe both these species are inhabitants of this country : but, for the purpose of assisting the investigation, I have added outlines from Dr. Ratzeburg's beautiful work, just published {Die Forst-LiseJctoi ; Berlin, 368 Treatment of the Scotch Pine 1837)j of the two species; / being that of the insect which these German writers name Eccoptogaster destructor; and i being that of Eccoptogaster Scolytus. The French and English authors having employed the latter specific name for the genus, in preference to Herbst's not very euphonous name, another specific name must be applied to the latter species. Art. III. On the 7'reatment of the Scotch Pine in the Plantations at Huntley Lodge, Banffshire. By Alexander Murdoch. I RECEIVED your letter of October 6. 1837, making enquiry concerning the treatment of the Scotch pine in " natural woods and artificial plantations." I can say little of natural woods, as there are none in this district, the localities of natural woods being about forty miles distant to the south and south-west of Huntly, on the rivers Dee and Spey. The wood grows chiefly in Glent, near the base of the Grampian Mountains. It ap- peared to me that the soil on which the natural Scotch pine grows at Rothiemurchus is 2 or 3 inches of peat mould covered with heath ; the subsoil being dry gravel, into which the small roots of the pine penetrate, the large roots running to a con- siderable distance near the surface. I am not aware that these woods are regularly thinned. The strongest trees obtain a mastery over the weakest, and ultimately the best trees arrange their distances for themselves. Neither do I think these woods are pruned : where the trees stand close together, the air is excluded, and the lower branches die and drop ofi^". There are about one thousand acres of artificial Scotch pine plantation on the Duke of Richmond's estates, near Huntly, from 12 to 60 years' growth. These plantations are chiefly formed on hilly and rocky ground, from about 400 to 800 feet above the level of the sea, and about 18 or 20 miles south of the Moray Firth. The soil is generally of a peaty nature, growing heath ; and partly loam, such as, if cultivated, would produce turnips ; the subsoil is principally of clay, and rather too damp for the successful growth of the pine. There is a portion of these plantations, also growing on a thin peaty soil, over a sub- soil of gravel or sand ; but, as, from the springs, the sand appears to be much impregnated with iron, the pine does not thrive here on this soil so well as on ground much like it near the Spey. The trees in these woods are planted about 4 ft. apart, and require little attention, but filling up of vacancies for the first 20 years ; and, from that age to 40 years, according to growth, pruning and thinning go on. At about 20 years, where the trees stand at the original thickness, about three fourths of the weakest at Htintley Lodge, Banffshire. 369 plants are cut out, which leaves those that remain at about 8 ft. apart; the dead branches are at the same time pruned off close to the stem of the tree, about 7 ft. up from the ground. I con- sider it as decidedly best to take off all the dead branches, even if they should be higher than a man can reach at this period ; but in extensive plantations the expense of labour is an obstacle: the reason is, that, when the dead branch does not soon fall off, there is a danger that the wood of the trunk will grow round it, and produce a dead knot. I do not approve of cutting away live branches of two or more inches in diameter, as the resin flows freely from the wound, and where many of these wounds are made the tree is weakened. Small live branches might be pruned off with a knife, from trees of 10 years' growth or there- abouts, without much disadvantage; but in this case I would not remove more in one year than one year's production : but this mode could only be practised in plantations of small extent. As regards the distance at which the trees are finally left : sup- posing all the trees left at the first thinning to thrive, I gradually remove the weakest, until the best trees stand from 12 ft. to 16 ft. apart. If the branches do not touch each other, I leave the trees so that they will nearly touch ; for, if much further apart, the wind gets vent amongst them, and often uproots the best ones. In point of fact, however, the trees, after first thinning, do not all thrive ; both before and after this operation many of them die. There is a disease in artificial plantations, known by the name of cancer. This appears like a black resinous patch on the side of the tree, and invariably kills it in a short time after the disease appears. All these dead and cancered trees, when removed, frequently leave the plantation thinner than we wish it to be ; but the rule I adopt, where there is no disease, is to leave the trees so as the tops have room, and not much more ; and with this treatment I find the trees will attain the full size that the soil and climate will allow. In this district, the best planted Scotch pine trees at 60 years' growth, and there are none older, do not measure more than 16 cubic feet: the timber is rather soft, and, when used for roofing houses, it is found to be much inferior to Scotch pine from the natural woods. The largest planted Scotch pines I have seen, grow on the banks of Wishart's Burn, near Gordon Castle; those trees contain from 50 to 70 cubic feet. I do not know how long those trees have been planted, or how treated: they are evidentl}' old. In all the country on the banks of the Spey, Scotch pines thrive better than in this quarter. I suppose the soil being nearer in quality to that on which they grow naturally is the principal cause. I cannot say, with cer- tainty, how plantations are treated in that district, but I rather think much in the manner I have endeavoured to describe. There are extensive plantations in Strathspey, and elsewhere, on Lord Vol. XIV. — No. 101. n b 370 Economical Use of Fir Cones. Seafield's estates ; and I have no doubt that you might get useful information on the subject generally, by making application at CuUen House. I do not know of any plantations in this quarter composed solely of silver fir or spruce . A few of these trees may be seen in ornamental plantations near gentlemen's houses. They are not usually pruned. Their chief beauty consists in the branches being well spread near the ground. There are six large silver fir trees in the centre of the garden here, which have been planted about 80 years. They are still healthy, and grow in rich loam about 2 ft. deep on a subsoil of clay. Huntley Lodge, Nov. 7. 1837. Art. IV. Remarks on an economical Use of the Cones of the Pine and Fir Tribe ; and more particula7-ly of those of the Vhius sylvestris, or Scotch Pine. By William Howison, M.D., Lecturer on Botany, Edinburgh. Happening, during the commencement of the month of May, 1838, to be passing, in the course of a botanical excursion, through the centre of the county of Fife, I paid a visit to an old pupil of mine, who had recently set up as a medical practitioner in a small village in that part of the country. I found him sitting in his parlour without a fire. After giving me a hearty welcome, " I was going to visit a patient at a distance," says my friend to me, " but as it is not every day that you and I meet, doctor, I will defer my business ; and, as the weather is still cold, we will have a blazing fire, and that instantaneously. As I know you to be interested in these matters, I will show you a valuable use to which fir cones aVe a}?plied in this part of the world ; and of which, although a native of a fir-covered part of Scotland myself, I was never, until now, aware. I became possessed of this knowledge in the following way : — "Lately I was called upon, in the course of my professional duty, to attend a poor woman residing a few miles off, who was labouring under a cancerous complaint. She could not afford to give me any remuneration for my trouble, and it may be unnecessai-y to inform you that I expected none. A few days afterwai'ds, however, two of her daughters, each of them car- rying a large sack or bag filled with dry fir cones of the preceding season, collected in the neighbouring woods, brought them to me from their mother, in conformity with her anxious request that I would accept of them as a present. Astonished at the nature of the gift, I asked the girls what 1 was to do with them, when they told me that the cones would eidier make an excellent fire of themselves, to those who were so poor as not to be able to purchase coals, or they woidd make a delightful Pruning of forced Hoses. 371 .kindling for a coal fire; and of this latter quality you shall presently have an opportunity of satisfying yourself." My friend now rang his bell, and desired a fire to be instantly kindled. His housekeeper entered the parlour with a few dozens of fir cones in her apron, which was of clean cotton, and the cones were as clean and beautiful, I may add, as the apron itself. She tumbled them into the grate, and immediately over them she laid pieces of cold coal, until the grate was full. She next lighted a piece of coarse brown paper with a candle, and thrust it into the centre of the fir cones. They instantaneously took fire, burning with great violence in consequence of the quantity of resinous matter which they contained. In a short time, they gave out such intensity of red heat, from the burning of the turpentine they contained, as completely to set fire to the covering of coals ; and that without the assistance of bellows, but merely with the common air of the apartment, so that in a short time we had a warm and blazing fire. Every individual knows the trouble of collecting sticks, or the branches of the fir tree, for fuel ; the difficulty of breaking them down into billets or pieces, and the uncertainty after all of their setting fire to coals ; though but few are aware of the easy gathering up, the cleanliness, success, and comfort attending the use of fir cones, as more desirable for the above purpose. To diffuse this information amongst all ranks of the com- munity, but particularly amongst the lower orders, and to make public a valuable use to which the cones of the fir tree may be put, which have hitherto been allowed to rot in the woods, by the starved and hard-wrought peasantry of this over-peopled country, are the inducement and intention of committing these remarks to paper. In Excursions in Italy^ by Fenniman Cooper, Esq., I find the following passage. " We drove into the gate of Lucca, just as night had set in, shivering with cold, for this little capital is in the heart of the mountains. We made our way into a house, and only began to recover the natural hue of our skins, when a dozen cones of the pine well filled with resin went in a bright blaze. These and a plentiful supply of faggots brought back the congealed vitality, whose current had almost frozen, A good supper and good beds reconciled us to life." Edinburgh, 9. Nicolson Square, May, 1838. Art. V. Of the Pruning of forced Roses, and Planting out of forced Plants in Summer. By James Cuthill. The Forcing of JRoses had occupied much of my time for some years past to but little advantage, until November last; when, BB 2 372 Joyce's Apparatus for heating by Steam, being about to prune some roses in pots, a new idea struck me. This was, that, instead of pruning them on the old system of leaving only two buds of that years' growth (which is by far the best method with flower-garden roses), I would leave two pro- minent good buds, wherever they could be found ; so that after pruning, some shoots had five or six buds left, though generally when they were put into heat only the two upper buds upon each shoot started. I have had one cabbage Provence rose with 30 blossoms upon it, and several moss roses with 20, and the plants only two years old ; and not one has been turned out of the forcing-house without plenty of bloom. When all the roses have done forcing, I intend cutting them down to two buds, to which I have always cut them down in November, upon the old system, in order to make their summer wood ; so that I hope every practical person will see the decided advantage of my new mode. I will go so far as to say, that it is quite wrong to go on forcing plants in pots the whole year round, not excepting roses, after they have stood one year in pots, to form their balls. Lil- lies of the valle}', also, will do no good whatever if kept in pots ; the only way to have a full pot of blossom is, to take them up in autumn, and pot none but those that have good buds, and then you will have a fine bloom about the end of May. I intend planting out every sort of forcing plant I have got, and giving it a fair trial. Durham Park Gardens, April 5. 1838. Art. VI. Notice of Mr. Joyce s Apparatus for heating by Steam; luith an Account of his Method of forcing Strawberries. By Thomas Joyce, Market-Gardener, Camberwell. In the first week of June last, we called on Mr. Joyce, at his market-garden in Camberwell, New Road, in order to see a mode of heating by steam which he has invented, and for which, he informs us, he has taken out a patent. According to this mode, a charcoal fire is made in the centre of the boiler of water, and the vapour from the charcoal is conveyed away in the same tube which carries the steam from the water round the house. The steam condenses in the tube, and the condensed water is all returned to the boiler ; while the vapour of the charcoal is allowed to escape at the extreme end of the tube. The boiler, which is portable, and made of copper, occupies a very small space ; and being placed within the house, and isolated, none of the heat generated by the fuel can, by any possibility, be lost; for even the heat that escapes at the farther extremity of the tube, along with the vapour, is still given off to the atmosphere of the house ; and, however deleterious it might be for human and his Method, of forcing Stra'x>6enies. 373 beings if allowed to accumulate, it certainly appears to produce no bad effects on plants, for a more luxuriant crop of strawber- ries than that in Mr. Joyce's forcing-house we have never seen. On looking over these strawberries, we observed some pots rather later than the others ; and Mr. Joyce having previously informed us that they were all put in on the same day, we could not help enquiring what he considered the reason. This led to our requesting from him an article on his mode of forcing straw- berries, and he has sent us the following : — " The size of pot which I find to be die best is No. 48. I fill the pots with good strong soil, tolerably rich, and I press it into them rather firmly. This is done in the beginning of August; and 1 then get the strongest runners I can find, of the same year's growth, of Keen's seedling. I plant one runner in each pot, and then plunge the pots in the open garden, in an airy situation, keeping them well watered when the weather is dry. Here they remain till wanted to be taken into the house for forcing. I may remark that, when the runners are taken up later than the very beginning of August, the blossoms do not come nearly so strong the following season. " When the time for forcing arrives, I prepare my shelves by nailing laths along their edges, so as to form a ledge on each side, about an inch high, so as to retain a thin layer of mould. After covering the shelves with mould, of the same kind as that in which the strawberries are planted, I take up the pots from the open garden, and set them on it. I find the roots come through the pots, and grow vigorously in this thin layer of mould, which is kept constantly moist by the water which escapes through the pots. I have tried the mode of placing the pots in saucers, and always keeping some water in them ; but I find a layer of m.ould, such as I have described, greatly superior. " Instead of planting the runners in the pots, I have tried the mode, very generally recommended, of plunging the pot, and training the runner over it, so that the young plant might root into the centre of the pot before it was detached from the mother plant. This method produces apparently very strong plants, because they have both the nourishment from the parent plant communicated through the runner, and the nourishment ab- sorbed by the plant itself through its fibrous roots : but such plants, when they are forced, I find to be invariably a fortnight later in ripening their fruit, than those which have been planted in the manner I first described ; and I find, also, that they run much more to leaf, and that, if the plants be turned out of the pots to examine the roots, though these are stronger than those of the transplanted plants, yet that they are invariably much less numerous. From this I conclude, that the cause why the trans- planted plants are so much more prolific, and so much earlier, BB 3 374) Floricultural and Botanical Notices, - than the others, is to be found in their numerous fibres; by' which they absorb a greater quantity of nourishment than the others, and that in a shorter time. Possibly, also, the nourish- ment, coming through smaller fibres, may be of a less watery kind, and more productive of fruit, than that passing through large and vigorous ones. The temperature at which I begin to force is 48°, and I gra- dually increase this to 65°. Plants put into the house on the 21st of March generally produce with me ripe fruit on the 21st of May. Many of the pots with the transplanted plants produce from 40 to 70 fruit each, and swell them off to a fine size. Clarendon Arms, Camherwell New Road, July 9. 1838. Art. VII. Floricultural and Botanical Notices on Kinds oj" Plants nexvly introduced into our Gardens, and that have originated in them, and on Kinds oj" Interest previously extant in them ; sup-plementary to the latest Editions of the " Encyclopcedia of Plants," and of the *' Hortus Bj-itannicus." Curtis' s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing seven plates ; 35. 6d. coloured, 3^. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c. Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, new series, each containing six plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3*. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the London University. Mound's Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flotver Plants cuU tivated in Great Britain ; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper ls.6d., small Is. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S. Paxtons Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flovoering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2*. 6d. each. The Floral Cabinet; in monthly numbers, 4to ; 25. 6d. each. Con- ducted by G. B. Knowles, Esq., and Frederick Westcott, Esq., Honorary Secretaries of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticul- tural Society. l^ANUNCULA^CEJE. 1599. DELPHI'NIUM 14153 palmatifidum Dec. Synonymc : D. intermSdium palmatifidum Ltncil.j Bot. Reg. n. s. t. 38. One of the handsomest of perennial larkspurs, growing to the height of 5 or 6 feet, and flowering in June and July. (Bot. Reg., July.) Berberaceae. 390. £PIME^DIUM [v. p. 123. ♦yiolaceum Paxt. vidlet-Jlowerecl „* A or f ap.my V Japan 1838 C p.l Paxt. mag. of bot. A graceful and interesting little perennial, at present kept in the green-house, but, from its native country, probably hardy enough to endure the open air in the climate of London. It was introduced into Europe by Dr. Siebold, and plants may be supplementary to the Encrjc. of Plants a?id Hart. Brit. 375 obtained in the Clapton Nursery. (Paxton's Mag. of Bot., July.) ^ Cistacecc. 1589. crsTus *lusitanicus Hort. Portugal • or 3 au Y S. of Europe 1830 C s.l Maund bot. gard. 648. This cistus, according to Mr. Maund, was introduced before, 1830, and is "both a larger and hardier species" than "the common gum cistus of our gardens." Whether it is really a new species or not, appears to us very difficult to say ; it is cer- tain that great numbers of cistuses, from the time of Gerard to the present day, have been introduced from Spain, Portugal, and Italy, and lost; and, also, that an almost endless number of hybrids, and seminal varieties, have been raised in this country, and lost also ; the shades of some of them only remaining in Sweet's Cistlnece. [Bat. Gard., July.) At all events, we are obliged to Mr. Maund for figuring this cistus ; for there is scarcely a genus, of which it may with more truth be said, that all the species and varieties are showy plants when in flower. Oxalidecc. 14U. O'XALIS brasiliensis Lod. Bot. Cab , 1833, and Flor. Cab., No. 62., is 0. bipunctata Grah., Hort. Brit., No.l l!)33ii. JX,osacece § Pbmece. 1507. PY'RUS 12979 arbutifolia; Arb. Brit.,p.Q25. f.6-16.; Bot 3/«g., t. 3668. Onagracccc. + Fuc/isisi cylindracea Lindl. " A pretty new species of fuchsia, raised from Mexican seeds, presented to the Horticul- tural Society by George Barker, Escj., of Birmingham. It belongs to the same section as F. microphylla and /hymifolia, and hiis cylindrical deep scarlet flowers, about half an inch long; on very slender stalks, an inch and a half in length." [B. M. E., July, No. 96.) Gesneraceve. 16D8. GE'SNER^ *reflexa F/or. Cub. reflexed A □ or 15 ap.my S Valp. 1837 p.l.s Flor. cab. 61. A very handsome species, in flowers and foliage, approaching to G. faucialis. It was introduced by Capt. Seymour, of the Royal Navy; and there are plants in the Exotic Nursery, King's Road. The gesneras will flower stronger, and in greater pro- fusion, if the tubers are repotted in March, just as they begin to grow, and plunged into a bri.sk hot-bed for a month, to fill the pots with young roots ; after which they may be removed to the stove. rupestris Graham in Edin. Phil. Journ., Dec. 1837; Paxt. Mag. of Bot., April, 1838. Synonymc : G. tuberbsa Mart. Nov. Gen. and Sp. Bras., 3. p. 29. t.212. ; Hook. Bot. Mag., 3664. Cojivohmlacece. + Batatas bonariensis Lindl. A handsome twining convolvu- laceous plant, with large purple flowers, imported from Buenos Ayres, by Messrs. Low and Co., and flowering freely in the green-house. (^. ilf. jK., July, No.. 99.) BB ^ 376 Flori cultural and Botajiical Notices, 491. IPOMCE'A [3665. *bonariensis Hook. Buenos Ayres A El or 10 au P Buenos Ayres 1826 S r.m Bot. mag. A handsome stove twiner, with flowers nearly as beautiful as those of Ipomoe^a insignis. It is common on ditch banks about Buenos Ayres, whence seeds were sent to Britain by Mr. Tweedie in 1826, [Bot. Mag., July.) Scrop/iula/iacece. 1777. JVTEME'SIA *floribunda Beni/i. many-flowered O or 1 j>i.au W.Y C. G. H. ... S s.l Bot. reg. n. s. t. 39. An upright-brf.nching annual, nearly glabrous in all its parts, and requiring the same treatment in the garden as the annual linarias. {Bot. Beg., July.) Labiatce. 76. SA'LVIA 687a canescens Met/, hoary ^ A or 2 jn.au P Caucasus ... C co Bot. reg. n. s. t. 36. A hardy perennial herbaceous plant, with flowers of a fine deep purple, and leaves covered with whitish wool. It comes near ^Salvia flavoides, and is very ornamental. It inhabits rocks in the Caucasus, and seeds were sent to the Horticultural Society from Dr. Ledebour of Dorpat. {Bot. Beg., July.) Prhnuliicecc. 451. PRI'MULA *carni61ica Hort. Carniolan £ A or J mr.ap P Carniola 1826 D p.l Maund bot. gard. 651. A beautiful little plant, well adapted for rockwork, in which it may be planted in peat soil, under the shade of a ledge of stone to protect it from the midday sun. The plant is at present rather scarce in collections. {Bot. Gard., July.) Orchid acece. 2554. EPIDE'NDRUM [mag. 3666. »viridi.purpilreum Hook, purplish-green £123 or IJ au.o G.P Jamaica ... D p.r.w Bot. An epiphyte imported from Jamaica by Mr. Horsfall of Liverpool, and also sent to the Glasgow Botanic Garden from Jamaica by Dr. M'Fadyen, resident in that island, and author of the Jamaica Flora. It roots in the ground, and produces a stem a foot and a half high. {Bot. Mag., July.) •PHAL.I;M0'PSIS Blume. Butterfly Plant. (From p/ialaina, a moth, and optis, resemblance.)' *amat)\\\s Blume lovely £ (Z5J cu IJ jn W.R.Y Manilla ... D p.r.w Bot. reg. n. s. t. 34. Synonyme : Kpid^ndrum amlbile Linn. Sp. PI., 1351. ; Angrx^cum album m^jus Rumph. Herb. Amboin., 6. p. ^. t 43. A very rare and beautiful epiphyte, which flowered for the first time in Europe in the Tooting Nursery, in July, 1838. " The curious form of the flowers, the graceful way in which they hang down from below the leaves, their large size, and the brilliant whiteness of their broad leathery petals, give this species a most striking and uncommon appearance." It grows in Am- boyna, on short thick trees covered with moss, hanging down in entangled tufts. It succeeds best when fixed to pieces of decay- ing wood, along with a little turf or moss, and suspended from the roof. Not sending out shoots freely, it is probably rather difficult to propagate. {Bot. Beg., July.) supplementa7'y to the Encyc. of Plants and Hart. Brit. 377 2547. DENDKO^BIUM [bot. v. p. 121. *densiflbrum Part, dense-flowered £ [23 or 2 ... Y Nepal 1837 D p.r.w Paxt. mag. of A very showy epiphyte, originally sent to this country by Dr. Wallich, but more recently imported by His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, whose collector, Mr. John Gibson, found it on the Khoosea Hills, growing upon trees in shady moist woods, at an elevation of about 3000 feet. " Plants of this showy species, when grown in the artificial climate of our hot- houses, seldom produce their flowers, which is chiefly owing to the inattention of cultivators to the process of drying them, and also of preventing them from flowering at their favourite season; for, with due regard to these particulars, we have succeeded in flowering most profusely no less than six plants of this species, in the collection of Chatsworth." The first step in attaining the knowledge of the culture of any plant is, a knowledge of the nature of plants generally ; and the second is, what may be called the natural history of the particular plant to be cultivated. Supposing the gardener to possess the first requisite, he only requires in addition to know the natural habit of the particular species, its seasons of flowering and of rest, its duration, and its liability to the attacks of insects or other enemies. All Orchi- daceag require, in common with all other plants, " a season of growth, a season of rest, and a season for flowering;" and, in our stoves, these should coincide, in order and duration, with the corresponding seasons of those jmrts of the globe where the species to be cultivated is indigenous. " All, or the greater number, of the species of Dendrobium, flower in India in the hot or dry season ; which is succeeded by the rainy season, when they make their shoots ; and, during the cold or winter season, they have a period of repose: they thus enjoy three seasons, while in this country we have four, the autumnal quarter not being known there. The different seasons of India being thus so well known, it is by no means difficult to imitate them in our hot-houses; and, by attending to these simple rules, we should be enabled to flower the various species of Dendro- bium more abundantly than those of any other genus of Orchi- daceae ; besides which, we might easily induce them to flower in this country at any season of the year. Dendrobium densi- florum may be propagated by detaching one of the stems, while in a dormant state, taking care not to injure the roots, and potting it carefully into heath soil, well drained ; the stem will require supporting with a slender stake, and the pot containing it should be plunged in a gentle bottom heat, where it will speedily produce new shoots." {Paxton's Mag. of Bot., Ju]y.) PHA'IUS Paxt. Phaius. (From pfia/o, to shine; in allusion to the splendour of the flowers.) ["p. 12';. *a\b{is Piixt white £ [Ai spl 1 my W E.Indies 1837 D p.r.w Paxt. mag. of bot. v. " This may be said to be one of the most delicate, as well as the most lovely, of orchidaceous plants, the flowers being large 378 Floricultural and Botanical Notices^ and pure white, penciled in the most exquisite manner with purple on the lip ; when in flower it has a strikingly beautiful appearance, particularly as the flowers are produced at the extremities of the shoots when these are in full leaf. The habit of this plant is very remarkable, and is certainly not an uninter- esting feature in its character. At one season of the year, it is seen in a leafless and torpid state, its stems having the appear- ance of dried and lifeless branches ; at another period of its growth, it exhibits its finely pointed and glaucous leaves in a state of the most lively verdure; and subsequently the flowers are produced, which vie in beauty with the choicest of nature's productions. After flowering, the stems will speedily become matured, and shed their foliage, when the plant will again assume the appearance of a decayed piece of wood." It was found by the Duke of Devonshire's collector, growing upon trees, in shady damp woods on the Khoosea Hills, from 2000 to 3500 feet above the sea, where it blossoms during the rainy season in the greatest profusion. The plant at Chatsworth flowered beautifully in the early part of May. Mr. Paxton observes, that it will be found very difficult to cultivate; but that he has experienced the most perfect and gratifying success, the particulars of which he promises to give hereafter. [Pax- ton' s Mag. of Bot.y July.) + Saccoldbium gemmatum Lindl. Imported by the Duke of Devonshire, from the Khoosea Hills of India, where it was collected by Mr. Gibson, and it flowered at Chatsworth in May, 1838. The blossoms are the smallest of the genus, not being larger than a grain of mustard seed, but the finest amethysts are not of a more brilliant purple, and the tips of the labellum and sepals are quite white. {B. M. 7?., July, No. 88.) + Odontoglossum cordattim Lindl. A very different species from any hitherto described. The flowers are very handsome ; having the sepals and petals richly clothed with brown ; the lip white, and the crest purplish. Imported from Mexico by G. Barker, Esq. {B. M. R., July, No. 90.) + Oncidium confraghsum Lindl. Also imported by Mr. Barker, and resembling in general aspect O. stramineum. {B. M. R., July, No. 92.) + Micrdstylis excavdta Lindl. A green-flowered species, with a corymbose inflorescence, imported from Mexico by Mr. Barker. {B. M. R., July, No. 93.) + Dendrbbiwn formbsiim Wall. A " noble plant," the large ivory-white flowers of which are unrivalled in even the rich flora of India, whence this species was imported by the Duke of Devonshire. " It has been sometimes said, that the flora of South America is richer in beautiful orchidaceous plants tht^n thjit of India: and an apjleal has been made to the eatt-- supplementary to the Encyc. of Plants and Hort. Brit. 379 leyas, epidendra, oncidiums, and maxillarias of the former country ; but I know of no South American species so admi- rably formed and coloured as India can produce in the case of dendrobia of various kinds, saccolabiums, and species of the genera Phaius, Vanda, Ccelogyne, and Grammatophyllum. Of these Dendrobium formosum must stand among the foremost in point of beauty." {B. M. II., No. 86.) + D. stupbsinn Lindl. An erect species, with the habit and general appearance of Dendrobium candidum. Obtained, like the preceding, for the Duke of Devonshire, from India, by his collector, Mr. Gibson. {B. M. B., July, No. 94.) + Ejndendrum ionosmum Lindl. The fragrance of the flowers of this species is as delicate and delicious as that of the violet. It was imported by Messrs. Loddiges from Essequibo. {B. M. B., July, No. 87.) + E. vcsicdtum Lindl. A curious Brazilian species, also im- ported by Messrs. Loddiges. It approaches E. equitans in habil ; but, in the structure of both flowers and leaves, it is widely different. {B. M. K, July, No. 89.) + E.lividum Lindl. An obscure inattractive species, im- ported from Columbia by Messrs. Loddiges. The flowers are small, of a dull dingy purple. {B. M. B., July, No. 91.) + Maxilldria Bootim Lindl. Collected in Guatemala by G. U. Skinner, Esq., and introduced in 1835 by Captain Sutton, who added it to Sir Charles Lemon's collection at Carclew, where it flowered in May, 1838. {B. M.B., July, No. 95.) + Lidsla, alpina Lindl. A very distinct species, with coria- ceous distichous leaves resembling those of an Aerides, collected by Mr. Gibson on the Khoosea Hills, 4000 feet above the sea, where snow frequently falls in the cold season. {B.M.M., July, No. 101.) + Bolboj)hyllum umhellatum Lindl. A curious species, with dull, dirty yellow flowers, sent to the Duke of Devonshire from the Calcutta Botanic Garden. (5. M. B., July, No. 102.) (?) 7jingiberace(T. + BravbvL geminijlbra Llexarc^. et La Llav. A beautiful quasi- bulbous plant, a native of mountains near Valladolid in Mexico, sent by Mr. Rule to Sir Charles Lemon, in whose stove it flowered in March, 1838. It also flowered in the green-house at Carclew, and it is expected to ripen seeds. [B. M. B., July, No. 98. IridaceiC. 123. TfllTO'NIA *fucata Lindl. painted 5 lAl or 1 my R.Y C. G. H. 1813 O s.p.l Bot. reg. n. s. t. 35. A remarkable species, which appears to have been cultivated by the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert for twenty-five years before it flowered. It grew vigorously 'in common garden soil, and at 380 Don^s Gardening Botany. last it occurred to Mr. Herbert to have dung laid on the place where the patches of the plant grew, and the result was a flower stem in 1837- The leaves are about 2 ft. or 2| ft. high, and they are surmounted by the flowers, which last about a month. [Bot. Meg., July.) Hem eroca llidece. 1008. FU'NK/^ Sieboldwno Lodd. Siebold's £ lA) or 1 jl \V Japan ? 1837 R s.l Bot. mag. 3663. Introduced to the gardens of Belgium by Dr. Siebold, and in beauty and cult are closely resembling /:^emerocallis japonica, now Funkmjaponica. (^Bot. Mag., July.) AlijjJiodeldcece. 1066. STYPA'NDRA frutescens frutescent tt. i 1 cu 2 ? jn.jl V N. Holland 1836 C l.p.s Flor. cab. no. 63. A plant of easy culture, but of no great beauty ; the stem hav- ing neither decidedly the character of a woody plant, nor of one that is herbaceous. In this respect it resembles some of the epidendrons, which, as plants, independently altogether of their flowers, are, in our opinion, less beautiful than the herbaceous- lookinjT Orchidacete. 'Liilicicece. -h Ornithogalnm gemmiflbrum Herbert MS. A small white- flowered species, resembling O. chloroleucum, sent from Lima, by John M'Lean, Esq., to the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert. {B. M. R., July, No. 100.) CommeH?iacedd. -h Conunelhm orcJuoidcs Booth in Litt. " More a subject for the botanist, than those who are fond of showy flowers." Sent to Carclew by Mr. John Rule, the superintendant of the Real del Monte mines, in Mexico. {B. M. i?., July, No. 96.) REVIEWS. Art. I. A general System of Gardening and Botany : containing a complete Enumeration and Description of all Plants hitherto known ; Tvith their Generic and Specific Characters, Places of Growth, Time of Flowering, Mode of Cidture, and their Uses in Medicine and Domestic Economy ; preceded by Introductions to the LinncBan and Natural Systems, and a Glossary of the Terms used : founded upon Miller s Gardener s Dictionary, and arranged according to the Natural System. By George Don, F.L.S., in 4 vols. 4to. Vol. IV. London, 1837. This work is, unfortunately, brought to a close, without being completed ; and we cannot better assign the reasons for this, than by quoting the preface. " The Proprietors take this opportunity of explaining the circumstances under which they find themselves reluctantly obliged to close the work at its Don*s Gardening Botany. 381 present stage. At the commencement of the undertaking, the editor arranged •with them to complete it in four volumes ; but, when the present or fourth volume was printed, he informed them for the first time, to their surprise, that his materials had proved so much more voluminous than he anticipated, that the descriptions of the remaining plants would fill more than two ad- ditional volumes of the same extent. They are com])elled to add, that the circulation of the work has hitherto been too limited to afford them any prospect of reimbursement of the large additional expense which would be incurred if they proceeded to complete the work; an expense which they had not originally contemplated. As, however, the work has been compiled upon the natural system, the description of that division of the science which is contained in the four published volumes is complete, and the volumes are, consequently', not in this respect rendered imperfect by the absence of the remaining two, since they contain a complete account of the Dichlamydeous plants. In justice to the editor, they feel bound to add that he has spared no labour to render the work as comprehensive and perfect as possible; and they are confident that no publication has hitherto appeared in this country which contains nearly so large a compass of valuable information upon that division of botany of which it treats. They can only account for the con- fined circulation which the present work has hitherto met with in the altered taste of the day for treatises of a less recondite and extensive nature. " The proprietors would be ready to complete the work if they could hope for a sufficient encouragement from the public to induce them to proceed in this unusually expensive undertaking. " At the end of this volume new titlepages for the four volumes are added, in accordance with their contents, as a ' General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants.' " The new title to the work is : A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants, comprising complete Descriptions of the different Orders ; together xsoith the Characters of the Genera and Species, and an Enumeration of the cidtivated Varieties ; their Places of Growth, Time of Flonsoering, Mode of Cidture, and Uses in Medicine and Do?nestic Economy ; the scientifc 'Names accentuated, their Etymologies explained, and the Classes and Orders illustrated by Engravings, and preceded by Introductions to the Linncean and Natural Systems, and a Glossary of the Terms used : the xvhole arranged according to the Natural System. By Geoi-ge Don, F.L.S. In 4 vols. London, 1831 to 1838. Judging from our own observation, we should say that the reason why this work did not succeed may be traced to the title, which looked like an attempt to pass off the book for what it really was not, viz. " A General System of Botany and Garden- ing." It has certainly no claim to be considered either a general system of botany, or a general system of gardening, but it might justly have been called a general history of plants; and, if com- pleted, it would have been by far the most copious and perfect general history that has ever been published. We are sorry the work has stopped, because we do not know another man in England so well calculated for going through with it as Mr. Georffe Don. 382 Loiidon^s Arboretum ei Fruticeium Britamiicum. Art. II. The Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum ; or, the Trees and Shrubs of Britain, native and foreign, hardy and half-hardy, pictorially and botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described; tvith their Propagation, Cidture, Management, and Uses in the Arts, in useful and ornamental Plantations, and in Landscape- Gardening. Preceded by a historical and geographical Outline of the Trees and Shrubs of temperate Climates throughout the World. By J. C. Loudon, F.L., H.S., &c. 8 vols. 8vo, viz. four of letter- press, and four of plates : consisting of above 3000 pages of letterpress, above 400 8vo plates of trees, and upwards of 2500 woodcuts of trees and shrubs, besides numerous diagrams, &c., explanatory of culture and management. London, 1838. This work contains portraits from nature, to a scale of a quarter of an inch to a foot, of all the trees which endure the open air in Britain, of the sizes which they attain in ten years in the neighbourhood of London ; with botanical figures in flower, and in fruit or seed, to a scale of 2 inches to a foot. It also contains portraits of full-grown trees to the scale of -~ of an inch to a foot, of at least one species of all the principal genera, drawn from Nature by eminent artists (G. R. Lewis, H. W. Jukes, &c.), from specimens within ten miles of London, &c. Of all the principal shrubs in Britain, it contains engravings of botanical specimens in flower, to a scale of 2 inches to a foot ; and many of the half-hardy shrubs are also illustrated by en- gravings. Among the miscellaneous engravings are numerous views showing the effect of particular species of trees in scenery ; plans and isometrical views of ericacetums, rosariums, American gardens ; trellises, structures for training on, embroidery-work in box, labyrinths in hornbeam, conservative walls, &c. The letterpress is in three parts : Part I. contains the history of the introduction of foreign trees and shrubs into Britain, with the history and geography of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world. Part IL contains : 1. The study of the organisation, physi- ology, physiognomy, and all that may be considered as the botany or natural history of trees ; and 2. The study of what relates to their propagation, culture, uses in the ai'ts, medicine, landscape-gardening, forest-planting, agriculture, &c., or what ma}' be called the economical history of trees. Part III. contains the application of the theory laid down in Part IL, in the description, natural history, and economical his- tory of the trees which endure the open air in Britain, taken individually; and this part occupies nine tenths of the letterpress of the entire work. An Appendix contains, among other articles, a priced cata- logue of tree and shrub seeds for London ; and catalogues of plants of trees and shrubs, with the retail prices in London, Edinburgh, and Hamburg, and at Bollwyller, in the year 1838. NiveTi's Compa7iion to the Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 383 Though it is not permitted to us to give an opinion on the manner in which we have executed this work, yet we may be allowed briefly to state the objects we had in view. We have seen every tree and shrub that we have described, with a very few exceptions; which only apply in the case of such plants as have never been introduced ; or, if they have been in- troduced, are now lost, or could not be found in this country by us. In the description and history of every tree and shrub, we have endeavoured to give the essence of all that has been written before on the subject worth reading ; as well as to add whatever information we possessed, or could procure otherwise than from books, that we thought would be truly useful. The only circumstance that we regret is the high price of the work ; but this we could not help. At all events, we gave gar- deners a fair opportunity of purchasing it at a moderate rate, by publishing it in Numbers at 2^. 6rf. each ; and stating that, when the work was completed, the numbers would be raised to 3^. Qd. each, which is now the case for the separate numbers ; the price of the entire work being 10/. Art. III. The Visitor's Coiyipanion to the Botanic Garden, Glasnevin ; comprehending a General Outline of the Principles of botanical Science, with Hints on Flowers, Fruit, Kitchen and Landscape Gardening, &;c.; also, Illustratio?is and popular Notices of various Objects of Interest in the Garden. By Ninian Niven> Superinten- dent of the Royal Dublin Society's Botanic Garden, &c. 12mo. Dublin, 1838. The idea of producing such a book is, we think, excellent; because it will tend to spread a knowledge of the subjects of which it treats. Mr. Niven justly observes, in his preface, that, " Of all public resorts, a scientific garden, when properly kept, will be found not only one of the most delightful mediums for intellectual grati- fication and amusement, but, also, one of the greatest of temporal blessings that can be bestowed on a people. " To all classes of society, the rich and the poor, the old and the yountr, the infirm invalid, or the robust and vigorous, the prince or the peasant, "a garden may be considered almost alike an object of interest, of instruction, and amusement. It is a field which abounds with objects, that generally make lasting impressions on the mind ; and, happily, there are but few, who, how- ever unacquainted with the principles of botanical science, are not more or less filled with admiration at the endless variety of form presented by any considerable assemblage of the vegetable kingdom ; their grotesque trunks and tapering stems ; their leaves, so varied in shape, and so beautiful in structure ; their flowers, so curious in their parts, so diversified in colour, and often so exquisitely fragrant. But, above all, how admirably adapted is each, not only for the preservation of its own species, and the circumstances under which it may be placed in its natural locality, but also by its wonderful adaptation, in one way or another, for the use and gratification of man." SSt Catalogue of Works on Gardening, S/X. We hope the example set by Mr. Niven will soon be followed by the curators of all the botanic and horticultural gardens throughout the country. Art. IV. Catalogue of IVorks on Gardetiing, Agriculha-e, Botany^ Rural Architecture, Sfc, lately published, ivith some Account of those considered the more interesting. Letters on the Natural History of the Insects mentioned iti Shak- speare's Ploys : \ioith incidental Notices on the Entomology of Ireland. By Robert Patterson, Treasurer of the Natural History Society of Belfast. 12mo. London, 1838. A very agreeably written book ; and one which may create a taste for natural history in those who have delighted chiefly in poetry. In the first letter, the author has some remarks on the defects of modern education, which, though they contain nothing new, can scarcely be too frequently repeated. Addressing his friend, who has returned from college to a retired part of the country, and can find nothing in what surrounds him to employ his mind, he says, — " I do believe that, if the true cause of your dissatisfaction were explored, it would be found to spring from what I consider a radical error in the system of education pursued in our universities. You have passed through the usual course with honour ; you have on many occasions won ' golden opinions from all sorts of people;' and yet I do venture to assert that the defects in this very course of education are the primary causes of your present discontent. Take one of those graduates who have been most distinguished ; ask him concern- ing an event in the ancient history of the world, the translation of an admired passage in Anacreon, or the connexion of classic fable and historic truth; and, in all probability your questions will be answered. Inquire how the knowledge of mathematics gives new views of the sublime science of astronomy, and you will receive the information you demand. Request an exposition of some particular theory in metaphysics, and your desire may still be gratified. But ask the same student to describe the functions or uses of some common plant or insect, one which he sees every day, with which he has been familiar from childhood, and he will be unable to answer; nay, most likely unable to tell its name. " This is the radical error in university education. Its votaries are conver- sant with books, not with nature; or, as it has been quaintly expressed, 'they view nature through the spectacles of books.' With the works which form the most lasting monuments of the talents of man they are familiar; of those nobler works which bear the visible impress of the Deity, they are profoundly ignorant. " I have no desire that you should become either a farmer or a sportsman ; but, with your mental powers and habits of observation, I should rejoice indeed to see you become a naturalist ; not one of that kind who suppose a knowledge of nature to consist in a knowledge of the terms which have been applied to her works, or of the sections into which they have been divided ; but one who studies the things themselves, and gives to classification its proper functions; namely, that of designating correctly the individual objects of enquiry." Literary Notices. 385 Man in Jiis Physical Structure and Adaptations. By Robert Mudie, Author of " The Heavens," "The Four Seasons," "The British Naturalist," &c. 12mo. London, 1838. This is the first of a series of four volumes, which are to treat of Physical Man, Intellectual Man, Moral Man, and Social Man. In the preface, Mr. Mudie informs us that his object is, to prepare the way for the other volumes, by showing that the human body is organised and adapted for purposes which cannot " have their complete fulfilment in the present life. " This will lead to the consideration of Intellectual Man, in a second volume ; and, as the doctrine of intellect, and its necessary consequence, im- mortality, are the foundation of morality in the individual, and of good order in society, two more volumes will be required to complete the whole subject ; though each of the four will, by the avoiding of the formality of system, be an entire book without the others. They are my favourites, above all others that I have written ; and, whatever may be said of the execution, the subject deserves attention from the public." The volume before us is elegantly written ; and, when we say that we think it equals any that have hitherto been laid before the public by the same author, it will readily be conceived that the book is one that every body ought to read. Art. V. Literary Notices. A Monograph on the Genus CEtiothera, by Mrs. Edward Roscoe of Liverpool, and the Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S., of York, is proposed to be published by subscription. The claims of the genus ffinothera to have a work devoted to its especial illustration are such as to invite the attention not only of scientific botanists, but of all cultivators and admirers of plants. They are founded on the number of the species, the eminent beauty of a large proportion of them, their being favourite subjects of culture, and the difficulty of satisfactorily settling their specific characters, or determining which ought to be recognised as essentially distinct, and which should be re- duced to the rank of varieties. It is hoped that the beauty of the work will qualify it to grace the drawingroom table; whilst the fidelity and spirit of the figures, and the care employed in bringing together all the information that is to be obtained on the subject (not to presume on the value of any efforts of the authors in the exercise of their own judgment), will give it some claim on the favourable regard of the botanist. The work will be published in numbers, containing six plates each, in 4to. The plates will be executed in the best style of lithography, by M. Gauci, and beautifully coloured, from the original drawings by Mrs. Edward Roscoe ; the descriptions Vol. XIV. — No. 101. cc 386 General Xoticcs. by the Rev. W. Hincks, F.L.S. The numbers will appear at intervals of four months, price lOs. 6d. each. There will be not less than seven, possibly one or two more. PlantcE Ja-camcce rariores^ descriptJE Iconibusque illustrate, quas in Insula Javee, Annis 1802 — 1818, legit et investigavit Thomas Horsfield, M.D. E siccis Descriptiones et Charac- teres plurimarum elaboravit J. J. Bennett. Observationes Structuram et Affinitates praesertim respicientes passim ad- jecit Robertus Brown. In the work, the plan of which is now submitted to the notice of the public, it is proposed to give descriptions and figures of the more remarkable new or imperfectly known plants contained in an herbarium of two thousand species, collected by Dr. Hors- field, and placed by him in the museum of the Honourable East India Company. The work will consist of two parts, forming together a volume of moderate size. Each part will contain 25 plates, and about 100 pages of letterpress. The size of the work will be a large quarto ; and several double or folio plates will be contained in each part, for the illustration of large subjects. The descriptions will be oriven in Latin : the observations in English. It will be published with coloured and uncoloured plates; the price of the coloured copies will be 3/. 105. each part, and of the uncoloured copies 21. 105. each part. The second part is in progress of preparation, and is expected to be ready early in the ensuing year, 1839. Messrs. W. H. Allen and Co., booksellers to the Honourable East India Company, will be the publishers of the work in England. — Ajnil 2. 1838. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Art. I. General Notices. BEfELOPEMEST of the Bark in Trees. — The distinct developement of the bark consists, sometimes, in the thickening of the cork substance; at others, in the thickening ot the cellular envelope. There are, however, manv cases in •which the great increase of the bark substance consists chiefly in the ex- pansion of the layer of liber; and we may cite, for instance, the beech (jPagus sylvatica). In this tree, the bark almost always remains even, and the cellular envelope continues very small, even when the bark has become of considerable thickness. The bark, also, of the plane tree (Platanus occi- dentalis), which is found in this country, must also be specially mentioned. It exhibits the same structure as the bark of the beech ; remaining, however, in this state only from the eighth to the tenth year. About this time, there forms in the layer of liber (that is, only at some places) a delicate layer of tabular cells, which agree exactly with that of the periderma. This new' layer General Notices. 387 of periderma is so situated, that a part of the bark substance is completely separated by it, which tlien slowly dries, and, after gradual disunion, actually falls off. These new formations of new layers of periderma are repeated, and thus follows the continual dilamination, by which the tree still retains a very even bark. The great scales of bark, which fall off, consist, however, of the cellular envelope, and of a portion of the substance of the liber. The scales of the bark in Primus, Pyrus, C'ratae^gus, Quercus i?6bur, niia europae^a, &c., are said to originate in the same manner as in the plane tree. Mohl, with other botanists, distinguishes these thick inner layers of the bark of the cork, which are formed in quite a different manner, and calls the inner layer the rugose bark (rhytidoma, from r//i/tis, a wrinkle). The results of these observations are, that the origin of the scales of the surface of the bark of dicotyledonous plants is not to be sought for in a desiccation of the bark layers, and in a mechanical splitting of them ; but that it depends on the later developement of distinct cellular layers, which disunite the single bark scales, or prepare for their disunion, or even themselves form the scales. Upon the whole, we may suppose two main differences in the later developement of the cellular tissue of the bark. In the first case, the layers ai'e developed outside the cellular envelope ; and in the other, the becoming thicker arises from the developement of a stratum of cells under the cellular layer. In the first case, it is generally cork substance which is formed ; in the second, rough bark (rhytidoma). There are, besides, a number of plants in which a new layer of liber is annually formed, while the old layer dies away and peels off ; for instance, ritis vinifera, Lonicer« Caprifolium. The bark of dicotyledons consists, therefore, as has been demonstrated in the cases specially examined by Mohl, of three distinct layers, of very different structure, besides the epidermis. The exterior stratum of cells, which, in many cases, changes into a thick corky sub- stance, is called by Mohl the cork layer (stratum siiberosum sen p/i/csiim). Link calls this layer ej^ip/i/iritm, outer rind (oberrinde) ; while he designates the intermediate rind mesopJilceiim, and the inner rind endoplilcEum. The latter may evidently be compared with the layer of liber of other botanists; and the intermediate rind, with the green cellular layer, the so-called cortical pith of many botanists. {Phil, il/flg., Jan. 1838, p. 57.) Horticultural Exhibition under the Auspices of the York Philosophical Society. — The council of the York Philosophical Society has announced that an exhibition of plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables will be held, in the Society's grounds in the city of York, on Wednesday, the 8th of August next, when prizes to the amount of sixty pounds are to be awarded, the competition for which will be thrown open to all England. No individual to be entitled to receive more than one prize in each class. We understantl the coinmittee of management has received very flattering promises of support from the most influential quarters, and that there is every prospect of its being both fashion- ably and numerously attended. It is expected that the exhibition will be of the most splendid description. — //. S. Yorh, June 9. 1838. India Rubber, or Caoutchouc, is slightly analogous to silk. It is a re- markable fact, that all the plants the silkworm feeds on contain a larger or smaller quantity of caoutchouc such as the lettuce, dandelion, mulberry tree, &c. In the Brazils, and more particularly in those parts where the India rubber tree (Ficus elastica) abounds, large moths, of from 2 in. to 3 in. in length, producing excellent silk, in large quantities, are very common. From the variety of useful purposes to which India rubber is applicable, (from a lady's watch-guard or stay-lace, to a ship's cable, a great demand has been created for this article, which has induced the mercantile world to bend its attention to it, as a valuable remittance. It is a singular fact, that, wherever the teak tree flourishes, there the India rubber plant may be found in abundance, namely, 20° north and south of the equator. {Xewsp.) Antisej^tic Property of Honey. — The best mode of conveying grafts of trees, cuttings of vines, &c., to a distance, is to place them in a tin case or cylinder cc 2 388 Wesl London Gardeners' Association. filled with honey. The honey hermetically excludes the air ; and cuttings so preserved will vegetate many months after they have been packed. (^News- paper.) [Melons, and various fruits, are preserved in this way in Italy. — Cond.\ Art. II. The West London Gardeners' Association Jbr juutual Instruction. The Principles of Forcing. Nov. 13. — The subject of the evening, which was a discussion on the principles of forcing, was opened by a series of remarks made by Mr. Caie, showing the necessity of the gardener possessing a physiological knowledge of the plants to be forced, of the climate and alti- tude in which they naturally flourish, and the circumstances under which they chiefly luxuriate. Mr. Fish took a rapid view of several of the simplest modes of forcing, by exposure to the sun, shelter, &c. He detailed an instance of vines, planted against a black wall, ripening their bunches well the present season, nearly half-way up the wall; and attributed their superior appearance to those farther up the wall to a row of dahlias, about 4 or 5 feet from it, which prevented, to a certain extent, the radiation of heat from the wall at night. From this he drew an inference, that black-coloured walls would be of advantage when they could be covered in spring and autumn. He then dwelt on the impor- tance of giving a proper previous preparation to plants intended to be forced; and adverted to the influence of light upon vegetation ; the importance of a covering medium that would transmit the greatest number of rays; and the having the slope of the roof at such an angle as to command the greatest number of perpendicular rays, when most heat and light were wanted. He farther adverted to the importance of conducting all the operations of forcing gradually; and dwelt at some length on the imi)ortance of proportioning heat to the presence of light ; showing that the keeping up of an equally high temperature by night and by day, and the same in dull as in bright weather, prematurely exhausted the irritability of the plant; and, independently, often, of the miserable appearance of the fruit, it was not procured even so early as by following a more natural system, leaving out of view the difference in expense and trouble. He then insisted upon the necessity of forcing the whole plant; and, on this account, contended against deep borders ; showing that, by shallow borders, not only would a tendency to fruitfulness be produced, but, by judicious covering, the roots might be forced simultaneously with the top. - — Mr. Russel corroborated the leading ideas of Mr. Fish, and contended against the absurdity of forcing the branches while the roots might as well have been in Siberia. He contended that fruit seldom coloured when a high temperature was kept up at night, and the house allowed to rise proportion- ally high during the day ; and adverted to a case in a public establishment, where, after forcing hard night and day, from February to July, the fire was taken away ; when the Hamburg grapes, instead of being black, were not even red. He disapproved of stripping off leaves, as it prevented grapes from colouring. — Mr. Adams admitted, to a certain extent, the strictures of Mr. Fish upon journeymen talking so much out of doors, and saying so little in the room; but consoled himself with the thought that man was a progressive being, and hoped his brother journeymen would come forward, as it was quite preposterous that, out of so large a Society, so few should take an active part in its deliberations. He considered the angle of 43° the best for the slope of the roofs of hot-houses ; and added, that he had seen finer fruit upon a black wall than any other. He did not agree with Mr. Fish in his ideas of propor- tioning heat to light, as, if fully carried out, the plants would be checked in their growth in dull weather ; nor yet did he coincide in his opinion, that little fresh matter was added to the plant at night, though it became elongated; as, if merely elongation took place, the plant would become more attenuated, which was not the case. He then stated that plants were never completely in JVc'si Lo7ido7i Gardeneri Association. 389 a state of rest, as he found roots of plants turgid, and elongating themselves, in the depth of winter. Mr. Caie entered into an elaborate description of the different structures erected for forcing, and showed the inconsistency of having them erected by individuals who considered them merely as objects of iirchitectural taste, rather than of adapting them to the end in view. He then adverted to the form of roofs, and the materials of which they were composed; considered the curvilineal the best for the transmission of light, and did not think that metallic roofs, if kept well painted, were prejudicial from their power of con- ducting heat ; but, as the light was greatly increased, the plants ought to be farther from the glass than in wooden houses. He also defended shallow borders, by stating some examples of their beneficial tendency in improving the flavour of fruit, &c. He alluded to a fact mentioned by Mr. Fish, that plants would not thrive at a distance from the glass, and considered it arose from the sun not shining vertically upon them, as, when it did, there would be less difference; and drew from this the inference, that plants should stand at a distance from the glass corresponding to its slope and the season of the year. With respect to the modes of heating, he approved of that by which an equilibrium of temperature could be most easily kept up ; and con- tended that this simple principle was departed from in several modes of heating by hot water ; as, where small pipes were used, they were speedil}' heated, and as speedily cooled. — Mr. Russel had seen the rafters of houses made of metal, the sides and ends of the sashes of wood, and the centre bars of block tin, which answered extremely well. — Mr. Fish con- sidered that, to giving air, too mucli importance had been attached ; and contended that, though particularity in giving air to keep down the tempera- ture by day, when a high temperature was kept up at night, was required, it was not so necessary when the temperature of the house was allowed to fall at night. In a viner}', for instance, he was quite satisfied if the temper- ature did not fall below 60° at night; but, when the roots were in full opera- tion, he would let the thermometer range from 80'^ to 100° in sunshine, provided the moisture in the house was proportionate to its temperature. — Mr. Ayres contended that, for securing all the advantages of hght, the houses ought to be kept clean, and the walls coloured white. He objected to curvilineal houses, on account of the air being stagnated in the curve, and the liability of every thing being burned there in consequence. He agreed with Mr. Fish as to temperature; and considered it of such great importance to have the atmosphere well supplied with moisture, that, in fact, a hygrometer was as necessary in a forcing-house as a thermometer. As to air-giving, the best melons he ever saw were planted, watered, shut up, and the sashes never moved, till the fruit was to be cut ; and he knew an eminent pine-grower who gave little or no air to his pines. — Mr. Judd laid great stress upon the con- struction of the houses ; and considered that, if plants were well grown, there was no danger of the fruit colouring well. — Mr, Fish had had a part of the back wall, near the top of some of his houses, coloured black, as, when white, the reflection of heat was so powerful as to scorch the leaves. — Mr. Massey was aware of the importance of metallic-roofed houses for the transmission of light, but was doubtful if so much light was necessary for forcing-houses, as he had seen the best crops produced in con)paratively dark- roofed houses ; was rather at issue with Mr. Fish in respect to shallow borders; contended that the depth of the border should be determined by the high or low, dr}' or wet, nature of the situation; that still he was de- cidedly opposed to deep borders ; and mentioned instances where crops had never been obtained owing to this circumstance alone. — Mr. Fish stated that grapes would not colour, if the bunches were completely exposed to the sun ; and mentioned facts to show that the direct influence of light upon fruit was often prejudicial to their colouring, but that the direct action of light upon the leaves was necessary to the maturing, and consequent fruit" fulness, of the buds in their axils. c c 3 SdO Memoir of James StuarL Art. III. Short yicmoir of James Stuart, Head Gardener at Pinkie. Bx P. N. Tfiis most excellent person deserves to be held in remembrance, for he was tmly an honour to the garden^nir profession. He was bom, in October, 1 75S, at Blainshe, in the parish of Melrose, in Rox- fcorghshire, and his birth is recorded in the public register kept at that town. ffis parents were in humble circumstances, but were upright and intelligent people. After enjoying, at the parish school of Legerwood, the ordinarj- edu- cation of a Scottish jountry lad (reading, writing, and counting), James •was apprenticed, in 1774, to Mr. Bradley, gardener to Mr. Spottiswoode of Spot- tiswoode, in Berwickshire : and he continued there for four years. He then reroored to Loudon Castle, in Ayrshire, -w here he officiated as foreman or under gardener for two years. At the expiration of that period, he was recalled to Spottiswoode, to succeed Mr. Bradley ; but, not finding that situation so agreeable as he expected, he remored, in November. 1782, to Dalkeith Park, being anxious to improve his knowledge of horticulture, and particularly of the various practices of forcing, under Mr. .Tohn Learmouth, who then con- ducted the extenave gardening establishment of the Duke of Buccleuch at Dalkeith. He had spent only one year in this favourable school, when he was engaged, at Martinmas, 17S3, by the late Sir Archibald Hope, Bart., to take charge of the garden of Rnkie.near Musselburgh. Upon the death of ^r Archibald, in July. 1794. Mr. Stuart was reengaged by his son and suc- cessor, the present Sir John Hope ; and in the service of this excellent gen- tleman Mr. Stuart spent the remainder of a long life. One of the most characteristic traits of his character consisted in the unremitting attention which he paid to the duties of his station ; and it is jdeasing to have to record that his zeal and fidelity were duly appreciated by all the members oi the Hope fa.Tily, and rei^^arded by unceasing marks of tandness and attention from them. Although not inattentive to the orna- mental departments, he more particularly excelled as a fruit and kitchen gardener. 5Iany years ago, he could boast of producing the finest and largest colmars and crassanes to be seen in the neighbourhood of Edinburerh ; and he was among the earliest cu]tivators of the other esteemed French and Flemish pears o{ more recent introduction. He was, perhaps, the first who practised the forcitig of sea-kale in the open border, by covering the plants with boxes or pots, and surrounding the whole with stable litter in a fermenting state. Be- sides his duties as bead gardener, be came to be intrusted with the ma- nagement of the home farm, and of all the plantations, fences, and drains, on Sir John's extensive estates. In the even tenor of Mr. Stuart's life, few incidents were likely to occur worthy of being detailed in a brief notice of this kind. It deserves, however, to be mentioned, that, in 1S07. considerable improvements were undertaken by the present baronet, on the grounds immediately surrounding the ancient aaaoiaon house of Pinkie. In the course of these, the site of the forcing fruit, aad kkchen garden fell to be changed. Mr. Stuart determined not to sa- crifice his admirable fuil-grown fruit trees, if they could jx)ssibly be saved by carefiil removal. With resolute perseverance and unremitting care, therefore, daring the winters IS07-&, and 1 SOS- 9, he removed no fewer than 160 such trees, chiefly pear and apple, many of them large standsj"d trees, and not a few wide-spreading wall-trees, and others trained to great distances on espalier rails. Some of the pear trees were of such size and evident age, that there can be little doubt that they were original inmates when the garden was laid out in 1621, as indicated by an inscription over one of the gates. So perfect was the success of this operation, that some of the removed trees bore tolerably good crops of fruit the very next season. He ascribed this remarkable success very much to the uncommon care taken in tracing out the roots to the remotest and most dehcate fibres, and their terminating spongioles (of the Head Gardener at Pbilde. 391 importance of which last, Mr. Stuart was fully aware), and in sedulously guarding against their being bruised or injured, or exposed to withering droughts, in the course of the operations. The roots and rootlets, as thus successively traced out, were laid together, in small bundles, surrounded with hypnum or sphagnum moss, or with short grass, and wrapped over all with bast matting. When the whole roots were thus secured, the tree was carried by several men to its new destination, the roots being borne by younger assistants. When it was here fixed upright, the soil of the border having been previously duly prepared, the roots were successively uncoiled, and carefully expanded ; fresh loam from a pasture-field being gently kneaded in among the fibres, with a degree of patience and perse- verance never surpassed. The late Dr. Duncan, senior, and the writer of this notice, having witnessed the success of this remarkable gardening exploit, prevailed on Mr. Stuart to communicate to the Caledonian Hor- ticultural Society (instituted in 1809, chiefly by the exertions of Dr. Dun- can) an account of his mode of operating. This is printed in the first volume of the Memoirs of that Society, p. 202. et seq. A committee (con- sisting of Ml". James Smith, then at Ormiston Hall, now head gardener at Hopetoun House, and the secretary, Mr. Neill,) was appointed to examine the transplanted trees at Pinkie ; and, on their report, an honorary medal was awarded to Mr. Stuart. The report concludes in these terms : — " Mr. Stuart's undertaking was, perhaps, the greatest of the kind ever attempted in this country : it has been most successful ; and it is to be hoped that horticul- turists will know how to appreciate so excellent an example." Mr. Edward Sang, nurseryman at Kirkcaldy, and author of the Planter's Kalendar, pubhshed some years ago an able pamphlet on the transplanting of large trees, in the course of which he reviewed the claims of Sir Henry Steuart to priority in that practice, and showed that some distinguished practical gardeners had preceded the baronet of Allanton in extensive and successful operations of that kind. " It seems right," says IVIr. Sang, in intro- ducing Mr. Stuart of Pinkie to the notice of his readers, " to place age, intelligence, and experience at the head of the list." The removal of the full- grown fruit trees already mentioned is then described ; and it is added; " Ten years afterwards, in 1822, when Sir John Hope obtained a piece of ground between his mansion house and the town of Musselburgh, it became a desideratum to have it planted immediately with large trees, so as to exclude all view of the town. Mr. Stuart entered on his task with his wonted skill, and it would be difficult to select any instance of large forest trees having been transplanted with greater success. The trees were considerably above 100 in number, and of many sorts ; oaks, Scotch and English elm, ash, horse- chestnut, beech, several of the fir tribe, and black and woolly leaved poplars. The finest trees are now (1829) from 36 ft. to 42 ft. in height; and in girt, at breast high, from 1 ft. 10 in. to 2ft. 9 in." It seems fair to add, that one of Mr. Stuai't's gardeners, who actively assisted at the removal of these full-grown trees at Pinkie, between 1807 and 1809, was subsequently engaged as gardener at Allanton, and was the active operator in the moving of the many large forest trees, which forms the main subject of the interesting and classical work of the late Sir Henry Steuai't, entitled The Planter^s Guide. In July, 1826, Mr. Stuart met with a severe accident, by coming in contact with a loaded coal-waggon, which was passing rapidly along a railway, leading towards Fisherrow. His right arm was so much shattered, that amputation was necessary. Although then in his 68th year, his constitution was so sound, that he speedily recovered. With characteristic modesty, he then signified to Sir John Hope his desire to retire from the responsible situation which he had so long filletl, as being no longer able personally to perform many gar- den operations, which hitherto he had not trusted to any but his own hands. But Sir John would not listen to him ; kindly saying (as Mr. Stuart once reported to the writer, with the tear glistening in his eye), " James, it is your c c 4 S92 Memoir of James Stuart. head I want, not your hands ;"' and considerately and kindly adding that he •would make only one stipulation ; that James should no longer mount a ladder, not even to prune his favourite peach trees. Mr. Stuart did much for the embellishment of Musselburgh, by planting forest trees and evergreens on both sides of the river Esk, near to the town, the trees being liberally furnished by Sir John Hope ; and, also, by adorning the rapacious High Street with rows of trees ; thus giving it the agreeable aspect of a Continental place. In acknowledgment of these public services, and in testimony of their respect, the maeistrates and town council of Mus- selburgh, in IS29, presented Mr. Stuart with a pair of silver cups, suitably inscribed. The Caledonian Horticultural Society is in the practice of voting honorary medals or rewards to meritorious head gardeners w lio have served in the same iamilies for the greatest number of years. In 1813, Mr. Stuart received this mark of distinction ; and, at his own request, the award was a piece of useful plate (a silver teapot), with an appropriate inscription. Of this memorial of his long service at Pinkie he always professed himself more proud, than of all the various prizes which, at different times, he obtained from gardening societies. In 1S34, the completion of the 50th year of his service at Pinkie (or his jubilee, as it was styled,) was celebrated in Menkendick's inn, at Mussel- burgh, when more than 50 of the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood, and several friends trom a distance, met to do him honour. After dinner, two riddles of claret (literally riddles [sieves], filled with some dozens of bottles of claret) arrived from Pinkie house, as a present from Lady Hope, Sir John being at that time absent from home. ^Vhen Mr. Stuart's health was given from the chair, and when the whole companv, standing up, congratulated him enthu- siastically, the venerable guest did not for a moment lose self-possession, but proceeded, with serious composure,yet with the most complacent smile, to return thanks. The writer of this notice cannot now recall the precise expressions ; but he can say that they were ftill of good sense and good feeling, and such as characterised the resigned Christian and benevolent friend. The mention of the family of Hope of Pinkie, however, produced a burst of gratitude from the old man, which did equal honour to both parties. On that occasion he was presented with a bust of himself, done by Mr. Alexander Ritchie, an ingenious artist of Fisherrow. ^Ir. Stuart's head was finely formed, and made a most beautiful bust. A copv of this bust was afterwards executed in stone, by desire of Lady Hope, and was honoured with a niche in the conservatory of Pinkie garden, where it still remains. Mr. Stuart continued through life attached to the Secession Church, in the communion of which he had been brought up ; but he adhered to that constitutional " remnant " who maintained the principles of the original Seceders (who, be it observed, seceded onlv from the then prevailing party in the judicatories of the EstabUshed Church, appealing to the first free and reforming General Assembly, and, in their own language, " looking for and longing for reunion in the^truth," but who remainecT firmly attached to the Church of Scotland as established by the law of the land). He was a most regular attendant on the ministn,- of Dr. M'Rie of Edinburgh, the celebrated biographer of Knox and Melville. When the walk of five miles to Edinburgh became fatiguing to Mr. Stuart, Sir John Hope presented him with a pony, and thus enabled the worthy patriarch to wait on the ministrations of his revered pastor till the lamented death of the doctor, in August, 1835. For a good many years, syn)ptoms of calculous complaints had occasionally annoyed the subject of this memoir. Latterly these became aggravated, and produced considerable suffering. But, till the severe winter of 1S37-8, he continued actively employed in superintending the garden and home farm. The last communication received by the writer of this notice from his worthy old correspondent at Pinkie was dated 12th December, 1837 ; it was auto- graphic, having been written with the left hand, and accompanied a basket Retrospective Criticism. 393 containing a compact group of well-shaped mushrooms, measuring 3 ft. in cir- cumference. This remarkable production was exhibited at a meeting of the Horticultural Society, held on that day, and, as the minutes bear, was much admired, and excited great interest. [See p. 59.] In April, 1S38, he suffered an attack of jaundice ;"and, after being bedridden for about six weeks, he expired on the 23d of May. He was then in the 80th year of his age, in the o4th of his service at Pinkie, and had been 64 years a practical gardener. The octogenarian was, therefore, it is believed, in the lan- guage of gardeners, the "father of the profession." A few davs before his death, he gave some pointed directions about his funeral ; particularly desiring that his coffin should be formed of timber of the growth of Pinkie, and of a favourite lime tree, that had stood behind the garden walls, and had been cut down on account of its too great proximity to the fruit-tree border. The funeral took place on the SOth of May. From Mr. Stuart's house, the pro- cession took a circuit through the garden to the main gale, on the road leadinf to Xewersh churchyard. This was done at the desire of the noble-minded proprietor, who thus delicately evinced his regard for the deceased, bv causinS'tatice arborea, to Messrs. Lucombe and Pince. The silver Knightian, for Siphocampelos bicolor, to Messrs, Lucombe and Pince ; for Clematis azurea, to Mr. Young of Epsom ; for Kennetly« Marryattcs, to Mr. Redding. — For Heartsease. The silver Kniglitian, to Mr. Lidgard of Webb's Lane, Hammersmith, and Mr. Mountjoy of Ealing. The silver Banksian, to Mr. King, gardener to Miss Fuller of Hillingdon ; Mr. Hurst, gardener to J. Batho, Esq., of Cheshunt ; and Mr. Gaines of Surrey Lane, Battersea. — For Pelargoniums. The large silver, to Mr. Hunt, and to Mr. R. Hamilton of Beaver Lane, Hammersmith. The silver Knightian, to Mr. Wm. Cock, jun., of Chiswick ; and to Mr. Gaines. The silver Banksian, to Mr. Pratt, and to Mr. Hill of Hammersmith. — For Herbaceous Calceola- rias. The large silver, to Edmund Foster, Esq., of Clewer. The silver Banksian, to Mr. J. Lane, gardener to J. H. Palmer, Esq., F.H.S. The silver Knightian, to Mr. John Green. — For shrubby Calceolarias. The large silver, to Mr. John Green. The silver Banksian, to Mr. J. Lane. The silver Knightian, to Mr. Butcher. — For Apples. The silver Banksian, to Mr. Falconer. — For Cucumbers. The silver Banks'an, to Mr. S. Snow, gardener 398 London Horticultural Society and Garden, to Earl de Grey. — For Grapes. The large silver, to Mr. Davis. The silver Knightian, to Mr. Gunter, F.H.S. The silver Banksian, to Mr. Chapman of Vauxhall. — For Melons. The silver Banksian, to Mr. S. Snow. Award of Medals at the Exliibition in the Socieft/s Garden, June 16. 1838. — For large Collections of Stove and Green-house Piants. The gold Knightian medal, to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S. The gold Bank- sian medal, to Mr. John Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bt., F.H.S. j and to Messrs. RoUinson of Tooting. The large silver medal, to Mr. Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryatt, F.H.S. — For small Collections of Stove and Green-house Plants. The gold Banksian medal, to Mr. Falconer, gardener to Archdale Palmer, Esq. The large silver medal, to Mr. J. Lane, gardener to J. Horsley Palme:, Esq., F.H.S. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Coady, gardener to Henry Pownall, Esq., F.H.S. — For Cape Heaths. The gold Banksian medal, to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S. The large silver medal, to Mr. Pratt, gardener to W. Harrison, Esq., F.H.S. ; and to Messrs. Roliisson of Tooting. — For Grapes. The large silver medal, to Mr. John Davis, gardener to Sir Simon Clarke, Bart., F.H.S. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. George Mills, F.H.S., gardener to Mrs. Rothschild. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. Robert Buck, F.H.S. — For Melons. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Pratt, gardener to William Harrison, Esq. — For Pine-apples. The large silver medal, to Mr. Davis, gardener to Sir Simon Clarke, Bart., F.H.S. The silver Knightian medal to Mr. George Mills, F.H.S., and to Mr. Glendinning, gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Rolle, F.H.S. — For Peaches. The silver Knightian medal, to M. Nienian, gar- dener to p. C. Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S. — For Strawberries. The silver Banksian medal, to M. Nieman, gardener to P. C. Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S. — For Cherries. The silver Banksian medal, to Mrs. Fleming, Binstead, Isle of Wight. — For Raspberries. The silver Knighttan medal, to M. Nieman. — For Apples. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. Butcher, gar- dener to S. Farmer, Esq., of Nonsuch Park. — For Apricots. The silver Knightian medal, to M. Nieman. — For Collections of Orchidaceous Plants. The gold Knightian medal, to Sigismund Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., and to Messrs. Roliisson. The large silver medal, to Messrs. Roliisson. — For single Orchidaceous Plants. The silver Knightian medal, to Messrs. Roliisson, for Oncidium altissimum ; to Mr. B. Fielder, gardener to William Linwood, Esq., F.H.S., for Cattley« crispa ; to the same, for Oncidium bifolium ; and to Mr. R. Abbot, gardener to J. Jarrett, Esq., F.H.S., for Oncidium \,emo\Vmnnm. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. T. Hardy, gardener to the Rev. F. Boaden, F.H.S., for Oncidium flexuosum. — For single Specimens of Plants not in Flower. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. H. Pratt, gardener to William Harrison, Esq., F.H.S., for A^epenthes distillatoria. — For single Specimens of Plants in Flower. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Coady, gardener to H. Pownall, Esq., F.H.S., for Pimelea decussata; and to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for -Erica ventricosa superba. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr, B. Fielder, for //elichrysum sp. ; and to Mr. Andrew Toward, gardener to Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, for Clintonift pulchella. — For single Specimens of new ornamental Plants. The large silver medal, to R. Mangles, Esq., F.H.S., for Thysanotus sp. n.; and to Messrs. Young of Epsom, for Clematis Sieboldti. The silver Knightian medal, to R. Mangles, Esq., F.H.S., for Chorozema sp. n. ; to the same, for a species of Daviesi« ; to Mr. W. Smith of Norbiton, for Azalea indica Danielsi««« ; and to Mr. William Redding, for (S'piree^a japonica. The silver Banksian medal, to R. Mangles, Esq., F.H.S., for Greville« sp. n. ; to the same, for another species of Greville« ; to Mr. Smith of Norbiton, for a hybrid Azalea ; to Messrs. Roliisson, for .ffelichrysum macranthum ; to the same, for a new species of Azalea from China ; and to Mr. J. Lane, gardener to J. H. Palmer, Esq., F.H.S., for Azalea indica lateritia. — For hardy Azaleas. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr, William Smith of Norbiton. — For tall Cacti. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. James Lane, gardener to London Horticnltural Society and Garden. 399 J. H. Palmer, Esq., F.H.S. — For Chinese and Noisette Roses. The silver Knightian medal, to Mrs. Fleming, Binstead, Isle of Wight. — For miscel- laneous Garden Roses. The silver Knightian medal, to Mrs. Fleming ; the silver Banksian medal, to Mr. H. Cobbett of Horsell, near Woking, Surrey. — For Herbaceous Calceolarias. The large silver medal to Mr. J. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Falconer, gardener to A. Palmer, Esq., of Cheam. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S. — For Shrubby Calceolarias. The large silver medal, to Mr. John Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart. F.H.S. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Stewart, of Salt Hill. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. R. Atlee, gardener to H. Beaufoy, Esq., of Stockwell. — For Seedling Pelargoniums, The silver Knightian medal, to the Rev. Mr. Garth of Farnham, Surrey. The silver Banksian medal, to E. Foster, Esq., of Clewer. — For Seedling Calceolarias. The silver Knightian medal, to Captain Foster. — For Heartsease. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Bridges of Hampton, and to Mr. Mountjoy of Ealing. The silver Banksian medal, to Mr. George King, gardener to Miss Fuller of Hillingdon Place ; to Mr, Lidgard of Webb's Lane, Hammersmith ; to Messrs. Lane of Great Berkhampstead, and to Mr. Gaines of Baltersea. — For Pelargoniums. The large silver medal, to Mr. Cock, jun., of Chiswick ; and to Mr. Catleugh of Hans Street, Sloane Street. The silver Knightian medal, to Mr. Gaines of Battersea. The silver Banksian medal, to Messrs. Colley and Hill of Hammersmith. Award of the Judges at the Garden Exhibition, July 11, 1838. — Gold Knightian. To Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for a large collection of stove and green-house plants ; to Mr. Mylam, gardener to S. Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for a collection of orchidaceous plants ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for a collection of orchidaceous plants. — Gold Banksian. To Mr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for a small collection of stove and green-house plants ; to Mr. Redding, gardener to Mrs. Marryatt, F.H.S., for a large collection of stove and green-house plants. — Large Silver. To Mr. Ferguson, gardener to Peter Caesar Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S., for a small collection of stove and greenhouse plants ; to Messrs. Rollisson of Tooting, for a small collection of stove and green-house plants ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for a collection of orchidaceous plants; to Mr. Mylam, gardener to S. Rucker, E.sq., jun., for a collection of orchidaceous plants; to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for Cape heaths; to Edward Baker, Esq., M.P., F.H.S., for pine-apples; to Mr. J. Davis, gardener to Sir S. Clarke, Bart., F,H,S., for grapes; to Mr. J. Bruce, gardener to B. Miller, Esq., for Musa Cavendishw ; to Mr. T. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Mr. T. Sewell, gardener to R. G. Alston, Esq., F.H.S., for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Messrs. Lane of Great Berkhampstead, for miscellaneous garden roses ; to Mr. Milne, gardener to C. S. Chauncey, Esq., F.H.S., for miscellaneous garden roses; to Messrs. Rollisson, for Zyilium venustum ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for Phaloe- nopsis amabilis ; to Mr. Falconer, gardener to A. Palmer, Esq., for alstroe- nierias ; to Mr. Catleugh, Hans Street, Sloane Street, for pelargoniums ; to Mr. Cock of Chiswick, for pelargoniums. — Silver Knightian. To Mr. Chap- man of Vauxliall, for grapes; to Mr. Barnes, gardener to P. Grillion, Esq., of East Acton, for peaches ; to Mr. Paxton, gardener to His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, P.H.S., for pine-apples; to Mr. M'CuUoch, gardener to J. Dupre, Esq., of Wilton Park, Bucks, for nectarines; to Mr. Falconer, gar- dener to Archdale Palmer,Esq., of Cheam, for apples ; to Mr. Patrick Flannagan gardener to Sir Thomas Hare, Bart., for melons ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for a collection of orchidaceous plants; to Mr. Glenny, F.H.S., for a collection of orchidaceous plants ; to Mr. L Bruce, gardener to B. Miller, Esq., for a small collection of stove and green-house plants ; to Mr. F. Ferguson, gardener to Peter C. Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S., for alstroemerias ; to Mr. Mylam, gar- dener to S, Rucker, Esq., jun., F.H.S., for ferns; to Mr. Conway, gardener 400 London Horticultural Society and Garden. to L. Siilivan, Esq., F.H.S., for coxcombs; to Mr. Lidgard, Webb's Lane, Hammersmith, for irises ; to Mr. Ferguson, gardener to P. C. Lal)Ouchere, Esq., F.H.S., for cut flowers ; to Mr. John Lee of Hammersmith, F.H.S., forFuchs/a fiilgens ; to Mr. G. Leslie, gardener to J. Fleming, Esq., F.H.S., M.P., for Lisianthus Russell/«HZM ; to Messrs. Rollisson, for Philibertja gracilis; to Messrs. Rollisson, for Huntleya meleagris; to Mr. H. Pratt, gardener to William Harrison, Esq., F.H.S., for Gesnera splendens ; to Mr. Glenny, F.H.S., for Cymbidium aloifolium ; to Mr. S. Hooker of Brenchley, F.H.S., for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Mr. H. Pratt, gardener to Wil- liam Harrison, Esq., F.H.S., for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Mr. T. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, for Chinese and Noisette roses ; to Messrs. Wood of Woodlands, near Maresfield, for miscellaneous garden roses ; to INIr. Green, gardener to Sir E. Antrobus, Bart., F.H.S., for herbaceous calceolarias; to Sir. Willmer of Snnbury, for pinks ; to Mr. Solomon Hale of Uxbridge, for pinks ; to Messrs. Lane of Great Berkhampstead, for heartsease ; to Mr. Brid- ges of Hampton, for heartsease ; to Messrs. CoUey and Hill of Hammer- smith, for pelargoniums ; to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for pelargoniums. — Silver Banksian. To Mr. M'Onach, gardener to Edward Foster, Esq., of Clewer, for pine-apples ; to Mr. R. Errington, gardener to Su- Philip Egerton, Bart., M.P., F.H.S,, for peaches; to Mr. G. Shields, gardener to Lord Blantire, Erskine House, Glasgow, for peaches ; to Mr. Andrew Toward, gardener to Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Glou- cester, for nectarines ; to M. Nieman, gardener to Peter Caesar Labouchere, Esq., F.H.S., for grapes ; to M. Nieman, gardener to Peter Caesar La- bouchere, Esq., F.H.S. , for melons; to Mr, Marshall, gardener to Mrs. Langley of Kingston, for Campanula fragilis; to ]\Ir. Thomas Jackson of Kingston, for Campanula garganica ; to Mr. Upright, gardener to G. C. Ridge, Esq., of Morden Park, for Pelargonium tricolor ; to Mr. Butcher, gardener to Mrs. Lawrence, F.H.S., for Manettia cordifolia ; to Mr. Pratt, gardener to WiUiani Harrison, Esq., F.H.S., for Gardoquia multiflora ; to Mr. Upright, gardener to G. C. Ridge, Esq., for Loasa aurantiaca; to Mr. J. Maher, gardener to the Hon, Col. Westenra, at Fifield, for Lobelk heterophylla ; to Messrs Rollisson, for Stanhopea oculata; to Mr, Red- ding, gardener to Mrs. Marryatt, F.H.S., for JnagalHs tenella ; to Mr. F. J. Buck, of Chelsea, for Crassula coccinea ; to Mr. Conway, gardener to Lawrence Sulivan, Esq., F.H.S., for a collection of Crassula versicolor ; to IMr. Pratt, gardener to William Harrison, Esq. F.H.S., for a miscella- neous collection of green-house plants ; to Messrs, Wood of Woodlands, near Maresfield, for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Messrs, Paul of Cheshunt, for fifty varieties of garden roses ; to Mr. S. Hooker of Brenchley, F.H.S., for miscellaneous garden roses ; to Mr. Cobbett of Horsell, near Woking, for miscellaneous garden roses ; to Mr. John Green, for a single specimen of an herbaceous calceolaria ; to Mr. H. Bridges of Carshalton, for pinks ; to Mr. George King, gardener to Miss Fuller of Hillingdon, for pinks ; to ^Nlr. Attwell of Uxbridge, for pinks ; to Mr, George King, gardener to Miss Fuller of Hillingdon, for heartsease; to Mr. Henbrey of Croydon, for heartsease; to Mr. Conway, gardener to L. Sulivan, Esq., F.H.S., for pelargoniums ; to Mr. Catleugh of Hans Street, Sloane Street, for a large collection of pelargoniums. OniUted in the last Award. — A gold Banksian medal, to Mr. Pratt, "ardener to William Harrison, Esq., F.H.S,, for a small collection of stove and green-house plants, N,B. Exhibitors are requested to state whether their medals should be prepared for them at once, or whether they prefer receiving the value in money ; or whether they propose to wait until, by joining together several smaller medals, they may be able to exchange them for others of higher value. THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER, 1838. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Art. I. Descriptive Notice of Bedford Lodge, the Suburban Villa of His Grace the Duke of Bedford, at Camden Hill. By John Caie, Gardener there. LBedford Lodge is a small place, delightfully situated on an eminence, commanding an extensive prospect, bounded by the Surrey hills; and, being on a dry gravelly soil, the situation is considered remarkably healthy. By the plan {fig. 75.), the South Fiont oj h ilfuid Locl^c ground appears to be in the form of a narrow strip, the upper part of which is a piece of table-land, on a level with the ground at the entrance gate, and the remainder slopes considerably to the south. This residence is chiefly remarkable for the extent and beauty of its flower-garden, and the admirable manner in which it is cropped and managed, so as to produce a brilliant show of flowers in May, June, and July, by His Grace's gardener, Mr. Caie, whose name has already appeared in this Magazine. — Cond.-] Vol. XIV. — No. 102. d d Bedford Lodge, Camden Hill. 403 Fig. 74. is a view of the south front of the house, showing the verandas, the flower-beds, and scattered trees and shrubs on the lawn ; with an ivied arbour on the right, and a large ar- butus, clipped into a hemispherical form, on the left. This tree has since been cut down. Fig. 75. shows the general plan of the entire place, and the following; are references to it ; — a, Entrance gates. h. Entrance court. c, Mansion. d, Lawn on the south front, which is entered from a veranda extending the whole length of that front. e, Flower-garden on the west front. /, Orchard. g. Porter's lodge. //, Groom's room. », Cistern for supplying the offices. k. Coach-house. /, Stable. m. Stable-yard. h, Wood and coal-shed. o. Servants' privy. p, Larder. g. Dust-bin. r, Sunk area. s. Tool-house. 76 t. Gardener's working-sheds, &c. n, Green-house, in three divisions. V, Rustic seat, at the back of which is a green-house, and beyond that a frame- ground, for bringing forward plants for the flower-garden. w. Marble basin and fountain, in the centre of the flower-garden, covered with a bovver of trellis-work and climbers, a view of which is shown in Jig. 76. X, Potting-shed and compost-ground. 1/, Cistern for supplying the fountain at w. z, Rockwork. 4", Arcade of climbing roses, seen from the house. a a, Public lane, whic-li separates the grounds of Bedford Lodge from those of Holland House, I) I) 2 404 Descriptive Notice of 77 '. ■><«$&■ Fig. 77. shows llie dwarf or terrace wall in the flower-garden; the west front, and part of the entrance front, of the house; the basket near .r in J(/. 75.; and the central arbour (w) in the same figure, and shown, also, in ^g. 76. Bedford Lodge^ Camden Hill. 405 Fig. 78. is a view from the flower-garden, showing the ar- butus, a front view of the ivied arbour, and part of the veranda. Fig. 79. is a plan of the flower-garden on a larger scale, and the following are references to it : — a, Grand drawingroom. i, Veranda. c, Green-house. d. Fountain and arbour. e e. Pedestals and vases. /, Dwarf or terrace wall, surmounted by vases, as shown mfig. 77. g g. Flower baskets. h, Potting-shed and reserve ground. i, Shrubbery. k, Entrance from the lane. /, Lawn sloping from the veranda. ?«, Part of the entrance court. 1, Rockwork, on which are planted alyssums, arabises, iberises, cheiranthuses, aubrietias, campanulas, cardamines, achilleas, sedums, antirrhinums, gilias, nemophilas, lasthenias, \nolas, saxifrages, verbenas, nierembergias, gera- niums, scillas, anagaliises, helianthemums, cistuses, and pentstemons. 2, A basket filled with Provins roses, pegged on the ground, and China roses ; and with iron rods from each of the angles to the centre, forming a crown, on which Convolvulus major is trained. 3, ylnemone hortensis, purplish ; Helianthemum roseum, pink ; and Fuchs/a globosa, scarlet. 4, Wall, in front of which are planted summer and autumn flowering roses, as well as green-house creepers, which are trained against it. Many of the autumn-flowering roses require to be protected from frost ; but some of these were preserved throughout the severe winter of 1837-8, without pro- tection, by having hardy roses budded on their extreme shoots; as, for example, the Brennus or Brutus rose, on the Lamarque rose. In this case, the Brennus rose (rich crunson) flowered first, luxuriantly; and was fol- D u 3 4-06 Descriptive Notice of low ed by the Laraarque (a pale yellow rose), which also flowered well ; though the Lamarque rose, in all cases where the shoots were not budded, was killed back by the frost. It thus appears that the vigorous growth of the scion had thrown the Lamarque stock into a state of vigorous growth, at a time at which the Lamarque would otherwise have been quite dormant. 5, A border, formed into compartments, from the plants in it being arranged in masses, so that the flowers of the one may tend to show those of the others to the greatest advantage. The following list of plants will show- more clearly the effect that is meant to be produced, by their being arranged in the list, in the same order as they were planted in the border. The first effect produced was from the following Californian annuals : — Nemo- phila insignis, blue ; Platystemon californicus, cream colour ; Collfnsza grandiflora, purple; Collomia coccinea, scarlet ; Eschscholtz/a crocea, deep yellow ; Gilia tricolor, lilac, white, and black ; and G. achiWecefolia, purple. These are all annuals, and were sown about January in the com- partments, where they come into flower about the beginning of May, and Bedford Lodge, Camdefi Hill. 407 continue flowering till the end of June or beginning of July, when the greater part of them should be cleared away, in order that they may not draw up, and weaken the plants which are to succeed them, and produce the second effect. The flowers for this second exhibition are all perennials, and consist of ffinothera macrocarpa, yellow, for the first compartment, which remains there as a permanent plant, the seeds of the Nemophila having been sown amongst it in January, as above. The next compart- ments contain Terbena Tweedidna, crimson ; V. l.amhertimia, purple ; Calceolaria angustifolia, yellow j Petunia I'iolacea, purple ; scarlet geraniums, and Terbena Drummondz. These are all half-hardy perennials, which are kept in pits during the winter, and planted out as soon as there is no danger to be apprehended from frost. 6, The dwarf or terrace wall, before mentioned, on which vases of different shapes and colours are arranged and filled with plants ; those plants being chosen, the colours of the flowers of which will produce the greatest con- trast with the colour of the vases in which they are planted. Different kinds of nasturtiums have been planted at the foot of this wall, on which they climb and hang over. On the south side of this wall are Scotch roses, and on the north crimson perpetual roses ; the former having a border in front of it filled with the Campanula speculum (Venus's looking-glass), and the latter with Convallaria majalis (the lily of the valley.) These borders relieve the eye, when contrasted with the green of the roses which they are in immediate connexion with. 7, A basket corresponding with that at 2, in which Calceolaria angustifolia, yellow, occupies the whole space, with the exception of a plant of Mau- "randya Barclayawff, blue, which is planted in the centre of the group of calceolarias, and trained over a rod and wires in the centre, as shown in fig. 77. This basket is shown in the right-hand corner of^g. 77. 8, Rosarium, which is planted with summer and autumn flowering roses. Those the flowering of which is of short duration may, in some cases, have it prolonged, by leaving several of the shoots their whole length, and peg- ging them down. When thus treated, the part next the root will grow luxuriantly, and consequently be late before it comes into flower ; while the extreme end, becoming comparatively stunted, will come sooner into blossom. In the following list, the first-named plant in each bed comes into flower in May and June, and the other plant or plants, in succession, in June, July, and August. There is an equal number of plants of both the early and late flowering kinds in each bed ; and, as the latter come into flower before the former have done flowering, there is a constant display from May to September, which is the whole period that the family reside at, or visit, the residence. When the first set of plants begin to go out of flower, they are cleared away to make room for the second set, which are en- couraged by stirring the soil and watering ; and any blanks that may occur are filled up from the reserve garden. Most of the plants which come first into flower are annuals or bulbs, sown or planted in the autumn : the others are mostly half-hardy species, such as verbenas, petunias, lobelias, &c. ; and they are preserved through the winter in pits. 9, Nemophila insignis, blue ; and J'^erbena Arran/a/ic, purplish crimson. 10, Lasthenia californica, bright yellow; and Terbena chamaedrifolia latifolia, brilliant scarlet. 1 1, Erythronium Dens canis (dog's tooth violet), Gilia tricolor, and Fierbena pulchella, pink. 12, CoUomia coccinea, and iotus microphylla, dark yellow. 13, 5cilla amoe^na, blue ; Platystemon californicus, cream-coloured; and Lan- tana SellovvH, pink. 14, 5cilla prae^cox, rich dark blue; Gilia ffchille^b/ia, and 5ahaa chamaedry- oides, blue. 15, 5cilla Ayacinthozrf«, blue; Cheiranthus alpinus, pale yellow ; and Terbena TweedioHCT. D D 4 4^08 Descriptive Notice of 16, JVarcissus minor, yellow; and Kem6phila atomaria, and Xierembergia gracilis, both white. 17, Jnemone apennina, blue; Collinsta grandiflora, purple; and Terbena SabioH', purple, IS, Jnemone nemorosa, white; Limnantbes Douglasa, white and yellow; and rerbena chamsedrifolia, scarlet. 19, Erythronium lanceolatum, Leptosipbon cmdrosacea, [Hnkish; and Terbena pulchella alba. 20, Muscari botrydides, grape hyacinth, purple; Eutoca Menziesti, lilac ; and Terbena chamffidrifolia. 21, Fritillaria liitej, yellow: Collomia lateritia, pinkish; and Nierembergia intermedia, purple. 22, Galanthus plicatus, plated snowdrop ; Sapooaria ocymoides, pale pink ; and Terbena radicans, pinkish. 23, i/yacinthuf amethystinus. Lasthenia glabrata, yellow; and Lobelia lutea. 24, Bnlbocodium Temum, whitish ; Gilw tricolor alba, and Xierembeigia calycina, 23, Jnemone pavonia, scarlet ; Terbena incisa, pinkish ; and Eutoca Men- ziesM, lilac. 26, Jnemone PidsatiUa and Campanula carpatica, blue. 27, Primula rulgaris plena atropurpurea, and Jnagallis grandiflora, scarlet. 26, Primula rulgaris plena liolacea, and .^nagallis PhillipsH, blue. 29, Collinsiff bicolor, pinkish lilac and white ; and Alonsoa linearis, scarlet. 30, Jchiilefl moschata, and Terbena pulchella alba, white. 31, /beris camosa, and Terbena sulphiirea. 32, iupinus nanus, blue ; Fuchsw globosa and conica. 33, Gilifl tricolor, and tEnothera macrocarpa. 34, Nemophila atomaria, Petunia phcenicea, and Terbeaa Tweediana. 35, Nemophila insignis, and Terbena pulchella alba. 36, Nierembergia gracilis. 40, Terbena pulchella alba. 37, Lobelifl lutea. 41, Lobelia lutea, yellow. 38, Terbena Sabini. 42, Lobelia gracilis, blue. 39, Terbena chamaedrifolia. 43, Terbena chamsedrifolia latUblia. 44 Is in two compartments ; one of which is planted with Giha achillety/ofia and Terbena Tweedia/za, and the other with hyacinths, Nemophila insignis, and Cfnothera macrocarpa. 40, Collinsio bicolor, and carnations. 46, Calceolaria picta, lightish. 47, Jnemone nemorosa plena, and iysimachia Nummularia (monej^wort), yellow. 46, Heartsease. 49, Jnemone apennina, blue; and Finca herbacea (periwinkle), lilac. 50, Calceolaria integrifolia. yellow. 51, Terbena pulchella. 52 Is in compartments : one of which is planted with Calceolaria rugosa, \ellow ; and the other with a variety of that species, both pegged down on the ground, in order to make the plants cover the whole space of the bed. 53, CEnothera macrocarpa. 54, ^emophila insignis, and J'CTbeoa Tweediasa. oo, Isotoma axillaris. 56, 5enecio eleg^ns, purple. 57, Isierembergia gracilis. 56, GIlia tricolor, and Xierembergia calycina. 59, Lasthenia glabrata, and Terbena chamasdrifolia. 60, Gilia a.c\i\\\eafdia, and I/6tus microphylla. * 61, Crucianella stUosa, pinkish. 62, Nemophila insignis, and Terbena chamaedrifolia latiiblia. 63, Xemophila atomaria, and Terbena pulchella alba. 64, Eutoca Menziesii, and Terbena radicans. 65, Collomia cocclnea, and Nierembergia filicaulis, whitish. 66, White ten-week stocks, and Terbena Tweediawa. 67, C-heiranthus alpinus, and Eschscholtzia crocea, orange. 68, Purple ten-week stocks, and Eutoca viscida, bright dark blue. Bedford Lodge, Camden Hill. 409 69, ^lyssiini saxatile, yellow ; and CEnothera macrocarpa. 70, Polemonium sibfricum, yellow ; and Agathae^a ccel^stis, blue. 71, /beris saxatilis, white; and the Frogmore scarlet geraniums. 72, Cheiranthus ochroleucus, and ffinothera missouriensis. 73, Scarlet ten-week stocks, and Fhlox Drunim6nd«. 74, Ferbena Drummondi/, light lilac. 77, Petunia erubescens, whitish. 75, Scarlet geraniums. 78, Scarlet geraniums. 76, Indian chief calceolaria. 79, Terbena venosa, purple. 80, Clarki'a pulchella, purple ; and Melittis grandiflora, whitish. 81, Z/upinus nootkatensis, blue ; and Terbena sulphurea, yellow. 82, jLysimachia verticillata, yellow. 83, Delphinium grandiflorum, and carnations. 84, Petunia superba, brilliant dark reddish purple. 85, Purple calceolarias. 87, Petunia nyctaginiflora, white. 86, Calceolaria integrifolia. 88, Calceolarias of sorts. 89, Zupinus polyphyllus, and Stenactis speciosa, bluish. 90, iupinus polyphyllus, blue ; and ilrfalope grandiflora, dark crimson. 91, ffinothera speciosa, white. 92, Geum cocclneum, and Linaria dalmatica, yellow. 93, Antirrhinum pictum, crimson and white. 94, Mimulus cardinalis, and Coreopsis tinctoria. 95, GWia capitata alba. 96, Z-ysimachia quadriflora, yellow. 97, Z/upinus polyphyllus albus, and tEnothera speciosa. 98, Chelone barbata, and Salvia fulgens, scarlet. 99, yisclepia* tuberosa, orange. 100, Borders for plants of sorts. In the compartments next the beds are sweet peas, larkspurs, candytuft, dahlias, China pink, stocks, &c. The following references are to the general plan {Jig- 15.) : — 101, Hearteases of different colours, and Maurandya Barclay awo', blue and white; Tropae^olum peregrinum, yellow; S611y« heterophylla, bright blue; Tropse^olum pentaphyllum, red and yellow ; Calampelis scaber, red j Lopho- spermum scandens and erubescens, red, trained on wirework. 102, vllyssum saxatile, and Indian chief calceolaria, yellow ochre. 102 bis, /beris sempervirens, and Frogmore scarlet geraniums. 103, Stocks of sorts. 104, Phldx Drumm